Lecture 7

23 September 2007

Blood and Guts:

Osmoregula-, secra- circula-, and
respiratory systems.

Shahid Naeem
(Chapters 50.4-.7, 49)
 Protein enzymes are extremely sensitive
to temperature, pH, salt concentration,
and other factors

Chapter 3, heat shock proteins and chaperonins

Fig. 43.6
Fig. 50.6
Continuing with development:
Cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, and neurulation
3 germinal tissues
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
(Formation of the nervous system in vertebrates.)
Fig. 43.2.b
Tab. 43.1
Fig. 43.7

(comparator)
Fig. 43.8

Endotherms, ectotherms, and heterotherms: Each represent

different thermoregulatory physiologies.
Fig. 50.5
Fig. 43.9
Fig. 50.3

Countercurrent heat exchange can retain body heat allowing some

ectothermic animals, like shark and tuna, to remain warm.
Fig. 50.4

Endotherms generate body heat by maintaining high metabolic rates.

 Osmoregulation
• Regulating salts and other solutes
– Determines effectiveness of enzymes
– Determines cell osmotic pressure (recall
the cell shrinking caused by hypertonicity
of the environment or the cell bursting
caused by hyptonicity – one wants to
achieve isotonicity)
• Osmoconformers are like ectotherms
• Osmoregulators are like endotherms
Fig. 50.7

Protonephridia

(open circulatory system)

Fig. 50.9

Malpighian tubules

(open circulatory system)

Fig. 50.8

Nephridia
(closed circulatory system)
Quiz 2
Fig. 50.12

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/554images/Salt_gland.jpg
 Salt excretion by marine iguanas
and sea turtles

http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/animals/images/primary/marine-iguana.jpg

http://www.refugenet.org/critter/images/grturtle2.jpg
 Salt excretion in plants

Mangrove trees and salt

grass can excrete salt
via their leaves
 Nitrogenous waste: Amino Acid Catabolism

THF N5,N10-Methylene-THF

Serine Glycine NH4 + CO2

THF + NAD N5,N10-Methylene-THF
+ NADH

Glutamate 2 - Oxoglutrate
NH4
Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate Alanine
GDP + CO2 ATP + CO2

GTP
ADP + Pi

Asparagine Aspartate Oxaloacetate

H20 NH4 2 - Oxoglutarate Glutamate

NH4
NAD + H +

NAD + H20
Glutamate
NH4

H20
Glutamine
Fig. 50.13

(eggs)
Fig. 50.11
Fig. 50.14

2000 liters of blood flow, 180 liters of fluid in / 2 liters out!

(closed circulatory system)

Fig. 50.16

1. Filtration – at the
glomeruli
2. Reabsorbtion – out of the
tubules back into the
blood
3. Secretion – into the
tubules, into the
collecting ducts, then
4. (Excretion - out of the
body)
Fig. 50.17

Glucose
Amino aids
Other nutrients
 Some useful animations
• http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/ap1int.htm
• http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/ap2int.htm
Fig. 50.19
Fig. 50.19
Fig. 50.19
Fig. 50.19
Fig. 50.19
Fig. 50.19

(antidiuretic hormone)
Fig. 50.19

(walls of distal convoluted tubules become more permeable to water - aquaporins)

Fig. 50.19
Fig. 50.20
Fig. 50.20
Fig. 50.20
Fig. 50.20
Fig. 50.20
Fig. 50.20
Fig. 50.20
Fig. 50.20

(aldosterone cases walls of

distal convoluted tubules to
resorb NA+)
 Circulatory Systems
• None - Invertebrates (Sponge, Hydra, Nematode)
– Cnidarians circulate water through a gastrovascular cavity
– Pseudocolomate invertebrates use fluids of body cavity for
circulation
• Small, long, thin organisms
• Open Circulation – Most Invertebrates (e.g., arthropods)
– No distinction between circulating fluid and extracelluar
fluid
– of body tissue = hemolymph
• Closed Circulatory System – Vertebrates and some invert’s
– Cephlapod mollusks, annelids, all vertebrates
– circulating fluid (blood) enclosed within blood vessels in a
loop
Fig. 49.1
Fig. 49.2
 Double Circulation in amphibians
and most reptiles
• pulmonary circulation
– moves blood between heart and lungs
• systemic circulation
– moves blood between heart and rest of
body
Fig. 49.3
 Mammals, Birds, and
Crocodilians
•Two completely separated circulatory systems
•Four Chambered Heart
-two separate atria
-two separate ventricles
Fig. 49.4
Fig. 49.5.b
Fig. 49.8
Fig. 49.11.a
Fig. 49.11.b
Fig. 49.9
Fig. 49.10
Fig. 49.13
Fig. 49.15
Fig. 49.16
Fig. 49.17
Fig. 49.19
Fig. 49.20
Fig. 49.21
Fig. 49.22
Fig. 49.24
Fig. 49.25
Fig. 49.28
Fig. 49.26
Fig. 49.29
Fig. 49.32