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CHNG 2
NH LUT V NH L MCH IN
NH LUT KIRCHHOF
IN TR TNG NG
NH L MILLMAN
NH L CHNG CHT
NH L THEVENIN V NORTON
BIN I Y (NH L KENNELY)
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_____

Chng ny cp n hai nh lut quan trng lm c s cho vic phn gii mch,
l cc nh lut Kirchhoff.
Chng ta cng bn n mt s nh l v mch in. Vic p dng cc nh l ny
gip ta gii quyt nhanh mt s bi ton n gin hoc bin i mt mch in phc tp
thnh mt mch n gin hn, to thun li cho vic p dng cc nh lut Kirchhoff gii
mch.
Trc ht, n gin, chng ta ch xt n mch gm ton in tr v cc loi
ngun, gi chung l mch DC. Cc phng trnh din t cho loi mch nh vy ch l cc
phng trnh i s (i vi mch c cha L & C, ta cn n cc phng trnh vi tch phn)
Tuy nhin, khi kho st v ng dng cc nh l, chng ta ch ch n cu trc ca
mch m khng quan tm n bn cht ca cc thnh phn, do cc kt qu trong chng
ny cng p dng c cho cc trng hp tng qut hn.
Trong cc mch DC, p ng trong mch lun lun c dng ging nh kch thch, nn
n gin, ta dng kch thch l cc ngun c lp c gi tr khng i thay v l cc hm
theo thi gian.

2.1 nh lut kirchhoff

Mt mch in gm hai hay nhiu phn t ni vi nhau, cc phn t trong mch to
thnh nhng nhnh. Giao im ca hai hay nhiu nhnh c gi l nt. Thng ngi ta coi
nt l giao im ca 3 nhnh tr nn. Xem mch (H 2.1).

(H 2.1)

- Nu xem mi phn t trong mch l mt nhnh mch ny gm 5 nhnh v 4 nt.

- Nu xem ngun hiu th ni tip vi R1 l mt nhnh v 2 phn t L v R2 l mt
nhnh (trn cc phn t ny c cng dng in chy qua) th mch gm 3 nhnh v 2 nt.
Cch sau thng c chn v gip vic phn gii mch n gin hn.
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Hai nh lut c bn lm nn tng cho vic phn gii mch in l:

2.1.1. nh lut Kirchhoff v dng in : ( Kirchhoff's Current Law,

KCL )
Tng i s cc dng in ti mt nt bng khng .

=0

(2.1)

ij l dng in trn cc nhnh gp nt j.

Vi qui c: Dng in ri khi nt c gi tr m v dng in hng vo nt c gi
tr dng (hay ngc li).

(H 2.2)

Theo pht biu trn, ta c phng trnh nt A (H 2.2):

i1 + i 2 - i 3 + i 4=0
Nu ta qui c du ngc li ta cng c cng kt qu:

(2.2)

- i 1 - i 2 + i 3 - i 4 =0
Hoc ta c th vit li:

(2.3)

i3= i1 + i2 + i4

(2.4)

V t phng trnh (2.4) ta c pht biu khc ca nh lut KCL:

Tng cc dng in chy vo mt nt bng tng cc dng in chy ra khi nt
.
nh lut Kirchhoff v dng in l h qu ca nguyn l bo ton in tch:
Ti mt nt in tch khng c sinh ra cng khng b mt i.
Dng in qua mt im trong mch chnh l lng in tch i qua im trong
mt n v thi gian v nguyn l bo ton in tch cho rng lng in tch i vo mt nt
lun lun bng lng in tch i ra khi nt .

2.1.2. nh lut Kirchhoff v in th: ( Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, KVL ).

Tng i s hiu th ca cc nhnh theo mt vng kn bng khng

(t) = 0

(2.5)

p dng nh lut Kirchhoff v hiu th, ta chn mt chiu cho vng v dng qui
c: Hiu th c du (+) khi i theo vng theo chiu gim ca in th (tc gp cc dng
trc) v ngc li.
nh lut Kirchhoff v hiu th vit cho vng abcd ca (H 2.3).
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- v1 + v 2 - v 3 = 0

(H 2.3)

Ta cng c th vit KVL cho mch trn bng cch chn hiu th gia 2 im v xc
nh hiu th theo mt ng khc ca vng:
v1 = vba = vbc+ vca = v2 - v3
nh lut Kirchhoff v hiu th l h qu ca nguyn l bo ton nng lng: Cng
trong mt ng cong kn bng khng.
V tri ca h thc (2.5) chnh l cng trong dch chuyn in tch n v (+1) dc
theo mt mch kn.
Th d 2.1 .
Tm ix v vx trong (H2.4)

(H 2.4)

Gii:
p dng KCL ln lt cho cc cho nt a, b, c, d
- i1 - 1 + 4 = 0

i1 = 3A

- 2A + i1 + i2 = 0

i2 = -1A

- i3 + 3A - i2 = 0

i3 = 4A

ix + i3 + 1A = 0

ix = - 5A

p dng nh lut KVL cho vng abcd:

- vx - 10 + v2 - v3 = 0
Vi v2 = 5 i2 = 5.( - 1) = - 5V
v3 = 2 i3 = 2.( 4) = 8V

vx =- 10 - 5 - 8 = -23V
Trong th d trn , ta c th tnh dng ix t cc dng in bn ngoi vng abcd n
cc nt abcd.
Xem vng abcd c bao bi mt mt kn ( v nt gin on).
nh lut Kirchhoff tng qut v dng in c th pht biu cho mt kn nh sau:
Tng i s cc dng in n v ri khi mt kn bng khng.
Vi qui c du nh nh lut KCL cho mt nt.
Nh vy phng trnh tnh ix l:
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- ix - 4 + 2 - 3 = 0
Hay ix = - 5 A
nh lut c th c chng minh d dng t cc phng trnh vit cho cc nt abcd
cha trong mt kn c dng in t cc nhnh bn ngoi n.
Th d 2.2:
L v R trong mch (H 2.5a) din t cun lch ngang trong TiVi nu L = 5H, R = 1
v dng in c dng sng nh (H 2.5b). Tm dng sng ca ngun hiu th v(t).

(a)

(b)
(H 2.5)

Gii:
nh lut KVL cho :
- v(t) + v R(t) + v L(t) = 0
hay

v (t) = v R + v L(t) = Ri(t) + L

(1)
d i (t )
dt

Thay tr s ca R v L vo:
d i (t )
v L(t) = 5
dt
v R(t) = 1. i(t)
d i (t )
v (t) = i(t) + 5
dt

(2)
(3)
(4)

Da vo dng sng ca dng in i(t), suy ra o hm ca i(t) v ta v c dng sng

ca vL(t) (H 2.6a) v v(t) (H 2.6b) t cc phng trnh (2), (3) v (4).

(a)

(H 2.6)

(b)

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2.2 in tr tng ng
Hai mch gi l tng ng vi nhau khi ngi ta khng th phn bit hai mch ny
bng cch o dng in v hiu th nhng u ra ca chng.
Hai mch lng cc A v B (H 2.7) tng ng nu v ch nu:
ia = ib

vi mi ngun v

(H 2.7)

Di y l pht biu v khi nim in tr tng ng:

Bt c mt lng cc no ch gm in tr v ngun ph thuc u tng ng
vi mt in tr.
in tr tng ng nhn t hai u a & b ca mt lng cc c nh ngha:
v
i
Trong v l ngun bt k ni vo hai u lng cc.

Rt =

(2.6)

(H 2.8)

Th d 2.3:
Mch (H 2.9a) v (H 2.9b) l cu chia in th v cu chia dng in. Xc nh cc
in th v dng in trong mch.

(a)

(H 2.9)

(b)

Gii:

a/ (H 2.9a) cho
v = v1+ v2 = R1 i + R2 i= (R1 + R2) i
v
Rt = = R1 + R2
i

T cc kt qu trn suy ra :

i =

v
R1 + R2

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R1
v
R1 + R2
b/ (H 2.9b) cho

v1 = R1 i =

R2
v
R1 + R2

i = i1+ i2

hay

v
v
v
=
+
Rt R1 R2

1
1
1
=
+
Rt R1 R2

hay

Gt = G1+ G2

T cc kt qu trn suy ra:

v2 = R2 i =

i1 = G1v =

v =

1
i
G1 + G 2

G1
R2
i=
i
G1 + G 2
R1 + R2

i2 = G2v =

G2
R1
i=
i
G1 + G 2
R1 + R2

Th d 2.4:
Tnh Rt ca phn mch (H 2.10a)

(a)

(b)
(H 2.10)

Gii:
Mc ngun hiu th v vo hai u a v b nh (H2.10b) v ch i = i1.
1
2
nh lut KCL cho
i1 = i3 + i 1 i3 = i 1
3
3
Hiu th gia a &b chnh l hiu th 2 u in tr 3
v = 3i3 = 2i1 = 2i

Rt =

v
= 2
i

2.3. nh l Millman
nh l Millman gip ta tnh c hiu th hai u ca mt mch gm nhiu nhnh
mc song song.
Xt mch (H 2.11), trong mt trong cc hiu th Vas = Va - Vs ( s = 1,2,3 ) c th
trit tiu.

(H 2.11)

nh l Millman p dng cho mch (H 2.11) c pht biu:

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v .G
G
as

vab =

(2.7)

1
l in dn nhnh s.
Rs
Chng minh:
Gi vsb l hiu th hai u ca Rs:
vsb = vab - vas
Dng in qua Rs:
v
v vas
is = sb = ab
= (vab vas)Gs
Rs
Rs

Vi

Gs =

Ti nt b :

=0

(v v ) Gs = 0
v G = v G
ab

as

Hay

ab

as

v G
G
as

vab =

Th d 2.5
Dng nh l Millman, xc nh dng in i2 trong mch (H 2.12).

(H 2.12)

ta c

Vy

8 6,4
+
1 0,5 8 + 12,8
=
vab =
1
16
1+ + 2
5
5
vab = 6,5 V
6,5
= 1,3 A
i2 =
5

2.4. nh l chng cht

( superposition theorem)

nh l chng cht l kt qu ca tnh cht tuyn tnh ca mch: p ng i vi

nhiu ngun c lp l tng s cc p ng i vi mi ngun ring l. Khi tnh p ng i
vi mt ngun c lp, ta phi trit tiu cc ngun kia (Ni tt ngun hiu th v h ngun
dng in, tc ct b nhnh c ngun dng in), ring ngun ph thuc vn gi nguyn.
Th d 2.6
Tm hiu th v2 trong mch (H 2.13a).
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(a)

(b)

(c)

(H 2.13)

- Cho ngun i3 = 0A ( h nhnh cha ngun 3A), ta c mch (H 2.13b):

6
v1 = 1,8V (dng cu phn th)
4+ 6
- Cho ngun v1 = 0V (ni tt nhnh cha ngun 3V), mch (H 2.13c).
4
Dng in qua in tr 6:
2 = 0,8A (dng cu phn dng)
6+ 4

v'2 =

v''2 = - 0,8 x 6 = - 4,8 V

v2 = v'2 + v''2 = 1,8 - 4,8 = - 3V

Vy

v2 = - 3V
Th d 2.7 Tnh v2 trong mch (H 2.14a).

(a)

(b)

(c)
(H 2.14)

Gii:
- Ct ngun dng in 3A, ta c mch(H 2.14b).
i1 =

2 1
= A
4 2

i3 = 2i1 = 1A v'2 = 2 - 3i3 = -1 V

- Ni tt ngun hiu th 2 V, ta c mch (H 2.14c).
in tr 4 b ni tt nn i1 = 0 A
Vy i3 = 3A v''2 = - 3 x 3 = - 9 V
Vy v2 = v'2 + v''2 = -1 - 9 = -10 V

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2.5. nh l Thevenin v Norton

nh l ny cho php thay mt phn mch phc tp bng mt mch n gin ch
gm mt ngun v mt in tr.
Mt mch in gi s c chia lm hai phn (H 2.15)

(H 2.15)

nh l Thevenin v Norton p dng cho nhng mch tha cc iu kin sau:

* Mch A l mch tuyn tnh, cha in tr v ngun.
* Mch B c th cha thnh phn phi tuyn.

* Ngun ph thuc, nu c, trong phn mch no th ch ph thuc cc i lng nm

trong phn mch .
nh l Thevenin v Norton cho php chng ta s thay mch A bng mt ngun v
mt in tr m khng lm thay i h thc v - i hai cc a & b ca mch .
Trc tin, xc nh mch tng ng ca mch A ta lm nh sau: Thay mch B
bi ngun hiu th v sao cho khng c g thay i lng cc ab (H2.16).

(H 2.16)

p dng nh l chng cht dng in i c th xc nhbi:

i = i1 + isc
(2.8)
Trong i1 l dng in to bi ngun v mch A trit tiu cc ngun c lp
(H2.17a) v isc l dng in to bi mch A vi ngun v b ni tt (short circuit, sc) (H2.17b).

(a)

bi:

(H 2.17)

(b)

- Mch th ng A, tng ng vi in tr Rth, gi l in tr Thevenin, xc nh

v
Rth
Thay (2.9) vo (2.8)

i1 =-

i=-

v
+ isc
Rth

(2.9)

(2.10)

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H thc (2.10) din t mch A trong trng hp tng qut nn n ng trong mi
trng hp.
Trng hp a, b h (Open circuit), dng i = 0 A, phng trnh (2.10) thnh:
0=

voc
+ isc
Rth

Hay voc = Rth . isc

Thay (2.11) vo (2.10):

(2.11)

v = - Rth . i + voc

(2.12)

H thc (2.12) v (2.10) cho php ta v cc mch tng ng ca mch A (H 2.18)

v (H 2.19)

(H 2.18)

(H 2.19)

* (H 2.18) c v t h thc (2.12) c gi l mch tng ng Thevenin ca

mch A (H 2.15). V ni dung ca nh l c pht biu nh sau:

Mt mch lng cc A c th c thay bi mt ngun hiu th voc ni tip vi
mt in tr Rth. Trong voc l hiu th ca lng cc A h v Rth l in tr nhn
t lng cc khi trit tiu cc ngun c lp trong mch A (Gi nguyn cc ngun ph
thuc).
Rth cn c gi l in tr tng ng ca mch A th ng.
* (H 2.19) c v t h thc (2.10) c gi l mch tng ng Norton ca mch

A (H 2.15). V nh l Norton c pht biu nh sau:

Mt mch lng cc A c th c thay th bi mt ngun dng in isc song
song vi in tr Rth. Trong isc l dng in lng cc khi ni tt v Rth l in tr
tng ng mch A th ng.
Th d 2.8
V mch tng ng Thevenin v Norton ca phn nm trong khung ca mch
(H2.20).

(H 2.20)

Gii:
c mch tng ng Thevenin, ta phi xc nh c Rth v voc.
Xc nh Rth
Rth l in tr nhn t ab ca mch khi trit tiu ngun c lp. (H 2.21a).
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in
T (H 2.21a) :
Rth = 2 +

6x 3
= 4
6+ 3

(a)

(b)
(H 2.21)

Xc nh voc

voc l hiu th gia a v b khi mch h (H 2.21b). V a, b h, khng c dng qua in

tr 2 nn voc chnh l hiu th vcb. Xem nt b lm chun ta c
vd = - 6 + vc = - 6 + voc
/L KCL nt b cho :
voc voc 6
+
= 2A
3
6
Suy ra voc = 6 V
Vy mch tng ng Thevenin (H2.22)

(H 2.22)

(H 2.23)

c mch tng ng Norton, Rth c, ta phi xc nh isc. Dng isc chnh l dng
qua ab khi nhnh ny ni tt. Ta c th xc nh t mch (H 2.20) trong ni tt ab. Nhng
ta cng c th dng h thc (2.11) xc nh isc theo voc:
voc 6
= = 1,5A
Rth 4
Vy mch tng ng Norton (H 2.23)
Th d 2.9
V mch tng ng Norton ca mch (H 2.24a).

isc =

(a)

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(b)

(c)
(H 2.24)

Ta tm isc t mch (H 2.24c)

KCL nt b cho:
i1 = 10 - i2 - isc
Vit KVL cho 2 vng bn phi:
-4(10 - i2 - isc) - 2i1 + 6i2 = 0
- 6i2 + 3isc = 0
Gii h thng cho isc = 5A
tnh Rth (H 2.24b), do mch c cha ngun ph thuc, ta c th tnh bng cch p
vo a,b mt ngun v ri xc nh dng in i, c Rth = v/i ( in tr tng ng ).
Tuy nhin, y ta s tm voc ab khi a,b h (H 2.25).

(H 2.25)

Ta c voc = 6i2
Vit nh lut KVL cho vng cha ngun ph thuc :
-4(10 - i2) - 2 i1+ 6i2 = 0
i2 = 5 A
voc = 6 x 5 = 30 V
v
30
Vy Rth = oc =
= 6
i sc
5
Mch tng ng Norton:
Hay
v

(H 2.26)

Th d 2.10:
Tnh vo trong mch (H 2.27a) bng cch dng nh l Thevenin

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in

(a)

(b)

(c)

(H 2.27)

(d)

c mch th ng, ni tt ngun v1 nhng vn gi ngun ph thuc 1/3 i1, ta c

mch (H 2.27c). Mch ny ging mch (H 2.10) trong th d 2.4; Rth chnh l Rt trong th d
2.4.
Rth = 2
tnh voc, ta c mch (H2.27b)
voc = v5 + v1
v5 = 3i5
i4 = 0 A ( mch h ) nn:
i5=

1
1 v
1 4 2
i1 = x 1 = x = A
3
3 2 3 2 3

voc = 3

2
+4=6V
3

voc = 6 V
Mch tng ng Thevenin v (H 2.27d).
voc
6
vo =
10 =
10 = 5 V
2 + 10
12
vo = 5 V

2.6. Bin i - Y (

nh l Kennely ).

Coi mt mch gm 3 in tr Ra, Rb, Rc ni nhau theo hnh (Y), ni vi mch ngoi
ti 3 im a, b, c im chung O (H 2.28a). V mch gm 3 in tr Rab, Rbc, Rca ni nhau theo
hnh tam gic (), ni vi mch ngoi ti 3 im a, b, c (H 2.28b).

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(H 2.28)

Hai mch v Y tng ng khi mch ny c th thay th mch kia m khng nh

hng n mch ngoi, ngha l cc dng in ia, ib, ic i vo cc nt a, b, c v cc hiu th
vab,vbc, vca gia cc nt khng thay i.
- Bin i Y l thay th cc mch bng cc mch Y v ngc li.
Ngi ta chng minh c :
Bin i Y :
Rab =

Ra R b + R b Rc + Rc Ra
Rc

Rbc =

Ra R b + R b Rc + Rc Ra
Ra

Rca =

Ra R b + R b Rc + Rc Ra
Rb

(2.13)

Bin i Y:
Ra =

Rab . Rca
Rab + R bc + Rca

Rb =

Rab . R bc
Rab + R bc + Rca

Rc =

R bc . Rca
Rab + R bc + Rca

(2.14)

Nn thn trng khi p dng bin i Y. Vic p dng ng phi cho mch tng
ng n gin hn.
Th d 2.11:
Tm dng in i trong mch (H 2.29a).

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in

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(H 2.29)
- Bin i tam gic abc thnh hnh sao, ta c (H 2.29b) vi cc gi tr in tr:

Raf =

2x2
4
= = 0,8
2+ 2+ 1 5

Rbf =

2x1 2
= = 0,4
5
5

2x1 2
= = 0,4
5
5
- in tr tng ng gia f v d:
1,4x2,4
= 0,884
1,4 + 2,4
- in tr gia a v e:
Rac = 0,8 + 0,884 +1 = 2,684
v dng in i trong mch :

Rcf =

i=

v
v
A
=
Rac 2,684

2.7 Mch khuch i thut ton ( Operation amplifier,

OPAMP )
Mt trong nhng linh kin in t quan trng v thng dng hin nay l mch khuch
i thut ton ( OPAMP ).
Cu to bn trong mch s c gii thiu trong mt gio trnh khc. y chng ta
ch gii thiu mch OPAMP c dng trong mt vi trng hp ph bin vi mc ch xy
dng nhng mch tng ng dng ngun ph thuc cho n t cc nh lut Kirchhoff .
OPAMP l mt mch a cc, nhng n gin ta ch n cc ng vo v ng ra
(b qua cc cc ni ngun v Mass...). Mch c hai ng vo (a) l ng vo khng o, nh
du (+) v (b) l ng vo o nh du (-), (c) l ng ra.

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(H 2.30)

Mch c nhiu c tnh quan trng , y ta xt mch trong iu kin l tng: i1 v

i2 dng in cc ng vo bng khng (tc tng tr vo ca mch rt ln) v hiu th gia
hai ng vo cng bng khng .
Lu l ta khng th dng nh lut KCL tng qut cho mch (H 2.30) c v ta
b qua mt s cc do mc d i1 = i2 = 0 nhng i3 0.
Mch OPAMP l tng c li dng in nn trong thc t khi s dng
ngi ta lun dng mch hi tip.
Trc tin ta xt mch c dng (H 2.31a), trong R2 l mch hi tip mc t ng ra
(c) tr v ng vo o (b), v mch (H 2.31b) l mch tng ng .

(a)

(b)

(c)

(H 2.31)

v mch tng ng ta tm lin h gia v2 v v1.

p dng cho KVL cho vng obco qua v2
Hay

vbc + v2 - vbo = 0
vbc = vbo - v2 = v1 - v2 (vbo = v1)
p dng KCL nt b:
vbo vbc v1 v1 v2
+
=
+
=0
R1 R2 R1
R2

R2
R1
Ta c mch tng ng (H 2.31b), trong Av l li in th.
Xt trng hp c bit R2 = 0 v R1 = , Av = 1 v v2 = v1 (H 2.31c) mch khng
c tnh khuch i v c gi l mch m ( Buffer ), c tc dng bin i tng tr.

Gii phng trnh cho:

v2 = Av v1 vi Av = 1 +

Mt dng khc ca mch OP-AMP v (H 2.32a)

Ap dng KCL ng vo o.

R
v1 v2

= 0 hay v2 = 2 v1
R1
R1 R2

Ta thy v2 c pha o li so vi v1 nn mch c gi l mch o.

Mch tng ng v (H 2.31b), dng ngun hiu th ph thuc hiu th .

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in
v1
= i1 , ta c mch tng ng (H 2.32c), trong ngun hiu th ph
R1
thuc hiu th c thay bng ngun hiu th ph thuc dng in .

Nu thay

(a)

(b)

(c)

(H 2.32)

BI TP
--o0o--

2.1. Cho mch (H P2.1)

(H P2.1)

v
v
Chng minh: v3 = R0 1 + 2
R1 R2
Lu l v3 khng ph thuc vo thnh phn mc a, b.
y l mt trong cc mch lm ton v c tn l mch cng.
2.2. Cho mch (H P2.2a)

(H P2.2a)

(H P2.2b)

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Chng minh rng ta lun c: v1 = v2 v

i1 =

R2
i2
R1

Vi bt k thnh phn ni vo b,d.

p dng kt qu trn vo mch (H P2.2b) xc nh dng in i.
2.3. Tm dng in i trong mch (H P2.3).

(H P2.3)

2.4. Cho mch (H P2.4)

a/ Tnh vo.
b/ p dng bng s v1 = 3 V, v2 = 2 V, R1 = 4K, R2 = 3K, Rf = 6K v R = 1K.
2.5. (H P2.5) l mch tng ng ca mt mch khuch i transistor.
Dng nh l Thevenin hoc Norton xc nh io/ii ( li dng in).

(H P2.4)

(H P2.5)

2.6. Cho mch (H P2.6a). Tm cc gi tr C v R2 nu vi(t) v i(t) c dng nh (H P2.6b) v (H

P2.6c).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(H P2.6)

v1 (t )
trong mch (H P2.7) v th t tn cho phn mch nm trong khung k nt
i 1 (t )
gin on.

2.7 Tnh

2.8. Tnh Rtd ca (H P2.8).

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(H P2.7)

(H P2.8)

2.9. Cho mch (H P2.9), tm iu kin vo = 0.

2.10. Thay th mch in trong khung ca (H P2.10) bng mch tng ng Thevenin sau
tnh io.

(H P2.9)

(H P2.10)

2.11. Dng nh l chng cht xc nh dng i trong mch (H P2.11).

2.12 Tm mch tng ng ca mch (H P2.12).

(H P2.11)

(H P2.12)

2.13. Dng nh l Thevenin xc nh dng i trong mch (H P2.14).

(H P2.13)

(H P2.14)

2.14. Dng nh l Norton xc nh dng i ca mch (H P2.1).

2.15. Dng nh l Norton ( hay Thevenin ) xc nh dng i trong mch (H P2.16).

(H P2.15)

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