BEAMS - Unit 8 Trigonometry

Basic Essential Additional Mathematics Skills
UNIT 8
TRIGONOMETRY Unit 1: Negative Numbers
Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module Overview Part A: Part B: Part C: Part D: Part E: Part F: Part G: Part H: Answers Trigonometry I Trigonometry II Trigonometry III Trigonometry IV Trigonometry V Trigonometry VI Trigonometry VII Trigonometry VIII
1 2 6 11 15 19 21 25 29 33
Basic Essentials Additional Mathematics Skills (BEAMS) Module Unit 8: Trigonometry
MODULE OVERVIEW 1. The aim of this module is to reinforce pupils understanding of the concept of trigonometry and to provide pupils with a solid foundation for the study of trigonometric functions. 2. This module is to be used as a guide for teacher on how to help pupils to master the basic skills required for this topic. Part of the module can be used as a supplement or handout in the teaching and learning involving trigonometric functions. 3. This module consists of eight parts and each part deals with one specific skills. This format provides the teacher with the freedom of choosing any parts that is relevant to the skills to be reinforced. 4. Note that Part A to D covers the Form Three syllabus whereas Part E to H covers the Form Four syllabus.
PART A:
TRIGONOMETRY I
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Upon completion of Part A, pupils will be able to identify opposite, adjacent and hypotenuse sides of a right-angled triangle with reference to a given angle.
TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGIES Some pupils may face difficulties in remembering the definition and how to identify the correct sides of a right-angled triangle in order to find the ratio of a trigonometric function. Strategy: Teacher should make sure that pupils can identify the side opposite to the angle, the side adjacent to the angle and the hypotenuse side through diagrams and drilling.
LESSON NOTES
Opposite side is the side opposite or facing the angle . Adjacent side is the side next to the angle . Hypotenuse side is the side facing the right angle and is the longest side.
EXAMPLES
Example 1:
AB is the side facing the angle , thus AB is the opposite side. BC is the side next to the angle , thus BC is the adjacent side. AC is the side facing the right angle and it is the longest side, thus AC is the hypotenuse side.
Example 2:
QR is the side facing the angle , thus QR is the opposite side. PQ is the side next to the angle , thus PQ is the adjacent side. PR is the side facing the right angle or is the longest side, thus PR is the hypotenuse side.
TEST YOURSELF A
Identify the opposite, adjacent and hypotenuse sides of the following right-angled triangles. 1. 2. 3.
Opposite side = Adjacent side = Hypotenuse side =
4.
5.
6.
PART B:
TRIGONOMETRY II
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Upon completion of Part B, pupils will be able to state the definition of the trigonometric functions and use it to write the trigonometric ratio from a right-angled triangle.
TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGIES
Some pupils may face problem in (i) (ii) defining trigonometric functions; and writing the trigonometric ratios from a given right-angled triangle.
Strategy: Teacher must reinforce the definition of the trigonometric functions through diagrams and examples. Acronyms SOH, CAH and TOA can be used in defining the trigonometric ratios.
LESSON NOTES
Definition of the Three Trigonometric Functions
(i)
opposite side sin = hypotenuse side
Acronym: SOH: Sine Opposite - Hypotenuse Acronym: CAH: Cosine Adjacent - Hypotenuse Acronym: TOA: Tangent Opposite - Adjacent
(ii)
cos =
adjacent side hypotenuse side
(iii) tan =
opposite side adjacent side
sin =
AB opposite side = hypotenuse side AC

BC adjacent side = hypotenuse side AC
opposite side AB = adjacent side BC
cos =
tan =
EXAMPLES
Example 1:
AB is the side facing the angle , thus AB is the opposite side. BC is the side next to the angle , thus BC is the adjacent side. AC is the side facing the right angle and is the longest side, thus AC is the hypotenuse side.
Thus
sin
AB opposite side = hypotenuse side AC BC adjacent side = hypotenuse side AC

opposite side adjacent side
cos =
tan =
AB BC
Example 2:
You have to identify the opposite, adjacent and hypotenuse sides.
WU is the side facing the angle, thus WU is the opposite side. TU is the side next to the angle, thus TU is the adjacent side. TW is the side facing the right angle and is the longest side, thus TW is the hypotenuse side.
Thus,
sin =
WU opposite side = hypotenuse side TW TU adjacent side = hypotenuse side TW WU opposite side = adjacent side TU
cos =
tan =
TEST YOURSELF B
Write the ratios of the trigonometric functions, sin , cos and tan , for each of the diagrams below: 1. 2. 3.
sin = cos = tan =
sin = cos = tan =
sin = cos = tan =
4.
5.
6.
sin = cos = tan =
sin = cos = tan =
sin = cos = tan =
10
PART C:
TRIGONOMETRY III
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Upon completion of Part C, pupils will be able to find the angle of a right-angled triangle given the length of any two sides.
Some pupils may face problem in finding the angle when given two sides of a right-angled triangle and they also lack skills in using calculator to find the angle. Strategy: 1. Teacher should train pupils to use the definition of each trigonometric ratio to write out the correct ratio of the sides of the right-angle triangle. 2. Teacher should train pupils to use the inverse trigonometric functions to find the angles and express the angles in degree and minute.
11
LESSON NOTES
Since sin =
opposite hypotenuse opposite hypotenuse
Since cos =
adjacent hypotenuse adjacent hypotenuse
Since tan =
opposite adjacent opposite adjacent
then = sin-1
then = cos-1
then = tan-1
1 degree = 60 minutes 1o = 60 1 = 60
1 minute = 60 seconds
Use the key D M S or
on your calculator to express the angle in degree and minute.
Note that the calculator expresses the angle in degree, minute and second. The angle in second has to be rounded off. ( 30, add 1 minute and < 30, cancel off.)
EXAMPLES
Find the angle in degrees and minutes. Example 1: Example 2:
sin =
o 2 h 5 = sin-1 2 5
cos =
= 23o 34 4l = 23o 35 (Note that 34 41 is rounded off to 35)
a 3 = 5 h = cos-1 3 5
= 53o 7 48 = 53o 8 (Note that 7 48 is rounded off to 8)
12
Example 3:
Example 4:
tan = o = 7
a
cos = a = 5
h 7
= tan-1 7
= cos-1 5
7
= 49o 23 55 = 49o 24
= 44o 24 55 = 44o 25
Example 5:
Example 6:
sin =
o 4 = h 7
tan =
o 5 = 6 a
= sin-1 4
7
= tan-1 5
6
= 34o 50 59 = 34o 51
= 39o 48 20 = 39o 48
13
TEST YOURSELF C Find the value of in degrees and minutes. 1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
14
PART D:
TRIGONOMETRY IV
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Upon completion of Part D, pupils will be able to find the angle of a right-angled triangle given the length of any two sides.
Pupils may face problem in finding the length of the side of a right-angled triangle given one angle and any other side.
Strategy: By referring to the sides given, choose the correct trigonometric ratio to write the relation between the sides. 1. Find the length of the unknown side with the aid of a calculator.
15
LESSON NOTES
Find the length of PR.
Find the length of TS.
With reference to the given angle, PR is the With reference to the given angle, TR is the adjacent side and TS is the hypotenuse opposite side and QR is the adjacent side. side. Thus tangent ratio is used to form the Thus cosine ratio is used to form the relation of the sides. relation of the sides. PR o tan 50 = 8 5 cos 32o = PR = 5 tan 50
o
TS
TS cos 32o = 8 TS =
8 cos 32o
16
EXAMPLES
Find the value of x in each of the following. Example 1: Example 2:
tan 25o = x =
3 x 3 tan 25o
sin 41.27o =
x 5
x = 5 sin 41.27o = 3.298 cm
= 6.434 cm
Example 3:
Example 4:
cos 34o 12 =
x 6
tan 63o =
x = 6 cos 34o 12 = 4.962 cm
x 9
x = 9 tan 63o = 17.66 cm
17
TEST YOURSELF D
Find the value of x for each of the following. 1. 2.
3.
4.
10 cm
6 cm
5.
13 cm
6.
18
PART E:
TRIGONOMETRY V
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Upon completion of Part E, pupils will be able to state the definition of trigonometric functions in terms of the coordinates of a given point on the Cartesian plane and use the coordinates of the given point to determine the ratio of the trigonometric functions.
Pupils may face problem in relating the coordinates of a given point to the definition of the trigonometric functions. Strategy: Teacher should use the Cartesian plane to relate the coordinates of a point to the opposite side, adjacent side and the hypotenuse side of a right-angled triangle.
19
LESSON NOTES
In the diagram, with reference to the angle , PR is the opposite side, OP is the adjacent side and OR is the hypotenuse side.
sin
cos
opposite PR y hypotenuse OR r
adjacent OP x hypotenuse OR r opposite PR y adjacent OP x
tan
20
PART F:
TRIGONOMETRY VI
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Upon completion of Part F, pupils will be able to relate the sign of the trigonometric functions to the sign of x-coordinate and y-coordinate and to determine the sign of each trigonometric ratio in each of the four quadrants.
TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGIES Pupils may face difficulties in determining that the sign of the x-coordinate and y-coordinate affect the sign of the trigonometric functions. Strategy: Teacher should use the Cartesian plane and use the points on the four quadrants and the values of the x-coordinate and y-coordinate to show how the sign of the trigonometric ratio is affected by the signs of the x-coordinate and y-coordinate. Based on the A S T C, the teacher should guide the pupils to determine on which quadrant the angle is when given the sign of the trigonometric ratio is given. (a) For sin to be positive, the angle must be in the first or second quadrant. For cos to be positive, the angle must be in the first or fourth quadrant. For tan to be positive, the angle must be in the first or third quadrant.
(b)
(c)
21
LESSON NOTES First Quadrant Second Quadrant
y (Positive) r x cos = (Positive) r y tan = (Positive) x
sin =
y (Positive) r x cos = (Negative) r y tan = (Negative) x
sin =
(All trigonometric ratios are positive in the first quadrant) Third Quadrant
(Only sine is positive in the second quadrant) Fourth Quadrant
sin =
y (Negative) r x cos = (Negative) r y y tan = (Positive) x x
sin =
y (Negative) r x cos = (Positive) r y tan = (Negative) x
(Only tangent is positive in the third quadrant)
(Only cosine is positive in the fourth quadrant)
22
Using acronym: Add Sugar To Coffee (ASTC) sin is positive sin is negative cos is positive cos is negative tan is positive tan is negative
S only sin is positive
A All positive
T only tan is positive
C only cos is positive
23
TEST YOURSELF F
State the quadrants the angle is situated and show the position using a sketch. 1. sin = 0.5 2. tan = 1.2 3. cos = 0.16
4. cos = 0.32
5. sin = 0.26
6. tan = 0.362
24
PART G:
TRIGONOMETRY VII
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Upon completion of Part G, pupils will be able to calculate the length of the side of right-angled triangle on a Cartesian plane and write the value of the trigonometric ratios given a point on the Cartesian plane
Pupils may face problem in calculating the length of the sides of a right-angled triangle drawn on a Cartesian plane and determining the value of the trigonometric ratios when a point on the Cartesian plane is given. Strategy: Teacher should revise the Pythagoras Theorem and help pupils to recall the right-angled triangles commonly used, known as the Pythagorean Triples.
25
LESSON NOTES
The Pythagoras Theorem:
The sum of the squares of two sides of a right-angled triangle is equal to the square of the hypotenuse side. PR2 + QR2 = PQ2
(a) 3, 4, 5 or equivalent
(b) 5, 12, 13 or equivalent
(c) 8, 15, 17 or equivalent
26
EXAMPLES
1. Write the values of sin , cos and tan from the diagram below.
2. Write the values of sin , cos and tan from the diagram below.
OA2 = (6)2 + 82 = 100 OA = 100 = 10

y 8 4 r 10 5 x 6 3 cos = r 10 5 y 8 4 tan = x 6 3
OB2 = (12)2 + (5)2 = 144 + 25 = 169 OB = 169 = 13 sin =

y 5 r 13
sin =
cos = x 12 tan
r 13 5 5 = 12 12
27
TEST YOURSELF G
Write the value of the trigonometric ratios from the diagrams below. 1. 2.
y
3.
B(5,4)
B(5,12)
sin = cos = tan =
sin = cos = tan =
sin = cos = tan =
4.
5.
6.
sin = cos = tan =
sin = cos = tan =
sin = cos = tan =
28
PART H:
TRIGONOMETRY VIII
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Upon completion of Part H, pupils will be able to sketch the trigonometric function graphs and know the important features of the graphs.
Pupils may find difficulties in remembering the shape of the trigonometric function graphs and the important features of the graphs. Strategy: Teacher should help pupils to recall the trigonometric graphs which pupils learned in Form 4. Geometers Sketchpad can be used to explore the graphs of the trigonometric functions.
29
LESSON NOTES
(a) y = sin x
The domain for x can be from 0o to 360o or 0 to 2 in radians. Important points: (0, 0), (90o, 1), (180o, 0), (270o, 1) and (360o, 0) Important features: Maximum point (90o, 1), Maximum value = 1 Minimum point (270o, 1), Minimum value = 1 (b) y = cos x
Important points:(0o, 1), (90o, 0), (180o, 1), (270o, 0) and (360o, 1) Important features: Maximum point (0o, 1) and (360o, 1), Maximum value = 1 Minimum value = 1 Minimum point (180o, 1)
30
(c)
y = tan x
Important points: (0o, 0), (180o, 0) and (360o, 0)
Is there any maximum or minimum point for the tangent graph?
31
TEST YOURSELF H
1. Write the following trigonometric functions to the graphs below: y = cos x y = sin x y = tan x
2. Write the coordinates of the points below: (a) y = cos x (b) y = sin x
A(0,1)
32
ANSWERS
TEST YOURSELF A: 1. Opposite side Adjacent side = AB = AC 2. Opposite side Adjacent side = PQ = QR 3. Opposite side Adjacent side = YZ = XZ
Hypotenuse side = BC
Hypotenuse side = PR
Hypotenuse side = XY
4. Opposite side Adjacent side
= LN = MN
= UV = TU
= RT = ST
Hypotenuse side = LM
Hypotenuse side = TV
Hypotenuse side = RS
TEST YOURSELF B: 1. sin =

AB BC AC cos = BC AB tan = AC LN LM MN cos = LM LN tan = MN
2. sin =
PQ PR QR cos = PR PQ tan = QR UV TV UT cos = TV UV tan = UT
3. sin =
YZ YX XZ cos = XY YZ tan = XZ RT RS ST cos = RS RT tan = TS
4. sin =
5. sin =
6. sin =
33
TEST YOURSELF C: 1. sin = 1 2. cos = 1
3 3
2 2
= sin-1 1 = 19o 28
3. tan = 5
= cos-1 1 = 60o
4. cos = 5
8
3 3
= tan-1 5 = 59o 2
5. tan = 7.5
9.2
= cos-1 5 = 51o 19
8
6. sin = 6.5
8.4
= tan-1 7.5 = 39o 11

9.2
= sin-1 6.5 = 50o 42

8.4
TEST YOURSELF D: 1. tan 32o = x=

4 x 4 = 6.401 cm tan 32o x 10
2. sin 53.17o =
x 7
x = 7 sin 53.17o = 5.603 cm

o
3. cos 74o 25 =
4. sin 55
1 6 = 3 x
x=
x = 10 cos 74o 25 = 2.686 cm 5. tan 47o =

x 13
6 = 7.295 cm o sin 55 1 3
6.
cos 61o = x=
10 x
10 = 20.63 cm cos 61o
x = 13 tan 47o = 13.94 cm
34
TEST YOURSELF F: 1. 1ST and 2nd 2. 1st and 3rd 3. 2nd and 3rd
4. 1st and 4th
5. 3rd and 4th
6. 2nd and 4th
TEST YOURSELF G: 1.
4 5 3 cos = 5 4 tan = 3
sin =
2.
12 13 5 cos = 13 12 tan = 5
sin =
3.
sin =
4 5
3 5 4 tan = 3
cos =
4.
4 5 3 cos = 5 4 tan = 3
sin =
5.
8 17 15 cos = 17 8 tan = 15
sin =
6.
5 13 12 cos = 13 5 tan = 12
sin =
35
TEST YOURSELF H: 1.
y = tan x
y = sin x
y = cos x
2. (a)
A (0, 1), B (90o, 0), C (180o, 1), D (270o, 0)
(b) P (90o, 1), Q (180o, 0), R (270o, 1), S (360o, 0)
36

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Basic Essential Additional Mathematics Skills

Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia

Basic Essentials Additional Mathematics Skills (BEAMS) Module Unit 8: Trigonometry

Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia

Basic Essentials Additional Mathematics Skills (BEAMS) Module Unit 8: Trigonometry

Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia

Basic Essentials Additional Mathematics Skills (BEAMS) Module Unit 8: Trigonometry

Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia

Basic Essentials Additional Mathematics Skills (BEAMS) Module Unit 8: Trigonometry

Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia

Basic Essentials Additional Mathematics Skills (BEAMS) Module Unit 8: Trigonometry

Opposite side = Adjacent side = Hypotenuse side =

Opposite side = Adjacent side = Hypotenuse side =

Opposite side = Adjacent side = Hypotenuse side =

Opposite side = Adjacent side = Hypotenuse side =

Opposite side = Adjacent side = Hypotenuse side =

Opposite side = Adjacent side = Hypotenuse side =

Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia

Basic Essentials Additional Mathematics Skills (BEAMS) Module Unit 8: Trigonometry

TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGIES

Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia

Basic Essentials Additional Mathematics Skills (BEAMS) Module Unit 8: Trigonometry

Definition of the Three Trigonometric Functions

opposite side sin = hypotenuse side

adjacent side hypotenuse side

opposite side adjacent side

AB opposite side = hypotenuse side AC

Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia

Basic Essentials Additional Mathematics Skills (BEAMS) Module Unit 8: Trigonometry

AB opposite side = hypotenuse side AC BC adjacent side = hypotenuse side AC

Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia

Basic Essentials Additional Mathematics Skills (BEAMS) Module Unit 8: Trigonometry

You have to identify the opposite, adjacent and hypotenuse sides.

Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia

Basic Essentials Additional Mathematics Skills (BEAMS) Module Unit 8: Trigonometry

sin = cos = tan =

sin = cos = tan =

sin = cos = tan =

sin = cos = tan =

sin = cos = tan =

sin = cos = tan =

Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia

Basic Essentials Additional Mathematics Skills (BEAMS) Module Unit 8: Trigonometry

TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGIES

Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia

Basic Essentials Additional Mathematics Skills (BEAMS) Module Unit 8: Trigonometry

opposite hypotenuse opposite hypotenuse

adjacent hypotenuse adjacent hypotenuse

opposite adjacent opposite adjacent

Use the key D M S or

on your calculator to express the angle in degree and minute.

Find the angle in degrees and minutes. Example 1: Example 2:

= 23o 34 4l = 23o 35 (Note that 34 41 is rounded off to 35)

= 53o 7 48 = 53o 8 (Note that 7 48 is rounded off to 8)

Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia

Basic Essentials Additional Mathematics Skills (BEAMS) Module Unit 8: Trigonometry

Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia

Basic Essentials Additional Mathematics Skills (BEAMS) Module Unit 8: Trigonometry

TEST YOURSELF C Find the value of in degrees and minutes. 1. 2.

Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia

Basic Essentials Additional Mathematics Skills (BEAMS) Module Unit 8: Trigonometry

TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGIES

Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia