Experiment No. 7 Batch Sedimentation Queenie Gene D.

Gadong Date Performed: February 22, 2012 Date Submitted: March 18, 2012 I. Introduction

Many biological substances around us are made up of two or more components of either gas, liquid, or solid phases. By understanding the behavior of these individual components and by applying proper conditions these different phases can be separated from each other, the other may be enriched in the medium or otherwise depleted. (Geankoplis, 1995) Mechanical separation is a process where individual phases of matter are separated into specific materials. These forces that separate the particles depend on the character of the particles being separated, the size, density, and shape, in addition to the fluids specific density and viscosity. This separation process is accomplished by action of gravitational, centrifugal, mechanical, and kinetic forces to the specific particles of the different phases of matter. (Geankoplis, 1995) There are three general classifications of mechanical-physical separation processes a.)filtration b.) centrifugal separation and c.) sieving. (Earle, 1983) a.) Filtration. In filtration a fluid is left to flow in a screen, where the large solid particles are blocked for passage, while the liquid is allowed to pass through. (Geankoplis, 1995) b.) Sedimentation. In sedimentation, two immiscible liquids, or a liquid and a solid, differing in density, are separated allowing them to come in equilibrium under the action of gravity, the heavier material falling with respect to the lighter. (Earle, 1983) c.) Seiving. Is a separation process wherein the solid particles are classified according to size by using a screen which acts as barrier against passage of larger particles. It is used often in classifying solids by size. (Earle, 1983) The separation of a dilute slurry or suspension by gravity settling into a clear fluid and a slurry of higher solids content is called Sedimentation. (Geankoplis, 1995) Sedimentation employs the action of gravitational forces to separate particles from the fluid, which may be a liquid or gaseous fluid. Sedimentation can be applied in the removal of solid particles in sewage wastes, and dirt and other debris from a fluid stream. (Geankoplis, 1995) In the food industry sedimentation is used as a process of separating formed from the mother liquor, and separation of solvent from an extraction process. At times the separated materials are also recovered as the main product in a process; it can also be used to classify particles in terms of size or density. (Earle, 1983) Movement of particles in a fluid, which is when they settle or separate from the fluid, is influenced by the size, shape and density of the particles. This movement of particles at its maximum is termed, Terminal velocity. There are also forces acting upon the particles which influence its velocity in the fluid, one which causes motion and another that offers resistance. The difference in the density of the fluid and the moving particle offers a net force which causes the motion of the particle. The applied force of gravity creates a driving force which starts the motion of the particle. The drag force or the force which hinders the movement of the particles through a solution is produced by the frictional action of the fluid, particularly to the walls of the fluids container. The settling rate of a particle is also influenced by the concentration of the particles in a solution. In hindered settling the velocity of each particle is affected by the nearby presence of another particle. The 1

distance of the wall of a container to a particle can also affect the terminal velocity of a particle, this kind of settling is termed as hindered settling. (Geankoplis, 1995) During a batch sedimentation process a slurry is placed inside a graduated cylinder. There will be an initial suspension wherein the particles will be evenly distributed in the solution. Slowly, different layers will be noticed in the solution. The initial suspension would be the zone B. As time passes and the particles slowly settle at the bottom the clear liquid in the upper layer would be the zone A, followed by the zone B. The settled particles at the bottom of the cylinder would be the zone D, while zone C is merely a transition between the settles particles in zone D, and the suspended particles in zone B. (Geankoplis, 1995) For this experiment the students will be taught to experimentally obtain the settling rate of a solid material immersed in a fluid and be able to generate a settling curve. The students would also gain experience on the effect of slurry concentration on a particular materials sedimentation characteristics. II. Methodology

Starch was used as sample for this experiment. The internal diameter of the graduated cylinder to be used was measured. Flour was weighed, one part was measured at 50g, and another part as 25g. The flour were then placed into separate bowls and mixed with 950 mL of water. The substances were mixed uniformly in a blender. The homogenous solutions were then transferred into separate cylinder and were covered with aluminum foil on top. For every 5 minute interval the height of the fallen particles at the bottom of the cylinder was measured, until the no more changes in can be noted. III. Results

Table 1: Summary of calculated results for sedimentation rate of starch. Sediment Volume, V (m3) t, min. A (50g) B (25g) 5 14.53143682 9.247277976 10 14.00302093 13.21039711 15 12.15356534 21.13663537 20 11.62514946 23.7787148 25 11.36094151 29.06287364 30 11.36094151 30.38391335 35 11.62514946 29.06287364 40 11.36094151 29.06287364 45 11.36094151 31.70495306 50 11.36094151 31.70495306 55 11.36094151 31.70495306 60 11.36094151 30.38391335 65 11.36094151 29.06287364 70 11.36094151 29.06287364 75 11.36094151 29.06287364 80 11.36094151 29.06287364 85 11.36094151 29.06287364 90 11.36094151 29.06287364

Figure 1: Time-volume plot for sedimentation of starch.

35 30 25 V, mL 20 15 10 5 0 0 20 40 t, min. 60 80 100 Slurry A Slurry B

IV.

Discussion

From Figure 1, which is a plot of the volume of the particles in the slurry that have settled at a given time interval, we could note the difference in the behavior of the settled particles. In slurry A with a greater solute concentration the volume of particles that have settled decreased. Despite its greater solute concentration, which would have ensured a bigger volume to settle at the bottom, slurry A was significantly smaller in volume of its particles than in Slurry B. This could phenomena could be explained by the fact that the overall solute particles in slurry A was heavier as compared to slurry B which made the volume of particles settled at the bottom of the cylinder more compact. This tendency of the particles in slurry A to be more compact can be attributed to the effect of gravity on the individual particles. Since the overall weight of the particles in slurry A are heavier than in slurry B the action of gravity on the its particles are also greater, creating a more compact sediment. V. Conclusion

The differences of the components in a mixture can be utilized to be able to separate these components from each other. Sedimentation is one of these processes, which is more suitable in separating particles in fluids. VI. References Earle, R. (1983). Unit Operations in Food Processing. The New Zealand Institute of Food Science and Technology Inc. . Geankoplis, C. J. (1995). Transport Processes and Unit Operations 3rd Ed. University of Minnesota: Prentice-Hall International, Inc.

VII.

Annex

Table 2: Summary of Raw data obtained in sedimentation of starch. t, min. 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 Sediment Height, mm A (50g) 5.5 5.3 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 B (25g) 3.5 5 8 9 11 11.5 11 11 12 12 12 11.5 11 11 11 11 11 11 Radius (mm) 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 Sediment Volume, V (mm3) A (50g) 14531.43682 14003.02093 12153.56534 11625.14946 11360.94151 11360.94151 11625.14946 11360.94151 11360.94151 11360.94151 11360.94151 11360.94151 11360.94151 11360.94151 11360.94151 11360.94151 11360.94151 11360.94151 B (25g) 9247.277976 13210.39711 21136.63537 23778.7148 29062.87364 30383.91335 29062.87364 29062.87364 31704.95306 31704.95306 31704.95306 30383.91335 29062.87364 29062.87364 29062.87364 29062.87364 29062.87364 29062.87364

Sample Calculations: Cylinder diameter: 58mm Radius = Diameter/2 = 29 mm To determine sediment volume:

) V= 14531.43682 m3