Triik-Vijaptimtratsiddhi Triik-Vijaptimtratsiddhi tratsiddhi ConsciousnessThe Thirty Verses on Consciousness-only th th t Duy thc tam thp tng

Tc gi : B tt Vasubandhu (Th Thn, ) D ch gi : Ha Th ng Thch Thuy n n

(Ti Li u H c T p L p Cao H c Tri t c a i H c Vn Khoa Vi n i H c V n H nh, Nin Kha: 1972-1973)

L IT A

Trimsika l lu n vn cu i cng c a B tt Vasubandhu. B lu n n y g m c ba mi bi t ng, nn c d ch sang ti ng Trung Hoa l "Tam Th p T ng", y chnh l ngha c a Trimsika. Ngi Huy n Trang Php s khi d ch n ra Hn vn c thm vo hai ch "Duy Th c", g i l "Duy Th c Tam Th p T ng"; v trong ba mi bi t ng y B tt Vasubandhu tm thu ton v n tinh ba c a Duy Th c H c. B lu n Trimsika c d ch ra ti ng Php, Trung Hoa, Ty T ng, Nh t v c ti ng c r i. Nhng t tr c n nay cha ai d ch n t Sanskrit ra Anh vn c . Vo nm 1971 c vi ng i b n ngo i qu c mu n h c v Duy Th c H c, nn ti d ch Trimsika t nguyn b n Sanskrit ra Anh vn d y. Nin kha 1972-1973, trong khi gi ng d y cho l p Cao H c Tri t t i Tr ng i H c Vn Khoa c a Vi n i H c V n H nh, ti dng b lu n n y lm m t mn trong nh ng mn gi ng d y, v Duy Th c H c l m t h th ng tri t h c c a ng Phng, v c a c th gi i hi n i. N xu t hi n s m hn v siu vi t hn c ch thuy t Duy Tm (Idealism) c a Berkeley trong tri t h c Ty phng. Khi gi ng d y, sinh vin c s so snh i chi u cho b n c a lu n vn c r, nn ti phin m l i b ng phin m m u t qu c t , t nguyn b n ch Sanskrit c a TRIMSIKA do Sylvain Lvi n hnh t i Paris nm 1925, km v i b n d ch Anh vn c a ti. C ng vo , ti ghi thm b n d ch Hn vn "Duy Th c Tam Th p T ng" c a Ngi Huy n Trang d ch th ng t nguyn b n Sanskrit. K ti p ti d ch b n Hn vn y c a Ngi Huy n Trang ra Vi t vn, sinh vin khi tham kh o, ti n vi c so snh i chi u. Thnh th b n Anh vn trong y l ti d ch th ng t

nguyn b n Sanskrit c a B tt Vasubandhu; cn b n Vi t vn l ti d ch t b n d ch Hn vn c a Ngi Huy n Trang. N u c v i chi u gi a nguyn b n trong ti ng Sanskrit c a B tt Vasubandhu, v i b n d ch Hn vn c a Ngi Huy n Trang, chng ta s th y c m t vi ch khc nhau. Hnh nh nguyn nhn sinh ra s ki n , l v Ngi Huy n Trang ph i d ch ra ti ng Trung Hoa b ng k vn (b ng t ng bi k b n cu, m i cu g m nm ch ); t gy nn c m t vi ch khc nhau. y l l do khi n ti d ch b ng t n vn, ch khng d ch b ng k vn (v n vn), trong khi d ch b lu n n y ra Anh vn v Vi t vn. Tuy nhin i v i chnh c a B tt Vasubandhu trong nguyn b n Sanskrit, Ngi Huy n Trang khi d ch ra Hn vn khng h lm sai l c m t t no. V y xin chn thnh ghi m y ging n y qu v lu . Trn tr ng.

1. tmadharmopacro hi vividho yah pravartate / Vijnnaparinme sau parinamah sa ca tridha // Anh: Because of undertaking about the Self (tman) and dharma, it issues out may various appearances; which are transformed from (on) the consciousness (vijnna), these transforming consciousness are three kinds: Hn:

Do gi thuy t ng, php H u ch ng ch ng t ng chuy n B y, th c s bi n Th nng bi n duy tam Vi t: Do gi thi t ra ng v php, m c cc hi n t ng sai khc. T t c hi n t ng (v ng v php) y u do th c chuy n bi n pht sinh. Th c nng bi n n y c ba lo i: 2. Vipko manankhyas ca vijnaptir visayasya ca / tatrlaykhyavijnnam vipakah sarvabijakam // Anh:

The maturing consciousness, the manana consciousness, and the perceiving objects consciousness. First is called the laya consciousness, (it is also called) the maturing-consciousness, and the all-bijas-consciousness. Hn:

V D th c, T lng C p Li u bi t c nh th c S A l i da th c D th c nh t thi t ch ng Vi t: y l th c D th c, th c T lng, v th c Phn bi t cc i t ng (cc tr n c nh). Tr c tin l Th c laya, n cng g i l th c D th c, v cng c tn l th c Nh t thi t ch ng. 3. Asamviditakopdi athnavijnaptikam ca tat / sad sparsamanaskravitsamjncetannvtam // Anh: It is unknown about its (laya) storing place (kopdi), and its perceiving. (The laya) joins together with touch, volition, feeling, thought, and thinking.

Hn:

B t kh tri ch p th X li u th ng d Xc Tc , Th , T ng, T Tng ng duy X th Vi t: Khng th bi t c nh ng th (t ng ph n) m n ch p tr, v kh nng li u bi t (ki n ph n) c a chnh n (th c laya). Th c n y th ng tng ng v i cc tm s : Xc, Tc , Th , T ng, v T. c bi t n ch tng ng v i X th . 4. Upeks vedan tatrnivrtvykrtam ca tat / Tatha sparsdayah tac ca vartate srotasaughavat// Anh: Associating with sensation (vedan). It is uncovering, and undistinction; so is the touch, and so on ...; (i.g: these five sarvatragas also have the same characteristic with laya), the laya is always moving forward like a strong torrent. Hn:

Th v ph v k Xc ng di c nh th H ng chuy n nh b c lu A la hn v x Vi t: c tnh c a th c laya l v ph, v k. Xc ... v.v... cng nh th . N ti p n i chuy n bi n nh ging n c ch y xi t. n av A la hn m i x b (tn c a th c laya). 5. Tasya vyvrtir arhatve tad sritya pravartate / Tadlambam manonma vijnnam manantmakam // Anh: It is ceased in Arhatship. Depending on it (laya), the Mana consciousness is produced, and it conceives the (laya) consciousness. It is called the Manas consciousness. Intellection about the Self is its nature. Hn:

 Th nh nng bi n Th th c danh M t na Y b chuy n duyn b T lng vi tnh t ng. Vi t: Th c nng bi n th hai l th c M t na, th c n y nng vo th c laya m sinh kh i, v tr l i duyn ch p th c laya (lm t ng). c tnh c a n l t lng ch p ng. 6. Klesais caturbhih sahitam nivrtvykr taih sad/ tmadrstytmamohtmamntmasnehasamjnitaih // (tma-drstya, tma-moha, tma-mna, tma-sneha samjnitaih /) Anh: Relating with the covering and undistinction; It accompanies with four klesas; Self-view, Self-ignorance, Self-pride, and Self-love. Hn:

T phi n no th ng cu V Ng si, Ng ki n T nh Ng m n, Ng i

C p d Xc Vi t:

ng cu

Th c n y th ng tng ng v i b n th phi n no l: Ng si, Ng ki n, Ng m n, Ng i. N tng ng v i nm bi n hnh tm s l Xc ...v.v... 7. Yatrajas tanmayair anyaih sparsdyais crhato na tat/ Na nirodhasampattau mrge lokottare na ca // Anh: Whenever (the laya) is born, (the Mana) continually and relatedly comes to there to be born with it (laya). There is not of it (Mana) in Arhatship, in the Meditation of Cessation (nirodhasampatta), and in the Superior Purification State (mrgalokottara). Hn:

H u ph v k nhi p Ty s sanh s h A la hn Di t nh Xu t th o v h u Vi t:

c tnh c a M t na l h u ph v k, ty theo th c laya sinh vo ni no, th th c n y lin h sinh theo vo ni . Khi t n qu A la hn, vo Di t t n nh, hay ch ng o xu t th , th khng cn n n a (khng cn tn c a M t na th c n a). 8. Dvitiyah parinmo yam tritiyah sadvidhasya y/ Visayasyopalabdhih s kusalkusaldvay // Anh: This is the second transformation (parinama). The third (transformation) consists six kinds, which perceive all objects. Good, not good, and neither good nor not good (these three are their nature). Hn:

Th tam nng bi n Sai bi t h u l c ch ng Li u c nh vi tnh t ng Thi n, b t thi n cu phi Vi t: K n l th c nng bi n th ba, g m c su mn sai khc nhau, cng d ng c a n l phn bi t cc i t ng (tr n c nh). c tnh c a chng n l g m nhi p c thi n, c, v v k.

9. Sarvatragair viniyataih kusalais caitasair asau/ Samprayukt tath klesair upaklesais trivedanaih// Anh: The related-mental-functions (caitasa) (of these consist: The Sarvatragas (general), viniyata (special), good evils, minor-evils, and three sensations. Hn:

Th tm s Bi n hnh Bi t c nh, Thi n, Phi n no Ty phi n no, B t nh Giai tam th tng ng Vi t: Nh ng tm s tng ng v i su th c n y g m c: Bi n hnh, Bi t c nh, Thi n tm s , Cn b n phi n no, Ty phi n no, v B t nh tm s . Su th c n y tng ng v i c ba th c c m th . 10. dyh sparsdayas chanddhimoksasmatayah saha/ Samdhibhym niyath sraddhtha hrr apatrap// Anh:

The Sarvatragas consist Touch, and so on ... The viniyatas (special mental functions) are desire, resolve, remember, concentration, wisdom. The Kusalas (the good mental functions) are faith, shame, bashfulness. Hn:

S Bi n hnh: Xc ng Th Bi t c nh v D c Th ng Gi i, Ni m, nh, Tu S duyn s b t ng Vi t: Bi n hnh tm s g m c Xc... v.v... Bi t c nh tm s g m c D c, Th ng gi i, Ni m, nh, v Tu . i t ng s duyn c a chng khng ng nhau. 11. Alobhdhitrayam viryam prasarabdhih spra- mdika / Ahims kusalh kles rgapratighamdhayah // Anh: Non-convetousness, Non-hatred, Non-ignorance, energy, repose of mind, vigilance, equanimity, and Non-injury. The Evils (klesa) are covetousness, hatred, ignorance. Hn:

Thi n v Tn, Tm, Qu V tham ng tam cn C n, An, B t phng d t Hnh x c p B t h i Vi t: Thi n tm s (g m c 11 th ): Tin t ng, Tm, Qu, Khng tham, Khng sn, Khng si, Sing nng, Th thi, Khng phng tng, Khng ch p tr c, Khng lm t n h i k khc. 12. Mnadrgvicikitsas ca krodhopanahane punah / Mrahsah pradsa irsytha mtsaryam saha mayay // Anh: Arrogance, doubt, and false view. The Minor EvilsUpaklesa-are anger, enmity, concealment, affliction, envy, parsimony, deception. Hn:

 Phi n no v Tham, Sn Si, M n, Nghi, c ki n Ty phi n no vi Ph n H n, Ph, No, T t, Xan Vi t: Cn b n phi n no g m c (su th ): Tham, Sn, Si, Kiu m n, Nghi ng , v Thnh ki n sai l m. Ty phi n no g m c (20 th ): Cm ph n, U t h n, Che d u t i l i c a mnh, Lm no lo n k khc, Ganh ght, H ti n. 13. Sthyam mado vihimshrr atrap stynam uddhavah/ sraddhyam atha kausdyam pramdo musit smrtih// Anh: Fraudulence, pride, injury, shamelessness, non-bashfulness, lowspiritedness, restlessness (noisiness), non-faith, sloth, negligence, forgetfulness. Hn:

Cu ng, Xi m d H i, Kiu

V tm c p V qu Tr o c d Hn tr m B t tn t nh Gi i i Vi t: D i tr, Dua n nh, Hm h i k khc, Kiu cng, Khng bi t t h , Khng bi t th n v i tha nhn, No ng, Hn m, Khng tin t ng, L i bi ng. 14. Viksepo samprajanyam ca kaukrtyam middham eva ca / Vitarkas ca vicras cety upakles dvaye dvidh // Anh: Distraction, and non-discernment. (The Aniyatas The Indeterminate mental functions) are Repentance, Drowsiness; and Reflection. Investigation, each both (of them) are arranged in two ways (good or not good). Hn:

Phng d t c p Th t ni m Tn lo n, B t chnh tri B t nh v H i, Min T m, T nh cc nh

Vi t: Phng tng, Qun, R i lo n, Nh n th c sai l m. B t nh tm s g m c (4 th ): H i h n, Ng , S tm ki m, Suy t v s tm ki m. 15. Pancnm mlavijnne yathpratyayam udbhavah/ Vijnnnm saha na v tarangnm yath jale// Anh: By causes, whether the five consciousnesses are appeared together or not (they are always depending) on the Basicconsciousness (laya Consciousness) to appear; just as waves are dependent on the water. Hn:

Y ch Cn b n th c Ng th c ty duyn hi n Ho c cu ho c b t cu Nh ba o y th y Vi t: Cc th c u y c vo Cn b n th c m hi n kh i, nh sng nng vo n c m sinh kh i. Nm th c tr c ty duyn pht

kh i tc d ng, c khi chng cng sinh kh i v i nhau chng khng cng sinh kh i v i nhau. 16. Manovijnnasambhtih sarvadsamjnikd tre/ Sampattidvayn middhn mrchand apy acittakt// Anh:

i khi

The Mind consciousness always manifests, unless (when one) is born in the realm of non-thought (asamjnika). (or is in these unconsciousness situations: 1. Asamjni-sampatti, 2. Nirodhasampatti), in sleeping, and in a swoon. Hn:

th c th ng hi n kh i Tr sanh V t ng thin C p V tm nh nh Thy min d mu n tuy t Vi t: th c th ng hi n kh i, ch tr khi sinh ln ci tr i V t ng, khi nh p vo V t ng nh v Di t t n nh, lc ng m, v khi b ch t gi c (nm tr ng h p trn y th c khng hi n kh i tc d ng). 17. Vijnnaparinmo yam vikalpo yad vikalpyate/

Tena tan nsti tenedam sarvam vijnaptimtrakam// Anh: (From) the transforming-consciousness (vijnnaparinma), the distinguishing (vikalpa) / appears / from which the distinguished (object appears). They all are nothing but Consciousness (vijnna) only. Hn:

Th ch th c chuy n bi n Phn bi t s phn bi t Do th b giai v C nh t thi t Duy th c Vi t: Do cc th c chuy n bi n sinh kh i ra cc nng phn bi t v s phn bi t; l i chnh cc php n y u khng, cho nn t t c l Duy th c. 18. Sarvabijam hi vijnnam parinmas tath tath/ Yty anyonyavasd yena vikalpah sa sa jyate // Anh:

Because of the All-Bijas-Consciousness (laya-vijnna) transforms thus thus; by the mutual-power those those variations (various things) have been producing. Hn:

Do Nh t Thi t Ch ng th c Nh th nh th bi n D tri n chuy n l c c B b phn bi t sanh Vi t: Do th c Nh t thi t ch ng chuy n bi n sinh ra cc php nh th , do nng l c lin t c chuy n bi n sinh kh i c a n, m cc php sai khc nhau pht sinh. 19. Karmano vsan grhadvayavsanay saha / Ksne prvavipake nyadvipkam gianayanti tat // Anh: The vsan of action, with the two (kinds of) holding of vsan, when the former maturation (former life) is destroyed (dead), produce an other maturation (other life). Hn:

Do ch nghi p t p kh Nh th t p kh cu Ti n D th c k t n Ph c sanh d qu th c Vi t: Do t p kh c a cc nghi p, cng v i t p kh c a hai lo i nng th v s th (v danh ngn v ng ch p), nn khi thn m ng c a ki p tr c (ti n d th c) ch t i, th n i ti p sinh kh i thn m ng c a ki p sau. 20. Yena yena vikalpena yad yad vastu vikalpyate/ Parikalpita evsau svabhvo na sa vidyate // Anh: By the imaginer (imaginationvikalpa) which imagines every things (imagined objectsvikalpyate). The nature of this Parikalpita (false imagination) is known (that it is) nothing. Hn:

 Do b b Bi n k Bi n k ch ng ch ng v t Th Bi n k s ch p T tnh v s h u Vi t: Do tnh Bi n k ch p nn l m ch p (nh n th c sai) cc s Tnh Bi n k ch p n y b n ch t n khng th t. 21. Paratantrasvabhvas tu vikalpah pratyayodbhavah / Nispannas tasya prvena sad rahitat tu y // Anh: The Paratantrasvabhva (is depending on other various causes to become). The Nispanna (The ParinispannasvabhvaThe real nature) is dwelling on it (The Paratantra), but it separates from the former nature (The Parikalpita). Hn: v t.

Y tha kh i t tnh Phn bi t duyn s sanh

Vin thnh th t b Th ng vi n ly ti n tnh Vi t: Tnh Y tha kh i l do cc duyn (cc y u t ) sai khc m pht sinh. Tnh Vin thnh th t l t n s n c ngay trong tnh Y tha kh i, N th ng r i xa tnh Bi n k ch p. 22. Ata eva sa naivnyo nnanyah paratantratah / Anityatdivad vcyo ndrste smin sa drsyate // Anh: Therefore it (Parinispanna) is neither the same nor different with the Paratantra; as the impermanent character (with the impermanent things); it is said that: if we would not see the Parinispanna, so the Paratantra could not be seen. Hn:

C th d Y tha Phi d phi b t d Nh v th ng ng tnh Phi b t ki n th , b Vi t:

Cho nn tnh Vin thnh th t cng v i tnh Y tha kh i, khng ph i khc, cng khng ph i khng khc; gi ng nh c tnh v th ng c a s v t cng v i s v t (cng khng ph i khc v khng ph i khng khc). N u ai cha li u t c tnh Vin thnh th t, th khng th hon ton th u tri t c tnh Y tha kh i. 23. Trividhasya svabhvasya trividhm nihsvabhvatm / Samdhya sarvadharmnm desit nihsvabhvat// Anh: From the three Svabhvas, the three nih svabhvas (three nonentities) having established, it is revealed (by the Buddha) that all dharmas are non entity. Hn:

T c y th tam tnh L p b tam V tnh C Ph t m t thuy t Nh t thi t php v tnh Vi t: T ni ba tnh n y m thi t l p ra ba V tnh, c Ph t mu n ni: T t c php l Khng tnh. y l m t c a

24. Parathamo laksanenaiva nihsvabhvo parah punah/ Na svayambhva etasyety apar nihsvabhvat// Anh: First is the non entity of form (laksana-nihsvabhvata). Another is the non-entity of self-being (na svayambhva). The next (third) one is the non-entity of this (self and form). Hn:

S t c T ng v tnh Th V t nhin tnh H u do vi n ly ti n S ch p ng php tnh Vi t: Tr c h t l T ng v tnh, k n l V t nhin tnh, v sau cng (l Th ng ngha v tnh), v n r i xa tnh Bi n k ch p vo ng v php tr c. 25. Dharmnm paramthas ca sa yatas tathatpi sah/ Sarvaklam tathbhvt saiva vijnaptimtrat // Anh:

This is the absolute reality of all dharmas, it also is the Tathat. (Which) always is the real nature, and also is the (nature of) Vijnaptimtrat (the consciousness) only. Hn:

Th ch php th ng ngha Di c t c th Chn nh Th ng nh k tnh c T c Duy th c th t tnh Vi t: y t c l Th ng ngha tnh c a cc php, cng t c l Chn nh, b i v b n tnh n v n chn th t; y chnh l th c tnh c a Duy th c. 26. Yvad vijnaptimtratve vijnnam nvatisthati/ Grhadvayasya anusayas tvan na vinivartate // Anh: Until one does not arrive on the vijnaptimtrata (the nature of vijnna) yet, (because of) at that time (his) anusaya (1) of the two holding (grhadvaya) is not destroyed yet. Hn:

Ni ch v kh i th c C u tr Duy th c tnh nh th Ty min Du v nng ph c di t Vi t: Ng i tu hnh khi th c tnh cha pht hi n, mu n c u c an tr (li u t) Duy th c tnh, nhng Ty min c a hai th nng th v s th v n cha tr di t c (nn cha th ch ng c Duy th c tnh). 27. Vijnaptimtram evedam ity api hy upalambhatah/ Sthpayann agratah kim cit tanmtre nvatisthate// Anh: Establishing a little object in front of him, (then one thinks of that) this is the vijnaptimtra (the nature of vijnna), (but) because of the obtaining, he does not really arrive on the nature of vijnna. Hn:

 Hi n ti n l p thi u v t V th Duy th c tnh D h u s cc Phi th t tr Duy th c Vi t: Trong khi tu hnh m cn th y c i t ng ch ng c, v cho l Duy th c tnh; th v cn c i t ng s c, nn cha ph i ch th c an tr (li u ng ) Duy th c tnh (Chn nh tnh). 28. Yad tv lambanam vijnnam naivopalabhate tad/ Sthitam vijnnamtratve grhyabhve tadagraht// Anh: Whenever the wisdom (of one) has no obtaining in perceiving object, at that time he is abiding on the vijnna-mtrata (the nature of vijnna) from not holding (freeing from) the two grhas. Hn:

Nh c th i s duyn Tr v s c Nh th i tr Duy th c

Ly nh th t ng c Vi t: N u khi ai i v i i t ng s duyn, qun tr khng cn th y c i t ng s c. B y gi ng i y m i th c an tr (li u ng ) Duy th c tnh, v xa la hai t ng nng th v s th . 29. Acitto nupalambho sau jnnam lokottaram ca tat/ srayasya parvrttir dvidh dausthulyahnitah // Anh: The unobtaining is beyond thought, this is the supra-mundancewisdom. (One) relinquishes the two evils (dvidh-dausthulya), (he then is) dwelling in freedom (parvrtti). Hn:

V c b t t ngh Th Xu t th gian tr X nh th tr ng c Ti n ch ng c Chuy n y Vi t:

Tr tu khi ly khai c v i i t ng s c l tr tu th n di u khng th suy l ng n i, y l tr Xu t th gian, v x b hai th th tr ng ch ng (phi n no ch ng v s tri ch ng), nn ch ng c hai qu Chuy n y (B v Ni t bn). 30. Sa evnsravo dhtur acintyah kusalo dhruvah/ Sukho vimuktikyo sau dharmkhyo yam mahmuneh// Anh: This is the Ansrava-dhtu (the freeing-from-all- evils-andpassion-realm), (which is) unthinkaable (beyond thought), good, unchangeable, emancipation, this is the Dharmkhya of Mahmuni. Hn:

Th t c V l u gi i B t t ngh Thi n, Th ng An l c, Gi i thot thn i Mu Ni danh php Vi t: y l qu v V l u b t t ngh, l Thi n, l Th ng, l An l c, l Php thn gi i thot c a c o s Mu Ni.