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Cc hiu bit c bn vit v cn bng cc phn ng Ha hc thng gp
Vietsciences-V Hng Thi 17/04//06
Sau khi thi u t ti (tt nghip ph thng), hc sinh khng c ghi danh t do hc hc bt c i hc no trong nc, k c cng hay t, m phi qua mt k thi tuyn vo hc. thi tuyn vo cc ngnh khoa hc t nhin, th hc sinh phi thi ba mn l ton, l, ha hoc ton, sinh, ha. Cuc thi tuyn ny kh gay go, to cng thng, p lc ln i v ngi hc, cng nh ph huynh, v t l c vo hc H ch khong 20-30% s hc sinh u t ti. Mun lm bi c mn ha hc (cng nh cc mn khc), hc sinh phi nm vng cc kin thc m mnh hc ph thng (mn ha hc c dy t lp 8 n lp 12). Ti son v h thng ha cc kin thc ha hc ny nhm gip cho mc ch n tp cho cc em. V phc v cho cc em hc sinh ph thng, nn t ng m ti dng cng phi ging nh sch gio khoa VN.
Chng trnh Ha hc Chun b thi v i hc: S oxi ha kh Phn ng oxi ha kh Th in ha chun Cc phng php cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh Quy lut chung v s ha tan trong nc cc mui v hydroxyd 1 Quy lut chung v s ha tan trong nc cc mui v hydroxyd 2 Cc phn ng v c thng gp khc Cc phn ng oxi ha kh thng gp khc
======== A- Vn 1 ha v c I. S oxi ha (S OXID HA)

S oxi ha l mt i lng qui c. Tnh c s oxi ha gip ta nhn din nhanh cht oxi ha, cht kh, vit c cc phn ng oxi ha kh v cn bng c cc phn ng oxi ha kh
I.1. nh ngha
S oxi ha ca mt nguyn t l mt i lng cho bit kh nng cho hoc nhn in t ca nguyn t nguyn t trong mt phn t. N bng in tch xut hin trn nguyn t nguyn t vi gi thit tt c phn t cc hp cht u gm cc ion - mt - nguyn - t to nn. Ngi ta qui c, mt lin kt cng ha tr phn cc (c cc) coi nh mt lin kt ion, vi cc i in t gp chung b ko hn v pha nguyn t no c c m in ln hn. Nh vy, s oxi ha bng in tch tht nu l mt lin kt ion, bng in tch qui c (biu kin) nu l mt lin kt cng ha tr phn cc.
Th d: NaCl CaO Na+ Cl- ( ion tht s) xNa = +1 ; xCl = -1 Ca2+ O2- (ion tht s) xCa = +2 ; xO = -2 (x: s oxi ha)
HCl (kh)
(ion biu kin) xH = +1 ; xCl = -1
H2O = -2
(ion biu kin) xH = +1 ; xO
NH3 (Amoniac)
(ion biu kin) xH = +1 ; xN = -3 (ion qui c)
CH4 (Metan)
(ion biu kin) xH = +1 ; xC = -4 (ion qui c)
I.2. Cc qui c (qui tc) tnh s oxi ha
I.2.1. Trong n cht
S oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong n cht bng khng (0). Th d: xNa = 0 xH = 0 xN = 0 xO = 0 xO = 0 xO = 0 xH = 0 xHe = 0 xCl = 0 xFe = 0
Na H2 N2 (Nit, Nitrogen) O2 (oxi, oxygen) O3 (ozon) [O] (oxi nguyn t) [H] (hiro nguyn t, hydrogen nguyn t) He Cl2 Fe
I.2.2. Trong hp cht
Tng i s s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht bng khng (0). Th d: H2SO4 KMnO4 K2Cr2O7 C12H22O11 HNO3 2xH + xS + 4xO = 0 xK + xMn + 4xO = 0 2xK + 2xCr +7xO = 0 12xC + 22xH + 11xO = 0 xH + xN + 3xO = 0
_ Kim loi kim

[ Liti (Litium, Li), Natri (Natrium, Na), Kali (Kalium, K), Rubii (Rubidium, Rb), Xezi (Cesium, Cs), Franxi (Francium, Fr) ] trong hp cht lun lun c s oxi ha bng +1. Th d: xNa = +1 xK = +1 xLi = +1 xNa = +1 xK = +1 xNa = 0 xK = 0 xLi = 0
NaCl KOH Li2O CH3COONa K2SO4 Na K Li
- Kim loi kim th

Canxi (Calcium, Ca), Stronti (Strontium, Sr), Bari (Barium, Ba), Rai (Radium, Ra) ] cng nh Berili (Berilium, Be), Magie (Magnesium, Mg) trong hp cht lun lun c s oxi ha bng +2. Th d: xCa = +2 xBa = +2 xMg = +2 xBa = +2 xCa = +2 xMg = 0 xCa = 0
CaO BaSO4 Mg(NO3)2 Ba(OH)2 Ca(HCOO)2 Mg Ca
Ba
xBa = 0
- Hiro (Hidrogen, H)
trong hp cht hu ht c s oxi ha bng +1. Nhng H trong cc hirua (hidrur) kim loi c s oxi ha bng -1. Th d:
HNO3 H2SO4 C2H5OH C6H12O6 H2O2 NaH (Natri hirua, Hidrur natrium) CaH2 (Canxi hidrua, Hidrur calcium) H2 [H]
xH = +1 xH = +1 xH = +1 xH = +1 xH = +1 xH = -1 xH = -1 xH = 0 xH = 0
- Oxi (Oxigen, O)
trong hp cht hu ht c s oxi ha bng -2. Nhng O trong cc peoxit (peroxid, O-O-) c s oxi ha bng -1. O trong hp cht vi Flo (Fluor, OF2) c s oxi ha bng +2. Th d:
HNO3 KMnO4
xO = -2 xO = -2
H2SO4 C6H5NO2 K2Cr2O7 H2O H2O2 (H-O-O-H, Hiro peoxit, Peroxid hidrogen) Na2O2 (Na-O-O-Na, Natri peoxit, Peroxid natrium) CaO2 (Canxi peoxit, Peroxid calcium) OF2 (F-O-F, oxi florua, Fluorur oxigen) O2 (Oxi) O3 (ozon) [O] (Oxi nguyn t)
xO = -2 xO = -2 xO = -2 xO = -2 xO = - 1 xO = -1 xO = -1 xO = +2 xO = 0 xO = 0 xO = 0
I.2.3. Trong ion
Tng i s s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong ion bng in tch ca ion. Th d:
Na+ O2 NH4+ Fe3+ MnO4MnO42-
xNa = +1 xO = -2 xN + 4xH = +1 xFe = +3 xMn + 4xO = -1 xMn + 4xO = -2
SO32Ag+ Cr2O72Cu2+
xS + 3xO = -2 xAg = +1 2xCr + 7xO = -2 xCu = +2
Bi tp 1
Tnh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t c gch di trong cc cht sau: KMnO4, K2MnO4, MnO2, Mn2+, MnO4-, MnO42-, Mn, MnSO4, MnCl2, HNO3, HNO2, NO3-, NO2, NO2-, N2, NH4+, NH4NO3, N2O, NO, N2O3, N2O5, KNO3, N2O4, (NH4) SO4, CuO, Cu, Cu2O, Cu2+, CuSO4, CuCl, CuCl2, Cu(OH)2, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Fe, Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, FeS2, FeCO3, Fe3+, FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3, Fe(NO3)3, CaC2, Al4C3,
2
C, CO, CO2.
Bi tp 1'
Tnh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t c gch di trong cc phn t v ion sau y: K2Cr2O7, Cr, Cr3+, K2CrO4, Cr2O72-, Cr2(SO4)3, Cr2O3, CrO42-, CrCl3, CrO2-, CrO, Cr2O3, CrO3, Cr(OH)3, Na2Cr2O7, CrBr3, NaCrO2, H2SO4, H2SO3, FeSO4, SO3, SO32-, Na2S2O3, Na2S4O6, S, S8, SO42-, SO2, H2S, SF6, FeS2, FeS, K2S, KHS, H3PO4, P4, P, P2O5, P2O3, PH3, PO43-, AlO2-, KAlO2, HCl, Cl2, Cl-, KClO3, NaClO,
ClO-.
Ghi ch
G1.
Hu ht cc nguyn t ha hc trong bng h thng tun hon l kim loi, ch c mt s t l phi kim (khng kim loi). Sau y l 11 phi kim thng gp:
H C N O F
Si
Cl Br I
Dng n cht ca 11 phi kim trn l:
F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, O2, S, N2, P, C, Si, H2.
G2.
Kim loi khng c s oxi ha m. Kim loi c s oxi ha bng 0 trong n cht, c s oxi ha dng trong cc hp cht (Bi v kim loi ch cho in t, th hin tnh kh, ch khng nhn in t). Nguyn t no c s oxi ha m (trong hp cht) th l nguyn t phi kim.
G3. m in
m in ca mt nguyn t l mt i lng cho bit kh nng thu ht cc in t gp chung trong mt lin kt cng ha tr ca nguyn t nguyn t . m in cng ln th s thu ht cc in t gp chung cng nhiu. Flo (F, Fluor) c m in ln nht, bng 4, cc kim loi kim c m in nh nht, nh hn 1. Sau y l tr s m in ca mt s nguyn t thng gp:
Nguyn t m in
C 2,5
H 2,1
Cl
Br F
Ca
Na
3,5 3,0
2,8 2,7 4,0
2,4 1,04 1,0 0,9
G4.
Lin kt gia hai nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t th khng tnh s oxi ha. Ni cch khc, s oxi ha ca lin kt ny bng 0. (V m in hai nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t bng nhau, nn cc in t gp chung c phn phi u gia hai nguyn t, lin kt cng ha tr khng cc, khng xut hin in tch, nn s oxi ha bng khng). H3C-CH3 H2C=CH2 H2NNH2
H-H Cl-Cl O=O
NN
HCCH
xH = xCl = xO = 0 0 0
xN = 3xH + xC 2xH + xC = xH + xC 0 0 =0 =0
2xH + xN =0
G5.
Cacbon (Carbon, C) trong hp cht hu c ch c ha tr 4 duy nht, nhng C c th c cc s oxi ha: -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4. tnh s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t C trong phn t mt cht hu c th ta phi vit cng thc cu to (CTCT) ca cht ra, v s oxi ha ca mi nguyn t C bng tng s s oxi ha ca cc lin kt quanh nguyn t C ny, trong s oxi ha ca lin kt gia C vi C th khng tnh (bng 0). S oxi ha trung bnh ca C bng trung bnh cng s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t C c mt trong phn t. S oxi ha trung bnh c th khng nguyn. C th tnh s oxi ha trung bnh nhanh hn bng cch ch cn cn c vo cng thc phn t (CTPT). Khi cn bng phn ng oxi ha, c th ch cn cn c vo s oxi ha trung bnh. Th d: Tnh s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t cacbon, s oxi ha trung bnh ca C trong cc phn t hp cht hu c sau y: Propan (CH3CH2CH3), Axit axetic (CH3COOH), Acrolein (CH2=CH-CHO), Glucoz (mch h) (HOCH2CHOHCHOHCHOHCHOHCHO).
Bi tp 2 Tnh s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t C, O, N, Cl trong cc phn t cht hu c sau y:
Bi tp 2
Tnh s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t C, H, N, O trong cc phn t hu c sau: Glixin (Glicin, H2N-CH2-COOH); Axit lactic (Acid lactic, CH3-CHOH-COOH); Axit cloaxetic (Acid cloroacetic, Cl-CH2-COOH); Anilin (C6H5-NH2); Nitrobenzen (C6H5NO2); ietylete (Dietyl eter, C2H5-O-C2H5); Ru benzylic (C6H5-CH2-OH); Lizin (Lysin, H2N-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHNH2-COOH); Cloropren (2-Clobuta ien-1,3 CH2=CH-CCl=CH2); Metylamin (CH3-NH2); Axit acrilic (CH2=CH-COOH).
Bi tp 2
Tnh s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t C, H, N, O trong cc phn t hu c sau: Benzanehit (Benzaldehid, C6H5-CHO); Phenol (C6H5-OH); Glixerin (Glicerin, CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH); p-Cresol (p-CH3-C6H4-OH); Axit fomic (Acid formic, HCOOH); Axit picric (2,4,6-Trinitrophenol); TNT (2,4,6-Trinitrotoluen); Axit glutamic (HOOC-CH2-CH2-CHNH2-COOH); Alanin (CH3-CHNH2-COOH); Isopren (CH2=CH-CCH3=CH2); Axit -aminoenantoic (H2N-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2COOH); Axit aipic [ Acid adipic, HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH ]. Cho bit: Nguyn t: m in C 2,5 H 2,1 O 3,5 N 3,0 Cl 2,8
G.6. Phn bit khi nim ha tr vi s oxi ha
nh ngha ha tr:
Ha tr ca mt nguyn t l mt i lng cho bit kh nng kt hp ca mt nguyn t nguyn t vi bao nhiu nguyn t khc to thnh phn t mt cht. Ngi ta chn nguyn t hiro lm n v ha tr (H c ha tr 1). Do , ha tr ca mt nguyn t l bng s nguyn t H (hay s nguyn t ha tr 1 tng ng) m mt nguyn t ca nguyn t c th kt hp to thnh phn t mt cht. Vi phn t AHn th A c ha tr n. Th d: HCl H2O NH3 CH4 PCl5 SO2 SO3 Cl c ha tr 1 O c ha tr 2 N c ha tr 3 C c ha tr 4 P c ha tr 5 S c ha tr 4 S c ha tr 6 Mn c ha tr 7
Mn2O7
Nh vy, ha tr l mt s nguyn dng, cn s oxi ha l in tch, nn c th m hoc dng. Khi ni ha tr m, ha tr dng (ha tr ion), thc cht l ni v s oxi ha.
G.7.
H c ha tr 1 duy nht trong mi cht; O c ha tr 2 duy nht trong mi cht. Nhng H c th c cc s oxi ha +1, 0, -1. O c th c cc s oxi ha -2; -1; 0; +2.
G.8. Ha tr ion
Ha tr ion ca mt nguyn t l bng in tch xut hin trn nguyn t ca nguyn t khi n hin din dng ion. Ha tr ion cho bit s in t m mt nguyn t ca nguyn t cho hoc nhn to thnh ion tng ng. Nh vy ha tr ion cng chnh l s oxi ha nhng ha tr ion l bng in tch tht, cn s oxi ha c th ch l in tch biu kin (qui c). Th d:
NaCl
Na+ ClMg2+ 2FCa2+ O2 2Al3+ 3S2-
Na c ha tr ion l +1 (Natri nhn 1 in t) Cl c ha tr ion l -1 (Clo nhn 1 in t) Mg c ha tr ion l +2 (Mg cho 2 in t) F c ha tr ion l -1 (F nhn 1 in t) Ca c ha tr ion l +2 (Ca cho 2 electron) O c ha tr ion l -2 (O nhn 2 electron) Al c ha tr ion l +3 S c ha tr ion l -2
MgF2 CaO Al2S3
G.9. Cng ha tr (Ha tr cng ha tr)

Cng ha tr ca mt nguyn t l bng s in t ha tr m mt nguyn t ca nguyn t a ra gp chung to lin kt cng ha tr. Cng ha tr ca mt nguyn t bng s lin kt cng ha tr xut pht t nguyn t i ra trong cng thc cu to. Cng ha tr cng chnh l ha tr ca nguyn t , nhng khi nim ha tr tng qut hn (Cng ging nh khi nim s oxi ha tng qut hn ha tr ion).
Th d:
H - Cl H c cng ha tr 1 (H a ra 1 in t ng gp to lin kt cng ha tr) Cl c cng ha tr l 1 (Cl a ra 1 in t ng gp to lin kt cng htr) H c cng ha tr 1 N c cng ha tr 3
H c cng ha tr 1 C c cng ha tr 4
Bi tp 3
Hy cho bit ha tr, s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong cc phn t, ion sau y: Nc (H2O); Hiropeoxit (Peroxid hidrogen, H2O2); St (II) sunfua (Sulfur st (II), FeS); Pirit st (FeS2); Canxi cacbua (Carbur calcium, CaC2); Nhm cacbua (Al4C3); Kali pemanganat (Permanganat kalium, KMnO4); Axit sunfuric (Acid sulfuric, H2SO4); Kali sunfat (K2SO4); Etilen (C2H4); Axetilen (Acetilen, C2H2); Mesitilen (1,3,5Trimetylbenzen); Kali icromat (K2Cr2O7); Kali cromat (K2CrO4); Axit picric (2,4,6Trinitrophenol); Oxi (O2); Ozon (O3, gi s coi ozon c cu to vng); NO3-; NH4+;
SO42-; Cu2+; MnO42; Fe2+; Fe3+; CrO42-; Cr2O72-; NO2-. O2-, O22-; Axit nitr (HNO2).
Bi tp 3'
Hy xc nh ha tr, s oxi ha, ha tr ion, cng ha tr (nu c) ca cc nguyn t trong cc cht sau y: Benzen (C6H6); Natri oxit (Na2O); Natri peoxit (Na2O2); Axit photphoric (Acid phosphoric, H3PO4); ng (II) clorua (Clorur ng (II)); ng (I) clorua: Amoniac; Axit nitric; Bari nitrat; Axit hipoclor (HClO); Axit clor (HClO2); Axit cloric (HClO3); Axit pecloric (HClO4); Canxi peoxit (CaO2); Hidro sunfua (Sulfur hidrogen, H2S); Hidro pesunfua (Persulfur hidrogen, H2S2); o - Cresol (o - Metyl phenol); Vinyl clorua (CH2=CH-Cl); Iot (Iod, I2); I-; S2-; S22-; N3-; Vinylaxetilen (CH2=CH-CCH).
Chun b thi v i hc: S oxi ha kh Phn ng oxi ha kh Th in ha chun Cc phng php cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh Quy lut chung v s ha tan trong nc cc mui v hydroxyd 1 Quy lut chung v s ha tan trong nc cc mui v hydroxyd 2 Cc phn ng v c thng gp khc Cc phn ng oxi ha kh thng gp khc
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Cc hiu bit c bn vit v cn bng cc phn ng Ha hc thng gp

Vietsciences-V Hng Thi 11/02/06
II. Phn ng oxi ha- Kh II.1. Phn ng oxi ha- kh (Oxid ha - kh)
Phn ng oxi ha kh l phn ng trong nguyn t hay ion ny nhng in t cho nguyn t hay ion khc. Hay: Phn ng oxi ha kh l phn ng trong c s cho, nhn in t; Hay: Phn ng oxi ha kh l phn ng trong c s thay i s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t. Th d: Zn + CuSO4
ZnSO4 + Cu
0 Zn
+2 Cu2+
+2 0 Zn2+ + Cu
Fe
2HCl
FeCl2
H2
0 Fe
+1 2H+
+2 Fe +
2+
0 H2
0 2Al +
0 3/2O2
+3 -2 Al2O3
II.2. Cht oxi ha (Cht oxid ha, Cht b kh)
Cht oxi ha l cht nhn in t c hay l cht c s oxi ha gim sau phn ng. Cht oxi ha sau khi nhn in t s to thnh cht kh tng ng (cht kh lin hp). Do , cht oxi ha cn c gi l cht b kh. Th d: Cu2+, H+ , O2 Cht oxi ha cng mnh khi cng d nhn in t.
II.3. Cht kh (Cht b oxi ha, Cht b oxid ha)
Cht kh l cht cho in t c hay l cht c s oxi ha tng sau phn ng. Cht kh sau khi cho in t s to thnh cht oxi ha tng ng. Do , cht kh cn c gi l cht b oxi ha. Th d: Zn, Fe, Al Cht kh cng mnh khi cng d cho in t. Cch nh: Kh cho, O nhn (Cht kh cho in t, cht oxi ha nhn in t)
II.4. Phn ng oxi ha (Qu trnh oxi ha, S oxi ha, Phn ng nhn in t)
Phn ng oxi ha l phn ng trong cht kh cho in t to thnh cht oxi ha tng ng (cht oxi ha lin hp). Th d: 0 +2 Zn2+ Zn -2e Cht kh Cht oxi ha Zn2+ l cht oxi ha tng ng (cht oxi ha lin hp) ca cht kh Zn. Zn l cht kh tng ng (cht kh lin hp) ca cht oxi ha Zn2+.
II.5. Phn ng kh (Qu trnh kh, S kh, Phn ng nhn in t)
Phn ng kh l phn ng trong cht oxi ha nhn in t to thnh cht kh tng ng (cht kh lin hp). Th d: +2 Cu2+ + 2e Cht oxi ha 0 Cu Cht kh
Cu l cht kh tng ng (cht kh lin hp) ca cht oxi ha Cu2+. Cu2+ l cht oxi ha tng ng (cht oxi ha lin hp) ca cht kh Cu.
II.6. Phn ng oxi ha v phn ng kh lun lun i chung vi nhau v to thnh phn ng oxi ha - kh.
Th d: Zn
2+
- 2e
Cu Cu + 2e ________________________ Zn2+ + Cu Zn + Cu2+
Zn2+
Phn ng oxi ha Phn ng kh Phn ng oxi ha - kh
II.7. Qui lut din tin ca phn ng oxi ha kh trong dung dch
Phn ng oxi ha kh xy ra trong dung dch theo hng gia cht kh mnh vi cht oxi ha mnh to cht oxi ha v cht kh tng ng yu hn. Th d: Phn ng Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu xy ra c l do Zn c tnh kh mnh hn Cu v Cu2+ c tnh oxi ha mnh hn Zn2+. Phn ng Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2 xy ra c l do Cl2 c tnh oxi ha mnh hn Br2 v Br- c tnh kh mnh hn Cl-.
II.8. Cp oxi ha kh (i oxi ha kh. K hiu Ox/Kh)

Cp oxi ha kh l tp hp gm hai cht, cht oxi ha v cht kh tng ng (cht oxi ha v cht kh lin hp), trong cht oxi ha c t pha trc, cht kh tng ng t pha sau v cch nhau bng mt gch dc (Ox/Kh). Th d: Fe2+/Fe, Ag+/Ag, Al3+/Al, 2H+/H2, Cl2/2Cl-, Fe3+/Fe2+, Cu2+/Cu, Cu2+/Cu+ Trong mt cp oxi ha kh th mnh ca cht oxi ha v ca cht kh ngc nhau. Ngha l nu cht oxi ha rt mnh th cht kh tng ng s rt yu v ngc li, nu cht kh rt
mnh th cht oxi ha tng ng s rt yu. Th d: Vi cp K+/K th do K c tnh kh rt mnh nn K+ c tnh oxi ha rt yu. Vi cp Au3+/Au th do Au c tnh kh rt yu nn Au3+ c tnh oxi ha rt mnh.
II.9. Dy th in ha (Dy hot ng ha hc cc kim loi, Dy Beketov)
Trong dy th in ha, ngi ta sp cc kim loi (tr H l phi kim) theo th t, t trc ra sau, c mnh tnh kh gim dn; Cn cc ion kim loi tng ng (ion dng) theo th t, t trc ra sau, c mnh tnh oxi ha tng dn. Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Chiu mnh tnh kh gim dn. K Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au
K+ Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Mn2+ Zn2+ Cr3+ Fe2+ Hg2+ Pt2+ Au3+ Chiu mnh tnh oxi ha tng dn.
Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+
Cch nh: Khi Cn Nt, M Nhm Mang Zp Crom- St, Nt Thic - Ch, Hay ngBc. Hao Ph Vng.
II.10. Th in ha chun (E0 OX/Kh)

Th in ha chun ca cp oxi ha kh no cng ln v i s th cht oxi ha cng mnh, cht kh tng ng cng yu; Cn th in ha chun ca cp oxi ha kh no cng nh v i s th cht oxi ha cng yu, cht kh tng ng cng mnh.
E0Ox1/Kh1 > E0Ox2/Kh2 Ox1 > Ox2 Kh1 < Kh2
Tnh oxi ha:

Tnh kh:
Th d: Thc nghim cho bit: E0Ag+/Ag > E0Fe3+/Fe2+ >E0Cu2+/Cu > E0Fe2+/Fe Do ,
tnh oxi ha: Ag+ > Fe3+ > Cu2+ > Fe2+ tnh kh: Ag < Fe2+ < Cu < Fe
= 0 V)
Sau y l tr s th in ha chun ca mt s cp oxi ha kh thng gp (Ngi ta xc nh c cc tr s ny l do thit lp cc pin in ha hc gia cc cp oxi ha kh khc vi cp oxi ha kh hiro . Vi in cc hiro c chn lm in cc chun v qui c E02H+/H2
Cp oxi ha/kh K+/K Ca2+/Ca Na+/Na Mg2+/Mg Al3+/Al Mn2+/Mn Zn2+/Zn Cr3+/Cr Fe2+/Fe Ni2+/Ni Sn2+/Sn Pb2+/Pb Fe3+/Fe Cu2+/Cu+ Cu2+/Cu Cu+/Cu Fe3+/Fe2+ Ag+/Ag Hg2+/Hg Pt2+/Pt Au3+/Au
Th in ha chun (E0Ox/Kh, Volt, Vn) (Th kh chun) -2,92 -2,87 -2,71 -2,37 -1,66 -1,19 -0,76 -0,74 -0.44 -0,26 -0,14 -0,13 -0,04
2H+(axit)/H2 0,00 +0,16 +0,34 +0,52 +0,77 +0,80 +0,85 +1,20 +1,50
Lu
L.1.
E0Fe2+/Fe > E0Zn2+/Zn

(+0,80V) 0,44V) (+0,77V) (-0,76V)
E0Ag+/Ag > E0Fe3+/Fe2+ > E0Cu2+/Cu > E02H+/H2 >

(+0,34V) (0,00V) (-
Tnh oxi ha: Ag+> Fe3+ > Cu2+ > H+ > Fe2+ > Zn2+ Tnh kh: Ag < Fe2+ < Cu < H2 < Fe < Zn
L.2.
Fe
0
Fe2+(dd)
+3 +2
Fe
Fe
3+
(dd)
2Fe2+
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
Cht kh Cht oxi ha
Phn ng trn xy ra c l do: Tnh kh: Fe > Fe2+ Tnh oxi ha: Fe3+ > Fe2+ Th d: Fe + FeCl2 Fe + 2FeCl3 Fe + Fe2(SO4)3
3FeCl2
3FeSO4
L.3.
Cu
0 +2
+
+3
Fe2+ (dd)
+2
Cu 2Fe2+
2Fe3+
(dd) Cu2+ +
Cht kh Cht oxi ha Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
Phn ng trn xy ra c l do:
Tnh kh: Cu > Fe2+ Tnh oxi ha: Fe3+ > Cu2+
Th d: Fe + CuSO4 Cu + FeSO4 Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 Cu + 2Fe(NO3 )3
FeSO4 + Cu
CuSO4 + 2FeSO4 Cu(NO3 )2 + 2Fe(NO3 )2
Cu + Fe(CH3 COO)2 Cu + 2Fe(HCOO)3
Cu(HCOO)2 + 2Fe(HCOO)2
L.4.
Ag+(dd) + Fe3+(dd)
(Dung dch mui bc vi dung dch mui st (III) khng c xy ra phn ng oxi ha kh, nhng c th xy ra phn ng trao i) +1 + Ag+(dd) Cht oxi ha +2 Fe2+(dd) Cht kh 0 Ag + Cht kh +3 Fe3+ Cht oxi ha
Tnh kh: Fe2+ > Ag Tnh oxi ha: Ag+ > Fe3+
Th d:
AgNO3
+ Fe(NO3 )3
AgNO3
+ Fe(NO3 )2
Ag + Fe(NO3 )3 3Ag + 2Fe(CH3 COO)3 + Fe(NO3 )3
3AgNO3 + 3Fe(CH3 COO)2 AgNO3 + Fe(CH3 COO)3
Nhng: 3AgNO3 + FeCl3
3AgCl+ Fe(NO3 )3 (Phn ng trao i) 3AgBr + Fe(CH3 COO)3 (Phn ng trao i)
3CH3 COOAg + FeBr3
L.5.
Fe(d) + 2Ag+(dd) Fe2+ + 2Ag Fe + 3Ag+(dd, d) Fe3+ + 3Ag
V: Fe + 2Fe3+(dd)
3Fe2+ Ag + Fe3+
Ag+(dd) + Fe2+(dd) Th d:
Fe(d) + 2AgNO3 Fe + 3AgNO3 (d) Fe + 3CH3 COOAg (d) Fe(d) + 2AgClO3
Fe(NO3 )2 + 2Ag Fe(NO3 )3 + 3Ag Fe(CH3 COO)3 + 3Ag Fe(ClO3 )2 + 2Ag
L.6.
3Zn(d) + 2Fe3+(dd) 3Zn2+ + 2Fe Zn + 2Fe3+(dd, d) Zn2+ + 2Fe2+
V:
Zn + Fe2+ 2Fe3+ + Fe Th d:
Zn2+ + Fe 3Fe2+
3 Zn(d) + 2FeCl3 Zn + 2FeCl3 (d) Zn + FeCl2
3ZnCl2 + 2Fe ZnCl2 + 2FeCl2 ZnCl2 + Fe ZnSO4 + 2FeSO4 3Zn(NO3 )2 + 2Fe
Zn + Fe2(SO4 )3 (d) 3Zn(d) + 2Fe(NO3 )3
L.7.
Tng qut, kim loi ng (Cu) khng tc dng vi dung dch mui ng (II), nhng ng c th tc dng vi dung dch mui ng (II) clorua to ng (I) clorua. Nguyn nhn l do CuCl kt ta (khng tan trong dung dch nc).
0 +2 Cu + Cu2+(dd) Cht oxi ha Cht kh
+1 2Cu+ Cht kh Cht oxi ha
Phn ng khng xy ra l do: Tnh kh: Cu < Cu+ Tnh oxi ha: Cu2+ < Cu+
Cu + CuCl2(dd) Cu + CuSO4 (dd) Cu + Cu(NO3)2 (dd)
2CuCl
L.8.
+1 Cu+ + Cht kh +1
+
+2
2+
Cu Cu + Cu Cht oxi ha Cht oxi ha Cht kh
Phn ng trn xy ra c l do: Tnh kh: Cu+ > Cu Tnh oxi ha: Cu+ > Cu2+ 0 0 2+ (E Cu+/Cu = 0,52V > E Cu /Cu+ = 0,16V)
Th d: Cu2O + H2SO4 (l) [ Cu2O + H2SO4 (l) Cu2SO4 + Cu2SO4
CuSO4 + Cu + H2O Cu2SO4 + H2O 2Cu + 2CuSO4 ]
(CuCl khng tan trong nc, cn cc mui ng (I) khc, ni chung, khng tn ti)
Bi tp 4
vit cc phn ng xy ra (nu c) khi cho kim loi ng (Cu) vo tng dung dch sau y: Fe2
(SO4 )3; FeCl2; Cu(CH3COO)2; CuSO4 ; CuCl2; AgNO3; NaNO3; HNO3(l); NaNO3 trn vi HCl; HCl; HCl c ha tan O2; H2SO4(l); H2SO4(l) c ha tan O2; Fe(NO3)3; Fe(CH3COO)2 ; HNO3(, ngui); HNO3(, nng); Al(NO3)3; Fe(NO3)2 ; Fe(CH3COO)3; HgCl2; Hn hp Cu(NO3)2 -
H2SO4 (l).
Bi tp 4'
Vit cc phn ng xy ra (nu c) khi cho kim loi st (Fe) vo tng dung dch sau y: FeCl2; HCl; H2SO4 (l); H2 SO4 (, ngui); H2SO4 (, nng); FeBr3; FeSO4 ; HNO3(, ngui); HNO3(, nng); CH3COOH; CH3COOAg(d); Cu2+; Fe2+; Fe3+; Mg(HCOO)2 . Fe(NO3)3; CuSO4; ZnSO4 ; HCl; AgNO3(d); CH3COOAg(thiu); HNO3(l); KNO3; KNO3 trn vi
Bi tp 5 (Tuyn sinh i hc khi A, nm 2003)

Trn mt cht oxi ha vi mt cht kh trong dung dch. Phn ng c xy ra khng? Nu c th theo chiu no? Cho th d minh ha. Trong dy in ha ca kim loi, v tr mt s cp oxi ha kh c sp xp nh sau: Al3+/Al; Fe2+/Fe; Ni2+/Ni; Fe3+/Fe2+; Ag+/Ag. Hy cho bit: Trong s cc kim loi Al, Fe, Ni, Ag, kim loi no phn ng c vi dung dch mui st (III). Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. Phn ng gia dung dch AgNO3 v dung dch Fe(NO3)2 c xy ra khng? Nu c, hy gii thch v vit phng trnh phn ng.
Bi tp 5'
Th in ha chun ca mt s cp oxi ha kh theo chiu gim dn nh sau:
E0 Ox/Kh : Ag+/Ag > Fe3+/Fe2+ > Cu2+/Cu > Fe2+/Fe > Zn2+/Zn. Hy so snh mnh gia cc cht oxi ha v gia cc cht kh trong cc cp oxi ha kh trn. Vit phn ng (nu c) khi cho: Trn dung dch mui bc vi dung dch mui st (II). Cho bt kim loi bc vo dung dch mui st (III). Cho bt st vo dung dch mui bc c d. Cho bt st vo dung dch mui km. Cho bt km vo dung dch mui st (III) c d. Cho bt ng vo dung dch mui st (III).
Bi tp 6
Cho 4,48 gam bt st vo 200 ml dung dch hn hp gm FeCl3 0,2M v Fe2(SO4)3 0,25M.
Sau khi kt thc phn ng, thu c m gam cht rn v dung dch A. Tnh m. Xc nh nng mol (mol/l) ca dung dch A. Nu c cn dung dch A, tnh khi lng mui khan thu c. (Cho bit cc mui FeCl2, FeSO4 u ha tan c trong nc)
(Fe = 56; Cl = 35,5; S = 32; O = 16) S: m = 0,56g; FeCl2 0,3M; FeSO4 0,75M; 7,62g FeCl2; 22,8g FeSO4
Bi tp 6'
Cho 2,24 gam bt st vo mt cc c cha 400 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,225M. Khuy u phn ng xy ra hon ton. Thu c m gam cht rn v 400 ml dung dch A. Tnh m. Tnh nng mol ca cht tan trong dung dch A. (Fe = 56; Ag = 108) S: m = 9,72g; Fe(NO3)2 0,075M; Fe(NO3)3 0,025M

Cho 18,5 gam hn hp Z gm Fe, Fe3O4 tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch HNO3 long un nng v khuy u. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 2,24 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc), dung dch Z1 v cn li 1,46 gam kim loi. Vit cc phn ng. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO3.
Tnh khi lng mui trong dung dch Z1. (Fe = 56; O = 16; N = 14) S: HNO3 3,2M; 48,6g
Bi tp 7'
Cho 1,95 gam bt km vo 200 ml dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 0,125M, khuy u. Sau khi kt thc phn ng, thu c x gam cht rn v dung dch Y. Tnh x. C cn dung dung dch Y, tnh khi lng mui khan thu c. (Zn = 65; Fe = 56; S = 32; O = 16) S: x = 0,28g; 4,83g ZnSO4; 6,84g FeSO4
Bi tp 8
Cho t t a mol bt kim loi st vo mt cc ng dung dch cha b mol AgNO3. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu kin lin h gia a, b c cc trng hp ny v tm s mol mi cht thu c theo a, b cc cht thu c (khng k dung mi H2O) ng vi tng trng hp trn.
Bi tp 8'
Cho t t dung dch cha b mol AgNO3 vo mt cc ng a mol bt Fe. Vit cc phng trnh
phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu kin lin h gia a, b c cc trng hp ny v tnh s mol cc cht thu c theo a, b (khng k dung mi) ng vi tng trng hp trn.
Bi tp 9
Cho t t x mol bt kim loi km (Zn) vo mt cc ng dung dch c ha tan y mol FeCl3.
Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu kin lin h gia x, y c cc trng hp ny v tnh s mol mi cht thu c theo x, y (khng k dung mi) ng vi tng trng hp trn.
Bi tp 9'
Yu cu ging bi tp 6, nhng by gi cho t t dung dch cha y mol FeCl3 vo cc ng x mol bt km.
Cu hi n phn I, II
S oxi ha ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha. m in ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha. Ha tr ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha. Ha tr ion ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha.
Cng ha tr ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha. Phn ng oxi ha kh l g? Cho th d minh ha. Cht oxi ha l g? Ti sao cht oxi ha cn c gi l cht b kh? Cho th d. Cht kh l g? Ti sao cht kh cn c gi l cht b oxi ha?. Cho th d. Phn ng oxi ha l g? Phn bit s oxi ha vi cht oxi ha. Cho th d. Phn ng kh l g? Phn bit s kh vi cht kh. Cho th d. Pht biu qui lut chiu din tin ca phn ng oxi ha kh trong dung dch. Cho th d minh ha. Hy lit k dy th in ha (dy hot ng cc kim loi) trong chng trnh ph thng v ngha ca n. Cp oxi ha kh l g? mnh ca cht oxi ha v ca cht kh tng ng (lin hp) c lin quan th no? Cho hai th d c th minh ha. Thc nghim cho bit th t in th ca cc cp oxi ha kh nh sau: Au3+/Au > Ag+/Ag > Fe3+/Fe2+ > Cu2+/Cu > 2H+/H2 > Fe2+/Fe> Zn2+/Zn > K+/K
Hy sp theo th t mnh tnh oxi ha gim dn v mnh tnh kh gim dn ca cc cht oxi ha, cht kh c trong cc cp trn. Tnh s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t C, O, N, Cl trong cc phn t hp cht hu c sau y: Cloetan (Cloroetan, Cl-CH2-CH3); Propilen (CH2=CH-CH3); Anilin; Nitrobenzen; Axit benzoic (C6H5-COOH); Etilenglicol (HO-CH2-CH2-OH); Metyletyl ete (Etyl metyl eter, CH3-O-C2H5); Axit alylic (CH2=CHCH2OH). metacrilic (CH2=CCH3COOH); Alanin (Axit 2-aminopropanoic); Vinylclorua (CH2=CHCl); Ru
Hy cho bit ha tr, ha tr ion, cng ha tr (nu c) v s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t trong cc phn t hp cht sau y: Natri clorua (Clorur natrium); Etilen; Bari oxit; Nc; Hiro peoxit (Peroxid hidrogen); Hirua sunfua (Sulfur hidrogen); Hirua pesunfua; Kali sunfua; Propan; Glixin (Axit aminoaxetic); Axit sunfuric; Glixerin; Kali oxit; Etylamin (CH3CH2NH2); Anilin; Km clorua; Ru etylic (Etanol); Glicocol (Glixin); Fomanehit (Formaldehid, Metanal, HCHO). Cho t t x mol bt kim loi st vo dung dch cha y mol bc axetat (acetat bc). Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu kin lin h gia x, y c cc trng hp ny v tnh s mol mi cht thu c theo x, y (khng k dung mi) ng vi tng trng hp trn. Cho t t dung dch c ha tan a mol bc axetat vo mt cc c cha b mol bt kim loi st. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu kin lin h gia a, b ng vi tng trng hp trn (khng k H2O).
Cho t t x mol kim loi km vo dung dch cha y mol Fe2(SO4)3. Vit cc phng trnh phn
ng c th c. Tm iu kin lin h gia x, y c th xy ra tng trng hp trn v tnh s mol mi cht thu c theo x, y (khng k dung mi) ng vi tng trng hp. Yu cu nh bi 19 khi cho t t dung dch cha a mol Fe2(SO4)3 vo mt cc ng b mol bt Zn. Vit cc phn ng xy ra (nu c) khi cho bt Fe vo tng dung dch sau y: Cu(NO3)2; Fe
(NO3)3; Fe(NO3)2; AgNO3 d; AgNO3 thiu; Mg(NO3)2; HNO3(l); HNO3(, nng); HNO3(, CH3COOH. ngui); KNO3; H2SO4(l); H2SO4(, nng); H2SO4(, ngui); KNO3 trn vi H2SO4 long; HCl;
Chun b thi v i hc: S oxi ha kh Phn ng oxi ha kh Th in ha chun Cc phng php cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh Quy lut chung v s ha tan trong nc cc mui v hydroxyd 1 Quy lut chung v s ha tan trong nc cc mui v hydroxyd 2 Cc phn ng v c thng gp khc Cc phn ng oxi ha kh thng gp khc http://vietsciences.free.fr v http://vietsciences.org v http://vietsciences2.free.fr V Hng Thi
Cc hiu bit c bn vit v cn bng cc phn ng Ha hc thng gp - Th in ha chun

Vietsciences-V Hng Thi
20/02/06
====================
II.10. Th in ha chun (E0 OX/Kh)
Th in ha chun ca cp oxi ha kh no cng ln v i s th cht oxi ha cng mnh, cht kh tng ng cng yu; Cn th in ha chun ca cp oxi ha kh no cng nh v i s th cht oxi ha cng yu, cht kh tng ng cng mnh. E0Ox1/Kh1 > E0Ox2/Kh2 Tnh kh: Kh1 < Kh2 Th d: Thc nghim cho bit: E0Ag+/Ag > E0Fe3+/Fe2+ > E0Cu2+/Cu > E0Fe2+/Fe Do , tnh oxi ha: Ag+ > Fe3+ > Cu2+ > Fe2+ tnh kh: Ag
Tnh oxi ha: Ox1 > Ox2
<
Fe2+ <
Cu
<
Fe
Sau y l tr s th in ha chun ca mt s cp oxi ha kh thng gp (Ngi ta xc nh c cc tr s ny l do thit lp cc pin in ha hc gia cc cp oxi ha kh khc vi cp oxi ha kh hiro . Vi in cc hiro c chn lm in cc chun v qui c E02H+/H2 = 0 V)
Cp oxi ha/kh
Th in ha chun (E0Ox/Kh, Volt, Vn) (Th kh chun)
K+/K Ca2+/Ca Na+/Na Mg2+/Mg Al3+/Al Mn2+/Mn Zn2+/Zn Cr3+/Cr Fe2+/Fe Ni2+/Ni Sn2+/Sn Pb2+/Pb Fe3+/Fe 2H+(axit)/H2 Cu2+/Cu+ Cu2+/Cu Cu+/Cu Fe3+/Fe2+ Ag+/Ag Hg2+/Hg Pt2+/Pt Au3+/Au
-2,92 -2,87 -2,71 -2,37 -1,66 -1,19 -0,76 -0,74 -0.44 -0,26 -0,14 -0,13 -0,04 0,00 +0,16 +0,34 +0,52 +0,77 +0,80 +0,85 +1,20 +1,50
Lu L.1.
E0Ag+/Ag > E0Fe3+/Fe2+ > E0Cu2+/Cu > E02H+/H2 > E0Fe2+/Fe >
(+0,80V) (+0,77V) (+0,34V) (0,00V) (-0,44V)
E0Zn2+/Z
(-0,76V)
Tnh oxi ha: Ag+ > Fe3+ > Cu2+ > H+ > Fe2+ > Zn2+ Tnh kh : Ag < Fe2+ < Cu < H2 < Fe < Zn
L.2.
Fe
0
+
+3
Fe2+(dd)
+2
Fe
Cht kh
Fe3+(dd)
Cht oxi ha
2Fe2+
Cht kh /Cht oxi ha
Phn ng trn xy ra c l do: Tnh kh: Fe > Fe2+
Tnh oxi ha: Fe3+ > Fe2+
Fe Fe Fe
+ + +
FeCl2 2FeCl3 Fe2(SO4)3

3FeCl2
3FeSO4
L.3. Cu
0
+
+3
Fe2+ (dd)
+2 +2
Cu
2Fe3+ (dd) Cht oxi ha
Cu2+
2Fe2+ Cht kh
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
Phn ng trn xy ra c l do: Tnh kh: Cu > Fe2+
Tnh oxi ha: Fe3+ >
Cu2+
Th d:
Fe Cu Cu +
+ +
CuSO4 FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3
FeSO4
Cu
CuSO4 +
2FeSO4
Cu Cu
+ +
2Fe(NO3)3
Cu(NO3)2
2Fe(NO3)2
Fe(CH3COO)2
Cu L.4.
2Fe(HCOO)3
Cu(HCOO)2
2Fe(HCOO)2
Ag+(dd)
Fe3+(dd)
(Dung dch mui bc vi dung dch mui st (III) khng c xy ra phn ng oxi ha kh, nhng c th xy ra phn ng trao i)
+1
+2
+3
Ag+(dd)
Fe2+(dd)
Ag
Fe3+
Cht oxi ha Cht kh Cht kh Cht oxi ha Phn ng trn xy ra c l do: Tnh kh:
Fe2+
>
>
Ag
Fe3+
Tnh oxi ha: Ag+
Th d:
AgNO3 AgNO3 + + Fe(NO3)3 Fe(NO3)2
Ag
Fe(NO3)3
3AgNO3 + 3Fe(CH3COO)2
3Ag + 2Fe(CH3COO)3 + Fe(NO3)3
AgNO3 +
Fe(CH3COO)3
Nhng: 3AgNO3 + FeCl3

3AgCl
Fe(NO3)3
(Phn ng trao i)
3CH3COOAg
+ FeBr3
3AgBr
Fe(CH3COO)3 (Phn ng trao i)
L.5.
Fe(d) + Fe
2Ag+(dd)
Fe2+ Fe3+
+ +
2Ag 3Ag
+ 3Ag+(dd, d)
Th d:
Fe + 2Fe3+(dd)
3Fe2+ Ag + Fe3+
Ag+(dd) +
Fe2+(dd)
Th d:
Fe(d) Fe Fe + + + 2AgNO3
Fe(NO )
Fe(NO3)2 + 3Ag 3Ag 2Ag
2Ag
3AgNO3(d)
3 3
3CH3COOAg (d) Fe(CH3COO)3 + 2AgClO3

Fe(ClO )
3 2
Fe(d) +
L.6.
3Zn(d) Zn + + 2Fe3+(dd)

3Zn2+ + 2Fe2+
2Fe
2Fe3+(dd, d)
Zn2+
V d:
Zn + Fe2+

Zn2+ + Fe 3Fe2+
2Fe3+ + Fe
V d:
3 Zn (d) + Zn Zn Zn + + + 2FeCl3 2FeCl3 (d) FeCl2

3ZnCl2 + ZnCl2 +
2Fe 2FeCl2 Fe 2FeSO4 + 2Fe
ZnCl2 + ZnSO4 +
Fe2(SO4)3 (d) 2Fe(NO3)3
3Zn (d) +
3Zn(NO3)2
L.7.
Tng qut, kim loi ng (Cu) khng tc dng vi dung dch mui ng (II), nhng ng c th tc dng vi dung dch mui ng (II) clorua to ng (I) clorua. Nguyn nhn l do CuCl kt ta (khng tan trong dung dch nc).
0 +2 +1
Cu
Cu2+(dd)
Cht kh
2Cu+
Cht kh /Cht oxi ha
Cht oxi ha
Phn ng khng xy ra l do: Tnh kh: Tnh oxi ha: Cu < Cu+
Cu2+ < Cu+ 2CuCl
Cu Cu Cu
+ + +
CuCl2(dd) CuSO4(dd) Cu(NO3)2(dd)
L.8.
+1
+1
+2
Cu+
Cht kh
Cu+
Cht oxi ha
Cu2+
Cu
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
Phn ng trn xy ra c l do: Tnh kh: Cu+ > Cu Tnh oxi ha: Cu+ > Cu2+
(E0Cu+/Cu = 0,52V > E0Cu2+/Cu+ = 0,16V) Th d: Cu2O + H2SO4(l) H2SO4(l)

CuSO4 Cu2SO4
+ +
Cu H2O
H2O
[ Cu2O +
Cu2SO4
Cu2SO4
2Cu
2CuSO4
(CuCl khng tan trong nc, cn cc mui ng (I) khc, ni chung, khng tn ti)
Bi tp 4
vit cc phn ng xy ra (nu c) khi cho kim loi ng (Cu) vo tng dung dch sau y:
Fe2(SO4)3; FeCl2; Cu(CH3COO)2; CuSO4; CuCl2; AgNO3; NaNO3; HNO3 (l); NaNO3 trn vi HCl; HCl; HCl c ha tan O2; Fe(NO3)3; Fe(CH3COO)2;
HNO3(, ngui); HNO3( nng); Al(NO3)3; Fe(NO3)2; Fe(CH3COO)3; HgCl2; Hhn hp Cu(NO3)2 H2SO4(l).
Bi tp 4'
Vit cc phn ng xy ra (nu c) khi cho kim loi st (Fe) vo tng dung dch sau y: FeCl2; Fe(NO3)3; CuSO4; ZnSO4; HCl; AgNO3(d); CH3COOAg(thiu);
HNO3(l); KNO3; KNO3 trn vi HCl; H2SO4(l); H2SO4(, ngui); H2SO4, nng(, nng); FeBr3; FeSO4; HNO3(, ngui); HNO3(, nong); CH3COOH; CH3COOAg(d); Cu2+; Fe2+; Fe3+; Mg(HCOO)2.

Trn mt cht oxi ha vi mt cht kh trong dung dch. Phn ng c xy ra khng? Nu c th theo chiu no? Cho th d minh ha. Trong dy in ha ca kim loi, v tr mt s cp oxi ha kh c sp xp nh sau:
Al3+/Al; Fe2+/Fe; Ni2+/Ni; Fe3+/Fe2+; Ag+/Ag. Hy cho bit:

- Trong s cc kim loi Al, Fe, Ni, Ag, kim loi no phn ng c vi dung dch mui st (III). Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. - Phn ng gia dung dch dch AgNO3 v dung dch Fe(NO3)2 c xy ra khng? Nu c, hy gii thch v vit phng trnh phn ng.
Bi tp 5'
Th in ha chun ca mt s cp oxi ha kh theo chiu gim dn nh sau:
E0 Ox/Kh : Ag+/Ag > Fe3+/Fe2+ > Cu2+/Cu > Fe2+/Fe > Zn2+/Zn.
a) Hy so snh mnh gia cc cht oxi ha v gia cc cht kh trong cc cp oxi ha kh trn. b) Vit phn ng (nu c) khi cho: Trn dung dch mui bc vi dung dch mui st (II). Cho bt kim loi bc vo dung dch mui st (III). Cho bt st vo dung dch mui bc c d. Cho bt st vo dung dch mui km. Cho bt km vo dung dch mui st (III) c d. Cho bt ng vo dung dch mui st (III).
Bi tp 6
Cho 4,48 gam bt st vo 200 ml dung dch hn hp gm FeCl3 0,2M v Fe2(SO4)3 0,25M. Sau khi kt thc phn ng, thu c m gam cht rn v dung dch A. a) Tnh m. b) Xc nh nng mol (mol/l) ca dung dch A. c) Nu c cn dung dch A, tnh khi lng mui khan thu c. (Cho bit cc mui muoi FeCl2, FeSO4 u ha tan c trong nc) (Fe = 56; Cl = 35,5; S = 32; O = 16)
S: m = 0,56g; FeCl2 0,3M; FeSO4 0,75M; 7,62g FeCl2; 22,8g FeSO4
Bi tp 6'
Cho 2,24 gam bt st vo mt cc c cha 400 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,225M. Khuy u phn ng xy ra hon ton. Thu c m gam cht rn v 400 ml dung dch A. a) Tnh m. b) Tnh nng mol ca cht tan trong dung dch A. (Fe = 56; Ag = 108) S: m = 9,72g; Fe(NO3)2 0,075M; Fe(NO3)3 0,025M

Cho 18,5 gam hn hp Z gm Fe, Fe3O4 tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch HNO3 long un nng v khuy u. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 2,24 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc), dung dch Z1 v cn li 1,46 gam kim loi.
Vit cc phn ng. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO3 Tnh khi lng mui trong dung dch Z1. (Fe = 56; O = 16; N = 14) S: HNO3 3,2M; 48,6g
Bi tp 7'
Cho 1,95 gam bt km vo 200 ml dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 0,125M, khuy u. Sau khi kt thc phn ng, thu c x gam cht rn v dung dch Y. Tnh x. C cn dung dung dch Y, tnh khi lng mui khan thu c. (Zn = 65; Fe = 56; S = 32; O = 16) S: x = 0,28g; 4,83g ZnSO4; 6,84g FeSO4
Bi tp 8
Cho t t a mol bt kim loi st vo mt cc ng dung dch cha b mol AgNO3. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu kin lin h gia a, b c cc trng hp ny v tm s mol mi cht thu c theo a, b cc cht thu c (khng k dung mi H2O) ng vi tng trng hp trn.
Bi tp 8'
Cho t t dung dch cha b mol AgNO3 vo mt cc ng a mol bt Fe. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu kin lin h gia a, b c cc trng hp ny v tnh s mol cc cht thu c theo a, b (khng k dung mi) ng vi tng trng hp trn.
Bi tp 9
Cho t t x mol bt kim loi km (Zn) vo mt cc ng dung dch c ha tan y mol FeCl3. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu
kin lin h gia x, y c cc trng hp ny v tnh s mol mi cht thu c theo x, y (khng k dung mi) ng vi tng trng hp trn.
Bi tp 9'
Yu cu ging bi tp 6, nhng by gi cho t t dung dch cha y mol FeCl3 vo cc ng x mol bt km.
Cu hi n phn I, II
1. S oxi ha ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha. 2. m in ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha. 3. Ha tr ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha. 4. Ha tr ion ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha. 5. Cng ha tr ca mt nguyn t l g? Cho th d minh ha. 6. Phn ng oxi ha kh l g? Cho th d minh ha. 7. Cht oxi ha l g? Ti sao cht oxi ha cn c gi l cht b kh? Cho th d. 8. Cht kh l g? Ti sao cht kh cn c gi l cht b oxi ha?. Cho th d. 9. Phn ng oxi ha l g? Phn bit s oxi ha vi cht oxi ha. Cho th d. 10. Phn ng kh l g? Phn bit s kh vi cht kh. Cho th d. 11. Pht biu qui lut chiu din tin ca phn ng oxi ha kh trong dung dch. Cho th d minh ha. 12. Hy lit k dy th in ha (dy hot ng cc kim loi) trong chng trnh ph thng v ngha ca n. 13. Cp oxi ha kh l g? mnh ca cht oxi ha v ca cht kh tng ng (lin hp) c lin quan th no? Cho hai th d c th minh ha. 14. Thc nghim cho bit th t in th ca cc cp oxi ha kh nh sau: Au3+/Au > Ag+/Ag > Fe3+/Fe2+ > Cu2+/Cu > 2H+/H2 > Fe2+/Fe> Zn2+/Zn > K+/K Hy sp theo th t mnh tnh oxi ha gim dn v mnh tnh kh gim dn ca cc cht oxi ha, cht kh c trong cc cp trn. 15. Tnh s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t C, O, N, Cl trong cc phn t hp cht hu c sau y: Cloetan (Cloroetan, Cl-CH2-CH3); Propilen (CH2=CH-CH3); Anilin; Nitrobenzen; Axit benzoic (C6H5-COOH); Etilenglicol (HO-CH2-CH2-OH); Metyletyl ete (Etyl metyl eter, CH3-O-C2H5); Axit metacrilic (CH2=CCH3COOH);
Alanin
(Axit
2-aminopropanoic);
Vinylclorua
(CH2=CHCH2OH).
(CH2=CHCl);
Ru
alylic
16. Hy cho bit ha tr, ha tr ion, cng ha tr (nu c) v s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t trong cc phn t hp cht sau y: Natri clorua (Clorur natrium); Etilen; Bari oxit; Nc; Hiro peoxit (Peroxid hydrogen); Hirua sunfua (Sulfur hydrogen); Hirua pesunfua; Kali sunfua; Propan; Glixin (Axit aminoaxetic); Axit sunfuric; Glixerin; Kali oxit; Etylamin (CH3CH2NH2); Anilin; Km clorua; Ru etylic (Etanol); Glicocol (Glixin); Fomanehit (Formaldehyde, Metanal, HCHO). 17. Cho t t x mol bt kim loi st vo dung dch cha y mol bc axetat (acetat bc). Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu kin lin h gia x, y c cc trng hp ny v tnh s mol mi cht thu c theo x, y (khng k dung mi) ng vi tng trng hp trn. 18. Cho t t dung dch c ha tan a mol bc axetat vo mt cc c cha b mol bt kim loi st. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra ng vi cc trng hp c th c. Tm iu kin lin h gia a, b ng vi tng trng hp trn (khng k H2O). 19. Cho t t x mol kim loi km vo dung dch cha y mol Fe2(SO4)3. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng c th c. Tm iu kin lin h gia x, y c th xy ra tng trng hp trn v tnh s mol mi cht thu c theo x, y (khng k dung mi) ng vi tng trng hp. 20. Yu cu nh bi 19 khi cho t t dung dch cha a mol Fe2(SO4)3 vo mt cc ng b mol bt Zn. 21. Vit cc phn ng xy ra (nu c) khi cho bt Fe vo tng dung dch sau y: Cu(NO3)2; Fe(NO3)3; Fe(NO3)2; AgNO3 d; AgNO3 thiu; Mg(NO3)2; HNO3(l); HNO3(, nng); HNO3(, ngui); KNO3; H2SO4(l); H2SO4(, nng); H2SO4(, ngui); KNO3 trn vi H2SO4long; HCl; CH3COOH.
Chun b thi v i hc: S oxi ha kh Phn ng oxi ha kh Th in ha chun Cc phng php cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh Quy lut chung v s ha tan trong nc cc mui v hydroxyd 1 Quy lut chung v s ha tan trong nc cc mui v hydroxyd 2 Cc phn ng v c thng gp khc Cc phn ng oxi ha kh thng gp khc
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Giao khoa hoa vo c
21
Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai
Chng trnh Ha hc
III
CC PHNG PHP CN BNG PHN NG OXI HA KH
Nguyn tc chung cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh l s in t cho ca cht kh phi bng s in t nhn ca cht oxi ha hay s oxi ha tng ca cht kh phi bng s oxi ha gim ca cht oxi ha. III.1. PHNG PHP CN BNG IN T (THNG BNG ELECTRON) Thc hin cc giai on: + Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra vi y tc cht, sn phm (nu u bi yu cu b sung phn ng, ri mi cn bng). + Tnh s oxi ha ca nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i. Nhn din cht oxi ha, cht kh. + Vit phn ng cho, phn ng nhn in t (Phn ng oxi ha, phn ng kh). Ch cn vit nguyn t ca nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i, vi s oxi ha c bn trn. Thm h s thch hp s nguyn t ca nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i hai bn bng nhau. + Cn bng s in t cho, nhn. S in t cho ca cht kh bng s in t nhn ca cht oxi ha (Hay s oxi ha tng ca cht kh bng s oxi ha gim ca cht oxi ha) bng cch thm h s thch hp. + Phi hp cc phn ng cho, nhn in t; cc h s cn bng tm c; v phn ng lc u b sung h s thch hp vo phn ng lc u. + Cui cng cn bng cc nguyn t cn li (nu c) nh phn ng trao i. Cc th d: Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php cn bng in t. Th d 1
+7 +2 +2 +3
KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 Cht oxi ha Cht kh

+7
MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O

+2
Mn
+2 (+4)
+5e-2e-
Mn
+3
(phn ng kh) (Phn ng oxi ha)
5 2Fe
2Fe
(+6)
2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + H2SO4
2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
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Giao khoa hoa vo c
22
2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 Th d 2:

+8/3 Cht kh +5
2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

+3 +2
Fe3O4
+
+8/3
Cht oxi ha +3
HNO3
Fe(NO3)3
+ NO +
H2O
3 3Fe - e(+8) +5
3Fe
(+9) +2
(Phn ng oxi ha) (Phn ng kh) + NO NO + + H2O 14H2O
N 3Fe3O4 + 3Fe3O4 +
+ 3e-
N 9Fe(NO3)3
HNO3 28HNO3
9Fe(NO3)3 +
[ Trong 28 phn t HNO3 ca tc cht, ch c 1 phn t l cht oxi ha tht s, cn 27 phn t tham gia trao i (to mi trng axit, to mui nitrat)] Th d 3:
+2 -1 0 +3 -2 +4 -2
Cht kh Cht oxi ha Pirit st, St (II) pesunfua

+2
FeS2
O2
Fe2O3
SO2
2Fe
(+4)
-2e
+3
2Fe -22e+4 (+6)
(Phn ng oxi ha)
2
-1
4S - 20e(-4) 0
4S
(+16) -2
(Phn ng oxi ha) (Phn ng kh)

t0
11 O 2
(0)
+ 4e+
+5
2O
(-4)
4FeS2 Th d 4:
+2y/x
11O2
2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
+2
+3
Cht kh Cht oxi ha

+2y/x
FexOy
HNO3
Fe(NO3)3
+3
NO
H 2O
3 (3x-2y)
xFe
(+2y) +5
- (3x-2y)e+3e-
xFe
(+3x) +2
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(Phn ng kh)
Giao khoa hoa vo c
23
3FexOy + (3x-2y)HNO3 3FexOy + (12x-2y)HNO3 Th d 5:

+2y/x +5
3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x-2y)NO + H2O 3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x-2y)NO + (6x-y)H2O

+n +1
cht kh cht oxi ha

+2y/x
Mx O y +
HNO3
M(NO3)n +
+n
N2O +
H2O
xM - (nx-2y)e+5
xM
(+nx) +1
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(+2y)
(nx-2y) 2N
(+10)
+ 8e-
2N
(+2)
(Phn ng kh)
8MxOy + (2nx-4y)HNO3 8MxOy + (10nx-4y)HNO3
8xM(NO3)n + (nx-2y)N2O +
H 2O
8xM(NO3)n + (nx-2y)N2O + (5nx-2y)H2O
[ (2nx - 4y) phn t HNO3 l cht oxi ha tht s, n b kh to (nx-2y) phn t N2O; cn (10nx-4y) - (2nx- 4y) = 8nx phn t HNO3 tham gia trao i, to mi trng axit, to mui nitrat, trong s oxi ha ca N khng i] Th d 6:
0 +5 +3 +2 +1
Al
Cht kh
HNO3
Cht oxi ha
Al(NO3)3 + xNO + yN2O + H2O
(3x+8y)
Al
+5
-3e+3xe-
+3
Al
+2
(Phn ng oxi ha) (Phn ng kh)
xN
(+5x)
xN
(+2x)
3
+5
+ (3x+8y) e-
2yN
(+10y)
+8ye-
+1
2yN
(+2y)
(Phn ng kh)
(3x+8y)Al + (3x+6y)HNO3 (3x +8y)Al +(12x+30y)HNO3 (6x+15)H2O
(3x+8y)Al(NO3)3 + 3xNO + 3yN2O + H2O (3x+8y)Al(NO3)3 + 3xNO + 3yN2O +
Giao khoa hoa vo c
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Th d 7:
+2y/x +2 +2m/n t0 +4
Cht oxi ha Cht kh

+2y/x
FexOy
+ CO
FenOm + CO2
+2m/n
nxFe
(+2ny) +2
+ (2ny-2mx)e-2e +
-
nxFe
(+2mx) +4
(Phn ng kh) (Phn ng oxi ha) (ny-mx)CO2
(ny-mx)
C xFenOm +
nFexOy Th d 8:
+8/3
(ny-mx)CO
+5
+3
+2y/x
Cht kh
+8/3
Fe3O4
+ HNO3 - e-
Cht oxi ha
Fe(NO3)3
+3
+ N xO y + H 2 O (Phn ng oxi ha)
(5x-2y) 3Fe
(+8) +5
3Fe
(+9) +2y/x
xN
+ (5x-2y)e
(+5x)
xN
(+2y)
(Phn ng kh) NxOy + H2O
(5x-2y)Fe3O4 +
xHNO3
(15x-6y)Fe(NO3)3 +
(5x-2y)Fe3O4 + (46x-18y)HNO3
(15x-6y)Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + (23x-9y)H2O
Th d 9:
-1 +6 +1 +3
CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4

Cht kh
-1
Cht oxi ha
CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
C
+6
2e
+1
C
+3
(Phn ng oxi ha)
2Cr +
(+12)
6e-
2Cr
(+6)
xN
(Phn ng kh)
3CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 3CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4
3CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O 3CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O
Giao khoa hoa vo c
25
Th d 10:
0
C6H12O6
0
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
MnO4-
+7
+ H+
+4
+4
CO2
+ Mn2+
+2
+ H2O
5 24
6C
(0) +7
24e5e-
6C
(+24) +2
(Phn ng oxi ha ) (Phn ng kh ) + 24Mn2+ + H2O + 24Mn2+ + 66H2O
Mn
Mn 30CO2 30CO2
5C6H12O6 + 24MnO4- + H+ 5C6H12O6 + 24MnO4- + 72H+
Th d 11:
+2 -1
+6
+3
+4
Cht kh
+2
FeS2
H2SO4(, nng )
Cht oxi ha
Fe2(SO4)3 +
+3
SO2 + H2O
2Fe
(+4) -1
2e-22e-
2Fe
(+6) +4
4S
(-4) +6
20e 2eFe2(SO4)3 Fe2(SO4)3
4S
(+6) +4
11 2FeS2 2FeS2 + +
S + 15SO2 + 15SO2 + + H2O 14H2O
11H2SO4 14H2SO4
Th d 12: CnH2n
+ 1OH
+ K2Cr2O7 +H2SO4
CH3COOH + CO2 + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
(Cho bit s mol CH3COOH v CO2 to ra bng nhau) Kt qu : 9 CnH2n + 1OH + 5n K2Cr2O7 + 20n H2SO4 3n CH3COOH + 3n CO2 + 5n Cr2(SO4)3 + 5n K2SO4 + (23n +9) H2O
Giao khoa hoa vo c
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Th d 13: CxHyO + KMnO4 + HCl CH3-CHO + CO2 + MnCl2 + KCl + H2O (Cho bit s mol gia CH3-CHO vi CO2 l 1 : 1) Kt qu : 15CxHyO + (2x+ 3y -6)KMnO4 + (6x +9y -18)HCl 5xCH3-CHO + 5xCO2 + (2x +3y -6)MnCl2 + (2x+3y -6)KCl + (-7x +12y -9)H2O
Th d 14: CnH2n
-2
+ KMnO4 + H2O
KOOC-COOK + MnO2 + KOH
Kt qu : 6CnH2n - 2 + (10n -4)KMnO4 + (4 -4n) H2O 3nKOOC-COOK + (10n -4)MnO2 + (4n -4)KOH
Th d 15: Zn + H2SO4 (, nng ) ZnSO4 + SO2 + H2S + H2O (T l s mol n SO2 : n H2S = a : b)
Kt qu : (a+4b)Zn + (2a+5b)H2SO4 (a+4b)ZnSO4 + aSO2 + bH2S + (2a+4b)H2O
Th d 16: K2SO3 + KMnO4 Kt qu : 5K2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 6KHSO4 9K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + KHSO4 K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O
Giao khoa hoa vo c
27
Ghi ch
G.1. Phn ng t oxi ha kh (Phn ng t oxi ha t kh) l mt loi phn ng oxi ha kh c bit, trong mt cht va l cht oxi ha va l cht kh v c s cho, nhn in t gia cc phn t ca cng mt cht. Ngha l phn t cht ny cho in t (ng vai tr cht kh) n mt phn t khc ca cng cht y (ng vai tr cht oxi ha). Trong thc t thng gp ch mt nguyn t trong phn t c s oxi ha thay i v h s nguyn ng trc phn t tc cht ny 2.
Th d :
+4 +5 +2
Cht kh Cht oxi ha

+4
3NO2
H 2O
2HNO3
NO
Axit nitric Nit oxit (2 phan t NO2 cho ien t, 1 phan t NO2 nhan ien t)
+3 +5
Cht oxi ha i Cht kh

0
2NO2
2NaOH
NaNO2
NaNO3
H 2O
Natri nitrit Natri nitrat (1 phan t NO2 cho ien t, 1 phan t NO2 nhan ien t)
0 +1 t0, Xt -1
H-CHO
Cht kh
H-CHO
Cht oxi ha
O=CH-CH2-OH
(2H-CHO)
G.2. Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t l mt phn ng oxi ha kh c bit, trong mt
cht va l cht oxi ha, va l cht kh v c s cho, nhn in t ngay trong mt phn t cht . Thng gp hai nguyn t khc nhau trong phn t c s oxi ha thay i. Nhng cng c trng hp ch mt nguyn t trong phn t c s oxi ha thay i (nguyn t ny cho in t v nguyn t ca cng nguyn t y trong cng phn t nhn in t).
Th d :
+7 -2 +6
t0
+4
Cht oxi ha Cht kh

+6 -2
2KMnO4
K2MnO4
MnO2
O2
Kali manganat Mangan ioxit Oxi (Mn nhn in t, O cho in t trong cng phn t KMnO4)
+6
t0
+3
2 K2Cr2O7
+5 -2
Cht oxi ha Cht kh
2K2CrO4
-1
Cr2O3
0
3/2O2
Kali cromat Crom(III) oxit (Cr nhn in t, O cho in t trong cng phn t K2Cr2O7)
MnO2 , t0
2KClO3
2KCl
3O2
Giao khoa hoa vo c
28
Cht oxi ha Cht kh

0 -1 +1
Cht oxi ha Cht kh
Cl2
2NaOH
NaCl
NaClO
H2O
Natri clorua
Natri hipoclorit
nhn in)
-2 -2
(Nguyn t Cl ny cho in t v nguyn t Cl kia trong cng phn t Cl2

-3 -1
Tm oxi ha T m kh
CH2 = CH2
H2O
H3PO4, t0, p
CH3-CH2-OH
Bi tp 10
Cn bng cc phn ng oxi ha kh sau y theo phng php cn bng in t:
1) Fe3O4 + H2SO4(, nng ) 2) FexOy + H2

t0
Fe2(SO4)3 + FenOm + H2O

t0
SO2 +
H2O
3) Ca3(PO4)2 + SiO2 + C 4) MxOy + 5) NaCrO2 + 6) Zn + H2SO4(, nng ) Br2 + NaOH
P4
+ CO + +
CaSiO3 + H 2O
M2(SO4)n
SO2
Na2CrO4 + NaBr + H2O Zn(NO3)2 + xNO2 + yNO + H 2O
HNO3(l)
Bi tp 10
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php thng bng electron:
1) C12H22O11 2) 3) Zn CnH2n +
MnO4-
H+
CO2
Mn2+ +
H2O
+ 1CHO
+KMnO4+H2SO4 + KOH + H2O
CH3COOH + CO2 +MnSO4+K2SO4 +H2O (n CH3COOH : n CO2 = 1 : 1) K2ZnO2 + NH3 + H2O
KNO3
4) Al + KNO2 + NaOH
KAlO2 + NaAlO2 + NH3 Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2 O
5) Na2SO3 + KMnO4 + NaHSO4 6) CnHmO + KMnO4 + H2SO4
CH3CHO + CO2 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O (n CH3CHO : n CO2 = 1 : 1)
Giao khoa hoa vo c
29
III. 2. PHNG PHP CN BNG ION - IN T Thc hin cc bc sau y: + Vit phng trnh phn ng vi y tc cht, sn phm (nu cha c phn ng sn). + Tnh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i. Nhn din cht oxi ha, cht kh. + Vit di dng ion cht no phn ly c thnh ion trong dung dch. (Cht no khng phn ly c thnh ion nh cht khng tan, cht kh, cht khng in ly, th nguyn dng phn t hay nguyn t). Tuy nhin ch gi li nhng ion hay phn t no cha nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i (ion hay phn t no cha nguyn t c s oxi ha khng thay i th b i). + Vit cc phn ng cho, phn ng nhn in t (chnh l cc phn ng oxi ha, phn ng kh). Vit nguyn c dng ion hay phn t, vi s oxi ha bn trn. Thm h s thch hp s nguyn t ca nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i hai bn bng nhau. + Cn bng s in t cho, nhn. S in t cho ca cht kh phi bng s in t nhn ca cht oxi ha (Hay s oxi ha tng ca cht kh phi bng s oxi ha gim ca cht oxi ha) bng cch nhn h s thch hp. Xong ri cng v vi v cc phn ng cho, phn ng nhn in t. + Cn bng in tch. in tch hai bn phi bng nhau. Nu khng bng nhau th thm vo ion H+ hoc ion OH- ty theo phn ng c thc hin trong mi trng axit hoc baz. Tng qut thm H+ vo bn no c axit (tc cht hoc sn phm); Thm OH- vo bn no c baz. Thm H2O pha ngc li cn bng s nguyn t H (cng l cn bng s nguyn t O). + Phi hp h s ca phn ng ion va c cn bng xong vi phn ng lc u b sung h s thch hp vo phn ng lc u (Chuyn phn ng dng ion tr li thnh dng phn t). + Cn bng cc nguyn t cn li, nu c, nh phn ng trao i.
Giao khoa hoa vo c
30
Cc th d:
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php cn bng ion - in t: Th d 1:
+7 +2 +2 +3
Cht oxi ha
KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4

Cht kh
MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O Mn2+ + 2Fe3+ (Phn ng kh ) (Phn ng oxi ha )
MnO4_
+7
Fe2+ + 5e2e-
2 +
MnO4+2 (+4)
Mn2+ 2Fe3+
(+6) +3
+2
5 2Fe2+
2MnO4-
10Fe2+
2Mn2+ + 10Fe3+ 2(+2) + 10(+3) +34 + 8H2O 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
in tch : 2(-1) + 10(+2) +18 + 16H+ 2KMnO4 + 10Fe2(SO4)3 + 8H2SO4 Th d 2:

+7 +4
+6
+6
Cht oxi ha
KMnO4
+ K2SO3 + SO32e2e-
+ KOH
Cht kh
K2MnO4 + K2SO4 + H2O MnO42+ SO42-
MnO4+7
2 +
MnO4- +
+4
MnO42+6
+6
(Phn ng kh ) (Phn ng oxi ha ) SO42-
SO32-
SO42-
2MnO4- + SO32in tch : 2(-1) 2MnO4+ + 1(-2) -4
2MnO42- +
2(-2) + 1(-2) -6 2MnO422K2MnO4 + + SO42- + H 2O
SO32- + 2OH-
2KMnO4 + K2SO4 + 2KOH
K2SO4 + H2O
Giao khoa hoa vo c
31
Th d 3:
+8/3 +6 +3 +4
Cht kh
Fe3O4 Fe3O4
+ +
H2SO4(, nng )
Cht oxi ha
Fe2(SO4)3 2Fe3+ 6Fe3+

(+18) +4 +3
+ SO2 + H2O SO2
SO42-
+8/3 (+16) +6
2Fe3O4 SO42-
2e2eSO42-
(Phn ng oxi ha ) (Phn ng kh ) SO2
+ +
SO2
2Fe3O4 in tch : 2Fe3O4
6Fe3+ +
+ 20 H+ + 10H2SO4(, nng )
2(0) + 1(-2) -2
in tch : 6(+3) + 1(0) +18 + 10 H2O 3Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 10H2O
Th d 4:
0 +5 +3 -3
Al Al
+ +
Cht kh
KNO3 NO3-
+ KOH
Cht oxi ha
+ H2O AlO2+ NH3 AlO2-
KAlO2 + NH3
8 + 3
Al
+5
3e+ 8e
+3
-3
NO3
NH3 8AlO2+ 3NH3
8Al + 3NO3in tch : 8(0) + 3(-1) -3 + 5OH- + 2H2O 8Al + 3KNO3 + 5KOH + 2H2O
in tch : 8(-1) + 3(0) -8 8KAlO2 + 3NH3
Giao khoa hoa vo c
32
Th d 5:
+7 +4 +4 +6
Cht oxi ha
KMnO4
+ K2SO3 +
Cht kh
+ H 2O SO32+4
MnO2 MnO2
+ K2SO4 + SO42-
KOH
MnO42 + 3 MnO4+4 +7
+ -
3e2e-
MnO2
+6
SO32-
SO422MnO2 + 3SO42-
2MnO4- + 3SO32in tch : 2(-1) + 3(-2) -8 +H2O 2KMNO4 + 3K2SO3 + H2O
in tch : 3(-2) -6 + 2 OH2MnO2 + 3K2SO4 + 2KOH
Th d 6:
0 +5 +2 +2 +1
Mg
Cht kh
+ + - 2e
-
HNO3
Cht oxi ha
Mg(NO3)2 + NO + N2O + H2O (T le so mol: n NO : n N2O = 3 : 2) Mg2+ Mg2+

+2 +2
Mg
0
NO3-
+ 3NO + 2N2O + (Phn ng oxi ha ) (Phn ng kh )
H2O
25
Mg
+5
3NO3- +
(+15)
9e25e-
3NO
(+6) +1
2
+5
4NO3
(+20)
+ 16e +
2N2O
(+4)
(Phn ng kh ) + 6NO + 4N2O
25Mg
14NO3-
25Mg2+
in tch : 14(-1) -14 + 64H+ 25Mg + 64HNO3
in tch : 25(+2) +50 + 32H2O 25Mg(NO3)2 + 6NO + 4N2O + 32H2O
Giao khoa hoa vo c
33
Th d 7:
-2 +7 (2n - n)/n +4
CnH2n
Cht kh
+ KMnO4 + MnO4-
Cht oxi ha
+ H 2O
CnH2n(OH)2 CnH2n(OH)2 +
+ MnO2 + KOH MnO2
CnH2n
-2
3 CnH2n + -(2-2n+2n)e
(-2n) +7
(2 - 2n)/n
CnH2n(OH)2
(2-2n) +4
+ 2 MnO43CnH2n + + 3e2MnO4MnO2 3CnH2n(OH)2 + 2MnO2
in tch : 2(-1) -2 + 4H2O 3CnH2n + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O
in tch : 3(0) + 2(0) 0 + 2 OH3CnH2n(OH)2 + 2MnO2 + 2KOH
Th d 8:
+3 -1 +2 0
Cht oxi ha
FeCl3
KI
Cht kh
FeCl2
I2
KCl
Fe3+ 2 + Fe3+ 2I(-2) -1 +3
+ + +
Ie2e2I-
Fe2+ Fe2+
0 +2
I2 (Phn ng kh ) (Phn ng oxi ha )
I2
(0)
2Fe3+
2Fe2+
I2
in tch : 2(+3) + 2(-1) +4 2FeCl3 + 2KI
in tch : 2(+2) + 1(0) +4 2FeCl2 + I2 + 2KCl
Giao khoa hoa vo c
34
Th d 9:
Cht oxi ha
+6
Cr2O72-
+6
Cht kh
SO32-
+4
H+ 6e2e3SO32-
Cr3+ 2Cr3+
(+6) +6 +3
+3
SO42-
+6
H2O
Cr2O72+ 3
(+12) +4
+ +
(Phn ng kh ) (Phn ng oxi ha ) + 3SO42-
SO32-
SO422Cr3+
Cr2O72-
in tch : -2 + 3(-2) -8 Cr2O72- + 3SO32- + Bi tp 11
+ 8 H+ 8 H+
in tch : 2(+3) + 3(-2) 0 + 4H2O 2Cr3+ + 3SO42+ 4H2O
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php cn bng ion - in t:
1) KMnO4 + KNO2 + H2SO4 2) Zn 3) Zn + HNO3 + KOH H+
MnSO4 + KNO3 + K2SO4 + H2O
Zn(NO3)2 + NO2 + NO + H2O (T l th tch:: VNO2 : VNO = 1 : 3) K2ZnO2 + NH3 + + + H2O H2O H2O
+ KNO3
4) Cr2O72- + Fe2+ + 5) Mg + NO3- + H+
Cr3+ + Fe3+ Mg2+ + NH4+
Bi tp 11 Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php cn bng ion - in t: Al2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2S + H2O 1) Al + H2SO4
(T l s mol: nSO2 : nH2S = x : y)
2) FeO + 3) C6H12O6
HNO3 + MnO4- +
Fe(NO3)3 H+
+ NO CO2
+ H 2O + Mn2+ + H2O K2SO4 + + H 2O H2O
4) KMnO4 + K2SO3 5) NaCrO2 + 6) Fe2+
+ KHSO4
MnSO4 +
Br2 + NaOH Fe3+
Na2CrO4 + NaBr + SO2 + H 2O
+ SO42+ + H+
Giao khoa hoa vo c
35
III.3. CN BNG THEO PHNG PHP I S Thc hin cc bc sau: + Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra vi y tc cht, sn phm (nu u bi yu cu b sung phn ng ri mi cn bng). + t cc h s bng cc ch a, b, c, d, ng trc cc cht trong phn ng. + Lp h phng trnh ton hc lin h gia cc h s ny vi nguyn tc s nguyn t ca tng nguyn t bn tc cht v bn sn phm bng nhau. Nu phn ng dng ion th cn t thm mt phng trnh ton na l in tch bn tc cht v bn sn phm bng nhau. + Gii h phng trnh ton. Thng s phng trnh ton lp c t hn mt phng trnh so vi s n s. Tuy nhin ta c th chn bt c mt h s no bng 1. Do c s phng trnh ton bng s n s, nn s gii c. Sau , nu cn, ta nhn tt c nghim s tm c vi cng mt s thch hp cc h s u l s nguyn. Cc th d: Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php i s. Th d 1: KMnO4 + HCl aKMnO4 + bHCl K: a=e (1) Mn : a=c (2) O: 4a = f (3) H: b = 2f (4) Cl : b = 2c + 2d + e
(C h 5 phng trnh, 6 n s)
MnCl2
Cl2 +
KCl
+ H2O + fH2O
cMnCl2 + dCl2
+ eKCl
(5)
Chn e = 1 (1) a = 1 (2) c = 1 (3) f = 4 (4) b = 8 1 1 5 (5) d = (b - 2c - e) = [ 8 - 2(1) - 1] = 2 2 2 a=2 Nhn cc nghim s vi 2 b = 16 c=2 d=5 e =2 f=8 2KMnO4 + 16HCl
2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 2KCl + 8H2O
Giao khoa hoa vo c
36
Th d 2: Cl2 +
aCl2 Cl : K: O: H: +
KOH() bKOH (1) (2) (3) (4)
t0
KCl cKCl +
KClO3 dKClO3
+ +
H2O eH2O
2a = c + d b =c+d b = 3d + e b = 2e
(C h 4 phng trnh ton, 5 n s )
Chn e = 1
(4) b = 2 ; (3) d = 1/3 ; (2) c = 5/3 ; (1) a = 1
Nhn cc nghim s tm c vi 3
a = 3 b = 6 c = 5 d = 1 e = 3
3Cl2 + 6KOH() +
t0
5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + H2O
Th d 3: Mg
HNO3(rt long)
aMg + bHNO3(rt long) Mg : a = c H: b = 4d + 2e N : b = 2c + 2d O : 3b = 6c + 3d + e (1) (2) (3) (4)
cMg(NO3)2 + dNH4NO3 + eH2O
Chn c = 1 (1) a = 1 So snh (2), (3) 4d + 2e = 2c + 2d 2d + 2e = 2c 2d + 2e = 2(1) 2d + 2e = 2 d + e = 1 (2) So snh (3), (4) 3(2c + 2d) = 6c + 3d + e 6c + 6d = 6c + 3d + e 3d - e = 0 (3)
H 2 phng trnh (2'), (3'), 2 n s e, d:
d + e = 1 (2) 3d - e = 0 (3) Gii d = 1 4 3 e= 4
1 5 (3) b = 2(1) + 2( )= 4 2
Giao khoa hoa vo c
37
Nhn tt c nghim vi 4
a=4 b = 10 c=4 d=1 e=3 4Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
4Mg + 10HNO3(rt long) Th d 4: Cu
+ NO3- + H+ bNO3- + cH+ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Cu2+ + dCu2+ +
NO
+ H2O
aCu +
eNO + fH2O
Cu : a=d N: b=e O: 3b = e + f H: c = 2f in tch : -b + c = +2d Chn e = 1 (2) b = 1 (3) f = 2 (4) c = 4 (5) d = 3/2 (1) a = 3/2
Nhn tt c nghim s tm c vi 2
a=3 b=2 c=8 d=3 e=2 f=4 2NO + CO2 dCO2 + + 4H2O Mn2+ + H2O eMn2+ + fH2O
3Cu
+ 2NO3C12H22O11
+ 8H+ + MnO4- + H+
3Cu2+ +
Th d 5:
aC12H22O11
+ bMnO4- + cH+ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
C: 12a = d H: 22a + c = 2f O: 11a + 4b = 2d + f Mn : b = e in tch : -b + c = +2e Chn e = 1
Giao khoa hoa vo c
38
(4) b = 1 (5) c = 3 Th d = 12a (1); b = 1 vo (3) Th c = 3 vo (2) 22a + 3 = 2f
11a + 4(1) = 2(12a) + f 13a + f = 4 (3) -22a + 2f = 3 (2)
H 2 phng trnh (2'), (3'), 2 n s a, f:
-22a + 2f = 3 13a +f = 4 Gii a = 5 127 ; f= 48 48 5 60 (1) d = 12( ) = 48 48
(2) (3)
Nhn tt c nghim s vi 48
5C12H22O11 + 48MnO4 + 144H Th d 6: FexOy + HCl
a b c d e
=5 = 48 = 144 = 60 = 48
f = 127 60CO2 + 48Mn2+ + 127H2O
FeCl2 + FeCl3 + H2O cFeCl2 + dFeCl3 + eH2O
aFexOy + bHCl Fe : O: H: Cl : xa = c + d ya = e b = 2e b = 2c + 3d (1) (2) (3) (4)
Chn e = 1 (3) b = 2 1 x The a, b vo (1), (4) c + d = (2) a = y y 2c + 3d = 2 3x 2x -2 ; d=2Gii c = y y

Nhn tt c nghim s vi y
(1) (4)
a=1 b = 2y c = 3x - 2y d = 2y - 2x e=y
Giao khoa hoa vo c
39
FexOy + 2yHCl
(3x - 2y)FeCl2 + (2y - 2x)FeCl3 +
yH2O
Th d 7: Na2SO3 + KMnO4 + NaHSO4

aNa2SO3 + bKMnO4 + cNaHSO4 Na : 2a + c = 2d S: a + c = d + e +f O: 3a + 4b + 4c = 4d + 4e + 4f + g K: b = 2f Mn : b =e H: c = 2g Chn f = 1 (4) b = 2 (5) e = 2 Th c = 2g e =2 f =1 b =2
Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O dNa2SO4 + eMnSO4 + fK2SO4 + gH2O (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
(H 6 phng trnh, 7 n s)
vo (1), (2), (3) 3 phng trnh, 3 an so a, d, g (1) 2a + 2g = 2d a+g=d (2) a + 2g = d + 2 +1 a + 2g -3 = d (3) 3a + 8 + 8g = 4d + 8 + 4 + g 3a + 7g - 4 = 4d
(1) (2) (3)
(2) - (1) loi a, d g = 3 (1) (1) a - d = -3 (3) 3a - 4d = -17 (3)

Gii h hai phng trnh (1), (3) a = 5 ; d = 8
(6) c = 6
Tm c cc nghim s: a = 5 ; b = 2 ; c = 6 ; d = 8 ; e = 2 ; f = 1 ; g = 3
5Na2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 6NaHSO4 Bi tp 12
8Na2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 3H2O
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php i s: a. Al + NO2 + OH

-
+ H2O
AlO2- + NH3 H2O
b. MxOy + HBr c. Fe3O4 + d. FeS2 HNO3
MBr2 + MBr3 +
Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2O Fe2(SO4)3 + SO 2 + H2O
+ H2SO4(, nng )
Giao khoa hoa vo c
40
Bi tp 12
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php i s:
a. FeO
+ H2SO4(, nng )
Fe2(SO4)3 + M(NO3)n + NO
SO2 + + H2O
H2O
b. MxOy + HNO3 c. NO2- + MnO4d. FexOy + CO + H+

t0
NO3- + Mn2+ + FemOn + CO2
H2O
CU HI N PHN III
Nu nguyn tc chung cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh. Ti sao gi phn ng cho in t cng l phn ng oxi ha? Ti sao gi phn ng nhn in t l phn ng kh? Ti sao ni nhn din cht oxi ha, cht kh gp phn cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh d dng hn? S dng phng php cn bng i s trong trng hp no? +3 Khi Fe3+ , Fe , Fe(III) c khc nhau khng? Cho th d minh ha. Phn ng oxi ha ni phn t l phn ng nh th no? Cho hai th d minh ha. Th no l phn ng t oxi ha kh? Cho hai th d. Phn bit phn ng t oxi ha kh vi phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t. Cho th d minh ha. +7 0 +4 Hy cho bit ngha khi vit:: Mn, Mn, Mn, Mn(II), Mn(VII), Mn2+, MnO4Hy tm gn cc giai on cn bng mt phn ng oxi ha kh theo phng php cn bng in t. Cho th d minh ha bng mt phn ng c th. Hy vit gn cc giai on cn bng mt phn ng oxi ha kh theo phng php cn bng ion - in t. Cho th d.
Giao khoa hoa vo c
41
Nu cc bc cn bng mt phn ng theo phng php i s. Cho th d minh ha. Cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh theo phng php cn bng ion - in t s nhanh hn trong trng hp no? Cho th d minh ha. Trong phng php cn bng ion - in t nu khng bit phn ng c thc hin trong mi trng axit hay baz th lm th no cn bng in tch? Cho th d. Cn bng mi phn ng sau y theo ba phng php (cn bng in t, cn bng ion - in t v i s). Nhn xt u, khuyt im ca tng phng php. a. Cu + NO3- + H+
t0
Cu2+ + NO KCl FeCl2 + KHSO4 FenOm + +
+ H2 O H 2O
b. Cl2 + KOH() c. FexOy + HCl d. K2SO3 +
KClO3 +
FeCl3 + H2O K2SO4 CO2 + MnSO4 + H2O
KMnO4 +
t0
e. FexOy + CO
Khi no khng vit c mt cht dng ion? Cho th d. Trong phng php cn bng i s c nhn din c cht oxi ha, cht kh hay khng? C nht thit phi lm tng bc nh hng dn khi cn bng mt phn ng oxi ha kh hay khng?
Ch :
Ch khi no u bi yu cu cn bng theo phng php c th no th ta mi thc hin cc giai on cn bng phn ng theo ng phng php yu cu. Cn khi u bi khng yu cu theo phng php no (nh trong bi ton ha hc) th ta cn bng theo cch no cng c, cng nhanh cng tt. Thng ta thc hin trc tip trn phn ng va vit vi nguyn tc s oxi ha tng bng s oxi ha gim. Theo chng trnh ph thng, ch phng php cn bng in t.
Cc bn thn mn, Chng ti c gng chuyn kiu ch VNI Times qua unicode, nhng nu khng chuyn kp th xin cc bn hy download font VNI Times c . Xin cm n. Vietsciences http://www.vnisoft.com/emailcollect.html
Chng trnh Ha hc Chun b thi v i hc: S oxi ha kh Phn ng oxi ha kh Th in ha chun Cc phng php cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh Quy lut chung v s ha tan trong nc cc mui v hydroxyd
IV.QUI LUT CHUNG V S HA TAN TRONG NC CA CC MUI V HIDROXIT THNG GP

Cc qui lut thc nghim v s ha tan ny gip bit c mui hay baz (baz, base) no c th ha tan trong nc to dung dch, mui hay baz no khng tan (kt ta, trm hin, coi nh khng to dung dch). iu ny chng ta bit phn ng trao i hay phn ng trong dung dch c th xy ra hay khng (nh mui vi mui, mui vi baz, kim loi vi dung dch mui,). 1. Tat ca cac muoi Nitrat (NO3-), Axetat (CH3COO-), Clorat (ClO3-) eu tan. Th du: AgNO3, Pb(NO3)2, Zn(CH3COO)2, Fe(CH3COO)3, KClO3, Ca(ClO3)2, Pb(CH3COO)2, Al(NO3)3 tan c trong nc tao dung dch. 2. Tat ca cac muoi Natri (Na+), Kali (K+), Amoni (Amonium, NH4+) tan. Th du: NaCl, K2CO3, (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO3, K2S, (NH4)2C2O4, K2SO3, Na3PO4 tan c trong nc tao dung dch. 3. Hau het cac muoi Clorua (Cl-), Bromua (Br-), Ioua (I-) tan. Nhng cac muoi Clorua, Bromua, Ioua sau ay khong tan ( ): Bac (Ag+ ), Ch (Pb2+ ), ong(I) (Cu+ ), Thuy ngan (I) (Hg22+ ). Th du: AlCl3, CuCl2, ZnBr2, FeI2, MgCl2, HgCl2, CuBr2, BaI2, FeCl3, ZnCl2 tan. AgCl, PbCl2, CuCl, Hg2Cl2, AgBr, AgI khong tan ( ). 4. Hau het cac muoi Sunfat (SO42- ) tan. Nhng cac muoi Sunfat sau ay khong tan: Bari (Ba2+), Stronti (Sr2+), Ch (Pb2+). Cac muoi Sunfat sau ay tan t: Canxi (Ca2+), Bac (Ag+ ), Thuy ngan (I) (Hg22+ ).
Th du: ZnSO4, Al2(SO4)3, CuSO4, HgSO4, FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3, MgSO4, (NH4)2SO4, Cr2(SO4)3, K2SO4 tan. BaSO4, SrSO4, PbSO4 khong tan. CaSO4, Ag2SO4, Hg2SO4 tan t (tan va phai). 5. Hau het cac muoi Sunfua (S2- ) khong tan. Nhng cac muoi Sunfua sau ay tan: cua kim loai kiem [ Liti (Li+ ), Natri (Na+ ), Kali (K+ ), Rubii (Rb+ ), Xezi (Cs+), Franxi (Fr+ ) ], cua kim loai kiem tho [ Canxi (Ca2+ ), Stronti (Sr2+ ), Bari (Ba2+ ), Rai (Ra2+ ) ] va Amoni (NH4+ ). Th du: CuS, ZnS, Ag2S, FeS, HgS khong tan; Na2S, K2S, CaS, BaS, (NH4)2S tan. Lu y L.1. Cac muoi Sunfua kim loai hoa tr 3 nh Al2S3, Fe2S3, Cr2S3 khong hien dien trong nc. Trong nc chung b thuy phan hoan toan tao hiroxit kim loai ket tua ( ) va kh H2S bay ra. L.2. Do o, neu co phan ng nao tao cac muoi Sunfua kim loai tren trong dung dch nc, th thc te la thu c hiroxit kim loai tng ng ket tua va kh H2S bay ra. Th du: 2AlCl3 + 3Na2S Al2S3 + 6H2O 2AlCl3 + 3Na2S + 6H2O Cr2(SO4)3 + 3K2S Cr2S3 + 6H2O Cr2(SO4)3 + 3K2S + 6H2O 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3Na2S Fe2S3 + 6H2O 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3Na2S + 6H2O Al2S3 + 6NaCl 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2S 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2S + 6NaCl
Cr2S3 + 3K2SO4 2Cr(OH)3 + 3H2S 2Cr(OH)3 + 3H2S + 3K2SO4 Fe2S3 + 6NaNO3 2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2S 2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2S + 6NaNO3
6. Hau het cac muoi Cacbonat (CO32- ), Sunfit (SO32- ), Silicat (SiO32- ), Photphat (PO43- ), Oxalat ( -OOC-COO-, C2O42- ) khong tan. Nhng cac muoi Cacbonat, Sunfit, Silicat, Photphat, Oxalat sau ay tan: cua kim loai kiem (Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Fr+), cua Amoni (NH4+). Th du: CaCO3, BaSO3, FeCO3, MgSiO3, Ag3PO4, CaC2O4, PbCO3, ZnSO3, Al2(SiO3)3, FePO4, CuC2O4, Ca3(PO4)2 khong tan.
Na2CO3, K2SO3, (NH4)2C2O4, K3PO4, Na2SiO3, K2CO3 tan. Lu y L.1. Li2CO3, Li3PO4 tan t. L.2. Cac muoi Cacbonat kim loai hoa tr 3 nh Al2(CO3)3, Fe2(CO3)3, Cr2(CO3)3 khong hien dien trong nc. Trong nc chung b thuy phan hoan toan tao hiroxit kim loai tng ng ket tua va kh CO2 bay ra. Do o, neu co phan ng nao cac muoi Cacbonat tren trong dung dch nc th thc te la thu c Hiroxit kim loai ket tua va kh CO2 thoat ra. Th du:
Al2(SO4)3 + 3K2CO3 Al2(CO3)3 + 3H2O Al2(SO4)3 + 3K2CO3 + 3H2O 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3Na2CO3 Fe2(CO3)3 + 3H2O 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O 2CrCl3 + 3K2CO3 Cr2(CO3)3 + 3H2O 2CrCl3 + 3K2CO3 + 3H2O
Al2(CO3)3 + 3K2SO4 2Al(OH)3 + 3CO2 2Al(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 3K2SO4
Fe2(CO3)3 + 6NaNO3 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 6NaNO3 Cr2(CO3)3 + 6KCl 2Cr(OH)3 + 3CO2 2Cr(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 6KCl
7. Tat ca cac muoi Cacbonat axit (HCO3- ), Sunfit axit (HSO3-), Aluminat (AlO2-) Zincat (ZnO22-) tan. Th du: NaHCO3, Ca(HCO3)2, Ba(HCO3)2, KHSO3, Ca(HSO3)2, Ba(HSO3)2, NaAlO2, Ba(AlO2)2, K2ZnO2, BaZnO2 tan. 8. Hau het Hiroxit (OH- ) kim loai khong tan. Nhng cac Hiroxit sau ay tan: cua kim loai kiem (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Fr+), Bari (Ba2+), Amoni (NH4+). Cac Hiroxit sau ay tan t: Canxi (Ca2+), Stronti (Sr2+). Th du: Al(OH)3, Cu(OH)2, Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Zn(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, Cr(OH)3, Ni(OH)2 khong tan. NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2, NH4OH tan. Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2 tan t.
Lu y
L.1. Co mot so Hiroxit kim loai khong ben. o la: AgOH, CuOH, Hg(OH)2. Chung de b phan tch tao Hiroxit kim loai va nc (H2O). Do o neu co phan ng nao tao cac chat tren th thc te la thu c Oxit kim loai tng ng va nc.
Th du: +
2AgNO3 + 2NaOH 2AgOH

(Khong ben)
2AgOH + 2NaNO3 Ag2O + H2O

Bac oxit
2AgNO3 + 2NaOH HgCl2 + 2NaOH Hg(OH)2

(Khong ben)
Ag2O + H2O + 2NaNO3
Thuy ngan (II) oxit
Hg(OH) 2 + 2NaCl HgO + H2O HgO + H2O + 2NaCl
HgCl2 + 2NaOH
L.2. Cac qui luat ve s hoa tan tren ch tng oi ma thoi v con nhieu ngoai le khac na. Va thc ra khong muoi nao lai khong tan trong nc, khong tan nhieu th tan t ma thoi. Ngi ta qui c, 100 gam nc hoa tan c nhieu hn 10 gam mot chat (o tan cua chat nay ln hn 10 gam) th chat nay c coi la tan nhieu trong nc (muoi tan); 100 gam nc hoa c khoang 1 gam mot chat (o tan cua chat nay khoang 1 gam) th chat nay c coi la tan t trong nc (tan va phai); Con 100 gam nc hoa tan t hn 0,01 gam mot chat (o tan nho hn 0,01 gam) th chat nay c coi la khong tan trong nc (ket tua, neu la chat ran). Th du: 100g nc hoa tan c toi a 35,9 gam NaCl ( 20oC), nen NaCl la mot muoi tan (tan nhieu trong nc). 100 gam nc hoa tan c toi a 0,2 gam CaSO4 ( 300C), nen CaSO4 la mot muoi tan t (tan va phai trong nc). 100 gam nc hoa tan c toi a 0,0002 gam BaSO4 ( 200C), nen BaSO4 la mot muoi khong tan (tan rat t trong nc, coi nh khong tan). L.3.
o tan cua mot chat ran hay long la bang so gam toi a chat o hoa tan c trong 100 gam nc mot nhiet o xac nh (khi khong noi nhiet o hieu ngam la nhiet o thng, 250C) e tao dung dch bao hoa chat tan o trong dung moi
nc.
Sau ay la o tan cua mot so chat 200C (So gam chat tan hoa tan toi a trong 100g H2O 200C)
Hoa chat K2CO3 CuSO4 KBr NH4Cl CuS CaCO3 AgNO3
o tan (g/100g H2O) 110 36,2 65,8 37,6 0,00003 0,0014 219,2
Hoa chat Ag2SO4 Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 Li2CO3 Fe(OH)2 AgCl Hg2SO4
o tan (g/100g H2O) 0,79 0,19 0,2 1,5 0,00015 0,00009 0,06
Nh vay K2CO3, CuSO4, KBr, NH4Cl, AgNO3 la cac muoi tan. Ag2SO4, Ca(OH)2, CaSO4, Li2CO3, Hg2SO4 la cac chat tan t. CaCO3, CuS, Fe(OH)2, AgCl la cac chat khong tan. Bai tap 13 (Tuyen sinh H Can Th 7/2000) Cho cac cap hoa chat sau ay hoa tan vao nc: (1) NaHCO3 va CaCl2 (2) Na2CO3 va AlCl3 (3) MgCl2 va NaOH (4) NH4Cl va KOH Cap nao ton tai, cap nao khong ton tai trong dung dch?. Viet phan ng (neu co). Bai tap 13 (Bo e TSH mon Hoa) Co ba ong nghiem, ng ba dung dch. Moi ong cha hai cation va hai anion (khong trung lap) trong cac cation va anion sau ay: NH4+, Na+, Ag+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Al3+ va Cl-, Br-, NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, CO32-. Hay xac nh cac cation va anion trong moi dung dch. Bai tap 14 Cho cac cap hoa chat sau ay hoa tan vao nc. Cap nao hien dien c trong dung dch, cap nao khong? Tai sao? Viet phan ng xay ra, neu co. (a) CuSO4 , KOH (b) NaOH , BaCl2 (c) AgNO3 , K2SO3 (d) FeCl3 , Na2CO3 (e) AlBr3 , ZnSO4 (f) KNO3 , CuS (g) HNO3 , KOH (h) KHSO4, NaHCO3 Bai tap 14 Cho cac cap hoa chat sau ay vao nc. Cap nao ton tai tao dung dch, cap nao khong? Giai thch. Viet phan ng xay ra (neu co). (f) KOH , Na2CO3 (a) AlCl3 , K2S (b) Al2(SO4)3 , Cu(NO3)2 (g) Pb(NO3)2 , FeCl3
(c) Mg(CH3COO)2 , Ba(OH)2 (d) Al(NO3)3 , K2CO3 (e) CuSO4, AlBr3
(h) CaCO3 , NaOH (i) Ba(OH)2 , K2SO4 (j) KClO3, (NH4)2SO4
V. TRANG THAI CAC CHAT IEN LY TRONG NC. CAC
AXIT, BAZ MANH, YEU
V.1. Chat ien ly
Chat ien ly la chat co the phan ly thanh ion trong dung dch (dung moi la nc) (Chat
ien ly cung co kha nang phan ly thanh ion khi nong chay). Chat ien ly gom cac muoi tan, cac axit tan, cac baz tan. Th du: NaCl, K2SO4, HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, Ba(OH)2, CH3COOH, NH3 NaCl K2SO4 HCl H2SO4 NaOH Ba(OH)2 CH3COOH NH3 + H2O V.2. Chat khong ien ly
dd
Na+ + Cl2K+ + SO42H+ + ClH+ + HSO4Na+ + OHBa2+ + 2OH-
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
CH3COO- + H+ NH4+ + OH-
Chat khong ien ly la chat khong ly thanh ion trong dung dch. Hau het cac chat la
khong ien ly, tr muoi, axit, baz tan. Th du: Glucoz (Glucose, C6H12O6), Saccaroz (Saccarose, C12H22O11), Benzen (C6H6), Ru etylic (C2H5OH), Brom (Br2), Thuy ngan (Hg), Axeton (Aceton, CH3-CO-CH3), ietyl ete (CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3) la cac chat khong ien ly.
Trong thc te, e biet mot chat co phai la chat ien ly hay khong th ta xet xem dung dch c tao bi chat nay trong nc co dan ien hay khong. Neu dung dung dch dan ien c th o la chat ien ly; con dung dch khong dan ien th o la chat khong ien ly. V.3. Chat ien ly manh
Chat ien ly manh la chat phan ly hoan toan thanh ion trong dung dch. Ngha la neu
co bao nhieu phan t chat ien ly manh hoa tan trong nc tao dung dch th co bay nhieu phan t nay phan ly het thanh ion. Chat ien ly manh hien dien dang ion trong dung dch, khong hien dien dang phan t. Chat ien ly manh gom cac muoi tan, cac axit manh, cac baz manh. Th du: KNO3, Na2CO3, CuCl2, HNO3, HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 la cac chat ien ly manh. KNO3 dd K+ + NO3HNO3 KOH H2SO4 V.4. Chat ien ly yeu
dd
H+ + NO3K+ +
dd
dd
OH+ HSO4-
H+
yeu phan ln hien dien dang phan t trong dung dch. Chat ien ly yeu gom cac axit yeu, cac baz yeu. Th du:
Chat ien ly yeu la chat ch phan ly mot phan thanh ion trong dung dch. Chat ien ly
CH3-COOH, NH3, CH3-NH2, HCN la cac chat ien ly yeu. CH3-COOH NH3 + H2O CH3-NH2 + H2O HCN
Axit xianhiric
dd
CH3-COO- + NH4+ + OH-
H+
CH3-NH3+ + OHH+ + CN-
V.5. Sau ay la mot so axit manh:
HBr Axit bromhiric HI Axit iothiric (Acid iodhidric) HClO3 Axit cloric HClO4 Axit pecloric H2Cr2O7 Axit icromic Axit cromic H2CrO4 HMnO4 Axit pemanganic (Acid permanganic) V.6. Sau ay la mot so baz manh thng gap:
HNO3 H2SO4 HCl
Axit nitric Axit sunfuric (Acid sulfuric) Axit clohiric (Acid clorhidric)
Hiroxit (Hidroxid) cua kim loai kiem, kiem tho la cac baz manh. NaOH KOH
RbOH CsOH (FrOH LiOH
Natri hiroxit Kali hiroxit

Rubii hiroxit Xezi hiroxit Franxi hiroxit)
Liti hiroxit
Ca(OH)2 Ba(OH)2
Sr(OH)2 (Ra(OH)2
Canxi hiroxit Bari hiroxit

Stronti hiroxit
Rai hiroxit)
V.7. Sau ay la mot so axit yeu: + Tat ca axit hu c [ R-COOH, R(COOH)n ] eu la axit yeu. Th du: H-COOH (Axit fomic), CH3-COOH (Axit axetic), CH2=CH-COOH (Axit acrilic), HOOC-COOH (Axit oxalic) la cac axit yeu. + Cac axit vo c yeu nh:
HNO2 Axit nitr HClO Axit hipoclor HClO2 Axit clor H2SiO3 Axit silicic HCN Axit xianhiric HF Axit flohiric HAlO2.H2O [ Al(OH)3 ] Axit aluminic H2ZnO2 [ Zn(OH)2 ] Axit zincic HCrO2.H2O [ Cr(OH)3 ] Axit Crom H2BeO2 [ Be(OH)2 ] Axit berilic V.8. Sau ay la mot so baz yeu:
H2CO3 H2S
Axit cacbonic Axit sunfuahiric
H2SO3
Axit sunfur
Hiroxit kim loai khac kim loai kiem, kiem tho (baz khong tan) eu la baz yeu, nh:
Al(OH)3 , Cu(OH)2 , Fe(OH)2 , Fe(OH)3 , Mg(OH)2 , Zn(OH)2 , Cr(OH)2 , AgOH , Cr(OH)3 , Ni(OH)2 , Pb(OH)2. Amoniac (NH3) Cac amin (R-NH2 , R-NH-R, R-N-R) nh: CH3-NH2 (Metylamin), C6H5-NH2 R
(Anilin), CH3-CH2-NH2 (Etylamin), CH3-NH-CH3 (imetylamin), (CH3)3N (Trimetylamin).
V.9. o ien ly ()
o ien ly la mot ai lng cho biet kha nang phan ly thanh ion cua mot chat ien ly trong dung dch. o ien ly bang t so gia so phan t chat ien ly thc s phan ly thanh ion tren tong so phan t chat ien ly nay hoa tan trong dung dch luc au.
So phan t chat ien ly thc s phan ly thanh ion So mol chat ien ly thc s phan ly thanh ion Tong so so mol chat ien ly nay hoa tan trong dung dch
Tong so so phan t chat ien ly nay hoa tan trong dung dch
0 1 = 0: chat khong ien ly. = 1: chat ien ly manh, phan ly hoan toan thanh ion trong dung dch. o ien ly cang ln ( 1): Chat ien ly cang manh. o ien ly cang nho ( 0): Chat ien ly cang yeu. o ien ly con co y ngha: c 1 mol chat ien ly hoa tan trong dung dch luc au th co mol chat ien ly nay phan ly thanh ion va con lai ( - 1) mol chat ien ly nay khong phan ly. o ien ly phu thuoc vao cac yeu to: Ban chat cua chat ien ly. Ban chat cua dung moi. Dung moi nc la dung moi rat phan cc, ho tr cho s phan ly ion ( ln trong dung moi nc). Cac dung moi hu c khong phan cc hay kem phan cc t ho tr s phan ly ion ( nho hn trong dung moi hu c). Nhiet o. Trong a so trng hp khi nhiet tang th o ien ly tang. V s phan ly ion coi nh s cat t lien ket, ma s cat t lien ket thu nhiet, nen nhiet o tang th ho tr s cat t lien ket, nen o ien ly trong a so trng hp t le thuan vi nhiet o. Tuy nhien trong s phan ly ion con co qua trnh solvat hoa (hirat hoa neu la dung moi nc) ion, ma s solvat hoa th toa nhiet, nen trong mot so trng hp o ien ly t le nghch vi nhiet o. Noi chung, o ien ly phu thuoc vao nhiet o. Tuy thuoc vao nang lng ion hoa, nang lng solvat hoa ma o ien ly t le thuan hoac t le nghch vi nhiet o.
Nong o. o ien ly t le nghch vi nong o dung dch chat ien ly. Ngha la dung dch loang (nong o nho) th o ien ly ln; Con trong dung dch am ac (nong o ln ) th o ien ly nho. (nh luat Oswald)
Th du: CH3-COOH trong dung dch CH3-COOH 2M co o ien ly nho hn so vi trong dung dch CH3-COOH 1M. Vi dung dch CH3-COOH 0,1M 250C co o ien ly la 1,3%. 1,3 13 = 1,3% = = = 0,013 . Hieu la c 1000 phan t CH3-COOH hoa tan trong 100 1000 nc luc au th co 13 phan t CH3-COOH a phan ly thanh ion, con lai 1000 - 13 = 987 phan t khong phan ly. Hay c 100 mol CH3-COOH hoa tan trong nc luc au th co 1,3 mol CH3-COOH a phan ly thanh ion, con lai 100 - 1,3 = 98,7 mol CH3-COOH dang phan t. Hay c 1 mol CH3-COOH hoa tan trong nc th co 0,013 mol chat ien ly ay phan ly thanh ion va con lai 1 - 0,013 = 0,987 mol CH3-COOH cha phan ly. Bai tap 15 1 a. Cong thc tnh pH cua mot dung dch la: pH = lg + = lg[ H + ] . Vi [H+] la nong o [H ] mol/lit cua ion H+ trong dung dch. Hay thiet lap bieu thc tnh pH cua mot dung dch axit yeu AH co nong C (mol/lit), co o ien ly . b. Ap dung: Tnh pH cua dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M, co o ien ly 1,3%. Cho biet lg1,3 = 0,114. S: a. pH = -lgC b. pH = 2,89 Bai tap 15 a. Thiet lap cong thc tnh pH cua dung dch H-COOH co nong o C (mol/l), co o ien ly . b. Tnh pH cua dung dch H-COOH 0,05M, co o ien ly 5,8% ( 250C). Cho biet lg5,8 = 0,76 ; lg5 = 0,70 b. pH = 2,54 S: a. pH = -lgC Bai tap 16 Dung dch CH3-COOH 0,05M co o ien ly 1,9% 250C. a. Tnh so mol CH3-COOH (dang phan t) co trong 1 lt dung dch nay 250C. b. Tnh tong so cac ion CH3-COO-, H+ (khong ke cac ion H+, OH- do nc phan ly) co trong 1 lt dung dch tren. c. Tnh pH cua dung dch CH3-COOH 0,05M. Cho biet lg19 = 1,28 ; lg5 = 0,70 S:a. 0,049 mol CH3-COOH ; b. 1,144.1021 ion (CH3-COO-, H+) ; c. pH = 3,02 Bai tap 16 Dung dch H-COOH 0,1M co o ien ly 4,2% 250C.
a. Trong 2 lt dung dch tren co bao nhieu phan t H-COOH khong phan ly thanh ion? b. Co bao nhieu mol ion H+ va HCOO- do H-COOH phan ly thanh ion trong 2 lt dung dch tren? c. Tnh pH cua dung dch nay 250C. Cho biet lg42 = 1,62 S: a. 1,154.1023phan t ; b. 0,0168 mol ion ; c. pH = 2,38 Bai tap 17 250C dung dch CH3-COOH 0,1M co o ien ly = 1,3%, dung dch CH3-COOH 0,05M co o ien ly = 1,9%. Tnh tong so mol cac ion (CH3-COO-, H+) do CH3COOH phan ly ra trong: a. 100ml dung dch CH3-COOH 0,1M. b. 100ml dung dch CH3-COOH 0,05M. c. Trong hai dung dch tren, dung dch nao dan ien tot hn? Tai sao? d. Tnh pH ca mi dung dch trn. S: a. 2,6.10- 4 mol ion ; b. 1,9.10- 4 mol ion ; c. Dung dch CH3-COOH 0,1M; d. 2,89; 3,02 Bai tap 17 250C, dung dch H-COOH 0,1M co o ien ly = 4,2%, dung dch H-COOH 0,05M co o ien ly = 5,8%. a. Tnh so mol cac ion (HCOO-, H+) co trong 200ml dung dch H-COOH 0,1M. b. Tng t nh cau (a) vi 200ml dung dch H-COOH 0,05M. c. Dung dch nao de phan ly ion hn? Dung dch nao dan ien tot hn ? Giai thch. d. Tnh pH ca mi dung dch trn. S: a. 16,8.10- 4 mol ion ; b. 1,16.10- 3 mol ion ; c. dd H-COOH 0,1M dan ien tot hn; d. 2,38; 2,54 Lu y L.1. e biet o manh cua cac axit yeu, ngi ta con can c vao ai lng Ka, goi la hang so phan ly ion cua axit, c nh ngha nh sau: AH A- + H+
[ A ][H + ] Ka = [ AH] cb
Vi [ A- ], [ H+ ], [ AH ] la nong (mol/lit) cua A-, H+, AH luc s phan ly ion at trang thai can bang (luc a phan ly xong). Ka cang ln th axit cang manh (0 < Ka <). Sau ay la tr so Ka cua mot so axit:
HNO2 (Axit nitr) co HF (Axit flohiric) H-COOH (Axit fomic) CH3-COOH (Axit axetic) CH3-CH2-COOH (Axit propionic) HClO (Axit hipoclor) HCN (Axit xianhiric) C6H5-OH (phenol, axit phenic, axit cacbolic)
Ka = 7,1.10- 4 Ka = 6,8.10- 4 Ka = 1,8.10- 4 Ka = 1,8.10- 5 Ka = 1,34.10- 5 Ka = 3,0.10- 8 Ka = 6,2.10- 10 Ka = 1,3.10- 10
Do o, o manh tnh axit giam dan nh sau: HNO2 > HF > H-COOH > CH3-COOH > CH3-CH2-COOH > HClO > HCN > C6H5-OH. L.2. Vi cac axit cha nhieu H axit trong phan t (axit a chc), th chc axit th nhat luon luon manh hn chc axit th nh, chc axit th nh manh hn chc axit th ba. Th du: 2 [ H + ][ H 2 PO4 ] + H3PO4 H + H2PO4 = 7,1.10 3 Ka1 = [ H 3 PO4 ] H2PO4H
+
HPO42-
2 [ H + ][ HPO4 ] Ka 2 = = 6,3.10 8 [ H 2 PO4 ] 3 [ H + ][ PO4 ] = 4,5.10 13 2 [ HPO4 ]
HPO42-
H+ + PO43Ka1 Rat ln 5,0 5,6.10- 2 1,2.10- 2 1,4.10- 3 4,5.10- 7 9,5.10- 8
Ka3 =
Axit a chc H2SO4 H2CrO4 HOOC-COOH H2SO3 HOOC-CH2-COOH H2CO3 H2S
Ka2 1,0.10- 2 1,5.10- 6 5,4.10- 5 6,6.10- 8 2,0.10- 6 4,7.10- 11 1,0.10- 19
Do o, chc axit th nhat ay c chc axit th nh cua cung mot axit ra khoi muoi. Chc th nh ay c chc th ba ra khoi muoi. Th du:
CO2 +
H2O
Na2CO3
2NaHCO3
( CO2 trong H2O tao H2CO3 co tnh axit manh hn HCO3- nen no ay c HCO3- ra khoi muoi CO32-, con H2CO3 sau khi phan ng xong cung tao ra HCO3- ) CO2 + H2O + CaCO3 Ca(HCO3)2 (tan)
Kh cacbonic
Canxi cacbonat
Canxi cacbonat axit
SO2 + H2SO4 H3PO4
Kh sunfur
H2O
BaSO3
Bari sunfit
Bari sunfit axit
Ba(HSO3)2 (tan)
+ +
Axit sunfuric Kali sunfat Axit photphoric
K2SO4
Canxi hirophotphat
CaHPO4
Kali sunfat axit
2KHSO4
Canxi ihirophotphat
Ca(H2PO4)2
Natri ihihrophotphat
NaH2PO4
Natri photphat
Na3PO4
Natri hirophotphat
2Na2HPO4
L.3. e biet o manh cua cac baz yeu, ngi ta can c vao ai lng Kb, goi la hang so phan ly ion cua baz, c nh ngha nh sau:
BOH
+ OH
[ B + ][OH ] Kb = [ BOH ]
Vi [B + ], [OH - ], [BOH] la nong o (mol/lit) cua cac ion B +, OH - va BOH luc s phan ly thanh ion at trang thai can bang (luc phan ly xong). Vi cac baz B, khong co OH trong phan t, nh NH3, cac amin, th: B + H2O 0 < Kb < Baz nao co Kb cang ln th baz o cang manh. Sau ay la tr so Kb cua mot so baz: CH3-NH-CH3 co Kb = 9,6.10- 4 CH3-NH2 Kb = 4,4.10- 4 CH3-N-CH3 Kb = 7,4.10- 5 CH3 NH3 Kb = 1,8.10- 5 C6H5-NH2 (Anilin) Kb = 4,1.10- 10 C6H5-NH-C6H5 (iphenylamin) Kb = 6,0.10- 14 Do o, o manh tnh baz giam dan nh sau: CH3-NH-CH3 > CH3-NH2 > (CH3)3N > NH3 > C6H5-NH2 > C6H5-NH-C6H5 L.4. HCl, HBr, HI la cac axit manh, nhng HF la mot axit yeu. Cung nh cac muoi AgCl, AgBr, AgI khong tan (trong nc, ), nhng AgF la mot muoi tan trong nc. Va ac biet, axit flohiric (HF) hoa tan c thuy tinh (SiO2) do co phan ng sau ay: BH+ + OHKb = [ BH + ][OH ] [ B]
4HF
SiO2
Tetraflosilan Silic tetraflorua
SiF4
2H2O
L.5. H2SO3 (Axit sunfur), H2CO3 (Axit cacbonic) tuy la hai axit yeu, nhng H2SO3 manh hn H2CO3, nen khi suc kh sunfur (SO2) vao dung dch cha muoi cacbonat th kh CO2 b ay ra khoi muoi cacbonat. SO2 + Na2CO3(dd) 2NH4CO3 (dd) K2SO3(dd) CO2 + Na2SO3
SO2 + CO2 +
2CO2 + (NH4)2SO3
Bai tap 18 Dung dch NH3 0,075M co o ien ly 1,5% 250C. Tnh hang so phan ly Kb cua NH3 nhiet o nay. Tnh pH ca dung dch ny. S: Kb = 1,7.10- 5 ; pH = 11,05 Bai tap 18 Dung dch anilin 0,09M co o ien ly 0,0069% 250C. a. Tnh nong o ion OH- do s phan ly cua anilin trong dung dch tren. b. Co the bo qua s phan ly ion cua nc trong dung dch trng hp nay khong? c. Tnh hang so Kb cua anilin 250C. Tnh pH ca dung dch ny. S: a. 6,21.10- 6 mol ion/l; b. Co the; c. Kb = 4,3.10- 10 ; pH = 8,8 Ba tap 19 Dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M co o ien ly 1,3% 250C. Tnh hang so phan ly Ka cua axit CH3-COOH 250C. T Ka tm c, tnh li in ly ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M. Tnh pH ca dung dch ny theo hai cch (da vo nng , in ly hoc da vo nng v Ka). S: Ka = 1,7.10- 5 ; pH = 2,89 Bai tap 19 Dung dch H-COOH 0,1M co o ien ly 4,2% 250C. Tnh hang so phan ly axit Ka cua HCOOH 250C. Tnh li in ly ca dung dch HCOOH 0,1M (sau khi bit c Ka). Tnh pH ca dung dch theo hai cch (nh cch hng dn bi 19). S: Ka = 1,8.10- 4 ; pH = 2,38 Bai tap 20 Axit flohiric (HF) co hang so Ka = 6,8.10- 4 250C. Tnh o ien ly cua HF trong dung dch 1M va 0,1M. Ket luan. Mat o ion trong dung dch nao ln hn? S: 2,6% ; 7,9%
Bai tap 20 Axit hipoclor (HClO) co hang so Ka = 3,0.10- 8 250C. Tnh o ien ly cua HClO trong dung dch 0,1M va 0,5M 250C. Ket luan. Tnh pH ca mi dung dch theo in ly v theo nng C. Tnh li pH ca mi dung dch trn theo nng C v hng s phn ly ion Ka. S: 0,055% ; 0,0245% ; pH = 4,26 ; 3,91 Bai tap 21 NH3 co hang so phan ly Kb = 1,8.10- 5 250C. Tnh o ien ly cua NH3 trong dung dch NH3 0,1M va dung dch NH3 0,2M 250C. Ket luan. So ion trong 1 lt dung dch nao nhieu hn? Tnh pH ca mi dung dch NH3 trn theo hai cch (nh hng dn bi 20). S: 1,34%; 0,95% ; dd NH3 0,2M cha s ion nhiu hn; pH = 11,13; 11,28 Bai tap 21 Metylamin (CH3-NH2) co hang so Kb = 4,4.10- 4. Tnh o ien ly cua CH3-NH2 trong dung dch CH3NH2 0,1M va dung dch CH3NH2 1M. Ket luan. Mat o ion trong dung dch nao cao hn? Tnh pH ca mi dung dch. S: 6,6% ; 2,1%
VI. CAC CHAT DE B PHAN TCH TAO CHAT KH

Axit cacbonic
H2CO3
Anhirit cacbonic Nc Kh cacbonic, Cacbon ioxit (Kh khong mau, khong mui)
CO2
H2O
Axit sunfur
H2SO3
Anhirit sunfur Kh sunfur, Lu huynh ioxit (Kh co mui hac cua diem quet chay)
SO2
H2O
Amoni hiroxit
NH4OH
Kh amoniac Hiro nitrua (Kh co mui khai)
NH3
H2O
Kh HCl
(Kh hiro clorua)
Kh H2S (Kh hiro sunfua) (Kh co mui trng ung, trng thoi) Lu y L.1. H2CO3 , H2SO3 , NH4OH ch hien dien trong cac dung dch rat loang. Khong co cac chat nay dang nguyen chat. Kh un nong dung dch cha cac chat nay th de dang co s phan tch tao chat kh tng ng va nc. Cung nh neu co phan ng nao tao ra cac chat nay th thc te la thu c chat kh tng ng va nc. H2CO3 H2SO3
t0
CO2 +
t0
H2O H2O
SO2 +
NH4OH
t0
NH3 +
H2O H2CO3 + 2NaCl CO2 + H2O H2SO3 + 2KHSO4 SO2 + H2O NH4OH + NH3 + H2O NaCl
Na2CO3 + 2HCl
K2SO3 + 2H2SO4
NH4Cl + NaOH
L.2. HCl, H2S la hai hp chat cong hoa tr, chung hien dien dang kh ieu kien thng. Ch khi nao hoa tan cac kh nay trong nc tao dung dch th mi co s phan ly tao ion va thu c cac dung dch axit tng ng.
Kh hiro clorua (HCl) Kh hiro sunfua (H2S) (Co mui trng ung)
H2O
Dung dch HCl (axit clohiric) H + Cl (Axit manh, phan ly hoan toan thanh ion trong dung dch) Dung dch H2S (Axit sunfuahiric) H + HS (Axit yeu, ch phan ly mot phan thanh ion trong dung dch)
+ -
H2O
HS-
dung dch
H+ +
S2-
VII. CAC PHAN NG TAO MUOI THNG GAP

Cac chat vo c phan ng vi nhau tao thanh cac san pham khac nhau, nhng trong o thng gap nhat la san pham muoi. Do o, neu ta biet c cac phan ng tao muoi, tc la biet c phan ln cac phan ng vo c. Phan ng tao muoi co the la phan ng oxi hoa kh hoac la phan ng trao oi. Phan ng oxi hoa kh xay ra trong dung dch theo hng gia mot chat kh manh vi mot oxi hoa manh e tao chat oxi hoa va chat kh tng ng yeu hn. Con phan ng trao oi xay ra trong dung dch theo hng lam giam nong cua ion trong dung dch, ngha la theo hng cac ion trai dau ket hp vi nhau e tao ra chat khong tan (ket tua), chat kh thoat ra, chat khong ien ly hay chat ien ly yeu hn. Th du:
0
Zn
Chat kh
+2
Cu
2+
+2
Zn
2+
Cu
Chat kh
Chat oxi hoa
Chat oxi hoa
Phan ng tren xay ra c la do: Tnh kh: Zn > Cu Tnh oxi hoa: Cu2+ > Zn2+ BaCl2(dd) + K2SO4(dd) BaSO4 + 2KCl
Ba2+ +
SO422HCl 2H+
BaSO4
(Phan ng xay ra c la do co tao ra chat khong tan)
Na2CO3 + CO32+
CO2 + CO2 NaCl + +
H2O
2NaCl
chat kh thoat ra)
H2O (Phan ng xay ra c la do co tao H2O
HCl + NaOH H+ + OH+ H+
H2O ( Phan ng xay ra la do co tao chat khong ien ly H2O) H2SO4 2CH3COOH + Na2SO4
2CH3COONa CH3COO- +
CH3COOH (Phan ng xay ra c la do co tao ra

chat ien ly yeu CH3COOH)
Nguyen nhan cua phan ng xay ra trao oi ion trong dung dch la theo nguyen ly chuyen dch can bang Le Chatelier. Khi cac ion trai dau ket hp tao ket tua, chat kh thoat ra, chat khong ien ly hay chat ien ly yeu hn, khien cho nong o cac ion nay trong dung dch giam, nen cac chat ien ly cua tac chat tiep tuc phan ly tao ion nay (nham chong lai s giam nong o ion trong dung dch). Cac ion tao ra lai ket hp tao san pham, nh the phan ng tiep tuc xay ra theo hng tao san pham. S o cach nh di ay giup biet cac phan ng tao muoi. Cac chat c noi vi nhau bang oan thang trong s o la cac chat co the tac dung tao muoi. Kim loai Oxit baz Baz Muoi Phi kim (Khong kim loai) Oxit axit Axit Muoi
Ghi chu L.1. a so cac nguyen to trong bang phan loai tuan hoan la kim loai, ch co mot so t la phi kim. Sau ay la 11 phi kim thng gap: H C Si N P O S F Cl Br I
Dang ton tai n chat cua cac phi kim nay la: F2 , Cl2 , Br2 , I2 ; O2 , S ; N2 , P ; C , Si; H2.
Th du: Na, Mg, Ba, Th, K, Cu, Zn, Po, Ti, Fe, Pb, Ag, Cr, Ni, Li, Sr, U, Al, Sn, Hg, Bi, Pt... la cac kim loai. L.2. Oxit cua kim loai hau het la oxit baz. Tuy nhien co mot so oxit kim loai la oxit lng tnh (nh Al2O3 , Cr2O3 , ZnO , BeO , SnO , PbO, SnO2, PbO2). Va ac biet, oxit ng vi hoa tr cao nhat cua kim loai co nhieu hoa tr lai la oxit axit (gom Mn2O7 , CrO3). Th du: Na2O, MgO, Fe2O3 , HgO, CuO, Ag2O, BaO, NiO, Fe3O4 la cac oxit baz. L.3. Oxit cua phi kim hau het la oxit axit. Tuy nhien co mot so oxit phi kim khong phai la oxit axit ma c goi la oxit khong tao muoi, hay oxit tr, o la CO, N2O va NO. (Co tai lieu cung cho H2O thuoc loai oxit nay, tc la oxit khong tao muoi. Co tai lieu cho H2O la mot oxit lng tnh, hay chat lng tnh). Th du: CO2 , SO2 , P2O5 , SiO2 , N2O3 , Cl2O5, SO3, NO2 la cac oxit axit. Bai tap 22 Hay cho biet cac oxit sau ay thuoc loai oxit nao (oxit baz, oxit axit, oxit lng tnh hay oxit khong tao muoi?): MgO, Cu2O, Fe2O3 , Cr2O3 , CrO3 , NiO, NO, HgO, BaO, P2O5 , SO3 , BeO, SnO, Mn2O7 , CrO, Na2O, CO, P2O3 , Al2O3 , CaO, N2O5 , Cl2O3 , Fe3O4 , SrO, SnO2 , Br2O5 , Rb2O, PbO, N2O3 , SiO2 , K2O, NO2, ZnO, CuO, I2O5, Li2O, FeO, PbO2, N2O, PtO, PtO2, TiO2. Bai tap 22 Phan loai cac oxit sau ay (oxit baz, oxit axit, oxit lng tnh, oxit tr): K2O, CO, CO2, P2O3 , P2O5 , N2O, PbO, CuO, ZnO, Fe3O4 , NO2 , Li2O, Mn2O7 , SnO, CaO, Al2O3, Rb2O, Cr2O3 , CrO, CrO3 , BeO, BaO, Br2O5 , MgO, I2O5 , Ag2O, Cl2O3 , NO, PbO2, HgO, N2O5, Cs2O, SO2, SrO, Cu2O, SiO2, Fe2O3, SO3, Th2O3, Au2O, Au2O3. Sau ay la 10 loai phan ng tao muoi thng gap: 1. Kim loai + Phi kim
(Tr O2)
Muoi
Th du: 2Fe + 3Cl2 Fe + S
t0
2FeCl3 [ Sat (III) clorua ] FeS [ Sat (II) sunfua ]
Zn + Br2 ZnBr2 [ Kem bromua] 0 Cu + S t CuS [ ong (II) sunfua] Hg + S HgS [ Thuy ngan (II) sunfua ] 0 2Ag + S t Ag2S [ Bac sunfua ] 2K + S K2S (Kali sunfua) 0 2Na + H2 t 2NaH (Natri hirua) 0 Ca + H2 t CaH2 (Canxi hirua) 3Mg + N2 t0 Mg3N2 (Magie nitrua) 0 3Na + P t Na3P (Natri photphua) 0 Ca + 2C t CaC2 (Canxi cacbua) 0 3Fe + C t Fe3C (Xementit) 0 2Al + N2 t 2AlN (Nhom nitrua) 0 4Al + 3C t Al4C3 (Nhom cacbua) 3Zn + 2P(trang) t0 Zn3P2 (Kem photphua, Thuoc chuot) 0 3Mg + 2P(trang) t Mg3P2 (Magie photphua) 2Ca + Si t0 Ca2Si (Canxi silixua) 2Mg + Si t0 Mg2Si (Magie silixua) 0 2Zn + Si t Zn2Si (Kem silixua) 0 6Li + N2 t 2Li3N (Liti nitrua) 0 2Cu + I2 t 2CuI [ ong (II) ioua ] Lu y L.1. Kim loai tac dung O2 tao oxit, ch khong tao muoi. L.2. Cac phi kim: F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, O2, S la cac phi kim manh, chung tac dung hau het vi kim loai, khong nhiet o thng th nhiet o cao e tao muoi hay oxit; Con cac phi kim: N2, P, C, Si, H2 la cac phi kim yeu, chung thng ch tac dung c vi cac kim loai rat manh (kim loai kiem, kiem tho), kim loai manh (nh Mg, Al, Zn) nhiet o cao e tao muoi. Th du: 2Na + H2 Fe + H2 Cu + H2 Ca + H2 2. Kim loai
(ng trc H trong DHKL)
t0 t
0
2NaH (Natri hirua)

t0 t0
CaH2 (Canxi hirua) Muoi + H2
Axit thong thng

( H+ )
K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Th du:
Al
Nhom
3HCl
Axit Clohiric
AlCl3
Nhom Clorua
3 H2 2
Kh hiro
Al
0
+ Al
Chat kh
3H+ + +
+1
3Cl+ +3
Al3+ + 3Cl- + Al
3+
3/2 H2
3H
Chat oxi hoa
Chat oxi hoa
3/2 H2
Chat kh
Phan ng tren xay ra c la do: Fe Cu Mg

Magie
Tnh kh: Al > H2 Tnh oxi hoa: H+ > Al3+ + H2
+ + +
H2SO4(l) H2SO4(l) 2CH3COOH

Axit axetic
FeSO4
Mg(CH3COO)2 +
Magie axetat
Hiro
H2
3Na
+
Natri
H3PO4
Axit photphoric
Na3PO4 +
Natri photphat
3 H2 2
H2
Hiro
Zn Ag
+
Kem
2HBr
Axit bromhiric
ZnBr2
Kem bromua
Hiro
+ Au
Bac
HCl + H3PO4
Vang
Lu y L.1. Axit thong thng la axit ma tac nhan oxi hoa la ion H+. Hau het axit thuoc loai axit thong thng, nh: HCl, HBr, HI, HF, H2SO4(l), H3PO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, H2CO3, H2SO3, H2S,.... L.2. Axit thong thng khong tac dung c cac kim loai Cu, Ag, nhng khi suc kh oxi (O2) vao th axit thong thng co the hoa tan c cac kim loai nay.
Th du: Cu + Cu
H2SO4(l) + H2SO4(l) + 1/2O2 CuSO4 + H2O
Cu + HCl
Cu L.3.
2HCl
1/2O2
CuCl2 +
H2O
Axit co tnh oxi hoa manh la axit ma tac nhan oxi hoa la ion am goc axit (ch khong phai ion H+). Hai axit co tnh oxi hoa manh thng gap la HNO3 (axit nitric, ke ca am ac lan loang ) va H2SO4 (, nong) (axit sunfuric am ac, un nong).
L.4. Axit co tnh oxi hoa manh tac dung c hau het kim loai [ Tr vang (Au) va bach kim (Pt) ] tao muoi, kh NO2 hoac NO hoac SO2 va nc (H2O).
Kim loai Kim loai Kim loai (Tr Au, Pt) Th du:
+ + +
HNO3() HNO3(l) H2SO4(,nong)
Nitrat kim loai + NO2 + H2O Nitrat kim loai + NO + H2O Sunfat kim loai + SO2 + H2O
Cu + 4HNO3()
2 1
+5
Cu(NO3)2 + 3Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 Fe(NO3)3 + Fe(NO3)3 + FeSO4 +
+2
2NO2 + + + 2NO SO2 +
+4
2H2O + 4H2O
3Cu + 8HNO3(l) Cu + H2SO4(l) Cu + 2H2SO4(,nong) Fe Fe Fe Fe 2Fe + + + + + 6HNO3() t0 4HNO3(l) H2SO4(l) H2SO4(,nguoi) 6H2SO4(, nong)
2H2O
3NO2 + 3H2O NO + 2H2O H2 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
Fe2(SO4)3
Fe + HNO3(, nguoi) Ag + HCl Ag + 2HNO3() 3Ag + 4HNO3(l) Ag + H2SO4(l) 2Ag + 2H2SO4(, nong) Al Al Al 2Al Al + + + + + 6HNO3() t0 HNO3(, nguoi) 4HNO3(l) 3H2SO4(l) H2SO4(, nguoi)
AgNO3 + 3AgNO3 + Ag2SO4 Al(NO3)3
NO2 NO + +
+ + SO2
H2O 2H2O + 2H2O 3H2O
3NO2 + 2H2O
Al(NO3)3 + NO + Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
2Al + 6H2SO4(, nong)
Al2(SO4)3 +
3SO2 +
6H2O
L.5. Cac kim loai Nhom (Al), Sat (Fe), Crom (Cr) khong b hoa tan trong axit nitric am ac nguoi, cung nh trong axit sunfuric am ac nguoi (tr, thu ong hoa). Va ac biet, khi a nhung cac kim loai nay vao cac axit tren th chung cung se khong b hoa tan trong cac dung dch axit khac ma trc o chung b hoa tan. Al, Fe, Cr Al, Fe, Cr
HNO3 (, nguoi) H2SO4 (, nguoi)
L.6. Cac kim loai co tnh kh manh nh Mg, Al, Zn khong nhng kh HNO3 tao NO2, NO ma con tao N2O, N2, NH4NO3. Dung dch HNO3 cang loang th cang b kh xa hn (so oxi hoa cua N xuong thap hn). Chu y la HNO3 am ac co tnh oxi hoa manh hn HNO3 loang. Do o trong HNO3(), cac hp chat co so oxi hoa thap cua N khong ton tai c, chung se b HNO3 am ac co d oxi hoa tiep tao NO2. Cho nen khi cho kim loai tac dung dung dch HNO3() ch tao kh NO2. Vi dung dch HNO3 loang bt th cac hp chat cua N co so oxi hoa thap nh NO, N2O, ... mi co the ton tai. Th du: Mg 3Mg
0 0
+ +
4HNO3() 8HNO3(l)
+5
+5
Mg(NO3)2 + 3Mg(NO3)2 +
+2
+2
2NO2 + 2NO
+2
+4
2H2O 4H2O
4Mg
0
10HNO3(kha loang)
+5
+5
4Mg(NO3)2 +
+2
+2
Nit ioxit
N2O
0
+1
5H2O
5Mg
0
12HNO3(rat loang)
+5
5Mg(NO3)2 +
+2
N2 +
-3
6H2O
4Mg + 10HNO3(qua loang) L.7.
4Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O

Amoni nitrat
Tng t, cac kim loai co tnh kh manh nh Mg, Al, Zn khong nhng kh dung dch axit sunfuric am ac, nong tao SO2, ma con tao S, H2S. Dung dch H2SO4 am ac, un nong nhng neu loang bt th se b kh xa hn (so oxi hoa cua S trong H2SO4 xuong thap hn).
Giong nh HNO3, H2SO4(, nong) co tnh oxi hoa manh hn H2SO4 khong am ac. Do o cac hp chat co so oxi hoa thap cua S nh S, H2S ch ton tai trong dung dch H2SO4 t am ac. Kim loai tac dung H2SO4 am ac, nong ch tao kh SO2, voi dung dch bt am ac, th S, H2S mi co the tao ra. Th du: Al 2Al 2Al 8Al 2Al S S 4Zn
0 0 0 0 0
+ + +
H2SO4(, nguoi) 6H2SO4(, nong) 4H2SO4(ac va, nong)

+6 +6 +6
Al2(SO4)3 +
+3
+3
3SO2 + S
0
+4
6H2O 4H2O + 12H2O
Al2(SO4)3 + 4Al2(SO4)3 + Al2(SO4)3 +

+3 +3
+ 15H2SO4(hi ac, nong) + + + 3H2SO4(l) H2SO4(l) 2H2SO4(, nong) + 5H2SO4(hi ac, nong)
+6 +1
3H2S
-2
3H2
3SO2 +
+4
2H2O + H2S + 4H2O
4ZnSO4
L.8. Dung dch HNO3 rat loang, nhiet o thap (lanh), co the coi nh mot axit thong thng. Do o kim loai tac dung dung dch HNO3 rat loang, lanh co the tao kh hiro (H2). Th du: Fe + 2HNO3(rat loang)
0 +1 lanh
Fe(NO3)2 +
+2
H2
Bai tap 23 Cho bot kim loai nhom vao 7 coc ng 7 dung dch HNO3 co nong o va nhiet o khac nhau. Ngi ta nhan thay: coc 1: Al khong b hoa tan. coc 2: Al b hoa tan va tao kh mau nau. coc3: Al b hoa tan, co tao kh khong mau, khi tiep xuc khong kh th hoa nau. coc 4: Al b hoa tan, co tao kh, kh nay co t khoi so vi hiro bang 22. coc 5: Al b hoa tan, co tao kh khong mau, khong mui, khong v, khong chay, hi nhe hn so vi khong kh.
coc 6: Al b hoa tan, khong co kh bay ra. Neu lay dung dch trong coc, sau khi hoa tan nhom, cho tac dung vi dung dch xut th thay co tao kh mui khai, luc au thay dung dch trong coc uc, nhng dung dch tr lai trong khi cho lng d xut vao. coc 7: Al b hoa tan, co tao kh nhe nhat. Hay giai thch. Viet cac phan ng xay moi coc dang phan t va dang ion (ion thu gon). Cho biet neu co kh thoat ra th ch co mot kh. (H = 1 ; O = 16 ; N = 14)
Bai tap 23 Cho bot kim loai kem vao 5 coc ng 5 dung dch H2SO4 co nong o va nhiet o khac nhau. Ngi ta nhan thay: coc 1: Co kh mui hac thoat ra. coc 2: Co tao chat ran mau vang nhat. coc 3: Co kh mui trng thoi thoat ra. coc 4: Co tao kh ma 8 the tch kh nay co cung khoi lng vi mot the tch metan (trong cung ieu kien ve nhiet o va ap suat). coc 5: Va co tao chat ran mau vang va co tao kh mui trng ung theo t le so mol 2:3. a. Giai thch. Viet phan ng xay ra dang phan t va dang ion. b. Nho t t dung dch xut vao dung dch thu c coc (1). Viet cac phan ng va neu hien tng xay ra. c. Nho t t dung dch amoniac vao dung dch thu c coc (2). Viet cac phan ng va neu hien tng xay ra. (H = 1 ; C = 12) Bai tap 24 Cho bot kim loai sat vao cac coc ng dung dch HNO3 co nong o va nhiet o khac nhau. Ta nhan thay: coc 1: Sat khong b hoa tan. coc 2: Co tao kh mau nau. coc 3: Co tao hon hp hai kh NO2 va NO co t le the tch la VNO2 : VNO = 2 : 3. Cac the tch kh o trong cung ieu kien ve nhiet o va ap suat. coc 4: Co tao kh khong mau, khi tiep xuc khong kh th hoa nau. coc 5: Co tao kh ma the tch kh nay bang 14 the tch kh nit co cung khoi lng (trong cung ieu kien). a. Giai thch. Viet phan ng xay ra dang phan t va dang ion. b. Lay dung dch coc (1) cho tac dung vi kim loai ong. Viet phan ng xay ra. Mo ta hien tng thay c. c. Lay dung dch coc (2) sau phan ng cho tac dung vi xut. Viet phan ng xay ra. Mo ta hien tng thay c. d. Lay dung dch sau phan ng coc (5) cho tac dung vi dung dch xut. Loc lay ket tua T, e T ngoai khong kh mot thi gian, thu c chat ran T. Sau o em nung chat T nhiet o cao cho en khoi lng khong oi, thu c chat ran R. Xac nh T, T, R. Viet cac phan ng xay ra. (H = 1 ; N = 14)
Bai tap 24 Cho bot kim loai sat vao cac coc ng dung dch H2SO4 co nong o va nhiet o khac nhau. Ngi ta nhan thay: coc 1: Sat khong b hoa tan. coc 2: Co tao kh ma mot the tch kh nay va bon the tch kh metan co cung khoi lng trong cung ieu kien ve nhiet o va ap suat. coc 3: Co tao mot kh ma kh nay chay tao chat lam ong (II) sunfat khan chuyen thanh mau xanh lam. Lay dung dch coc (1) cho t t vao nc. R thanh coc ng dung dch thu c nhan thay rat nong. Cho tiep mieng kim loai ong vao, thay ong khong b hoa tan. Neu suc tiep kh oxi vao th thay ong b hoa tan, thu c dung dch co mau xanh lam. Neu bay gi cho t t dung dch amoniac vao th thay dung dch uc. Neu cho tiep lng d dung dch amoniac vao th thay dung dch het uc va co mau xanh biec. Hay giai thch. Viet cac phan ng xay ra dang phan t va dang ion. (C = 12 ; H = 1 ; S = 32 ; O = 16) L.9. Khi cho kim loai kiem (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr), kim loai kiem tho (Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) vao mot dung dch axit thong thng (H+) th kim loai kiem, kiem tho se tac dung vi axit (H+) trc. Sau khi het axit ma con d kim loai kiem, kiem tho th kim loai kiem, kiem tho mi tac dung tiep vi nc cua dung dch (tao hiroxit kim loai kiem, kiem tho va kh hiro). Do H+ cua axit nhieu hn H+ cua nc, nen kim loai se tac dung vi H+ cua axit trc. Khi het H+ cua axit ma con d kim loai kiem, kiem tho th cac kim loai nay mi tac dung tiep vi ion H+ cua dung moi nc. (Lng H+ do nc phan ly rat la nho, ch co kim loai rat manh la kim loai kiem, kiem tho mi tac dung c vi nc nhiet o thng). Th du: Cho Na (d) vao dung dch axit clohiric 1 H2 Na + HCl NaCl + 2
Natri clorua Hiro
Sau khi het HCl: Na (con d) + H2O

Nc (co trong dung dch)
NaOH
Natri hiroxit
1 H2 2
Hiro
Cho Ca (d) vao dung dch axit axetic: Ca

Canxi
2CH3COOH
Ca(CH3COO)2 +
Canxi axetat
Hiro
H2
Ca (con d) + 2H2O
Nc
Canxi hiroxit
Ca(OH)2 +
Hiro
H2
Bai tap 25 Cho 1,15 gam Na vao 100ml dung dch HCl 0,2M. Na b hoa tan het, thu c V(ml) mot kh (ktc) va dung dch A. a. Tnh V. b. So sanh khoi lng dung dch A vi dung dch HCl (hn kem bao nhieu gam?). c. Cho dung dch CuSO4 (d) vao dung dch A. Thu c m gam ket tua. Tnh m. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. (Na = 23 ; Cu = 64 ; O = 16 ; H = 1) S: a. V = 560ml b. ddA > ddHCl 1,1gam c. m = 1,47gam Bai tap 25 Cho 3,425 gam Ba vao 200ml dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M. Ba b hoa tan het, thu c dung dch B va co V(ml) mot kh thoat ra ( 27,30C; 95cmHg). a. Tnh V. b. So sanh khoi lng cua dung dch B vi dung dch CH3COOH luc au (hn kem bao nhieu gam?). c. Cho dung dch muoi sat(III) clorua lng d vao dung dch B. Thu c m gam ket tua. Tnh m. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. (Ba = 137 ; Fe = 56 ; O = 16 ; H = 1) S: a. V = 492,8ml b. ddB > ddCH3COOH 3,375gam c. m = 1,07gam l.10. Vang (Au), bach kim (Pt, platin) khong b hoa tan bi bat c axit rieng re nao. Hai kim loai nay ch b hoa tan trong nc cng toan (vng thuy, gom mot the tch dung dch HNO3 am ac va ba the tch axit HCl am ac, mot cach gan ung coi nh 1 mol HNO3 vi 3 mol HCl). Au + HNO3 () Au + H2SO4 (, nong) AuCl3 + NO + 2H2O
t0
Vang
Au + HNO3() + 3HCl()
Vang(III) clorua
Nit oxit
Pt + HNO3 3Pt + 2HNO3() + 6HCl() 3. Kim loai + Muoi 3PtCl2 + 2NO + 4H2O Kim loai mi + Muoi mi
(ng trc KL trong muoi DHKL. Tr KL kiem, kiem tho)
(Tan c trong nc tao dung dch)
K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au
Th du: Zn + CuSO4 (dd) Zn

Chat kh
0
ZnSO4 +
+2
Cu Cu
Chat kh
0
+ Cu (dd)
Chat oxi hoa
+2
2+
Zn
2+
Chat oxi hoa
Phan ng tren xay ra c la do: Tnh kh: Zn > Cu Tnh oxi hoa: Cu2+ > Zn2+ 3Mg
Chat kh
0
Chat oxi hoa
2AlCl3 (dd)
+3
Chat oxi hoa
3MgCl2 +
+2
2Al
Chat kh
Phan ng xay ra c la do: Tnh kh: Mg > Al Tnh oxi hoa: Al3+ > Mg2+ Ag Fe Zn + + + Cu(NO3)2 (dd) Cu(NO3)2 (dd) NaCl (dd) ZnSO4 + Fe Fe(NO3)2 + Cu
Zn + FeSO4 (dd)
Lu y L.1. Phan ng gia kim loai vi muoi thng xay ra trong dung dch. Do o neu muoi nao (cua tac chat) khong tan c trong nc e tao thanh dung dch th phan ng nay thng khong xay ra. Th du:
Cu + 2AgNO3 (dd) Cu + AgCl

Khong tao c dd
Cu(NO3)2 +
2Ag
Fe + CuSO4 (dd) Fe Mg Mg + + + CuS Fe(CH3COO)2 (dd)
FeSO4 +
Cu
Khong tan, khong tao dd
Mg(CH3COO)2 +
Fe
FeCO3
L.2. Khi cho kim loai kiem, kim loai kiem tho vao mot dung dch muoi th kim loai kiem, kiem tho khong tac dung trc tiep vi muoi ma no se phan ng vi dung moi nc cua dung dch trc (tao hiroxit kim loai kiem, kiem tho va kh hiro).
Sau o, hiroxit kim loai kiem, kiem tho va tao ra co the tac dung tiep vi muoi co trong dung dch (neu c, se tao baz mi, muoi mi). Th du: Cho Na vao dung dch FeCl3 : Na Ma la: Na + + FeCl3(dd) H2O NaCl NaOH + + Fe
Nc cua dung dch
Natri hiroxit
1 H2 2
+
Hiro
3NaOH + FeCl3 Cho Ba vao dung dich Cu(NO3)2 : Ba Ma la: Ba + + Cu(NO3)2(dd) 2H2O Cu(NO3)2
Fe(OH)3
3NaCl
Ba(NO3)2 + Ba(OH)2 + H2
Cu
Ba(OH)2 +
Cu(OH)2
Ba(NO3)2
Cho K vao dung dch Na2CO3 : K + Na2CO3(dd) K + H2O KOH + Na2CO3 K2CO3 + 1 KOH + H2 2 Na
Cho Ca vao dung dch Mg(CH3COO)2 : Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + Mg(CH3COO)2 H2 Mg(OH)2 + Ca(CH3COO)2
Ca(OH)2 +
Cho Ba vao dung dch KI : Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + KI
Ba(OH)2 +
H2
Bai tap 26 Cho 0,23 gam Na vao dung dch A gom 100 ml dung dch CuCl2 0,3M. Sau khi phan ng xong, thu c dung dch B va co m gam chat ket tua. a. Tnh m. b. Khoi lng dung dch B hn hay kem so vi khoi lng dung dch A bao nhieu gam?
c. Tnh nong o mol cua dung dch B. Coi the tch dung dch khong thay oi. (Na = 23; Cu = 64; O = 16; H = 1) S: m = 0,49g; ddB < ddA 0,27g; CuCl2 0,25M, NaCl 0,1M Bai tap 26 Hoa tan 0,959 gam Ba vao dung dch X gom 200 ml dung dch Mg(NO3)2 0,025M. Sau khi ket thuc phan ng, thu c dung dch Y va co a gam chat khong tan, a. Tnh a. b. Khoi lng dung dch Y nho hn hay ln hn khoi lng dung dch X bao nhieu? c. em co can dung dch Y. Tnh khoi lng cac chat ran khan thu c. (Mg = 24; O = 16; H = 1; Ba = 137; N = 14) S: a = 0,29g; ddY > ddX 0,655g; 0,342g Ba(OH)2 , 1,305g Ba(NO3)2 L.3. Kim loai kiem, kim loai kiem tho co the tac dung trc tiep vi muoi clorua khan cua kim loai yeu hn nhiet o cao. Th du: 2Na + CuCl2 (khan) ( Neu Na + ddCuCl2: Na + H2O NaOH
t0
2NaCl
Cu
2NaOH + CuCl2 K + AlCl3 (khan) Ca + ZnCl2 (khan)

t0
1 H2 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2NaCl )
+
Al
t0
3 KCl 2
Zn
CaCl2 +
L.4. Fe
+ Fe2+(dd) 3Fe2+
Fe + 2Fe3+(dd) Th du: Fe + FeCl2 (dd) Fe + 2FeCl3 (dd) Fe + 2Fe(NO3)3 (dd)
3FeCl2 3Fe(NO3)2
Fe Fe Fe
+ + +
Fe(NO3)2 (dd) Fe2(SO4)3 (dd) Fe(CH3COO)2 (dd) Fe2+ + Cu Cu2+ + 2Fe2+ 3FeSO4
L.5. Fe + Cu2+ (dd) Cu + Fe2+ (dd) Cu + 2Fe3+ (dd)
Th du: Fe + CuSO4 (dd) Cu + FeCl2 (dd) Cu + 2FeCl3 (dd) Cu + FeSO4 (dd) Cu Fe Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 + + CuSO4 Fe(NO3)3 (dd) Fe CuSO4 + + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + Fe(NO3)2 2FeSO4 CuCl2 + 2FeCl2 FeSO4 + Cu
L. 6.
Fe2+ + 2Ag Fe(d) + 2Ag+ (dd) Fe + 3Ag+ (dd, d) Fe3+ + 3Ag Fe2+(dd) + Ag+ (dd) Fe3+ + Ag Fe3+ (dd) + Ag+(dd) (ddFe3+ vi ddAg+ khong xay ra phan ng oxi hoa kh, nhng co the xay ra phan ng trao oi)
Th du:
Fe (d) + AgNO3 (dd) Fe + 3AgNO3 (dd, d) AgNO3 (dd) AgNO3 (dd)
Fe(NO3)2 + Fe(NO3)3 + Fe(NO3)3
2Ag 3Ag + Ag
Fe(NO3)2 (dd) + Fe(NO3)3 (dd) +
Fe (d) Fe +
2CH3COOAg (dd)
Fe(CH3COO)2 + 2Ag Fe(CH3COO)3 + 3Ag
3CH3COOAg (dd, d) + 3AgNO3 AgNO3 3AgCl
3Fe(CH3COO)2
2Fe(CH3COO)3 + Fe(NO3)3 + 3Ag
Fe(CH3COO)3 + FeCl3 + 3FeSO4 + 3AgNO3
Fe(NO3)3 (phan ng trao oi) Fe(NO3)3 + 3Ag
3AgNO3
Fe2(SO4)3 +
L.7.
Zn + 2Fe3+ (dd, d) 3Zn (d) + 2Fe3+ (dd) Do: Fe + 2Fe3+ (dd) Zn + Fe2+ (dd)
Zn2+ + 2Fe2+ 3Zn2+ + 2Fe 3Fe2+ Zn2+ + Fe
Th du: Zn + 2FeCl3 (dd, d) 3Zn (d) + 2FeCl3 (dd) 3Zn (d) Zn + + Fe2(SO4)3 ZnCl2 + 2FeCl2 2Fe 2Fe 2FeSO4
3ZnCl2 + 3ZnSO4 + ZnSO4 + ZnSO4 + 3FeSO4 Zn(NO3)2 + Fe
Fe2(SO4)3 (d)
Zn + FeSO4 Fe + Fe2(SO4)3
Zn + 2Fe(NO3)3 (d) 3Zn (d) + 2Fe(NO3)3 (d)
Fe(NO3)2 2Fe
3Zn(NO3)2 +
Bai tap 27 Cho t t x mol bot kem vao dung dch cha y mol Fe2(SO4)3. Viet phng trnh phan xay ra ng vi cac trng hp co the co. Tm ieu kien lien he gia x, y e co tng trng hp nay va tnh so mol moi chat thu c theo x, y ng vi tng trng hp (khong ke dung moi nc).
Bai tap 27 Cho 16,25 gam Zn vao 200ml dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 0,5M. Sau khi ket thuc phan ng, thu c m gam chat ran va dung dch A. a. Tnh m. b. Khoi lng dung dch A vi dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 luc au hn kem nhau bao nhieu gam? c. Tnh nong o mol/l cac chat tan trong dung dch A. Coi the tch dung dch khong oi. (Zn = 65 ; Fe = 56) S:a. m = 8,4g b. Kl ddA > Kl ddFe2(SO4)3 7,85g c. ddZnSO41,25M, ddFeSO4 0,25M L.8. Khi nhung mot thanh kim loai lng d (khac kim loai kiem, kiem tho) vao mot dung dch muoi va gia s co phan ng xay ra gia thanh kim loai va muoi th thanh kim loai b hoa tan mot phan, nhng bu vao o, kim loai mi tao ra se bam vao thanh kim loai con d (ch khong lang xuong ay bnh). Neu em can lai thanh kim loai sau phan ng, th mot trong hai trng hp sau ay co the xay ra:
Khoi lng thanh kim loai tang so vi trc phan ng: ieu nay chng to khoi lng kim loai mi tao ra bam vao ln hn khoi lng kim loai b hoa tan.
Ta at phng trnh toan nh sau:
Khoi lng kim loai bam - Khoi lng kim loai b hoa tan = o tang khoi lng thanh kim loai
Th du: Cho mot inh sat lng d vao dung dch CuSO4: Fe + CuSO4 (dd) 56g FeSO4 (dd) + Cu 64g
Theo phan ng tren, neu 56g Fe b hoa tan th co 64g Cu bam vao, do o khoi lng thanh sat sau phan ng se tang.
Khoi lng thanh kim loai giam so vi trc phan ng: ieu nay chng to khoi lng kim loai b hoa tan ln hn khoi lng kim loai mi tao ra bam vao.
Ta at phng trnh toan nh sau:
Khoi lng kim loai b hoa tan - Khoi lng kim loai bam = o giam khoi lng thanh kim loai
Th du: Cho mieng kem lng d vao dung dch FeCl2 Zn + FeCl2 (dd) 65g ZnCl2 (dd) + Fe 56g
Theo phan ng tren, neu 65g kem b hoa tan th co 56g sat bam vao. Do o thanh kem sau phan ng se giam khoi lng so vi trc phan ng.
Bai tap 28 Cho mot inh sat lng d vao dung dch A gom 100ml dung dch CuSO4 0,2M. Sau khi phan ng xong, thu c dung dch B va inh sat co ong bam vao. a. Khoi lng inh sat sau phan ng tang hay giam bao nhieu gam? b. Khoi lng dung dch A vi dung dch B hn kem bao nhieu gam? c. Coi the tch dung dch B van la 100ml. Tnh nong o mol dung dch B. (Cu = 64 ; Fe = 56) S: a. kl inh sat tang 0,16g b. klddB nho hn ddA 0,16g c. ddFeSO4 0,2M Bai tap 28 Nhung mot mieng kim loai M, co hoa tr n, vao 200ml dung dch AgNO3 0,1M. Sau phan ng thu c 200ml dung dch A va mieng kim loai M (co Ag bam vao). Khoi lng mieng kim loai sau phan ng co khoi lng tang them 1,52 gam. a. Khoi lng dung dch A ln hay nho hn bao nhieu gam so vi khoi lng dung dch AgNO3 luc au? b. Xac nh kim loai M. c. Tnh nong o mol dung dch A. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. (Mg = 24 ; Al = 27 ; Cr = 52 ; Fe = 56 ; Cu = 64 ; Zn = 65 ; Pb = 207; Ag = 108) S: a. klddA nho hn 1,52g b. M la Cu c. dd Cu(NO3)2 0,05M Bai tap 29 Nhung mot thanh kim loai Y (hoa tr n) vao 0,5 lt dung dch FeCl2 0,24M. Sau mot thi gian, lay thanh kim loai Y ra va em can lai thay khoi lng thanh Y giam 0,72 gam. Con lai dung dch X. Neu gat lay phan kim loai Fe bam vao thanh Y th thu c 4,48 gam Fe. a. Xac nh kim loai Y. b. Tnh nong o mol/lit cua dung dch X. Coi the tch dung dch X van la 0,5 lt. Be = 9 ; Mg = 24 ; Al = 27 ; Ca = 40 ; Cr = 52 ; Fe = 56 ; Ni = 59 ; Cu = 64 ; (Zn = 65; Ag = 108 ; Hg = 201 ; Pb = 208) S: a. Zn b. FeCl2 0,08M; ZnCl2 0,16M Bai tap 29 Nhung mot mieng kim loai M vao 200ml dung dch Cr(NO3)2 0,25M. Mot luc sau lay mieng kim loai ra em can lai, thay khoi lng giam 0,09 gam. Gat e lay het phan kim loai bam vao mieng kim loai M va em hoa tan het phan kim loai nay bang dung dch HCl th thu c 672ml mot kh thoat ra (ktc). a. Xac nh kim loai M. b. Tnh nong o mol chat tan cua dung dch sau phan ng. Coi the tch dung dch sau phan ng cung la 200ml. (Be = 9 ; Mg = 24 ; Al = 27 ; Ca = 40 ; Cr = 52 ; Mn = 55 ; Fe = 56 ; Ni = 59 ; Cu = 64 ; Zn = 65 ; Ag = 108 ; Pb = 207) S: a. Mn b. Mn(NO3)2 0,15M ; Cr(NO3)2 0,1M
Bai tap 30 (Bo e tuyen sinh ai hoc mon hoa hoc) Lay hai thanh kim loai X, Y co cung khoi lng va eu ng trc Pb trong day the ien hoa. Nhung thanh X vao dung dch Cu(NO3)2 va thanh Y vao dung dch Pb(NO3)2. Sau mot thi gian, lay cac thanh kim loai ra khoi dung dch va can lai thay khoi lng thanh X giam 1% va cua thanh Y tang 152% so vi khoi lng ban au. Biet so mol cua kim loai X va Y tham gia phan ng bang nhau va tat ca Cu, Pb thoat ra bam het vao cac thanh X va Y. Mat khac, e hoa tan het 3,9 gam kim loai X can dung V ml dung dch HCl va thu c 1,344 lt H2 ( ktc); Con e hoa tan het 4,26 gam oxit kim loai Y cung can dung V ml dung dch HCl tren. a. Hay so sanh hoa tr cua kim loai X va Y. b. So mol cua Cu(NO3)2 va Pb(NO3)2 trong hai dung dch thay oi the nao? (Cu = 64; Pb = 207; O = 16) S: a. Bang nhau b. o giam so mol bang nhau Bai tap 30 (Bo e tuyen sinh ai hoc mon hoa hoc) Cho ba kim loai M, A, B (eu co hoa tr 2) co khoi lng nguyen t tng ng la m, a, b. Nhung hai thanh kim loai M eu co khoi lng la p gam vao hai dung dch A(NO3)2 va B(NO3)2. Sau mot thi gian, ngi ta nhan thay khoi lng thanh (1) giam x%, thanh (2) tang y% (so vi p). Gia s cac kim loai thoat ra bam het vao thanh kim loai M. 1. a. Lap bieu thc tnh m theo a, b, x, y, biet rang so mol M(NO3)2 trong ca hai dung dch eu bang n. b. Tnh gia tr cua m, khi a = 64; b = 207; x = 0,2; y = 28,4. 2. Khi m = 112; a = 64; b = 207 th t le x : y la bao nhieu? 3. a. Lap bieu thc tnh m khi A la kim loai hoa tr 1, B co hoa tr 2, M co hoa tr 3, thanh (1) tang x%, thanh (2) tang y%, so mol M(NO3)3 trong hai dung dch bang nhau. x trong b. Trong ba kim loai Cu, Ag, Hg th A, B la kim loai nao khi m = 52? T le y 1 ieu kien a cho ( cau hoi 3a) la . 0,91 (Cu = 64; Ag = 108; Pb = 207; Cr = 52; Hg = 200) S: 1. m =
bx + ay ; m = 65 x+ y
2.
x 48 1 = = [ Thanh (1) giam 1%, thanh (2) tang 1,98% ] y 95 1,98

m=
3.
3ay 1,5bx ; A : Ag , B : Hg yx
Trch thi TSH, khi B nm 2004 Hn hp A gm Mg v Fe. Cho 5,1 gam hn hp A vo 250 ml dung dch CuSO4. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, lc, thu c 6,9 gam cht rn B v dung dch C cha hai mui.
Thm dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch C. Lc ly kt ta em nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i, thu c 4,5 gam cht rn D. Tnh: 1. Thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca cc kim loi trong hn hp A. 2. Nng mol/lt ca dung dch CuSO4. 3. Th tch kh SO2 (o ktc) thu c khi ha tan hon ton 6,9 gam cht rn B trong dung dch H2SO4 c, nng. (Mg = 24 ; Fe = 56 ; O = 16 ; H = 1 ; S = 32) S: 1) 17,65% Mg; 82,35% Fe 2) 0,3M 3) 2,94 lt
Trch thi TSH, HQG tp HCM, nm 2001 1. Dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M c in ly = 1%. Vit phng trnh in ly CH3COOH v tnh pH dung dch ny. 2. A l dung dch HCl 0,2M. B l dung dch H2SO4 0,1M. Trn cc th tch bng nhau ca A v B, c dung dch X. Tnh pH dung dch X. Cho lg4 = 0,6; lg2 = 0,3.
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
82
Chng trnh Ha hc
4.
+ Oxit baz (Thng la oxit cua
Oxit axit
Muoi
KL kiem, kiem tho)
Th du: CaO + Canxi oxit Voi song BaO K2O MgO Na2O + + + + SiO2 CO2 CaCO3 Canxi cacbonat a voi BaSO3 BaSO4 MgSO4
t0
SO2 SO3 SO3
Bari sunfit Bari sunfat Magie sunfat
Na2SiO3 (Cat tan trong natri oxit nong chay) Ba3(PO4)2 Li2CO3 K2SO3 CuSO4 Bari photphat
3BaO + P2O5 Li2O + K2O + CO2 SO2
Liti cacbonat Kali sunfit ong (II) sunfat
CuO + SO3 Lu y
L.1. Thng oxit axit tac dung c vi oxit kim loai kiem, oxit kim loai kiem tho nhiet o thng, chung khong tac dung vi cac oxit kim loai khac hoac ch co the phan ng nhiet o cao. Th du: Al2O3 + CO2 Fe2O3 + SO2 FeO + MnO + 3MgO + P2O5 SiO2 SiO2
t0 cao 16000C 16000C
FeSiO3 MnSiO3
Sat (II) silicat Mangan (II) silicat
Mg3(PO4)2
Magie photphat (Phosphat magnesium)
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
83
L.2. Sau ay la mot so oxit axit va axit tng ng: CO2 la oxit axit cua axit cacbonic (acid carbonic, H2CO3) SO2 ------------------ axit sunfur (acid sulfuro, H2SO3) SO3 ------------------ axit sunfuric (acid sulfuric, H2SO4) P2O5 ----------------- axit photphoric (acid phosphoric, H3PO4) P2O3 ----------------- axit photphor (H3PO3) SiO2 ----------------- axit silicic (H2SiO3) N2O5 ---------------- axit nitric (HNO3) N2O3 ---------------- axit nitr (HNO2) NO2 ----------------- axit nitr (HNO2) va axit nitric (HNO3) Cl2O .. axit hipoclor (HClO) Cl2O3 ------------------axit clor (HClO2) Cl2O5 ------------------axit cloric (HClO3) Cl2O7 ------------------ axit pecloric (acid percloric, HClO4) Br2O ------------------ axit hipobrom (HBrO) Br2O5 ------------------ axit bromic (HBrO3) I2O -------------------- axit hipoio (HIO) I2O5 ------------------- axit ioic (acid iodic, HIO3) I2O7 ------------------- axit peioic (HIO4) CrO3 ------------------ axit cromic (H2CrO4) Mn2O7 ---------------- axit pemanganic (acid permanganic, HMnO4) Th du: K2O K2O K2O K2O 3K2O 3K2O K2O K2O K2O K2O K2O K2O K2O K2O K2O K2O K2O + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CO2 SO2 SO3 SiO2 P2O5 P2O3 N2O5 N2O3 2NO2 Cl2O Cl2O3 Cl2O5 Cl2O7 Br2O5 I2O5 CrO3 Mn2O7 K2CO3 Kali cacbonat (Carbonat kalium) K2SO3 Kali sunfit K2SO4 Kali sunfat K2SiO3 Kali silicat 2K3PO4 Kali photphat (Phosphat kalium) 2K3PO3 Kali photphit (Phosphit kalium) 2KNO3 Kali nitrat 2KNO2 Kali nitrit KNO2 + KNO3 2KClO Kali hipoclorit 2KClO2 Kali clorit 2KClO3 Kali clorat 2KClO4 Kali peclorat 2KBrO3 Kali bromat 2KIO3 Kali ioat K2CrO4 Kali cromat 2KMnO4 Kali pemanganat (Thuoc tm)
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5.
Oxit baz +
Axit
Muoi +
Nc
Th du: CaO 3K2O Fe2O3 Al2O3 Ag2O CuO Na2O MgO FeO HgO + + + + + + + + + + 2HCl 2H3PO4 3H2SO4 6HNO3 2CH3COOH 2HBr 2HCOOH H2SO4 2HCl 2HNO3 CaCl2 + H2O 2K3PO4 + 3H2O Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O 2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O 2CH3COOAg + H2O CuBr2 + H2O 2HCOONa + H2O MgSO4 + H2O FeCl2 + H2O Hg(NO3)2 + H2O
Lu y L.1. Sat t oxit (Fe3O4) coi nh gom FeO va Fe2O3 nen khi cho sat t oxit tac dung vi dung dch axit thong thng, ta se thu c muoi sat (II), muoi sat (III) va nc. Fe3O4 (FeO.Fe2O3) Th du: Fe3O4 Fe3O4 Fe3O4 + 3Fe3O4 + + 8HCl + 4H2SO4 (l) 8CH3COOH 8H3PO4 FeCl2 + 2FeCl3 FeSO4 + 4H2O + 8H+
Axit thong thng
Fe2+
Muoi sat (II)
2Fe3+
Muoi sat (III)
4H2O
Nc
+ Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2Fe(CH3COO)3 + 4H2O
Fe(CH3COO)2
Fe3(PO4)2 + 6FePO4 + 12H2O Sat (II) photphat Sat (III) photphat
L.2. HNO3 (ke ca axit nitric am ac lan axit nitric loang), H2SO4 am ac, nong la cac axit co tnh oxi hoa manh, nen khi cho cac oxit sat trong o sat co so oxi hoa trung gian (FeO, Fe3O4) tac dung vi cac axit co tnh oxi hoa manh tren th sat (II) oxit, sat t oxit b oxi hoa tao muoi sat (III), con cac axit co tnh
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oxi hoa manh b kh tao cac kh NO2, NO, SO2 , ong thi co s tao nc (H2O). Th du: 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O 3FeO + 10HNO3 (l) Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O FeO + 4HNO3 () FeO + H2SO4 (l) 2FeO + 4H2SO4 (, nong) 3Fe3O4 Fe3O4 Fe3O4 2Fe3O4 + 28HNO3 (l) + 10HNO3 () + 4H2SO4 (l) + 10H2SO4 (, nong) 6HNO3 (l) 6HNO3 () 3H2SO4 (l) 3H2SO4 (, nong) + H2SO4 (l) FeSO4 + H2O Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4H2O 9Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 14H2O 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 5H2O FeSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O 3Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 10H2O 2Fe(NO3)3 + 2Fe(NO3)3 + Fe2(SO4)3 + Fe2(SO4)3 CuSO4 3H2O 3H2O 3H2O + 3H2O + Cu + H2O
Fe2O3 + Fe2O3 + Fe2O3 + Fe2O3 + L.3. Cu2O
ong (I) oxit
Axit sunfuric (loang)
ong (II) sunfat
ong
Nc
Phan ng tren xay ra c la do: Tnh kh: Cu+ > Cu Tnh oxi hoa: Cu+ > Cu2+ (E0Cu+/Cu = 0,52 V > E0Cu2+/Cu+ = 0,16 V)
6.
Baz (Baz tan)
Oxit axit
Muoi
Nc
Th du: 2NaOH + CO2 2KOH + SO2 Ba(OH)2 + SO3 3Ca(OH)2 + P2O5 2NaOH + SiO2 2KOH + 2NO2 2NH4OH + CO2 Na2CO3 K2SO3 + + H 2O H2O
Bari sunfit
Nc
BaSO4 + H2O Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2O Na2SiO3 + H2O KNO2 + KNO3 +

Kali nitrat
Kali nitrit
H2O
(NH4)2CO3
+ H2O
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Lu y L.1. Thng ch co cac baz tan (hiroxit kim loai kiem, kim loai kiem tho, amoniac) mi tac dung vi oxit axit e tao muoi. Vi cac baz khong tan, thng phan ng nay khong xay ra. Th du: 2NaOH Al(OH)3 Fe(OH)3 2NH3 + CO2 + CO2 + SO2 + SO2 (NH4)2SO3 Amoni sunfit Na2CO3 + H2O
2NH3 + CO2 + H2O
(NH4)2CO3 Amoni cacbonat (Carbonat amonium)
Natri cacbonat, Xoa (Soda)
+ H2O
L.2. NO2 la oxit axit cua hai axit (HNO2 va HNO3), nen khi cho NO2 tac dung vi dung dch baz th thu c hai muoi (nitrit, nitrat) va nc.
2NO2 Th du: NO2
+ 2OH
NO2 +
NO3 +
H2O
+ NaOH + 2Ba(OH)2
NaNO2
+ NaNO3
Nit ioxit
4NO2
Ba(NO2)2 + Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O

Bari nitrit Bari nitrat
L.3.
Hai oxit axit dang kh thng gap nhat la CO2 va SO2. Khi suc kh CO2 (hay SO2) vao mot dung dch baz th co s tao muoi trung tnh CO32- (hay SO32-) trc. Sau khi tac dung het baz, ma con suc tiep CO2 (hay SO2) vao th CO2 (hay SO2) se tac dung tiep vi muoi trung tnh tng ng (CO32- hay SO32-) trong nc e tao muoi axit (HCO3- hay HSO3-) sau. Hn na, muoi axit ch hien dien khi khong con baz. Tat ca cac muoi cacbonat axit cung nh sunfit axit eu hoa tan c trong nc e tao dung dch. Khi un nong dung dch cacbonat axit, cung nh sunfit axit, th co phan ng ngc lai, ngha la co s tao muoi trung tnh (cacbonat hay sunfit), oxit axit (CO2 hay SO2) va nc.
Nguyen nhan cua tnh chat hoa hoc tren la do chc axit th nhat manh hn chc axit th nh nen ay c chc th nh ra khoi muoi trung tnh va khi un nong dung dch th ho tr cho s tao kh bay ra (CO2, SO2) khien cho can bang hoa hoc dch chuyen theo chieu tao chat kh, nham chong lai s giam nong o cua chat kh trong dung dch. H2CO3 H+ + HCO3 Ka1 = 4,5.107
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HCO3 H2SO3 HSO3
H H+
H+
+ CO32 + HSO3 + SO32
Ka2 = 4,7.1011 Ka1 = 1,2.102 Ka2 = 6,6.108
Tnh axit: H2CO3 > HCO3 H2SO3 > HSO3 Th du: Suc t t kh cacbonic (CO2) vao mot dung dch nc voi trong (dd Ca(OH)2): CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Het Ca(OH)2 ma con suc kh CO2 vao: CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 (tan) CaCO3 + H2O
Neu un nong dung dch Ca(HCO3)2: Ca(HCO3)2

t0
CaCO3
CO2 + H2O
Cc phn ng trn gii thch s to thch nh cc hang ng trong t nhin. Nc ngm c ha tan CO2 ha tan vi (CaCO3) to Ca(HCO3)2 tan, khi nc ngm ny n ni trng, nhit cao hn (nh c nh nng), n nh xung ng thi c phn ng ngc li to cc thch nh trn, cc thch nh di (CaCO3) c hnh dng phong ph v rt p. Suc kh sunfur (SO2) vao nc barit (dd Ba(OH)2): BaSO3 SO2 + Ba(OH)2 Het Ba(OH)2 ma con suc tiep kh SO2 vao: SO2 + BaSO3 + H2 O Ba(HSO3)2 (tan) + H2O
Neu un nong dung dch Ba(HSO3)2: Ba(HSO3)2

t0
BaSO3
+ SO2
+ H2O
Suc kh CO2 vao dung dch xut (NaOH): CO2 + 2NaOH CO2 (co d) + Na2CO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + H2O 2NaHCO3
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2NaHCO3
t0
Na2CO3 +
CO2 + H2O
Cho t t dung dch NaOH vao mot coc ng P2O5: 2NaOH + P2O5 + H2O NaOH NaOH + NaH2PO4 + Na2HPO4 2NaH2PO4 (Natri ihirophotphat) Na2HPO4 Na3PO4 + H2O H2O
Natri hirophotphat
Natri photphat (Phosphat natrium)
Bai tap 31 Suc 336 ml kh CO2 (ktc) vao 100 ml dung dch hon hp Ba(OH)2 0,05M va NaOH 0,1M. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu c. Dung dch thu c gm nhng cht g?. Tnh khi lng mi cht tan. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. (Ba = 137 ; C = 12 ; O = 16 ; Na = 23 ; H = 1) S: 0,985 gam BaCO3 ; 0,84g NaHCO3 Bai tap 31 Thoi 2,24 lt kh SO2 (ktc) vao 500 ml dung dch hon hp Ca(OH)2 0,06M va KOH 0,12M. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu c. Tnh khi lng mi cht tan trong dung dch thu c. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. (Ca = 40 ; S = 32 ; O = 16 ; K = 39 ; H = 1) ; 2,02g Ca(HSO3 ; 7,2g KHSO3 S: 2,4 gam CaSO3 Bai tap 32 Suc t t x mol CO2 vao dung dch cha y mol NaOH. Viet phng trnh phan ng xay ra ng vi cac trng hp co the co. Tm ieu kien lien he gia x, y va so mol cac chat thu c theo x, y ng vi tng trng hp (khong ke dung moi H2O) Bai tap 32 Thoi t t a mol kh SO2 vao dung dch cha b mol Ba(OH)2. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra ng vi cac trng hp co the co. Tm ieu kien lien he gia a, b e co cac trng hp nay va so mol moi chat thu c theo a, b ng vi tng trng hp (khong tnh dung moi nc). 7. Baz + Axit (H+) Muoi + Nc
Th du:
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NaOH + HCl + Na + OH + H+ + Cl + H+ OH Ca(OH)2 2Al(OH)3 Mg(OH)2 3KOH + Ba(OH)2 Zn(OH)2 + 2HNO3 + 3H2SO4 + 2CH3COOH H3PO4 + 2HBr + 2HCl
NaCl + H2O + Na + Cl + H2O H2O Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O Mg(CH3COO)2 + 2H2O K3PO4 + 3H2O BaBr2 + 2H2O ZnCl2 + 2H2O
Lu y L.1. Ban chat cua phan ng trung hoa gia axit vi baz trong dung dch la ion H+ cua axit ket hp va u vi ion OH cua baz e tao chat khong ien ly H2O. H2O H+ + OH L.2. HNO3 cung nh H2SO4 (ac, nong) la cac axit co tnh oxi hoa manh nen khi cho cac axit nay tac dung vi sat (II) hiroxit se thu c muoi sat (III), kh NO2, NO hoac SO2 va nc. Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 3H2O Fe(OH)2 + 4HNO3() 3Fe(OH)2 + 10HNO3(l) Fe(OH)2 + H2SO4 3Fe(NO3)3 FeSO4 + NO + 8H2O
+ H2O + SO2 + 6H2O
2Fe(OH)2 + 4H2SO4(, nong) Fe(OH)3 + 3HNO3(l)
Fe2(SO4)3
Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O Fe2(SO4)3 + 6H2O
2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2SO4(, nong) L.3.
Khi gap bai toan trong o dung dch hon hp cac axit c trung hoa va u bi dung dch hon hp cac baz th ta ch can viet mot phng trnh phan ng dang ion: H+ + OH H2O T dung dch hon hp axit ta tnh c tong so mol ion H+, qua phan ng trung hoa tren ta se biet c tong so mol ion OH hoac ngc lai.
Bai tap 33 Tnh the tch dung dch hon hp NaOH 2M - Ba(OH)2 1M can dung e trung hoa va u 200 ml dung dch hon hp HCl 1M - H2SO4 1M. Tnh khi lng kt ta. Xc nh
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nng mol/lt ca dung dch sau phn ng. Coi th tch dung dch khng thay i khi pha trn. (Ba = 137 ; S = 32 ; O = 16) S: 150 ml; 34,95 g BaSO4 ; NaCl 4/7M; Na2SO4 1/7M Bai tap 33 250 ml dung dch B gom ba baz: NaOH 1M - KOH 0,5M - Ba(OH)2 0,5M. 1. Tnh the tch dung dch A gom ba axit: HCl 0,5M - HNO3 2M - H2SO4 1M can dung e trung hoa va u lng dung dch B tren. 2. Sau phan ng trung hoa thu c bao nhieu gam ket tua? (Ba = 137 ; S = 32 ; O = 16) S: 138,89 ml ddA; 29,125 gam BaSO4 Bai tap 33 Tnh the tch dung dch hon hp Ba(OH)2 0,2M - KOH 0,1M can e trung hoa va u 50 ml dung dch hon hp HCl 0,1M - H2SO4 0,06M. Sau phan ng trung hoa thu c bao nhieu gam ket tua? Tnh khi lng mi cht tan trong dung dch thu c. (Ba = 137 ; S = 32 ; O = 16 ; K = 39 ; Cl = 35,5) S: 22 ml dd hh baz; 0,699 gam BaSO4 L.4. Khi cho dung dch baz (OH) tac dung vi dung dch axit a chc (nh H2SO4, H3PO4) th tuy theo tng quan gia lng axit va lng baz em dung ma ta co the thu c muoi trung tnh hay muoi axit. e de theo doi, ta co the cho baz trung hoa tng H axit mot (tao muoi axit trc), het H axit cua chc th nhat, ma con baz d th baz con d se trung hoa H axit th nh (e tao muoi trung tnh nh oi vi axit 2 H axit H2SO4). Hoac chu y la chc axit th nhat manh hn chc axit th nh nen se ay c chc th nh ra khoi muoi, neu ta viet co s muoi trung tnh trc.
Th du: NaOH + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + H2O
Het H2SO4 ma con d NaOH: NaOH + NaHSO4 Hoac: 2NaOH + H2SO4
Na2SO4
+ H2O
Na2SO4 +
2H2O
Het NaOH ma con d H2SO4: H2SO4 + Na2SO4
2NaHSO4
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Bai tap 34 Tron 200 ml dung dch H2SO4 1M vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH 2,5M, thu c dung dch A. em co can dung dch A, thu c hon hp hai muoi khan. Tnh khoi lng moi muoi thu c. (Na = 23 ; S = 32 ; O = 16 ; H = 1) S: 18 gam NaHSO4 ; 7,1 gam Na2SO4 Bai tap 34 Tron 100 ml dung dch H3PO4 1M vi 200 ml dung dch KOH 0,6M, thu c dung dch X. Co can dung dch X, thu c hon hp cac muoi khan. Xac nh cong thc va khoi lng tng muoi thu c. (H = 1 ; P = 31 ; K = 39 ; O = 16) S: 10,88 gam KH2PO4 ; 3,48 gam K2HPO4
8.
Baz
(dd)
Muoi
(dd)
Baz mi
Muoi mi
ieu kien: e baz tac dung c vi muoi nham tao ra baz mi, muoi mi th ca baz va muoi cua tac chat phai hoa tan c trong nc tao dung dch. Neu ch mot trong hai tac chat (baz hay muoi) khong hoa tan c trong nc, tc khong tao c dung dch, th phan ng nay khong xay ra. Baz manh phan ng c vi muoi cua baz yeu (Baz manh ay c baz yeu ra khoi dung dch muoi) Baz manh co the phan ng c vi muoi cua baz manh neu ben san pham co tao chat khong tan ( ) Baz yeu co the tac dung c vi muoi cua baz yeu neu ben san pham co tao chat khong tan ( ) Baz yeu khong phan ng c vi muoi cua baz manh (Baz yeu khong ay c baz manh ra khoi muoi) Th du: CaCO3 NH4Cl NaCl + + + NaOH Al(OH)3 KOH
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Na2CO3 + Ba(OH)2 CuSO4 + 2NaOH 3NH3 + 3H2O + AlCl3 (3NH4OH) NH4OH + Ca(NO3)2 (NH4)2CO3 3CH3NH2 + + 2NaOH 3H2O + FeCl3
BaCO3 Cu(OH)2 Al(OH)3
+ 2NaCl + Na2SO4 + 3NH4Cl
2NH3
2H2O
Na2CO3
Fe(OH)3 Cu(OH)2
+ 3CH3NH3Cl + [(CH3)2NH2]2SO4
2CH3-NH-CH3 + CuSO4 + 2H2O

imetylamin dd ong (II) sunfat
ong (II) hiroxit imetylamoni sunfat
CH3NH2
H2O +
NaCl
CH3NH2 + H2O
+ CuS 2Al(OH)3 Mg(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 + + 3K2SO4
Al2(SO4)3 + 6KOH (khong d) Mg(NO3)2 FeCl3 Zn(OH)2 + + Ba(OH)2 3KOH + AgNO3
Ba(NO3)2
+ 3KCl
Lu y L.1. AgOH, CuOH, Hg(OH)2 khong ben, chung de b phan tch tao oxit kim loai va nc. Do o, neu co phan ng nao tao ra cac hiroxit kim loai tren, th thc te la thu c oxit kim loai tng ng va nc. Th du: 2AgNO3 HgSO4 + + 2NaOH 2KOH (2AgOH) + Ag2O + H2O (Hg(OH)2) + HgO + H2O 2NaNO3 K2SO4
L.2. Fe(OH)2 (sat (II) hiroxit), la mot ran mau trang (hi co mau luc nhat khi co lan tap chat), khi e ngoai khong kh (co oxi, hi nc), no de b oxi hoa tao Fe(OH)3 (sat (III) hiroxit), la mot chat ran co mau nau o. 1 O2 + H2O 2Fe(OH)3 2Fe(OH)2 + 2
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FeSO4
+ 2NaOH + 1/2O2
Fe(OH)2 + H2O
+ Na2SO4 2Fe(OH)3
2Fe(OH)2
(Khong kh)
L.3. Ag+, Cu2+, Zn2+ de ket hp vi amoniac (NH3) e tao cac ion phc [Ag(NH3)2]+, [Cu(NH3)4]2+, [Zn(NH3)4]2+. Cac hp chat cha cac ion phc nay hoa tan trong nc. Do o khi nho t t dung dch amoniac vao dung dch cha muoi bac (Ag+), muoi ong (II) (Cu2+), muoi kem (Zn2+), th mi au co tao ket tua hiroxit kim loai, nhng neu nho tiep dung dch NH3 lng d vao th cac ket tua nay b hoa tan, nguyen nhan la co s tao cac hp chat phc tng ng tan. Ag+ + AgOH Ag+ + NH3(khong d) + + H2 O AgOH + NH4+
2NH3(co d)
[Ag(NH3)2]OH phc tan [Ag(NH3)2]+ phc tan + 2H2O Cu(OH)2 + 2NH4+
2NH3(d)
Cu2+ + 2NH3(khong d) Cu(OH)2 Cu2+ +
+ 4NH3(co d) 4NH3(d) 2NH3(khong d) + 4NH3(co d) 4NH3(d) +
[Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 phc tan (mau xanh biec) [Cu(NH3)4]2+ phc tan (co mau xanh biec) 2H2O Zn(OH)2 + 2NH4+
Zn2+ + Zn(OH)2 Zn2+ Th du: AgNO3 +
[Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 phc tan [Zn(NH3)4]2+ phc tan
+ NH3(khong d) +
H2O
AgOH
+ NH4NO3
2AgNO3 + 2NH3(khong d) + H2O AgNO3 + CuSO4 CuSO4 2NH3(d)
Ag2O + 2NH4NO3 (neu e mot luc sau) [Ag(NH3)2]NO3 phc tan
+ 2NH3(khong d) + 4NH3(d) 2NH3(khong d)
+ 2H2O
Cu(OH)2
+ (NH4)2SO4
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 phc tan (dd mau xanh biec) + 2H2O Zn(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl
ZnCl2 +
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ZnCl2 +
4NH3(d)
[Zn(NH3)4]Cl2 phc tan
Bai tap 35 Nho t t 50,71 ml dung dch NH3 12% (co khoi lng rieng D = 0,95 g/ml) vao 100 ml dung dch CuSO4 1M. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu c. (Cu = 64 ; O = 16 ; H = 1 ; N = 14) S: 6,37 gam Cu(OH)2 Bai tap 35 Cho t t 38,92 cm3 dung dch NH3 24% (co t khoi d = 0,91) vao 150 ml dung dch Zn(NO3)2 1M. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu c. (N = 14 ; H = 1 ; Zn = 65 ; O = 16) S: 9,9 gam Zn(OH)2
9.
Muoi
Axit
Muoi mi
Axit mi
ieu kien: Axit manh phan ng c vi muoi cua axit yeu (Axit manh ay c axit yeu ra khoi muoi) Axit manh co the phan ng c vi muoi cua axit manh neu ben san pham co tao chat khong tan ( ) hay chat kh thoat ra. Axit yeu co the phan ng vi muoi cua axit yeu neu ben san pham co tao chat khong tan ( ) hay chat kh thoat ra. Thng axit yeu khong phan ng c vi muoi cua axit manh (Thng axit yeu khong ay c axit manh ra khoi muoi) Th du: CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + (H2CO3) CO2 + H2O
MgSO3
+ H2SO4
MgSO4 + (H2SO3) SO2 + H2O
HCl + KNO3 HCl + AgNO3 CH3COOH + NaCl HNO3 + AgCl
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H2S
+ Pb(CH3COO)2
Ch (II) axetat
Ch (II) sunfua (ket tua mau en)
PbS
2CH3COOH
H2SO4
+ 2CH3COONa
2CH3COOH + Na2SO4 CaCl2 2HCl
H2CO3 (CO2 + H2O) + H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaCO3 + 2HNO3
+ BaSO4 CO2 + H2O + NaHCO3 + H2O
Ba(NO3)2 +
NaAlO2 + CO2 + 2H2O

Natri aluminat
Axit aluminic (Al(OH)3)
HAlO2.H2O
2HCOOH + Na2CO3
Axit fomic
2HCOONa + CO2
Natri fomiat
H3PO4 3H2SO4
K2SO4 2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4 + H2 O C6H5OH

Phenol
+ Ca3(PO4)2 + CO2
C6H5ONa Lu y L.1. H2SO4(l)
Natri phenolat
+ NaHCO3
NaCl(dd) HCl + NaHSO4
H2SO4(, nong) + NaCl(r)
Axit sufuric (Acid sulfuric) long khng tc dng vi dung dch mui n, nhng dung dch axit sunfuric m c, un nng, tc dng c mui n khan (do t nc, un nng, c to kh HCl nn phn ng c). Ngi ta p dng phn ng ny iu ch axit clohiric (HCl) trong phng th nghim (dn kh HCl vo bnh nc, c dung dch HCl). H2SO4(l) + KNO3(dd) HNO3 + KHSO4
H2SO4(, nong) + KNO3(r)
L.2. H2S (axit sufuhiric), HOOC-COOH (axit oxalic) tuy la hai axit yeu, nhng trong mot so trng hp, chung co the phan ng vi muoi cua axit manh. Nguyen nhan la co mot so muoi sunfua kim loai, cung nh oxalat kim loai rat kho hoa tan, ngay ca trong moi trng axit manh nhng loang. Th du:
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CuCl2 + H2S CuS + HCl(l) CuS + 2HCl() CaCl2 + HOOC-COOH + HCl(l) CaC2O4 CaC2O4 + 2HCl() KCl + H2S FeS L.3. H2SO4 HSO4 H3PO4 H2PO4 HPO42 CH3COOH H2CO3 HCO3 C6H5OH + 2HCl
CuS
t0
2HCl + H2S + 2HCl
CuCl2
CaC2O4
t0
CaCl2 +
HOOC-COOH
FeCl2 + H+ + HSO4 H+ + SO42 H+ + H2PO4 H+ + HPO42 H+ + PO33 CH3COO H+ + HCO3 H+ + CO32 C6H5O + H+ + H+
H2S Ka1 rat ln Ka2 = 1,0.102 Ka1 = 7,1.103 Ka2 = 6,3.108 Ka3 = 4,5.1013 Ka = 1,8.105 Ka1 = 4,5.107 Ka2 = 4,7.1011 Ka = 1,3.1010
o manh tnh axit giam dan: H2SO4 > H3PO4 > CH3COOH > H2CO3 > C6H5OH Th du: H3PO4 + CH3COONa CH3COOH C6H5OH CO2 + NaH2PO4 + KHCO3
CO2 + H2O + C6H5OK 2CH3COOH + CaCO3
+ H2O + Ca(CH3COO)2
L.4. HNO3, H2SO4 (, nong) va co tnh axit manh, va co tnh oxi hoa manh nen cac axit nay va ay c axit yeu ra khoi muoi, va oxi hoa c kim loai co so oxi hoa trung gian tao thanh muoi cua kim loai o co so oxi hoa cao hn, con cac axit co tnh oxi hoa manh tren b kh tao thanh cac kh NO2, NO, SO2,... ong thi co s tao nc (H2O). Thng gap nhat la cac muoi sat (II) cua axit yeu, nh FeCO3, Fe(CH3COO)2, FeS, FeS2, FeSO3, ...Cac muoi sat (II) b oxi hoa tao muoi
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sat (III) nitrat hay sunfat, axit yeu b ay ra; HNO3, H2SO4 (, nong) b kh tao NO2, NO, SO2,... ong thi co s tao H2O. Th du: 3FeCO3 + 10HNO3 (l) FeCO3 + FeCO3 + 4HNO3 () H2SO4 (l) 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 3CO2 + 5H2O + CO2 + 2H2O
Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 FeSO4 + CO2
+ H2 O + 2CO2 + 4H2O
2FeCO3 + 4H2SO4 (, nong) 3Fe(CH3COO)2 + 10HNO3 (l) Fe(CH3COO)2 + 4HNO3 () Fe(CH3COO)2 + H2SO4 (l)
Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2
3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 6CH3COOH + 2H2O Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2CH3COOH + H2O FeSO4 + 2CH3COOH
2Fe(CH3COO)2 + 4H2SO4 (, nong) FeS FeS + 12HNO3 () + 6HNO3 (l)
Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4CH3COOH + 2H2O Fe(NO3)3 + H2SO4 + 9NO2 + 5H2O Fe(NO3)3 FeCl2 + FeSO4 + + H2SO4 + 3NO + 2H2O
FeS + 2HCl FeS + H2SO4 (l) H2SO4 (, nong) 2HCl
H2 S H2S
FeS + FeS2 +
Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2O
Pirit sat (Sat (II) pesunfua)
FeCl2 + S + H2S (H2S2 Hiro pesunfua, khong ben, de phan tch tao S va H2S) FeSO4 + S + H2S + 15SO2 + 14H2O
FeS2
+ H2SO4 (l) 14H2SO4 (, nong)
2FeS2 + FeS2 FeS2
Fe2(SO4)3 Fe(NO3)3 Fe(NO3)3
+ 18HNO3 () + 8HNO3 (l)
+ 2H2SO4 + 15NO2 + 7H2O + 2H2SO4 + 5NO + 2H2O
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L.5. Cac muoi cua phi kim yeu nh hirua, silixua, cabua, nitrua, photphua de b thuy phan e tao hiroxit kim loai va cac kh H2, SiH4, CH4, C2H2, NH3, PH3. Nguyen nhan cua tnh chat hoa hoc nay la v cac muoi nay c coi la muoi cua cac axit rat yeu, nh hiro (H2), silan (SiH4), metan (CH4), axetilen (C2H2), amoniac (NH3), photphin (phosphin, PH3), chung co tnh axit yeu hn nc (H2O), nen nc ay c cac axit yeu nay ra khoi muoi, ong thi co s tao hiroxit kim loai. Th du:
Natri hirua
NaH
+ + + + + + + + +
H2O
Nc
Hiro
H2
Natri hiroxit
NaOH
CaH2 NaH K4Si
2H2O HCl 4H2O 12H2O 6H2SO4 2H2O 2CH3COOH 6H2O 3H2O 6H2O
2H2 H2 +
Ca(OH)2
NaCl + 4KOH + + + + + 4Al(OH)3
Kali silixua
Silan
SiH4
Nhom hiroxit
Al4C3 Al4C3
3CH4
Metan
Nhom hiroxit
3CH4 C2H2
2Al2(SO4)3 Ca(OH)2
Canxi cacbua
CaC2 CaC2
Axetilen
Canxi hiroxit
C2H2 2NH3 PH3
Ca(CH3COO)2 3Mg(OH)2 3NaOH + 3Zn(OH)2
Mg3N2 Na3P Zn3P2
Magie nitrua
Amoniac
Magie hiroxit
+ +
Kem photphua (Thuoc chuot)
Photphin
2PH3
Kem hiroxit
10.
Muoi
Muoi
Muoi mi
Muoi mi
ieu kien:
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e hai muoi tac dung c vi nhau, nham tao hai muoi mi, th hai muoi cua tac chat phai hoa tan c trong nc tao dung dch va ben san pham phai co tao chat khong tan ( ). Neu mot trong hai tac chat khong tan c trong nc, tc khong tao c dung dch, th phan ng nay khong xay ra. Th du: + K2SO4 BaCO3 BaSO4 BaCl2 + K2SO4 BaCl2 (khan) + K2SO4 (khan) BaCl2 (khan) BaCl2 (dd) NaCl NaCl K2CO3 CuCl2 Na2SO3 (NH4)2S Na3PO4 Fe2(SO4)3 Cd(NO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 + + + + + + + + + + + KNO3 AgNO3 FeSO4 Zn(CH3COO)2 CuS Pb(CH3COO)2
Ch (II) axetat
2KCl
K2SO4 (dd) K2SO4 (khan)
BaSO4 BaSO4
+ +
2KCl 2KCl
AgCl FeCO3
+ +
NaNO3 K2SO4
Amoni sunfua
Ch (II) sunfua (Ket tua mau en)
PbS
2CH3COONH4
Amoni axetat
3AgNO3 AlCl3 K2S 2NaCl
Bac photphat (ket tua mau vang)
Ag3PO4
3NaNO3
Caimi nitrat
Cami sunfua (ket tua mau vang)
CdS
2KNO3
Ch (II) clorua (ket tua mau trang)
PbCl2
2NaNO3
Lu y L.1. Cac muoi cacbonat kim loai hoa tr 3, gom Al2(CO3)3, Fe2(CO3)3, Cr2(CO3)3, khong hien dien trong nc. Trong nc chung b thuy phan hoan toan tao hiroxit kim loai ket tua va kh cacbonic. Do o neu co phan ng nao tao ra
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cac muoi nay trong dung dch, th thc te la thu c hiroxit kim loai ket tua va kh CO2. Th du: 2AlCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 6NaCl + 3CO2 + 3K2SO4
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3K2CO3 + 3H2O L.2.
Cac muoi sunfua kim loai hoa tr 3, gom Al2S3, Fe2S3, Cr2S3, khong hien dien trong nc. Trong nc chung b thuy phan hoan toan tao hiroxit kim loai ket tua va kh hirosunfua. Do o neu co phan ng nao tao ra cac muoi nay trong dung dch th thc te la thu c hiroxit kim loai ket tua va kh H2S.
Th du: Al2(SO4)3 + 3K2S + 6H2O 2Cr(NO3)3 + 3Na2S + 6H2O Bai tap 36 Viet tat ca cac loai phan ng tao muoi ZnCl2. Bai tap 36 Viet tat ca phan ng tao muoi BaSO4. Bai tap 37 Viet tat ca phan ng theo s o: 2Al(OH)3 2Cr(OH)3 + 3H2S + 3H2S + 3K2SO4 + 6NaNO3
BaCl2 + Muoi
NaCl +
....
Bai tap 37 Viet tat ca phan ng theo s o: Fe(CH3COO)2
Muoi
CH3COOK + ...
Trch thi TSH, H Quc gia tp HCM, nm 2001: t chy x mol Fe bi oxi thu c 5,04 gam hn hp A gm cc oxit st. Ha tan hon ton A trong dung dch HNO3 thu c 0,035 mol hn hp Y gm NO v NO2. T khi hi ca Y i vi H2 l 19. Tnh x. (Fe = 56 ; O = 16 ; H = 1 ; N = 14) S: x = 0,07 Trch thi TSH khi B, nm 2004: Tin hnh cc th nghim sau: a. Cho t t tng git (va khuy u) dung dch HCl n d vo dung dch Na2CO3. b. Cho t t tng git (va khuy u) dung dch Na2CO3 vo dung dch HCl.
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Nu hin tng v vit phn ng.
VIII. CAC OXIT VA HIROXIT LNG TNH THNG GAP

Oxit lng tnh Hiroxit lng tnh
Nhom hiroxit Crom (III) hidroxit Kem hiroxit Berili hiroxit
Nhom oxit Crom (III) oxit Kem oxit Berili oxit
Al2O3
Al(OH)3
Cr(OH)3
Muoi cua dang baz Al3+

Muoi nhom Muoi Crom (III) Muoi kem Muoi Berili
Dang axit tng ng
HAlO2.H2O
Axit aluminic Axit Crom Axit zincic Axit Berilic
Muoi cua dang axit

Muoi Aluminat Muoi Cromit Muoi Zincat Muoi Berilat
AlO2
Cr2O3
Cr
3+
HCrO2.H2O
CrO2
ZnO
BeO
Zn(OH)2
Be(OH)2
Zn2+
H2ZnO2
H2ZnO2
ZnO22
BeO22
Be2+
Chu y: Con mot so oxit, hiroxit lnh tnh khac nh sau: SnO, PbO, Sn(OH)2, Pb(OH)2, SnO2, PbO2, Sn(OH)4, Pb(OH)4. Th du: Al2O3 Al2O3 + 6HNO3 + 2NaOH + 3H2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 2HCl 2KOH + 2CH3COOH ZnCl2 2Al(NO3)2 + 3H2O
Nhom nitrat
2NaAlO2
Natri aluminat
H2O + 6H2O
2Al(OH)3 2Al(OH)3 ZnO + ZnO + Zn(OH)2
Nhom sunfat
Al2(SO4)3
Ba(AlO2)2 + 4H2O
Bari aluminat
Kem clorua Kali zincat
H2O
K2ZnO2
+ H2O Zn(CH3COO)2
Kem axetat
+ 2H2O
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Zn(OH)2 Cr2O3 + Cr2O3 +
+ 2NaOH 2NaOH 6HCl KOH
Natri Zincat
Na2ZnO2
H2O
2NaCrO2 2CrCl3
Natri cromit
+ H2O 3H2O 2H2O + 6H2O
Crom (III) clorua
Cr(OH)3 + 2Cr(OH)3
Kali cromit
KCrO2
+ 3H2SO4
Crom (III) sunfat
Cr2(SO4)3
Lu y L.1. Kim loai crom (Cr) co cac oxit: CrO, Cr2O3 va CrO3 trong o CrO (Crom (II) oxit) la mot oxit baz; Cr2O3 (Crom (III) oxit) la mot oxit lng tnh; con CrO3 (Crom (VI) oxit) la mot oxit axit. Th du: Viet cac phan ng xay ra (neu co) cua cac oxit CrO, Cr2O3, CrO3 vi cac dung dch axit clohiric (dd HCl), dung dch xut (dd NaOH). CrO + CrO Cr2O3 Cr2O3 CrO3 + CrO3 + CrO3 + 2HCl CrCl2 + H2O
Crom (II) clorua
+ NaOH + 6HCl + 2NaOH 2CrCl3 + + 3H2O H2O
Crom (III) clorua Natri cromit
2NaCrO2
HCl H2O (nc co trong dd HCl) 2NaOH

Natri cromit
H2CrO4 (Axit cromic) + H2O
Na2CrO4
L.2. Tat ca cac muoi cua hiroxit lng tnh gom aluminat (AlO2), Cromit (CrO2), Zincat (ZnO22), Berilat (BeO22) eu hoa tan c trong nc. Thc chat ay la cac phc chat tan. Th du: NaAlO2 (Natri Aluminat), Ba(AlO2)2 (Bari Aluminat), K2ZnO2 (Kali Zincat ), CaZnO2 (Canxi Zincat) tan trong nc.
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L.3.
Pb.
Kim loai co oxit lng tnh (tr crom) tac dung c vi dung dch baz manh, tao muoi va kh hiro (H2) thoat ra. o la cac kim loai: Al, Zn, Be, Sn,
Al + + OH + H2O AlO2 + + 3/2H2
Nhom
dd baz manh
Muoi aluminat
Kh Hiro
Zn
Kem
2OH
dd baz manh
Muoi zincat
ZnO22
Kh Hiro
H2
Berili
Be + 2OH Sn Pb + 2OH + + 2OH OH (dd) H2O
Muoi berilat
BeO22
H2 + + H2 H2
Thiec
Muoi Stanit; Muoi Stanat (II)
SnO22
Ch
Muoi Plumbit; Muoi Plumbat (II)
PbO22
Crom
Cr
Th du: Al Zn + NaOH + + 2NaOH

dd xut
NaAlO2 Na2ZnO2
+ + H2
3/2H2 H2
Natri Zincat
Be + Sn Pb +
2NaOH 2NaOH
Na2BeO2 + Na2SnO2 + +
Natri Stanit Natri Plumbit
H2 H2
+ 2NaOH
dd Bari hiroxit
Na2PbO2
2Al + Zn +
Ba(OH)2
+ 2H2O CaZnO2
Bari aluminat Canxi zincat
Ba(AlO2)2 + H2
3H2
dd Canxi hiroxit
Ca(OH)2
L.4. Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2 khong phan ng vi cac axit rat yeu nh H2CO3 (axit cacbonic). Cac hiroxit lng tnh cung nh cac oxit lng tnh ch b hoa tan trong cac dung dch axit manh hay axit khong yeu lam.
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Al(OH)3 + CO2 + H2O Zn(OH)2 + CO2 Al(OH)3 + 3HCl + H2O AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al(OH)3 + 3CH3COOH Zn(OH)2 Zn(OH)2 + H2SO4
Al(CH3COO)3 + 3H2O ZnSO4 + 2H2O
+ 2HCOOH
Axit fomic
Zn(HCOO)2 + 2H2O
Kem fomiat
Bai tap 38 Hoa tan het 5,4 gam Al vao 250 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, thu c dung dch A. a. Khoi lng dung dch A vi khoi lng dung dch NaOH luc au chenh lech bao nhieu gam? b. Cho t t 275ml dung dch HCl 2M vao dung dch A, thu c m gam ket tua. Tnh m. c. Neu lay m gam ket tua tren em nung cho en khoi lng khong oi. Tnh khoi lng chat ran con lai, biet rang co hi nc bay ra khi nung ket tua tren. (Al = 27 ; O = 16 ; H = 1) S: a. 4,8g b. m = 7,8g c. 5,1g Bai tap 38 Hoa tan hoan toan 13 gam Zn vao 250 ml dung dch KOH 2M, thu c V lt mot kh (ktc) va dung dch A. a. Tnh V. Khoi lng dung dch A ln hn hay nho hn khoi lng dung dch KOH luc au bao nhieu gam? b. Cho t t 280 ml dung dch HCl 2,5M vao dung dch A, thu c m gam ket tua. Tnh m. c. em nung m gam ket tua tren cho en khoi lng khong oi th con lai bao nhieu gam chat ran? Biet rang co s nhiet phan tao hi nc bay i trong s nung tren. (Zn = 65 ; O = 16 ; H = 1) S: a. V = 4,48l; 12,6g b. m = 9,9g c. 8,1g Bai tap 39 Hoa tan het m gam Al vao V ml dung dch NaOH co nong o C%. Dung dch NaOH nay co khoi lng rieng D (g/ml). Co x lt H2 thoat ra (ktc) va thu c dung dch A. a. Tnh khoi lng dung dch A theo m, V, D, x.
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b. Tnh m va tnh nong o % cua tng chat tan trong dung dch A neu x = 0,672 lt; V= 50ml; C% = 5,56%; D = 1,06 g/ml. (Na = 23 ; O = 16 ; H = 1 ; Al = 27) S: a. (m + VD - x/11,2)g b. m = 0,54g; NaOH 4,014%; NaAlO2 3,067% Bai tap 39 m gam kim loai kem c hoa tan het vao V ml dung dch KOH C% (t khoi D), co a ml H2 (ktc) thoat ra va thu c dung dch X. a. Tnh khoi lng dung dch X theo m, V, D, a. b. Neu m = 2,6 gam; V = 42,042 ml; C% = 12%; D= 1,11. Tnh a va nong o % cua tng chat tan trong dung dch X. (Zn = 65 ; K = 39 ; O = 16 ; H = 1) S: a. (m+ VD - a/11200)gam b. a = 896 ml; KOH 2,277%; K2ZnO2 14,232% Bai tap 40 Hoa tan het 58,4 gam hon hp muoi khan AlCl3 va CrCl3 vao nc, thu c mot dung dch. Them tiep dung dch NaOH d vao dung dch. Suc tiep kh Cl2 lng d vao dung dch (Cl2 trong dung dch NaOH oxi hoa het muoi cromit thanh muoi cromat, ong thi Cl2 tac dung het NaOH e tao muoi clorua va muoi hipoclorit). Cuoi cung cho lng d dung dch BaCl2 vao dung dch, thu c 50,6 gam ket tua mau vang la mot muoi cromat. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra. Xac nh phan tram khoi lng moi muoi trong hon hp au. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. (Al = 27 ; Cr = 52 ; Cl = 35,5 ; Ba = 137 ; O =16) S: 54,28% CrCl3; 45,72% AlCl3 Bai tap 40 Hon hp A gom Al2O3 va Cr2O3. Lay 33 gam hon hp A em hoa tan het trong dung dch KOH d, thu c dung dch B. Cho nc brom d vao dung dch B, thu c dung dch C. Cho tiep dung dch Ba(NO3)2 d vao dung dch C th thu c 37,95 gam ket tua mau vang thuoc muoi cromat. Viet cac phan ng xay ra.Tnh % khoi lng moi chat trong hon hp A. Biet rang muoi cromit b halogen, trong moi trng kiem, oxi hoa tao muoi cromat. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. (Al = 27 ; O = 16 ; Cr = 52 ; Ba = 137) S: 34,55% Cr2O3; 65,45% Al2O3
L.5. Al(OH)3 khong b hoa tan bi dung dch NH3, nhng Zn(OH)2 b hoa tan bi dung dch NH3 (amoniac) la do co s tao phc [Zn(NH3)4]2+ tan (giong nh Cu(OH)2, AgOH). Va kim loai nhom (Al) khong b hoa tan trong dung dch baz yeu amoniac (NH3), nhng kim loai kem (Zn) hoa tan c trong dung
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dch NH3, nguyen nhan la co s tao phc tan gia kem vi NH3, ong thi co kh hiro (H2) thoat ra. Th du: Cho t t dung dch NH3 vao dung dch Zn(NO3)2: Zn(NO3)2 + 2NH3(khong d) + 2H2O Zn(OH)2 + 2NH4NO3 Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3(d) [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 (tan) [Zn(NH3)4](NO3)2 (tan)
Zn(NO3)2 + 4NH3(d)
Cho t t dung dch xut vao dung dch kem nitrat: Zn(NO3)2 + 2NaOH (khong d) Zn(OH)2 Al Zn + 2NaOH (co d) + 4NaOH (d) + H2O + 2H2O [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 +
Phc (tan)
Zn(OH)2
2NaNO3 2H2O + 2H2O
Na2ZnO2 (tan) + Na2ZnO2
Zn(NO3)2 + NH3 + 4NH3
+ 2NaNO3
Kem
Dung dch amoniac
Hiro
H2
Bai tap 41 (Tuyen sinh HQG tp HCM, nm 2000) Ch dung mot dung dch axit thong dung va mot dung dch baz thong dung, hay phan biet ba hp kim sau: a. Hp kim Cu-Ag b. Hp kim Cu-Al c. Hp kim Cu-Zn Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra. Bai tap 41 Ch c dung mot dung dch axit, mot dung dch baz e phan biet bon kim loai: Al, Zn, Fe, Ag. Viet cac phan ng xay ra. Bai tap 42 Ch c phep dung mot thuoc th, neu cach phan biet cac dung dch sau: NaCl, Na2SO4, NH4Cl, (NH4)4SO4, MgCl2, MgSO4, AlCl3. Viet cac phan ng xay ra. Bai tap 42 Ch c dung mot thuoc th nhan biet cac dung dch muoi sau ay ng trong cac lo khong nhan: Zn(NO3)2, MgSO4, NH4NO3, K2SO4, Mg(NO3)2, (NH4)2SO4, KNO3.
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Bai tap 43 2,97 gam kim loai X c hoa tan het vao 55,7863 ml dung dch HNO3 50% (D = 1,31g/ml), thu c dung dch Y va co 3,36 lt hon hp hai kh NO2 va NO thoat ra (ktc). T khoi hon hp kh nay so vi hiro bang 18,2. a. Xac nh kim loai X. b. Cho 450 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vao dung dch Y tren. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu c. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. (Be = 9 ; Mg = 24 ; Al = 27 ; Ca = 40 ; Cr = 52 ; Mn = 55 ; Fe = 56 ; Cu = 64 ; Zn = 65; Ni = 59 ; Ag = 108 ; Hg = 200 ; Pb = 207 ; O = 16 ; H= 1) S: a. Al b. 7,02g Bai tap 43 7,15 gam kim loai A c hoa tan het vao 30,112 ml dung dch HNO3 56% (co khoi lng rieng bang 1,345 g/ml), thu c dung dch B va co 2,24 lt (ktc) hon hp hai kh NO2, NO thoat ra. T le the tch cua hai kh nay la VNO2 : VNO = 2 : 3. a. Xac nh ten kim loai A. b. Tnh nong o phan tram cua chat tan trong dung dch B. c. Cho 0,4 lt dung dch KOH 0,8M vao dung dch B. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu c. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. (Be = 9 ; Mg = 24 ; Al = 27 ; Ca = 40 ; Cr = 52 ; Mn = 55 ; Ni = 59 ; Fe = 56 ; Cu = 64; Zn = 65 ; Ag = 108 ; Hg = 200 ; Pb = 207 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; H = 1) S: a. Zn b. 5,726% HNO3; 47,239% Zn(NO3)2 c. 7,92g Bai tap 44 Cho 100 ml dung dch NaOH 2,7M vao 150 ml dung dch H3PO4 0,8M. Tnh khoi lng cac muoi thu c. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. (P = 31 ; H = 1 ; O = 16 ; Na = 23) S: 4,92g Na3PO4; 12,78g Na2HPO4 Bai tap 44 (Tuyen sinh ai hoc khoi B, nam 2003) Hon hp X gom Al, Fe, Ba. Chia X ra lam 3 phan bang nhau: Phan I tac dung vi nc (d), thu c 0,896 lt H2. Phan II tac dung vi 50 ml dung dch NaOH 1M (d), thu c 1,568 lt H2. Phan III tac dung vi dung dch HCl (d), thu c 2,24 lt H2 (ktc). (Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan, cac the tch kh o ieu kien tieu chuan). 1. Tnh phan tram khoi lng cac kim loai trong hon hp X. 2. Sau phan ng phan II, loc, c dung dch Y. Tnh the tch dung dch HCl 1M can them vao dung dch Y e:
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a. Thu c lng ket tua nhieu nhat. b. Thu c 1,56 gam ket tua. (Al = 27 ; Fe = 56 ; Ba = 137 ; O = 16 ; H = 1) S: 1. 33,17% Ba; 26,15% Al; 40,68% Fe; 2. a. 70 ml b. 50 ml ; 130 ml Bai tap 45 (TSH khoi B nam 2003) 1. Cho hon hp gom FeS2, FeCO3 tac dung het vi dung dch HNO3 ac, nong thu c dung dch A va hon hp kh B gom NO2, CO2. Them dung dch BaCl2 vao dung dch A. Hap thu hon hp kh B bang dung dch NaOH d. Viet phng trnh phan t va phng trnh ion thu gon cua cac phan ng xay ra. 2. Tron 200 ml dung dch gom HCl 0,1M va H2SO4 0,05M vi 300 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 co nong o a mol/l thu c m gam ket tua va 500 ml dung dch co pH = 13. Tnh a va m. Cho biet, trong cac dung dch vi dung moi la nc, tch so nong o ion [H+].[OH-] = 10-14 (mol2/l2). (Ba = 137 ; S = 32 ; O = 16) S: a = 0,15 mol/l ; m = 2,33g BaSO4 Bai tap 45 (Trch thi khi B, nm 2002) 1. Hy nu tnh cht ha hc chung ca: a) Cc hp cht st (II); b) Cc hp cht st (III). Mi trng hp vit hai phng trnh phn ng minh ha. 2. Trong iu kin khng c khng kh, cho Fe chy trong kh Cl2 c mt hp cht A v nung hn hp bt (Fe v S) c mt hp cht B. Bng cc phn ng ha hc, hy nhn bit thnh phn v ha tr ca cc nguyn t trong A v B. 3. a) Ch dng mt ha cht, hy cho bit cch phn bit Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra. b) So snh pH ca cc dung dch c cng nng mol/lt ca NH3, NaOH v Ba(OH)2. Gii thch. 4. Cho hai dung dch H2SO4 c pH = 1 v pH = 2. Thm 100 ml dung dch KOH 0,1M vo 100 ml mi dung dch trn. Tnh nng mol/lt ca dung dch thu c. Trch thi TSH khi A, nm 2005: Ch c s dng mt dung dch cha mt cht tan nhn bit cc dung dch sau: Al(NO3)3, (NH4)2SO4, NaNO3, NH4NO3, MgCl2, FeCl2 ng trong cc l ring bit b mt nhn. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ha hc xy ra.
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Chng trnh Ha hc
IX. CAC PHAN NG VO C THNG GAP KHAC

1. Kim loai tac dung vi oxi Kim loai (Tr Ag, Au, Pt) Th du:
Natri
O2
Oxit kim loai
2Na Ca
+ + + +
1/2O2
Oxi
Natri oxit Canxi oxit Nhom oxit t0 Sat t oxit t0 t t

0 0
Na2O
Canxi Nhom
1/2O2 3/2O2 2O2 1/2O2 3/2O2 1/2O2 1/2O2 1/2O2
CaO
2Al
Al2O3
3Fe
Sat
Fe3O4
[ Co the:
Fe + 2Fe + Cu + Zn + 2K +
t0
FeO Sat (II) oxit Fe2O3 Sat (III) oxit tuy theo gia thiet ] CuO ong (II) oxit ZnO Kem oxit K2O Kali oxit
Lu y L.1. Hau het kim loai tac dung vi oxi, khong nhiet o thng th nhiet o cao, e tao oxit kim loai tng ng, nhng cac kim loai bac (Ag), vang (Au), bach kim (Pt) khong tac dung vi O2, ngay ca khi un nong nhiet o cao. Ag, Au, Pt + O2
t0
L.2. Ozon (O3) co the oxi hoa c bac (Ag) 2Ag L.3. Cu + + O3 1/2O2 1/2O2 Ag2O +
t0
1/2O2 CuO
ong (mau o)
ong (II) oxit (mau en) t0 cao
2Cu
ong (I) oxit (mau o gach)
Cu2O
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L.4.
Hau het oxit cua kim loai la oxit baz. Tuy nhien co mot so oxit kim loai la oxit lng tnh (Al2O3, Cr2O3, ZnO, BeO, SnO, PbO, SnO2, PbO2), va oxit ng vi hoa tr cao nhat cua kim loai co nhieu hoa tr la oxit axit (Mn2O7, CrO3). Th du: Na2O, Ag2O, CaO, MgO, Cu2O, CuO, HgO, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 la cac oxit baz.
2. Phi kim tac dung vi oxi Phi kim + (Tr cac halogen) Th du: O2 Oxit phi kim
Lu huynh
+ + + + + + +
Oxi
O2
t0
Kh sunfur, Anhirit sunfuric, Lu huynh ioxit t0
SO2
Cacbon
C C
O2 (d) 1/2O2 (thieu) 1/2O2 O2

t0
Kh cacbonic, Anhirit cacbonic, Cacbon ioxit t0
CO2
Cacbon oxit, Cacbon monoxit
CO
Hiro
H2 Si
Nc, Hiro oxit t0
H2O
Silic
Silic oxit, Anhirit silicic
SiO2
Photpho
2P 2P
5/2O2 (d) 3/2O2 (thieu)
Anhirit photphoric, iphotpho pentaoxit
P2 O 5
Anhirit photphor, iphotpho trioxit
P2O3
Lu y L.1. Oxi (O2) tac dung c vi phan ln cac phi kim e tao oxit phi kim tng ng, nhng cac halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) khong phan ng trc tiep vi oxi. L.2. Lu huynh (S) khi ot chay ch tao kh sunfur (SO2). Ch khi nao ot chay lu huynh ma co chat xuc tac thch hp (V2O5 hay Pt) th mi co the tao ra SO3
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(anhirit sunfuric). SO3 c tao ra la do SO2 tac dung tiep vi O2 khi co hien dien chat xuc tac va nhiet o thch hp (V2O5 hay Pt 4500C). S 2SO2 + + O2 O2
t0
SO2
V2O5 (Pt), 4500C
Anhirit sunfur
Anhirit sunfuric
2SO3
(V2O5: Vanai oxit, ivanai pentaoxit) L.3. Nit (N2) c coi la mot kh khong chay (tng oi tr). N2 ch tac dung c mot phan vi oxi (O2) e tao NO (nit oxit) khi nhiet o rat cao (30000C) hay vi s hien dien cua tia la ien. NO la mot kh khong co mau, kh nay tac dung de dang vi O2 cua khong kh e tao kh NO2 (nit ioxit, kh co mau nau). N2
Nit
+ +
O2
Oxi
t0 t0 rat cao (30000C) hay tia la ien
N2
O2
Nit oxit
2NO
Nit oxit (Kh khong mau)
2NO
Oxi (khong kh)
O2
Nit ioxit (Kh mau nau, mui hac)
2NO2
L.4.
Hau het oxit cua phi kim la oxit axit, tuy nhien CO, NO, N2O (init oxit) la cac oxit khong tao muoi (oxit tr).
Bai tap 46 Cho 1,92 gam bot lu huynh (S) vao mot kn co the tch 12,32 lt. Trong bnh co cha khong kh (20% O2, 80% N2 theo the tch) va mot t bot V2O5 lam xuc tac. 27,30C, ap suat trong bnh la 1atm (coi chat ran chiem the tch khong ang ke). Bat tia la ien e ot chay het lu huynh. Sau phan pham chay, thu c hon hp kh hi A. Dan hon hp A qua bnh nc brom, hon hp A lam mat mau va u 3,2 gam Br2 hoa tan trong nc. a. Tnh % the tch moi kh trong hon hp A. b. Neu cho hon hp A qua lng d dung dch BaCl2. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu c. c. Tnh hieu suat SO2 b oxi hoa trong s ot chay tren. Tr phan ng SO2 b oxi hoa trong qua trnh chay tren, cac phan ng khac xay ra hoan toan. (S = 32; Br = 80; Ba = 137; O = 16) S: a. 83,33% N2; 4,17% O2; 4,17% SO2; 8,33% SO3 b. 9,32g c. 66,67%
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Bai tap 46 Cho m gam bot lu huynh (S) vao mot bnh kn co the tch 8,96lt. Trong bnh co cha khong kh va mot t bot vanai oxit lam xuc tac. Cac chat ran chiem the tch khong ang ke, 27,30C, ap suat kh trong bnh la 836 mmHg. Bat tia la ien e ot chay hoan toan lu huynh. Sau phan ng chay, trong bnh ch con lai chat xuc tac va thu c hon hp gom cac kh hi A. Hon hp A lam mat mau va u 100 ml dung dch KMnO4 0,12M. Neu cho lng hon hp A tren qua dung dch Ba(OH)2 d th thu c 11,17 gam ket tua. a. Tnh m. b. Tnh % khoi lng moi kh trong hon hp A. c. Tnh hieu suat SO2 b oxi hoa trong qua trnh ot chay lu huynh tren. Tr phan ng SO2 b oxi hoa trong s ot chay lu huynh, cac phan ng khac co hieu suat 100%. Khong kh gom 20% oxi, 80% nit theo the tch. (S = 32; Ba = 137; S = 32; O = 16; N = 14) S: a. m = 1,6g b. 68,29% N2; 4,88% O2; 14,63% SO2; 12,20% SO3 c. 40% 3. Oxit kim loai kiem, kiem tho tac dung vi nc Oxit kim loai kiem Oxit kim loai kiem tho Th du:
Natri oxit Kali oxit
H2O
Hiroxit kim loai kiem Hiroxit kim loai kiem tho
Na2O K2O
+ H2O + + +
Nc
2NaOH 2KOH
Natri hiroxit Kali hiroxit Canxi hiroxit
H2O H2O H2O
Canxi oxit Bari oxit
CaO BaO
Ca(OH)2 Ba(OH)2
Bari hiroxit
Lu y L.1. Ch co oxit cua kim loai kiem, kiem tho mi hoa tan c trong nc va tac dung vi nc e tao baz tng ng. Cac oxit kim loai khac khong hoa tan trong nc va khong tac dung vi nc. Th du: Mg(OH)2 MgO + H2O Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + H2O CuO, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3, AgO, ZnO, HgO, Cr2O3
H2O
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L.2.
Peoxit kim loai kiem, kiem tho tac dung vi nc tao hiroxit kim loai tng ng va kh oxi.
1 O2 2 1 O2 2
Th du: Na2O2
Natri peoxit
+ H2O
Nc
t0
2NaOH
Natri hiroxit
+ + +
Oxi
CaO2 K2O2 BaO2

Bari peoxit
+ +
H2O H2O
t0 t t0
0
Ca(OH)2
Canxi hiroxit
Canxi peoxit
2KOH Ba(OH)2
Bari hiroxit
+ H2O
Nc
1/2O2 1 + O2 2
Oxi
Peoxit kim loi kim, kim th tc dng vi nc to ra hiroxit kim loi kim, kim th v hiro peoxit (H2O2) trc. H2O2 khng bn, d b phn tch to nc (H2O) v kh oxi (O2) sau. Qu trnh phn hy H2O2 xy ra cng nhanh nu un nng. Do c ti liu ghi peoxit kim loi kim, kim th tc dng vi nc to hidroxit kim loi kim, kim th v H2O2 nhit thng. Bai tap 47 em un nong nhe 1,89 gam hon hp A gom hai kim loai Na va Mg trong khong kh kho trong mot thi gian ngan. Thu c hon hp B gom cac chat ran. em hoa tan B trong nc, thu c dung dch C va hon hp D gom cac chat ran (khong co tao chat kh). Cho dung dch MgCl2 d vao dung dch C th thu c 0,87 gam ket tua. Con khi hoa tan het lng hon hp D bang dung dch HCl th thu c 224 ml H2 (ktc). a. Tnh % khoi lng moi chat trong hon hp A. b. Tnh khoi lng moi chat trong hon hp D. c. Tnh hieu suat Mg b oxi hoa khi un nong hon hp A. Cho biet khi un nong hon hp A ch co s tao oxit kim loai. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan, tr phan ng Mg b oxi hoa khi un nong. (Mg = 24; Na = 23; O = 16; H = 1) S: a. 36,51% Na; 63,49% Mg b. 1,6g; 0,24g c. 80% Bai tap 47 un nong m gam hon hp A dang bot gom Ba va Al trong khong kh kho, cac kim loai trong A b oxi hoa het tao oxit kim loai tng ng. em hoa tan lng hon hp oxit tren trong nc d, thay con lai 1,02 gam chat ran. Con neu em hoa tan 0,075 mol hon hp A trong lng nc d th thu c 1,344 lt H2 (ktc) va con lai m gam chat ran. a. Tnh % khoi lng moi kim loai trong hon hp A.
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b. Tnh m Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. (Ba = 137; Al = 27; O = 16) S: a. 55,92% Ba; 44,08% Al b. m = 0,81g 4. Oxit axit tac dung vi nc Oxit axit + H2O Axit tng ng
(Tr SiO2 va oxit lng tnh)
Th du:
Kh cacbonic Nc Anhirit cacbonic
CO2
H2 O
Axit cacbonic
H2CO3
Kh sunfur Anhit sunfur
SO2
H2O
Axit sunfur
H2SO3
Anhirit sunfuric
SO3
H2O 3H2O H2O
Axit sunfuric
H2SO4
Anhirit sunfuric
P2O5
Axit photphoric
2H3PO5
Anhirit nitric
N2O5
Nc
Axit nitric
2HNO3
Anhirit cloric
Cl2O5
+ +
H2O H2O H2O
Axit cloric
2HClO3
Anhirit pemanganic
Mn2O7 CrO3
Axit pemanganic
2HMnO4
Anhirit cromic
Axit cromic
H2CrO4
Lu y L.1. Hau het oxit axit tac dung c vi nc mot phan hoac hoan toan e tao axit tng ng, nhng silic oxit va cac oxit lng tnh khong hoa tan trong nc va khong tac dung vi nc. SiO2 + H2 O
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Al2O3, Cr2O3, ZnO, BeO, SnO, PbO, SnO2, PbO2 L.2.
NO2 (Nit ioxit) la mot kh mau nau, mui hac, rt c, c coi la mot oxit axit cua hai axit (HNO3, axit nitric, va HNO2, axit nitr). Khi hoa tan NO2
vao nc, mi au co s tao ra hai axit, HNO3 va HNO2, nhng do axit nitr (HNO2) khong ben, no de b phan tch tao HNO3, NO va H2O. Do o khi hoa tan NO2 trong nc th thc te thu c HNO3 va NO. Tuy nhien neu hoa tan NO2 trong nc ma co suc tiep kh oxi (O2) vao th ch thu c HNO3. Khi cho NO2 tac dung vi dung dch kiem th thu c hon hp muoi nitrat (NO3-), muoi nitrit (NO2-) va nc (H2O). 3 2NO2 + 3HNO2 6NO2 3NO2 H2O HNO3 + HNO2 HNO3 + 2NO 4HNO3 + 2NO
+ H2O
+ 2H2O + H2O 1 O2 2
Nit oxit
Nc
Axit nitric
2HNO3 + NO
Nit oxit
2NO2 2NO2
+ H2O + 2OH-
2HNO3 NO3+ NO2+ H2O
Nit ioxit
Dung dch kiem
Muoi nitrat
Muoi nitrit
Nc
Th du: 2NO2 + 2NaOH

dd Xut Natri nitrat
NaNO3
+ NaNO2 +
Natri nitrit
H2 O 2H2O
4NO2 +
2Ba(OH)2
Bari hiroxit
Ba(NO3)2 + Ba(NO2)2 +
Bari nitrat Bari nitrit
L.3. CO (cacbon oxit), NO (nit oxit), N2O (init oxit, kh ci, kh vui, laughing gas) la cac oxit khong tao muoi (oxit tr), nen cac kh nay khong hoa tan trong nc va khong tac dung vi nc. CO, NO, N2O L.4.
H2O
NO (nit oxit) la mot kh khong mau, no tac dung de dang vi oxi (O2) cua khong kh e tao NO2 (nit ioxit), la mot kh co mau nau. 2NO + O2 2NO2
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L.5.
Hi SO3 (anhirit sufuric, lu huynh trioxit) tac dung vi dung dch muoi bari clorua (BaCl2) hay bari nitrat (Ba(NO3)2) tao ket tua mau trang bari sunfat (BaSO4), ket tua nay khong hoa tan trong axit manh. Kh SO2, CO2 khong tao c ket tua vi dung dch BaCl2 cung nh Ba(NO3)2. Ngi ta thng van dung tnh chat nay e nhan biet SO3. S d SO2, CO2 khong tac dung c vi dung dch BaCl2, cung nh Ba(NO3)2 v SO2, CO2 la cac oxit axit cua axit yeu (H2SO3, H2CO3), nen cac ket tua BaSO3, BaCO3 khong hien dien c trong moi trng axit manh (HCl, HNO3). SO3 + SO3 + SO2, CO2 BaCl2 + H2O Ba(NO3)2 + H2O Ba(NO3)2 (BaCl2), H2O BaSO4 BaSO4 + + 2HCl 2HNO3
Bai tap 48 em nung nong m gam bot sat trong khong kh, thu c hon hp A gom sat t oxit va mot kim loai. Hoa tan het hon hp A bang dung dch HNO3 loang, thu c kh NO duy nhat va dung dch B. Cho dung dch B tac dung vi lng d dung dch xut, thu c 42,8 gam mot ket tua. a. Tnh m. b. Lng kh NO tren thoat ra trong khong kh a chuyen hoa het thanh mot kh mau nau. Cho lng kh nau nay hap thu vao dung dch potat d, thu c dung dch C. Dung dch C nay lam mat mau va u 266,7ml dung dch KMnO4 0,1M trong moi trng axit (H2SO4). Tnh hieu suat sat a b khong kh oxi hoa tao Fe3O4 khi nung m gam sat trong khong kh. Cho biet cac phan ng con lai xay ra hoan toan. KMnO4, trong moi trng axit, oxi hoa muoi nitrit tao muoi nitrat, con KMnO4 b kh tao muoi mangan (II). (Fe = 56; O = 16; H = 1) S: a. m = 22,4g b. 75% Bai tap 48 Hoa tan het 3,48 gam mot oxit sat FexOy bang dung dch HNO3 loang, thu c kh NO duy nhat va dung dch A. em co can dung dch A, thu c 10,89 gam mot muoi. a. Xac nh cong thc cua FexOy. b. Lng kh NO tren hoa nau het khi tiep xuc khong kh. Lng kh nau nay c hap thu hoan toan vao dung dch xut d, thu c dung dch B. Dung dch B lam mat mau va u V ml dung dch KMnO4 0,1M trong moi trng axit H2SO4. Viet cac phan ng xay ra va tnh V. (Fe = 56; O = 16; N = 14) S: a. Fe3O4 b. 10ml
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5. S nhiet phan hiroxit kim loai Hiroxit kim loai (Tr hiroxit KL kiem)
t0 cao (nung)
Oxit kim loai
+ H2O
Th du:
Nhom hiroxit
2Al(OH)3 Cu(OH)2 Zn(OH)2
t0 cao
Nhom oxit t0 cao
Al2O3 + + + + + +
Hi nc
3H2O
ong(II) hiroxit t0 cao
CuO ZnO Fe2O3 MgO CaO
H2O H2O 3H2O H2O H2O
Kem hiroxit
Sat (III) hiroxit
2Fe(OH)3
t0 cao
Magie hiroxit
Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH)2
t0 cao
t0 cao
Canxi hiroxit
Lu y L.1. Hau het hiroxit kim loai, khi nung nhiet o cao, b nhiet phan tao oxit kim loai tng ng va hi nc bay i, nhng hiroxit kim loai kiem (tr liti hiroxit) khong b nhiet phan, du nung nhiet o cao. NaOH KOH 2LiOH
t0 cao t0 cao t0 cao (>5000C)
Liti hiroxit
Liti oxit
Li2O
Hi nc
H2O
Hiroxit KL kiem Nhiet o nong chay Nhiet o soi L.2.
b phan huy 5000C
LiOH 4500C
NaOH 3280C 13400C
KOH 3600C 13240C
Tat ca hp chat cua amoni (cha NH4+) eu b nhiet phan khi nung nhiet o cao, nen NH4OH b nhiet phan. Hn na, NH4OH ch ton tai trong dung dch
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loang, no de dang b nhiet phan tao NH3 va nc khi un nong dung dch NH4OH. NH4OH
t0
Amoni hiroxit
Kh amoniac (co mui khai)
NH3
H2O
L.3.
Fe(OH)2 la mot chat ran khong tan trong nc, co mau trang (hi luc nhat). Khi e Fe(OH)2 ngoai khong kh (co oxi, hi nc), no de dang b oxi hoa tao Fe(OH)3, la mot chat khong tan trong nc co mau nau o. 2Fe(OH)2 + 1 O2 2 + H2O 2Fe(OH)3
Sat (III) hiroxit Chat ran mau nau o
Sat (II) hiroxit Khong kh Chat ran trang hi luc nhat
L.4.
Sat (II) hiroxit Chat ran mau trang
Khi nung Fe(OH)2 trong khong kh, no b oxi hoa va b nhiet phan tao Fe2O3, mot chat ran co mau nau o. Ch khi nao nung Fe(OH)2 trong chan khong hay trong moi trng khong co kh oxi (O2), th Fe(OH)2 mi b nhiet phan tao FeO, mot chat ran co mau en. 1 2Fe(OH)2 + O2 t0 Fe2O3 + H2O 2
Oxi Khong kh Sat (III) oxit Hi nc Chat ran mau nau o
Fe(OH)2
t0 (Chan khong)
Sat (II) oxit (chat ran co mau en)
FeO
H2O
L.5. Fe2O3 la mot chat ran co mau nau o, khi nung Fe2O3 nhiet o that cao, no b mat bt oxi va tao Fe3O4, chat ran co mau en. 3Fe2O3
Sat (III) oxit t0 cao
2Fe3O4
Sat t oxit
1 O2 2
Oxi
L.6. Muoi sat (III) tac dung vi dung dch muoi SCN- (sunfoxianat, tioxianat) tao muoi Fe(SCN)3 co mau o mau. Fe3+ Th du:
Sat (III) clorua
3SCN
Sat (III) sunfoxianat, Sat (III) tioxianat Co mau o mau
Fe(SCN)3
FeCl3
Kali tioxianat
3KSCN
Sat (III) tioxianat
Fe(SCN)3
+ 3KCl
Kali clorua
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Sat (III) sunfat
Fe2(SO4)3
Amoni tioxianat Amoni sunfoxianat
6NH4SCN
Sat (III) tioxianat Amoni sunfat Sat (III) sunfoxianat
2Fe(SCN)3
+ 3(NH4)2SO4
Bai tap 49 Chia 2,24 gam bot mot kim loai M ra lam hai phan bang nhau. Phan (1) c hoa tan het trong dung dch HCl, thu c V ml kh H2 (ktc) va dung dch A. Phan (2) c hoa tan het trong dung dch HNO3 loang, cung thu c V ml kh NO (ktc) va dung dch B. Neu em co can dung dch A va dung dch B th thu c 7,38 gam hon hp hai muoi khan. a. Xac nh kim loai M. TnhV. b. Cho dung dch Ba(OH)2 vao dung dch A, loc lay ket tua trong khong kh, roi em nung ket tua thu c cho en khoi lng khong oi, thu c chat ran R. Lay chat ran R em nung nhiet o that cao th lai co kh K thoat ra, va con lai chat ran F. Mot phan F cho tac dung vi dung dch H2SO4 loang; Mot phan F cho tac dung vi dung dch H2SO4 am ac, nong, co tao kh G. Xac nh K, R, F, G va viet cac phan ng xay ra. (Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al= 27; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Fe = 56; Cu = 64; Zn= 65; N = 14; O = 16; Cl = 35,5) S: Fe; 448ml Bai tap 49 X la mot kim loai. Hoa tan het 2,34 gam X bang dung dch HCl, thu c V ml H2 va dung dch A. Hoa tan het 1,56 gam X bang dung dch HNO3 loang va u, thu c 2 V ml NO va dung dch B. em co can hai dung dch A, B thu c 12,675 gam hon 3 hp hai muoi khan. a. Xac nh kim loai X. The tch hai kh H2 va NO o trong cung ieu kien ve nhiet o va ap suat. b. Neu cho 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vao lng dung dch B tren, loc lay ket tua em nung cho en khoi lng khong oi, thu c m gam mot chat ran. Tnh m. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. (Be = 9; Mg = 24; Al = 27; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56; Cu = 64; Zn = 65; Ag = 108; Pb = 207; Cl = 35,5; N = 14; O =16) S: a. Cr b. m = 1,52g 6. S nhiet phan muoi cacbonat
Cacbonat kim loai
t0 cao
Oxit kim loai
+ CO2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
120
(Tr kim loai kiem) Th du:

Canxi cacbonat a voi
CaCO3
t0 cao
CaO
Canxi oxit Voi song
Kh cacbonic
CO2
Bari cacbonat
BaCO3
t0 cao
BaO MgO ZnO
+ + +
CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2
Magie cacbonat
MgCO3 ZnCO3
t0 cao
t0 cao t0
Bac cacbonat
Ag2CO3
Ag2O +
Lu y L.1. Hau het muoi cacbonat kim loai b nhiet phan, tao oxit kim loai va kh cacbonic, khi nung nhiet o cao, nhng cacbonat kim loai kiem khong b nhiet phan.
t0 cao Natri cacbonat (Xo a)
Na2CO3
Kali cacbonat
K2CO3
t0 cao
Cac muoi cacbonat kim loai kiem rat ben vi nhiet. Sau ay la nhiet o nong chay (khong b phan huy) cua mot so kim loai kiem. Cacbonat KL kiem Nhiet o nong chay Li2CO3 7350C Na2CO3 8530C K2CO3 8940C Rb2CO3 8370C
L.2. Khi nung FeCO3 trong khong kh no b oxi hoa va b nhiet phan tao Fe2O3 va CO2. Ch khi nao nung FeCO3 trong chan khong hay trong moi trng khong co oxi (O2) th no mi b nhiet phan tao FeO va CO2. 2FeCO3 +
1 O2 2
t0 cao
Fe2O3
Sat (III) oxit
2CO2
Kh cacbonic
Sat (II) cacbonat Oxi Xierit (Khong kh)
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
121
t0 cao (Chan khong)
Sat (II) cacbonat
FeCO3
Sat (II) oxit
FeO
CO2
l.3.
Tat ca hp chat cua amoni eu b nhiet phan khi nung nong, nen muoi amoni cacbonat b nhiet phan. (NH4)2CO3
t0
2NH3
+ H2O
+ CO2
L4. Tat ca muoi cacbonat axit eu b nhiet phan khi nung nong. Nhng san pham nhiet phan khac nhau tuy theo o la muoi cua kim loai kiem hay khac kim loai kiem. Cacbonat axit KL kiem
t0 cao
Cacbonat KL kiem + CO2
+ H2O
Cacbonat axit KL ( KL kiem)
t0 cao
Oxit KL + CO2 + H2O
Th du: 2NaHCO3 (r)

t0 cao Natri cacbonat axit Natri hirocacbonat Natri bicacbonat t0 t0 cao t0 t0 cao t0 t0 cao Natri cacbonat Xo a (soda)
Na2CO3 (r)
Kh cacbonic
CO2
Hi nc
H2O
2NaHCO3 (dd) Ca(HCO3)2 (r) Ca(HCO3)2 (dd) 2KHCO3 (r) 2KHCO3 (dd) Mg(HCO3)2 (r)
Na2CO3 (dd) CaO (r) + CaCO3 K2CO3 (r)
+ CO2 +
H2O
2CO2 + H2O H2O H2O H2O
+ CO2 + + CO2 +
K2CO3 (dd) + CO2 +
MgO (r) + 2CO2 + H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 (dd) NH4HCO3 (r)

t0
t0
MgCO3
CO2 + H2 O
H2O
NH3 + CO2 +
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
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t0
2NH4HCO3 (dd)
Amoni cacbonat axit
(NH4)2CO3 (dd)
Amoni cacbonat
+ CO2 + H2O
Bai tap 50 A va B la hai kim loai eu co hoa tr 2. Lay m gam hon hp hai muoi cacbonat cua A va B em nung nong mot thi gian, co V (lt) kh CO2 (ktc) thoat ra va con lai p (gam) hon hp cac chat ran. a. Lap bieu thc lien he gia m,V, p. b. Hoa tan het p gam hon hp cac chat ran tren bang dung dch HCl d, co V (lt) kh CO2 (ktc) thoat ra va con lai dung dch D. Co can dung dch D, thu c q (gam) hon hp muoi clorua. Lap bieu thc lien he gia m, q, V, V. Viet cac phan ng xay ra. c. Xac nh A, B neu biet V = 5,04 lt; V = 1,68 lt; q = 51,1 gam; Tong khoi lng nguyen t cua A va B la 161 vC; T le so phan t gam hai muoi cacbonat A, B trong hon hp au tng ng la 1 : 2. (C = 12; O = 16; Cl = 35,5; Be = 9; Mg = 24; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56; Ni = 59; Cu = 64; Zn = 65; Ba = 137) S: a. m = p + 11V/5,6 b. m = q - 11(V + V)/22,4 c. Mg; Ba Bai tap 50 Hon hp A gom hai muoi cacbonat cua hai kim loai hai chu ky ke tiep trong phan nhom chnh nhom II. em nung m gam hon hp A trong mot thi gian, co 1,68 lt CO2 (ktc) thoat ra va con lai 6,38 gam hon hp cac chat ran (hon hp B). a. Tnh m. b. em hoa tan het 6,38 gam hon hp B tren bang dung dch HCl, co V(ml) kh CO2 (ktc) thoat ra. Dan lng kh CO2 nay qua 200 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M, thu c ket tua mau trang va dung dch D, un nong dung dch D e phan ng xay ra hoan toan, thu c them 0,985 gam ket tua na. Tnh V, xac nh hai muoi trong hon hp A. Tnh khoi lng moi muoi trong hon hp A. c. Tnh % khoi lng moi chat trong hon hp B. Biet rang t le so mol moi chat trong hon hp A b nhiet phan bang t le so mol cua chung trong hon hp luc au. (Be = 9; Mg = 24; Ca = 40; Sr = 88; Ba = 137; Ra = 226; C = 12; O = 16) S: m = 9,68g; V = 560ml; 1,68g MgCO3, 8g CaCO3; 9,40% MgO; 52.67% CaO; 6,58% MgCO3; 31,35% CaCO3
7. S nhiet phan muoi sunfit Sunfit kim loai kim loai kiem
t0 cao
sunfat KL kiem + sunfua KL kiem
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
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Th du: 4Na2SO3 4K2SO3

t0 cao (6000C) t0cao (6000C) Natri sunfit Kali sunfit Natri sunfat Kali sunfat
3Na2SO4 3K2SO4
+ +
Natri sunfua Kali sunfua
Na2S
K2S
8. S nhiet phan muoi sunfat Sunfat kim loai

t0 cao
(Tr cac KL: Na, K, Ca, Ba)
Oxit kim loai
SO3
Th du:
Magie sunfat
MgSO4
t0 cao
Magie oxit t0 cao
MgO
Anhirit sunfuric
SO3
Nhom sunfat
Al2(SO4)3 Ag2SO4 CuSO4
Al2O3 + 3SO3 Ag2O CuO Fe2O3 ZnO + + SO3 + SO3 + 3 SO3 SO3
t0 cao
Bac sunfat t0 cao
ong (II) sunfat
Sat (III) sunfat
Fe2(SO4)3 ZnSO4
t0 cao
t0 cao
Kem sunfat
Lu y L.1. Ch co cac muoi sunfat cua cac kim loai Na, K, Ca, Ba la ben oi vi nhiet, khong b phan huy nhiet o 10000C. Cac muoi sunfat khac b phan huy nhiet o thap hn nhieu, tao oxit kim loai tng ng va kh SO3. Na2SO4, K2SO4, CaSO4, BaSO4 t0 cao L.2. Do SO3 b phan huy tao SO2 va O2, nen khi nhiet phan muoi sunfat kim loai co the tao oxit kim loai, SO2 va O2. 1 Th du: MgSO4 t0 cao MgO + SO2 + O2 2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
124
L.3. Sat (II) sunfat khi nung nong b nhiet phan tao sat (III) oxit, SO2 va O2, ngay ca khi nung trong chan khong. (V O2 tao ra do s nhiet phan se oxi hoa tiep FeO tao Fe2O3) 1 2FeSO4 t0 cao Fe2O3 + 2SO2 + O2 2 9. S nhiet phan muoi nitrat Tat ca muoi nitrat kim loai eu b nhiet phan khi em nung nhiet o cao, nhng san pham nhiet phan khac nhau tuy theo kim loai trong muoi nitrat khoang nao trong day the ien hoa. K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au a. Nitrat kim loai
t0 cao
(KL ng trc Mg, gom KL kiem, kiem tho)
Nitrit kim loai
+ O2
Th du: KNO3
Kali nitrat t0 cao
KNO2 +
Kali nitrit
1 O2 2
Oxi
Ca(NO3)2
t0 cao
Canxi nitrat t0 cao
Ca(NO2)2 + O2
Canxi nitrit
Oxi
NaNO3 Ba(NO3)2
Bari nitrat
NaNO2 +
1 O2 2
t0 cao
Ba(NO2)2 + O2
Bari nitrit
Ghi chu: Co tai lieu cho rang muoi bari nitrat b nhiet phan tao bari oxit, NO2 va O2. a so tai lieu khac cho rang s nhiet phan bari nitrat tao san pham nh a th du tren. Ba(NO3)2
t0 cao
BaO
+ 2NO2 +
1 O2 2
b. Nitrat kim loai

(KL: t Mg - Cu, ke ca Mg va Cu)
t0 cao
Oxit kim loai +
NO2
+ O2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
125
Th du: Mg(NO3)2
Magie nitrat t0 cao
MgO
Magie oxit
+ 2NO2
Nit ioxit
+ +
1 O2 2
Oxi
2Fe(NO3)3
t0 cao
Fe2O3
+ 6NO2
3 O2 2 1 O2 2
Cu(NO3)2 c. Th du: AgNO3

Bac nitrat
t0 cao
CuO + 2NO2
t0 cao
Nitrat kim loai
(KL: ng sau Cu)
Kim loai
+ NO2 +
O2
t0 cao
Ag
Bac
NO2 +
Nit ioxit
1 O2 2
Oxi
Thuy ngan (II) nitrat
Hg(NO3)2
t0 cao
Hg
+ 2NO2 + O2
3 O2 2
Au(NO3)3
Vang (III) nitrat
t0 cao
Au + 3NO2 +
Vang
Lu y L.1. Khi un nong mot dung dch cha muoi nitrat kim loai th khong co s nhiet phan xay ra, ma ch co hien tng dung moi nc bay hi (s co can dung dch). Ch khi nao co can het dung moi nc, con lai muoi nitrat khan, ma con nung nong tiep na, th mi co s nhiet phan xay ra. Bi v khi con dung moi nc th nhiet o trong dung dch khong the tang cao c, nc trong dung dch nhan nang lng nhiet do s un nong cung cap e bay hi nen nhiet o trong dung dch khong cao. V the s nhiet phan muoi nitrat (cung nh hau het cac muoi khac) khong xay ra trong dung dch. Th du: KNO3 (dd) KNO3 (khan)
t0 cao t0 cao (Ch co dung moi nc bay hi)
KNO2
1 O2 2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
126
L.2. Khi nung Fe(NO3)2, ngay ca trong chan khong, th no b nhiet phan tao Fe2O3, NO2 va O2. V O2 tao ra do s nhiet phan oxi hoa tiep FeO e tao Fe2O3. 1 2Fe(NO3)2 t0 cao Fe2O3 + 4NO2 + O2 2
Sat (II) nitrat Sat (III) oxit Nit ioxit Oxi
L.3. Muoi NH4NO3 b nhiet phan tao kh N2O va hi H2O 2100C. Khi nung NH4NO3 3000C, th co s no tao N2, O2 va hi nc. N2O (init oxit) la mot chat kh khong mau, co mui de chu. Khi ht phai mot lng t kh N2O th co cam giac say va hay ci, nen kh nay con c goi la kh vui hay kh gay ci (laughing gas). Khi ht lng nhieu kh N2O th b me. Trong y hoc, ngi ta dung hon hp gom 20% O2 va 80% N2O (% the tch) e gay me trong cac ca tieu phau.u iem cua chat gay me nay la chung mau loai khoi c the nen t gay cam giac kho chu sau khi gay me. N2O la mot oxit khong tao muoi hay oxit tr, no kem hoat ong nhiet o thng, nhng khi un nong 5000C, no b phan huy tao N2 va O2, nen nhiet o cao, th N2O co the phan ng vi nhieu chat nh H2, NH3,...(Do tac dung c vi O2, do N2O phan huy ra). NH4NO3
2100C
Amoni nitrat
init oxit Hi nc Kh ci, Kh vui 3000C
N2O
+ 2H2O
NH4NO3
N2 +
1 O2 + 2H2O 2 1 O2 2
N2O N2O +
t0 cao (5000C)
N2 N2
+ +
H2
t0 cao t0 cao
H2O + 3H2O
3N2O + 2NH3
4N2
L.4. Dung dch bao hoa Amoni nitrit b nhiet phan tao N2 va hi nc (phan ng ieu che kh nit trong phong th nghiem) NH4NO2
t0
Amoni nitrit
Nit
N2 + 2H2O
Nc
L.5. Cac muoi cha nhieu oxi (O) trong phan t va co tnh oxi hoa manh, nh
KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, KClO3, Ca(ClO)2, tat ca cac muoi nitrat kim loai (NO3-),.... khi nung nhiet o cao th chung b nhiet phan va thng co tao kh oxi (O2)
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
127 K2MnO4 + + 3O2 MnO2
t0 Kali pemanganat (Thuoc tm)
2KMnO4 K2Cr2O7
Kali manganat
Mangan ioxit
+ +
Oxi
O2
t0
Kali icromat, Kali bicromat
Kali cromat
K2CrO4 +
Crom (III) oxit
Cr2O3
Oxi
O2
Kali clorat Kali clorua Oxi (Neu khong dung MnO2 lam xuc tac th KClO3 b nhiet phan nhiet o cao hn).
2KClO3
MnO2 t0
2KCl
Canxi hipoclorit
Ca(ClO)2
t0
Canxi clorua
CaCl2
O2
Oxi
L.6. Amoni icromat b nhiet phan tao N2, Cr2O3 va hi nc (NH4)2Cr2O7

t0
Amoni icromat
Nit
N2 +
Crom (III) oxit
Cr2O3
Hi nc
4H2O
L.7. Hon hp gom 75% KNO3, 10% S va 15% C (% khoi lng) la thuoc no en. Phan ng no cua thuoc no en la: 2KNO3 + 3C + S
no
K2S + N2
+ 3CO2
H < 0 (Toa nhiet)
10. Phan ng nhiet nhom
Phan ng nhiet nhom la phan ng trong o kim loai nhom ay c cac kim loai yeu hn no ra khoi oxit kim loai nhiet o cao.
K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Al + Oxit kim loai
t0 cao
(KL: ng sau Al trong DTH)
Al2O3
Kim loai
Th du: 2Al
Nhom
Sat (III) oxit t0 cao t0 cao t0 cao
Fe2O3
t0 cao
Nhom oxit
Al2O3 + 2Fe
Sat
2Al
+ 3CuO 3MnO2
Al2O3 + 3Cu 2Al2O3 + Al2O3 + 3Mn 2Cr
4Al +
2Al + Cr2O3
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
128
Al
+ MgO K2 O
t0 cao t0 cao
Al +
Lu y L.1. Ngoai nhom (Al), ngi ta con dung 3 chat kh khac e kh cac oxit kim loai la hiro (H2), cacbon oxit (CO) va cacbon (C) nhiet o cao. Tuy nhien 4 chat kh nay ch kh c cac kim loai ng sau Al trong day the ien hoa. K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Al H2 CO C Th du: + + + + Oxit KL Oxit KL Oxit KL Oxit KL
t0 t0 t0 t0
Al2O3 + H2O CO2 CO + + +
KL KL KL KL (KL: ng sau Al)
H2 CO
+ CuO + CuO CuO + + + + + + + 3CuO Fe2O3 ZnO FeO Al2O3 Mg PbO
t0 t0 t0 t0 t0 t0 t0 t0 t0 t0
H2O CO2 CO Al2O3 3H2O CO CO2
+ + + +
Cu Cu Cu 3Cu + + + 2Fe Zn Fe
C +
2Al
3H2 C CO H2 CO C
CO
Pb
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
129 + + Cr2O3 K2O

t0 t0
3CO C L.2.
3CO2 +
2Cr
Cacbon Than coc
3C
Canxi oxit Voi song
CaO
t0
Cacbon oxit Cacbon monoxit t0
CO
Canxi cacbua at en, Kh a
CaC2
9C L3.
2Al2O3
6CO
Nhom cacbua
Al4C3
Hon hp bot nhom (Al) vi bot sat t oxit (Fe3O4) hay sat (III) oxit (Fe2O3) c goi la hon hp thermite (tecmit). Hon hp tecmit c dung e han cac thanh sat ln b nt hay c dung e che tao bom la. V phan ng nhiet nhom gia nhom vi oxit sat toa lng nhiet rat ln, co the at ti nhiet o 3 0000C, nhiet o cao nay Al2O3 va Fe tao ra eu dang long, t khoi cua sat kim loai ln hn so vi nhom oxit, nen sat (long) nam pha di, nhom oxit (long) noi ben tren, khi nguoi, sat hoa ran lam ket dnh cac thanh sat vi nhau. Va nhiet o rat cao nay, khien cac chat ni tha bom de phat hoa trong khong kh. Tuy nhien phan ng nhiet nhom can phai cung cap mot nhiet lng ban au e tao mot nhiet o tng oi cao th mi xay ra c (nh ot chay mot si day Mg e khi mao phan ng). 8Al + 3Fe3O4 2Al + Fe2O3
t0 t0
4Al2O3 + Al2O3 +
9Fe 2Fe
L.4. Trong lo cao (lo luyen gang) CO kh Fe2O3 tng nac nh sau: Fe2O3 + 3Fe2O3 Fe3O4 FeO + +
CO, t0
CO CO CO
Fe3O4 CO, t0 t0 Fe3O4 +

t0 t0
FeO CO2 CO2 CO2
CO, t0
Fe
3FeO Fe
+ +
Tong quat phan ng khong hoan toan, sau phan ng co the thu c hon hp ran gom 4 chat la Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 va hon hp kh gom 2 chat la CO2, CO. Neu gia thiet cho phan ng hoan toan va co CO d th Fe2O3 b kh het tao Fe. Fe2O3 + 3CO
t0
2Fe
3CO2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
130
Bai tap 51 Hon hp tecmit A gom bot Al va Fe2O3. un nong 22,75gam hon hp A e phan ng nhiet nhom xay ra hoan toan, ch co nhom kh Fe2O3 tao kim loai, thu c hon hp B. a. Tnh khoi lng hon hp B. b. Cho lng hon hp B tren tac dung hoan toan dung dch xut d, co 1,68 lt mot kh (ktc) thoat ra. Xac dnh thanh phan khoi lng hon hp B. (Al = 27; Fe = 56; O = 16) S: b. 1,35g Al; 10,2g Al2O3; 11,2g Fe Bai tap 51 Hon hp X dang bot gom nhom va mot oxit sat FexOy. Thc hien phan ng nhiet nhom hoan hoan 119,04 gam hon hp X (ch co nhom kh oxit kim loai tao kim loai), thu c hon hp Y. Khi cho hon hp Y tac dung dung dch KOH d khong tao chat kh. Neu hoa tan het lng hon hp Y tren bang dung dch HNO3 loang, thu c 21,056 lt kh NO duy nhat (ktc). Con neu hoa tan het lng hon hp X tren bang dung dch HCl th thu c 26,88 lt mot kh (ktc). Xac nh cong thc FexOy va tnh the tch t nhat dung dch HNO3 1M can dung e hoa tan het lng hon hp Y tren. (Fe = 56; Al = 27; O = 16) S: Fe3O4; 7,12 lt Bai tap 52 Hoa tan hoan toan 55,68 gam sat oxit FexOy bang dung dch H2SO4 am ac, nong, d, thu c kh SO2 va 144 gam mot loai muoi sat duy nhat. a. Xac nh cong thc FexOy. b. Tron 13,5 gam bot kim loai nhom vi 41,76 gam bot oxit sat tren roi tien hanh phan ng nhiet nhom. Gia s ch co qua trnh kh FexOy tao kim loai. Lay hon hp cac chat sau phan ng nhiet nhom em hoa tan het bang dung dch H2SO4 26% (D = 1.19 g/cm3) th thu c 12,32 lt H2 ( 27,30C; 91,2 cmHg). . Tnh hieu suat phan ng nhiet nhom. . Tnh the tch toi thieu dung dch H2SO4 26% can dung. (H= 1; S = 32; O = 16; Al = 27; Fe = 56) S: Fe3O4; 83,33%; 418,1 cm3 Bai tap 52 23,2 gam mot oxit sat c hoa tan het bang dung dch H2SO4 ac nong, thu c kh mui hac va 60 gam mot loai muoi sat duy nhat. 1. Xac nh cong thc cua oxit sat. 2. Tron 6,48 gam bot Al vi 27,84 gam bot oxit sat tren roi thc hien phan ng nhiet nhom, ch co phan ng nhom kh oxit sat tao sat kim loai. Lay cac chat sau phan
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
131
ng nhiet nhom em hoa tan het bang dung dch H2SO4 16% (co t khoi 1,11) th thu c 6,696 lt kh hiro (136,50C; 1,4 atm). a. Tnh hieu suat phan ng nhiet nhom. b. Tnh the tch toi thieu dung dch H2SO4 16% can dung. (Fe = 56; O = 16; S = 32; H = 1; Al = 27) S: Fe3O4; 90%; 418,8 ml 11. S ot chay muoi sunfua kim loai Sunfua kim loai + O2
t0 (chay)
Oxit kim loai + SO2
Th du: Ag2S
Bac oxit
3 O2 2 3 O2 2 9 O2 2 3 O2 2
t0
Ag2O
Bac oxit
SO2
Kh sunfur
CuS
t0
CuO +
SO2
Al2S3
t0
Al2O3
3SO2
Na2S
t0
Na2O
SO2
Lu y L.1. Tat ca muoi sunfua kim loai khi chay eu tao oxit kim loai tng ng va kh sunfur. L.2. Tat ca muoi sunfua sat khi chay eu tao sat (III) oxit va kh SO2. 2FeS +
7 O2 2 7 O2 2 11 O2 2
t0
Fe2O3
Sat (III) oxit t0
2SO2
Kh sunfur
Sat (II) sunfua
Fe2S3
Sat (III) sunfua
Fe2O3
3SO2
2FeS2
t0
Fe2O3
Sat (III) oxit
4SO2
Kh sunfur
Sat (II) pesunfua;,Pirit sat
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
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12. Muoi axit tac dung vi dung dch baz Muoi axit la muoi ma trong o goc axit con cha H axit, tc H nay co the phan ly tao ion H+ hay H nay co the c thay the bi ion kim loai. Khi cho muoi axit tac dung vi dung dch baz, coi nh co phan ng trung hoa gia axit vi baz nen co s tao muoi trung tnh va nc. Tuy theo tac chat muoi axit, baz dung cung nh tuy theo ieu kien co baz d hay muoi axit d, ma khi cho muoi axit tac dung vi dung dch baz, ta co the thu c mot trong bon hng san pham nh sau: (e n gian va chu y en cac muoi axit thng gap, ay ch xet muoi axit cha 1 H axit, nh HCO3, HSO3, HSO4, HS,...)
-
Muoi axit Muoi axit Muoi axit Muoi axit
+ + + +
Baz Baz Baz Baz
1 Muoi trung tnh va nc 2 Muoi trung tnh va nc 1 Muoi trung tnh, 1 Baz mi va nc 1 Muoi trung tnh, 1 Muoi axit mi va nc
Th du: NaHCO3 + NaOH NaOH (d) Na2CO3 + Na2CO3 + NaHCO3 (d) Na2CO3 + H2O
Na2CO3 + K2CO3 + 2H2O 2NaHCO3 + 2KOH Cac san pham Na2CO3, K2CO3 khong tac dung tiep vi cac tac chat NaHCO3 hoac KOH co d. 2NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 (neu co d) 2NaHCO3 + 2Ca(OH)2 (d) NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 (d) Na2CO3 CaCO3 2CaCO3 CaCO3 + + + + CaCO3 2NaOH + 2H2O
2NaOH + 2H2O NaOH + H2O
Ba(HCO3)2 + 2NaOH Ba(HCO3)2 (neu co d) + Na2CO3 2Ba(HCO3)2 (d) Ba(HCO3)2 (d) KHSO3 + + + 2NaCO3 NaCO3
BaCO3 + Na2CO3 + BaCO3 + 2NaHCO3 BaCO3 BaCO3 H2O
2H2O
+ 2NaHCO3 + 2H2O + NaHCO3 + H2O
KOH
K2SO3 +
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Kali hiroxit Kali sunfit Nc
Kali sunfit axit
K2SO3 khong tac dung tiep vi cac tac chat KHSO3 hoac KOH co d 2KHSO3 + 2NaOH K2SO3 + Na2SO3 + 2H2O
Cac san pham K2SO3, Na2SO3 khong tac dung tiep vi cac tac chat KHSO3 hoac NaOH neu co d. 2KHSO3 + Ba(OH)2 K2SO3 + Ba(OH)2 (neu co d) 2KHSO3 KHSO3 + + 2Ba(OH)2 (d) Ba(OH)2 (d) K2SO3 + BaSO3 BaSO3 + 2KOH 2BaSO3 BaSO3 + + 2KOH KOH + 2H2O
+ +
2H2O H2O 2H2O
Ca(HSO3)2 + 2KOH Ca(HSO3)2 (neu co d) + K2SO3 2Ca(HSO3)2 (d) Ca(HSO3)2 (d) + + 2KOH KOH
CaSO3 + K2SO3 + CaSO3 + 2KHSO3 2CaSO3 CaSO3 + +
2KHSO3 + 2H2O KHSO3 + H2O
Kali sunfat axit
2KHSO4 + Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 (neu co d) + K2SO4 + 2Ba(OH)2 (d) 2KHSO4 + Ba(OH)2 (d) KHSO4
Bari hiroxit
K2SO4 + BaSO4 + 2H2O BaSO4 + 2KOH 2BaSO4 + 2KOH + 2H2O BaSO4 + KOH + H2O
Bari sunfat Kali hiroxit
Nc
Lu y Muoi sunfat axit (HSO4) la muoi axit cua axit manh (H2SO4) nen no co tnh axit kha manh (Ka2 = 10-2, co o manh axit trung bnh). Do o khi cho muoi sunfat axit tac dung vi muoi cua cac axit yeu (nh muoi cacbonat) th no ay c axit yeu hn no ra khoi muoi (coi nh axit tac dung vi muoi, ch khong phai muoi tac dung vi muoi) Th du: 2KHSO4
(Coi nh axit tac dung vi muoi)
Na2CO3
K2SO4 BaSO4
+ Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O + 2KHSO4
(Phan ng trao oi gia 2 muoi) 2KHSO4 (d)
Ba(HSO4)2
K2SO4
Ba(HCO3)2 Ba(HCO3)2 (d)
2CO2 + 2H2O + BaSO4 + K2SO4 CO2 + H2O + BaSO4 + KHCO3
KHSO4
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Bai tap 53 ot chay hoan toan m gam chat hu c A can dung13,44 lt O2 (ktc). Cho tat ca san pham chay, ch gom CO2 va hi nc, hap thu het vao bnh cha 200ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1,25M, khoi lng bnh tang 28,4 gam. a. Tnh m. b. Loc lay ket tua trong bnh, thu c m gam chat ran. Cho dung dch NaOH d vao phan nc qua loc, thu c 29,55 gam ket tua na. - Tnh m. - Xac nh CTPT, CTCT va oc ten chat A co the co. Biet rang CTPT cua A cung la cong thc n gian cua no. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. (C = 12; H =1; O = 16; Ba = 137) S: m = 9,2g; m= 19,7g; C2H6O Bai tap 53 ot chay hoan toan 6 gam chat hu c A (c tao bi cac nguyen to C, H, O) can dung 50,4 lt khong kh (ktc, gom 20% O2, 80% N2 theo the tch). Cho cac chat thu c sau phan chay hap thu vao mot bnh ng 2 lt dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,09M, khoi lng tang m gam. Trong bnh co tao m gam ket tua. a. Tnh m. b. Loc lay phan dung dch cua bnh nc voi tren, cho tiep nc voi trong d vao phan dung dch nay, thu c 24 gam ket tua na. - Tnh m. - Xac nh CTPT, cac CTCT co the co cua A va oc ten cac chat nay. Cho biet t khoi hi cua A nho hn 3. Cac phan ng xayra hoan toan. (C = 12; H = 1; O = 16; Ca = 40) S: m = 20,4g; m = 6g; C3H8O
13.
Cacbon tac dung vi hi nc C + H2 O

t0 cao (10500C)
Cacbon
Hi nc t0 cao (10500C)
Cacbon oxit
CO
+ H2 +
Hiro
+ 2H2O
Cacbon oxit Kh cacbonic
CO2
H2
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135
Lu y L.1. Khi cho hi nc i qua than nong o nhiet o cao, ta thu c hon hp kh gom CO, CO2 va H2 (do co hai phan ng tren). Hon hp kh nay c goi la kh than t (kh hi nc, kh than nc). Trong kh than t th co CO va H2 chay c, nen kh than t c dung lam nhien lieu (chat ot). L.2. Con khi nung than trong ieu kien thieu khong kh, ta thu c hon hp kh gom CO va CO2. Hon hp kh nay c goi la kh than kho. Trong kh than kho th co CO chay c, nen kh than kho cung c dung lam nhien lieu. 2C + O2 C + O2
t0 t0
2CO CO2
L.3. Khi bai toan hoa hoc cho hon hp kh than t A, gom CO, CO2 va H2, c tao ra do hi nc tac dung vi cacbon nhiet o cao. Neu ta at x la so mol cua CO; y la so mol cua CO2; z la so mol cua H2 co trong hon hp A, th ta co phng trnh toan hoc lien he gia x, y, z da theo he so mol cua hai phan ng xay ra e tao hon hp A. C C + + H2O 2H2O pt:
t0 t0
x + 2y
CO x CO2 y = z
H2 x + 2H2 2y
Bai tap 54 Hon hp kh than t A gom CO, CO2 va H2, c tao ra do hi nc tac dung vi than nong o nhiet o cao. Cho 6,16 lt hon hp A (ktc) tac dung hoan toan vi ZnO lng d un nong. Thu c hon hp chat ran B va hon hp kh C. Hoa tan het hon hp B bang dung dch HNO3 am ac th thu c 8,8 lt kh NO2 duy nhat (o 27,30C; 1,4 atm). a. Tnh % the tch moi kh trong hon hp A. b. Tnh khoi lng than a dung e tao c lng hon hp A tren. Biet rang phan ng tao hon hp A co hieu suat 80% va than gom cacbon co lan 4% tap chat tr. c. Cho lng hon hp kh C tren tac dung hoan toan vi 1,4 lt dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,08M, thu c m gam ket tua D va dung dch E. un nong dung dch E, e phan ng xay ra hoan toan, thu c m gam ket tua D na. Tnh m, m. (Ca = 40; C =12; H = 1; O = 16)
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S: 36,36% CO, 9,09% CO2, 54,55% H2; 1,953g than; m = 9,9g; m = 1,3g Bai tap 54 Cho hi nc i qua than nung o nhiet o cao, thu c hon hp A gom cac kh CO, CO2 va H2. Lay 7,84 lt hon hp A ( 27,30C; 836 mmHg) tac dung hoan toan vi CuO d, un nong, thu c hon hp chat ran B va hon hp kh C. Hoa tan het lng hon hp B tren trong dung dch HNO3 loang, thu c 4,48 lt kh NO duy nhat (ktc). a. Xac nh phan tram the tch moi kh trong hon hp A. b. Cho lng hon hp C tren hap thu vao 600 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 th thu c ket tua D va dung dch E. un nong dung dch E, phan ng hoan toan, th thu them 5,91 gam ket tua D na. Xac nh nong o mol cua dung dch Ba(OH)2. c. Tnh khoi lng than a dung e tao c lng hon hp A tren. Cho biet hieu suat phan ng tao A la 75% va than cha cacbon co lan 5% tap chat tr. (C = 12; H = 1; O = 16; Ba = 137) S: 28,57% CO, 14,29% CO2, 57,14% H2; 0,2M; 2,526g 14. Cac kim loai, phi kim tac dung c vi dung dch baz Kim loai tac dung c vi dung dch baz: Kim loai co oxit lng tnh (tr crom): Al, Zn, Be, Sn, Pb; Kim loai kiem, kiem tho: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr; Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra. Phi kim tac dung c vi dung dch baz: F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, Si. Al
Nhom Kem
+ +
OH + H2O
Dung dch baz manh Dung dch baz manh
AlO2
Muoi aluminat Muoi zincat
+ + + + +
Zn
2OH
ZnO2
Kh hiro Kh hiro
3 H2 2
H2
Be
Berili Thiec
+ +
2OH
Dung dch baz manh
Sn
t0 Dung dch baz manh t0 Dung dch baz manh
2OH 2OH
Muoi berilat Muoi stanit
BeO22
SnO22
Kh hiro Kh hiro
H2
H2
Pb
Ch
Muoi plumbit
PbO22
Kh hiro
H2
Kim loai kiem, kiem tho hoa tan trong dung dch kiem la do chung tac dung vi nc co trong dung dch kiem, tao hiroxit kim loai tng ng va kh hiro bay ra. Th du:
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137
Cho Na vao dung dch NaOH: Na Na

Natri
+ +
NaOH H2O NaOH

Natri hiroxit
Nc trong dd NaOH
1 H2 2
Hiro
Cho K vao dung dch Ba(OH)2: K K + + Ba(OH)2 H2O KOH +

1 H2 2
Cho Ca vao dung dch KOH: Ca Ca + + KOH 2H2O
Ca(OH)2
H2
Cho Bari vao mot dung dch kiem: Ba Ba + + OH2H2O
Ba(OH)2
H2
Cac phi kim Cl2, Br2, I2 tac dung vi dung dch kiem giong nhau: X2 + + + + + 2OHX+ XO+ H 2O
Halogen
Dung dch kiem
Muoi halogenua
Muoi hipohalogenit
Nc
Clo
Cl2
2NaOH
dd Xut
Natri clorua
NaCl
+ +
Natri hipoclrit
NaClO
+ +
H2O (Nc Javel)

Nc
Brom
Br2 I2
2NaOH 2NaOH 2Ca(OH)2
Natri bromua
NaBr
Natri hipobromit
NaBrO
H2O + H2O + 2H2O
Iot
Natri ioua
NaI
Natri hipoioit
NaIO
2Cl2
Canxi hiroxit
Canxi clorua
CaCl2
Canxi hipoclorit
Ca(ClO)2
Flo (Fluor, F2) tac dung vi dung dch kiem khac vi cac halogen tren: 2F2
Flo
2NaOH
dd Xut
Natri florua
2NaF
H2O
Nc
iflo oxit
F2O
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
138
nhiet o thng, Silic (Si) khong tac dung vi axit, nhng no tac dung manh liet vi dung dch kiem, tao muoi silicat (SiO32-) va kh hiro (H2). Si + + 2OH+ H2O H2O SiO32+ 2H2
Silic
dd kiem
Muoi silicat
Hiro
Silic
Si
Dung dch kali hiroxit
2KOH
Kali silicat
K2SiO3
2H2
Hiro
Th du: Al
Nhom
NaOH
H2O
NaAlO2
Natri aluminat
Dung dch xut
3 H2 2
Hiro
2Al Zn +
Ba(OH)2 2NaOH
dd xut
2H2O Na2ZnO2
Bari aluminat
Ba(AlO2)2 + + H2 H2
3H2
Kem
Natri zincat
Zn
Ca(OH)2
Canxi zincat
CaZnO2
Lu y L.1. Khac vi nhom, kim loai kem (Zn) b hoa tan c trong ca dung dch baz yeu amoniac, la do co tao ion phc tan. Al + NH3 + H2O
+ 2H2O [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 (Phc tan) + H2 Zn + 4NH3 L.2. Clo (Cl2) tac dung vi dung dch baz loang, nguoi tao muoi clorua (Cl-), muoi hipoclrit (ClO-) va nc; Con khi cho kh Cl2 tac dung vi dung dch baz am ac, nong se thu c muoi clorua, muoi clorat (ClO3-) va nc. Cl2 + 3Cl2 2Cl2 2KOH + + 6KOH () 2Ca(OH)2 KCl
t0
Kali clorua
Kali hipoclorit
KClO
H2O KClO3 + 3H2O + 2H2O
Kali clorua
5KCl
Kali clorat
CaCl2
Ca(ClO)2
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139
6Cl2 L.3.
6Ba(OH)2 ()
t0
5BaCl2
Ba(ClO3)2 + 6H2O
Bertholet thanh pho Javel, gan Paris (thu o nc Phap). Nc Javel c tao ra do kh clo tac dung vi dung dch xut (NaOH) nhiet o thng. Trong cong nghiep, nc Javel c ieu che bang cach ien phan dung dch muoi an loang (dd NaCl 15- 20%) trong bnh ien phan khong co vach ngan, catod bang sat, anod bang than ch (graphit). Kh Cl2 tao anod tac dung vi dung dch NaOH tao catod bnh ien phan, se thu c nc Javel. Trong nc Javel co natri hipoclorit (NaOCl), chat nay co tnh oxi hoa manh, nen nc Javel c dung e tay trang, cung nh e sat trung. Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O
Nc Javel la dung dch trong nc cua natri clorua (NaCl) va natri hipoclorit (NaClO). S d co ten nh vay la v no c ieu che au tien bi
L.4. Clorua voi la mot chat bot mau trang, co mui xoc, giong mui cua kh clo, no c coi nh hon hp muoi canxi clorua (CaCl2) va canxi hipoclrit (Ca(OCl)2) hay Cl Ca hay CaOCl2 O Cl Ngi ta ieu che clorua voi bang cach cho kh clo (Cl2) tac dung vi huyen phu ac cua Ca(OH)2 trong nc (voi sa) 300C. 2Cl2 + Cl2 + 2Ca(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + CaOCl2 + Ca(ClO)2 H2O + 2H2O
Hay:
Cung giong nh nc Javel, clorua voi c dung e tay trang (si, vai, giay,...), sat trung (tay ue cac ho rac, cac cong ranh, cac xac chet ong vat, cac o gay mam bnh,...). Do co kha nang tac dung c vi nhieu chat hu c, nen clorua con c dung e chong chat oc hoa hoc trong chien tranh,... Trong phong th nghiem, clorua voi con c dung e ieu che kh clo (Cl2), kh oxi (O2), do co cac phan ng sau: CaOCl2 2CaOCl2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + Cl2 + + H2 O O2
t0, Xt (CuO hay Fe2O3)
2CaCl2
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Canxi clorua
Clorua voi
Oxi
Bai tap 55 Neu ch c phep dung nc va mot chat kh, neu cach phan biet cac chat ran sau: Si, Ba, Al, Fe, Ag. Bai tap 55 Ch c phep dung nc, hay nhan biet cac chat ran sau ay: Zn, Al, K, Ni, NH4Cl. Viet cac phan ng xay ra. Bai tap 56 Bo sung va can bang cac phan ng sau ay, neu co: (Viet hai cach) FexOy + HCl 1. 2. Fe + Cl2 3. Fe + S 4. Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 5. NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 (d) 6. Ca(HCO3)2 + HCl 7. Zn + KOH 8. Na2CO3 + Ba(OH)2 ... 9. SO2 (thieu) + Ba(OH)2 SO2 (d) 10. Na2O + H2O 11. K2O2 + H2O 12. MgO + H2O to 13. Cu(NO3)2 to 14. KNO3 to 15. AgNO3 ... CO2 (d) 16. CO2 (thieu) + Ca(OH)2 17. NaH + H2O 18. CaH2 + HCl 19. Ba(HSO3)2 (d) + KOH 20. Kim loai M (hoa trn n) + HNO3 (loang) 21. CuCl2 + H2S 22. CuS + HCl x NO + y N2O + .... 23. Al + HNO3 24. Si + dd KOH 25. HF + SiO2 26. Fe3O4 + H2SO4 (l) 27. FeO + HNO3 (l) to 28. Fe3O4 + Al (Cac trng hp co the co) 29. Zn + FeCl3
...
to
...
...
to
...
NO
+ ... + ...
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30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56.
NO2 + NaOH Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 ( Cac trng hp co the co) Fe + AgNO3 t0 KMnO4 CuSO4 + NH3 (dd) KHSO4 + Na2CO3 Fe(NO3)2 t0 SO2 + K2CO3 Al + NaOH (dd) Al(OH)3 + CO2 C + H2O t0 cao KClO3 t0, MnO2 t0 cao K2Cr2O7 FeS2 + HCl FeS2 + HNO3 (ac, nong) FeS2 + H2SO4 (ac, nong) FeS + HNO3(ac, nong) FeS + H2SO4(loang) CuS + O2 FeS + H2SO4 (ac, nong) CuO + H2 to Fe(CH3COO)2 + AgNO3 Cu + H2SO4(l) + O2 KCl + AgNO3 KF + AgNO3 AgNO3 + Fe(CH3COOH)3 AgNO3 + FeCl3
Bai tap 57 Hoan thanh cac chuyen hoa sau ay: 1. Kh A H2O B 2. NaHCO3 3. CaCl2 4. Ba(NO3)2 5. C CO2
HCl
C NaOH Kh A HNO3 D CaCO3 CaCl2 Ba(NO3)2 CO2
to
Kh E
t0 cao hn
N2 +O2
Na2CO3 CaCO3 BaCO3 CO
CO2 Ca(NO3)2 BaC2O4 H2CO3
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
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6. ZnS
H2S
Na2S
ZnS K2SO3 KOH SO2 (NH4)2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 NH4Cl Al(OH)3
7. Na2SO3 8. S SO2
SO2 H2SO3
9. FeS2
SO2 CaSO3 SO2 ZnO
SO3 CaCl2
H2SO4
10. ZnS
Ca(HSO3)2 Zn
Na2SO3 ZnSO4
Bai tap 58 Trong mot coc cha bot Mg, lan lt them vao coc cac chat theo th t sau (moi lan them chat ke tiep theo, i cho phan ng lan them trc ket thuc): H2SO4 (loang) d; NaOH d; CH3COOH d; BaCl2 d; Na2CO3 va u (khong tao muoi axit); Tiep theo la suc kh CO2 d; Loc bo ket tua va em un nong dung dch nc qua loc e co can dung dch en kho. em nung chat ran thu c cho en khoi lng khong oi. Cuoi cung em hoa tan cac chat ran thu c trong nc d. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra, liet ke tng chat thu c trong tng giai oan va hay cho biet chat ran nhan c sau khi hoa tan trong nc la chat nao? Cho biet khi nung nhiet o cao th muoi natri axetat b nhiet phan tao xoa (Na2CO3) va axeton (CH3-CO-CH3). Bai tap 59 Viet phng trnh phan ng va mo ta hien tng xay ra khi: 1. Tha mot chiec inh sat (d) vao dung dch Cu(SO4 2. Cho day ong (d) vao dung dch AgNO3 3. Cho bot kem vao dung dch potat. 4. Cho mieng nho Natri (Na) vao dung dch FeCl3. 5. Cho lan lt cac mieng natri nho vao dung dch Al2(SO4)3. Bai tap 60 Giai thch cac hien tng sau va viet phng trnh phan ng xay ra: nho dung dch NaOH vao AlCl3, dung dch tr nen uc. Tiep tuc nho dung dch NaOH d vao, dung
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143
dch hoa trong. Bay gi nho dung dch HCl vao, dung dch tr nen uc, cho tiep dung dch HCl lng d vao, dung dch tr lai trong. Bai tap 61 1. Giai thch hien tng tng t nh cau 60 va viet phng trnh phan ng xay ra: Nho dung dch KOH vao dung dch ZnSO4, thay co tao ket tua. Tiep tuc nho dung dch KOH lng d vao, ket tua b hoa tan. Bay gi nho dung dch HCl vao, co ket tua. Tiep tuc nho dung dch HCl lng d vao, thay ket tua b hoa tan. 2. Cho bot sat vao dung dch CuSO4 th mau xanh lam cua dung dch nhat dan. Ngc lai, khi cho bot ong vao dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 th thay mau vang nau cua dung dch giam dan va dung dch co mau xanh lam tang dan. Bai tap 62 Mot dung dch gom hai chat tan la ZnCl2 va FeCl2 cho tac dung vi dung dch KOH d, thu c mot ket tua trang hi luc nhat. Khi loc lay ket tua nay ngoai khong kh, th ket tua tr nen co mau nau o. em say va nung ket tua nay nhiet o cao th thu c chat bot ran cung co mau nau o. Chat bot nay tan c trong dung dch HCl tao dung dch co mau vang nau. Giai thch, viet cac phan ng xay ra dang phan t va dang ion. Bai tap 62 Mot dung dch gom ba chat tan la ZnSO4, Al2(SO4)3 va FeSO4. Cho dung dch nay tac dung vi dung dch xut lng d, thu c mot chat khong tan co mau trang hi co mau xanh chuoi non. Loc lay chat khong tan nay trong khong kh th thu c chat ran co mau nau o. em nung chat ran nay cho en khoi lng khong oi th thu c chat bot ran cung co mau nau o. Chat bot ran nay tac dung vi kh CO un nong th thu c hon hp gom 4 chat ran. em hoa tan bon chat ran nay trong dung dch H2SO4 loang co d, thu c dung dch D. Dung dch D lam mat mau tm cua dung dch KMnO4. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra dang phan t va dang ion. Bai tap 63 Co the dung dung dch baz nao (dung dch NaOH hay dung dch NH3?) e tao cac ket tua: Cu(OH)2; Zn(OH)2; Fe(OH)3; Al(OH)3 t dung dch muoi cua cac kim koai o. Moi trng hp hay viet phan ng tong quat dang ion va mot phan ng dang phan t cu the e minh hoa. Bai tap 63 Co 5 dung dch sau ay: AgNO3; MgCl2; CuSO4; Zn(CH3COO)2; AlBr3. Cho moi dung dch tren lan lt tac dung vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 va dung dch amoniac
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t t en nhieu dan. Viet cac phan ng xay ra dang phan t va dang ion. Mo ta hien tng thay c. Bai tap 64 Neu s thc hien c hoac khong c trong tng qua trnh trong s o sau, co giai thch nguyen nhan. Viet phan ng xay ra neu co. 1. Dung dch NaCl Ca 2. Al H2SO4
(1)
(1)
CaCl2
CO2 + H2O
(2)
CaCO3 AlCl3
H2SO4
(3)
CaSO4
Al2(SO4)3
ZnCl2
(2)
Ba(OH)2 (3)
NaCl (4)
Al(OH)3
t0 (5)
Al2O3
H2O
(6)
Al(OH)3
Bai tap 64 Neu s thc hien hoac khong c trong tng qua trnh sau ay. Giai thch. Viet phan ng xay ra neu co. Moi mui ten la mot phan ng. Cac qua trnh nay oc lap nhau (ngha la mac du san pham nay khong the tao c t qua trnh trc, van coi la co san cho qua trnh sau):
Fe
HNO3
(1)
Fe(NO3)3 Cu (2)
Cu(NO3)2 H2SO4 (8) Cu(OH)2
Fe Fe Fe(NO3)3 Fe(NO3)2 Cu (3) (4) (5) Cu (9) NO2 Cu2SO4 NaOH (15) H2O (10) NaNO2
Cu(NO3)2 NaOH Cu(OH)2 (6) CuSO4 Fe(OH)3 (11) Cu(OH)2
NH3 (7) t0 (12)
[Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 CuO H2O (13)
CuSO4 HNO3 (14)
Bai tap 65 Mot loai quang boxit (bauxite) cha chu yeu Al2O3 va hai tap chat chnh la Fe2O3, SiO2. Hoa tan quang trong dung dch HCl d, loc va tach loai phan khong tan. Cho dung dch nc qua loc tac dung vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c ket tua A co mau nau o. Loc va tach rieng ket tua A. Them t t dung dch H2SO4 (loang) va phan nc qua loc cho en thu c ket tua B toi a. Loc lay ket tua B. em nung B 12000C. San pham thu c cho hoa tan trong Na3AlF6 (Criolit, AlF3.3NaF) nong chay 9500C roi ien phan san pham nong chay vi anot (anod) bang than ch (graphit). a. Giai thch toan bo qua trnh tren va viet cac phan ng xay ra.
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
145
b. Neu tnh chat hoa hoc c ban cua ket tua A. c. Neu dung thieu hoac d dung dch H2SO4 th co anh hng g en s tao ket tua B hay khong? Bai tap 65 Hay cho biet ten va cong thc cua ba oxit dang ran, trong o co mot oxit axit, mot oxit baz va mot oxit lng tnh. Neu phng phap hoa hoc e tach lay rieng moi oxit ra khoi hon hp gom ba oxit tren. Bai tap 66 Cho kim loai Bari (Ba) lan lt vao tng dung dch: NaHCO3; CuSO4; Al(NO3)3. Viet phng trnh phan ng va neu hien tng xay ra. Bai tap 66 Cho Natri (Na) vao tng dung dch: Ca(HSO3)2; FeCl3; ZnSO4. Viet phng trnh phan ng va neu hien tng xay ra. Bai tap 67 a. Co hai n chat kh A va B khong mau, khong mui. Trong nhng ieu kien thch hp, A va B tac dung vi nhau tao thanh mot chat kh C khong mau. C tac dung de dang vi B tao thanh kh D co mau nau. D tan trong nc tao thanh dung dch lam qu tm hoa o. Xac nh A, B, C, D va viet cac phan ng xay ra. b. Kim loai M va phi kim N cung mot chu ky trong bang he thong tuan hoan. M phan ng vi N tao thanh hp chat co cong thc MN. MN tac dung vi dung dch HCl tao kh co cong thc H2N co mui trng ung (trng thui, trng thoi). Xac nh M, N, MN. Viet cac phan ng xay ra.
Bai tap 67 X, Y, Z la cac kim loai va phi kim cung mot chu ky trong bang phan loai tuan hoan. X, Y tac dung c n chat cua Z tao cac hp chat co cong thc XZ va YZ3. X tac dung vi nc tao dung dch D va co mot kh thoat ra. Khi cho dung dch D t t vao dung dch YZ3 th dung dch uc, dung dch hoa trong khi cho nhieu dung dch D. Xac nh X, Y, Z va viet cac phan ng xay ra. Cho biet cac kim loai va phi kim tren thuoc ba chu ky au cua bang phan loai tuan hoan. Bai tap 68 Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra khi: a. Cho t t a mol NaOH vao dung dch cha b mol H2SO4. b. Cho t t c mol KOH vao dung dch cha d mol H3PO4.
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
146
c. Cho t t b mol H2SO4 vao dung dch cha a mol NaOH. d. Cho t t d mol H3PO4 vao dung dch cha c mol KOH. Tm ieu kien gia a,b; gia c,d va so mol cac chat tan trong dung dch thu c sau phan ng theo a, b; c, d ng vi cac trng hp co the co. Cho biet H2SO4 cung nh H3PO4 phan ly tng nac trong dung dch. Bai tap 68 a. Cho t t dung dch xut t t en nhieu dan vao mot coc ng P2O5. b. Ngc lai, cho t t chat ran P2O5 t t en nhieu dan vao mot coc ng dung dch xut. c. Cho rat t t dung dch HCl t t en nhieu dan vao mot coc ng dung dch Na2CO3. Cho t t dung dch NH3 vao mot coc ng dung dch CuSO4. d. e. Cho t t bot kem vao mot coc ng dung dch Fe(NO3)3. Hay viet cac phng trnh phan ng co the xay ra ng vi cac trng hp co the co.
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
147
Gio khoa ha v c
169
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Chng trnh Ha hc
VN III HA V C
VIT CC PHN NG OXI HA KH THNG GP (CC CHT OXI HA, CHT KH THNG GP)
vit c cc phn ng oxi ha kh th chng ta cn bit mt s cht oxi ha v mt s cht kh thng gp. Cht oxi ha sau khi b kh th to thnh cht kh lin hp (cht kh tng ng); Cng nh cht kh sau khi b oxi ha th to thnh cht kh lin hp (cht kh tng ng). Ta phi bit cc cht kh v cht oxi ha tng ng th mi vit c phn ng oxi ha kh.
I. Cc cht oxi ha thng gp

I.1. Cc hp cht ca mangan: KMnO4, K2MnO4, MnO2 (MnO4-, MnO42-, MnO2) - KMnO4, K2MnO4, MnO2 trong mi trng axit (H+) thng b kh thnh mui Mn2+ Th d:
+7 +2 +2 +3 +2 +7 +6 +4
Kali pemanganat St (II) sunfat Thuc tm (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+7 +3
2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

Mangan (II) sunfat St (III) sunfat
+2
+5
2KMnO4 + 5KNO2 + 3H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 5KNO3 + K2SO4 + 3H2O

Kali nitrit (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+7 +4
Kali nitrat
+2
+6
2KMnO4 + 5K2SO3 + 3H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 6K2SO4 + 3H2O

Kali sunfit (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+6 +2
Kali sunfat
+2
+3
K2MnO4 + 4FeSO4 + 4H2SO4 MnSO4 + 2Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 4H2O

Kali manganat St (II) sunfat (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+4 -1
Managan (II) sun fat
St (III) sunfat
+2
t0
MnO 2
4HCl()
MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
Gio khoa ha v c
170
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Mangan ioxit (Cht oxi ha)

+4
Axit clohric (c) Mangan(II) clorua Kh clo (Cht kh)

+2 +2 +3
Mangan ioxit (Cht oxi ha)

+7
MnO2
St (II) sunfat (Cht kh)

-1
2FeSO4 + 2H2SO4 MnSO4
Mangan (II) sunfat
St (III) sunfat
Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
+2
2KMnO4 + 10NaCl + 8H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 5Cl2 + K2SO 4 + 5Na2SO4 + 8H2O

Kali pemanganat Nat ri clorua (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+7 -1
Mangan (II) sunfat

+2
Kh clo
0
2KMnO4
Kali pemanganat (Cht oxi ha)
+7
-
16HCl 2MnCl2
Axit clohric (Cht kh)
+2
2+
5Cl2
Kh clo
+ 2KCl
+ 8H2O
Mangan (II) clorua
+2
+3
2+
Ion pemanganat Ion st (II) (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

+7 -3
MnO 4
5Fe
+ 8H
Mn
Ion mangan (II)
Ion st (III)
5Fe3+ + 4H2O
+2
+5
8KMnO4 + 5PH3 + 12H2SO4 8MnSO4 + 5H3PO4 + 4K2SO4 + 12H2O

Kali pemanganat Photphin (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+7 0
Mangan (II) sunfat
Axit sunfuric
+2
+2
2KMnO4 + 5Zn + 8H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 5ZnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

Km
+7 +3 +3 +2 +4
2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + K2SO4 + 8H2O 2KMnO4 + 5HOOC-COOH + 3H2SO4

(Cht oxi ha) Axit oxalic (Cht kh) Kh cacbonic
KMnO4 trong mi trng trung tnh (H2O) thng b kh thnh mangan ioxit (MnO2)
Th du:
+7 +4 +4 +6
Kali pemanganat Kali sunfit (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

+7 +2
2KMnO4
+ 4K2SO3
H2O MnO2
Man ganioxit
Kali sunfat
K2SO4 + KOH
+4
2KMnO4
3MnSO4 + 2H2O
5MnO2
Mangan ioxit
+ K2SO4
+ 2H2SO4
Kali pemanganat Mangan (II) sunfat (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
Gio khoa ha v c
171
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+7
-1
+4
2KMnO4 +
3H2O2 2MnO2
Mangan ioxit
+ 3O2
Kh oxi
+ 2KOH + 2H2O
Hiro peoxit (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
- KMnO4 trong mi trng baz (OH-) thng b kh to K2MnO4 Th d:

+7 +4 +6 +4
2KMnO4
2K2MnO4 + K2SO4 + H2O K2SO3 + 2KOH

Kali manganat Kali sunfat
Kali pemanganat Kali sunfit (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

+7 +3 +3
+6
+4
2K2MnO4 2KMnO4 + KOOC-COOK + 2KOH

Kali pemanganat (Cht oxi ha)
+7 -2
+ 2KHCO3
Kali cacbonat axit
Kali oxalat (Cht kh)

+6
Kali manganat
2KMnO4
2KOH
2K2MnO4 +
1 O2 2
Oxi
+ H2O
Kali pemanganat Kali manganat (Cht oxi ha cng l cht kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)
Ghi ch G.1. KMnO4 trong mi trng axit (thng l H2SO4) c tnh oxi ha rt mnh, nn n d b mt mu tm bi nhiu cht kh nh: Fe2+; FeO; Fe3O4; SO2; SO32-; H2S; S2-; NaCl; HCl; KBr, HBr, HI; KI; Cl-; Br-; I-; NO2-; Anken; Ankin; Ankaien; Aren ng ng benzen;
Th d:
+4
+7
+6
+2
5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O 2H2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4

Kh sunfur Kali pemanganat (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) Axit sunfuric Mangan (II) sunfat
Kh sunfur lm mt mu tm ca dung dch KMnO4 (dung dch thuc tm), trong SO2 ng vai tr cht kh. Kh SO2 v CO2 u lm c nc vi trong (v c to cht khng tan CaSO3, CaCO3), nhng CO2 khng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4.
G.2. lm mi trng axit (H+) cho cc cht oxi ha th ngi ta thng dng H2SO4 hay H3PO4 m khng dng cc axit HCl, HBr, HI v cc axit ny ngoi s cung cp H+, chng cn ng vai tr cht kh (Cl-, Br-, I-).
Gio khoa ha v c
172
Bin son: V Hng Thi
G.3. KMnO4 c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha trong mi trng axit (H+), baz (OH-) hoc trung tnh (H2O). Cn K2MnO4, MnO2 ch c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha trong mi trng axit. G.4. Ngi ta dng KMnO4 trong dung dch KOH m c ra dng c thy tinh. II.2. Hp cht ca crom: K2Cr2O7; K2CrO4 (Cr2O72-; CrO42-) K2Cr2O7 (Kali icromat; Kali bicromat), K2CrO4 (Kali cromat) trong mi trng axit (H+) thng b kh thnh mui crom (III) (Cr3+) Th d:
+6 +2 +3 +3
Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O K2Cr2O7 + 6FeSO4 + 7H2SO4

Kali icromat St (II) sunfat (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+6 +4
Crom (III) sunfat
St (III) sunfat
+3
+6
Kali icromat (Cht oxi ha)

+6
Cr2(SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 + 4H2O K2Cr2O7 + 3K2SO3 + 4H2SO4

Kali sunfit (Cht kh)
-1
Crom (III) sunfat
Kali sunfat
+3
K2Cr2O7
+6
Cr2(SO4)3 + 3I2 + 4K2SO4 + 7H2O + 6KI + 7H2SO4

Kali ioua (Cht kh)
-2
Crom (III) sunfat
Iot
+3

+6
K2Cr2O7
Hi ro sun fua (Cht kh)

-1
3H2S + 4H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3S

Crom (III) sunfat
Lu hunh
+ K2SO4 + 7H2O
+3
Kali icromat Axit bromhric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

+6 -1
K2Cr2O7 + 14HBr
Crom (III) bromua
2CrBr3
3Br2
+ 2KBr
Kali bromua
Brom
+ 7H2O
+3
K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl
Kali icromat Axit clohiric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+6 +2
2CrCl3
+ 3Cl2
Clo
+ 2KCl
Kali clorua
+ 7H2O
Crom (III) clorua
+3
+4
K2Cr2O7 +
3SnCl2
14HCl 2CrCl3 + 3SnCl4 + 2KCl + 7H2O

Crom (III) clorua Thic (IV) clorua
Kali icromat Thic (II) clorua Axit clohiric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+6 -1
+3
+1
K2Cr2O7 + 3CH3CH2OH + 4H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3CH3CHO + K2SO4 + 7H2O

Kali icromat (Cht oxi ha) Ru etylic (Cht kh) Crom (III) sunfat Anehit axetic
Gio khoa ha v c
173
+4 +3 +6
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+6
K2Cr2O7 + 3SO2 + H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3

Kali icromat (Cht oxi ha) Kh sunfur (Cht kh) Crom (III) sunfat
+ K2SO4 + H2O
Kali sunfat
Ghi ch G.1. Trong cc phn ng trn, mu da cam ca dung dch K2Cr2O7 tr thnh mu tm ca ion Cr3+ trong nc. Do trong ha phn tch, K2Cr2O7 trong mi trng axit thng c dng lm cht oxi ha chun cc cht kh (Cn c s mt mu va dung dch K2Cr2O7 s bit c lng K2Cr2O7 phn ng va v t bit c nng ca dung dch cht kh cn xc nh) G.2. Ngi ta thng dng hn hp gm hai th tch bng nhau ca dung dch axit sunfuric m c (H2SO4) v dung dch bo ha kali icromat (K2Cr2O7), gi l hn hp sunfocromic hay hn hp cromic, sc cc chai l thy tinh. Dung dch ny ty m, cng nh cc cht hu c bm vo thnh thy tinh, nh tnh oxi ha mnh ca dung dch ny. G.3. Trong mi trng trung tnh, mui cromat (CrO42-) thng b kh to crom (III) hiroxit (Cr(OH)3)
Th d:
+6 -2 +3 0
2KCrO4
Kali cromat (Cht oxi ha)
+ 3(NH4)2S + 2H2O 2Cr(OH)3 + 3S + 6NH3 + 4KOH

Amoni sunfua (Cht kh) Crom (III) hiroxit Lu hunh
G.4. Ngi ta dng CrO3 (Crom (VI) oxit, Anhirit cromic, cht rn c mu thm) trong dng c th cn ca ti x. CrO3 oxi ha hi ru etylic (CH3CH2OH) to anehit axetic (CH3CHO), cn CrO3 b kh to crom (III) oxit (Cr2O3, cht rn c mu xanh thm). Cn c vo mc i mu hay khng i mu ca CrO3 m cnh st giao thng bit c ngi li xe ung ru nhiu, t hay khng ung ru.
+6 -1 +3 +1
2CrO3
+ 3CH3CH2OH
Etanol (Cht kh)
Cr2O3 + 3CH3CHO + 3H2O

Crom (III) oxit (Xanh thm) Eta nal
Anhirit cromic ( thm) (Cht oxi ha)
G.4. Gia icromat (Cr2O72-, mu da cam) v cromat (CrO42-, c mu vng ti) trong dung dch (nc, H2O) c s cn bng do s thy phn nh sau:
Cr2O72-
+ H2O
2CrO42- + 2H+
Cromat (mu vng)
icromat (mu da cam)
Gio khoa ha v c
174
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Do khi cho a xit (H+, nh HCl) vo mt dung dch cromat (CrO42-, nh K2CrO4) th thy dung dch chuyn t mu vng sang mu da cam. Nguyn nhn l khi thm axit vo th nng ion H+ tng ln, nn theo nguyn l dch chuyn cn bng Le Chtelier, th cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu lm h nng ion H+ xung, tc theo chiu ion H+ kt hp ion cromat to ion icromat v th ta thy dung dch chuyn t mu vng sang mu da cam. Cn khi thm baz (OH-, nh NaOH) vo dung dch icromat (Cr2O72-, nh K2Cr2O7) th thy dung dch chuyn t mu da cam ra mu vng. Nguyn nhn l khi thm OH- vo th ion OH- s kt hp ion H+ (to cht khng in ly H2O) khin cho nng ion H+ trong dung dch gim, nn theo nguyn l dch chuyn cn bng, cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu chng li s gim ion H+, tc l chiu to ion H+, cng l chiu to cromat, v th ta thy dung dch chuyn t mu da cam ra mu vng ti. 2K2CrO4
+ 2HCl
(Mu da cam)
(Mu vng ti)
K2Cr2O7
+ 2KCl + H2O
K2Cr2O7
+ 2NaOH K2CrO4 + Na2CrO4 + H2O

Natri cromat (Mu vng ti)
(Mu da cam)
Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O 2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4

Natri cromat Natri icromat
Na2CrO4 + K2CrO4 + H2O Na2Cr2O7 + 2KOH
G.5. Khi cho dung dch mui bari (Ba2+, nh BaCl2, Ba(NO3)2) vo dung dch cromat (CrO42-) hay dung dch icromat (Cr2O72-) u thu c kt ta mu vng bari cromat (BaCrO4). Khng thu c bari icromat (BaCr2O7) v cht ny tan trong nc. V v c to kt ta BaCrO4, nn nng CrO42- gim, nn cn bng dch chuyn t Cr2O72- thnh CrO42- (nu cho Ba2+ vo Cr2O72-, coi s cn bng gia icromat v cromat ghi ch 4 trn).
BaCrO4 BaCl2 + K2CrO4
Kali cromat
+ 2KCl
Kali clorua
Bari clorua
Bari cromat
BaCrO4 BaCl2 + K2Cr2O7 + H2O

Bari clorua Kali icromat Bari cromat
+ K2CrO4 + 2HCl
Kali cromat Axit clohiric
BaCrO4 Ba(NO3)2 + Na2Cr2O7 + H2O

Bari nitrat Natri icromat Bari cromat
+ Na2CrO4 + 2HNO3
Natri cromat Axit nitric
I.3. Axit nitric (HNO3), mui nitrat trong mi trng axit (NO3-/H+)
+5 +4
- HNO3 m c thng b kh to kh mu nu nit ioxit NO2. Cc cht kh thng b HNO3 oxi ha l: cc kim loi, cc oxit kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian (FeO, Fe3O4), mt s phi kim (C, S, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ha thp nht
Gio khoa ha v c
175
Bin son: V Hng Thi
hay trung gian (H2S, SO2, SO32-, HI), mt s hp cht ca kim loi trong kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian (Fe2+, Fe(OH)2 Th d:
0 +5 +3 +4
Fe
Fe(NO3)3 + 6HNO3 (, nng)
3NO2
+ 3H2O
St Axit ntric St (III) nitrat Nit ioxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (Kh c mi hc, mu nu) Trong 6 phn t HNO3 trn th ch c 3 phn t l cht oxi ha, cn 3 phn t to mi trng axit, to mui nitrat.
+2 +5 +3 +4
FeO + 4HNO3() Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O

St (II) oxit
+8/3 +5 +3 +4
Fe3O4 + 10HNO3() 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 5H2O

St t oxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (1 phn t HNO3 l cht o xi ha, 9 phn t tham gia trao i)
+2 +5 +3 +4
Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 3H2O Fe(OH)2 + 4HNO3()

St (II) hiroxit St (III) nitrat (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (1 phn t HNO3 l cht oxi ha, 3 phn t trao i, to mi trng axit)
0 +5 +4 +4
4HNO3()
t0
CO2
+ 4NO2 + 2H2O
Cacbon Kh cacbonic Nit ioxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (Cho tng git dd HNO3 m c vo than nung nng, than bng chy)
0 +5 +6 +4
6HNO3()
t0
H2SO4
+ 6NO2
+ 2H2O
Lu hunh Axit nitric Axit sunfuric Nit ioxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (Cho bt lu hunh vo dd HNO3 m c c un nh, thy bt lu hunh tan nhanh v c kh mu nu bay ra)
0 +5 +5
t0
+4
5HNO3()
(Cht oxi ha)
+5
H3PO4 + 5NO2
Axit photphoric
+ H 2O
Photpho (Cht kh)

0
+1
+4
Ag
2HNO3()
AgNO3 + NO2
Bc nitrat
+ H2O
Bc (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
Gio khoa ha v c
176
+5 +2 +4
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Cu
4HNO3()
(Cht oxi ha)
+5
Cu(NO3)2 +
ng (II) nitrat
2NO2
2H2O
ng (Cht kh)
0
+2
+4
Pb
4HNO3()
(Cht oxi ha)
Pb(NO3)2 +
2NO2
2H2O
Ch (Cht kh)
Ch (II) nitrat
Al
+5
6HNO3(, nng)

+2
Al(NO3)3
3NO2
3H2O
HNO3 long thng b kh thnh NO (kh nit oxit). Cc cht kh thng gp l: cc kim loi, cc oxit kim loi hay hp cht kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian (FeO, Fe(OH)2, Fe3O4, Fe2+), mt s phi kim (S, C, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim trong phi kim c s oxi ho thp nht c s oxi ha trung gian (NO2-, SO32-).
Th d:
0 +5 +3 +2
Fe
Bt st (Cht kh)
+2
Axit nitric (long) (Cht oxi ha)

+5
4HNO3(l)
St (III) nitrat Nit oxit (Kh khng c, khng khng c mu)

+3 +2
Fe(NO3)3
NO
+ 2H2O
3Fe(OH)2
St (II) hiroxit (Cht kh)
+2
10HNO3(l)
(Cht oxi ha)
3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 8H2O
St (III) nitrat
+5
+3
+2
3FeO + 10HNO3(l)
St (II) oxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
+8/3 +5
3Fe(NO3)3
St (III) nitrat
+ NO + 5H2O
+3
+2
3Fe3O4 + 28HNO3(l)
St t oxit (Cht kh)
0
9Fe(NO3)3
+ NO
+ 14H2O
(Cht oxi ha)

+5 +3 +2
Cr
4HNO3(l)
(Cht oxi ha)
+5
Cr(NO3)3
Crom (III) nitrat
+ NO
+ 2H2O
Crom (Cht kh)

0
+2
+2
3Cu
ng (Cht kh)
8HNO3(l)
(Cht oxi ha)
ng (II) nitrat
3Cu(NO3)2
+ 2NO + 4H2O
Gio khoa ha v c
177
+5 +1 +2
Bin son: V Hng Thi
3Ag
Bc (Cht kh)
0
4HNO3(l)
(Cht oxi ha)
+5
3AgNO3 + NO
Bc nitrat
+ 2H2O
+2
+2
3Hg
8HNO3(l)
(Cht oxi ha)
+5
3Hg(NO3)2
+ 2NO + 4H2O
Thy ngn (Cht kh)

0
Thy ngn (II) nitrat
+6
+2
S
Lu hunh
0
2HNO3(l)
+5
H2SO4
Axit sunfuric
2NO
Nit oxit
+5 +2
Axit nitric (long)
3P
5HNO3(l)
Axit nitric (long) (Cht oxi ha)
2H2O
3H3PO4
Axit photphoric
5NO
Photpho (Cht kh)
- Mui nitrat trong mi trng axit (NO3-/H+) ging nh HNO3 long, nn n oxi ha c cc kim loi to mui, NO3- b kh to kh NO, ng thi c s to nc (H2O) Th d:
0 +5 +2 +2
3Cu
2NO3-
8H+
3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
ng Mui nitrat trong mi trng axit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
Mui ng (II) (Dung dch c mu xanh lam)
Kh NO khng mu thot ra kt hp vi O2 (ca khng kh) to kh NO2 c mu nu

0 +5 +2 +2
3Cu
0
3CuCl2 + 2NaNO3 + 8HCl

+5 +2
+ 2NO + 2NaCl
+2
+ 4H2O
3Cu + Cu(NO3)2 + 8HCl

Cht kh Cht oxi ha
4CuCl2
2NO
+ 4H2O
Ghi ch G.1.
Ba kim loi st (Fe), nhm (Al) v crom (Cr) khng b ha tan trong dung dch axit nitric m c ngui (HNO3 , ngui) cng nh trong dung dch axit sunfuric m c ngui (H2SO4 , ngui) (b th ng ha, b tr). Fe, Al, Cr Fe, Al, Cr
HNO3(, ngui) H2SO4(, ngui)
Gio khoa ha v c
178
Bin son: V Hng Thi
G.2.
nhn bit mui nitrat, ngi ta cho vi git dung dch axit thng thng (nh H2SO4 long, HCl) vo, sau cho ming kim loi ng vo, nu thy to dung dch mu xanh lam v c kh mu nu bay ra th chng t dung dch lc u c cha mui nitrat ((NO3-).
+5 +4 +2 +1 0 -3
G.3. Cc kim loi mnh nh magie (Mg), nhm (Al), km (Zn) khng nhng kh
HNO3 to NO2, NO, m c th to N2O, N2, NH4NO3. Dung dch HNO3 cng long th b kh to hp cht ca N hay n cht ca N c s oxi ha cng thp. Th d: Al + HNO3(, ngui) Al + 6HNO3(, nng) Al + 4HNO3(l)
Al(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O + NO + 8Al(NO3)3 10Al(NO3)3 8Al(NO3)3 2H2O + 3N2O + 15H2O + 3N2 + 18H2O
Al(NO3)3

8Al + 30HNO3(kh long) 10Al + 36HNO3(rt long) 8Al +

G.4.
30HNO3(qu long)
+ 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O
Dung dch HNO3 rt long v lnh c tc dng nh mt axit thng thng (tc nhn oxi ha l ion H+) Th d: Al + 3HNO3(rt long) Fe + 2HNO3(rt long)
lnh
Al(NO3)3
3 H2 2
lnh
Fe(NO3)2 + H2
G.5. Mt kim loi tc dng dung dch HNO3 to cc kh khc nhau, tng qut mi kh ng vi mt phn ng ring. Ch khi no bit t l s mol cc kh ny th mi vit chung cc kh trong cng mt phn ng vi t l s mol kh tng ng. Bi tp 80 Cho m gam bt kim loi km ha tan ht trong dung dch HNO3, thu c 13,44 lt hn hp ba kh l NO2, NO v N2O. Dn lng kh trn qua dung dch xt d, c 11,2 lt hn hp kh thot ra. Cho lng kh ny trn vi khng kh d (coi khng kh ch gm oxi v nit) phn ng xy ra hon ton, sau cho hp th lng kh mu nu thu c vo dung dch KOH d, thu c dung dch D. Dung dch D lm mt mu va 100 ml dung dch KMnO4 0,4M trong mi trng H2SO4 c d. Th tch cc kh o ktc. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Gio khoa ha v c
179
Bin son: V Hng Thi
a. Vit phn ng gia km vi dung dch HNO3 c hin din 3 kh trong phn ng theo d kin trn. b. Tnh m. (Zn = 65) S: 31Zn + 80HNO3 31Zn(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 4NO + 6N2O + 40H2O m = 100,75 gam
Bi tp 80 Ha tan ht m gam bt nhm cn dng V(ml) dung dch HNO3 30% (khi lng ring 1,18 g/l), c 1,568 lt hn hp A gm ba kh NO, N2O v N2 thot ra ( 27,30C; 836 mmHg), ng thi thu c dung dch D (trong dung dch D khng c mui amoni). Cho lng kh trn tip xc khng kh kh NO chuyn ha ht thnh kh mu nu NO2 , sau cho lng kh nu ny hp th ht vo bnh ng dung dch xt d, thy khi lng bnh tng 0,92 gam. a. Xc nh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp A, bit rng khi lng ring ktc ca hn hp A l 1,4796 g/l. b. Vit phn ng gia nhm vi dung dch HNO3 theo d kin cho. c. Xc nh m v V. (N = 14; O = 16; H = 1; Al = 27) S: a. 28,57% NO; 28,57% N2O; 42,86% N2 52Al(NO3)3 + 6NO + 6N2O + 9N2 + 96H2O b. 52Al + 192HNO3 c. m = 4,68g; V = 113,898 ml I.4. Axit sunfric m c nng, H2SO4(, nng); Kh sunfur (SO2)
+6 +4
- H2SO4(, nng) thng b kh to kh SO2. Cc cht kh thng tc dng vi H2SO4(, nng) l: cc kim loi, cc hp cht ca kim loi s oxi ha trung gian (nh FeO, Fe3O4), mt s phi kim (nh C, S, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim (nh HI, HBr, H2S) Th d:
0 +6 +2 +4
Cu
ng Axit sunfuric (c, nng) (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

0 +6
2H2SO4(, nng)
ng (II) sunfat
CuSO4
Kh sunfur
SO2
+ 2H2O
+3
+4
2Fe + 6H2SO4(, nng)

St
0 +6
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 +
St (III) sunfat
+1 +4
6H2O
2Ag
Bc
+2
+ 2H2SO4(, nng)
+6
Ag2SO4
Bc sunfat
+3
SO2
+4
2H2O
St (II) oxit (Cht kh)
2FeO + 4H2SO4(, nng)

(Cht oxi ha)
St (III) sunfat
Fe2(SO4)3
+ SO2 + 4H2O
Gio khoa ha v c
180
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+8/3
+6
+3
+4
2Fe3O4 +
St t oxit
10H2SO4(, nng) 3Fe2(SO4)3 +

St (III) sunfat
SO2 + 10H2O
Kh sunfur
St (III) oxit
0
Fe2O3
+ 3H2SO4(, nng)
+6
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O (phn ng trao i)

St (III) sunfat
+3 +4
Cr
Crom
0
+ H2SO4(, nng)
+6
Crom (III) sunfat
Cr2(SO4)3 +
+4
SO2 + H2O
S
Lu hunh (Cht kh)
0
2H2SO4(, nng)
Axit sunfuric m c nng (Cht oxi ha)
+6
3SO2
Kh sunfur
+ 2H2O
+4
+4
C
Cacbon (Cht kh)
0
2H2SO4(, nng)
(Cht oxi ha)
+6
CO2
+ 2SO2
+ 2H2O
+5
+4
2P
Photpho (Cht kh)
-1
5H2SO4(, nng)
(Cht oxi ha)
+6
Axit photphoric
2H3PO4 +
5SO2 +
2H2O
+4
2HI
Axit iothiric (Cht kh)
-1
H2SO4(, nng)
(Cht oxi ha)
+6
I2
Iot
SO2
+ 2H2O
Kh sunfur
+4
2HBr
Axit bromhiric (Cht kh)
-2
H2SO4(, nng)
(Cht oxi ha)
+6
Brom
Br2
Kh sunfur
SO2
+ 2H2O
+4
H2S
H2SO4(, nng)
(Cht oxi ha)
SO2
Kh sunfur
+ 2H2O
Axit sun fuahiric (Cht kh)
Lu hunh
Cc kim loi mnh nh Mg, Al, Zn khng nhng kh H2SO4 m c, nng thnh SO2 m cn thnh S, H2S. H2SO4 m c nhng nu long bt th s b kh to lu hunh (S) hay hp cht ca lu hunh c s oxi ha thp hn (H2S). Nguyn nhn ca tnh cht trn l do kim loi mnh nn d cho in t ( H2SO4 nhn nhiu in t) v do H2SO4 t m c nn n khng oxi ha tip S, H2S.
Th d:
Gio khoa ha v c
181
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Al + H2SO4(, ngui)
0 +6 +3 +4
2Al + 6H2SO4(, nng)

Nhm
0 +6
Al2(SO4)3
+3
+ 3SO2 + 6H2O
Kh sunfur
0
2Al
0
4H2SO4(kh c, nng)
+6
Al2(SO4)3 +
+3
S + 4H2O
-2
Lu hunh
8Al
0
15H2SO4(hi c, nng)
+1

+3
4Al2(SO4)3
0
+ 3H2S
+ 12H2O
Hiro sunfua
2Al -
3H2SO4(long)
Al2(SO4)3
+ 3H2
Hiro
Kh sunfur (SO2) oxi ha c cc cht kh mnh nh cc hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ho thp (nh H2S, CO), mt s phi kim (nh H2, C), cc kim loi mnh (nh Na, K, Ca, Ba, Mg). Nu SO2 l cht oxi ha th n thng b kh to S.
+4 -2 0
SO2
H2S
S
Lu hunh
H2O
Kh sunfur Kh hiro sunfua (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh) Kh mi hc Kh c mi trng thi
+4 +2
Cht rn, mu vng nht

0 +4
SO2
+4
2CO
(Cht kh)
0
Xt ( Al 2 O3 ) 500 0 C
S + CO2
+2
(Cht oxi ha)
(Cht oxi ha)

+4
SO2
2C
(Cht kh)
0
800 0 C
2CO
+1
SO2
+4
2H2
(Cht kh)
0
500 0 C
S
+2
2H2O
(Cht oxi ha)
SO2
(Cht oxi ha)
2Mg
t0
+ 2MgO
(Cht kh)
Ghi ch G.1. Khc vi HNO3, dung dch H2SO4 long l a xit thng thng (tc nhn oxi ha l H+), ch dung dch H2SO4 m c, nng mi l axit c tnh oxi ha mnh (tc nhn oxi ha l SO42-). Trong khi dung dch HNO3 k c m c ln long u l axit c tnh o xi ha mnh (tc nhn oxi ha l NO3-)
Gio khoa ha v c
182
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Th d:
+1
+2
Fe +
0
H2SO4(l)
+6
FeSO4
+ H2
+3 +4
2Fe +
0
6H2SO4(, nng)
+5

+3
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2
+2
+ 6H2O
Fe +
0
4HNO3(l)
+5
Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
+3 +4
Fe +
6HNO3(, nng)
Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2
+ 3H2O
G.2. Ba kim loi Al, Fe, Cr khng b ha tan trong dung dch H2SO4 m c ngui (cng nh trong dung dch HNO3 m c ngui) (b th ng ha, tr)
Al, Fe, Cr
G.3.
H2SO4(, ngui)
Khi mt kim loi tc dng dung dch H2SO4 to cc cht SO2, S, H2S th tng qut mi cht l mt phn ng c lp. Ch khi no bit t l s mol gia cc cht ny th mi vit chung mt phn ng gm cc cht ny c.
Bi tp 81 A l mt kim loi. Ha tan hon ton 1,43 gam A bng dung dch H2SO4 c d 20% so vi lng cn, thu c mt kh c mi hc, mt cht khng tan c mu vng nht (c khi lng 0,192 gam) v dung dch B (c cha mui sunfat ca A). Cho hp th lng kh mi hc trn vo 100 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,03M, thu c 0,24 gam kt ta mu trng. a. Xc nh kim loi A. Cho bit dung dch H2SO4 em dng khng c phn ng vi cht rn mu vng. b. Tnh th tch dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M cn dng va khi cho tc dng vi lng dung dch B trn th thu c: - Lng kt ta cc i - Lng kt ta cc tiu. c. Tnh khi lng kt ta ln nht v nh nht thu c cu (b). Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. (Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27; K = 39; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56; Cu = 64; Zn = 65; Ag = 108; Ba = 137; Hg = 200; Pb = 207; S = 32; O = 16; H = 1) S: Zn; 284ml; 504ml; 8,7952g; 6,6172g Bi tp 81 X l mt kim loi. Ha tan ht 3,78 gam A trong 51ml dung dch H2SO4 (dng d 40% so vi lng cn), thu c 1,68 lt hn hp hai kh H2S v H2 (ktc) v dung dch Y. Dn hn hp hai kh trn vo dung dch CuCl2 d, thu c 4,32 gam kt ta mu en. a. Xc nh kim loi X. Vit mt phn ng gia kim loi X va tm c vi dung dch H2SO4 theo d kin cho.
Gio khoa ha v c
183
Bin son: V Hng Thi
b. Tnh nng mol/lt ca dung dch H2SO4. c. Cho t t V (lt) dung dch NaOH 0,1M vo lng dung dch Y trn. Tm khong xc nh ca V hoc tr s ca V : . Khng c kt ta. . Thu c kt ta nhiu nht. Tnh khi lng kt ta nhiu nht ny. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. (Li = 7; Be = 9; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56; Ni = 59; Cu = 64; Ag = 108; Hg = 200; Pb = 208; O = 16; H = 1; S = 32) S: Al; H2SO4 7M; 2,04lt V 7,64lt; V = 6,24lt ; 10,92gam Al(OH)3
I.5. Ion H+
- Ion H+ ca axit thng thng oxi ha c cc kim loi ng trc H trong dy th in ha. Ion H+ b kh to kh H2, cn kim loi b kh to mui tng ng (ion kim loi). K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Th d: Zn
0
+ 2HCl
+1
ZnCl2 +
+2
H2
0
Zn
(Cht kh)
2H+
Zn2+
(Cht oxi ha)
H2
(Cht kh)
(Cht oxi ha)
Tnh kh: Zn > H2 Tnh oxi ha: H+ > Zn2+
Fe +
0
H2SO4(l)
+1
FeSO4 +
+2
H2
0
Fe
(Cht kh)
2H+
Fe2+
H2
(Cht kh)
(Cht oxi ha)
(Cht oxi ha)
Tnh kh: Fe > H2 Tnh oxi ha: H+ > Fe2+
Al + 3HBr
0 +1
AlBr3 +
+3
3 H2 2
0
Al
3H+
Al3+
3 H2 2
(Cht kh)
(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) Phn ng trn xy ra c l do:
(Cht oxi ha)
Tnh kh: Al > H2 Tnh oxi ha: H+ > Al3+
Gio khoa ha v c
184
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Na + Cu +
HCl HCl
NaCl
1 H2 2
Ag + H2SO4(l) Cr + 2HCl
Crom
CrCl2 + H2
Crom (II) clorua
Mg(CH3COO)2 + Mg + 2CH3COOH
Magie Axit axetic Magie axetat
H2
Ni + 2HCl
Niken
NiCl2 + H2
Niken clorua
Hg + HBr
Thy ngn
Ion H+ ca nc (H2O) nhit thng ch oxi ha c cc kim loi rt mnh l kim loi kim (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) v kim loi kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra). Kim loi kim, kim th b oxi ha to hiroxit kim loi, cn H+ ca nc b kh thnh kh hiro (H2). V nng ion H+ ca nc rt nh, nn nhit thng n ch oxi ha cc kim loi rt mnh l kim, kim th, m khng oxi ha c cc kim loi khc. Th d:
0 +1 +1 0
2Na
+ 2H2O
2NaOH
Natri hiroxit
H2
Natri (Cht kh )
Nc (Cht oxi ha)
Kh hiro
2K
Kali
0
+ 2H2O
+1
2KOH
+2
+ H2
0
Ca
Canxi (Cht kh )
2H2O
Nc (Cht oxi ha)
Ca(OH)2
Canxi hiroxit
H2
Hiro
Ba
Bari
2H2O
Nc
Ba(OH)2
Bari hiroxit
H2
Hiro
Al + H2O Mg, Fe, Cu, Ag
Gio khoa ha v c
185
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Ion H+ ca nc (H2O) c th oxi ha cc kim loi ng trc H trong dy th in ha nhit cao, kim loi b oxi ha to oxit kim loi, cn H+ ca nc b kh to thnh kh H2. V nhit cao nn hiroxit kim loi bi nhit phn nn ta khng thu c hiroxit kim loi m l oxit kim loi. Th d: Fe 3Fe
St
+ H2O + 4H2O + H2O

< 5700C Hi nc > 5700C St t oxit
Fe3O4
+ 4H2 + H2
Hiro
Fe
St
FeO
St (II) oxit
Hi nc
Hiro
Mg
0
+ H2O
+1

+2 0
Mg
Magie
+ H2O
Hi nc
t 0 cao
MgO
Magie oxit
+ H2
Hiro
Cu Cu Zn Zn
Km
+ H2O + H2O + H2O

t0
+ H2O
cao t
ZnO + H2
Km oxit
Ghi ch G.1.
Khi cho kim loi kim (Li, Na, K, Rb, Fr) kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba, Rn) tc dng vi dung dch axit thng thng th kim loi kim, kim th tc dng vi H+ ca axit trc (to mui v kh H2), khi ht axit m cn d kim loi kim, kim th, th kim loi kim, kim th mi tc dng tip vi dung mi nc ca dung dch sau (to hiroxit kim loi v kh H2). Th d: Cho Na vo dung dch HCl: 2NaCl 2Na + 2HCl Ht HCl m cn d: 2Na(cn d) + 2H2O

+ H2 2NaOH + H2
Gio khoa ha v c
186
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Cho Ba vo dung dch CH3COOH: Ba(CH3COO)2 Ba + 2CH3COOH Ht CH3COOH, cn Ba d: Ba(OH)2 + Ba + 2H2O H2
H2
Bi tp 82 Cho m gam kali kim loi vo 100 ml dung dch HCl 0,1M. Sau cn thm tip 10 ml dung dch HBr 0,2M thu c dung dch c pH = 7. a. Tnh m. b. Tnh th tch kh hiro thot ra trong th nghim trn 27,30C; 83,6 cmHg. c. Xc nh nng mol/lt ca dung dch c pH = 7 trn. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Coi th tch dung dch khng thay i trong qu trnh phn ng. (K = 39) S: m = 0,468g; 134,4ml; KCl 0,091M; KBr 0,018M Bi tp 82 Cho m gam canxi kim loi vo 200 gam dung dch HBr 0,81%. Sau cn thm tip 50 gam dung dch HCl 0,73% vo thu c dung dch D c pH = 7. a. Tnh m. b. Tnh th tch kh thot ra ktc. Coi hi nc bay hi khng ng k. c. Xc nh nng % mi cht tan ca dung dch D. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. (Ca = 40; H = 1; Br = 80; Cl = 35,5) S: m = 0,6g; 336ml H2; CaBr2 0,8%; CaCl2 0,222% I.6. Ion kim loi
Ion kim loi lun lun l ion dng. Tt c ion kim loi u c th l cht oxi ha. Nu l cht oxi ha th n b kh to ion kim loi c s oxi ha thp hn hay thnh kim loi n cht tng ng. Ion kim loi (trong dung dch) oxi ha c cc kim loi ng trc n trong dy th in ha (tr kim loi kim, kim th). K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Chiu cc cht kh c mnh gim dn K+ Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Mn2+ Zn2+ Cr3+ Fe2+ Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+ Hg2+ Pt2+ Au3+ Chiu cc cht oxi ha c mnh tng dn Th d: 2FeCl3(dd) + Fe

3FeCl2(dd)
Gio khoa ha v c
187
0 +2
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+3
2Fe
3+
Fe
Cht kh
3Fe2+ Fe
0
Cht oxi ha
FeCl2(dd) +
+2
Zn
0
+ ZnCl2(dd)
+2
Fe2+
Cht oxi ha
Zn
Cht kh
Fe
Zn2+ + 3Cu
2Al
0
+ 3CuSO4(dd)
+2
Al2(SO4)3(dd)
+3 0
2Al
Cht kh
3Cu2+
Cht oxi ha
2Al3+ +
3Cu
Ag + Fe(NO3)3(dd) 3Zn(d)
0
+ 2Fe(NO3)3(dd)
+3

+2
3Zn(NO3)2(dd)
0
+ 2Fe
3Zn(d)
Cht kh
2Fe3+
3Zn2+
+ 2Fe
Cht oxi ha
Zn
+ 2Fe(NO3)3(dd, d)
Zn(NO3)2(dd) + 2Fe(NO3)2(dd) + 2Fe2+
Zn + 2Fe3+(d) Zn2+ AgNO3(dd) + Fe(NO3)3(dd) AgNO3(dd)

+1
Fe(NO3)2(dd)
+2 0

Ag +
Ag
+3
Fe(NO3)3(dd)
Ag+
Cht oxi ha
Fe2+
Cht kh
Fe3+ Fe(CH3COO)2 + Fe 2FeSO4

+2 +4 0 0
Fe + Cu(CH3COO)2(d d) Cu Cu + + FeSO4(dd) Fe2(SO4)3(dd)

+3
+ Cu
CuSO4(dd) CuSO4 +
-2 -1
Ion Fe3+(dd) oxi ha c H2S, HI, KI, Sn2+, Na2S2O3, SO32-, Cu, Fe. Fe3+ b kh toFe2+, cn cc cht kh trn b o xi ha to S, I2, I2, Sn4+, Na2S4O6, SO42-, Cu2+, Fe2+.
-1 +2
Gio khoa ha v c
188
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Th d:
+3 -2 +2 0
2FeCl3
Cht oxi ha
+3
H2S
Cht kh
-1
2FeCl2
+2
S
0
2HCl
2FeCl3
Cht oxi ha
+3
2HI
Cht kh
-1
2FeCl2
+2
+
0
I2 +
2HCl
2FeCl3
Cht oxi ha
+3
2KI
Cht kh
+2
2FeCl2
+
+2
I2
2KCl
+4
St (III) clorua (Cht oxi ha)

+3
2FeCl3
Thic (II) clorua (Cht kh)

+2
SnCl2
St (II) clorua
2FeCl2
Thic (IV) clorua
SnCl4
+2
+2,5
2FeCl3
2Na2S2O3
2FeCl2 + Na2S4O6
Natri terationat
2NaCl
Natri tiosunfat; Natri hiposun fit (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+3 +4
+2
+6
2FeCl3
(Cht oxi ha)
Natri sunfit (Cht kh)
Na2SO3 + H2O
2FeCl2 +
Natri sunfat
Na2SO4 + 2HCl
2FeCl3 + 2FeCl3 +
Cu Fe
2FeCl2 + CuCl2 3FeCl2

2FeI + I2 + 3K2SO4 2FeS + S 2FeSO4 + + 3Na2SO4 S + Na2SO4
Fe2(SO4)3 + 6KI
Fe2(SO4)3(dd) + 3Na2S(dd, d) Fe2(SO4)3(dd, d) + Na2S(dd, d)
(Nu trong dung dch long, cn c s thy phn: 2Fe(OH)3 + H2S + Fe2(SO3)3 + 3Na2S Fe2(SO4)3(d) + 2KI Fe2(SO4)3 + 6KI(d)
Ch
3Na2SO4)
2FeSO4 + 2FeI2 + I2
I2 + K2SO4 + 3K2SO4
Gio khoa ha v c
189
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Do tnh oxi ha ca Fe3+, n oxi ha c I-, SO32-, S2-, nn khng c FeI3, Fe2(SO3)3, Fe2S3 trong dung dch. Cng do s thy phn nhiu ca Fe3+ m khng c Fe2(CO3)3, Fe2S3 trong dung dch (S thy phn ca cc mui ny cp phn qui lut thc nghim s ha tan mui trong nc). S khng hin din Fe2S3 trong dung dch, c ti liu l do s thy phn, to Fe(OH)3 v H2S; C ti liu cho l do Fe3+ oxi ha S2- to S, cn Fe3+ b kh to Fe2+. C l, khi dung dch long (c nhiu nc) th c s thy phn hoc c c s thy phn ln s oxi ha kh. Ni chung, khng thu c Fe2S3 trong dung dch.
Bi tp 83 Hon hp chat ran A gom bot sat va muoi bac nitrat. Cho 250 ml H2O vao coc co cha m gam hon hp A. Khuay eu e phan ng xay ra hoan toan, thu c 5,4 gam mot kim loai va 250 ml dung dch B co cha hon hp muoi. Cho t t bot kim loai ong vao lng dung dch B tren th dung dch nay hoa tan c toi a 0,32 gam bot ong va thu c dung dch trong suot. a. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra. b. Tnh m. c. Tnh nong o mol/lt moi chat tan trong dung dch B. (Fe = 56 ; Ag = 108 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; Cu = 64) S: m = 9,62g; Fe(NO3)2 0,04M; Fe(NO3)3 0,04M Bi tp 83 Hn hp cht rn X gm bt km v mui st (III) sunfat. Cho 200 ml nc vo mt bnh cha m gam hn hp X. Dng a thy tinh khuy u phn ng xy ra hon ton. Thu c cht khng tan gm 3,36 gam mt kim loi v dung dch Y c ha tan hn hp mui. Cho dung dch xt lng d vo dung dch Y, sau khi phn ng xong, lc ly kt ta em nung ngoi khng kh cho n khi lng khng i th thu c 11,2 gam mt cht rn. a. Vit cc phn ng xy ra. b. Tnh m. c. Tnh nng mol ca cht tan ca dung dch Y. Coi th tch dung dch Y bng th tch nc dng. (Zn = 65; Fe = 56; S = 32; O = 16) S: m = 50,4g; ZnSO4 0,8M; FeSO4 0,7M I.7. Halogen X2 v cc hp cht ca n, nh F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, NaClO, KClO3, Ca(ClO)2, CaCl2O, KBrO3, KIO3, HClO4. Cc cht oxi ha halogen n cht c s oxi ha 0 hay hp cht ca halogen c s oxi ha +1, +3, +5, +7 thng b kh to thnh mui halogenua X- (Cl-, Br-, I-) trong halogen c s oxi ha bng 1.
- Halogen nm chu k trn y c halogen nm chu k di ra khi dung dch mui halogenua. Hay halogen y c phi kim yu hn n ra khi dung dch mui cng nh axit. Thc cht cng l cht oxi ha mnh tc dng vi cht kh mnh trong dung dch to cht kh v cht oxi ha tng ng yu hn.
Gio khoa ha v c
190
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Th d: Cl2 + 2KBr(dd)
0 -1
2KCl(dd) + Br2
-1 0
Cl2
2Br- (dd)
Cht kh
2Cl- (dd)
Cht kh
+ Br2
Cht oxi ha
Cht oxi ha
Phn ng xy ra c l do:
0 -1
Tnh oxi ha: Cl2 > Br2 Tnh kh: Br- > Cl-1 0
Br2
+ 2KI
2KBr
Kali bromua (Cht kh)
I2
Iot (Cht oxi ha)
Brom Kali ioua (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh )
Phn ng xy ra c l do:
Tnh oxi ha: Br2 > I2 Tnh kh: I- > BrBr2 + KF 2NaF +
Natri florua
I2 F2
NaCl
2NaCl
Natri clorua
Cl2
Clo
Flo (Fluor)
Cl2 +
2NaI
2NaCl
+ I2
Br2 + 2HI I2
0
2HBr + I2 2HI + S
+3 0
+ H2S
+2
3F2 -
+ 2FeCl2(khan)
2FeF3
+ 2Cl2
Halogen X2 oxi ha c hu ht cc kim loi to mui halogenua X-. Ring F2 (flo) c tnh oxi ha mnh nht, n phn ng c vi tt c cc kim loi (k c vng v bch kim) to mui florua. F2, Cl2, Br2 tc dng Fe to mui st (III), ring I2 ch to mui st (II) (V Fe3+ oxi ha c I- to I2)
Th d: 2Na + Cl2

2NaCl
Natri nng chy chy trong bnh kh clo cho ngn la sng chi, to natri clorua.
2Fe +
3Cl2
2FeCl3 St (III) clorua
Gio khoa ha v c
191
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Bt st nng chy trong bnh kh clo to thnh khi mu nu, l nhng ht rt nh st (III) clorua.
Fe +
3 F2 2 3 Br2 2
FeF3
St (III) florua
Fe + Fe
FeBr3 St (III) bromua

St (II) ioua
+ I2
FeI2
Cu + Cl2
CuCl2
Nung si dy ng nng ri cho vo bnh kh clo, si dy ng chy sng, to ng (II) clorua.
2Al
+ 3Br2
2AlBr3 2AlI3
2Al + 3I2
- Cl2, Br2 oxi ha c dung dch mui st (II) to mui st (III). Cl2 oxi ha H2S to H2SO4. Br2, I2 o xi ho H2S to S.
+2 0 +3 -1
2FeCl2
Cl2
2FeCl3
St (II) clorua Clo (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

+2 0
St (III) clo rua
+3
+3 -1
3 FeCl2 + 2
3 Br2 4
FeCl3 +
1 FeBr3 2
6FeCl2 + 3Br2
+2 0
4FeCl3
+3 -1
+ 2FeBr3
2FeBr2 + Br2
0 -2
2FeBr3
-1 +6
4Cl2
H 2S
4H2O
8HCl
Axit clohiric
H2SO4
Axit sunfuric
Clo Hiro sunfua (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
Br2
H2S
2HBr
+ S
Nu cho dung dch H2S (axit sunfuahiric) vo nc brom, th thy brom mt mu nu v dung dch c (do c to kt ta S)
I2 +
H2S
2HI + S
Gio khoa ha v c
192
Bin son: V Hng Thi
- X2 oxi ha c SO2 trong dung dch to H2SO4

0 +4 -1 +6
Cl2
SO2
+ 2H2O
2HCl
Axit clohiric
H2SO4
Axit sunfuric
Clo Kh sunfur (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

0 +4
-1
+6
Br2
SO2
+ 2H2O
2HBr
H2SO4
Axit sunfuric
Brom Kh sunfur Axit bromhiric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh) Kh SO2 lm mt mu nu ca nc brom
0 +4 -1 +6
I2
SO2
+ 2H2O
2HI
H2SO4
Axit sunfuric
Iot Kh sunfur Axit iothiric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh) Kh SO2 lm mt mu vng ca dung dch iot.
Cho lung kh flo (fluor, F2) i qua nc nng th nc bc chy v to ra kh oxi

0 -2 -1 0
2F2
2H2O
t0
4HF
Hiro florua
O2
Kh oxi
Kh flo Hi nc (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
Nc dp tt la m chy, nhng nc bc chy trong kh flo, gii phng kh oxi. Do khi cho F2 tc dng vi dung dch NaCl khng thu c kh clo (Cl2) m l c phn ng gia kh F2 vi dung mi nc (H2O) ca dung dch to kh O2. X2 oxi ha c cc phi kim nh: H2, S, P
F2 + Cl2 +
H2 H2
2HF as
(Phn ng n mnh ngay c trong bng ti nhit rt thp, -2000C)
2HCl ( nhit thng v trong bng ti, phn ng xy ra

rt chm. Nhng khi un nng hay chiu sng mnh th phn ng xy ra ngay v km theo ting n mnh)
Br2
+ H2
t
t0 cao
2HBr 2HI S2Cl2
(Phn ng ch xy ra khi un nng) (Phn ng ch xy ra khi un nng nhit cao v phn ng thun nghch)
I2 + H 2 2S + Cl2
Gio khoa ha v c
193
Bin son: V Hng Thi
3 Cl2 2 5 Cl2 2 3 Br2 2
PCl3
PCl5
P +

t
0
PBr3 2PI3
2P + 3I2 -
KClO3, NaClO, KBrO3, KIO3 oxi ha c cc cht kh nh: C, S, P, Fe2+, S2- , SO32-, NH3. Cn cc cht oxi ha trn b kh to Cl-, Br-, I-
Th d:
+5 0 1 +4
2KClO3 + 3C
Kali clo rat Cacbon (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
t0
6KCl
+ 3CO2
Kali clo rua Kh cacbonic
KClO3 + 6HCl
+5 -1
KCl + 3Cl2 + 3H2O

-1 0
Kali clorat Axit bromhiric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

+5 -1
KClO3
6HBr
KCl
Kali clorua
3Br2 + 3H2O
Brom
-1
KBrO3
+ 6HI
KBr
+ 3I2
Iot
3H2O
Kali bromat Axit iothiric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

+1 -3
Kali bromua
-1
3NaClO
Natri hipoclorit (Cht oxi ha)
+1
Amoniac (Cht kh)

-1 -1 0
2NH3
3NaCl
N2
3H2O
NaClO
Natri hipoclorit (Cht oxi ha)
+1
+ H2O2
Hiropeoxit (Cht kh)
-1
NaCl +
O 2 + H2O
-1
NaClO + 2KI
+ H2O
NaCl
+ I2 + 2KOH
Gio khoa ha v c
194
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+5
-1
-1
NaClO3 + 6KI + 3H2SO4 NaCl

Natri clorat Kali ioua (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh) Natri clorua
+ 3I2 + 3K2SO4 + 3H2O

Iot
Lu L.1. Khi cho kh clo vo dung dch xt, c phn ng:

0 -1 +1
Clo Natri clorua Natri hipoclorit (Cht oxi ha, Cht kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)
Cl2
2NaOH
NaCl
+ NaClO
H2O
S d c phn ng trn l do: Cl2 + H2O
HCl
Axit clohiric
HClO
Axit hipoclorit
NaCl + H2O HCl + NaOH NaClO + H2O HClO + NaOH L.2. Dung dch hn hp cc mui NaCl - NaClO (hay KCl - KClO) c gi l nc Javel. Nc Javel c tnh oxi ha mnh (do c ion hipoclorit, ClO-), c dng ty trng si bng, vi v giy. Nc Javel khng c lu. Trong nh my dt, nh my giy, nc Javel c iu ch bng cch in phn dung dch NaCl long (15 20%) trong bnh in phn khng c vch ngn vi catod bng st v anod bng than ch (cacbon graphit). L.3. Khi cho kh clo tc dng dung dch kim c un nng 1000C th thu c mui clorat.
0 -1 +5
3Cl2
6NaOH
100 0 C
5NaCl + NaClO3
Natri clorat
+ 3H2O
Clo (Cht oxi ha, Cht kh)

0
Natri clorua (Phn ng t oxi ha kh)

-1
+5
3Cl2
6KOH
100 0 C
5KCl
+ KClO3
Kali clorat
+ 3H2O
Clo (Cht oxi ha, Cht kh)
Kali clorua (Phn ng t oxi ha kh)
Kali clorat d b nhit phn to kali clorua v kh oxi (khi un nng c MnO2 lm xc tc). Do KClO3 c dng iu ch kh O2 trong phng th nghim. Vi cc cht d b chy ( b kh) nh lu hunh (S), cacbon (than, C), photpho (P), bt nhm (Al), ng (C12H22O11) s to hn hp n vi KClO3 khi va chm (qut, p). V th, KClO3 c dng lm thuc pho, thuc u que dim. Trong u ca cy dim qut c cha 50% khi lng KClO3.
Gio khoa ha v c
195
Bin son: V Hng Thi
KClO3
,t MnO 2
KCl +
3 O2 2
Trong cng nghip, KClO3 c iu ch bng cch cho kh clo i qua nc vi un nng ri ly dung dch nng trn vi KCl v ngui cho KClO3 kt tinh (v KClO3 t tan hn CaCl2). Kali clorat cn c iu ch bng cch in phn dung dch KCl 25% nhit 70 750C. 6Cl2 + 6Ca(OH)2 + 2KCl
Ca(ClO3)2
Kali clorat
+ 5CaCl2
+ 6H2O
Ca(ClO3)2 2KCl 6KOH
Canxi hipoclorit
2KClO3 + CaCl2
H2 + 2KOH + Cl2
+ 2H2O + 3Cl2
p, khng vch ngn, 750C, anod tr
Catot
Anot
t0
5KCl
KClO3 + 3H2O
(t tan hn KCl)
L.4. Clorua vi (CaOCl2) l cht bt mu trng, xp, c mi xc, lun bc mi kh clo. Clorua vi c coi l mui canxi hn tp ca axit clohiric (HCl) v axit hipoclor (HClO). Clorua vi c tnh oxi ha mnh, n c dng ty trng vi, giy v ty u cc h rc, cng rnh, cc gy dch bnh. Do c kh nng tc dng vi cc cht hu c, nn clorua vi cn c dng ha gii cc cht c trong chin tranh ha hc. Clorua vi cn c dng trong qu trnh tinh ch du m. Clorua vi c to ra khi cho kh clo tc dng vi vi sa (huyn ph c Ca(OH)2 trong nc) theo phn ng: Cl Ca Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 + H 2O O Cl
Khi cho clorua vi tc dng vi axit clohiric th c to kh clo:
-1 +1 0
CaOCl2 +
2HCl
Cl2
CaCl2 +
H2O
Di tc dng ca nh sng hoc un nng dung dch clorua vi, c mt ng oxit hoc st oxit lm xc tc, th c s phn hy clorua vi to kh oxi v canxi clorua.
-2 +1 -1 s (t ) CuO (Fe2O3)
0
2CaOCl2
CaCl2 +
O2
C th dng hai phn ng trn iu ch kh clo v oxi trong phng th nghim.
Gio khoa ha v c
196
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Khi trong khng kh, clorua vi tc dng vi kh cacbonic c trong khng kh v gii phng kh iclo oxit (Cl2O). Kh Cl2O c mi ging kh clo (Cl2). iu ny gii thch nguyn nhn clorua vi c mi kh clo. 2CaOCl2 + CO2
CaCl2
CaCO3
Cl2O
Trong cng nghip, ngi ta iu ch clorua vi bng cch cho kh clo tc dng vi vi ti kh. Clorua vi r tin hn, cha hm lng hipoclorit cao hn, d bo qun v chuyn ch hn so vi nc Javel. Cl2 + Ca(OH)2
CaOCl2
H2O
L.5. Khi ha tan kh clo (Cl2) trong nc, th c mt phn clo tc dng vi nc, to hn hp axit clohiric (HCl) v axit hipoclor (HClO)
0 -1 +1
Cl2
Clo Axit clohiric Axit hipoclor (Cht oxi ha, Cht kh; Cht t oxi ha t kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)
H 2O
HCl
HClO
Phn ng trn ca Cl2 gii thch s lm i mu giy qu xanh t ha ca kh clo, ri giy qu b mt mu. Nguyn nhn l axit HCl lm giy qu xanh, cn axit HClO th li lm mt mu giy qu (do tnh oxi ha mnh ca HClO). y l hin tng c trng nhn bit kh clo (Cl2). Axit hipoclor ch tn ti trong dung dch, n km bn, ngay c trong dung dch long HClO, c s phn hy to kh oxi v axit HCl. S phn hy ny xy ra cng nhanh di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri. V th nc clo sau mt thi gian s mt mu vng nht v ch cn cha a xit clohiric (HCl). 2HClO
as
2HCl
Axit hipoclor
Axit clohiric
O2
Oxi
L.6. Iot (I2) tc dng d dng vi dung dch Na2S2O3 (Natri tiosunfat, Natri hiposunfit) to mui NaI v Na2S4O6 (Natri tetrationat). Dung dch Na2S2O3 lm mt mu vng ca dung dch iot. Ngi ta thng dng phn ng ny nh phn dung dch Na2S2O3 bng dung dch I2 (nhm xc nh nng dung dch Na2S2O3 khi bit nng dung dch I2 hoc ngc li). Sau khi phn ng va , mt git d dung dch I2 lm cho dung dch phn ng c mu vng rt nht (Hoc mt lng dung dch I2 c d s lm cho dung dch h tinh bt long c mu xanh dng, do cho vo dung dch phn ng trc ). Nh cc hin tng c trng ny m ngi ta mi bit phn ng xong (git d dung dch I2 coi nh sai s trong s nh phn, hay trong php chun th tch).
+2 0 +2,5 -1
2Na2S2O3
I2
Na2S4O6
Natri tetrationat
+ 2NaI
Natri ioua
Natri hiposunfit Iot (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
Gio khoa ha v c
197
Bin son: V Hng Thi
I.8. Ozon (O3)

[Th hnh l hin tng mt nguyn t ha hc hin din di cc dng n cht khc nhau. Th d: O2 (oxi), O3 (ozon) l hai cht th hnh ca nguyn t oxi; Cacbon graphit (than ch), Cacbon kim cng), Cacbon v nh hnh (m hng, l ngh) l ba cht th hnh ca nguyn t cacbon; Photpho trng (P4), Photpho (photpho tm), Photpho en l ba cht th hnh ca nguyn t photpho] Ozon (O3) l mt cht th hnh vi oxi (O2). Ozon hin din dng kh iu kin thng, c mu xanh da tri nht, c mi xc. Ozon c tnh oxi ha mnh hn oxi, n ph hy cc cht hu c, oxi ho nhiu kim loi, trong c bc. Ozon c tnh oxi ha mnh l do n khng bn, d b phn hy to thnh oxi nguyn t (O) [O nguyn t c tnh oxi ha mnh hn oxi phn t, O2, v khng cn cung cp nng lng ct t lin kt i gia O vi O, O=O, trong phn t O2]: O2 O3 + O
Ozon Oxi Oxi nguyn t
- Ozon y c iot (iod) ra khi dung dch kali ioua (iodur kalium) (O2 khng c tnh cht ny). Do dung dch KI c dng nhn bit ozon (Nu l ozon th khi cho tc dng vi dung dch KI s thu c I2, lm cho dung dch c mu vng, hay I2 to ra lm xanh h tinh bt). Hay giy tm dung dch KI v h tinh bt (giy ioua tinh bt) chuyn ngay sang mu xanh nu c hin din ozon trong khng kh. KI 2KI
Kali ioua (Cht kh)
+ O2
-1 0
+ O3
H 2O
0 -2
Ozon (Cht oxi ha)
+ H 2O
Iot
I2 +
O2
KOH
Oxi
Ozon oxi ha c kim loi bc (Ag), thy ngn (Hg). Trong khi oxi (O2) khng tc dng vI kim loi bc.
Ag
0
+ O2
0

+1 -2
2Ag +
O3
Ag2O +
O2
- Ozon oxi ha mui sunfua thnh mui sunfat, oxi ha amoniac thnh nitrit, nitrat
-2 0 +6 -2
PbS
Ch (II) sunfua
+ O3
Ch (II) sunfat
PbSO4 +
O2
Gio khoa ha v c
198
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Do c tnh oxi ha mnh nn ozon dit c cc vi khun v th ozon c dng dit trng trong nc v kh trng khng kh. Mt lng nh ozon trong khng kh s lm cho khng kh trong lnh, c nh hng tt n c th con ngi, nhng nu khng kh cha nhiu ozon s gy ng c. Trong t nhin, ozon c to thnh t oxi khi c sm st. cao 10 30 km, ozon c to thnh do tc dng ca tia t ngoi mt tri. Nh vy, cc tia t ngoi ca mt tri c hi cho s sng b ngn chng li. Nhng nm gn y, ngi ta pht hin nhng l thng ca tng ozon. y l mt nguy c ang c nghin cu khc phc.
I.9. Hiro peoxit (H2O2)

- H2O2 c tnh oxi ha mnh trong c mi trng axit ln mi trng kim. H2O2 oxi ha c I- thnh I2, KNO2 thnh KNO3, sunfua thnh sunfat. H2O2 b kh to H2O.
-1 -1 -2 0
H2O2
-1
H2SO4
-2
2KI

-2
2H2O
+ I2
+6
K2SO4
(Cht oxi ha)
(Cht kh)
4H2O2
Hiro peoxit (Cht oxi ha)
+3
PbS
4H2O
Nc
PbSO4
Ch (II) sunfat
Ch (II) sunfua (Cht kh)

-1 +5
-2
KNO2
Kali nit rit (Cht kh)
H2O2
KNO3 +
Kali nitrat
H2O
Nc
Hiro peoxit (Cht oxi ha)
H2O2 rt tinh khit tng i bn, nhng n d b phn tch to O2 v H2O khi c ln tp cht kim loi nng hay hp cht cc kim loi ny, hoc khi un nng hay b chiu sng. Do bo qun H2O2, ngi ta cht ny trong cc chai thy tinh sm mu cng nh ni ti v rm mt. Ngi ta thy O2 c to ra t phn t H2O2 ch khng phi ca H2O. Do lin kt gia O O trong H2O2 khng b t m l anion [O - O]2- mt in t. Tt c cc ng dng thc t ca H2O2 u da vo tnh khng bn v tnh oxi ha mnh ca n. Dung dch H2O2 3% c dng st trng trong y hc, nh sc ming, ra vt thng. H2O2 cng c dng lm cht ty trng vi, len, la, bng, rm r, giy, my tre,u im ca cht ty H2O2 l khi dng dung dch thch hp, nng khng ln, n ch lm trng cht c mu nhng khng lm h hng vt c ty. Cc cht d chy nh giy, mt ca, s bc chy khi tip xc dung dch H2O2 c nng ln hn 65%. Dung dch H2O2 m c (ln hn 80%) c dng lm cht oxi ha nhin liu cho cc ng c phn lc. Do tnh d b phn hy ca n, H2O2 cn c dng lm cht to bt cho cc ngnh sn xut vt liu xp.
H2O2
as t ) (
1 O2 2
Oxi
+ H 2O
Nc
Hiro peoxit
Gio khoa ha v c
199
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Peoxit (-O-O-) coi nh l mui ca axit H2O2. Do khi cho cc H2O2 tc dng vi dung dch kim mnh (nh NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2) s to peoxit kim loi tng ng v nc; Cn khi cho peoxit kim loi tc dng vi axit th hiro peoxit b y ra khi peoxit kim loi. (Axit mnh y c axit yu hn ra khi mui. H2O2 c tnh axit mnh hn nc, nhng yu hn nhiu so vi cc axit thng thng khc)
H2O2 BaO2
Bari peoxit
+ + + +
Ba(OH)2
Bari hiroxit
BaO2
Bari peoxit
+ +
2H2O
Nc
Hiro peoxit
H2SO4
Axit sunfuric
H 2O 2
Hiro peoxit
BaSO4
Bari sunfat
H2O2 K2O2
Kali peoxit
2NaOH 2HCl
Na2O2
+ 2H2O + 2KCl
Kali clorua
H2O2
Hiro peoxit
Axit clohiric
I.10. Oxit kim loi (Oxid kim lai) Oxit kim loi b kh to kim loi tng ng hay oxit kim loi trong kim loi c s oxi ha thp hn. Cc cht kh thng dng kh oxit kim loi nhit cao l Al, H2, CO, C. Tuy nhin bn cht kh ny ch kh c cc oxit kim loi trong kim loi ng sau nhm trong dy th in ha. Cc oxit kim loi Al, Mg, kim loi kim, kim th, ch b kh to kim loi tng ng ti catot bnh in phn khi in phn nng chy cc oxit kim loi tng ng trn.
K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au
+3 0 0 +3
Fe2O3
(Cht oxi ha)
+2
+
0
2Al
(Cht kh)
t0
2Fe
0
Al2O3
+1
CuO
(Cht oxi ha)
+1
+
+2
H2
(Cht kh)
t0
Cu
+
+4
H2O
Ag2O
(Cht oxi ha)
+2
CO
(Cht kh)
0
t0
2Ag
0
CO2
+2
ZnO
(Cht oxi ha)
t0
Zn
CO
(Cht kh)
Gio khoa ha v c
200
+2 +8/3 +4
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+3
3Fe2O3
St (III) oxit (Cht oxi ha)
+8/3
CO
t0
2Fe3O4
St t oxit
CO2
Cacbon ioxit
Cacbon oxit (Cht kh)

+2
+2
+4
Fe3O4
CO
t0
3FeO
St (II) oxit
CO2
Kh cacbonic
St t oxit Cacbon oxit (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

+2 +2
+4
FeO
(Cht oxi ha)
+2
CO
(Cht kh)
0
t0
Fe
+
0
CO2
+2
PbO
Ch
1400 0 C
Pb
CO
Ch (II) oxit Cacbon (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
Cacbon oxit
MgO Al2O3 K 2O CaO Na2O Al2O3
+ +
Al H2
t t t t t
2Al
Nhm (Catot)
0 0
+ CO + H2 + C
Dpnc
Nhm oxit
+ 3/2O2
Oxi (Anot)
I.11. Mt s phi kim (Khng kim loi) (nh halogen X2, O2, S, N2, P, C, Si, H2)
Cc phi kim oxi ha kim loi to oxit kim loi hay mui ca kim loi tng ng. Cn phi kim b kh to thnh hp cht ca phi kim (oxit hay mui) trong phi kim c s oxi ha m.
Th d:
0 0 +3 -1
Fe
3/2Cl2
Clo (Cht oxi ha)
t0
FeCl3
St (III) clorua
St (Cht kh)
Gio khoa ha v c
201
0 +2 2
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Fe
St (Cht kh)
0
t0
FeS
St (II) sunfua
Lu hunh (Cht oxi ha)

0
+8/3 -2
3Fe
St (Cht kh)
+ 2O2
t0
Fe3O4
St t oxit
Oxi (Cht oxi ha)
Nhm t bc chy khi tip xc vi cc halogen X2, mc mnh lit phn ng gimdn t F2 n I2. Al
Nhm
3/2Cl2
Clo

t
0
AlCl3
Nhm clorua
2Al 2Al
Nhm
+ 3/2O2 + 3S
Al2O3 Al2S3
t t t
0 0 0
Lu hunh
Nhm sunfua
Cu Cu Au
Vng
+ 1/2O2 + Br2
CuO CuBr2 AuCl3 AgCl

Bc clorua
t0 cao; p sut H2 cao
+ 3/2Cl2 + 1/2Cl2
Clo
t t
0
Clo
Vng (III) clorua
Ag
Bc
Li (lng) +
Liti
1/2H2(kh)
Hiro
LiH
Liti hirua
Na(lng) + 1/2H2(kh) 3Li + 1/2N2

Liti Nit
,p t NaH
Natri hirua
t
0
Li3N
Liti nitrua
3Mg
Magie
+ N2
Nit
Mg3N2
Magie nitrua
Ca(nng chy)
Can xi
H2
Hiro
CaH2
Canxi hirua
Gio khoa ha v c
202
Bin son: V Hng Thi
3Ba
Bari
+ N2
Nit
t Ba3N2
Bari nitrua
t
0
3Ca
Canxi
+ 2P
Photpho
Ca3P2 CaC2 Al4C3 Ca2Si Mg2Si

Magie silixua
Canxi photphua
Ca
Can xi
+ 2C
Cacbon
t t t t
0
Canxi cacbua
0
4Al
Nhm
+ 3C
Cacbon
Nhm cacbua
0
2Ca
Canxi
+ Si
Silic
Canxi silixua
2Mg
Magie
+ +
Si
Silic
Hg
HgS
Thy ngn
Lu hunh
Thy ngn (II) sunfua
Thy ngn tc dng vi lu hunh nhit thng, v vy ngi ta thng dng bt lu hunh gom nhng ht rt nh ca thy ngn ri vi trn nn nh, trnh c tc dng c hi ca thy ngn bay hi to ra.
2Cr
Crom
+ 3Cl2
Clo
t t t
0 0
Crom (III) clorua
2CrCl3 Cr2S3 2CrN
2Cr
Crom
3S
Lu hunh
Crom (III) sunfua
2Cr
Crom
N2
Nit
Crom (III) nitrua
- Phi kim mnh c th oxi ha phi kim yu hn. Th d:

0 0 +5 -2
2P
0 0 +3 -2
5/2O2(d)
Oxi (Cht oxi ha)
60 0 C
P2O5
Photpho (V) oxit; Anhirit photphoric
Photpho (Cht kh)
2P
3/2O2(thiu)
Oxi
60 C
P2O3
Photpho
Photpho (III) oxit; Anhirit photphor
Gio khoa ha v c
203
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+3 -1
3/2Cl2(thiu)
Clo (Cht oxi ha)
0
PCl3
Photpho (Cht kh)

0
Photpho triclorua
+5 1
P
Photpho (Cht kh)
0
5/2Cl2(d)
Clo (Cht oxi ha)
0
PCl5
Photpho pentaclorua
-3 +1
3/2H2
Hiro (Cht oxi ha)
0
300 0 C
PH3
Photpho (Cht kh)

0
Photphin; Photphua hiro
+1 -2
H2
Hiro (Cht kh)
0
1/2O2
H 2O
Nc; Hiro oxit
Oxi (Cht oxi ha)

0
-3 +1 Fe, t0, p
Nit Hiro (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

0 0
N2
3H2
Amoniac; Hiro nitrua
2NH3
-4 +1
2H2
Ni , 500 0 C
CH4
Metan
Cacbon Hiro (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

0 0
+1 -2
H2
t0
H 2S
Hiro sunfua
Lu hunh Hiro (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

0 0
+5 -2
5S
2P
Photpho (Cht kh)
0
tt
P2S5
iphotpho pentasunfua
+4 -2

0
S
Lu hunh (Cht kh)
0
O2
t0
SO2
Lu hunh (IV) oxit; Anhirit sunfuar; Kh sunfuar
Oxi (Cht oxi ha)

0
+2 -2 30000C (Tia la in)
Nit (Cht kh)
N2
Oxi (Cht oxi ha)
O2
2NO
Nit oxit
Gio khoa ha v c
204
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+4 1
Si
Silic (Cht kh)
0
2F2
SiF4
(Phn ng xy ra nhit thng)
Flo; Fluor (Cht oxi ha)

0
Tetraflo silan; Silic tetraclorua
+4 2
Si
Silic (Cht kh)
0
O2
t0
SiO2
Silic oxit; Anhirit silicic
Oxi (Cht oxi ha)

0
+4 1
Si
Silic (Cht kh)
0
2Cl2
Clo (Cht oxi ha)
0
t0
SiCl4
Silic tetraclorua; Tetraclo silan
+6 -1
S
Lu hunh (Cht kh)
3F2
SF6
Flo (Cht oxi ha)
Florua lu hunh (VI); Hexaflorua lu hunh
Phi kim mnh (nh F2, Cl2, O2) oxi ha c cc hp cht ca phi kim hay kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian cng cc hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ha thp nht nh CO, NO, SO2, Na2S2O3, FeS2, FeCl2, FeSO4, FeO, Fe3O4, FeS, NH3, H2S, PH3, KI, KBr, CH4,.
+2 0 +4 -2
Th d: 2CO
+2
O2
Oxi (Cht oxi ha)
0
t0
2CO2
Cacbon ioxit
+4 -2
2NO
Nit oxit (Cht kh)
+2
Oxi (Cht oxi ha)

0
O2
Nit ioxit
2NO2
+4
-1
CO
+4
Cl2

C , as
COCl2
Photgen (Cht c chin tranh)
Oxi (Cht oxi ha)

0
+6 -2 V2O5(Pt),450 C
0
Anhirit sunfuna r (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

+2 0
2SO2
O2
Anhirit sunfuric
+2,5 -1
2SO3
2Na2S2O3
I2
Na2S4O6
Natri tetrationat
2NaI
Natri ioua
Natri tiosunfat; Natri hiposunfit Iot (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
Gio khoa ha v c
205
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+2 1
+3 -2
+4 -2
2FeS2
11/2O2
t0
Fe2O3
St (III) oxit
4SO2
Kh sunfur
Pi rit st; St (II) pesunfua Oxi (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
+2 0 +3 -1
FeCl2
St (II) clorua (Cht kh)
+2
1/2Cl2
Clo (Cht oxi ha)
0
FeCl3
St (III) clorua
+3
-1
(Cht kh)
+2
3FeSO4 +
(Cht oxi ha)

0
3/2Cl2
Fe2(SO4)3
+3 2
FeCl3
2FeO
(Cht kh)
+2
1/2O2
(Cht oxi ha)
t0
Fe2O3
+3 -2
St (II) hiroxit (Cht rn trng hi lc nht)

+2 2 0
2Fe(OH)2
1/2O2
Oxi Hi nc (Khng kh)

+3 -2
H2O
St (III) hiroxit (Cht rn mu nu )

+4 -2
2Fe(OH)3
2FeS
St (II) sunfua
-3
7/2O2
Oxi
0
t0
Fe2O3
St (III) oxit
+
2
2SO2
Kh sunfur
2NH3
Amoniac
-3
3/2O2
Oxi
0
t0
N2
Nit
+ -2
3H2O
Hi nc
-2
2NH3
Amoniac
-2
5/2O2
Oxi
0
Pt ,t 0
2NO
Nit oxit
+ 3H2O
Hi nc
0 -2
H 2S +
-2
1/2O2(thiu, chy chm)

0
t0
S
+4 -2
H2O
-2
H 2S +
-2
3/2O2(d, chy nhanh)

0
t0
SO2
-1
+ H 2O
H 2O
(Cht kh)
F2
1/2O2 +
2HF
(Cht oxi ha)
Gio khoa ha v c
212
Bin son: V Hng Thi
II. Cc cht kh thng gp

II.1. Kim loi Tt c kim loi u l cht kh. Kim loi b kh to thnh hp cht ca kim loi trong kim loi c s oxi ha dng. Phn ng no c kim loi tham gia th l phn ng oxi ha kh v kim loi lun lun ng vai tr cht kh. Kim loi c th kh cc phi kim, axit thng thng, nc, axit c tnh oxi ha mnh, mui ca kim loi yu hn, oxit ca kim loi yu hn, dung dch kim, a. Kim loi kh phi kim (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, O2, S, N2, P, C, Si, H2) to mui hay oxit Th d:
0 0 +3 -1
Fe
St (Cht kh)
0
3/2Cl2
Clo (Cht oxi ha)
0
t0
FeCl3
St (III) clorua
+2 -2
Fe
St (Cht kh)
0
t0
FeS
St (II) sunfua

0
+8/3 -2
3Fe +
St (Cht kh)
2O2
t0
Fe3O4
St t oxit
Oxi (Cht oxi ha)
Khi t nng, st chy trong oxi theo phn ng trn. Khi s dng cc cng c bng thp, khi gia cng thp, nhng tia la sng bn te ra l nhng vy ht st t oxit (Fe3O4) c t nng trng. Trong khng kh m, hay trong nc c ha tan oxi, st b g (r) d dng theo phn ng:
0 0 +3 -2
2Fe hay: Fe
0
+ + +
3/2O2 3/4O2
0
+ +
nH2O 3/2H2O

+3 -1
Fe2O3.nH2O Fe(OH)3
Al
Nhm (Cht kh)
Halogen (Cht oxi ha)
3/2X2
Nhm halogenua
AlX3
(X2: F2, Cl2, Br2, I2)
Nhm t bc chy khi tip xc vi halogen (flo, clo, brom, iot), mc mnh lit gim dn t F2 n I2. I2 cn c H2O lm xc tc.
2Al
3/2O2
Al2O3
Bt nhm chy trong khng kh vi ngn la sng chi v ta ra lng nhit ln
http://vietsciences.free.fr http://vietsciences.org V Hng Thi
Gio khoa ha v c
213
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+3 -2
2Al
3S
t0
Al2S3
Nhm sunfua
Al2S3 ch hin din dng rn, trong dung dch nc n b thy phn hon ton, to nhm hiroxit v kh hiro sunfua: Al2S3 + 6H2O
0
2Al(OH)3
+ 3H2S
2Al + N2 4Al Al Al Cr Cr 2Cr Cr 2Cr Cr Cu + 3C + P
t
t t t
0 0
2AlN (Nhm nitrua) Al4C3 (Nhm cacbua) AlP

(Nhm photphua)
+ H2 + 3/2F2

t t t t
0
CrF3
(Ch F2 mi tc dng vi Cr nhit thng, cc phi kim khc tc dng Cr nhit cao)
+ 3/2Cl2 + + + + P + 3S 1/2N2 3/2O2
CCl3 [ Crom (III) clorua ] Cr2S3 CrN [ Crom (III) nitrua ] Cr2O3 [ Crom (III) oxit ]
[ Crom (III) photphua ]
CrP
0
1/2O2(d)
Oxi
CuO
ng (II) oxit (mu en)
ng (mu )
2Cu
+ 1/2O2(thiu)
Cu2O
ng (I) oxit (mu gch)
Cu 2Cu Cu Cu
+ + +
S S Cl2
t t t t
0 0
CuS [ ng (II) sunfua ] Cu2S [ ng (I) sunfua ] CuCl2
+ H2
213
Gio khoa ha v c
214
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Cu Cu 3Cu 4Cu Ag Ag 2Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn 3Zn Zn Zn
+ N2 t
+ + +
C P Si
t t Cu3P [ ng (I) photphua , Phosphur ng (I)] t t t t t t t t t t t

0 0 0 0 0 0
Cu4Si
[ng (I) silixua, Silicur ng (I)]
+ O2 + H2 + + + + + + + + + + + + C + Si S 1/2Cl2 N2 C Si H2 1/2O2 S Cl2 N2 2P
Ag2S AgCl
(Bc sunfua, Sulfur bc, c mu en)
ZnO
(Km oxit, Oxid km)
ZnS
(Km sunfua, Sulfur km)

t t t t
0
0
ZnCl2
Zn3P2
(Km photphua, Phosphur km, Thuc chut)
214
Gio khoa ha v c
215
Bin son: V Hng Thi
2Na 2Na Na Na
+ + + +
1/2O2 O2(d) 1/2Cl2 1/2H2
Na2O
(Natri oxit. Natri chy cho ngn la mu vng)
Na2O2 (Natri peoxit, Peroxid natrium) NaCl NaH

(Natri hirua, Hidrur natrium)

t
0
2Na + S Na2S (Kim loi kim tc dng ngay vi bt lu hunh nhit thng) 3Na 3Na Ca + + 1/2N2 P
0
Na3N
(Natri nitrua, Nitrur natrium)
Na3P CaO
t
0
(Natri photphua) (Canxi oxit, Oxid calcium)
+ 1/2O2 +

H2
Ca(nng chy) Ca Ca 3Ca 3Ca Ca 2Ca Mn Mn 3Mn 2Mn Mn + + + + + + + + + + + Cl2 S N2 2P 2C Si Cl2 S
CaH2
(Canxi hirua)

t t t t t t
0 0 0 0
0
CaCl2 CaS Ca3N2 Ca3P2 CaC2 Ca2Si MnCl2 MnS (Canxi nitrua)
(Canxi photphua) (Canxi cacbua, Carbur calcium) (Canxi silixua) (Man gan (II) clorua, Clorur mangan (II))
t0
N2 Si H2
t t
t0
0
Mn3N2 Mn2Si
(Mangan (II) nitrua) (Mangan (II) silixua)
215
Gio khoa ha v c
216
Bin son: V Hng Thi
3Mn Mn Ag Ag 2Ag Ag Ag Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg 3Hg Hg Pb

Pb
+ + + + + + + C Si
2P O2 H2 O2 Cl2
t t t t t
0
0
Mn3P2
(Mangan (II) photphua)
MnO2 (Mangan ioxit)
2AgCl
t t t t
0 0 0
+ H2 + + + + + + +
1/2O2 S Cl2 H2 N2 2P C, Si
HgO
(Thy ngn (II) oxit, c mu hay vng)

t t t
0 0 0
HgS HgCl2
Hg3P2
(Thy ngn (II) photphua)
t t
0
+ 1/2O2
+ S
PbO
(Ch (II) oxit)
PbS
0
Pb Pb
+ +
Cl2 2H2
t 800 C
0
PbCl2 PbH4
(Ch (IV) hirua)
216
Gio khoa ha v c
217
Bin son: V Hng Thi
b. Kim loi kh ion H+ ca axit thng thng, to mui v kh hiro. Kim loi ng trc H trong dy th in ho kh c ion H+ ca axit thng thng to kh hiro (H2), cn kim loi b oxi ho to mui. K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Th d:
0 +1 +2 0
Fe
St (Cht kh)
H2SO4(l)
Axit sunfuric (long) (Cht oxi ha)
FeSO4
St (II) sunfat
H2
Kh hiro
Al Cu Na Hg Cr Ca Ag Zn
+ + + + + + + +
3HCl HCl
AlCl3
3/2H2

CH3COONa + 1/2H2
CH3COOH HBr 2HCl 2HBr

CrCl2 CaBr2
+ +
H2 H2
H2SO4(l) 2HCOOH
Axit fomic
Zn(HCOO)2
Km fomiat
H2
Hiro
Km
c. Kim loi kim, kim th kh c nc nhit thng, to hiroxit kim loi v kh hiro. Kim loi kim: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Kim loi kim th: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Th d:
0 +1 +1 0
Na
H 2O
NaOH
Natri hiroxit
1/2H2
Hiro
Natri (Cht kh)
Nc (Cht oxi ha)
K Ca
+ +
H2O 2H2O
KOH + 1/2H2 Ca(OH)2 + H2 217
Gio khoa ha v c
218
Bin son: V Hng Thi
d. Trn nguyn tc, cc kim loi ng trc H trong dy th in ho c th kh c hi nc nhit cao, to oxit kim loi v kh hiro. K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Th d:
0 +1 +2 0
t0
Zn
H2O
ZnO
Km oxit
H2
Kh hiro
Km (Cht kh)
Hi nc (Cht oxi ha)
3Fe Fe Mg
+ + +
4H2O H2O H2O 3H2O
<570 C >570 C t t
0 0
Fe3O4 FeO MgO + +
+ H2 H2
4H2
2Cr +
Cr2O3 + 3H2
e. Kim loi (tr vng, bch kim) kh c axit c tnh oxi ho mnh [HNO3, H2SO4 (c, nng)] to mui, kh NO2, NO hay SO2 v H2O. Th d:
0 +5 +3 +4
Fe
St (Cht kh)
Axit nitric m c nng (Cht oxi ha)
6HNO3(,nng)
St (III) nitrat
Fe(NO3)3
+ 3NO2
Nit ioxit
+ 3H2O
Fe 2Fe Cu 3Cu Cu 3Ag
+ + + + +
4HNO3(l)
Fe(NO3)3 +
NO
2H2O
6H2SO4(, nng) 4HNO3() 8HNO3(l)
Fe2(SO4)3
Cu(NO3)2 + 3Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4
+ 3SO2 + 6H2O 2NO2 + 2NO + + + 2H2O 2H2O 4H2O 2H2O
2H2SO4(, nng)
+ SO2
+ 4HNO3(l) 2HNO3() H2SO4(l)
3AgNO3 + NO +
Ag + Ag +
AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O
218
Gio khoa ha v c
219
Bin son: V Hng Thi
2Ag Zn +
+ 2H2SO4(, nng) 4HNO3()
Ag2SO4
+ SO2
+ 2H2O
Zn(NO3)2
+ 2NO2 + 2H2O
f. Kim loi mnh (tr kim loi kim, kim th) kh c ion kim loi yu hn trong dung dch mui. K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Th d: 3Mg
0
+ 2AlCl3(dd)
+3
3MgCl2
+2
+ 2Al
0
3Mg
2Al
3+
3Mg
2+
2Al
Kim loi nhm (Cht kh)
Magie dd mui nhm (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
Mui magie (Cht oxi ho)
Phn ng trn xy ra c l do: Tnh kh: Mg > Al Tnh oxi ha: Al3+ > Mg2+
Fe + Cu Cu
CuSO4
FeSO4 +
Cu
+ FeCl2
+ 2FeCl3

CuCl2 + 2FeCl2
Fe(d) + 2AgNO3 Fe + 3AgNO3(d) FeSO4

Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag Fe(NO3)3 + 3Ag
Ni +
Ni + Fe2(SO4)3
NiSO4
+ 2FeSO4
Zn + Fe(CH3COO)2 Zn + FeS Fe + ZnCl2 3Zn(d) + 2FeCl3 Zn + 2FeCl3(d)
Zn(CH3COO)2 + Fe
3ZnCl2 ZnCl2
2Fe
+ 2FeCl2 Cu
Na + CuSO4(dd)
Na2SO4 +
219
Gio khoa ha v c
220
Bin son: V Hng Thi
NaOH + 1/2H2 Na + H2O Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 2NaOH + CuSO4 CaCl2 + Fe Ca + FeCl3(dd) Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 3Ca(OH)2 + 2FeCl3 2Fe(OH)3
+ 3CaCl2
g. Kim loi mnh kh c oxit kim loi yu hn nhit cao (Thng gp nht l phn ng nhit nhm). K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Th d:
0 +3 +3 0
2Al
Fe2O3
t0
Al2O3
Nhm oxit
2Fe
St
Nhm St (III) oxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
2Al
+ 3CuO
t t t t t
0 0 0 0
Al2O3 + 3Cu
Al + MgO 4Al 3Mg
+ 3MnO2 + Al2O3 TiO2
2Al2O3 3MgO 2MgO 3MgO
+ 3Mn + 2Al + Ti + 2Cr
2Mg +
3Mg + Cr2O3
h. Cc kim loi c oxit lng tnh (tr Cr, gm Al, Zn, Be, Sn, Pb) kh c dung dch kim, to mui v kh hiro.
0 +1
Al
OH
+3
+ H 2O
AlO2
3/2H2
Kh hiro
Nhm (Cht kh)
Dung dch kim (Cht oxi ha)
Mui aluminat
Zn
Km
+ 2OH + 2OH
ZnO22 + H2
Mui zincat
Be
Berili
Mui berili
BeO22
+ H2
220
Gio khoa ha v c
221
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Sn
Thic
2OH
t t
0
SnO22
Mui stanit
+ H2
Pb
Ch
+ 2OH
PbO22 + H2
Mui plumbit
Cr
Crom
+ OH + H2O
II.2. Hp cht ca kim loi trong kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian, m thng gp l Fe(II) [nh FeO, Fe(OH)2, FeSO4, FeCl2, Fe(NO3)2, Fe2+, FeS, FeS2], Fe3O4, Cr(II), Cu2O. Cc cht kh ny b oxi ha to thnh hp cht ca kim loi c s oxi ha cao hn. Th d:
+2 0 +3 -2
2FeO
St (II) oxit (Cht kh)
1/2O2
t0
Fe2O3
St (III) oxit
Oxi (Cht oxi ha)
3FeO + 10HNO3(l)
3Fe(NO3)3
+ NO + 5H2O + SO2 + 4H2O
2FeO + 4H2SO4(, nng) 2Fe(OH)2 + 1/2O2

(Mu trng hi xanh lc)

+ H2O
Fe2(SO4)3

2Fe(OH)3
(Mu nu )
(KK)
2Fe(OH)2 + 1/2O2
+2 0
Fe2O3 + 2H2O
+3 -1
2Fe(OH)2 + Cl2
(Cht kh)
+2 +1
+ 2NaOH 2Fe(OH)l3 + 2NaCl

+3 -1
(Cht oxi ha)
2Fe(OH)2 + NaClO + H2O 3Fe(OH)2 + 10HNO3(l)
2Fe(OH)3 + NaCl + NO + 8H2O
3Fe(NO3)3
5Fe2(SO4)3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O 10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4

FeCl2 + 1/2Cl2 2Fe3O4
FeCl3
+ 10H2SO4(, nng) 3Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 10H2O
221
Gio khoa ha v c
222
Bin son: V Hng Thi
FeCO3
+ 4HNO3() Fe(NO3)3 +
t
0
NO2 +
CO2 + 2H2O
2FeS + 9/2O2 FeS2 + 18HNO3()
Fe2O3
+ 2SO2 + 2H2SO4 + 15NO2 + 7H2O
Fe(NO3)3
2FeS2 + 2CrO
+2
14H2SO4(, nng) Fe2(SO4)3 + 15SO2 + 14H2O

t
0
0
+ 1/2O2 +
Cr2O3
+3 -2
2Cr(OH)2
1/2O2 + H2O
Khng kh (Cht oxi ha)
2Cr(OH)3
Crom (III) hiroxit (c mu xanh ru)
Crom (II) hiroxit (c mu vng nu) (Cht kh)
Cr2+ kh c ion H+ ca dung dch axit thng thng to kh H2, cn Cr2+ b oxi ha to Cr3+ Cr2+ + 2H+
Cr3+ + H2
t 2CuO
0 0
Cu2O + 1/2O2
Cu2O + 3H2SO4(,nng) t 2CuSO4 + SO2 + 3H2O 3Cu2O + 14HNO3(l) 6Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 7H2O
II.3. Mt s phi kim, nh H2, C, S, P, Si, N2, Cl2. Cc phi kim ny b oxi ha to thnh hp cht ca phi kim, trong phi kim c s oxi ha dng. Cc cht oxi ha thng dng oxi ha cc phi kim l oxit kim loi, oxi, HNO3, H2SO4(c, nng). Th d:
0 0 +1 -2
H2 +
Hiro
1/2O2
Oxi
t t t
0 0 0
t0
H2O
Nc
H2 H2 3H2
+ CuO + Al2O3 + Fe2O3
H2O + Cu
3H2O
+ 2Fe
222
Gio khoa ha v c
223
Bin son: V Hng Thi
C + 1/2O2(thiu) C + C C O2(d)
0
CO
t t t t
0 0 0
0
CO2 CO2
+ Fe2O3 + MgO ZnO
C + C C
0
CO + Zn CO2 CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O + 2SO2 + 2H2O
+ 4HNO3() + + 2H2SO4()
0
t t
+4 -2
0
C
Cht kh
2S

cao t cao t
0
0
t0
CS2 CO + H2 CO2 + 2CO 9CO + 6Fe 3CO2 CO2

0
Cht oxi ho
0
Cacbon isunfua
C C C 9C
+ H2O + 2H2O + CO2
2H2
cao t
0
+ 3Fe2O3
cao t
3C + 2KClO3 C C + 2KNO3
t t
0
+ 2KCl + 2KNO2 + 2CuO 2CO + Cu + 4NO2 + 2NO2
+ 2Cu(NO3)2
t
0
CO2
2C(d) +
Cu(NO3)2
t
t0
0
C + AgNO3
0 0
CO + Ag
+4 -2
+ NO2
O2
SO2
Lu hunh Oxi (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
Kh sunfur; Lu hunh ioxit
223
Gio khoa ha v c
224
Bin son: V Hng Thi
S + S S
Cl2
SCl2 H2SO4 + 2NO
+ 2HNO3(l) + 6HNO3()
H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O 2H2O
3SO2 + S + 2H2SO4(, nng) S + H2SO4(l)
3S
+ 2KClO3 2KNO3
t t t
0
3SO2
+ 2KCl
S +
SO2 + 2KNO2 6SO2 + 4Cr2O3 +

+5 -2
6S + 8K2Cr2O7
0 0
8K2CrO4
4P
Photpho
5O2
Oxi

t t
0 0
Anhirit photphoric; iphotpho pentaoxit
2P2O5
4P + 3O2(thiu) 2P 2P 3P P + 5Cl2(d) + 3Cl2(thiu)
2P2O3 2PCl5 2PCl3

+ 5HNO3(l) + 2H2O + 5HNO3() H2SO4(l)
3H3PO4 + 5NO2
5NO
H3PO4 +
+ H 2O
P + 2P 6P
+ 5H2SO4(, nng) + 5KClO3

t t
0 0 0
2H3PO4 + 5KCl
+ 5SO2 + 2H2O
3P2O5
2P + 5KNO3
P2O5 + 5KNO2 3P2O5 + 5Cr2O3 + 10K2CrO4
6P + 10K2Cr2O7 Si + O2
t
0
SiO2
224
Gio khoa ha v c
225
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Si + Si + Si Si N2
2F2
SiF4
2KOH + H2O
800 C 500 C 3000 C
0 0 0
K2SiO3 + 3/2H2
+ 2H2O + 2Cl2 + O2
SiO2 + 2H2 SiCl4 2NO
Cl2 + H2O II.4.
HCl + HclO
Mt s hp cht ca phi kim, trong phi kim c s oxi ha trung gian, nh CO, NO, NO2, NO2, SO2, SO32, Na2S2O3, FeS2, P2O3, C2H4, C2H2,Cc hp cht ny b oxi ha to thnh hp cht ca phi kim trong phi kim c s oxi ha cao hn.
+2 0 +4 -2
t0
Th d:
CO
+ 1/2O2
CO2
Cacbon oxit Oxi (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
Cacbon ioxit
CO + 3Fe2O3 CO + Fe3O4 FeO
t t t t t
0 0
0
CO2 +
2Fe3O4
CO2 + 3FeO CO2 + Fe
CO +
CO + Al2O3 CO + CuO NO + 1/2O2

+4
CO2 NO2
+5
Cu
+2
3NO2 + H2O 2NO2 + H2O
2HNO3 + NO
+ 1/2O2
2HNO3
2NO2 + 2NaOH
NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O
5KNO3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 3H2O 5KNO2 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4
225
Gio khoa ha v c
226
Bin son: V Hng Thi
SO2
+ 1/2O2
V2O5 (Pt), 4500C
SO3
SO2 SO2 SO2
+ Cl2 + + Br2 I2
+ 2H2O + 2H2O
H2SO4
+ 2HCl + 2HBr + 2HI + K2SO4
H2SO4 H2SO4 2H2SO4
+ 2H2O + 2H2O
5SO2 + 2KMnO4
+ 2MnSO4
6K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O 5K2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4

Na2SO3 + Cl2
+2
+ H 2O +
Na2SO4 +
2HCl
+2,5 -1
2Na2S2O3
I2
Na2S4O6
Natri tetrationat
2NaI
Natri ioua
Natri tiosunfat, Natri hiposunfit (Cht kh)
Iot (Cht oxi ha)

0
P2O3 C2H4 II.5.
+ 1/2O2 + 3O2
t t
0
P2O5 2CO2 + 2H2O
Cc hp cht ca phi kim, trong phi kim c s oxi ha thp nht (cc tiu), nh X (Cl, Br, I, HCl, HBr, HI), S2, H2S, NH3, PH3, CH4, NaH, CaH2, Cc hp cht b oxi ha to phi kim n cht hay hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ha cao hn. Th d:
-1 +4 0 +2
t0
4HCl() +
MnO2
Cl2 + MnCl2 + 2H2O

Clo Mangan (II) clorua
Axit clohiric Mangan ioxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

-1 +7 0
+2
Axit clohiric Kali pemanganat (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

-1 0 0
16HCl + 2KMnO4
5Cl2 + 2MnCl2
Kh clo
+ 2KCl
Mangan (II) clorua
+ 8H2O
-1
2KBr + Cl2
Br2 + 2KCl
226
Gio khoa ha v c
227
Bin son: V Hng Thi
2HBr
+ Cl2
Br2 + 2HCl I2 + 2NaBr

0
2NaI + Br2
-2 +4
2H2S
SO2
3S
2H2O
Hiro sunfua Kh sunfur Lu hunh (Kh mi trng thi) (Kh mi hc) (Cht rn mu vng nht) (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
-2 +3 0 +2
K2S + 2FeCl3
-2 +3
S +
0
2FeCl2 + 2KCl
+2
H2S + 2FeCl3
-1 +3
S + 2FeCl2 +
0 +2
2HCl + K2SO4 3H2O
2KI +
-3
Fe2(SO4)3
+2
t0
I2
+ 2FeSO4
0
2NH3 + 3CuO
-3 0

0
Pt ,t 0 t0
N2 + 3Cu +
0 -2
2NH3 + 3/2O2
-3 0
N2 +
+2
3H2O
-2
2NH3 + 5/2O2
-1 +1
2NO
+ 3H2O
NaH
+ H2O
H2 +
Hiro
NaOH
Natri hiroxit
Natri hirua Nc (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

-1 +1
Canxi hirua (Cht kh)

-3
CaH2
2HCl
Axit clohiric (Cht oxi ha)

+5
Hiro
H2
Canxi clorua
CaCl2
+5
+4
PH3 + 8HNO3()
Photphin
-4 0

+4
H3PO4
-2
8NO2 + 4H2O
Nit ioxit
Axit photphoric
CH4
Metan (Cht kh)
2O2
CO2
+ 2H2O
Oxi (Cht oxi ha)
227
Gio khoa ha v c
228
Bin son: V Hng Thi
Ghi ch quan trng G.1. Phn t no ch cn cha mt nguyn t c s oxi ha gim sau phn ng th c th kt lun phn t l cht oxi ha; Cng phn t no ch cn cha mt nguyn t c s oxi ha tng sau phn ng th c th kt lun phn t cht l cht kh. G.2. Nguyn t no c s oxi ha ti a (trong hp cht) nu tham gia phn ng oxi ha kh th nguyn t ny ch c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha, v s oxi ha ca nguyn t ny ch c th gim, ch khng tng c na. Th d: Fe3+ ; KMnO4 ; K2Cr2O7 ; HNO3 ; H2SO4(, nng) ; CuO ; H+ ; Ag+ ; Au3+ ; Zn2+ G.3. Nguyn t no c s oxi ha thp nht (trong n cht kim loi, trong hp cht ca phi kim) nu tham gia phn ng oxi ha kh th s ng vai tr cht kh, v s oxi ha ca nguyn t ny ch c th tng ch khng gim c na. Th d:
0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -2 0 -2 -1 -1 -1 -3 +3 +7 +6 +5 +6 +2 +1 +1 +3 +2
Tt c cc kim loi, nh: Na ; Mg ; Al ; Ag ; Hg ; Au ; Cc hp cht ca phi kim, nh: X (F , Cl , Br , I ) ; HCl ; HBr ; HI ; H2S ; S ; H ; NaH ; CaH2 ; NH3 ; PH3 ; CH4; SiH4 ; O2. G.4. Cn nguyn t no c s oxi ha trung gian (trong n cht phi kim, cc hp cht ca kim loi hay phi kim trong kim loi hay phi kim c s oxi ha trung gian) nu tham gia phn ng oxi ha kh th ty trng hp (ty theo tc cht m chng phn ng) m c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha hoc ng vai tr cht kh. Th d: H2 ; C ; Si ; O2 ; S ; Cl2 ; Br2 ; I2 ; Fe2+ ; FeO ; Fe3O4 ; FeCl2 ; FeSO4 ; Cu2O ; SO2 ;
+2 +4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +2 +2 +8/3 +2 +2 +1 +4 -3 -4 -4 -2
2
Na2S2O3 ; NO2.
0 0 +1 -2
H2
(Cht kh)
0
1/2O2
0
t0
H2O
+1 -1
(Cht oxi ha)
1/2H2
(Cht oxi ha)
Na
(Cht kh)
t0
NaH
228
Gio khoa ha v c
229
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+5
+6
+4
S
0
+ 6HNO3()
0

+2 -2
t0
H2SO4 + 6NO2
+ 2H2O
S
0
+ Fe
+2

t0 t0 t0 t0
FeS
+1 0
H2 + CuO
0
H 2O
-1
+ Cu
H2 +
0 +2
Ca
CaH2
+2 0
C + ZnO
0
CO
-1
+ Zn
+2
3C + CaO
0
CaC2 + CO
-1 +1
Cl2 +
+2
2NaOH
+2
t0
NaCl + NaClO +
0 +4
H2O
FeO + CO
+2 +6
Fe
+ CO2
+3 +4
2FeO + 4H2SO4(, nng)

+8/3 0
Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2
+3
+ 4H2O
3Fe3O4 +
+8/3
8Al
+5
t0
9Fe + 4Al2O3
+3 +2
3Fe3O4 +
+2
28HNO3(l)
0

+3 -1
9Fe(NO3)3
+ NO
+ 14H2O
FeCl2 +
+2
1/2Cl2
0
FeCl3
+2
FeCl2 +
+4 0
Zn
Fe
+ ZnCl2
+6 -1
SO2
+4
+ Br2 + 2H2O
-2
H2SO4
+ 2HBr
SO2
+ 2H2S
3S + 2H2O
229
Gio khoa ha v c
230
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+2
+2,5
-1
Natri tiosunfat Iot Natri hiposunfit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
+2
2Na2S2O3
I2
Natri tetrationat
Na2S4O6
+ 2NaI
Natri ioua
+4
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl
+4
+ SO2
+5
+ H2O + 2NaCl
+2
3NO2 + G.5.
H2O
2HNO3 +
NO
C phn t m trong phn t c cha c nguyn t c oxi ha cao nht ln nguyn t c s oxi ha thp nht, do ty trng hp m phn t ny hoc l cht oxi ha hoc l cht kh hoc l cht trao i (khng l cht oxi ha, khng l cht kh). Th d: HCl, H2S, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, Fe2O3, KClO3
+1 0
2HCl
(Cht oxi ha)
-1
Zn
ZnCl2
0
+ H2
4HCl() + MnO2
(Cht kh)
t0
Cl2 + MnCl2 + 2H2O NaCl + H2O
HCl
-2
+ NaOH
(Cht trao i)
(Cht kh)
+1
2H2S +
SO2
3S + 2H2O
0
H2S + 2Na
(Cht oxi ha)

+6
H2 + Na2S K2S + H2O

+4 0
H 2S +
(Cht trao i)
+7 -2
K2O
2KMnO4
t0
K2MnO4 + MnO2
+ O2
(Cht oxi ha, Cht kh)
230
Gio khoa ha v c
231
Bin son: V Hng Thi
+6 -2
+6
+3
2K2Cr2O7
+3 -2
t0
2K2CrO4
+8/3
+ Cr2O3 + 3/2O2
0
3Fe2O3
+5 -2
t 0 that cao
2Fe3O4 + 1/2O2
-1 0
KClO3

MnO2
t0
KCl + 3/2O2
Fe2O3
+3
+ 6HNO3
0
2Fe(NO3)3
0 +2
+ 3H2O
(Cht trao i)
Fe 2O 3 +
(Cht oxi ha)
3C
t0
2Fe
+ 3CO
Bi tp 84 B sung cc phn ng sau y (nu c), cn bng v ch r cht oxi ha, cht kh (nu l phn ng oxi ha kh) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 KMnO4 + K2SO3 + H2SO4 KMnO4 + K2SO3 + H2O KMnO4 + K2SO3 + KOH KMnO4 + NaNO2 + H2SO4 KMnO4 + NaCl + H2SO4 KMnO4 + HCl KMnO4 + CH2=CH2 + H2O KMnO4 + SO2 + H2O KMnO4 + H2S + H2SO4 KMnO4 + KI + H2SO4 KMnO4 to
+2
+ ...
Mn Mn + Cl2 Mn(OH)4 Mn(OH)2 + O2 + H2O 2+ Mn + ... Mn + HNO3 (l) Mn + HCl Mn2+ + ... Mn2+ + ... Mn + H2SO4 (, nng) Mn (II) + ... Mn + H2SO4 (l) Mn (IV) Mn + O2
Mn + S Mn + HNO3 ()
Mn
Mn(II) + ...
+2
231
Gio khoa ha v c
232
Bin son: V Hng Thi
22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) 39) 40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) 46) 47) 48) 49) 50) 51) 52) 53) 54) 55) 56) 57) 58) 59) 60) 61) 62) 63) 64) 65) 66)
MnO2 (r) + K2MnO4 + K2Cr2O7 + K2Cr2O7 + K2Cr2O7 + K2Cr2O7 K2Cr2O7 + K2Cr2O7 + Cr + Cl2
HCl () t0 Na2SO3 + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2SO4 HI to H2S + H2SO4

t
o
+ ...
HBr KI + H2SO4 Cr (III)

+3
Cr Cr + O2 Cr + S Cr (III) to Cr2O3 + Al Cu + HNO3 (l) Cu + HNO3 () Fe + HNO3 (l) to Fe + HNO3 () Fe + HNO3 (, ngui) (5 phn ng) Mg + HNO3 (5 phn ng) Al + HNO3 (6 phn ng) Zn + HNO3 FeO + HNO3 (l) FeO + HNO3 () Fe2O3 + HNO3 (l) Fe2O3 + HNO3 () Fe3O4 + HNO3 (l) Fe3O4 + HNO3 () C + HNO3 () to to S + HNO3 () o t P + HNO3 () Pb2+ + ... Pb + HNO3 (l) FexOy + HNO3 (l) Mn + + MxOy + HNO3 (l) n+ M + ... M + HNO3 (l) Cu + H2SO4 (, nng) Fe + H2SO4 (, nng) Fe + H2SO4 (, nng) Fe + Cl2 Fe + H2SO4 (l) Fe + CuCl2 Fe (d) + AgNO3 Fe + AgNO3 (d) Fe + FeCl3 to thng Fe + H2O o t < 570oC Fe + H2O Fe + H2O to > 570oC
NO
+ ...
232
Gio khoa ha v c
233
Bin son: V Hng Thi
to Fe 67) Fe + O2 68) FeO + H2SO4 (l) 69) FeO + H2SO4 (, nng) 70) Fe3O4 + H2SO4 (l) 71) Fe3O4 + H2SO4 (, nng) t0 72) C + CaO 73) Fe2O3 + H2SO4 (, nng) to FemOn 74) FexOy + CO 75) FeCO3 + HNO3 (l) 76) FeCO3 + HNO3 () 77) Fe(OH)2 + HNO3 (l) t0 , KK 78) FeCO3 79) FeCl2 + Cl2 t0 80) FeO + O2 81) Fe + Fe(NO3)3
+3 +8 / 3
+8 / 3
+ ....
82) Fe2O3 t0 tht cao ( Fe b kh to Fe , O b kh to O 2 ) 83) FeS2 + HNO3 (, nng) (3 phn ng) 84) FeS2 + HNO3 (l) (3 phn ng) (4 phn ng) 85) Mg + H2SO4 (4 phn ng) 86) Al + H2SO4 87) Zn + H2SO4 (4 phn ng) 88) C + H2SO4 (, nng) 89) C + H2SO4 (l) 90) S + H2SO4 (l) 91) S + H2SO4 (, nng) 92) P + H2SO4 (, nng) 93) SO2 + H2S 94) Al + H2SO4 (, ngui) 95) SO2 + Cl2 + H2O 96) SO2 + Br2 + H2O 97) SO2 + I2 + H2O V2O5 , 4500C 98) SO2 + O2 (2 phn ng) 99) SO2 + Ca(OH)2 100) FeS2 + H2SO4 (l) (2 phn ng) 101) CO2 + Ca(OH)2 102) FexOy + HCl (2 phn ng) (2 phn ng, dng O2 d v O2 thiu) 103) H2S + O2 (Na2S2O3 b oxi ha to Na2S4O6) 104) Na2S2O3 + I2 (Cc phn ng c th c) 105) Kim loi M (ha tr n) + H2SO4 (2 phn ng, ng vi khng c cht xc tc v c cht xc tc V2O5) 106) S + O2 107) S ha tan kh clo (Cl2) trong nc (2 phn ng) 108) Cl2 + NaOH (l) 109) Cl2 + KOH (l) to 110) Cl2 + KOH () 233
Gio khoa ha v c
234
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111) 112) 113) 114) 115) 116) 117) 118) 119) 120) 121) 122) 123) 124) 125) 126) 127) 128) 129) 130) 131) 132) 133) 134) 135) 136) 137) 138) 139) 140) 141) 142) 143) 144) 145) 146) 147) 148) 149) 150) 151) 152) 153) 154)
clorua)
Cl2 + NaBr Cl2 + KI Cl2 + KF Br2 + KI Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 t0 (Fe2O3 b kh to kim loi) Fe2O3 + CO 0 t FeO + CO t0 Al4C3 + .... Al2O3 + C Cc phn ng xy ra trong l cao. 0 t Al + Fe2O3 0 H2 + Fe2O3 t t0 C + Fe2O3 SO3 + H2O MgO + H2 t0 t0 Al2O3 + CO t0 MnO2 + Al Cr2O3 + Al t0 t0 CuO + H2 t0 C + CO2 CuO + Al t0 o t (2 phn ng) C + H 2O (2 phn ng) C + O2 KClO3 to, MnO2 to KClO3 + C KClO3 + FeCl2 + HCl KClO3 + H2S KClO3 + KI + HCl (Hipoclorit oxi ha sunfit to sunfat, hipoclorit b kh to NaClO + Na2SO3
(2 phn ng) NO2 + H2O NO2 + H2O + O2 NO2 + NaOH NO2 + NaOH + O2 t0 tht cao N2 + O2 NO + O2 to (2 phn ng) NH4NO3 to NH4NO2 NH3 + O2 Pt NH3 + O2 Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O t0 Na + H2 NaH + H2O t0 (HgO b phn tch to n cht) HgO CaC2 + H2O CaC2 + HCl
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155) 156) 157) 158) 159) 160) 161) 162) 163) 164) 165) 166) 167) 168) 169) 170) 171) 172) 173) 174) 175) 176) 177) 178) 179) 180) 181) 182) 183) 184) 185) 186) 187) 188) 189) 190) 191) 192) 193) 194) 195) 196) 197) 198)
H2S)
Al4C3 + H2O Al4C3 + HCl Zn3P2 + H2O (2 phn ng) Na2SO3 + HNO3 () (2 phn ng) Na2SO3 + HNO3 (l) O3 + KI + H2O O2 + KI + H2O O3 + FeCl2 + HCl S + ... O 3 + H 2S FeCl3 + H2S S + ... NaAlO2 + CO2 + H2O (Hai phn ng) NaAlO2 + HCl (dd) Al(OH)3 + KOH Al(OH)3 + NH3 + H2O t0 ZnO + C 0 t K 2O + C (St (III) b kh to st (II)) FeCl3 + KI to (NH3 b oxi ha to nit n cht) NH3 + CuO t0 (Kim loi b oxi ha) SO2 + Mg 0 (CO kh c SO2) SO2 + CO t Zn/HCl Fe2+ FeCl3 + [H] FeCl3 + H2 C6H5NO2 + [H] Zn/HCl C6H5NO2 + H2 (Nhm sunfua b thu phn to hiroxit kim loi v Al2(SO4)3 (dd) + Na2S (dd) (O2 oxi ha cromit to cromat) KCrO2 + O2 + KOH (Cl2 oxi ha cromit to cromat) KCrO2 + Cl2 + KOH Na (d) + HCl (dd) K (d) + H2SO4 (dd) to thng Mg + H2O to cao Mg + H2O to thng Zn + H2O to cao Zn + H2O to cao Cu + H2O t0 CuS + O2 t0 (SO2 b kh) Mg + SO2 MaOna/2 (a = 1 ; 2) Kim loi M (ha tr n) + O2 NO +... NO2 + SO2 Ma(SO4)na/2 + ... (a = 1; 2) Kim loi M (ha tr n) + H2SO4 (l) o t FeS2 + O2 Al2O3 + NaOH Fe3O4 + O2 + H2SO4 FeSO4 + Cl2 + H2SO4 Cc phn ng xy ra trong l luyn thp.
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199) NO + NaOH 200) NO2 + O2 + KOH to cao 201) M(NO3)n . xH2O 202) Na2O + H2O 203) K2O2 + H2O 204) AgNO3 + Fe(CH3COO)2 t0 205) AgNO3 206) SO2 + Na2CO3 (dd) 207) 208) 209) 210) 211) 212) 213) 214) 215) 216) 217) 218) 219) 220) 221) 222) 223) 224) 225) 226) 227) 228) 229) 230) 231) 232) 233) 234) 235) 236) 237) 238) 239) 240) 241) 242)
Oxit M + ...
(Axit sunfur mnh hn axit cacbonic)
(Cromit b brom oxi ha trong dd kim to cromat) KCrO2 + Br2 + KOH CuNO3 + CH3COOCu (Cho bit th in ha: Cu+/Cu > Cu2+/Cu+) Cu + HCl Cu + HCl + O2 Cu2O + H2SO4 (l) (ng (I) oxi ha ng (I) to ng (II) trong dd) Cu + CuCl2 Cu + Cu(NO3)2 Mg + CO2 C + ... t0 t0 Si + .... Al + SiO2 Cu + H2SO4 (l) Cu + H2SO4 (, nng) Cu + H2SO4(l) + O2 Al + Ba(OH)2 (dd) Zn + Ba(OH)2 (dd) (St (III) cacbonat b thu phn to hioxit kL v CO2) Fe2(SO4)3 + Na2CO3 0 S + NaOH t (Lu hunh tan trong baz mnh to mui sunfua, sunfit) NaNO3 + Zn + KOH NH3 + .... NH3 + .... KNO2 + Al + KOH (Axit flohiric ha tan thu tinh) HF + SiO2 (NO2 b kh to NO) SO2 + NO2 (NH4)2Cr2O7 t0 N2 + Cr2O3 + .... 0 t (KClO3 b oxi ha to Cl+7, b kh to Cl1) KClO3 3+ Fe + I (I b oxi ha to iot n cht, Fe3+ b kh to Fe(II)) 3+ Fe + H2S (To cht rn khng tan c mu vng nht) Fe3+ + S2 + H2O (Fe2S3 b thu phn to hiroxit v H2S) 3+ 2 + + H (S2 b oxi ha to S trong mi trng axit) Fe + S MnO2 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 (To dung dch c mu vng ti) Cr2O72 + OH (To dung dch c mu da cam) CrO42 + H+ CO2 + .... CrO3 + C2H5OH + H2SO4 (NH3 b oxi ha to nit n cht, CrO3 b kh to Cr(III) dng oxit) CrO3 + NH3 K2Cr2O7 + HBr Br2 + ... K2CrO4 + (NH4)2S + H2O (To Cr(OH)3, NH3, S) K2Cr2O7 + C t0 Cr2O3 + ... NO + .. Au + HNO3() + HCl() Pt + HNO3() + HCl() Pt2+ + NO + ...
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243) 244) 245) 246) 247) 248) 249) 250) 251) 252) 253) 254) 255) 256) 257) 258) 259) 260) 261) 262) 263) 264) 265) 266) 267) 268) 269) 270)
Ag + NaNO3 + H2SO4 KNO3 + C + S K2S + CO2 + N2 (Phn ng n ca thuc n en) SO2 + H2 S + ... CO + ... SO2 + C KNO2 + H2O2 H2O + ... I2 + ... KI + H2O2 (Cc kim loi vng, bch kim, bc khng b oxi oxi ha) Ag + O2 Ag + O3 (Ozon oxi ha c bc) PbSO4 + O2 PbS + O3 KI + H2O2 + H2SO4 (KI b oxi ha to iot n cht) I2 + H 2 S S + ... (I2 b oxi ha to axit ioic, HNO3 b kh to NO) I2 + HNO3 NaClO + KI + H2O I2 + ... I2 + AgNO3 AgI + INO3 SF6 F2 + S (To clorua vi, vit hai phn ng) Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 HBr + H2SO4 (, nng) Br2 + ... H2S + ... HI + H2SO4 (ac va, nong) Cl2 + ... CaOCl2 (Clorua vi) + HCl t0 O2 + ... CaOCl2 KClO3 + P P2O5 + .... N2 + .... NaClO + NH3 IO3 + ... ClO + I2 NaClO + Br2 NaBrO3 + ... N2O + Cu N2O + Cu t0 cao ( nhit cao N2O b nhit phn to N2 v O2) N2O + H2 t0 cao (Cu b mui nitrat oxi ha trong mi trng axit) Cu + Cu(NO3)2 + HCl
Cc bi tp sau y (t Bi Tp 85 n Bi Tp 90) c trch t B tuyn sinh i hc mn ha hc, do B Gio dc o to xut bn. Bi Tp 85 Ha tan mt mu hp kim Ba Na (vi t l s mol nBa : nNa = 1 : 1) vo nc, c dung dch A v 6,72 lt kh (ktc). 1. Cn dng bao nhiu ml dung dch HCl 0,1M trung ha va 1/10 dung dch A? 2. Cho 56 ml CO2 ( ktc) hp th ht vo 1/10 dung dch A. Tnh khi lng kt ta to thnh. 237
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3. Thm m gam NaOH vo 1/10 dung dch A ta c dung dch B. Cho dung dch B tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 0,2M, c kt ta C. Tnh m cho lng kt ta C l ln nht, b nht. Tnh khi lng kt ta ln nht, b nht. Cho: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23, Al = 27, S = 32, Ba = 137. S: 600 ml dd HCl 0,1M; 0,4925g BaCO3; m = 2,4g NaOH; m 4g NaOH; 7,78g BaSO4, Al(OH)3; 4,66g BaSO4 Bi Tp 86 Dung dch A cha a mol Na+, b mol NH4+, c mol HCO3, d mol CO32 v e mol SO42 (khng k cc ion H+ v OH ca H2O). a) Thm (c + d + e) mol Ba(OH)2 vo dung dch A, un nng, thu c kt ta B, dung dch X v kh Y duy nht c mi khai. Tnh s mol ca mi cht trong kt ta B, kh Y v mi ion trong dung dch X theo a, b, c, d, e. b) Ch c qu tm v cc dung dch HCl, Ba(OH)2 c th nhn bit c cc ion no trong dung dch A? Bi Tp 87 Ha tan hon ton 11,2 gam CaO vo nc, thu c dung dch A. 1. Nu cho kh kh cacbonic sc qua dung dch A v sau khi kt thc th nghim thy c 2,5 gam kt ta th c bao nhiu lt CO2 (ktc) tham gia phn ng? 2. Nu ha tan hon ton 28,1 gam hn hp MgCO3 v BaCO3, c thnh phn thay i trong cha a% MgCO3, bng dung dch HCl v cho tt c kh thot ra hp th ht vo dung dch A th thu c kt ta D. Hi a c gi tr bao nhiu th lng kt ta D nhiu nht v t nht? Cho: C = 12, O = 16, Mg = 24, Ca = 40, Ba = 137 S: 0,56 lt, 8,4 lt CO2; a = 29,89%; a = 100% Bi Tp 88 1. So snh th tch kh NO duy nht thot ra trong hai trng hp sau: a) Cho 6,4 gam Cu tc dng vi 120 ml dung dch HNO3 1M (long).
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b) Cho 6,4 gam Cu tc dng vi 120 ml dung dch hn hp HNO3 1M H2SO4 0,5M (long, coi H2SO4 phn ly hon ton to 2H+, SO42). C cn dung dch trng hp (b) th thu c bao nhiu mol mui khan? Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, cc th tch kh c o cng iu kin nhit , p sut. 2. Cho hn hp A gm FeS2 v FeCO3, c s mol bng nhau, vo bnh kn cha khng kh c d, so vi lng cn, phn ng ht hn hp A. Nung bnh nhit cao phn ng xy ra hon ton, sau a bnh v nhit ban u. Hi p sut kh trong bnh trc v sau khi nung thay i th no? Gii thch. Gi thit th tch cht rn khng ng k; dung tch bnh khng i, khng kh ch gm N2 v O2, trong oxi chim 20% th tch. S: 1 : 2 ; 0,06 mol CuSO4 ; 0,03 mol Cu(NO3)2 2. p sut khng i Bi Tp 89 Cho 5,2 gam hn hp A gm Al, Fe v Cu tc dng vi 20 ml dung dch NaOH 6M, thu c 2,688 lt H2 (ktc); Sau thm tip 400 ml dung dch axit HCl 1M v un nng n khi kh H2 ngng thot ra. Lc tch cht rn B (ch gm kim loi). Cho B tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO3 long thu c dung dch C v 0,672 lt kh NO (ktc). Cho C tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c kt ta D. Nung kt ta D nhit cao ti khi lng khng i c cht rn E. 1. Tnh % khi lng ca cc kim loi trong A. 2. Tnh khi lng cht rn E. Gi thit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Cho: Cu = 64; Fe = 56; Al = 27 S: 1) 41,54% Al, 3,08% Fe, 55,38% Cu; 41,54% Al, 47,38% Fe, 11,08% Cu 2) 3,6 g CuO; 2,64 g hh (Fe2O3 CuO) Bi Tp 90
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1. Cc cht v ion sau y c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha hay cht kh: Zn; S; Cl2; FeO; SO2; Fe2+; Cu2+; Cl; H+; HCHO; H2; CO2; H2S; HCl; C; Al; NH3; S2. 2. Mt dung dch cha a mol Na+, b mol Ca2+, c mol HCO3, v d mol Cl. Lp biu thc lin h gia a, b, c, d v tnh tng khi lng mui trong dung dch. 3. Ha tan nhm trong dung dch axit nitric rt long, nng, d ta khng thy kh thot ra. Vit phng trnh phn ng di dng phn t v dng ion Cho: Na = 23; Ca = 40; H = 1; C = 12; O = 16; Cl = 35,5 Bi Tp 91 1. nh ngha axit, baz theo Arrhnius. Cho th d. 2. nh ngha axit, baz, cht trung tnh, cht lng tnh theo Bronsted Lowry. Cho th d. 3. Phn loi cc cht v ion sau y l axit, baz, cht trung tnh hay cht lng tnh: Na+, S2, H2O, Cl, Cu2+, CH3COO, HCO3, HSO4, Ag+, AlO2, Zn(OH)2, Ba2+, C6H5O, ZnO22, NO3, Mg2+, Ca2+, CH3O, Fe3+, HS, K+, Br, SO32, HSO3, SiO32, Li+, HPO42, Zn2+, Fe2+, Al(OH)3, NH3, 4. pH ca cc dung dch sau y < 7, > 7 hay bng 7. Dung dch c lm i mu qu tm khng? Nu c, th mu qu trong dung dch l mu g?: NaCl; (NH4)2SO4, KHSO4, Mg(NO3)2, CH3COONa, FeBr3, NaAlO2, Al2(SO4)3, Ba(NO3)2, C6H5ONa. Bi Tp 92 1. Nu iu kin mt mui b thy phn. Cho th d. 2. Mui no sau y b thy phn? pH dung dch mui nh th no (< 7, > 7, = 7?). Qu tm trong tng dung dch s c mu nh th no?: Na2CO3; KBr; Fe2(SO4)3; CH3COONa; NH4Cl; Ba(AlO2)2; Cu(NO3)2; CaCl2; CH3COONH4, KHSO4; ClCH2COONH4; CH3COOH3NCH3; NaCl; HCOONH4; Al2(SO4)3;
5
K2S;
NaHSO3; C6H5NH3Cl. Cho bit Ka ca CH3COOH bng 1,75.10 ; Kb ca NH3 cng bng 1,75. 105.
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Bi Tp 93 1. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t l g? Vit cu hnh electron nhm mc ch g? Cho th d. 2. Nu qui tc Klechkovsky v gin cch nh vit cu hnh electron ca mt nguyn t. 3. Nu qui tc Hund phn b in t vo obitan (orbital) ca cng mt phn lp. Cho th d. 4. Vit cu hnh electron, cho bit s phn b in t vo obitan. Hy cho bit v tr ca nguyn t trong bng phn loi tun hon ( th my, chu k no, phn nhm chnh hay ph no?). Hy nu mt s tnh cht ha hc c bn ca nguyn t (nh kim loi hay phi kim, c tnh kh hay tnh oxi ha, ha tr, s oxi ha thng gp trong phn t cha nguyn t) ca cc nguyn t sau y: F, Na, Ca, Fe, P, K, Mn, Cu, Cr, Zn, Al, Cl, S, Ag, Br, Mg, I, Rb, Li, O, C, S2, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Ne, Cl-, O2, Ni, Ba. Nguyn t F Na Ca Fe P K Li Ne Z 9 11 20 26 15 19 3 10 Nguyn t Mn Cu Cr Zn Al Cl O Ni Z 25 29 24 30 13 17 8 28 Nguyn t S Ag Br Mg I Rb C Ba Z 16 47 35 12 53 37 6 56
Bi tp 94 Gii thch s to lin kt ca cc phn t sau y (lin kt ion hay lin kt cng ha tr, gia nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t no?). C th d on mt s tnh cht vt l ca cc cht ny hay khng (nh trng thi tn ti, rn, lng hay kh iu kin thng, c nhit nng chy, nhit i si thp hay cao, tan nhiu trong nc hay trong dung mi hu c,): NaCl; CH4; CaO; NH3; NaOH; H2O; CH3COONa; CH3CH2OH; MgF2; HCl; NH4NO3; C2H6; C2H4; C2H2; N2; Ca(OH)2; K2SO4; H2. 241
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Bi tp 95 1. Cn c vo yu t no xc nh vn tc ca mt phn ng? 2. Gi s phn ng sau y thuc loi n gin (s cp, ch xy ra mt giai on duy nht): mA + nB pC + qD. Hy vit biu thc vn tc phn ng. Xc nh bc phn ng theo A, theo B v bc phn ng tng qut. 3. Vn tc phn ng ph thuc vo cc yu t no? 4. Coi cc phn ng sau y ch xy ra mt giai on duy nht, hy vit biu thc vn tc ca cc phn ng ny: 2SO3 a. 2SO2 + O2 b. N2 + 3H2 2NH3 2NO2 c. 2NO + O2 2HI d. H2 + I2 Bi tp 96 Xt phn ng: A + B Sn phm. 1. Nu gi nng ca B khng i, tng nng A hai ln th vn tc phn ng tng bn ln; Nu gi nng A khng i, tng nng B hai ln th vn tc phn ng tng hai ln. Hy xc nh bc phn ng theo A, theo B v bc phn ng ton phn ca phn ng. Vit biu thc vn tc phn ng trn. 2. Nu trong phn ng trn cc tc cht v sn phm u trng thi kh. By gi nu lm gim th bnh cn mt na, th vn tc phn ng s thay i th no? 3. Gi s phn ng trn l mt phn ng cn bng (thun nghch), c phn ng thun v nghch u l cc phn ng n gin, sn phm l mt cht kh do s kt hp ca hai tc cht A v B. Vit phng trnh phn ng. Vit biu thc vn tc phn ng nghch. Theo d kin cu (2), th khi lm gim th tch bnh cha mt na, th phn ng trn thin v chiu no nhiu hn? Ti sao? Bi tp 97 1. Pht biu nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng (Nguyn l Le Chtelier). 2. Phn ng tng hp amoniac t nit, hiro l mt phn ng thun nghch v ta nhit. Vit phng trnh phn ng. Nu cc iu kin v nng , p sut, nhit , xc tc thu c nhiu amoniac v nhanh t nit, hiro. 3. Cho NH3 v mt bnh kn, c cht xc tc thch hp, gi nhit bnh 5000C, p sut p1. Sau mt thi gian th p sut trong bnh s nh hn, ln hn hay khng i so vi p1? Sau khi p sut trong bnh n nh (khng i), nu ta a nhit bnh v 4000C, th thnh phn kh trong bnh s thay i nh th no so vi thnh phn kh trong bnh n nh 5000C? Bi tp 98 Phn ng nh hp NO2 (l mt kh c mu nu) to kh N2O4 (l mt kh khng c mu) l mt phn ng ta nhit v cn bng. 1. Vit phng trnh phn ng. 2. Cho mt hn hp kh NO2 v N2O4 ang trng thi cn bng iu kin thng (250C, 1 atm) trong mt bnh kn bng thy tinh trong (c th thy mu ca kh 242
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cha bn trong). Gii thch s thay i mu ca kh trong bnh khi em ngm bnh ny trong mt chu nc nng. Nu ly bnh thy tinh ny khi chu nc nng v em ngm tip vo mt chu ng nc , gii thch s thay i mu ca kh trong bnh. 3. Nu em nn bnh cha kh trn lm tng p sut, gii thch s thay i mu ca kh trong bnh; Cn nu em lm tng th tch bnh cha kh lm gim p sut trong bnh th mu ca kh trong bnh s thay i th no? Gii thch. Bi tp 99 1. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch axit, baz mnh sau y: HCl 0,1M; NaOH 0,1M; Ca(OH)2 0,005M; H2SO4 0,05M (nu coi H2SO4 phn ly hon ton to 2H+ v SO42). 2. Tnh li pH ca dung dch H2SO4 0,05M, cho bit chc axit th nht ca H2SO4 mnh (Ka1 rt ln), cn chc axit th nh c mnh trung bnh, c Ka2 = 102. Bi tp 100 1. Ngi ta pha long dung dch H2SO4 c pH = 1 bng cch thm nc ct vo thu c dung dch axit H2SO4 c pH = 3. Hi ngi pha long dung dch H2SO4 bao nhiu ln? 2. Ngi ta thm nc ct vo dung dch NaOH c pH = 14 nhm thu c dung dch NaOH c pH = 13. Hi ngi pha long dung dch NaOH bao nhiu ln? Bi tp 101 1. Tch s ion ca nc 250C l [H+][OH] = 1014. Hy tnh in ly () ca nc 250C. T hy cho bit trong bao nhiu phn t nc th s c mt phn t nc phn ly ion? Trong thc t ngi ta coi nc l cht in ly hay khng in ly? 2. Tnh pH gn ng v pH chnh xc ca dung dch HCl 107M 250C. (H = 1; O = 16) Bi tp 102 1. Cho 200 ml dung dch NaOH pH = 14 vo 200 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,25M. Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c. Coi th tch dung dch khng i khi pha trn nhau. 2. Cho 100 ml dung dch HCl pH = 0 vo 150 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M. Tnh pH dung dch sau trn. Coi th tch dung dch khng i. Bi tp 103 1. n mn kim loi l g? Th no l n mn ha hc, n mn in ha hc? 2. Nu bn cht ca s n mn ha hc, n mn in ha hc. Cho th d. 3. Gii thch s n mn thanh st c ln tp cht ng khi ngoi khng kh m c nhiu kh CO2. 4. Gii thch s n mn thp (hp kim st cacbon) khi ngoi kh quyn m.
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Bi tp 104 1. Cho mt inh st vo dung dch H2SO4 long, thy inh st b ha tan chm v kh thot ra khng nhiu. Nu nh tip vi git dung dch CuSO4 vo th thy nh st b ha tan nhanh hn v kh thot ra cng nhiu hn. Gii thch. 2. Ti sao ti cc mi hn th kim loi d b r hn cc ch khc? Bi tp 105 1. Th no l nc cng? Th no l nc cng tm thi, nc cng vnh cu, nc cng ton phn? 2. Th no l cng tm thi, cng vnh cu, cng ton phn ca nc? 3. Nu mt s tc hi ca nc cng. 4. Nu mt s phng php lm mm nc. lm mt cng ton phn ca nc th ngi ta thng x l nh th no t tn km nht? Bi tp 106 Nu mt s phng php chng n mn kim loi. Cho th d c th. Bi tp 107 Phn bn l g? Hy k mt s phn bn ha hc v thnh phn ch yu ca n. iu kin mt ha cht c th dng lm phn bn l g? Bi tp 108 Hy cho bit cng thc ca cc ha cht c ch yu trong: vi; phn; hoa; cm thch; Canxit (Calcite); Pyrit; Hematit; Hematit nu (Limonit); Xierit (Siderite); Manhetit (Magnetite); Boxit (bauxite); olomit; Criolit; t n ( n, Kh ); Xa (soda); Potat; Xt n da; Nhm cacbua; Blend km; Vi ti; Vi sng; Nc barit; Phn ure; m hai l; m mt l; Phn SA; Apatit; Tro; Nc tro tu; Vi ti xt; Thch anh (Thy tinh, Pha l, Ct); Thch cao; Thp; Gang; Clorua vi; Nc Javel; Cc hp kim: Dura (uya ra), Silumin, Amelec, Electron; Phn chua; Hn hp termit (thermite); Corunum (Corinon); Cacborunum; Xaphia (Bch ngc); Rubi (Hng ngc); Mica; Cao lanh; mi; Thy tinh lng; Xementit; Ximng; Ht xon; Graphit; Than ch; M hng (B hng, L ngh, Than v nh hnh); Than hot tnh; Mc tu; Thuc tm; Bt mi; Dung dch Fehling; Thuc th Lucas; Thuc th Tollens; H tinh bt; Nc oxi gi (Oxygn); Cn iot ; Nc cng toan (Cng thy; Vng thy).
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Cc hiu bit c bn vit v cn bng cc phn ng Ha hc thng gp

Vietsciences-V Hng Thi 17/04//06

======== A- Vn 1 ha v c I. S oxi ha (S OXID HA)

(ion biu kin) xH = +1 ; xCl = -1

(ion biu kin) xH = +1 ; xO

(ion biu kin) xH = +1 ; xN = -3 (ion qui c)

(ion biu kin) xH = +1 ; xC = -4 (ion qui c)

I.2. Cc qui c (qui tc) tnh s oxi ha

I.2.1. Trong n cht

I.2.2. Trong hp cht

_ Kim loi kim

NaCl KOH Li2O CH3COONa K2SO4 Na K Li

- Kim loi kim th

CaO BaSO4 Mg(NO3)2 Ba(OH)2 Ca(HCOO)2 Mg Ca

I.2.3. Trong ion

Tng i s s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong ion bng in tch ca ion. Th d:

Na+ O2 NH4+ Fe3+ MnO4MnO42-

xNa = +1 xO = -2 xN + 4xH = +1 xFe = +3 xMn + 4xO = -1 xMn + 4xO = -2

xS + 3xO = -2 xAg = +1 2xCr + 7xO = -2 xCu = +2

Dng n cht ca 11 phi kim trn l:

F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, O2, S, N2, P, C, Si, H2.

2,8 2,7 4,0

2,4 1,04 1,0 0,9

H-H Cl-Cl O=O

G.6. Phn bit khi nim ha tr vi s oxi ha

Na+ ClMg2+ 2FCa2+ O2 2Al3+ 3S2-

MgF2 CaO Al2S3

G.9. Cng ha tr (Ha tr cng ha tr)

http://vietsciences.free.fr http://vietsciences2.free.fr V Hng Thi

Cc hiu bit c bn vit v cn bng cc phn ng Ha hc thng gp

II.2. Cht oxi ha (Cht oxid ha, Cht b kh)

II.3. Cht kh (Cht b oxi ha, Cht b oxid ha)

II.5. Phn ng kh (Qu trnh kh, S kh, Phn ng nhn in t)

Cu Cu + 2e ________________________ Zn2+ + Cu Zn + Cu2+

Phn ng oxi ha Phn ng kh Phn ng oxi ha - kh

II.8. Cp oxi ha kh (i oxi ha kh. K hiu Ox/Kh)

II.9. Dy th in ha (Dy hot ng ha hc cc kim loi, Dy Beketov)

Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+

II.10. Th in ha chun (E0 OX/Kh)

E0Ox1/Kh1 > E0Ox2/Kh2 Ox1 > Ox2 Kh1 < Kh2

Tnh oxi ha:

E0Fe2+/Fe > E0Zn2+/Zn

E0Ag+/Ag > E0Fe3+/Fe2+ > E0Cu2+/Cu > E02H+/H2 >

Cht kh Cht oxi ha

Cht kh Cht oxi ha Cht kh

Phn ng trn xy ra c l do:

Th d: Fe + CuSO4 Cu + FeSO4 Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 Cu + 2Fe(NO3 )3

CuSO4 + 2FeSO4 Cu(NO3 )2 + 2Fe(NO3 )2

Cu + Fe(CH3 COO)2 Cu + 2Fe(HCOO)3

Phn ng trn xy ra c l do:

Ag + Fe(NO3 )3 3Ag + 2Fe(CH3 COO)3 + Fe(NO3 )3

3AgNO3 + 3Fe(CH3 COO)2 AgNO3 + Fe(CH3 COO)3

Nhng: 3AgNO3 + FeCl3

3AgCl+ Fe(NO3 )3 (Phn ng trao i) 3AgBr + Fe(CH3 COO)3 (Phn ng trao i)

3CH3 COOAg + FeBr3

Fe(d) + 2AgNO3 Fe + 3AgNO3 (d) Fe + 3CH3 COOAg (d) Fe(d) + 2AgClO3

Fe(NO3 )2 + 2Ag Fe(NO3 )3 + 3Ag Fe(CH3 COO)3 + 3Ag Fe(ClO3 )2 + 2Ag

3 Zn(d) + 2FeCl3 Zn + 2FeCl3 (d) Zn + FeCl2

3ZnCl2 + 2Fe ZnCl2 + 2FeCl2 ZnCl2 + Fe ZnSO4 + 2FeSO4 3Zn(NO3 )2 + 2Fe

Zn + Fe2(SO4 )3 (d) 3Zn(d) + 2Fe(NO3 )3

0 +2 Cu + Cu2+(dd) Cht oxi ha Cht kh

+1 2Cu+ Cht kh Cht oxi ha

Cu + CuCl2(dd) Cu + CuSO4 (dd) Cu + Cu(NO3)2 (dd)

Cu Cu + Cu Cht oxi ha Cht oxi ha Cht kh