So Tay Cong Pha Ly Thuyet Hoa Hoc Megabook

CNG PH L THUYT HA HC THPT QUC GIA 2015 MEGABOOK
CNG PH
L Thuyt Ha Hc
Ti Liu Tng Km B Sch Tuyt nh

Luyn THPT Quc Gia 2015
CHNG I : ESTE - LIPIT

NI DUNG 1 : ESTE
A. L THUYT
1) Khi nim, danh php
Khi thay th nhm OH nhm cacboxyl ca axit cacboxylic bng nhm OR th c este.
CTCT ca este n chc: RCOOR

R: gc hirocacbon ca axit hoc H.
R: gc hirocacbon ca ancol (R # H)
CTCT chung ca este no n chc:
- CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1 (n 0, m 1)
- CxH2xO2 (x 2)
Tn gi: Tn gc hirocacbon ca ancol + tn gc axit.
Tn gc axit: Xut pht t tn ca axit tng ng, thay ui icat.
Th d:
CH3COOCH2CH2CH3: propyl axetat
HCOOCH3: metyl fomat
2) ng phn
ng phn Axit
ng phn este
ng tp chc
ng phn mch vng
Lu : CnH2nO2 c th c cc ng phn sau
ng phn cu to:
+ ng phn este no n chc
+ ng phn axit no n chc
+ ng phn ru khng no c mt ni i hai chc
+ ng phn ete khng no c mt ni i hai chc
+ ng phn mch vng (ru hoc ete)
+ ng phn cc hp cht tp chc:
Cha 1 chc ru 1 chc anehit
Cha 1 chc ru 1 chc xeton
Cha 1 chc ete 1 chc anehit
Cha 1 chc ete 1 chc xeton
1
Cng Ph L Thuyt Ha Hc Megabook
Mt ru khng no v mt ete no
Mt ete khng no v mt ru no
ng phn cis tran (ng phn ru khng no c mt ni i hai chc - ng phn ete khng
no c mt ni i hai chc - Mt ru khng no v mt ete no - Mt ete khng no v mt ru
no)
S ng phn este no n chc =2n-2 (1< n < 5)
Cng thc tnh s triglixerit to bi glixerol vi n axit carboxylic bo =
2 ( n 1)
3) Tnh cht vt l
Cc este l cht lng hoc cht rn trong iu kin thng
Cc este hu nh khng tan trong nc.
C nhit si thp hn hn so vi cc axit hoc cc ancol c cng khi lng mol phn t hoc
c cng s nguyn t cacbon. do gia cc phn t este khng to c lin kt hiro vi nhau v
lin kt hiro gia cc phn t este vi nc rt km.
Th d
CH3CH2CH2COOH
CH3[CH2]3CH2OH
CH3COOC2H5
0
(M = 88) t s =163,50C (M = 88), t s = 1320C

(M = 88), t s = 770C
Tan nhiu trong nc Tan t trong nc
Khng tan trong nc
Cc este thng c mi c trng
Iso amyl axetat c mi chui chn
Etyl butirat v etyl propionat c mi da
Geranyl axetat c mi hoa hng
4) Tnh cht ha hc
a) Thy phn trong mi trng kim(Phn ng x phng ha)
R-COO-R + Na-OH t R COONa + ROH
b) Thy phn trong mi trng axit
0
R COOH + ROH
R-COO-R + H-OH

Nu Phng php phn ng chuyn dch theo chiu thun
c) Phn ng kh
,t
R CH2OH + R OH
R-COO-R LiAlH
d) Ch
H
,t
Este + NaOH t 1Mui + 1 anehit

Este ny khi Phn ng vi dd NaOH to ra ru c nhm -OH lin kt trn cacbon mang ni
i bc 1 khng bn ng phn ha to ra anehit.
Vd:
Este + NaOH t 1 Mui + 1 xeton

Este ny khi Phn ng to ru c nhm -OH lin kt trn cacbon mang ni i bc 2 khng
bn ng phn ha to xeton.
RCOOC=CH2
+ NaOH
R-COONa + CH2=CHOH-CH3
CH3
Este + NaOH
p ha
o
CH3-CO-CH3
2 Mui + H2O
2
Este ny c gc ru l phenol hoc ng ng phenol..
RCOO
+ 2NaOH
RCOONa + C6H5ONa + H2O
ste + AgNO3/ NH3 Phn ng trng gng

HCOOR + 2AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O ROCOONH4
Este no n chc khi chy thu c n C O n H O
2
+ 2Ag + 2NH4NO3
e) Phn ng chy
C n H 2 n O2
3n 2
2
O 2 nC O 2 nH 2 O
5) iu ch
a) Phn ng ca ancol vi axit cacboxylic
RCOOR + H2O
RCOOH + ROH

b) Phn ng ca ancol vi anhirit axit hoc anhirit clorua
u im: Phn ng xy ra nhanh hn v mt chiu
(CH3CO)2O + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + CH3COOH
CH3COCl + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + HCl
c) iu ch cc este ca phenol t phn ng ca phenol vi anhirit axit hoc anhirit clorua(v phenol
khng tc dng vi axit cacboxylic)
(CH3CO)2O + C6H5OH CH3COOC6H5 + CH3COOH
CH3COCl
+ C6H5OH CH3COOC6H5 + HCl
d) Phn ng cng vo hirocacbon khng no ca axit cacboxylic
Anken
t, t
CH3COOCH2 CH3
CH3COOH + CH=CH x
Ankin
t, t
CH3COOCH=CH2
CH3COOH + CHCH x
H
,t
B. CC DNG BI TP IN HNH C HNG DN

Dng 1: Phn ng ch|y
Phng ph|p gii:
t cng thc ca este cn tm c dng: CxHyOz ( x, z 2; y l{ s chn; y 2x )
Phn ng ch|y:
C x H yO z (x
Nu t ch|y este A m{ thu c
y
4
nH
2O
z
2
) O 2 xCO
t
n CO
y
2
H 2O
Este A l{ este no, n chc, mch h
Nu t ch|y axit cacboxylic a chc hoc este a chc, s c t 2 lin kt

n H O < n CO
2
tr ln
Phn ng t ch|y mui CnH2n+1COONa:

2CnH2n+1COONa + (3n+1)O2 Na2CO3 + (2n+1)CO2 + (2n+1)H2O
Cu 1: t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp hai este X, Y, n chc, no, mch h cn 3,976 lt oxi
(ktc) thu c 6,38 gam CO2. Cho lng este ny tc dng va vi KOH thu c hn hp hai ancol
k tip v 3,92 gam mui ca mt axit hu c. Cng thc cu to ca X, Y ln lt l
A. C2H5COOC2H5 v C2H5COOC3H7
B. C2H5COOCH3 v C2H5COOC2H5
C. CH3COOCH3 v CH3COOC2H5
D. HCOOC3H7 v HCOOC4H9
Hng dn
3
t cng thc trung bnh ca 2 este X, Y l: CnH2n+1COO C
V X, Y u l este n chc, no, mch h nn:
nH
=
O
n CO
2m 1
= 6,38/44 = 0,145 mol
meste + m O = 44. n CO + 18. n H O meste = 3,31 gam

Ta c : mO (trong este) = meste mC mH = 3,31 12.0,145 2.1.0,145 = 1,28 g
nO = 1,28/16 = 0,08 mol neste = 0,04 mol
nmui = neste = 0,04 mol Mmui = 14n + 84 = 3,92/0,04 = 98 n = 1
2
Mt khc:
e s te
3, 3 1
= 82,75 12.1 + 46 + 14 m = 82,75
= 1,77
0, 04
Vy: X l CH3COOCH3 v Y l CH3COOC2H5 p n C

Cu 2: Khi t chy hon ton este no, n chc th n C O n O Phn ng. Tn gi ca este l
A. Metyl fomiat.
B. Etyl axetat.
C. Metyl axetat.
D. n- Propyl axetat.
Hng Dn
Goi CT CnH2nO2
2
C nH 2nO 2
3n 2
2
Ta c n C O n O n
2
O 2 nC O 2
3n 2
nH 2 O
n 2 A
Cu 3: t chy hon ton 7,4 gam hn hp hai este ng phn, thu c 6,72 lt CO2(ktc) v 5,4 gam
H2O. CTPT ca hai este l
A. C3H6O2
B. C2H4O2
C. C4H6O2
D. C4H8O2
Hng Dn
n C n C O 2 0 , 3 ( m o l)
n H 2 n H 2 O 0 , 6 ( m o l)
nC :nH :nO 3:6 :2
7 , 4 0 , 3.1 2 0 , 6.1
nO
0 , 2 ( m o l)
16
CTG ng thi cng l CTPT ca hai este l C3H6O2.
Cu 4: Hn hp X gm 2 este ca 1 ancol no, n chc v 2 axit no, n chc ng ng k tip. t

chy han ton 0,1 mol X cn 6,16 lt O2(ktc). un nng 0,1 mol X vi 50 gam dd NaOH 20% n
Phn ng han ton, ri c cn dd sau Phn ng c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 13,5
B. 7,5
C. 15
D. 37,5
Hng Dn
Do X l este ca cng 1 ancol no, n chc v 2 axit no, n chc ng ng k tip.
Goi CTca hai este l C n H 2 n O 2
C nH 2nO 2
0,1
3n 2
2
0,1.
O 2 nC O 2
nH 2 O
3n 2
m ol
n 2 , 5 HCOOCH3 V CH3COOCH3
4
0 ,1( m o l) C n H
mC
2n
O2
R an
HCOONa
O 2 0 , 2 5 ( m o l) N a O H
C H 3O H
C H 3C O O N a
0 ,1(1 4 .2 , 5 3 2 ) 6 , 7 ( g a m ) V
BTKL m C
m
2n
RCOONa
2n
O2
N aO H
RCOONa
m CH
3O
n N aO H P u n C H
H
RCOONa
3O
nC
2n
O2
0 ,1( m o l)
( 6 , 7 0 ,1 .4 0 ) 0 ,1 .3 2 7 , 5 ( g a m )
7 , 5 ( 0 , 2 5 0 ,1).4 0 1 3, 5 ( g a m )
N aO H du
p n A
Dng 2: X|c nh CTPT da v{o t khi hi

Cu 1 : Este A iu ch t ancol metylic c t khi so vi oxi l 2,3125. CT ca A l:
A. C2H5COOC2H5
B. CH3COOCH3
C. CH3COOC2H5
D. C2H5COOCH3
Hng Dn
Do Este A iu ch t ancol metylic
R C O O C H 3 d E s te 2 , 3 1 2 5 M
E s te
74 R 15
O2
p n B
Cu 2: Este X khng no, mch h, c t khi hi so vi oxi bng 3,125 v tham gia Phn ng x phng
ho to ra mt anehit v mt mui ca axit hu c. C bao nhiu CT ph hp vi X
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
Hng Dn
C T E s te R C O O R d E s te 3,1 2 5 M
'
100 R R 56
'
E s te
O2
Phn ng x phng ho to ra mt anehit v mt mui ca axit hu c

R 2 7 R 2 9 C 2H 5C O O C 2H 3
'
R 4 1 R 1 5 C H 3C O O C 3H 5
'
R 5 5 R 1 H C O O C 4H 7 (c 2 C T C T )
'
p n C
Cu 3: Este n chc X c t khi hi so vi CH4 l 6,25. Cho 20 gam X Tc dng vi 300 ml dd KOH
1M (un nng). C cn dd sau Phn ng thu c 28 gam cht rn khan. CTCT ca X l
A. CH2=CH-CH2COOCH3
B. CH2=CH-COOCH2CH3
C. CH3COOCH=CH-CH3
D. CH3-CH2COOCH=CH2
Hng Dn
C T E s te R C O O R d
'
E s te
6, 25 M
100 R R 56
'
E s te
CH 4
Cho 0,2 mol X tc dng vi 0,3 mol KOH

'
+ KOH RCOOK + ROH
RCOOR
0,2
0,2
0,2
28 gam cht rn khan gm mui v KOH d

mol
( R 4 4 3 9 ) 0 , 2 0 , 1( 3 9 1 7 ) 2 8 R 2 9 R 2 7 C 2 H 5 C O O C 2 H
'
Dng 3: B{i to|n v phn ng thu ph}n este

Dng 3.1 : Thu phn mt este n chc
- Trong mi trng axit: Phn ng xy ra thun nghch
H+, to
RCOOR + HOH
RCOOH + ROH
- Trong mi trng kim (phn ng x phng ho): Phn ng mt chiu, cn un nng
RCOOR + NaOH t RCOOH + ROH
Mt s nhn xt :
0
5
Nu nNaOH phn ng = nEste Este n chc.

Nu RCOOR (este n chc), trong R l C6H5- hoc vng benzen c nhm th
nNaOH phn ng = 2neste v sn phm cho 2 mui, trong c phenolat:
VD: RCOOC6H5 + 2NaOH RCOONa + C6H5ONa + H2O
Nu nNaOH phn ng = .neste ( > 1 v R khng phi C6H5- hoc vng benzen c nhm th) Este
a chc.
Nu phn ng thu phn este cho 1 anehit (hoc xeton), ta coi nh ancol (ng phn vi andehit)
c nhm OH gn trc tip vo lin kt C=C vn tn tai gii v t CTCT ca este.
Nu sau khi thy phn thu c mui (hoc khi c cn thu c cht rn khan) m mmui = meste +
mNaOH th este phi c cu to mch vng (lacton):
O
C = O + NaOH
HO-CH2CH2CH2COONa
Nu gc hidrocacbon ca R, mt nguyn t C gn vi nhiu gc este hoc c cha nguyn

t halogen th khi thy phn c th chuyn ha thnh andehit hoc xeton hoc axit cacboxylic
VD: C2H5COOCHClCH3 + NaOH t C2H5COONa + CH3CHO
0
CH3-COO
CH + NaOH
CH3-COO Na + HCHO
CH3-COO
Bi ton v hn hp cc este th nn s dng phng php trung bnh.

Cu 1: Thc hin phn ng x phng ho cht hu c X n chc vi dung dch NaOH thu c mt
mui Y v ancol Z. t chy hon ton 2,07 gam Z cn 3,024 lt O2 (ktc) thu c lng CO2 nhiu hn
khi lng nc l 1,53 gam. Nung Y vi vi ti xt thu c kh T c t khi so vi khng kh bng
1,03. CTCT ca X l:
A. C2H5COOCH3
B. CH3COOC2H5
C. C2H5COOC3H7
D. C2H5COOC2H5
Hng dn
Theo bi: X n chc, tc dng vi NaOH sinh ra mui v ancol X l este n chc:
RCOOR.
Mt khc: mX + m O = m CO + m H O 44. n CO + 18. n H O = 2,07 + (3,024/22,4).32 = 6,39 gam
V 44. n CO - 18. n H O = 1,53 gam

2
nH
2O
>
n CO
n CO
= 0,09 mol ;
nH
2O
= 0,135 mol
Z l ancol no, n chc, mch h c cng thc: CnH2n+1OH (n 1)
T phn ng t chy Z
nH
2O
n CO
n 1
0 ,135
n = 2.
0 , 09
n
2
Y c dng: CxHyCOONa T: CxHy+1 MT = 12x + y + 1 = 1,03.29

x 2
y 6
C2H5COOC2H5 p n D
Cu 2: Thu phn hon ton 8,8 gam mt este n chc, mch h X vi 100 ml dd KOH 1M (va )
thu c 4,6 gam mt ancol Y. Tn gi ca X l:
A. Etyl Fomat
B. Etyl Propionat
C. Etyl Axetat
D.Propyl Axetat
Hng Dn
Nhn vo p n nhn thy este X l no n chc, mch h
Gi CTCT este l CnH2n + 1COOCmH2m + 1
nru = nKOH = 0,1 mol
CmH2m
1O
4, 6
0 ,1
4 6 1 4 m 1 8 4 6 m 2 C 2H 5O H
6
neste=nKOH =0,1 mol
e s te
8, 8
0 ,1
8 8 1 4 n 7 4 8 8 n 1 e s te l C H 3 C O O C 2 H 5
p n C
Cu 3: un nng 0,1 mol este no, n chc mch h X vi 30 ml dung dch 20% (D = 1,2 g/ml) ca mt
hiroxit kim loi kim A. Sau khi kt thc phn ng x phng ho, c cn dung dch th thu c cht rn
Y v 4,6 gam ancol Z, bit rng Z b oxi ho bi CuO thnh sn phm c kh nng phn ng trng bc.
t chy cht rn Y th thu c 9,54 gam mui cacbonat, 8,26 gam hn hp CO2 v hi nc. Cng
thc cu to ca X l:
A. CH3COOCH3
B. CH3COOC2H5
C. HCOOCH3
D. C2H5COOCH3
Hng dn
X l este no, n chc, mch h : CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1 ( 0 n; 1 m)
Ta c: nX = nAOH (phn ng) = nZ = 0,1 mol MZ = 14m + 18 = 4 ,6 = 46 m = 2
0 ,1
Mt khc:
nA =
30 . 1, 2 . 20
100 .( M
17 )
9 , 54
= 2.
2M
60
MA = 23 A l Na nNaOH (ban u) =
mY +
O2
( p /-)
Hay 0,1(14n+68) + 0,08.40 +
Na 2 CO
0 ,18
mol
40
C n H 2 n 1 COONa : 0 ,1 mol
d -: 0 ,18 0 ,1 0 , 08
NaOH
Vy:
7,2
Na 2 CO
mol
m
3
( 3 n 1)
O ,t
2 CO
H 2O
CO
m
2
. 0 ,1 . 32
H 2O
= 9,54 + 8,26 n = 1 X : CH3COOCH3
p n A
Dng 3.2. Thy phn hn hp Este n chc
Cu 1: X phng ha hon ton 1,99 gam hn hp hai este bng dd NaOH thu c 2,05 gam mui ca
mt axit v 0,94 gam hn hp hai ancol l ng ng k tip nhau. CTCT ca hai este l:
A. HCOOCH3 v HCOOC2H5.
B. C2H5COOCH3 v C2H5COOC2H5.
C. CH3COOC2H5 v CH3COOC3H7.
D. CH3COOCH3 v CH3COOC2H5
Hng Dn
Goi CTTB ca 2 Este l RCOO R
RCOO R
+ NaOH t RCOONa + R OH
p dng LBTKL: meste + mNaOH = mmui + mru
1,99 + mNaOH = 2,05 + 0,94 m N a O H 1 n N a O H 0 , 0 2 5 m o l
o
2, 05
n
n N aO H 0 , 0 2 5 M
82 R 15 C H 3
C H 3C O O C H 3
RCOONa
RCOONa
0
,
0
2
5
C H 3
0
,
9
4
n
CH COOC H
n N aO H 0 , 0 2 5 M
37, 6 R 20, 6
3
2
5
RO H
RO H
C
H
0
,
0
2
5
2 5
Cu 2: X phng ha han ton 14,55 gam hn hp 2 este n chc X,Y cn 150 ml dd NaOH 1,5M. C
cn dd thu c hn hp 2 ancol ng ng k tip v mt mui duy nht. CT 2 este l:
A. HCOOCH3, HCOOC2H5.
B. CH3COOCH3, CH3COOC2H5
C. C2H5COOCH3, C2H5COOCH3
D. C3H7COOCH3, C2H5COOCH3
Hng Dn
Goi CTTB ca 2 Este l RCOO R
RCOO R
+ NaOH t RCOONa + R OH
o
7
0,225
Ta c
e s te
0,225
mol
R 1
HCOOCH 3
65 R 44 R 65 R R 21

A
0, 225
R 20
H C O O C 2H 5
14, 55
Dng 3.3 : Thy phn Ete ng phn ca nhau

Cu 1: Hn hp X gm hai este n chc l ng phn ca nhau. ung nng m gam X vi 300 ml dd
NaOH 1M, kt thc cc Phn ng thu c dd Y v (m 8,4) gam hn hp hi gm hai anehit no, n
chc, ng ng k tip c t khi hi so vi H2 l 26,2. C cn dd Y thu c (m 1,1) gam cht rn.
Cng thc ca hai este l
A.CH3COOCH=CHCH3 v CH3COOC(CH3)=CH2 B. HCOOC(CH3)=CH2 v HCOOCH=CHCH3
C. C2H5COOCH=CH2 v CH3COOCH=CHCH3. D. HCOOCH=CHCH3 v CH3COOCH=CH2.
Hng Dn
= 52,4 CH3-CHO, C2H5-CHO loi p n A, B,

p dng BTKL ta c: m + 0,3.40 = m 8,4 + 1,1 m = 21,5,
M
RCHO
4 4 x 5 8 y 1 3,1
C H 3 C H O x m ol
m R C H O m 8 , 4 2 1, 5 8 , 4 1 3,1 g a m

C 2H 5 C H O y m ol
4 4 x 5 8 y 2 6 , 2.2 x y
x 0 ,1
y 0 ,1 5
n e s te 0 ,1 0 ,1 5 0 , 2 5 m o l M
E s te
86 D
Cu 2: Hn hp A gm ba cht hu c X, Y, Z n chc ng phn ca nhau, u Tc dng c vi

NaOH. un nng 13,875 gam hn hp A vi dd NaOH va thu c 15,375 gam hn hp mui v
hn hp ancol c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 20,67. Bit 136,50C, 1 atm th tch hi ca 4,625 gam X
bng 2,1 lt. Phn trm khi lng ca X, Y, Z (theo th t KLPT gc axit tng dn) ln lt
A. 40%; 40%; 20%
B. 40%; 20%; 40%
C. 25%; 50%; 25%
D. 20%; 40%; 40%
Hng Dn
Ta c :
nX
1 . 2 ,1
0 , 082 ( 273 136 , 5 )
0 , 0625 mol
4 , 625
74
0 , 0625
Mt khc: X, Y, Z n chc, tc dng c vi NaOH X, Y, Z l axit hoc este

CTPT dng: CxHyO2, d dng
MX =
X : C 2 H 5 COOH : a mol
A Y : CH 3 COOCH 3 : b mol
Z : HCOOC 2 H 5 : c mol
x 3
y 6
n A a b c 0 ,1875 mol
32 b 46 c
20 , 67
d ancol / H 2
2( b c)
mui
96 a 82 b 68 c 15 , 375 gam
a 0 , 075
b 0 , 0375
c 0 , 075
p n B
Dng 3.4: Thy phn Este a chc
R(COOR)n + nNaOH R(COONa)n + nROH , nancol = n.nmui
(RCOO)nR + nNaOH nRCOONa + R(OH)n , nmui = n.nancol
R(COO)nR + nNaOH R(COONa)n + R(OH)n,
nancol = nmui
Cu 1: Cho 0,01 mol mt este X ca axit hu c phn ng va vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0,2 M,
sn phm to thnh ch gm mt ancol Y v mt mui Z vi s mol bng nhau. Mt khc, khi x phng
ho hon ton 1,29 gam este bng mt lng va l 60 ml dung dch KOH 0,25 M, sau khi phn
ng kt thc em c cn dung dch c 1,665 gam mui khan. Cng thc ca este X l:
A. C2H4(COO)2C4H8
B. C4H8(COO)2C2H4
C. C2H4(COOC4H9)2
D. C4H8(COO C2H5)2
Hng dn
Ta c: nZ = nY X ch cha chc este
8
S nhm chc este l:
n N aO H
0 ,1 . 0 , 2
nX
= 2 CT ca X c dng: R(COO)2R
0 , 01
T phn ng thy phn: naxit = nmui =
nKOH =
M mui = MR + 83.2 =
1 , 665
.0,06.0,25 = 0,0075 mol
= 222 MR = 56 R l: -C4H8-
0 , 0075
= 172 R + 2.44 + R = 172 R = 28 (-C2H4-)
1 , 29
Meste =
0 , 0075
Vy X l: C4H8(COO)2C2H4 p n B.
Cu 2 : un nng 7,2 gam este X vi dung dch NaOH d. Phn ng kt thc thu c glixerol v 7,9
gam hn hp mui. Cho ton b hn hp mui tc dng vi H2SO4 long thu c 3 axit hu c no,
n chc, mch h Y, Z, T. Trong Z, T l ng phn ca nhau, Z l ng ng k tip ca Y. Cng
thc cu to ca X l:
CH2
OCOCH2CH2CH3
A. CH2 OCOC2H5
B.
C.
CH
OCOCH2CH2CH3
CH
OCOC2H5
CH2
OCOCH(CH3)2
CH2
OCOCH(CH3)2
CH2
OCOCH2CH2CH3
CH
OCOCH(CH3)2
CH2
OCOC2H3
D.
A hoc B
Hng dn
V Y, Z l ng ng k tip v Z, T l ng phn ca nhau
c th t cng thc chung ca este X: C3H5(OCO C n H 2 n 1 )3
)3 + 3NaOH 3 C n H 2 n 1 COONa + C3H5(OH)3
C3H5(OCO C
Theo (1), ta c : nmui = 3neste
n 2 , 67
2 n1
CTCT cc cht:
7,2
41 3 ( 45 14 n )
.3
Y : C 2 H 5 COOH
Z : CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COOH
T : CH ( CH
7,9
14 n 68
p n D
) 2 COOH
C. BI TP VN DNG
Cu 1: X l hn hp hai este ca cng mt ancol, no n chc v hai axit no, n chc, ng ng k
tip. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol X cn 6,16 lt O2(ktc). un nng 0,1 mol X vi 50 gam dd NaOH 20%
Phn ng hon ton, ri c cn dd sau Phn ng thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 15 gam.
B. 7,5 gam
C. 37,5 gam
D. 13,5 gam
Cu 2: t chy hon ton 1 mol axit cacboxylic n chc X cn 3,5 mol O2. Trn 7,4 gam X vi lng
ancol no Y (bit t khi hi ca Y so vi O2 nh hn 2). un nng hn hp vi H2SO4 lm xc tc.
Phn ng hon ton c 8,7 gam este Z(trong Z khng cn nhm chc khc). CTCT ca Z
A. C2H5COOCH2CH2OCOC2H5
B. C2H3COOCH2CH2OCOC2H3
C. CH3COOCH2CH2OCOCH3
D. HCOOCH2CH2OCOH
Cu 3: Cho 2,46 gam hn hp gm HCOOH, CH3COOH, C6H5OH Tc dng va vi 400 ml dd
NaOH 1M. Tng khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng l
A. 3,54 gam.
B. 4,46 gam.
C. 5,32 gam.
D. 11,26 gam.
Cu 4: S hp cht n chc c cng CTPT C4H8O2, u Tc dng vi dd NaOH
A.3
B.4
C.5
D.6
9
Cu 5: Cho 0,1 mol axit A tc dng va vi 0,2 mol KOH thu c hn hp mui. t chy hon
ton hn hp mui thu c H2O, K2CO3 v 13,2 gam CO2. CTPT ca A c th l:
A. C3H4O4
B. C4H6O4.
C. C6H8O2
D. C5H8O4
|p |n
1. D
2. A
3. D
4. D
5. B
NI DUNG 2: LIPIT-CHT GIT RA TNG HP

A. L thuyt
I- Khi nim
Lipit l nhng hp cht hu c c trong t bo sng, khng ho tan trong nc nhng tan nhiu
trong cc dung mi hu c khng cc.
Cu to: Phn ln lipit l cc este phc tp, bao gm cht bo (triglixerit), sp, steroit v
photpholipit,
II - Cht bo
1) Khi nim
Cht bo l trieste ca glixerol vi axit bo, gi chung l triglixerit hay l triaxylglixerol.
Cc axit bo hay gp:
C17H35COOH hay CH3[CH2]16COOH:
Axit stearic
C17H33COOH hay cis-CH3[CH2]7CH=CH[CH2]7COOH: Axit oleic
C15H31COOH hay CH3[CH2]14COOH:
Axit panmitic
Axit bo l nhng axit n chc c mch cacbon di, khng phn nhnh, c th no hoc khng no.
CTCT chung ca cht bo:
1
R COO CH 2
2
R COO CH
3
R COO CH 2
R1, R2, R3 l gc hirocacbon ca axit bo, c th ging hoc khc nhau.

Th d:Cung cp 4 axit bo thng gp hay ra trong thi.
CH3 (CH2)14 COOH :
(C15H31-COOH) axit panmitic (t0n/c630C)
CH3 (CH2)16 COOH:
(C17H35-COOH) axit steric (t0n/c 700)
CH3 (CH2)7 - CH = CH (CH2)7 COOH :
(C17H33-COOH) axit oleic (t0n/c130C)
CH3(CH2)4 CH = CH CH2- CH = CH (CH2)7 COOH : (C17H31-COOH) axit linoleic

(t0n/c 50C).
2) Tnh cht vt l
iu kin thng: l cht lng hoc cht rn.
R1, R2, R3: Ch yu l gc hirocacbon no th cht bo l cht rn.
R1, R2, R3: Ch yu l gc hirocacbon khng no th cht bo l cht lng.
Khng tan trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c khng cc: benzen, clorofom,
Nh hn nc, khng tan trong nc.
3) Tnh cht ho hc
a) Phn ng thu phn
(C H 3 C H 2
16
C O O )3 C 3H 5 3H 2O
3 C H 3 C H 2 1 6 C O O H + C 3 H 5 ( O H ) 3
,t
b) Phn ng x phng ho
10
(C H 3 C H 2
16
C O O ) 3 C 3 H 5 3 K O H 3C H 3 C H 2
t
16
C O O K + C 3H 5 (O H ) 3
c) Phn ng cng hiro ca cht bo lng

o
(C 1 7 H 3 3 C O O ) 3 C 3 H 5 3 H 2
(C 1 7 H 3 5 C O O ) 3 C 3 H 5
Ni, t
Lng
Rn
4) ng dng
Thc n cho ngi, l ngun dinh dng quan trng
L nguyn liu tng hp mt s cht khc cn thit cho c th.
Trong cng nghip, mt lng ln cht bo dng sn xut x phng v glixerol. Sn xut mt s
thc phm khc nh m si, hp,
III- Khi nim v x phng v cht git tng hp
1) X phng
a) Khi nim
X phng thng dng l hn hp mui natri hoc mui kali ca axit bo, c thm mt s cht ph
gia.
Thnh phn ch yu ca x phng thng: L mui natri ca axit panmitic hoc axit stearic. Ngoi
ra trong x phng cn c cht n (lm tng cng c bnh), cht ty mu, cht dit khun
v cht to hng,
b) Phng php sn xut
T cht bo
o
( R C O O ) 3 C 3 H 5 3 N a O H 3 R C O O N a
t
+ C 3H 5 (O H ) 3
X phng cn c sn xut theo s sau:

AnKan Axit cacboxylic Muoi Natri cua Axit cacboxylic
Th d:
2C H 3 C H 2
2C H 3 C H 2
14
14
C H 2C H 2 C H
COOH
1 4 C H 3
2 4 C H 3 C H
O ,X t , t
N a 2 C O 3 2 C H 3 C H
t
1 4 C O O H
1 4 C O O N a
CO 2
H 2O
2) Cht git tng hp

a) Khi nim
Nhng hp cht khng phi l mui natri ca axit cacboxylic nhng c tnh nng git ra nh x
phng c gi l cht git ra tng hp.
b) Phng php sn xut
c tng hp t cc cht ly t du m.
Du m Axit oexyl benzensunfonic Natri oexyl benzensunfonat
Th d: C12H25 -C6H4SO3H N aC O C12H25 -C6H4SO3Na
c) Tc dng x phng v cht git ra tng hp
Mui natri trong x phng hay trong cht git ra tng hp c kh nng lm gim sc cng b mt
ca cc cht bn bm trn vi, da, do v bn c phn tn thnh nhiu phn nh hn v
c phn tn vo nc.
Cc mui panmitat hay stearat ca cc kim loi ho tr II thng kh tan trong nc, do khng
nn dng x phng git ra trong nc cng (nc c cha nhiu ion Ca2+, Mg2+). Cc mui
ca axit oexylbenzensunfonic li tan c trong nc cng, do cht git ra c u im hn
x phng l c th git ra c trong nc cng.
2
B CC DNG BI TP IN HNH C HNG DN

Dng 1: Bi ton v phn ng este ho.
11
H SO , t0
2
4
RCOOH + R'-OH
RCOOR' + H2O
c im ca phn ng este ho l thun nghch nn c th gn vi cc dng bi ton:
Tnh hng s cn bng K:
RCOOR' H2O
RCOOH R'OH
Tnh hiu sut phn ng este ho:
l- ng este thu - c theo thc t. 100%
H=
l- ng este thu - c theo lthuyt
Tnh lng este to thnh hoc axit cacboxylic cn dng, lng ancol
Ch : Nu tin hnh phn ng este ha gia mt ancol n chc vi m axit cacboxylic n chc
Kcb =
th s este ti a c th thu c
n ( n 1)
n ( n 1)
, m n
n
l:
2
2
m 2 ( m 1)( n 1) , m n
(C th chng minh cc cng
thc ny v mt ton hc)

Cu 1: Hn hp A gm axit axetic v etanol. Chia A thnh ba phn bng nhau.
+ Phn 1 tc dng vi Kali d thy c 3,36 lt kh thot ra.
+ Phn 2 tc dng vi Na2CO3 d thy c 1,12 lt kh CO2 thot ra. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
+ Phn 3 c thm vo vi git dung dch H2SO4, sau un si hn hp mt thi gian. Bit hiu
sut ca phn ng este ho bng 60%. Khi lng este to thnh l bao nhiu?
A. 8,80 gam
B. 5,20 gam
C. 10,56 gam
D. 5,28 gam
Hng dn
Hn hp A
CH 3 COOH : a
C 2 H 5 OH : b
mol
mol
n A a b 2 n H 2 0 , 3
a 2 n CO 2 0 ,1 mol
mol
a 0 ,1 mol
b 0 , 2 mol
V a < b ( hiu sut tnh theo axit) s mol este thc t thu c: n = 0,1.60% =
Khi lng este thc t thu c: m = 0,06.88 = 5,28 gam
p n D
0 , 06
mol
Cu 2: t chy hon ton 1 mol axit cacboxylic n chc X cn 3,5 mol O2. Trn 7,4 gam X vi
lng ancol no Y (bit t khi hi ca Y so vi O2 nh hn 2). un nng hn hp vi H2SO4 lm xc
tc. Sau khi phn ng hon ton thu c 8,7 gam este Z (trong Z khng cn nhm chc no khc).
Cng thc cu to ca Z l:
A. C2H5COOCH2CH2OCOC2H5
B. C2H3COOCH2CH2OCOC2H3
C. CH3COOCH2CH2OCOCH3
D. HCOOCH2CH2OCOH
Hng dn
Phn ng chy: CXHyO2 + (x +

Theo (1), ta c : x +
y
4
-1)O2 xCO2 +
H2O
(1)
-1= 3,5 x +
= 4,5
x 3
y 6
X : C2H5COOH
Ancol no Y : CnH2n+2-m (OH)m (1 m n) este Z : (C2H5COO)mCnH2n+2-m

Meste = 73m + 14n + 2 m =
8 ,7
.m
hay 14n + 2 = 15m
(2)
0 ,1
Mt khc
T (2)
Y O2
< 2 hay 14n + 2 + 16m < 64 30m + 2 < 64 (v m n) m < 2,1
n 2
m 2
ancol Y : C2H4(OH)2
12
Z : C2H5COOCH2CH2OCOC2H5
p n A.
Dng 2: Bi ton xc nh cc ch s ca cht bo: ch s axit, ch s x phng ho, ch s este, ch s
iot...
lm cc bi tp dng ny, cn nm vng cc khi nim sau:
Ch s axit (aaxit): l s mg KOH cn trung ho axit bo t do c trong 1 gam cht bo
Ch s x phng ho (axp): l s mg KOH cn x phng ho glixerit v trung ho axit bo t do
c trong 1 g cht bo
Ch s este (aeste): l s mg KOH cn x phng ho glixerit ca 1 gam cht bo
Ch s iot (aiot): l s gam iot c th cng vo ni i C=C ca 100 gam cht bo
Ch s peoxit (apeoxit): l s gam iot c gii phng t KI bi peoxit c trong 100 gam cht bo.
Cu 1: x phng ho 35 kg triolein cn 4,939 kg NaOH thu c 36,207 kg x phng. Ch s axit ca
mu cht bo trn l:
A. 7
B. 8
C. 9
D. 10
Hng dn
36 , 207 . 1000
Theo bi: nRCOONa (x phng) =
119 ,102 mol
304
nNaOH (dng x phng ho) = 119,102 mol

nNaOH ( trung ho axit bo t do) =
4 , 939 . 1000
119 ,102 4 ,375 mol
40
nKOH ( trung ho axit bo t do) = 4,375 mol

mKOH (trong 1 g cht bo) =
4 ,375 . 56
. 1000 7 mg
35000
ch s axit = 7
p n A
Cu 2: Mt loi cht bo c ch s x phng ho l 188,72 cha axit stearic v tristearin. trung ho
axit t do c trong 100 g mu cht bo trn th cn bao nhiu ml dung dch NaOH 0,05 M
A. 100 ml
B. 675 ml
C. 200 ml
D. 125 ml
Hng dn
axp = 188,72.10-3 phn ng vi 100 g cht bo cn mKOH = 188,72.10-3 .100 = 18,872 g
nKOH =
1 8, 8 7 2
0 , 3 3 7 ( m o l)
nNaOH = 0,337 mol
56
n NaOH n axit 3 n tristearin 0 ,337 mol

n axit 0 , 01 mol
m chtbo 284 n axit 890 n tristearin 100 g

n tristearin 0 ,109 mol
Vy: Trong 100 g mu cht bo c 0,01 mol axit t do nNaOH (phn ng) = 0,01 mol
Vdd NaOH = 200 ml
p n C
C . BI TP VN DNG
Cu 1: Cho bit hng s cn bng ca phn ng este ho
CH3COOH + C2H5OH
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O KC = 4
Nu cho hn hp cng s mol axit v ancol Tc dng vi nhau th khi Phn ng t n trng thi cn bng th %
ancol v axit b este ho l
13
A. 50%.
B. 66,7%.
C. 33,3%.
D. 65%.
Cu 2: Hn hp A gm axit axetic v etanol. Chia A thnh ba phn bng nhau.

+ Phn 1 Tc dng vi Kali d thy c 3,36 lt kh thot ra.
+ Phn 2 Tc dng vi Na2CO3 d thy c 1,12 lt kh CO2 thot ra. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
+ Phn 3 c thm vo vi git dd H2SO4, sau un si hn hp mt thi gian. Bit hiu sut ca Phn
ng este ho bng 60%. Khi lng este to thnh l bao nhiu
A. 8,80 gam
B. 5,20 gam
C. 10,56 gam
D. 5,28 gam
Cu 3: t chy hon ton 1 mol cht bo, thu c lng CO2 v H2O hn km nhau 6 mol. Mt khc a
mol cht bo trn Tc dng ti a vi 600 ml dd Br2 1M. Gi tr ca a l
A. 0,20
B. 0,15
C. 0,30
D. 0,18
Cu 4: x phng ha 100 kg cht bo c ch s axit l 7 cn dd cha 14,18 kg NaOH.Khi lng x
phng cha 28% cht ph gia thu c l
A.143,7kg
B. 14,37kg
C. 413,7kg
D.41,37kg
|p |n
1. B
2. D
3. B
4. A
14
CHNG 2: CACBOHIDRAT
A. L THUYT
I- Cu trc phn t
1) Glucoz v fructoz (C6H12O6)
a) Glucoz
L monosaccarit
Cu to bi + mt nhm cacbonyl C1 (l anehit)
+ nm nhm OH nm nguyn t cacbon cn li
CT : (l poliancol) : CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO
Glucoz c y cc tnh cht ca ru a chc v anehit n chc.
b) Fructoz
L ng phn ca glucoz
Cu to bi : + mt nhm cacbonyl v tr C2 (l xeton)
+ nm nhm OH nm nguyn t cacbon cn li
CT : (l poliancol): CH2OH[CHOH]3COCH2OH
Trong mi trng baz, fructoz c s chuyn ho thnh Glucoz
OHCH2OH[CHOH]3-CO-CH2OH
CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO
2) Saccaroz v mantoz (C12H22O11)

a) Saccaroz
L mt isaccarit,
Cu to bi
C1 ca gc - glucoz ni vi C2 ca gc - fructoz qua nguyn t
O (C1 O C2).
Trong phn t khng cn nhm OH semiaxetal, nn khng c kh nng m vng.
b) Mantoz
L ng phn ca Saccaroz,
Cu to bi C1 ca gc - glucoz ni vi C4 ca gc - hoc - glucoz qua nguyn t
O (C1 O C4).
n v monosaccarit th hai c nhm OH semiaxetal t do, c th m vng to thnh nhm
anehit ( CHO).
3) Tinh bt v xenluloz (C6H10O5)n
a) Tinh bt
L polisaccarit
Cu to bi cc mt xch -glucoz lin kt vi nhau thnh mch xon l xo
Phn t khng c nhm CHO v cc nhm OH b che lp i.
b) Xenluloz
Khng L ng phn ca tinh bt
Cu to bi cc mt xch -glucoz lin kt vi nhau thnh mch ko di
Phn t khng c nhm CHO v mi mt xch cn 3 nhm OH t do
Nn cng thc ca xenluloz cn c th vit [C6H7O2(OH)3]n.
15
II. Tnh cht ho hc

Cacbohirat
Glucoz
Tnh cht
Tnh cht ca
anehit
+ AgNO3/NH3
+ Cu(OH)2/ NaOH t0
+ dung dch Br2
Tnh cht ca
poliancol
+ Cu(OH)2
Phn ng thu
phn
+ H2O/H+
Phn ng mu
+ I2
2Ag
Saccaroz
Mantoz
Tinh bt
Xenluloz
+(2Ag)
2Ag
Fructoz
Cu2O
Mt mu
dung dch
Br2
dung dch
mu xanh
lam
dung dch
mu xanh
lam
dung dch
mu xanh
lam
dung dch
mu xanh
lam
Glucoz +
Fructoz
2 phn t
Glucoz
Glucoz
Glucoz
mu xanh
c trng
Xenluloz
trinitrat
+ HNO3/ H2SO4
C2H5OH+
CO2
Phn ng ln men
Sobitol
Sobitol
+ H2(Ni , t0)
(+) c phn ng, khng yu cu vit sn phm; (-) khng c phn ng.
B. CC DNG BI TP IN HNH C P N
Dng 1: Phn ng oxi ha khng hon ton cacbohidrat
I. C s l thuyt v mt s ch
Cc cht tham gia phn ng trng bc v phn ng vi Cu(OH)2/OH- (t0): glucozo, fructoro,
mantozo (fructozo khng c nhm CHO, nhng trong mi trng kim chuyn ha thnh
glucozo Coi phn ng ging glucozo).
/ N H ,t
2Ag
* Glucozo, fructoro, mantozo A g NO
C u (O H ) /O H ,t
* Glucozo, fructoro, mantozo C u 2 O gch
Glucozo, mantozo b oxi ha bi dung dch Br2, KmnO4 (lm mt mu dung dch Br2 v KMnO4),
fructozo khng c phn ng ny.
II. Bi tp
Bi 1(CD-07): Cho 50ml dung dch glucozo cha r nng tc dng vi mt lng d dung dch NH3
thu c 2,16 gam bc kt ta. Nng mol ca dung dch glucozo dng l
A. 0,20M.
B. 0,10M.
C. 0,01M.
D. 0,02M.
Hng Dn
n A g 2 , 1 6 : 1 0 8 0 , 0 2 ( m o l)
0
Glucozo
2Ag
n G lu c o z o 0 , 0 2 : 2 0 , 0 1( m o l) C G lu c o z o 0 , 0 1 : 0 , 0 5 0 , 2 0 M
p n A
16
Bi 2: Ha tan 70,2 gam hn hp X gm glucozo v saccarozo vo nc c dung dch Y. Cho Y tc

dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 un nng thu c 43,2 gam Ag. Thnh phn % khi
lng saccarozo c trong hn hp X l
A. 51,282%.
B. 48,718%.
C. 74,359%.
D. 97,436%.
Hng Dn
t s mol cc cht trong X l C6H12O6 : x(mol) ; C12H22O11 : y (mol)
1 8 0 x 3 4 2 y 7 0 , 2 (1)
C6H12O6
x
2Ag
2x
0 , 2 ( m o l) , th x vo (1)
2 x 4 3, 2 : 1 0 8 x
%mC
12 H 22 O 11
0 ,1 .3 4 2
y = 0,1(mol)
.1 0 0 4 8 , 7 1 8 %
70, 2
p n B
Bi 3: Chia 200 gam dung dch hn hp glucozo v fructozo thnh hai phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3 c 86,4 gam Ag.
- Phn 2: Mt mu va ht dung dch cha 35,2 gam Br2.
Nng % ca fructozo trong dung dch ban u l
A. 32,4%.
B. 39,6%.
C. 16,2%.
D. 45,0%.
Hng Dn
n A g 8 6 , 4 : 1 0 8 0 , 8 ( m o l) ; n B r 3 5 , 2 : 1 6 0 0 , 2 2 ( m o l)
Phn 1:
Glucozo 2Ag
Fructozo 2Ag
2
n G lu c o z o n fru c to z o 0 , 8 : 2 0 , 4 ( m o l)
Phn 2:
Glucozo + 1Br2
sp
n G lu c o z o n B r 0 , 2 2 ( m o l)
2
n fru c to z o 0 ,1 8 ( m o l)
C % fru c to z o
0 ,1 8 .1 8 0
.1 0 0 3 2 , 4 %
100
p n A
Bi 4: Cho m gam hn hp X gm glucozo v fructozo tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3 to
ra 6,48 gam Ag. Cng m gam hn hp ny lm mt mu va ht dung dch cha 1,2 gam Br2. Thnh phn
% khi lng glucozo c trong X l
A. 50%.
B. 12,5%.
C. 25%.
D. 75%.
Hng Dn
n A g 6 , 4 8 : 1 0 8 0 , 0 6 ( m o l) ; n B r 1, 2 : 1 6 0 0 , 0 0 7 5 ( m o l)
Glucozo + 1Br2
sp
n G lu c o z o 0 , 0 0 7 5 ( m o l)
Glucozo 2Ag
Fructozo 2Ag
n
n
C O
2n
CO
0 , 3 ( m o l)
2
0, 6
( m o l)
n
2
2
7, 4
3n
0 , 3. 1 2
0 , 6.1
: n
: n
3 :6 : 2
0 , 2 ( m o l)
16
p n C
17
Bi 5: Thc hin phn ng trng bc 36 gam dung dch glucozo 10% vi lng d dung dch
AgNO3/NH3 (nu hiu sut phn ng 100%) th khi lng bc kim loi thu c l
A. 8,64 gam.
B. 4,32 gam.
C. 43,2 gam.
D. 2,16 gam.
Hng Dn
n G lu c o z o
Glucozo
3 6 .1 0
0, 02(m ol )
1 8 0 .1 0 0
2Ag
n Ag 0, 0 4 ( m o l ) m Ag 4, 3 2 ( g a m )
p n B
Bi 6: Ngi ta dng glucozo trng rut phch. Trung bnh cn phi dng 0,75 gam glucozo cho mt
rut phch, bit hiu sut ca ton qu trnh l 80%. Lng bc c trong mt rut phch l
A. 0,36 gam.
B. 0,45 gam.
C. 0,72 gam.
D. 0,90 gam.
Hng Dn
n G lu c o z o 0 , 7 5 : 1 8 0 1 : 2 4 0 ( m o l )
Glucozo
m Ag 2 .
2Ag
1
.1 0 8 .0 , 8 0 , 7 2 ( g a m )
240
p n C
Bi 7: Cho 34,2 gam hn hp saccarozo c ln mantozo tc dng hon ton vi AgNO3/NH3 d, thu
c 0,216 gam bc. tinh khit ca saccarozo l
A. 95%.
B. 85%.
C. 90%.
D. 99%.
Hng Dn
n Ag 0, 2 1 6 : 1 0 8 0, 0 0 2 ( m o l )
Mantozo
2Ag
n M a n to z o 0 , 0 0 2 : 2 0 , 0 0 1( m o l ) m S a c c a r o z o 3 4 , 2 0 , 0 0 1 .3 4 2 3 3, 8 5 8 ( g a m )
% m S a cca ro zo
3 3, 8 5 8
.1 0 0 9 9 %
34, 2
p n D
Bi 8: Ha tan 6,12 gam hn hp X gm glucozo v saccarozo vo nc, c dung dch Y. Cho Y tc
dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3 thu c 3,24 gam Ag. Khi lng saccarozo c trong hn
hp X l
A. 2,7 gam.
B. 3,42 gam.
C. 4,32 gam.
D. 2,16 gam.
Hng Dn
n Ag 3, 2 4 : 1 0 8 0 , 0 3( m o l )
Glucozo
2Ag
n G lu c o z o 0 , 0 3 : 2 0 , 0 1 5 ( m o l ) m G lu c o z o 2 , 7 ( g a m )
m S a c c a r o z o 6 , 1 2 2 , 7 3, 4 2 ( g a m )
p n B
Bi 9: Cho m gam glucozo v fructozo tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3 to ra 43,2 gam Ag.
Cng m gam hn hp ny tc dng va ht vi 8 gam Br2 trong dung dch. S mol glucozo v fructozo
trong hn hp ny ln lt l
A. 0,05 mol v 0,15 mol.
B. 0,1 mol v 0,15 mol.
18
C. 0,2 mol v 0,2 mol.
D. 0,05 mol v 0,35 mol.

Hng Dn
n Ag 4 3, 2 : 1 0 8 0 , 4 ( m o l ); n Br 8 : 1 6 0 0 , 0 5 ( m o l )
2
Glucozo +1Br2 sp
n G L u co zo 0 , 0 5 ( m o l )
Glucozo 2Ag
Fructozo 2Ag
n G lu c o z o n F r u c to z o 0 , 4 : 2 n F r u c to z o 0 ,1 5 ( m o l )
p n A
Bi 10: Ha tan hon ton 140,4 gam hn hp X gm glucozo, fructozo v saccarozo vo nc ri chia
lm hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d, un nng thu c 43,2 gam Ag.
- Phn 2: Lm mt mu va dung dch cha 16 gam brom.
Thnh phn % khi lng fructozo v saccarozo c trong hn hp X ln lt l
A. 25,64% v 48,72%.
B. 48,72% v 25,64%.
C. 25,64% v 25,64%.
D. 12,82% v 74,36%.
Hng Dn
n A g 4 3 , 2 : 1 0 8 0 , 4 ( m o l ) ; n B r 1 6 : 1 6 0 0 , 1( m o l )
2
Phn 2:
Glucozo +1Br2
n G lu c o z o 0 ,1( m o l )
Phn 1:
Glucozo 2Ag
Fructozo 2Ag
n G lu c o z o n F r u c to z o 0 , 4 : 2 n F r u c to z o 0 ,1( m o l )
m S a c c a r o z o 7 0 , 2 0 , 2 .1 8 0 3 4 , 2 ( g a m )
% m F r u c to z o
0 ,1 .1 8 0
70, 2
.1 0 0 2 5 , 6 4 % ; % m S a c c a r o z o
34, 2
.1 0 0 4 8 , 7 2 %
70, 2
p n A
Dng 2: Phn ng thy phn cacbohidrat

I. C s l thuyt v mt s ch
Cacbohidrat c chia lm 3 loi:
* Monosaccarit (cacbohidrat n gin nht, thng gp l glucozo v fructozo: C6H12O6): Khng
b thy phn
* isaccarit (thng gp l saccarozo v mantozo: C12H22O11): Thy phn cho hai monosaccarit.
C12H22O11 + H2O H , t C6H12O6 + C6H12O6.

(Saccarozo)
(Glucozo) (Fructozo)
H ,t
C12H22O11 + H2O 2C6H12O6
(Mantozo)
(Glucozo)
Polisaccarit (thng gp l tinh bt v xenlulozo): Thy phn cho n phn t monosaccarit
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O H , t nC6H12O6
(Glucozo)
n gin cho vic tnh ton, nn:
S dng s phn ng thay cho vic vit phng trnh ha hc.
19
Trong qu trnh tnh ton, h s polime ha s c trit tiu, v vy n gin cho vic tnh
ton, nn chn h s polime ha n = 1.
II. Bi tp
Bi 1: Thy phn 243 gam tinh bt vi hiu sut ca phn ng l 75%, khi lng glucozo thu c l
A. 202,5 gam.
B. 270 gam.
C. 405 gam.
D. 360 gam.
Hng Dn
H ,t
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6
n G lu c o z o
243
.1 8 0 .0 , 7 5 2 0 2 , 5 ( g a m )
162
p n A
Bi 2(CD-2010): Thy phn hon ton 3,42 gam saccarozo trong mi trng axit, thu c dung dch X.
Cho ton b dung dch X phn ng ht vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, un nng, thu c m
gam Ag. Gi tr ca m l
A. 21,60.
B. 2,16.
C. 4,32.
D. 43,20.
Hng Dn
n S a c c a r o z o 3, 4 2 : 3 4 2 0 , 0 1( m o l )
C12H22O11 + H2O
C6H12O6 2Ag
2C6H12O6
n A g 0 , 0 1 .4 0 , 0 4 ( m o l ) m A g 4 , 3 2 ( g a m )
p n C
Bi 3: Thc hin phn ng trng bc vi dung dch X cha m gam hn hp glucozo v saccarozo thu
c 0,02 mol Ag. Nu un nng X vi H2SO4 long, d, ri trung ha axit d, thu c dung dch Y.
Thc hin phn ng trng bc dung dch Y thu c 0,06 mol Ag. Gi tr ca m l
A. 8,64.
B. 5,22.
C. 10,24.
D. 3,60.
Hng Dn
- X + AgNO3/NH3
Glucozo 2Ag
n G lu c o z o 0 , 0 1( m o l )
- X + H2SO4 long sn phm Ag

C12H22O11 + H2O 2C6H12O6
Sn phm ch gm C6H12O6 n C H O 0 , 0 6 : 2
6
12
0, 0 3(m o l )
n G lu c o z o 2 n S a c c a r o z o 0 , 0 3 n S a c c a r o z o 0 , 0 1( m o l )
m 1 8 0 .0 , 0 1 3 4 2 .0 , 0 1 5, 2 2 ( g a m )
p n B
Bi 4: Thy phn m gam mantozo vi hiu sut phn ng l 60%, sau phn ng thu c 450 gam
glucozo. Gi tr ca m l
A. 256,5.
B. 1425.
C. 427,5.
D. 712,5.
Hng Dn
C12H22O11 + H2O 2C6H12O6
n G lu c o z o 4 5 0 : 1 8 0 2 , 5 ( m o l )
m M a n to z o
2, 5 100
.
.3 4 2 7 1 2 , 5 ( g a m )
2
60
p n D
Bi 5: Thy phn hon ton m gam tinh bt vi hiu sut 80% thu c 100 gam glucozo. Gi tr ca m
l
A. 112,5.
B. 90.
C. 76.
D. 72.
Hng Dn
20
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O
,t
nC6H12O6
n G lu c o z o 1 0 0 : 1 8 0 5 : 9 ( m o l )
m 162.
5 100
.
112, 5( gam )
9 80
p n A
Bi 6: Thy phn hon ton 34,2 gam dung dch saccarozo 30% trong mi trng axit v c long, un
nng, thu c dung dch X. Trung ha dung dch X ri cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d, un
nng thu c m gam Ag. Gi tr ca m l
A. 12,96.
B. 43,2.
C. 25,92.
D. 6,48.
Hng Dn
n S a cca ro zo
34, 2
30
C12H22O11 + H2O
nC
H 12 O 6
C6H12O6
0, 0 3( m o l )
342 100
2C6H12O6
0 , 0 3 .2 0 , 0 6 ( m o l )
2Ag
n Ag 0 ,1 2 ( m o l ) m Ag 1 2 , 9 6 ( g a m )
p n A
Bi 7: Thy phn hon ton m gam dung dch saccarozo 13,68% trong mi trng axit v c long un
nng, thu c dung dch X. Trung ha dung dch X ri cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d, un
nng thu c 5,4 gam Ag. Gi tr ca m l
A. 31,25.
B. 62,5.
C. 8,55.
D. 4,275.
Hng Dn
H ,t
C12H22O11 + H2O 2C6H12O6
C6H12O6 2Ag
n Ag 5, 4 : 1 0 8 0, 0 5( m o l )
nC
H 12O 6
0, 0 5 : 2 0, 0 2 5( m o l ) nC
0 , 0 1 2 5 .3 4 2 .1 0 0
12
2 2 O1 1
0, 025 : 2 0, 0125(m ol)
3 1, 2 5 ( g a m )
1 3, 6 8
p n A
Bi 8: Thy phn hon ton cng mt lng saccarozo v mantozo trong mi trng axit, sn phm thy
phn ca hai cht ny em trung ha ri thc hin phn ng trng gng c khi lng Ag trong hai
trng hp theo th t ln lt l x v y. Quan h gia x v y l
A. x = y.
B. x > y.
C. x < y.
D. 2x = y.
Hng Dn
p n A
Bi 9: Ha tan hon ton 70,2 gam hn hp X gm glucozo v saccarozo vo nc ri cho tc dng vi
dung dch AgNO3 d trong NH3, un nng phn ng xy ra hon ton. Sau phn ng thu c 43,2
gam Ag. Thnh phn % khi lng saccarozo c trong hn hp X l
A. 48,7%.
B. 51,3%.
C. 74,4%.
D. 25,6%.
Hng Dn
C6H12O6 2Ag
n Ag 4 3, 2 : 1 0 8 0 , 4 ( m o l ) nC
% m S a cca ro zo
34, 2
H 12 O 6
0 , 2 ( m o l ) m s a c c a r o z o 7 0 , 2 0 , 2 .1 8 0 3 4 , 2 ( g a m )
.1 0 0 4 8 , 7 %
70, 2
p n A
21
Bi 10: un nng 8,55 gam cacbohidrat X vi dung dch HCl n phn ng hon ton. Cho dung dch
sau phn ng tc dng vi lng d AgNO3/NH3, thu c 10,8 gam Ag. X c th l cht no di y
(bit MX < 400 vc)?
A. Glucozo.
B. Fructozo.
C. Saccarozo.
D. Xenlulozo.
Hng Dn
n A g 1 0 , 8 : 1 0 8 0 , 1( m o l )
C6H12O6
nC
H 12O 6
2Ag
0 ,1 : 2 0 , 0 5 ( m o l )
nC6H12O6
nX
0, 05
n 2; M
8, 5 5
.n 1 7 1 .n
0, 05
342
C12H22O11
p n C
Bi 11: Chia mt hn hp gm tinh bt v glucozo thnh hai phn bng nhau. Ha tan phn th nht
trong nc ri cho phn ng hon ton vi AgNO3 trong NH3 d th c 2,16 gam Ag. un phn th
hai vi H2SO4 long, sau trung ha bng NaOH ri cng cho tc dng vi AgNO3 trong NH3 d th
c 6,48 gam Ag. Khi lng tinh bt trong hn hp u bng
A. 4,86 gam.
B. 9,72 gam.
C. 3,24 gam.
D. 6,48 gam.
Hng Dn
- Phn 1:
n Ag 2 ,1 6 : 1 0 8 0 , 0 2 ( m o l )
C6H12O6
nC
H 12O 6
2Ag
0 , 0 2 : 2 0 , 0 1( m o l )
- Phn 2:
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O
C6H12O6 2Ag
nC6H12O6
n Ag 6, 4 8 : 1 0 8 0, 0 6 ( m o l )
nC
H 12O 6
0, 0 6 : 2 0, 0 3(m o l )
ntinh bt = 0,03 0,01 = 0,02(mol)
mtinh bt = 0,02.162.2 = 6,48 gam

p n D
Bi 12: Ha tan m gam hn hp saccarozo v mantozo vo nc c dung dch X. Chia X thnh hai
phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1: Tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d c 10,8 gam Ag.
- Phn 2: un vi dung dch HCl long phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch Y. Dung
dch Y tc dng va ht vi 30,4 gam Br2.
Nng phn trm ca saccarozo trong hn hp u l
A. 35,7%.
B. 47,3%.
C. 52,7%.
D. 64,3%.
Hng Dn
- Phn 1:
n A g 1 0 , 8 : 1 0 8 0 , 1( m o l )
Mantozo
2Ag
n M a n to z o 0 ,1 : 2 0 , 0 5 ( m o l )
Phn 2:
n Br 3 0 , 4 : 1 6 0 0 ,1 9 ( m o l )
2
Mantozo + H2O
0,05
2Glucozo (1)
0,1
22
Saccarozo + H2O Glucozo + Fructozo (2)

Glucozo + 1Br2 Sn phm (3)
T (3) n G lu c o z o 0 , 1 9 ( m o l )
T (1), (2) n G lu c o z o (1 ) n G lu c o z o ( 2 ) 0 , 1 9 n G lu c o z o ( 2 )
0, 09(m ol)
n S a cca ro zo 0 , 0 9 ( m o l )
C%
S a cca ro zo
0, 09
.1 0 0 6 4 , 3 %
0, 05 0, 09
p n D
Bi 13: Cho m gam hn hp X gm tinh bt v glucozo tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong
NH3 un nng thu c 21,6 gam Ag. Mt khc, un nng m gam X vi dung dch HCl long, d
phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch Y. Dung dch Y lm mt mu va ht dung dch cha 32
gam Br2. Gi tr ca m l
A. 34,2.
B. 50,4.
C. 17,1.
D. 33,3.
Hng Dn
n A g 2 1, 6 : 1 0 8 0 , 2 ( m o l ) ; n B r 3 2 : 1 6 0 0 , 2 ( m o l )
2
X + AgNO3/NH3:
Glucozo 2Ag (1)
n G lu c o z o 0 , 2 : 2 0 , 1( m o l )
X + HCl sn phm + Br2

(C6H10O5)n + nH2O H nC6H12O6 (2)
C6H12O6 + 1Br2 sn phm (3)
Theo (3) n C H O 0 , 2 ( m o l )
12
ntinh bt = 0,2 0,1 = 0,1 (mol)

m = 162.0,1 + 180.0,1 = 34,2 (gam)
p n A
Bi 14: Ha tan m gam hn hp X gm saccarozo, mantozo v glucozo (trong s mol glucozo bng
tng s mol mantozo v saccarozo) vo nc c dung dch Y. Chia dung dch Y thnh hai phn bng
nhau:
- Phn 1 cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d thu c 10,80 gam Ag.
- Thy phn hon ton phn 2 (un vi dung dch H2SO4 d), sau trung ha v thc hin phn ng
trng gng thu c 19,44 gam Ag.
Gi tr ca m l
A. 31,32.
B. 30,96.
C. 15,66.
D. 15,48.
Hng Dn
- Phn 1:
t s mol cc cht trong 1/2X l Saccarozo : x(mol) ; Mantozo : y(mol); Glucozo : x + y(mol)
n A g 1 0 , 8 : 1 0 8 0 , 1( m o l )
Mantozo 2Ag (1)

Glucozo 2Ag (2)
T (1) v (2) y x
- Phn 2:
y 0 ,1 : 2 x 2 y 0 , 0 5 ( I )
n Ag 1 9 , 4 4 : 1 0 8 0 ,1 8 ( m o l )
Saccarozo + H2O 2C6H12O6 (3)

Mantozo + H2O 2C6H12O6 (4)
C6H12O6 2Ag (5)
23
Theo (5)
nC
H 12 O 6
0 ,1 8 : 2 0 , 0 9 ( m o l )
2 x 2 y x y 0 , 0 9 x y 0 , 0 3( II )
T hp (I) v (II) x = 0,01(mol); y = 0,02(mol)

m 2 .(3 4 2 .0 , 0 1 3 4 2 .0 , 0 2 1 8 0 .0 , 0 3) 3 1, 3 2 ( g a m )
p n A
Bi 15: Hn hp X gm m1 gam mantozo v m2 gam tinh bt. Chia X lm hai phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1: Ha tan trong nc d, lc ly dung dch ri cho phn ng ht vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d
thu c 0,03 mol Ag.
- Phn 2: un nng vi dung dch H2SO4 long thc hin phn ng thy phn hon ton. Hn hp
sau phn ng c trung ha bi NaOH sau cho ton b sn phm thu c tc dng ht vi dung
dch AgNO3/NH3 d thu c 0,11 mol Ag. Gi tr m1 v m2 ln lt l
A. 10,26 v 8,1.
B. 5,13 v 8,1.
C. 10,26 v 4,05.
D. 5,13 v 4,05.
Hng Dn
- Phn 1:
Mantozo 2Ag (1)
n M a n to z o 0 , 0 3 : 2 0 , 0 1 5 ( m o l )
- Phn 2:
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O H nC6H12O6 (2)
C12H22O11 + H2O H 2C6H12O6 (3)
C6H12O6 2Ag (4)
Theo (4) n C H O 0 , 1 1 : 2 0 , 0 5 5 ( m o l )
Theo (2) v (3)
12
nC
H 12 O 6 ( 2 )
0 , 0 5 5 0 , 0 1 5 .2 0 , 0 2 5 ( m o l )
ntinh bt = 0,025(mol)
m 1 2 .3 4 2 .0 , 0 1 5 1 0 , 2 6 ( g a m ); m 2 2 .1 6 2 .0 , 0 2 5 8 ,1( g a m )
p n A
Bi 16: Chia hn hp X gm glucozo v mantozo thnh hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: Ha tan hon ton vo nc ri ly dung dch cho tc dng vi AgNO3/NH3 d c 0,02
mol Ag.
- Phn 2: un nng vi dung dch H2SO4 long. Hn hp sau phn ng c trung ha bi NaOH sau
cho ton b sn phm thu c tc dng ht vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d thu c 0,03 mol Ag.
S mol ca glucozo v mantozo trong X ln lt l
A. 0,01 v 0,01.
B. 0,005 v 0,005.
C. 0,0075 v 0,0025.
D. 0,0035 v
0,0035.
Hng Dn
- Phn 1:
t s mol cc cht trong 1/2X l C6H12O6 : x(mol) ; C12H22O11 : y(mol)
Glucozo 2Ag (1)
Mantozo 2Ag (2)
Theo (1), (2) x y 0 , 0 2 : 2 x y 0 , 0 1( I )
- Phn 2:
Mantozo + H2O 2C6H12O6 (3)
C6H12O6 2Ag (4)
Theo (4) n C H O 0 , 0 3 : 2 0 , 0 1 5 ( m o l )
12
x 2 y 0 , 0 1 5 ( II )
T hp (I) v (II) x y 0 , 0 0 5 ( m o l )
S mol cc cht trong X l Glucozo : 0,01(mol); Mantozo : 0,01(mol)
24
p n A
Bi 17.(KB-2011): Thu phn hn hp gm 0,02 mol saccaroz v 0,01 mol mantoz mt thi gian thu
c dung dch X (hiu sut phn ng thy phn mi cht u l 75%). Khi cho ton b X tc dng
vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 th lng Ag thu c l
A. 0,090 mol.
B. 0,12 mol.
C. 0,095 mol.
D. 0,06 mol.
Hng Dn
Saccarozo + H2O H 2C6H12O6 (1)
Mantozo + H2O H 2C6H12O6 (2)
X gm n C H O 2 .( 0 , 0 2 0 , 0 1) .0 , 7 5 0 , 0 4 5 ( m o l ) ; Saccarozod : 0,02.0,25 = 0,005(mol);
mantozod : 0,01.0,25 = 0,0025(mol)
C6H12O6 2Ag (3)
Mantozo 2Ag (4)
Theo (3), (4) n A g 2 .( 0 , 0 4 5 0 , 0 0 2 5 ) 0 , 0 9 5 ( m o l )
12
p n C
Bi 18.(KB-2012): Thy phn hn hp gm 0,01 mol saccaroz v 0,02 mol mantoz trong mi
trng axit, vi hiu sut u l 60% theo mi cht, thu c dung dch X. Trung ha dung dch X,
thu c dung dch Y, sau cho ton b Y tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3,
thu c m gam Ag. Gi tr ca m l
A. 6,480.
B. 9,504.
C. 8,208.
D. 7,776.
Hng Dn
Saccarozo + H2O H 2C6H12O6 (1)
Mantozo + H2O H 2C6H12O6 (2)
X gm n C H O 2 .( 0 , 0 2 0 , 0 1) .0 , 6 0 , 0 3 6 ( m o l ) ; Saccarozod : 0,01.0,4 = 0,004(mol);
mantozod : 0,02.0,4 = 0,008(mol)
C6H12O6 2Ag (3)
Mantozo 2Ag (4)
Theo (3), (4) n A g 2 .( 0 , 0 3 6 0 , 0 0 8 ) 0 , 0 8 8 ( m o l ) m 1 0 8 .0 , 0 8 8 9 , 5 0 4 ( g a m )
12
p n B
Dng 3: Tng hp cc cht t cacbohidrat

I. C s l thuyt v mt s lu
S to thnh tinh bt trong cy xanh
s
6nCO2 + 5nH2O Clo roa
(C6H10O5)n + 6nO2
p h in
iu ch glucozo t tinh bt, xenlulozo

(C6H10O5)n + nH2O H
nC6H12O6.
t
Phn ng ln men:
Men ru
+ C6H12O6 (glucozo)
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Men lactic
+ C6H12O6 (glucozo)
2CH3CH(OH)COOH (Axit lactic)
Tng hp xenlulozo trinitrat; xenlulozo iaxxetat v xenlulozo triaxetat
+ [ C 6 H 7 O 2 ( O H ) 3 ] n 3 n H N O 3 HS O, t [ C 6 H 7 O 2 ( O N O 2 ) 3 ] n 3 n H 2 O
0
[C 6 H 7 O 2 (O H ) 3 ]n 2 n ( C H 3C O ) 2 O
[ C 6 H 7 O 2 ( O H )( O O C C H 3 ) 2 ] n 2 n C H 3 C O O H
xt , t
+ [ C 6 H 7 O 2 ( O H ) 3 ] n 3 n ( C H 3 C O ) 2 O xt,t
[C 6 H 7 O2 (O O C C H 3 )3 ]n 3 nC H 3C O O H
n gin cho vic tnh ton, nn:
* S dng s phn ng thay cho vic vit phng trnh ha hc.
25
Trong qu trnh tnh ton, h s polime ha s trit tiu, v vy n gin cho vic tnh ton,
nn chn h s polime ha n = 1.
II. Bi tp
Bi 1: Cho xenlulozo phn ng vi anhidrit axetic (xt, t0) thu c 12,0 gam hn hp X (gm xenlulozo
triaxetat, xenlulozo diaxetat v 4,2 gam CH3COOH). Thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca
xenlulozo triaxetat c trong X l
A. 45,26%.
B. 39,87%.
C. 24,0%.
D. 41,0%.
Hng Dn
*
[C 6 H 7 O 2 (O H ) 3 ]n 2 n (C H 3C O ) 2 O
[ C 6 H 7 O 2 ( O H )( O O C C H 3 ) 2 ] n 2 n C H 3 C O O H
xt ,t
2x
mol
[C 6 H 7 O 2 (O H ) 3 ]n 3 n (C H 3C O ) 2 O
[C 6 H 7 O 2 (O O C C H 3 ) 3 ] n 3 n C H 3C O O H
x t ,t
3y
mol
2 x 3 y 4, 2 : 60 2 x 3 y 0, 07 ( I )
2 4 6 x 2 8 8 y 7 , 8 ( II )
T hp (I) v (II)
%mxenlulozo triaxetat =
x = 0,02(mol); y = 0,01(mol)
2 8 8 .0 , 0 1
.1 0 0 2 4 , 0 0 %
12
p n C
Bi 2(CD-08): T 16,20 tn xenlulozo ngi ta sn xut c m tn xenlulozo trinitrat (bit hiu sut
phn ng tnh theo xenlulozo l 90%). Gi tr ca m l
A. 26,73.
B. 33,00.
C. 25,46.
D. 29,70.
Hng Dn
H S O ,t
2
4
[C 6 H 7 O 2 (O H ) 3 ]n 3 n H N O 3
[C 6 H 7 O 2 (O N O 2 ) 3 ]n 3 n H 2O
16, 2
.2 9 7 .0 , 9 2 6 , 7 3 ( g a m )
162
p n A
Bi 3(KB-08): Th tch dung dch HNO3 67,5% (khi lng ring l 1,5g/ml) cn dng tc dng vi
xenlulozo to thnh 89,1 kg xenlulozo trinitrat l (bit lng HNO3 b hao ht l 20%)
A. 55 lt.
B. 81 lt.
C. 49 lt.
D. 70 lt.
Hng Dn
H S O ,t
2
4
[C 6 H 7 O 2 (O H ) 3 ]n 3 n H N O 3
[C 6 H 7 O 2 (O N O 2 ) 3 ]n 3 n H 2O
nHNO
3
8 9 ,1
.3 .
297
6 3 .1, 1 2 5 .1 0 0
100
1,1 2 5 ( k m o l )
80
7 0 ( lit )
6 7 , 5 .1, 5
p n D
Bi 4(KA-07): Cho m gam tinh bt ln men thnh ancol (ru) etylic vi hiu sut 81%. Ton b lng
CO2 sinh ra c hp th hon ton va dung dch Ca(OH)2, thu c 550 gam kt ta v dung dch X.
un k dung dch X thu thm c 100 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 550.
B. 810.
C. 650.
D. 750.
Hng Dn
H
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O
nC6H12O6 (1)
t
2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (2)

C6H12O6
CaCO3 + H2O (3)
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
Ca(HCO3)2 (4)
2CO2 + Ca(OH)2
26
C a ( H C O 3 ) 2 C a C O 3 C O 2 H 2 O
t
nC aC O
(5)
1 0 0 : 1 0 0 1( m o l ) ; n C a C O
T (3), (4), (5)

nCO
(2)
nCO
(3)
(5)
5 5 0 : 1 0 0 5, 5(m o l )
1 .2 5 , 5 7 , 5 ( m o l )
(3 4 )
7, 5(m ol)
Theo (1), (2)
7, 5
mtinh bt =
.1 6 2 .
100
750( gam)
81
p n D
Bi 5: Tinh bt c to thnh trong cy xanh nh qu trnh quang hp t CO2 v hi nc. Bit rng
CO2 chim 0,03% th tch khng kh. Mun c 40,5 gam tinh bt th th tch khng kh (ktc) ti thiu
cn dng cung cp lng CO2 cho phn ng quang hp l
A. 112.000 lt.
B. 56.000 lt.
C. 11.200 lt.
D. 33,6 lt.
Hng Dn
(C6H10O5)n + 6nO2
6nCO2 + 5nH2O
nCO 6 .
2
40, 5
1, 5 ( m o l )
162
Vkhng kh = 1, 5 .2 2 , 4 .
100
1 1 2 0 0 0 ( lit )
0, 03
p n A
Bi 6: Khi lng glucozo cn iu ch 0,138 lt ancol etylic (D=0,8 g/ml), vi hiu sut 80% l
A. 270 gam.
B. 216 gam.
C. 172,8 gam.
D. 180 gam.
Hng Dn
nC
2 H 5O H
0 ,1 3 8 .0 , 8 .1 0 0 0
C6H12O6
mC
2, 4(m ol )
46
6 H 12 O 6
2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (1)
2, 4
.1 8 0 .
100
270( gam )
80
p n A
Bi 7: Ngi ta iu ch ancol etylic bng phng php ln men glucozo, thu c 90ml ru etylic
34,50 (bit D C H O H 0 , 8 g / m l ) v V lt kh CO2 (ktc). Gi thit rng hiu sut qu trnh ln men t
100%. Gi tr ca V l
A. 15,12.
B. 12,096.
C. 6,048.
D. 7,56.
Hng Dn
2
nC
H 5O H
3 4 , 5 .9 0 .0 , 8
0, 54(m ol )
1 0 0 .4 6
C6H12O6
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
n C O 0 , 5 4 ( m o l ) V 0 , 5 4 .2 2 , 4 1 2 , 0 9 6 ( lit )
2
p n B
Bi 8: Cho 360 gam glucozo ln men thnh ancol etylic v cho ton b kh CO2 sinh ra hp th vo dung
dch NaOH d c 318 gam mui. Hiu sut phn ng ln men l
A. 50%.
B. 62,5%.
C. 75%.
D. 80%.
Hng Dn
2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (1)
C6H12O6
Na2CO3 + H2O (2)
CO2 + 2NaOH
Theo (2)
nCO n Na
2
2C O3
318
3(m o l )
106
27
Theo (1)
H
nC
1, 5 .1 8 0
H 12 O 6
3 : 2 1, 5 ( m o l )
.1 0 0 7 5 %
360
p n C
Bi 9: Ln men m gam glucozo vi hiu sut 70%, hp th ton b sn phm kh thot ra bng 2 lt dung
dch NaOH 0,5M (D = 1,05 g/ml) thu c dung dch cha hai mui vi tng nng l 3,21%. Gi tr
ca m l
A. 67,5.
B. 47,25.
C. 135,0.
D. 96,43.
Hng Dn
2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (1)
C6H12O6
Na2CO3 + H2O (2)
CO2 + 2NaOH
NaHCO3
CO2 + NaOH
(3)
n N a O H 2 .0 , 5 1( m o l ) ; mdung dch NaOH = 1,05.2.1000 = 2100 (gam)
t s mol cc mui ln lt l Na2CO3 : x(mol); NaHCO3 : y(mol)
2 x y 1( I )
mdung dch sau = 2100 + 44.(x + y)

1 0 6 .x 8 4 . y
2 1 0 0 4 4 .( x y )
T hp (I), (II)
.1 0 0 3, 2 1 3 2 5 8 x 2 5 7 3 y 2 1 0 0 ( II )
x 0 , 2 5 ( m o l ); y 0 , 5 ( m o l )
nCO 0, 2 5 0, 5 0, 7 5( m o l )
2
0, 75 100
.
.1 8 0 9 6 , 4 3 ( g a m )
2
70
p n D
Bi 10: Cho 9,0 kg glucozo cha 15% tp cht, ln men thnh ancol etylic. Trong qu trnh ch bin,
ru b hao ht 10%. Khi lng ru etylic thu c l
A. 2,165kg.
B. 4,301kg.
C. 3,910kg.
D. 3,519kg.
Hng Dn
n G lu c o z o
85
0, 0425(km ol)
180 100
C6H12O6
mC
H 5O H
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
0 , 0 4 2 5 .2 .
90
.4 6 3, 5 1 9 ( k g )
100
p n D
Bi 11: Ngi ta len men m kg go cha 75% tinh bt, thu c 5 lt ru etylic 460. Bit hiu sut qu
trnh ln men t 80% v khi lng ring ca ancol etylic nguyn cht l 0,8 g/ml. Gi tr ca m l
A. 5,4.
B. 4,05.
C. 3,456.
D. 3,24.
Hng Dn
C6H12O6
2C2H5OH (1)
(C6H10O5)n
nC
2 H 5O H
5 .4 6 .0 , 8 .1 0 0 0
40(m ol)
4 6 .1 0 0
Theo s (1)
40
.1 6 2 .
100 100
.
5 4 0 0 ( g a m ) 5, 4 (kg )
85 75
p n A
Bi 12: Xenlulozo trinitrat l cht d chy v n mnh, c iu ch t xenlulozo v axit nitric. Th tch
axit nitric 67,5% c khi lng ring 1,4 g/ml ti thiu cn dng sn xut 53,46 kg xenlulozo trinitrat
vi hiu sut t 90% l
28
A. 32,57 lt.
B. 40,0 lt.
H S O ,t
C. 13,12 lt.
Hng Dn
D. 33,85 lt.
2
4
[C 6 H 7 O 2 (O H ) 3 ]n 3 n H N O 3
[C 6 H 7 O 2 (O N O 2 ) 3 ]n 3 n H 2O
nxenlulozo trinitrat = 53,46 : 297 = 0,18(kmol)

V
0 , 1 8 .3 .6 3 .1 0 0 .1 0 0
4 0 ( lit )
9 0 .6 7 , 5 .1, 4
p n B
Bi 13: Kh CO2 chim 0,03% th tch khng kh. Mun c lng CO2 cho phn ng quang hp vi
hiu sut phn ng t 100% to ra 8,1 gam tinh bt th th tch khng kh ti thiu cn dng ktc l
A. 22.400 lt.
B. 3.733 lit.
C. 2.240lit.
D. 6,72 lt.
Hng Dn
(C6H10O5)n + 6nO2 (1)
6nCO2 + 5nH2O
ntinh bt = 8,1 : 162 = 0,05(mol) n C O 0 , 0 5 .6 0 , 3 ( m o l )
2
V k k 0 , 3 .2 2 , 4 .
100
2 2 4 0 0 ( lit )
0, 03
p n A
Bi 14.(CD-2011)Cu 32: Ln men dung dch cha 300 gam glucoz thu c 92 gam ancol etylic.
Hiu sut qu trnh ln men to thnh ancol etylic l
A. 54%.
B. 40%.
C. 80%.
D. 60%.
Hng Dn
nC
H 5O H
92 : 46 2(m ol)
C6H12O6
H
1 .1 8 0
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
.1 0 0 6 0 %
300
p n D
Bi 15.(KA-2011)Cu 28: Xenluloz trinitrat c iu ch t phn ng gia axit nitric vi xenluloz

(hiu sut phn ng 60% tnh theo xenluloz). Nu dng 2 tn xenluloz th khi lng xenluloz
trinitrat iu ch c l
A. 2,20 tn.
B. 1,10 tn.
C. 2,97 tn.
D. 3,67 tn.
Hng Dn
H S O ,t
2
4
[C 6 H 7 O 2 (O H ) 3 ]n 3 n H N O 3
[C 6 H 7 O 2 (O N O 2 ) 3 ]n 3 n H 2O
mxenlulozo trinitrat =
60
.2 9 7 2 , 2
(tn)
162 100
p n A
Bi 16.(KA-2011)Cu 48: Ancol etylic c iu ch t tinh bt bng phng php ln men vi hiu
sut ton b qu trnh l 90%. Hp th ton b lng CO2 sinh ra khi ln men m gam tinh bt vo nc
vi trong, thu c 330 gam kt ta v dung dch X. Bit khi lng X gim i so vi khi lng
nc vi trong ban u l 132 gam. Gi tr ca m l
A. 486.
B. 297.
C. 405.
D. 324.
Hng Dn
C6H12O6
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
(C6H10O5)n
CaCO3 + H2O
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
29
Ca(HCO3)2
2CO2 + Ca(OH)2
mdung dch gim = m m C O m C O 3 3 0 1 3 2
2
4, 5
.1 6 2 .
100
1 9 8( g a m ) nCO 4, 5(m o l )
2
405( gam )
90
p n C
Bi 17.(CD-2012)Cu 7: Ln men 90 kg glucoz thu c V lt ancol etylic (D = 0,8 g/ml) vi hiu
sut ca qu trnh ln men l 80%. Gi tr ca V l
A. 46,0.
B. 57,5.
C. 23,0.
D. 71,9.
Hng Dn
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
C6H12O6
nC
H 12O 6
nC
90 :180 0, 5(km ol)
H 5O H
0 , 8 .4 6
0 , 5 .2 .0 , 8 0 , 8 ( k m o l )
4 6 ( lit )
0, 8
p n A
Bi 18.(KB-2012)Cu 44: iu ch 53,46 kg xenluloz trinitrat (hiu sut 60%) cn dng t nht
V lt axit nitric 94,5% (D = 1,5 g/ml) phn ng vi xenluloz d. Gi tr ca V l
A. 60.
B. 24.
C. 36.
D. 40.
Hng Dn
H S O ,t
2
4
[C 6 H 7 O 2 (O H ) 3 ]n 3 n H N O 3
[C 6 H 7 O 2 (O N O 2 ) 3 ]n 3 n H 2O
nHNO
3
5 3, 4 6
.3 .
297
0 , 9 .6 3 .1 0 0
100
0, 9(km ol )
60
4 0 ( lit )
9 4 , 5 .1, 5
p n D
C. BI TP P DNG
Cu 1: Cho 10 kg glucoz cha 10% tp cht, ln men thnh ancol etylic. Trong qu trnh ch bin, ancol
b hao ht 5%. Khi lng ancol etylic thu c bng bao nhiu
A. 4,65 kg.
B. 4,37 kg.
C. 6,84 kg.
D. 5,56 kg.
Cu 2: Thu phn hon ton 3,42 gam saccaroz trong mi trng axit, thu c dung dch X. Cho ton
b dung dch X P ht vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d, un nng, thu c m gam Ag. Gi tr ca m l
A. 21,60
B. 2,16
C. 4,32
D. 43,20
Cu 3: Cho cc dung dch sau: CH3COOH, C2H4(OH)2, C3H5(OH)3, Glucoz, Saccaroz, C2H5OH. S
lng dung dch c th ho tan c Cu(OH)2 l
A. 4.
B. 5.
C. 6.
D. 3.
Cu 4: Cho m gam hn hp Glucoz v Fructoz Tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d to ra 43,2
gam Ag. Cng m g hn hp ny Tc dng va ht vi 8 gam Br2 trong dung dch. S mol glucoz v
fructoz trong hn hp ny ln lt l
A. 0,05 mol v 0,15 mol.
B. 0,10 mol v 0,15 mol.
C. 0,2 mol v 0,2 mol.
D. 0,05 mol v 0,35 mol.
30
Cu 5: Kh cacbonic chim t l 0,03% th tch khng kh. Mun to ra 500 gam tinh bt th cn bao
nhiu lt khng kh ( ktc) cung cp CO2 cho P quang hp
A. 1382716 lt.
B. 1382600 lt.
C. 1402666,7 lt.
D. 1382766 lt.
Cu 6: Khi lng glucoz cn iu 1 lt ru etylic 400 l m gam. Bit khi lng ring ca ru
etylics l 0,8 gam/ ml v hiu sut phn ng l 80%. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 626,1 gam
B. 503,3 gam
C. 782,6 gam
D. 937,6 gam
|p |n
1. B
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. A
6. C
31
CHNG III: AMIN AMINO AXIT - PROTEIN

NI DUNG 1 : AMIN
A. TM TT L THUYT
I KHI NIM, PHN LOI V DANH PHP
1. Khi nim :
Amin l hp cht hu c khi thay th mt hay nhiu nguyn t hiro trong phn t NH3 bi gc
hirocacbon.
V d : CH3NH2 ; CH3NHCH3 ; CH3NCH3 ; CH2=CHCH2NH2 ; C6H5NH2.
2. Phn loi :
a) Theo gc hirocacbon :
Amin bo : CH3NH2, C2H5NH2, ...
Amin thm : C6H5NH2, CH3C6H4NH2, ...
Amin d vng :
,
b) Theo bc amin :
Bc amin : l s nguyn t H trong phn t NH3 b thay th bi gc hirocacbon. Theo , cc
amin c phn loi thnh:
Amin bc I
Amin bc II
Amin bc III
RNH2
RNHR
RNR
R, R v R l gc hirocacbon
V d : CH3CH2CH2NH2
CH3CH2NHCH3
Amin bc I
Amin bc II
3. Cng thc :
Amin n chc : CxHyN
Amin n chc no : CnH2n+1NH2 hay CnH2n+3N
Amin a chc no : CnH2n+2z(NH2)z hay CnH2n+2+zNz
4. Danh php :
a) Cch gi tn theo danh php gc chc :
Tn gc hirocacbon + amin
(CH3)3N
Amin bc III
V d : CH3NH2 (Metylamin), C2H5NH2 (Etylamin), CH3CH(NH2)CH3 (Isopropylamin), ...

b) Cch gi tn theo danh php thay th :
Tn hirocacbon + v tr + amin
V d : CH3NH2 (Metanamin), C2H5NH2 (Etanamin), CH3CH(NH2)CH3 (Propan - 2 - amin), ...
c) Tn thng thng ch p dng vi mt s amin :
Tn gi ca mt s amin
32
Hp cht
Tn gc - chc
Tn thay th
Tn thng
CH3NH2
Metylamin
Metanamin
C2H5NH2
Etylamin
Etanamin
CH3CH2CH2NH2
Propylamin
Propan - 1 - amin
CH3CH(NH2)CH3
Isopropylamin
Propan - 2 - amin
H2N(CH2)6NH2
Hexametyleniamin
Hexan - 1,6 - iamin
C6H5NH2
Phenylamin
Benzenamin
C6H5NHCH3
Metylphenylamin
N Metylbenzenamin N Metylanilin
C2H5NHCH3
Etylmetylamin
N Metyletanamin
Anilin
Lu :
Tn cc nhm ankyl c theo th t ch ci a, b, c, + amin.
Vi cc amin bc 2 v 3, chn mch di nht cha N lm mch chnh :
+ C 2 nhm ankyl thm 1 ch N u.
V d : CH3NHC2H5 : Netyl metyl amin.
+ C 3 nhm ankyl thm 2 ch N u (nu trong 3 nhm th c 2 nhm ging nhau).
V d : CH3N(CH3)C2H5 : N, Netyl imetyl amin.
+ C 3 nhm ankyl khc nhau 2 ch N cch nhau 1 tn ankyl.
V d : CH3N(C2H5 )C3H7 : NetylNmetyl propyl amin.
Khi nhm NH2 ng vai tr nh m th th gi l nhm amino.
V d : CH3CH(NH2)COOH (axit 2aminopropanoic).
5. ng phn :
ng phn v mch cacbon.
ng phn v tr nhm chc.
ng phn v bc ca amin.
II TNH CHT VT L
Metyl, imetyl, trimetyl v etylamin l nhng cht kh c mi khai kh chu, c, d tan
trong nc, cc amin ng ng cao hn l cht lng hoc rn.
Anilin l cht lng, nhit si l 184oC, khng mu, rt c, t tan trong nc, tan trong ancol
v benzen.
II CU TO PHN T V TNH CHT HO HC

1. Cu to phn t :
- Trong phn t amin u c nguyn t nit cn mt cp electron t do cha lin kt c th to
cho nhn ging NH3 V vy cc amin c tnh baz ging NH3 (tc tnh baz ca amin =
tnh baz ca NH3).
R NH
2. Tnh cht ho hc :
a) Tnh baz :
33
Dung dch metylamin v nhiu ng ng ca n c kh nng lm xanh giy qu tm hoc lm

hng phenolphtalein do kt hp vi proton mnh hn amoniac.
CH3NH2 + HOH CH3NH3+ + OH
Metylamin
Metyl amino hiroxit
Amin bc III m gc hirocacbon R, R v R c s C 2 th cc gc R, R v R cn tr amin
nhn proton H+ tnh baz yu dung dch khng lm i mu qu tm v phenolphtalein.
Anilin v cc amin thm rt t tan trong nc. Dung dch ca chng khng lm i mu qu tm
v phenolphtalein.
Tc dng vi axit :
Tng qut :
V d :
RNH2 + HCl RNH3Cl

CH3NH2 + HCl CH3NH3Cl
C6H5NH2 + HCl (C6H5NH3)+Cl
phenylamoni clorua
Tc dng dung dch mui ca cc kim loi c hiroxit kt ta :
V d :
3CH3NH2 + FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3CH3NH3Cl
Lu : Khi cho mui ca Cu2+, Zn2+, vo dung dch amin (d) hiroxit kt ta kt ta
tan (to phc cht).
b) Phn ng vi axit nitr HNO2 :
Amin cc bc khc nhau tc dng vi axit nitr theo nhng cch khc nhau, nh c th phn
bit cc bc amin.
Amin bo bc I :
Tng qut :
V d :
RNH2 + HONO
HCl
ROH + N2 + H2O
C2H5NH2 + HONO C2H5OH + N2 + H2O
Amin thm bc I : Anilin v cc amin thm bc mt tc dng vi axit nitr nhit

thp (0 5oC) cho mui iazoni.
V d :
C6H5NH2
+
HONO
+
Anilin
(NaNO2/HCl)
Amin bc II :
R
05 C
HCl
C6H5N2+Cl +
2H2O
benzeniazoni clorua
R
HCl
NH + HON===O
NN===O + H2O
R
Hp cht nitrozanin (mu vng)
V d :
(CH3)2NH + HONO (CH3)2NN=O + H2O
(mu vng)
C6H5NHCH3 + HONO C6H5NCH3 + H2O
N=O
Amin bo bc III : khng cn hiro lin kt vi nit nn khng phn ng vi axit nitr.
V d :
(CH3)3N + HONO khng tc dng
c) Phn ng ankyl ha :
Amin bc I hoc bc II tc dng vi ankyl halogenua (CH3I, )
Phn ng ny dng iu ch amin bc cao t amin bc thp hn.
V d :
C2H5NH2 + CH3I C2H5NHCH3 + HI
34
d) Phn ng th nhn thm ca anilin :

Tng t nh phenol, anilin tc dng vi nc brom to thnh kt ta trng 2,4,6tribrom
anilin.
Cc mui amoni tc dng d dng vi kim :

C6H5NH3Cl + NaOH C6H5NH2 + NaCl + H2O
(t tan trong nc)
e) Phn ng chy ca amin no n chc mch h :
Tng qut :
C n H 2n3N
V d :
C 2H 7N
15
6n 3
4
t
O2
O2
2CO 2
nCO 2
H 2O
2n 3
1
2
2
N
H 2O
1
2
IV. IU CH AMIN
1. Kh hp cht nitro :
Fe / H Cl
ArNO2 + 6[H]
V d : C6H5NO2 + 3Fe +
c bit iu ch anilin :
C6H6
HNO
6HCl
3
HS O
C6H5NO2
ArNH2
+ 2H2O
C6H5NH2 + 3FeCl2
Fe / H Cl
+ 2H2O
C6H5NH2
2. T amoniac vi dn xut halogen hoc ru tng ng :

o
100 C
CH
OH
RX + NH3
RNH2 + HX
Vi cc t l mol khc nhau, c th cho amin bc I, II, III hoc IV :

NH3
RX
RX
RX
RX
RNHR
(R)3N [(R)4N]+X
RNH2
NH3
NH3
3. T hp cht nitril :
RCN + 4[H]
Na
CH
OH
2
RCH2NH2
B- CC DNG BI TP IN HNH C HNG DN

Dng 1: Phn ng chy
1) Amin n chc
t CTTQ ca Amin no n chc : CnH2n+3N
2 CnH2n+3N +
2
S mol Amin = (
3
nH
2O
n CO
6n 3
2
O2 2nCO2
2n
2n 3
n CO
nH
+ (2n+3)H2O
+ N2
n=
O
2
Amin khng no n chc c 1 lin kt i : CnH2n+1N

35
6n 1
2 CnH2n+1N +
S mol amin = 2 ( n
H 2O
n CO
O2 2nCO2
2n
) v
2n 1
n CO
nH
+ (2n+1)H2O
N2
Amin thm:
2CnH2n 5 N
6n 5
O2 2nCO2
(2n-5)H2O
N2
2) Amin bt k: CxHyNt
CxHyNt
(x
y
4
O2 xCO2
H2O
t
2
N2
Cu 1. Khi t chy hon ton mt amin n chc X, thu c 8,4 lt kh CO2, 1,4 lt kh N2 (cc th tch
kh o ktc) v 10,125 gam H2O. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C3H7N.
B. C2H7N.
C. C3H9N.
D. C2H5N.
Hng dn
n CO
8 , 4 : 2 2 , 4 0 , 3 7 5 ( m o l) ; n
2
1, 4 : 2 2 , 4 0 , 0 6 2 5 ( m o l)
2
Bo ton N
Bo ton C
S C = 0,375 : 0,125 = 3
Bo ton H
S H =
nH
2O
1 0 , 1 2 5 : 1 8 0 , 5 6 2 5 ( m o l)
n X 0 , 0 6 2 5 .2 0 , 1 2 5 ( m o l)
2 .0 , 5 6 2 5
0 ,1 2 5
CTPT ca X l C3H9N
p n C
C}u 2.
mol H2O
N2 G
N2
A. 9,0.
B. 6,2.
O2
C. 49,6.
CO2; 0,7
G
N2
D. 95,8.
Hng dn
X(CxHyN) + O2
CO2 + H2O + N2 (1)
B
nN
O n O 0, 4
2
( kk )
0, 7
2
n O 0 , 7 5 ( m o l)
2
4 .0 , 7 5 3 ( m o l) n N (1) = 3,1 3 = 0,1 (mol)

2
N n X 0 , 1 .2 0 , 2 ( m o l)
C x 0, 4 : 0, 2 2
H y
0 , 7 .2
0, 2
m (1 2 .2 7 1 4 ).0 , 2 9 ( g a m )
|p |n A
Cu 3: t chy hon ton 1,416 gam mt amin no n chc,mch h dn ton b sn phm chy vo dd
Ca(OH)2 d thy sinh ra 7,2 gam kt ta.CTPT ca Y l:
A. CH5N
B. C2H7N
C. C3H9N
D. C4H11N
Hng Dn:
36
Cng thc chung: CnH2n+2-2kNz k 0

Theo u bi amin Y no, n chc, mch h nn k=0 v n chc nn z=1 . Vy CTPT Y c dng
tng qut: CnH2n+3N=14n + 7
7, 2 :100 0, 072 m ol C O
Ta c: n n
CO2
C aC O 3
CnH2n+3N
nCO2
1, 4 1 6
1, 4 1 6
14n 17
14n 17
n 0, 072
n= 3 nn CTPT Y l C. C3H9N
Cu 4: t chy hon ton 8,85 gam cht hu c X, sau phn ng thu c 26,88 lt hn hp kh CO2,
N2 v hi H2O. Dn hn hp sn phm chy qua bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 d thu c 88,65 gam
kt ta v c 1,68 lt kh thot ra khi bnh. Dung dch sau phn ng c khi lng gim 56,7 gam so vi
dung dch Ba(OH)2 ban u. Bit X c mt nguyn t nit, cc th tch kh o ktc. S ng phn cu
to ca X l
A. 9.
B. 4.
C. 3.
D. 7.
Hng Dn
X(CxHyOzN) + O2
CO2 + N2 + H2O
CO2 + Ba(OH)2
BaCO3 + H2O
Theo gi thit n N 1, 6 8 : 2 2 , 4 0 , 0 7 5 ( m o l) n X 0 , 1 5 ( m o l)
2
n CO
m
n B a C O 8 8 , 6 5 : 1 9 7 0 , 4 5 ( m o l)
3
CO2
O (X )
H 2O
8 8, 6 5 5 6, 7 n H
2O
0 , 6 7 5 ( m o l)
8 , 8 5 0 , 4 5 .1 2 0 , 0 7 5 .2 8 0 , 6 7 5 .2 0
Bo ton C, H
x 0 , 4 5 : 0 ,1 5 3; y
0 , 6 7 5 .2
0 ,1 5
CTPT ca X l C3H9N
Cc CTCT ca X l CH3-CH2-CH2 NH2; CH3-CH(NH2) CH3; CH3-NH-CH2-CH3; (CH3)3N
p n B
C}u 5.
1,76 gam CO2; 1,26 gam H2O
C
A. C2H5NH2
C. C2H5NH2
n CO
N2
nN
( kk )
N2
O2
B. C3H7NH2
D. C2H5NH2
Hng Dn
1, 7 6 : 4 4 0 , 0 4 ( m o l) ; n H
ch h
n O 0, 04
2O
0, 07
1, 2 6 : 1 8 0 , 0 7 ( m o l)
0 , 0 7 5 ( m o l)
4 .0 , 0 7 5 0 , 3 ( m o l)
CTTQ s mol c
a 0, 07 0, 04
CnH2n+3N : a(mol)
a 0 , 0 2 ( m o l)
n C n
0, 04
CTPT c
C2H7N
0, 02
n N 0, 3
2
0 , 3 1( m o l)
V 0 , 3 1 .2 2 , 4 6 , 9 4 4 ( lit )
37
|p |n D
Dng 2: Amin tc dng vi dd axit V dung dch Br2

Vi HCl: RNH2 +
HCl
RNH3Cl
Vi Brom: C6H5NH2 + 3Br2

C6H2Br3NH2 + 3HBr
kt ta trng
Phng Php:
1) p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng khi lng: mamin + maxit = mmui
2) Tnh mol ca cht bi cho ri t vo ptrnh suy ra s mol ca cht bi hi => tnh m
3) p dng nh lut tng gim khi lng
Cu 1: Cho 2,1 gam hn hp X gm hai amin, n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng phn ng ht
vi HCl d, thu c 3,925 gam hn hp mui. Cng thc ca hai amin trong hn hp X l
A. CH3NH2 v C2H5NH2.
B. C2H5NH2 v C3H7NH2.
C. C3H7NH2 v C4H9NH2.
D. CH3NH2 v (CH3)3N.
Hng Dn
t CTTQ ca X l R N H 2
+ HCl
Bo ton khi lng

RNH 2
R 16
2 ,1
0, 05
R N H 3C l
2 ,1 m
HCl
3, 9 2 5 n H C l 0 , 0 5 ( m o l)
R 2 6 R 1 1 5 ( C H 3 ); R
2 9 (C 2H 5 )
CTPT ca 2 amin l CH3NH2, C2H5NH2

p n A
Cu 2: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt amin no, mch h X bng oxi va , thu c 0,5 mol hn hp
Y gm kh v hi. Cho 4,6 gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d, s mol HCl phn ng l
A. 0,1.
B. 0,4.
C. 0,3.
D. 0,2.
Hng Dn
t CTTQ ca X l CnH2n+2+tNt
X + O2
CO2 + N2 + H2O
Bo ton C, N, H
0 ,1 .n 0 ,1 .
0 ,1 .( n 1
) 0 , 5 2 n t 4 n 1; t 2
CTPT ca X l CH2(NH2)2
CH2(NH2)2 + 2HCl
CH2(NH3Cl)2
n HCl 2.
4, 6
0 , 2 ( m o l)
46
p n D
Cu 3: Cho 10 gam amin n chc X phn ng hon ton vi HCl d, thu c 15 gam mui. S ng
phn cu to ca X l
A. 8.
B. 7.
C. 5.
D. 4.
Hng Dn
t CTTQ ca X l RN
RNHCl
RN + HCl
m
HCl
1 5 1 0 5(g am ) n HCl
5
36, 5
10
.3 6 , 5 7 3
CTPT ca X l C4H11N
Cc ng phn cu to ca X l
- Cc ng phn amin bc 1 :
38
Cc ng phn amin bc 2:
Cc ng phn amin bc ba:
8 ng phn p n A
Cu 4: Hn hp X gm ba amin no, n chc, l ng ng k tip nhau trong dy ng ng c trn
theo th t khi lng mol phn t tng dn vi t l mol tng ng l 1 : 10 : 15. Cho 17,3 gam X tc
dng vi dung dch HCl va . C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 26,79 gam mui. Cng thc 3
amin trn ln lt l
A. CH3NH2, C2H5NH2, C3H7NH2.
B. C2H5NH2, C3H7NH2, C4H9NH2.
C. C3H7NH2, C4H9NH2, C5H11NH2.
D. C4H9NH2, C5H11NH2, C6H13NH2.
Hng Dn
Bo ton khi lng
n X n HCl
26, 79 17, 3
0 , 2 6 ( m o l)
36, 5
t CTTQ ca cc amin l R1NH2 : x(mol) ; R2NH2 : 10x(mol); R3NH2 : 15x (mol)

2 6 x 0 , 2 6 x 0 , 0 1( m o l)
( R 1 1 6 ).0 , 0 1 ( R 1 1 4 1 6 ).0 ,1 ( R 1 2 8 1 6 ).0 ,1 5 1 7 , 3

R 1 2 9 (C 2 H 5 )
CTPT cc cht trong X l C2H5NH2, C3H7NH2, C4H9NH2
p n B
Cu 5: Hn hp X gm 3 amin n chc, k tip nhau c trn theo th t khi lng phn t tng dn
vi t l mol tng ng l 1 : 2 : 3. Cho 23,3 gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl va , c cn dung dch
sau phn ng thu c 34,25 gam hn hp mui. Cng thc ca 3 amin trn ln lt l
A. C2H5NH2, C3H7NH2, C4H9NH2.
B. C3H7NH2, C4H9NH2, C5H11NH2.
C. C2H3NH2, C3H5NH2, C4H7NH2.
D. C3H5NH2, C4H7NH2, C5H9NH2.
Li gii
Bo ton khi lng
n X n HCl
3 4 , 2 5 2 3, 3
0 , 3 ( m o l)
36, 5
t CTTQ ca cc amin l R1NH2 : x(mol) ; R2NH2 : 2x(mol); R3NH2 : 3x (mol)

6 x 0 , 3 x 0 , 0 5 ( m o l)
( R 1 1 6 ).0 , 0 5 ( R 1 1 4 1 6 ).0 ,1 ( R 1 2 8 1 6 ).0 ,1 5 2 3, 3
39
R 1 4 3(C 3H 7 )
CTPT cc cht trong X l C3H7NH2, C4H9NH2, C5H11NH2
p n B
Dng 3: Amin tc dng dd mui

+ Phng trnh:
3RNH2 + 3H2O + FeCl3 Fe(OH)3 + 3RNH3+Cl+ Lu : Tng t NH3,cc Amin cng to phc cht tan vi Cu(OH)2, Zn(OH)2,AgCl
+ V d: Khi sc kh CH3NH2 ti d vo dd CuCl2
Ban u xut hin kt ta Cu(OH)2 mu xanh nht
Sau kt ta Cu(OH)2 tan trong CH3NH2 d
To thnh dd phc [Cu(CH3NH2)4](OH)2 mu xanh thm.
2CH3NH2 + CuCl2 + H2O Cu(OH)2 + 2CH3NH3Cl
Cu(OH)3 + 4CH3NH2 [Cu(CH3NH2)4](OH)2
Cu 1: Cho 9,3 gam Amin bc 1 tc dng vi dd FeCl3 d thu c 10,7 gam kt ta. CT ca Amin
A. C2H5N
B. CH5N
C. C3H9N
D. C3H7N
Hng Dn:
9, 3(g am ) R N H
3R N H
F e C l 3 H 2 O R N H 3 C l 0 ,1( m o l) F e ( O H ) 3
F e C l3 3 H 2O 3 R N H 3C l F e (O H ) 3
n F e ( O H ) 0 ,1( m o l) n A m in 3 n F e ( O H ) 0 , 3 ( m o l) M
3
A m in
31 C H 3N H
Cu 2: Phn ng ht vi 400 ml dd hn hp HCl 0,5M v FeCl3 0,8 M cn bao nhiu gam hn hp

gm metyl amin v etyl amin c t khi so vi H2 l 17,25
A. 41,4 gam
B. 40,02 gam
C. 51,57 gam
D. 33,12 gam
Hng Dn:
0 , 2 ( m o l)
CH 3N H 2
HCl
m (g am ) h h
400m l
n A m in 3 n F e C l n H C l 3 .0 , 3 2 0 , 2 1, 1 6 ( m o l)
3
F e C l 3 0 , 3 2 ( m o l)
C 2H 5N H 2
RNH
3R N H
H C l R N H 3C l
2
F e C l3 3 H 2O 3 R N H 3C l F e (O H ) 3
d h h A m in 1 7 , 2 5 M
H
A m in
34, 5 m
A m in
4 0, 0 2 (g am )
p n B
Dng 5: So snh tnh baz ca Amin
Phng php: Tnh Baz ca Amin ph thuc vo c im ca gc R lin kt vi nguyn t N
ca Amin.
Nu R l gc y e ( gc no): tnh bazo ca amin cng mnh ( mnh hn NH3)
Nu R l gc ht e ( gc khng no): tnh bazo ca amin cng yu ( yu hn NH3)
V d 1: Cho cc cht:
(1) amoniac. (2) metylamin.
(3) anilin.
(4) dimetylamin.
Tnh baz tng dn theo th t no sau y?
A. (1) < (3) < (2) < (4).
B. (3) < (1) < (2) < (4).
C. (1) < (2) < (3) < (4).
D. (3) < (1) < (4) < (2).
Hng Dn
Amoniac : NH3 ; metyamin : CH3NH2 ; anilin : C6H5NH2 ; dimetyl amin : CH3 NH CH3
Da vo tnh cht trn : anilin c vng benzen(gc phenyl) Tnh bazo yu nht
NH3 mc trung gian > C6H5NH2
Amin bc I (CH3NH2) < Amin bc 2
Th t : C6H5NH2 < NH3 < CH3NH2<(CH3)NH
40
p n B
C. BI TP P DNG
C}u 1: C

amin

T/d dd HCl s

i N
amin

d s
: : 5 amin
CTPT :
A. CH3NH2
B. C2H5N
C. C3H7NH2
D. C4H11NH2
C}u 2: H
L
T/d
dd HC M
Y C
Y T/d 5
dd N OH M

G
:
A. 18,7
B. 28
C. 65,6
D. 14
C}u 3:
D

s
CTPT B :
A.C2H7N
B. C3H9N
C. C4H11N
D. CH5N
C}u 4:

CTPT A :
A. CH5N
B. C2H7N
C. C3H9N
D. C4H11N
C}u 5: T

t amin bc I b
HC
c 6,65 gam mu C
c
c
:
A. CH3NH2.
B. CH3CH2NH2.
C. H2NCH2CH2NH2
2. B
3. B
D. H2NCH2CH2CH2NH2
|p |n
1. B
4. B
5. C
NI DUNG 2: AMINO AXIT

A- L thuyt
1) nh ngha
Amino axit l loi hp cht hu c tp chc m phn t cha ng thi nhm amino (NH2) v
nhm (COOH)
Cng thc chung: (H2N)x R (COOH)y
2) Cng thc phn t
Trong phn t amino axit, nhm NH2 v nhm COOH tng tc vi nhau to ion lng cc. V
vy amino axit kt tinh tn ti dng ion lng cc
- Trong dung dch, dng ion lng cc chuyn mt phn nh thnh dng phn t
3) Phn loi
Da vo cu to gc R phn 20 amino axit c bn thnh cc nhm. Mt trong cc cch phn
loi l 20 amino axit c phn thnh 5 nhm nh sau:
41
a) Nhm 1: cc amino axit c gc R khng phn cc k nc, thuc nhm ny c 6 amino axit:
Gly (G), Ala (A), Val (V), Leu (L), ILe (I), Pro (P)
b) Nhm 2: cc amino axit c gc R l nhn thm, thuc nhm ny c 3 amino axit: Phe (F), Tyr
(Y), Trp (W)
c) Nhm 3: cc amino axit c gc R baz, tch in dng, thuc nhm ny c 3 amino axit:
Lys (K), Arg (R), His (H)
d) Nhm 4: cc amino axit c gc R phn cc, khng tch in, thuc nhm ny c 6 amino axit:
Ser (S), Thr (T), Cys (C), Met (M), Asn (N), Gln (Q)
e) Nhm 5: cc amino axit c gc R axit, tch in m, thuc nhm ny c 2 amino axit: Asp (D),
Glu (E)
4) Danh php
a) Tn thay th: axit + v tr + amino + tn axit cacboxylic tng ng.
V d: H2NCH2COOH: axit aminoetanoic ;
HOOC[CH2]2CH(NH2)COOH: axit 2-aminopentanioic
b) Tn bn h thng: axit + v tr ch ci Hi Lp (, , , , , ) + amino + tn thng thng ca axit
cacboxylic tng ng.
V d:
CH3CH(NH2)COOH : axit -aminopropionic
H2N[CH2]5COOH
: axit -aminocaproic
H2N[CH2]6COOH : axit -amantoic
c) Tn thng thng: cc amino axit thin nhin (-amino axit) u c tn thng.
V d: H2NCH2COOH c tn thng l glyxin (Gly) hay glicocol
Tn gi ca mt s - amino axit
C
H2N- CH2 -COOH
CH3 CH(NH2) - COOH
thng
T
ng
K
hiu
Axit aminoetanoic
Axit aminoaxetic
Glyxin
Gly
Axit- 2
Axit - aminopropanoic
Alanin
Ala
Axit aminoisovaleric
Valin
Val
Tyrosin
Tyr
Axit
Axit
Glu
2 - aminopentanioic
glutamic
aminopropanoic
(CH3)2 CH CH(NH)2 -COOH
Axit - 2 amino -3 Metylbutanoic
HO
CH2 CH
COOH
NH2
HOOC(CH2)2CH(NH2) - COOH
Axit - 2 - amino -3(4 Axit - amino -

-hiroxiphenyl)
propanoic
Axit-2 aminopentanioic
(p - hiroxiphenyl)
propionic
42
H2N-(CH2)4 CH(NH2) -COOH
5) Tnh cht vt l
Cc Amino axit l:
Axit-2,6 iaminohexanoic
Axit- , iaminocaproic
Lysin
Lys
Cht rn khng mu
V hi ngt, d tan trong nc v chng tn ti dng ion lng cc
Nhit nng chy cao (v l hp cht ion)
6) Tnh cht ha hc
a) Tnh axit
Tc dng ln thuc th mu: (H2N)x R (COOH)y. Khi:
- x = y th amino axit trung tnh, qu tm khng i mu
- x > y th amino axit c tnh baz, qu tm ha xanh
- x < y th amino axit c tnh axit, qu tm ha
Tc dng vi kim loi hot ng mnh
H2NCH2COOH
+ Na
H2NCH2COONa
1
2
H2
Tc dng vi oxit baz

H2NCH2COOH
+ Na2O
H2NCH2COONa
+
H2 O
Tc dng vi dd kim
H2NCH2COOH
+
NaOH
H2NCH2COONa
+
H2 O
Tc dng vi dd mui
H2NCH2COOH + Na2CO3 H2NCH2COONa
+
CO2
+ H2O
Phn ng este
HCl

H2NCH2COOC2H5 + H2O
H2NCH2COOH
+ C2H5OH
b) Tnh baz
Tc dng vi axit
H2NCH2COOH + HCl ClH3NCH2COOH
hoc:
H3N+CH2COO + HCl ClH3NCH2COOH
Phn ng vi HNO2
H2NCH2COOH + HNO2 HOCH2 COOH + N2 + H2O
axit hiroxiaxetic
Tc dng vi dd mui ( FeCl2 , FeCl3 , CuCl2 . . . )
H2NCH2COOH
+
FeCl2 ClH3NCH2COOH + Fe(OH)2 + H2O
c) Phn ng trng ngng
Do c nhm NH2 v COOH nn amino axit tham gia phn ng trng ngng to thnh polime
thuc loi poliamit
Trong phn ng ny, OH ca nhm COOH phn t axit ny kt hp vi H ca nhm NH2
phn t axit kia to thnh nc v sinh ra polime
- V d:
7) ng dng
Amino axit thin nhin (hu ht l -amino axit) l c s kin to nn cc loi protein ca c
th sng
43
Mui mononatri ca axit glutamic c dng lm m chnh (hay bt ngt)

Axit -aminocaproic v axit -aminoenantoic l nguyn liu sn xut t tng hp (nilon 6 v
nilon 7)
Axit glutamic l thuc h tr thn kinh, methionin (CH3SCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH) l thuc
b gan

Dng 1: Tc dng dd Axit hoc Baz
1) Amino axit n gin nht dng : H2N-R-COOH
+ Vi axt HCl:
H2N R COOH + HCl ClH3N R COOH
R + 61
R+ 97,5
+ Vi baz NaOH:
H2N R COOH+ NaOH H2N R COONa+ H2O
R + 61
R+ 83
2) Amino axit phc tp: (H2N)a R (COOH)b
Tc dng vi NaOH:.
Phng trnh phn ng: (H2N)a R (COOH)b + bNaOH (H2N)a R (COONa)b + bH2O
n N aO H
= b = s nhm chc axit ( COOH)
n a m in
Tc dng vi HCl
Ptpu: (H2N)a R (COOH)b + aHCl (ClH3N)a R (COOH)b
n HCl
n a m in
= a = s nhm chc bazo (NH2)
Lu : khng ch aminoaxxit c tnh lng tnh m mui amoni dng RCOONH4 cng c tnh
lng tnh.
Cu 1: Cho 0,1 mol H2NRCOOH P ht vi dd HCl to 11,15 gam mui . Tn ca amino l:
A. Glixin
B. Alanin
C. Phenyl alanin
D. Acid glutamic
Hng Dn:
ta c khi lng mol
-amino acid dng H2NRCOOH=
1 1,1 5 0 ,1 .3 6 , 5
75g / m ol
0 ,1
Nn 16 + R + 45 = 75 R= 14: -CH2 Vy Cng thc ca amino acid l: H2N-CH2-COOH

Cu 2: Cho 0,02 mol amino axit X tc dung va vi dd HCl 0,1M c 3,67 gam mui khan . Mt
khc 0,02 mol X tc dng va vi 40 gam dd NaOH 4% . CT ca X l:
A. (H2N)2C3H5COOH
B. H2NC2C2H3(COOH)2
C. H2NC3H6COOH
D. H2NC3H5(COOH)2
Hng Dn:
n HCl =0,2. 0,1 = 0,02 mol = n N H
Theo gi thit trong 1 mol nhm amino acid X= 0,02 : 0,02 = 1 mol nhm NH2
2
Khi lng 1 mol X=
3, 6 7 0 , 0 2 .3 6 , 5
147g / m ol
0, 02
n C O O H n N a O H 4 0 .0 , 0 4 : 4 0 0 , 0 4 m o l C O O H
Nn s nhm COOH c trong phn t X = 0,04: 0,02= 2 nhm COOH X l acid glutamic.
44
C}u 3: Cho 100ml dung dch nng 0,3M ca aminoaxit no X phn ng va vi 48ml dung dch
NaOH 1,25M, sau em c cn dung dch thu c 5,31 gam mui khan. Nu cho 100ml dung dch
trn tc dng vi dung dch HCl va ri em c cn s thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
A. 3,765gam.
B. 5,085gam.
C. 5,505 gam.
D. 4,185 gam.
Hng Dn
n X 0 ,1 .0 , 3 0 , 0 3 ( m o l); n N a O H 0 , 0 4 8 .1, 2 5 0 , 0 6 ( m o l)
n N a O H 2 n X X c 2 nhm COOH
Bo ton khi lng m X 4 0 .0 , 0 6 5 , 3 1 1 8 .0 , 0 6 m X 3, 9 9 ( g a m )
Bo ton khi lng 3, 9 9 0 , 0 3 .3 6 , 5 mmui mmui = 5,085 (gam)
p n B
Cu 4: Cho m gam hn hp hai -aminoaxit no u c cha mt chc cacboxyl v mt chc amino tc
dng vi 110ml dung dch HCl 2M, c dung dch X. tc dng ht vi cc cht trong X cn dng
140ml dung dch KOH 3M. t chy m gam hn hp hai aminoaxit trn v cho tt c sn phm chy qua
bnh NaOH d th khi lng bnh ny tng thm 32,8 gam. Bit khi t chy nito to thnh dng n
cht. Tn gi ca aminoaxit c khi lng phn t nh hn l
A. Glyxin.
B. Alanin.
C. Valin.
D. Lysin.
Hng Dn
n 0 ,1 1 .2 0 , 2 2 ( m o l); n
0 ,1 4 .3 0 , 4 2 ( m o l)
t CTTQ ca X l H2NRCOOH
Coi X v HCl cng tc dng vi NaOH
HCl + NaOH
NaCl + H2O (1)

H2NRCOOH + NaOH
H2NRCOONa + H2O (2)
HCl
KOH
n X n H C l n K O H n X 0 , 2 ( m o l)
t CTTQ ca X l
H 2NC nH
( n 1).0 , 2 .4 4 ( n
3
2
2n
COOH
).0 , 2 .1 8 3 2 , 8 n 1, 5 n 1 1
Aminoaxit nh l H2NCH2COOH
p n A
Cu 5 : Cho 0,15 mol H2NC3H5(COOH)2 (axit glutamic) vo 175ml dung dch HCl 2M, thu c dung
dch X. Cho NaOH d vo dung dch X. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, s mol NaOH phn ng
l
A. 0,50.
B. 0,65.
C. 0,70.
D. 0,55.
Hng Dn
n 0 ,1 7 5 .2 0 , 3 5 ( m o l)
Coi hn hp axit glutamic v HCl ng thi phn vi NaOH
HCl + NaOH
NaCl + H2O (1)

H2NC3H5(COOH)2 + 2NaOH
H2NC3H5(COONa)2 + 2H2O (2)
Theo (1), (2) n N a O H 0 ,1 5 .2 0 , 3 5 0 , 6 5 ( m o l)
p n B
HCl
C}u 6: Cho 0,02 mol cht X (X l mt -amino axit) phn ng ht vi 160 ml dung dch HCl 0,152 M th
to ra 3,67 gam mui. Mt khc 4,41 gam X khi phn ng vi mt lng NaOH va th to ra 5,73
gam mui khan. Bit X c mch cacbon khng phn nhnh. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. HOOC-CH(NH2)-CH(NH2)COOH
B. HOOC-CH2-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
C. CH3-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
D. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH.
Hng Dn
45
n H C l 0 ,1 6 .0 ,1 5 2 0 , 0 2 4 3 2 ( m o l)
X c 1 nhm NH2
Bo ton khi lng
n N aO H
nX
4, 41
n HCl
nX
0, 02432
Mmui = 3,67:0,02 = 183,5
5, 7 3 4, 4 1
1, 2 1 6
0, 02
1 8 3, 5 3 6 , 5 1 4 7
0 , 0 6 ( m o l)
22
0 , 0 3 ( m o l)
147
X c 2 nhm COOH
t CTTQ ca X l H2NR(COOH)2 R 4 1( C 3 H 5 )
CTCT ca X l HOOC-CH2-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
p n B
n N aO H 2 n X
C}u 8 : Cho m gam hn hp hai amino axit (trong phn t ch cha mt nhm amino v mt nhm
cacboxyl) tc dng vi 110 ml dung dch HCl 2M c dung dch X. phn ng ht vi cc cht trong
X cn dng 200 gam dung dch NaOH 8,4% c dung dch Y. C cn Y c 34,37 gam cht rn khan.
Gi tr ca m l
A. 17,1 gam.
B. 16,1 gam.
C. 15,1 gam.
D. 18,1 gam.
Hng Dn
t CTTQ ca 2 amino axit l H2NRCOOH
Coi amino axit v HCl ng thi phn ng vi NaOH
HCl + NaOH
NaCl + H2O (1)
H2NRCOOH + NaOH
H2NRCOONa + H2O (2)
n H C l 0 ,1 1 .2 0 , 2 2 ( m o l); n N a O H
8 , 4 .2 0 0
0 , 4 2 ( m o l)
1 0 0 .4 0
n a m in o n H C l n N a O H n a m in o 0 , 2 ( m o l)
Bo ton khi lng m 3 6 , 5 .0 , 2 2 4 0 .0 , 4 2 3 4 , 3 7 1 8 .0 , 4 2 m 1 7 ,1( g a m )

p n A
C}u 9: Cho 21 gam hn hp gm glyxin v axit axetic tc dng va vi dung dch KOH, thu c
dung dch X cha 32,4 gam mui. Cho X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d, thu c dung dch cha m
gam mui. Gi tr ca m l
A. 44,65.
B. 50,65.
C. 22,35.
D. 33,50.
Hng Dn
t s mol cc cht l H2NCH2COOH : x(mol); CH3COOH : y (mol)
H2NCH2COOH + KOH
H2NCH2COOK + H2O (1)
CH3COOH + KOH
CH3COOK + H2O (2)
Bo ton khi lng
x y
32, 4 21
0, 3(I)
38
75x + 60y = 21(II)

T hp (I) v (II) x 0 , 2 ( m o l); y 0 ,1( m o l)
ClH3NCH2COOH + KCl
H2NCH2COOK + 2HCl
CH3COOH + KCl
CH3COOK + HCl
m m
C lH 3 N C H 2 C O O H
KCl
4 4, 6 5(g am )
p n A
C}u 10: Hn hp X gm 2 amino axit no (ch c nhm chc COOH v NH2 trong phn t), trong t
l mO : mN = 80 : 21. tc dng va vi 3,83 gam hn hp X cn 30 ml dung dch HCl 1M. Mt
khc, t chy hon ton 3,83 gam hn hp X cn 3,192 lt O2 (ktc). Dn ton b sn phm chy
46
(CO2, H2O v N2) vo nc vi trong d th khi lng kt ta thu c l

A. 13 gam.
B. 20 gam.
C. 15 gam.
D. 10 gam.
Hng Dn
n H C l 0 , 0 3( m o l) n N (X ) m
m
C (X )
0, 4 2 (g am ) m O (X ) 0, 42.
N (X )
Bo ton khi lng

t
n CO
1, 6 ( g a m )
21
1, 8 1( g a m )
H (X )
3,1 9 2
3, 8 3
22, 4
80
x ( m o l) ; n H
.3 2 m C O m
2
H 2O
0, 42 m CO m
2
H 2O
7 , 9 7 (g am )
y ( m o l)
2O
1 2 x 2 y 1, 8 1
x 0 ,1 3( m o l); y 0 ,1 2 5 ( m o l)
44x 18y 7, 97
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 + H2O
m 1 0 0 .0 , 1 3 1 3 ( g a m )
p n A
Dng 2: t chy Amino axit
t CTTQ CxHyOzNt
x: y: z :t =
mC
12
mH
mO
Hay x: y: z :t =
16
%C
%H
12
14
:
= nC : nH: nO : nN
%O
16
%N
14
Lu v peptit:
+ T n phn t - amino axit khc nhau to ra n! ng phn peptit v c n2 s peptit c to
thnh.
Cu 1: t chy hon ton mt amino axit c dng NH2-(CH2)n-COOH cn x mol O2, sau P thu c y
mol CO2 v z mol H2O, bit 2x = y + z. Cng thc ca amino axit l
A. NH2-CH2-COOH
B. NH2-(CH2)4-COOH
C. NH2-(CH2)2-COOH
D. NH2-(CH2)3-COOH
Hng Dn
X: CnH2n+1NO2 +
Theo bi ra ta c:
6n 3
4
6n 3
2n 1
O2 nCO2 +
.2 = n +
2n 1
2
H2O
n = 2.
p n A
C}u 2:
2 nhi
kh ng ca X1
A. 80%.
n hp X gm hai amino axit X1, X2 (cha 1 chc axit, 1 chc

cacbon), sinh ra 35,2 gam CO2
5
H2O. Ph
1 m
B. 20%.
C. 77,56%.
D. 22,44%.
Hng dn :
nH
2O
>
n CO
c cho
2
n CO
= 0,8 mol,
nH
2O
= 0,925 mol
2 amino axit no
c t
CnH2n+1NO2
47
,
,
n = 3,2.
: C3H7NO2 ( x mol) v C4H9NO2 ( y mol)

3
3,2
,2
,25
,25
C3H 7 NO 2
. , .
. , .
. ,
= 77,56 %
|p |n C
Cu 3: t chy hon ton mt lng cht hu c X thu c 3,36 lt kh CO2, 0,56 lt kh N2 (cc kh
o ktc) v 3,15 gam H2O. Khi X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH thu c sn phm c mui H2NCH2-COONa. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l
A. H2N-CH2-COO-C3H7.
B. H2N-CH2-COO-CH3.
C. H2N-CH2-CH2-COOH.
D. H2N-CH2-COO-C2H5.
Hng Dn
n CO
2
nH
2O
3, 3 6
22, 4
0 ,1 5 ( m o l); n N
2
n CO n N
2
0, 56
22, 4
0 , 0 2 5 ( m o l); n H
2O
3,1 5
0 ,1 7 5 ( m o l)
18
CTTQ ca X l CnH2n+1NO2
n X 2 .0 , 0 2 5 0 , 0 5 ( m o l)
0 ,1 5
0, 05
CTPT ca X l C3H7NO2
X + NaOH
H2N-CH2-COONa
CTCT ca X l H2N-CH2-COO-CH3
A. TM TT L THUYT
NI DUNG 3: PEPTIT-PROTEIN
PEPTIT
I. KHI NIM V PHN LOI
1. Khi nim :
Lin kt ca nhm CO vi nhm NH gia hai n v
V d :
- amino axit c loi l lin kt peptit.
CH2C6H5
H2N CH
C NH CH2 C
O
O
NH CH COOH
CH2OH
Phe-Gly-Ser (tripeptit)
Peptit l nhng hp cht cha t 2 n 50 gc - amino axit lin kt vi nhau bng cc lin kt
peptit.
2. Phn loi :
Cc peptit c phn thnh hai loi :
a) Oligopeptit : gm cc peptit c t 2 n 10 gc - amino axit v c gi tng ng l
ipeptit, tripeptit,
b) Polipeptit : gm cc peptit c t 11 n 50 gc - amino axit. Polipeptit l c s to nn
protein.
II. CU TO, NG PHN V DANH PHP

48
1. Cu to v ng nhn :
Phn t peptit hp thnh t cc gc - amino axit ni vi nhau bi lin kt peptit theo mt trt t
nht nh: amino axit u N cn nhm NH2, amino axit u C cn nhmCOOH.
Nu phn t peptit cha n gc - amino axit khc nhau th s ng phn loi peptit s l n! .
Nu trong phn t peptit c i cp gc
- amino axit ging nhau th s ng phn ch cn
2. Danh php :
Tn ca peptit c hnh thnh bng cch ghp tn gc axyl ca cc
N, ri kt thc bng tn ca axit u C (c gi nguyn).
V d:
n!
2
- amino axit bt u t u
Glyxylalanylvalin (Gly Ala Val)
III. TNH CHT CA PEPTIT
1. Tnh cht vt l :
Cc peptit thng th rn, c nhit nng chy cao v d tan trong nc.
2. Tnh cht ha hc :
a) Phn ng mu biure :
Da vo phn ng mu ca biure: H2NCONHCONH2 + Cu(OH)2 phc cht mu tm c
trng.
Amino axit v ipeptit khng cho phn ng ny. Cc tripeptit tr ln tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 to
phc cht mu tm.
b) Phn ng thy phn :
iu kin thy phn : xc tc axit hoc kim v un nng.
Sn phm : cc peptit ngn hn (ipeptit, tripeptit,) hoc cc - amino axit.
...H
- 1)H
2N CHCONHCHCONHCHCO ...NHCHCOOH + (n
2O
1
R
+
H hoac OH
H 2 NCHCOOH + H 2 NCHCOOH + H 2 NCHCOOH + ... +

R
H 2 NCHCOOH
R
PROTEIN
I. KHI NIM V PHN LOI
1. Khi nim :
Protein l nhng polipeptit cao phn t c phn t khi t vi chc nghn n vi triu.
2. Phn loi :
Protein c phn thnh 2 loi :
Protein n gin : c to thnh ch t cc amino axit. V d : anbumin (lng trng trng),
fibroin (t tm),
Protein phc tp : c to thnh t cc protein n gin kt hp vi cc phn t khng phi
protein (phi protein) nh axit nucleic, lipit, cacbohirat, V d : nucleoprotein cha axit
nucleic, lipoprotein cha cht bo,
II. TNH CHT CA PROTEIN
1. Tnh cht vt l :
a) Hnh dng :
Dng si : nh keratin (trong tc), miozin (trong c), fibroin (trong t tm).
Dng cu : nh anbumin (trong lng trng trng), hemoglobin (trong mu).
b) Tnh tan trong nc :
Protein hnh si khng tan, protein hnh cu tan.
49
c) S ng t :
L s ng li ca protein v tch ra khi dung dch khi un nng hoc thm axit, baz, mui.
2. Tnh cht ha hc :
a) Phn ng thy phn :
iu kin thy phn : xc tc axit hoc kim v un nng hoc xc tc enzim .
Sn phm : cc peptit ngn hn (ipeptit, tripeptit,) hoc cc amino axit.
b) Phn ng mu :
Protein
Abumin (Protein trong lng trng trng)
HNO3 c
Kt ta vng (do sn phm c nhm NO2)
Cu(OH)2
Phc cht mu tm c trng (phn ng biure)
III. KHI NIM V ENZIM V AXIT NUCLEIC
1. Enzim :
Hu ht c bn cht l protein, xc tc cho cc qu trnh h a hc c bit l trong c th sinh vt. Enzim
c gi l cht xc tc sinh hc v c c im :
+ Tnh chn lc (c hiu) cao : mi enzim ch xc tc cho mt phn ng nht nh.
+ Hot tnh cao : tc phn ng nh xc tc enzim rt cao, gp 109 1011 cht xc tc
ha hc.
2. Axit nucleic :
Axit nucleic l mt polieste ca axit photphoric v pentoz :
+ Nu pentoz l riboz, axit nucleic k hiu ARN.
+ Nu pentoz l eoxiriboz, axit nucleic k hiu ADN.
+ Phn t khi ADN t 4 8 triu, thng tn ti dng xon kp.
+ Phn t khi ARN nh hn ADN, thng tn ti dng xon n.
B. CC BI TP IN HNH C HNG DN
50
Phn peptit, dng b{i to|n c trng nht l{ thy ph}n peptit trong mi trng
axit, baz. l{m tt dng n{y chng ta cn nm vng li nhng vn sau
Khi nim:
- Peptit l nhng hp cht hu c c cha t 2 n 50 gc -amino axit lin kt vi nhau bng lin
kt peptit
- Lin kt peptit l lin kt CO-NH- ca cc n v -amino axit.
- Cc -amino axit chng ta thng gp l: Glyxin(M=75); Alanin ( M=89); Valin(M=117); Lysin
(M= 146) ; axit glutamic ( M=147)
Tnh cht vt l: Cc peptit thng th rn, c nhit nng chy cao v d tan trong nc ( do c
lin kt CO-NH- l lin kt ion).
ng phn:
Xt 2 ipeptit cng c to bi t 2 n v -amino axit l ala v Gly. Ta c 2 peptit khc nhau
l :
Ala-Gly khc vi Gly-Ala. khi thay i bt k th t lin kt no trong phn t peptit ta s c
cc phn t peptit mi.
- Nu c n -amino axit khc nhau th s ng phn i peptit thu c l n2
- Nu c n -amino axit khc nhau th s ng phn peptit cha n phn t n -amino axit l n!.
Tnh cht ha hc:
Peptit cha lin kt peptit CO-NH gia hai gc -amino axit. Lin kt peptit km bn, c th b thy
phn d dng trong mi trng axit v mi trng kim. Phn ng thy phn c th din ra hon ton
hoc khng hon ton.
Phn ng thy phn hon ton l phn ng m tt c cc lin kt peptit u b ct t tr v cc
n v -amino axit.
Phn ng thy phn khng hon ton l phn ng m mt s lin kt peptit b ct t, sn phm
thu c gm c cc n v peptit nh hn..
Trong cc bi tp nh lng chng ta thng xt phn ng thy phn hon ton peptit.
- Phn ng thy phn trong mi trng axit v c long, un nng.
X n ( n 1) H O H n H C l mui
Trong X l -amino axit c cha 1 nhm NH2.
- Phn ng thy phn trong mi trng kim khi un nng.
X
n N aO H m ui H 2 O
Trong X l -amino axit c cha 1 nhm - COOH

Trng hp tng qut hn : X n a N aO H m ui b H 2 O
Trong a l tng s nhm COOH ca cc amino axit trong phn t peptit, b l s nhm
COOH t do trong phn t peptit.
Ch : Cc phn ng thy phn trong mi trng axit v mi trng kim khi un nng thc t
xy ra nh sau :
* Thy phn trong mi trng axit v c un nng :
t
H2N-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-COOH + HOH 2 H2N-CH2-COOH

Sau : H2N-CH2-COOH + HCl ClH3N-CH2-COOH
Cc peptit cha b thy phn cng c th tham gia phn ng vi cht xc tc trong mi
trng axit v phn t peptit cn c u N( cn nhm NH2) v u C ( cn nhm COOH)
H2N-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-COOH + HCl ClH3N-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-COOH
Thy phn trong mi trng NaOH, un nng:
0
H2N-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-COOH + HOH 2 H2N-CH2-COOH

Sau : H2N-CH2-COOH + NaOH H2N-CH2-COONa+H2O
Cc peptit cha b thy phn cng c th tham gia phn ng vi cht xc tc trong mi
trng axit v phn t peptit cn c u N( cn nhm NH2) v u C ( cn nhm COOH)
H2N-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-COOH + NaOH H2N-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-COONa + H2O
t
51
Cu 1. X l tetrapeptit Ala-Gly-Val-Ala , Y l Tripeptit Val-Gly-Val. un nng m gam hn hp cha

X,Y c t l s mol l 1:3 vi NaOH va . Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c dung dch T .
C cn T thu 23,745 gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A.17,025
B. 68,1
C.19,455
D. 78,4.
Hng Dn
t s mol cc cht l Ala-Gly-Val-Ala : x(mol) ; Val-Gly-Val : 3x(mol)
Cht rn T gm Ala-Na : 2x(mol) ; Gly-Na : 4x(mol) ; Val-Na : 7x(mol)
1 1 1 .2 x 9 7 .4 x 1 3 9 .7 x 2 3, 7 4 5 x 0 , 0 1 5 ( m o l )
m 3 1 6 .0 , 0 1 5 2 7 3 .0 , 0 4 5 1 7 , 0 2 5 ( g a m )
p n A
Cu 2. Oligopeptit X to nn t anpha-aminoaxit Y, Y c CTPT C3H7NO2 . Khi t chy hon ton 0,1
mol X th thu c 15,3 g nc. Vy X l
A. ipeptit
B.Tripeptit
C. Tetrapeptit
D.Pentapeptit.
Hng Dn
Y l CH3CH(NH2)COOH
nH
2O
nY
1 5, 3
0, 85(m ol) H
18
0 , 8 5 .2
17
0 ,1
X + (n-1)H2O
7 n 1 7 2 ( n 1) n 3
X l tripeptit
p n B
Cu 3. Cho 24,5 gam tripeptit X c cng thc Gly-Ala-Val tc dng vi 600ml dung dch NaOH 1M,
sau phn ng hon ton thu c dung dchY. em dung dch Y tc dng vi HCl d c cn cn thn
dung dch sau phn ng (trong qu trnh c cn khng xy ra phn ng ha hc ) th thu c m gam cht
rn khan. Gi tr ca m l
A.70,55
B. 59,6
C. 48,65
D. 74,15.
Hng Dn
24, 5
nX
245
0 ,1( m o l ); n N a O H 0 , 6 .1 0 , 6 (m o l)
Gly-Ala-Val + 2H2O
Gly + Ala + Val (1)
Coi Gly, Ala, Val, NaOH cng tc dng vi HCl
NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H2O (2)
Gly + Ala + Val + 3HCl
Mui (3)
Bo ton khi lng 2 4 , 5 1 8 .0 , 2 4 0 .0 , 6 3 6 , 5 .0 , 9 m 1 8 .0 , 6 m 7 4 ,1 5 ( g a m )
p n D
Cu 4. Thy phn hon ton m gam tetrapeptit X mch h thu c hn hp Y gm 2 aminoaxit( no,
mch h, phn t cha 1 nhm COOH, 1 nhm NH2) l ng ng k tip. t chy hon ton hn hp
Y cn va 4,5 mol khng kh( cha 20% O2, cn li l N2) thu c CO2, H2O v 82,88 lt kh N2
(ktc). S CTCT tha mn X l
A. 8
B. 4
C.12
D. 6.
Hng Dn
t CTTQ ca Y l C n H 2 n 1 N O 2
82, 88
nN
2
nN
CnH
22, 4
2
(Y )
2 n 1
3, 7 ( m o l ); n N
( kk )
0 , 8 .4 , 5 3, 6 ( m o l ); n O
( kk )
0, 9(m ol)
3 , 7 3 , 6 0 , 1( m o l ) n Y 0 , 2 ( m o l )
NO2 (
6n 3
4
)O 2
nC O 2 ( n
1
2
) H 2O
1
2
N2
52
6n 3
.0 , 2 0 , 9 n 3, 5
2 cht trong Y l H2NC2H4COOH (A)
v H2NC3H6COOH (B)
p dng s ng cho
nA
nB
4 3, 5
3, 5 3
1
1
Do X c 2 cp aminoaxit ging nhau S CTCT ca X l
4!
2
p n D
C}u 5. Th
t pentapeptit mch h M
m 2 amino axit X1 ,X2

u no, mch h COOH NH2
ng X1,X2 c d
0,1275 mol O2,
ch
c N2, H2O
CO2. G
A. 3,17
B. 3,89
C. 4,31
D. 3,59.
Hng Dn
t CTTQ ca X1, X2 C n H 2 n 1 N O 2 : x(mol)
CnH
2 n 1
NO2 (
6n 3
4
)O 2
nC O 2 ( n
1
2
) H 2O
1
2
N2
n x 0 ,1 1
6n 3
n 2, 2; x 0, 0 5(m o l )
. x 0 ,1 2 7 5
Pentapeptit + 4H2O
5 C n H 2 n 1 N O 2
mX
,X
7 7 , 8 .0 , 0 5 3, 8 9 ( g a m ); m H
2O
18.
0 , 0 5 .4
0, 72( gam )
m M 3, 8 9 0 , 7 2 3,1 7 (g a m )
A
C}u 6. Th
55
G -Ala-Val-Gly trong dung dch ch
N OH
c dung dch X. Cho X dng vi 100 ml dung dch HCl 1M. Sau khi k
n
dch Y C n cn thn dung dch Y
c m gam cht r
G c
A. 11,21.
B. 12,72.
C. 11,57.
D. 12,99.
Hng Dn
n G ly A la V a l G ly
7, 55
hu
c dung
0, 025(m ol )
302
Gly Ala Val Gly + 3H2O

2Gly + Ala + Val (1)
0,025
0,075
0,05 0,025 0,025 mol
Coi hn h G A
N OH
n ng vi HCl
NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H2O (2)
0,02
0,02
0,02
Mui (3)
2Gly + Ala + Val + 4HCl
0,04 0,02 0,02 0,08
Theo (2), (3) C
d
B
n kh ng cho (1), (2), (3):
7,55 + 0,075.18 + 40.0,02 + 36,5.0,1 = mrn + 0,02.18
mrn = 12,99(gam)
D
53
M mch h
c hn hp X gm hai - amino axit X1,
NH2
COOH
n hp X n
c H2O, N2
CO2
G c
B. 1,935.
C. 2,806.
D. 1,806.
Li gii
C n H 2 n 1 N O 2 : x(mol)
C}u 7. Th
X2 u no, mch h
d

O2
A. 2,295.
t CTTQ c
nO
2
CnH
2, 268
22, 4
2 n 1
0 ,1 0 1 2 5 ( m o l ); n C O
NO2 (
3n
3
4
1, 7 9 2
0, 08(m ol)
22, 4
)O 2
nC O 2 ( n
1
2
) H 2O
1
2
N2
(1)
n.x 0 , 0 8
3n
n x 0 , 0 8; x 0 , 0 2 5 ( m o l )
3
(
)
.
x
0
,1
0
1
2
5
2
4
m X (1 4 n 4 7 ). x 2, 2 9 5( g a m )
Pentapeptit + 4H2O
5X (2)
nH
2O
(2)
0, 025.
0, 02(m ol)
BTKL : m + 18.0,02 = 2,295 m = 1,935(gam)

B
54
CHNG IV: POLIME V VT LIU POLIME
A. L THUYT
BI 1 : I CNG V POLIME.
I KHI NIM POLIME.
1- Khi nim.
- Polime l nhng hp cht c phn t khi rt ln do nhiu n v c s (gi l cc mc xch) lin kt li vi
nhau.
- V d
CH - CH
2
H N - [C H ] - C O
p o li e tile n
n ilo n - 6
- Ch s n gi l h s polime ha hay polime ha. n cng ln th phn t khi ca polime cng cao.
- Trong phn ng
H2N -[CH2]5 COOH : gi l monome (phn t nh)
H N - [C H ] - C O
2
: gi l mt mc xch.
2- Tn polime.
Poli ghp tn monome tng ng.
Nu tn monome c hai cm t tr ln th nm trong du ( ).
V d
CH - CH
2
p o li e tile n
2
CH - CH
p o li (v in y l c lo ru a )
n
Cl
55
H N - [C H ] - C O
2
n ilo n - 6
CF - CF
2
te flo n
3- Phn loi polime.

- Da theo ngun gc :
* Con ngi to ra : Polime tng hp, nh poli etilen
* C sn trong t nhin : Polime thin nhin, nh tinh bt, xenluloz
* C sn trong t nhin nhng con ngi ch bin li mt phn : Polime bn tng hp, nh t visco, t
axetat
- Da theo phng php tng hp :
* iu ch bng phng php trng hp : Polime trng hp, nh poli etilen
* iu ch bng phng php trng ngng : Polime trng ngng, nh t nilon 6,6.
II C IM CU TO.
Polime c
- Mch khng phn nhnh , nh amiloz ca tinh bt.
- Mch phn nhnh, nh amilopectin ca tinh bt, glicogen
- Mch khng gian, nh cao su lu ha, nha bakelit
III TNH CHT VT L.
- Hu ht polime l cht rn, khng tan trong nc, khng bay hi. C nhit nng chy khng xc nh.
- Nhiu polime c tnh do, tnh n hi
- Nhiu polime cch nhit, cch in, bn dn, dai bn
- Nhiu polime trong sut, khng gin : thy tinh hu c.
IV TNH CHT HA HC.
1- Phn ng ct mch.
- Cc polime c nhm chc trong mch d b thy phn, nh
Tinh bt, xenluloz thy phn thnh glucoz
Polipeptit, poliamit thy phn thnh cc amino axit
- Polime trng hp b nhit phn thnh polime ngn hn hoc monome ban u.
56
CH - CH
n CH = CH
n
C6 H
C 6H 5
p o li s ty r e n
s ty r e n ( v in y l b e n z e n )
2- Phn ng cng polime khng no.

Cl
CH - CH = C - CH
+ n HCl
CH - CH - C - CH
CH
CH 3
p o li is o p r e n
p o li is o p r e n h id r o c lo h a
3 Phn ng tng mch cacbon.
OH
CH
+ n H 2O
OH
CH
CH2
CH
CH
2
OH
CH 2 OH
OH
V PHNG PHP IU CH.

1- Phng php trng hp.
- L qu trnh cng hp nhiu monome (phn t nh) ging nhau hay tng t nhau to thnh polime (phn t
ln).
- iu kin phn t c phn ng trng hp :
* Phn t phi c lin kt i, nh CH2 = CH2 ; C6H5 CH = CH2 ; CH2 = CH Cl
* Phn t c vng km bn, nh
c a p r o la c ta m ( v n g )
N
O
CH
CH
epoxi
57
Vi d
x t,t , p
H N - [C H ] - C O
2
O
H
c a p r o la c ta m
t capron (nilon 6)
2- Phng php trng ngng.

- L qu trnh cng hp nhiu monome (phn t nh) to thnh polime (phn t ln) ng thi gii phng ra
nhiu phn t nh khc nh H2O.
V d
x t, t,0 p
n H N - [C H ] - C O O H
H N - [C H ] - C O
2 5
2 5
+ n H 2O
t0
n H O O C - C6 H - C O O H
4
a x it te r e p h ta lic
+ n H O - C H 2 - C H 2- O H
O C - C6 H - C O -O C2 H - O
e tile n g lic o l
n
p o li ( e ty le n te r e p h ta la t)
+ 2 n H 2O
- iu kin phn t c phn ng trng ngng.

* Monome phi c t nht hai nhm chc c kh nng phn ng ha hc
nh : - NH2, - OH, - COOH
Vi d
HOOC C6H4 COOH ; axit terephtalic
H2N CH2 COOH ; axit amino axetic
HO CH2 CH2 OH ; etylen glicol
VI- NG DNG.
- Hu ht polime dng sn xut vt liu polime phc v cho i sng
BI 2 : VT LIU POLIME
I CHT DO
1- Cht do.
58
- L nhng vt liu polime c tnh do.

* Tnh do : l tnh b bin dng khi chu tc dng ca nhit, p lc bn ngoi v vn gi
s bin dng khi thi tc dng.
nguyn c
* Tnh n hi : l tnh b bin dng khi chu tc dng ca nhit, p lc bn ngoi v ly li hnh dng ban
u khi khi thi tc dng.
- Thnh phn ca cht do gm
* Polime
* Cht n
Trn 2 thnh phn trn li vi nhau c mt vt liu polime mi c tnh cht ca polime v cht n . Vt liu
polime mi gi l vt liu compozit.
2- Vt liu compozit.
- L vt liu hn hp gm t nht hai thnh phn phn tn vo nhau m khng tan vo nhau.
- Thnh phn ca vt liu compozit gm
* Cht nn : polime l thnh phn chnh (nha nhit do hay nha nhit rn)
* Cht n : si (bng, ay, poliamit, amiang), bt (silicat, vi)
* Cc cht ph gia khc.
3- Mt s polime dng lm cht do.
a- Poli etilen
CH - CH
2
p o li e tile n
2
b- Poli (vinyl clorua)
CH - CH
p o li (v in y l c lo ru a )
n
Cl
c- Poli (metyl metacrylat) hay plexiglas
59
CH
CH 3
x t, t
p
nC H 2 = C
COOCH
CH - C
2
COOCH
m e ty l m e ta c r y la t
p o li ( m e ty l m e ta c r y la t)
d- Poli (phenol fomandehit)

* Dng nha novolac.
OH
OH
OH
C H 2O H
+ HCHO
n
CH
+
o
H , 75 C
- n H 2O
n
a n c o l o - h id r o x ib e n z y lic
n o v o la c
* Dng nha rezol.
OH
OH
CH
OH
CH
CH2
n
CH
OH
* Dng nha rezit.
60
OH
OH
CH
CH
OH
CH
CH2
CH
CH
CH2
OH
OH
CH
OH
II T
1- Khi nim
- L nhng vt liu polime hnh si di v mnh vi bn nht nh.
- Trong t c polime, polime ny c c tnh
* khng phn nhnh, xp song song nhau
* rn, bn nhit, bn vi dung mi thng.
* mm, dai, khng c v c kh nng nhum mu tt.
2- Phn loi
a- T thin nhin
- C sn trong t nhin : bng, len, t tm
b- T ha hc
- Ch to bng con ng ha hc
* T tng hp
- Ch to t polime tng hp, nh t poliamit ( t nilon-6,6 ; t capron),
t vinylic (t olon, t vinilon)
* T nhn to ( t bn tng hp)
- Xut pht t polime thin nhin nhng c ch bin thm bng con ng ha hc.
nh t visco, t xenluloz axetat
3- Mt s loi t tng hp thng gp
a- T nilon -6,6 hay poli (hexametylen aipamit)
61
- l t thuc loi t poliamit, iu ch bng cch trng ngng hexametyliamin vi axit aipic
n H 2N - [ C H ] - N H 2 + n H O O C - [ C H ] - C O O H
2 6
2 4
H N -[C H ] - N H O C - [C H ] - C O
2 6
2 4
+2nH O
n
b- T nitron (t olon)
- l t thuc loi t vinylic, iu ch bng cch tng hp vinyl xianua (acrylonitrin)
n CH = CH
R O O R'
CH - CH
2
CN
CN
III- CAO SU
1- Khi nim
- L vt liu polime c tnh n hi.
2- Phn loi
a- Cao su thin nhin
- Ngun gc : Ly t m cy cao su, cy cao su c tn khoa hc l Hevea brasiliensis.
- Cu to
un nng cao su thin nhin c cao su isopren c CTPT (C5H8)n
CH - C = CH - CH 2
2
CH
Vi n gn bng 1500 n 15000

- Tnh cht
C tnh vt l
* n hi
* Cch in, cch nhit
* Khng thm nc, khng thm kh
* Khng tan trong nc, ru, axeton tan trong xng, benzen
C tnh ha hc
* Tc dng vi H2, HCl, Cl2
62
* Tc dng vi lu huznh (lu ha cao su) to ra cao su lu ha.

Cao su lu ha c tnh cht : n hi tt, chu nhit , lu mn, kh tan trong cc dung mi so vi
cao su cha lu ha.
Bn cht ca qu trnh lu ha cao su : to ra cu ni issufua ( - S S - ) gia cc mch cao su
to thnh mng li.
b- Cao su tng hp
- L vt liu polime tng t cao su thin nhin.
- Thng c iu ch t cc ankadien bng phng php trng hp.
- Cao su tng hp thng dng l
* Cao su buna
n CH = CH - CH = CH
2
xt N a
CH - CH = CH - CH
b u ta - 1 ,3 - d ie n
p o lib u ta - 1 ,3 - d ie n
(c a o su b u n a )
* Cao su buna - S
CH = CH
n CH = CH - CH = CH
2
xt N a
CH - CH = CH - CH - CH - CH
2
b u ta - 1 ,3 - d ie n
S ty r e n
n
cao su b una - S
* Cao su buna N
n CH = CH - CH = CH
2
b u ta - 1 ,3 - d ie n
n CH = CH
2
CN
a c r y lo n itr in
xt N a
CH - CH = CH - CH - CH - CH
2
CN
cao su b u n a - N
IV KEO DN TNG HP
63
1- KHI NIM
- Keo dn l loi vt liu c kh nng kt dnh hai mnh vt liu rn ging hoc khc nhau m khng lm bin i
bn cht ca cc vt liu c kt dnh.
- Bn cht
* C th to ra mng ht sc mng, bn gn chc gia hai mnh vt liu.
* Lp mng mng ny phi bm chc vo 2 mnh vt liu c dn.
2-MT S KEO DN THNG DNG
a- Nha v sm (dn nha)
- L dung dch c ca cao su trong dung mi hu c.
- Khi dng phi lm sch ch dn, bi nha vo d dung mi bay i, sau dn li.
b- Keo dn epoxi (dn kim loi)
- Lm t polime c cha nhm epoxi.
c- Keo dn ure-fomandehit (dn g)
- c sn xut t poli (ure- fomandehit)
n H 2N - C O - N H 2 + n C H = O
x t, t
HN - CO - NH - CH
+ n H 2O
n
CH : MT S PHN NG HO HC THNG GP
1. Nha
a) Nha PE
nCH2
CH2
xt, to, p
CH2
CH2 n
polietilen(PE)
etilen
b) Nha PVC
nCH2 CH
xt, to, p
Cl
CH2 CH n
Cl
poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC)
vinyl clorua
c) Nha PS
nCH CH2
C6H5
Sitren
xt, to, p
CH CH2 n
C6H5
poli sitren
64
d) Nha PVA
xt, to, p
nCH2 CH OCOCH3
CH CH2 n
OCOCH3
poli (vinyl axetat)
vinyl axetat
Thu
P A
ng kim:
to
CH CH2 n + nNaOH
OCOCH3
CH2 CH n + nCH3COONa
OH
Poli(vinyl ancol)
e) Nha PMM (thu tinh hu c - plexiglas)
nCH2
CH3
xt, to, p
CH COOCH3
CH CH2 n
COOCH3
poli(metyl metacrylat) (PMM)
CH3
metyl metacrylat
f) Nha PPF : Poli(phenol - f
Nha novolac ( m
Nha rezol( m
Nha rezit (nh

PPF
dng: nha novolac, nha rezol, nha rezit.
: N d
: N d f
-m
:N
y (150oC
ngu
c nha
2. Cao su
a) Cao su buna
Na,t
nCH2=CHCH=CH2
CH 2
CH CH
CH 2
buta-1,3-
b) Cao su isopren
xt, to, p
nCH2 C CH CH2
CH3
2-metylbuta-1,3-dien (isopren)
CH2 C CH CH2 n
CH3
poliisopren (cao su isopren)
c) Cao su buna S
nCH2
o
CH CH CH2 + nCH CH2 t , p, xt
CH2 CH CH CH2
C6H5
Butadien
stiren
CH CH2
C6H5
poli (butadien-stiren) hay Cao su buna S
d) Cao su buna N
nCH2
o
CH CH CH2 + nCH CH2 t , p, xt
CN
Butadien
CH2
CH CH CH2
CH CH2
CN
acirlo nitrin
e) Cao su clopren
65
nCH2
CH
to, p, xt
C CH2
Cl
CH2
CH
CH2 n
Cl
Clo pren
poli Clo pren
f) Cao su flopren
nCH2
C
F
CH
xt, to, p
CH2
CH2
Flo pren
C CH
F
CH2 n
poli flopren
3. T
a) T capron (nilon 6)
xt, to, p
nH2N[CH2]5COOH
NH[CH2]5CO n + nH2O
Axit - - amino caproic
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
poli caproamit (nilon-6)
CH2
C=O
NH
xt, to, p
NH[CH2]5CO n
Capro lactam
b) T enang (nilon 7)
nH2N[CH2]6COOH
xt, to, p
HN[CH2]6CO n + nH2O
Axit - - amino enantoic
(nilon-7)
c) T nilon 6,6
xt, to, p
nNH2[CH2]6NH2 + nHOOC[CH2]4COOH
NH[CH2]6NHCO[CH2]4CO n + 2nH2O
H
d) T clorin
CH2 CH CH2 CH
Cl
Cl
n
2
Cl2
xt, to, p
CH2 CH CH CH
Cl
Cl
Cl
n
+ HCl
2
e) T dacron (lapsan)
nHOOC C6H4 COOH + nHO CH2 CH2
axit terephtalic
etylen glicol
xt, to, p
OH
CO C6H4 CO O CH2 CH2 O n + 2nH2O

poli(etylen terephtalat) (lapsan)
Dng 1: |c nh monome, h s polime ha, t l s mt x ch ca polime

{i 1: P
d
66
A. (-CH2-CH2-)n.
B. (-CF2 CF2 -)n.
C. (-CH2-CH(Cl)-)n.
D. (-CH2-CH(CH3)-)n
i gii
nMonome
Polime X
M
M onom e
248000
100
CF2=CF2
2480
{i 2( A-08): K
C
A
i gii
CT
-NH-(CH2)6-NH-CO-(CH2)4-CO-]
-
CT
-NH-(CH2)5-CO-]
:
{i 3( A-07): C
P C
P C G
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
i gii
(C2H3Cl)k + Cl2
C2kH3k-1Clk+1 + HCl
3 5 , 5 ( k 1)
62, 5k 34, 5
.1 0 0 6 3, 9 6 k
{i 4(CD-09): T
C
s
A. 453.
B. 382.
C. 328.
N
D. 479.
i gii
nAlanin
X
67
nX
1250
0 , 0 1 2 5 ( m o l ); n
100000
4, 78
A la n in
425
4, 78(m ol )
89
382
0, 0125
{i 5: C
s
s B
s B
A. 1 : 3.
B. 1 : 2.
B 2 trong CCl4 T
C. 2 : 3.
D. 2 : 1.
i gii
CT
s B
-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 )m(-(C6H5)CH-CH2-)n : x(mol)
(-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 )m(-(C6H5)CH-CH2-)n + mBr2

s
mx
1, 7 2 8
0, 0108(m ol )
(1)
160
(54m + 104n).x = 2,844 (2)

T
m:n=1:2
{i 6: K
CO2
d
A. Poli(propilen).
B T
C. Poli(stiren).
D. Poli(vinyl clorua).
i gii
nCO n H
2
2O
CnH2n
{i 7: P
A. (-CH2-CH2-)n.
B. (-CF2 CF2 -)n.
C. (-CH2-CH(Cl)-)n.
D. (-CH2-CH(CH3)-)n
i gii
MX = n.Mmonome M
M onom e
504000
42
CH2=CH(CH3)
12000
68
{i 8: M
C
5
H P
A. (-CHCl CHCl-)n.
B. (-CCl2 CCl2 -)n.
C. (-CH2 CH - )n
D. (-CH2 CH - )n
Cl
CH2Cl
i gii
Mmonome = 35000 : 560 = 62,5 M
CH2=CHCl
{i 9: M
A. Poli vinyl clorua.
B. Poli propilen.
C. Poli vinyl axetat.
D. Poli stiren.
i gii
Mmonome = 937500 : 15000 = 62,5 M
CH2=CHCl
{i 10: K
A. 113.
B. 127.
C. 118.
D. 133.
i gii
T
-NH-(CH2)5-CO-]
133
{i 11: K
s
5
P C
C H s
A. 24000.
B. 12000.
C. 20000.
D. 10000.
i gii
H s
: 62,5 = 12000
{i 12: P
PE P C
A
PE
5
B 5
P C
C 5
H s
D 5
69
i gii
H s
PE
: 28 = 15000
H s
P C
: 62,5 = 12000
{i 13: P
D 5
i gii
CT
-HN-(CH2)6-HN-CO-(CH2)4-CO-]
:
CT
133
-CH2-C(CH3)=CH-CH2-]
s
1544
{i 14: K
5
C
A
z
5
B.
s
D
i gii
z
CT
C6H10O5)n
: 162 = 1000
5
{i 15:
O2
CO2 N
s
A. 2.
B. 4.
C. 3.
D. 5.
i gii
CO2 + H2O
X(CxHy) + O2
C x=4:1=4
VH
2O
6 .2 4 .2 4
70
H y
4 .2
CTPT
C4H8
CH2=CH-CH2-CH3; CH3-CH=CH-CH3
CH2=C(CH3)2
{i 16: P
A. (C2HCl)n.
B. (C2H3Cl)n.
C. (CHCl)n.
D. (C3H4Cl2)n.
i gii
%mCl = 100 38,4 4,8 = 56,8%
nC : n H : nCl
{i 17:
d
M
3 8, 4
12
4, 8
1
56, 8
3, 2 : 4 , 8 : 1, 6 2 : 3 : 1
3 5, 5
C2H3Cl
B
d
H2SO4
N OH d
s
s C
A. CH2 = C(CH3)-CH=CH2
B. CH2 = C(CH3)-CH=CH2
C. CH3-CH(CH3)-CH=CH2
D. CH3-CH(CH3)-CH=CH2
i gii
H S O (1 )
N aO H ( 2 )
X (C,H) + O2
CO2 + H2O
CO2
s
2
H2O n H
CO2 n C O
2
X
Isopentan
=2
2O
7, 2
0, 4(m ol )
18
22
0, 5(m ol)
44
CH2=C(CH3)-CH=CH2
n X nCO n H
2
2O
0 , 1( m o l )
71
{i 18: P
etilen?
A. 5.6,02.1023.
B. 10.6,02.1023.
C. 15.6,02.1023.
D. 1,5.6,02.1023.
i gii
nCH2=CH2
(-CH2-CH2-)n
BTKL m C
2 8 0 ( g a m ) nC
C2H4
280
10(m ol)
28
23
{i 19: K
A. 2 : 3.
B. 2 : 1.
N
-
-d
-N
C. 3 : 2.
D. 4 : 3.
i gii
nC4H6 + mC2H3CN
(C4H6)n(C2H3CN)m
14m
54 n 53m
.1 0 0 1 0 , 4 4 n : m 3 : 2
{i 20:
s
CC 4 T
-d
A. 2 : 3.
B. 1 : 2.
C. 3 : 2.
D. 4 : 3.
i gii
CT
s B
-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 )m(-(C6H5)CH-CH2-)n : x(mol)
(-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 )m(-(C6H5)CH-CH2-)n + mBr2

s
mx
0, 8
0, 005(m ol )
(1)
160
(54m + 104n).x = 0,0075(mol) (2)

T
m:n=2:3
{i 21:
T
P C
CH2-CHC -
P
P C
G
72
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
i gii
(-C2H3Cl-)k + Cl2
C2kH3k-1Clk+1 + HCl
3 5 , 5 ( k 1)
62, 5k 34, 5
.1 0 0 6 6 , 7 k
Dng 2: Tnh lng cht trong phn ng polime
Bi 1(KB-07): Khi trng ngng axit -aminocaproic ta thu c m gam polime v 1,35 gam H2O. Gi tr ca m l
A. 8,475.
B. 9,825.
C. 16,95.
D. 5,425.
i gii
Axit -aminocaproic c CT l H2N(CH2)5COOH
nH2N(CH2)5COOH
[-HN-(CH2)5-CO-]n + nH2O (1)
Theo (1) n a m in o c a p r o ic n H
2O
1, 3 5
0, 075(m ol )
18
BTKL 131.0,075 = mpolime + 1,35 mpolime = 8,475 gam

p n A
Bi 2(KB-07): eluloz trinitrat c iu ch t xenlulozo v axit nitric c c x c tc axit sunfuric c, nng.

c 29,7 kg xenlulozo trinitrat, cn dng dung dch cha m kg axit nitric (hiu sut phn ng t 90 ). Gi tr cua m
l
A. 42.
B. 10.
C. 30.
D. 21.
i gii
[C6H7O2(NO3)3]n + 3nH2O (1)
[C6H7O2(OH)3]n + 3nHNO3
Theo (1) nxenlulozo trinitrat = 29,7 : 297 = 0,1(kmol)

nHNO
nHNO
phn ng
ban u
= 0,1.3 = 0,3(kmol)
= 0, 3.
100
90
(km ol )
73
m 63.
2 1( k g )
p n D
Bi 3(KA-08): Cho s chuyn ha: CH4 C2H2 C2H3Cl PVC.

tng hp 250kg PVC theo s trn th cn V m3 kh thin nhin ( ktc). Gi tr ca V l (bit CH4 chim 80
th tch kh thin nhin v hiu sut ca c qu trnh l 50%)
A. 358,4.
B. 448,0.
C. 286,7.
D. 224,0.
i gii
phn ng:
2CH4
C2H2
C2H3Cl
(-CH2-CHCl-)n (1)
Theo (1)
nCH
nCH
ban u
= 8.
nCH
= 2nPVC
phn ng
100
phn ng
2.
250
8(km ol )
62, 5
16(km ol )
50
V 1 6 .2 2 , 4 .
100
448(m )
3
80
p n B
Bi 4: Poli (vinyl clorua) (PVC) c iu ch t kh thin nhin (metan chim 97 kh thin nhin) theo s
chuyn ha v hiu sut mi giai on nh sau:
5%
85%
80%
Metan 1
Axetilen
Vinyl clorua
PVC.
Mun tng hp 1,0 tn PVC th cn bao nhiu m3 kh thin nhin ( ktc)

A. 7245 m3.
B. 7,245 m3.
C. 3622 m3.
D. 3,622 m3.
i gii
2CH4
C2H2
C2H3Cl
(-CH2-CHCl-)n (1)
Theo (1)
nCH
ban u
= 2.
1, 0 .1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
.
.
.
3 1 3, 7 3 ( k m o l)
62, 5
80 85 15
Th tch kh thin nhin l 3 1 3, 3 .2 2 , 4 .
100
7245(m )
3
97
p n A
74
Bi 5: Thy phn 500 gam poli(metyl metacrylat) PMM trong dung dch H2SO4 long, un nng. au mt thi
gian thy tng khi lng polime thu c l 454 gam. Hiu sut phn ng thy phn PMM l
A. 80%.
B. 65,71%.
C. 9,2%.
D. 90,8%.
i gii
Cng thc ca PMM l
BTKL 500 + 18.x = 454 + 32x x = 46/14 (mol)

46
.1 0 0
1
4
H
.1 0 0 6 5 , 7 1 %
500
p n
Bi 7: Thc hin phn ng trng hp 25 gam vinyl clorua thu c hn hp . Lng hn hp ny c kh nng
lm mt mu 80ml dung dch brom 1,0M. Hiu sut phn ng trng hp l
A. 80%.
B. 65%.
C. 50%.
D. 20%.
i gii
nCH2=CH-Cl
(-CH2-CH(Cl)-)n (1)
Do hn hp sau phn ng phn ng vi r2 vinyl clorua d
CH2Br-CHCl(Br) (2)
CH2=CHCl + Br2
Theo (2)
nCH
CHCl
= 0,08(mol)
75
2 5 6 2 , 5 .0 , 0 8
.1 0 0 8 0 %
25
p n A
Bi 8: Cho 2,24 lt kh C2H2 (ktc) tc dng ht vi HCl (t0, HgCl2) iu ch ra vinyl clorua. au tin hnh phn
ng trng hp vinyl clorua thnh poli vinyl clorua. Tnh khi lng poli (vinyl clorua) thu c nu hiu sut ca
mi qu trnh l 90
A. 5,0625 gam.
B. 5,625gam.
C. 6,2500 gam.
D. 10,1250 gam.
i gii
nC
2, 24
0 , 1( m o l )
22, 4
CH CH
CH
CHCl
( C H
C H C l )n
Theo s nvinyl clorua = 0,1.0,9.0,9 = 0,081(mol)

mpoli (vinyl clorua) = 62,5.0,081 = 5,0625 gam
p n A
Bi 9: em trng hp 10 mol vinyl axetat, thu c 688 gam poli (vinyl axetat). Hiu sut qu trnh trng hp l
A. 100%.
B. 90%.
C. 80%.
D. 70%.
i gii
nvinyl axetat phn ng = nPVA = 688 : 86 = 8(mol)

H
.1 0 0 8 0 %
10
p n C
76
Bi 1 : Tin hnh tng hp PVC bng cch un nng 37,5 gam vinyl clorua vi mt lng nh (0,3 0,7 ) cht
x c tc benzoyl peoxit. Cho ton b hn hp sau phn ng ( loi ht x c tc) vo 2,0 lt dung dch r2 0,1M; sau
cho thm KI d thy to thnh 20,32 gam I2. Hiu sut tng hp PVC l
A. 66,7%.
B. 80,0%.
C. 86,7%.
D. 93,3%.
i gii
Cc phn ng xy ra gm:
nCH2=CH-Cl
(-CH2-CHCl-)n (1)
CH2=CHCl + Br2
CH2Br-CHCl(Br) (2)
Br2 + 2KI
2KBr + I2 (3)
Theo (3) n B r
n Br
nCH
(2)
(3)
20, 32
nI
2
0, 08(m ol )
254
0 , 2 0 , 0 8 0 ,1 2 ( m o l )
CHCl(2)
0 ,1 2 ( m o l )
3 7 , 5 0 ,1 2 .6 2 , 5
.1 0 0 8 0 %
37,5
p n
Bi 12: Poli stiren (P ) l mt polime dng rn, mu trng, khng dn in v khng dn nhit. P c to thnh
t phn ng trng hp stiren. Khi trng hp 10 mol stiren vi hiu sut 80 th khi lng P thu c l
A. 650 gam.
B. 832 gam.
C. 798 gam.
D. 900 gam.
Li gii
nC6H5-CH=CH2
(-CH2-CH(C6H5)-)n
n P S 0 , 8 .1 0 8 ( m o l ) m P S 1 0 4 .8 8 3 2 ( g a m )
p n
Bi 13: t chy hon ton m gam cao su buna ri cho ton b sn phm chy i chm qua bnh ng dung dch
Ca(OH)2 d, dung dch thu c sau phn ng gim 25,5 gam so vi dung dch Ca(OH)2 ban u. Gi tr ca m l
A. 8,10.
B. 6,147.
C. 3, 98.
D. 4,05.
i gii
77
Cao su bu na c CT (C4H6)n
(C4H6)n + O2
4nCO2 + 3nH2O
t s mol CO2 : 4x mol ; H2O : 3x mol
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 + H2O
4x
4x
mol
1 0 0 .4 x 4 4 .4 x 1 8 .3 x 2 5, 5 x 0 ,1 5 ( m o l )
m 5 4 .0 ,1 5 8,1( g a m )
p n A
Bi 14: t chy hon ton mt lng poli etilen (nha PE) , sn phm chy ln lt cho qua bnh (1) ng H2SO4
c v bnh (2) ng 2 lt dung dch a(OH)2 0,65M, sau phn ng thy khi lng bnh (1) tng m gam v bnh (2)
thu c 197 gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca m l
A. 18.
B. 12.
C. 28,8.
D. 23,4.
Li gii
n Ba (O H
)2
2 .0 , 6 5 1, 3 ( m o l ) ; n B a C O 1 9 7 : 1 9 7 1( m o l )
3
Do m ln nht nn c cc phn ng sau

CO2 + Ba(OH)2
BaCO3 + H2O
Mol 1
2CO2 + Ba(OH)2
Ba(HCO3)2
Mol 0,6
0,3
n C O 1, 6 ( m o l )
2
PE c CT (-CH2-CH2-)n
nH
2O
1, 6 ( m o l ) m 1, 6 .1 8 2 8 , 8 ( g a m )
p n C
Bi 15: t chy hon ton mt lng poli propilen ri dn ton b sn phm chy qua bnh ng dung dch nc
vi trong d thu c 6 gam kt ta th khi lng dung dch
78
A. gim 2,28 gam.
B. gim 3,36 gam.
C. gim 6,0 gam.
D. tng 3,72 gam.
i gii
t chy (C3H6)n
nCO n H
2
2O
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 + H2O (1)
Theo (1) n C O n H
2
m CO m H
2
2O
2O
nC aC O
3
0 , 0 6 (m o l)
100
4 4 .0 , 0 6 1 8 .0 , 0 6 3 , 7 2 ( g a m )
mdung dch gim = 6 3,72 = 2,28 gam

p n A
Bi 17: iu ch 100 gam thy tinh hu c cn bao nhiu gam ancol metylic v bao nhiu gam axit metacrylic,
bit hiu sut qu trnh t 80 .
A. 68,8 gam axit v 25,6 gam ancol.
B. 86,0 gam axit v 32 gam ancol.
C. 107,5 gam axit v 40 gam ancol.
D. 107,5 gam axit v 32 gam ancol.
i gii
CH2=C(CH3)COOH + CH3OH
CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3 + H2O (1)
CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3
thy tinh hu c (2)
Theo (1), (2) n C H
n
axit metacrylic
3O H
100 100
.
1, 2 5 ( m o l ) m
3 2 .1, 2 5 4 0 ( g a m )
C H 3O H
100 80
= 86.1,25 = 107,5 gam
p n C
Bi 18: PVC c iu ch t kh thin nhin theo s :

CH4 C2H2 CH2=CHCl PVC
79
Nu hiu sut ton b qu trnh iu ch l 20 th th tch kh thin nhin cha 97 metan ( ktc) ti thiu
cn ly ch ra 1 tn PVC l
A. 1,792 m3.
B. 3476 m3.
C. 3584 m3.
D. 3695 m3.
i gii
phn ng 2CH4
C2H2
CH2=CHCl
PVC
Theo s n C H 2 .
4
.1 0 .
100
62, 5
Vkh thin nhin = 1 6 0 .2 2 , 4 .
100
160(km ol)
20
3695(m )
3
97
p n D
Bi 19: Thy tinh hu c poli(metyl metacylat) c tng hp theo s chuyn ha v hiu sut mi giai on
nh sau:
5%
85%
Axit metacylic 7
Metyl metacrylat
Poli(metyl metarylat)
Mun tng hp 1,0 tn thy tinh hu c th cn dng bao nhiu tn axit metacrylic 80
A. 1,349 tn.
B. 1,686 tn.
C. 1,433 tn.
D. 1,265 tn.
i gii
Theo s maxit metacrylic = 8 6 .
100 100
.
1, 3 4 9
100 85 75
.
(tn)
Khi lng dung dch axit metacrylic cn dng l 1, 3 4 9 .
100
1, 6 8 6
(tn)
80
p n
Bi 2 : T 2 mol etanol iu ch thnh etilen (t0>1700C, H2SO4 c) sau tin hnh phn ng trng hp iu ch
polietilen vi hiu sut mi giai on phn ng bng 85 . Khi lng polietilen thu c l
A. 47,6 gam.
B. 40,46 gam.
C. 77,51 gam.
D. 65,88 gam.
i gii
0
0 C
CH3CH2OH HS O,1 7
CH 2 CH 2
( C H 2 C H 2 ) n (1)
2
Theo (1)
n p o li e tile n 2 .0 , 8 5 .0 , 8 5 1, 4 4 5 ( m o l )
80
mpoli etilen = 28.1,445 = 40,46(gam)

p n
Bi 21: T tinh bt c th iu ch cao su buna theo s v hiu sut mi giai on nh sau:

0%
75%
75%
80%
Tinh bt 9
Glucoz
Etanol
Buta-1,3-ien
poli(buta-1,3-ien)
Khi s dng 24,3 tn tinh bt th khi lng cao su buna iu ch c l bao nhiu (gi thit cao su buna gm
70% poli buta -1,3-ien)
A. 3280,5 kg.
B. 4686,4 kg.
C. 2296,35 kg.
D. 8100 kg.
i gii
phn ng:
0%
75%
75%
80%
(C6H10O5)n 9
C6H12O6
2C2H5OH
CH2=CH-CH=CH2
poli buta -1,3-ien
Theo s ta c m p o li b u ta d ie n
24, 3
162
90
75
75
80
.5 4 .
100 100 100 100
100
4, 686
(tn) 4686,4(kg)
70
p n
Bi 22: Cao su buna c sn xut t g cha 50 xenlulozo theo s :

2)
3)
4)
Xenlulozo (1) Glucozo (
Etanol (
buta 1,3 ien (
cao su buna
Hiu sut ca 4 giai on ln lt l 60 , 80 , 75 v 100 . sn xut 1,0 tn cao su buna cn bao nhiu tn
g
A. 8,33.
B. 16,2.
C. 8,1.
D. 16,67.
i gii
phn ng:
0%
80%
75%
100%
C6H12O6
2C2H5OH
CH2=CH-CH=CH2
poli buta -1,3-ien
(C6H10O5)n 6
Theo s phn ng m X e n lu lo z o 1 6 2 .
mg = 8 , 3 3 3 .
100
16, 67
100 100 100

.
.
8, 3 3 3
54 75 80 60
.
(tn)
(tn)
50
81
p n D
Bi 23: T ancol etylic, sau khi iu ch buta-1,3-ien, ngi ta trng hp buta-1,3-ien thnh cao su buna vi
hiu sut ca c qu trnh l 80 . iu ch c 27kg cao su buna th khi lng C2H5OH ti thiu cn dng l
A. 57,5 kg.
B. 46,0 kg.
C. 36,8 kg.
D. 55,7 kg.
i gii
Ta c s phn ng 2C2H5OH
CH
Theo s m C
27 100
.
57, 5(kg )
54 80
H 5O H
4 6 .2 .
CH CH CH
poli buta-1,3-ien
p n A
82
CHNG 5: I CNG KIM LOI

A. L THUYT
A1- GII THIU CHUNG
I V TR CA KIM LOI TRONG BNG TUN HON
Nhm IA (tr H), nhm IIA (tr B) v mt phn ca cc nhm IVA, VA, VIA.
Cc nhm B (t IB n VIIIB).
H lantan v actini.
II CU TO CA KIM LOI
1. Cu to nguyn t
Nguyn t ca hu ht cc nguyn t kim loi u c t electron lp ngoi cng (1, 2 hoc 3e).
Th d:
Na: [Ne]3s1 Mg: [Ne]3s2
Al: [Ne]3s23p1
Trong chu k, nguyn t ca nguyn t kim loi c bn knh nguyn t ln hn v in tch ht
nhn nh hn so vi cc nguyn t ca nguyn t phi kim.
Th d:
11Na
12Mg
13Al
14Si
15P
16S
17Cl
0,157 0,136 0,125 0,117 0,110 0,104 0,099
2. Cu to tinh th
nhit thng, tr Hg th lng, cn cc kim loi khc th rn v c cu to tinh th.
Trong tinh th kim loi, nguyn t v ion kim loi nm nhng nt ca mng tinh th. Cc
electron ho tr lin kt yu vi ht nhn nn d tch khi nguyn t v chuyn ng t do trong
mng tinh th.
a. Mng tinh th lc phng
Cc nguyn t, ion kim loi nm trn cc nh v tm cc mt ca hnh lc gic ng v ba
nguyn t, ion nm pha trong ca hnh lc gic.
Trong tinh th, th tch ca cc nguyn t v ion kim loi chim 74%, cn li 26% l khng gian
trng.
V d: Be, Mg, Zn.
b. Mng tinh th lp phng tm din
Cc nguyn t, ion kim loi nm trn cc nh v tm cc mt ca hnh lp phng.
trng.
V d: Cu, Ag, Au, Al,
c. Mng tinh th lp phng tm khi
Cc nguyn t,ion kim loi nm trn cc nh v tm ca hnh lp phng.
trng.
V d: Li, Na, K, V, Mo,
3. Lin kt kim loi
Lin kt kim loi l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t v ion kim loi trong mng tinh
th do c s tham gia ca cc electron t do.
A2 TNH CHT VT L CA KIM LOI.

83
1. Tnh cht chung: iu kin thng, cc kim loi u trng thi rn (tr Hg), c tnh do, dn in,
dn nhit v c nh kim.
2. Gii thch
a. Tnh do
Kim loi c tnh do l v cc ion dng trong mng tinh th kim loi c th trt ln nhau d
dng m khng tch ri nhau nh nhng electron t do chuyn ng dnh kt chng vi nhau.
b. Tnh dn in
Khi t mt hiu in th vo hai u dy kim loi, nhng electron chuyn ng t do trong kim
loi s chuyn ng thnh dng c hng t cc m n cc dng, to thnh dng in.
nhit cng cao th tnh dn in ca kim loi cng gim do nhit cao, cc ion dng dao
ng mnh cn tr dng electron chuyn ng.
c. Tnh dn nhit
Cc electron trong vng nhit cao c ng nng ln, chuyn ng hn lon v nhanh chng
sang vng c nhit thp hn, truyn nng lng cho cc ion dng vng ny nn nhit
lan truyn c t vng ny n vng khc trong khi kim loi.
Thng cc kim loi dn in tt cng dn nhit tt.
d. nh kim
Cc electron t do trong tinh th kim loi phn x hu ht nhng tia sng nhn thy c, do
kim loi c v sng lp lnh gi l nh kim.
Kt lun: Tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi gy nn bi s c mt ca cc electron t do trong
mng tinh th kim loi.
Khng nhng cc electron t do trong tinh th kim loi, m c im cu trc mng tinh th kim
loi, bn knh nguyn t,cng nh hng n tnh cht vt l ca kim loi.
Ngoi mt s tnh cht vt l chung ca cc kim loi, kim loi cn c mt s tnh cht vt l khng
ging nhau.
- Khi lng ring: Nh nht: Li (0,5g/cm3); ln nht Os (22,6g/cm3).
- Nhit nng chy: Thp nht: Hg (390C); cao nht W (34100C).
- Tnh cng: Kim loi mm nht l K, Rb, Cs (dng dao ct c) v cng nht l Cr (c th
ct c knh).
A3. TNH CHT HA HC CA KIM LOI
Trong mt chu k: Bn knh nguyn t ca nguyn t kim loi < bn knh nguyn t ca nguyn t
phi kim.
S electron ho tr t, lc lin kt vi ht nhn tng i yu nn chng d tch khi nguyn t.
Tnh cht ho hc chung ca kim loi l tnh kh.
M Mn+ + ne
1. Tc dng vi phi kim
a. Tc dng vi clo
84
b. Tc dng vi oxi
0
2Al + 3O
0
3Fe + 2O
+3
-2
2 A l2O 3
+ 8 /3 -2
F e3O 4
c. Tc dng vi lu hunh
Vi Hg xy ra nhit thng, cc kim loi cn un nng.
2. Tc dng vi dung dch axit

a. Dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long
b. Dung dch HNO3, H2SO4 c: Phn ng vi hu ht cc kim loi (trAu, Pt)
3. Tc dng vi nc
Cc kim loi c tnh kh mnh: kim loi nhm IA v IIA (tr Be, Mg) kh H2O d dng nhit
thng.
Cc kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh ch kh nc nhit cao (Fe, Zn,). Cc kim loi cn li
khng kh c H2O.
4. Tc dng vi dung dch mui: Kim loi mnh hn c th kh c ion ca kim loi yu hn trong
dung dch mui thnh kim loi t do.
A4 DY IN HA CA KIM LOI
1. Cp oxi ho kh ca kim loi
+
Ag + 1e
+ 2e
Cu
2+
+ 2e
Fe
Cu
Fe
[O]
Ag
2+
[K]
Dng oxi ho v dng kh ca cng mt nguyn t kim loi to nn cp oxi ho kh ca kim

loi.
Th d: Cp oxi ho kh Ag+/Ag; Cu2+/Cu; Fe2+/Fe
85
2. So snh tnh cht ca cc cp oxi ho kh

Th d: So snh tnh cht ca hai cp oxi ho kh Cu2+/Cu v Ag+/Ag.
Cu + 2Ag+ Cu2+ + 2Ag
Kt lun:
Tnh kh: Cu > Ag
Tnh oxi ho: Ag+> Cu2+
3. Dy in ho ca kim loi
4. ngha dy in ho ca kim loi

D on chiu ca phn ng oxi ho kh theo quy tc : Phn ng gia hai cp oxi ho kh
s xy ra theo chiu cht oxi ho mnh hn s oxi ho cht kh mnh hn, sinh ra cht oxi ho
yu hn v cht kh yu hn.
Th d: Phn ng gia hai cp Fe2+/Fe v Cu2+/Cu xy ra theo chiu ion Cu2+ oxi ho Fe to ra
ion Fe2+ v Cu.
2+
Fe
2+
Cu
Fe
Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu
Tng qut: Gi s c 2 cp oxi ho kh Xx+/X v Yy+/Y (cp Xx+/X ng trc cp Yy+/Y).
X
X
Cu
x+
y+
Phng trnh phn ng:

Yy+ + X Xx+ + Y
5. Pin in ho
a. Cu to.
M t cu to ca pin in ha: L 1 thit b gm: 2 l kim loi, mi l c nhng vo 1 dd mui
c cha cation ca kim loi ; 2 dd ny c ni vi nhau bng 1 cu mui (dd in li tr:
NH4NO3, KNO3)
Sut in ng ca pin in ho (vd: Zn- Cu)
Epin = 1,10 V
b. Gii thch
in cc Zn (cc m) l ngun cung cp e, Zn b oxi ho thnh Zn2+ tan vo dung dch:
Zn Zn2+ + 2e
in cc Cu (cc dng) cc e n cc Cu, y cc ion Cu2+ b kh thnh kim loi Cu bm trn
b mt l ng.
Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Vai tr ca cu mui : Trung ha in tch ca 2 dung dch
86
Cation NH4+ ( hoc K+) v Zn2+ di chuyn sang cc ng dung dch CuSO4
Ngc li : cc anion NO3 v SO42-di chuyn sang cc ng dung dch ZnSO4.
S di chuyn ca cc ion ny lm cho cc dung dch mui lun trung ho in.
Phng trnh ion rt gn biu din qu trnh oxi ho-kh xy ra trn b mt cc in cc ca pin
in ho:
Cu2+ + Zn Cu +
Zn2+
Oxh
Kh
Kh. yu Oxh yu
2+
Zn
Zn
2+
Cu
Cu
Cht oxi ho yu
Cht oxi ho m nh
t o thnh
Cht kh m nh
Cht kh yu
c. Nhn xt
C s bin i nng cc ion Cu2+ v Zn2+ trong qu trnh hot ng ca pin. Cu2+ gim, Zn2+
tng
Nng lng ca phn ng oxi ha kh trong pin in ha sinh ra dng in mt chiu.
Nhng yu tnh hng n sut in ng ca pin in ha nh:
* Nhit .
* Nng ca ion kim loi.
* bn cht ca kim loi lm in cc.
Trong pin in ha:
* Cc m ( anot) : xy ra qt oxi ha
* Cc dng( catot) : xy ra qt kh
4. Cu to ca in cc hiro chun.
in cc platin.
in cc nhng vo dd axit H+ 1 M.
Cho dng kh H2 c p =1 atm lin tc i qua dd axit b mt Pt hp ph kh H2.
Trn b mt ca in cc hidro xy ra cn bng oxi hakh ca cp oxi ho - kh H+/H2
H2
2H+ + 2e
Ngi ta chp nhn mt cch quy c rng th in cc ca in cc hidro chun bng 0,00V
mi nhit :
o
2H
/H2
0, 00V
5. Th in cc chun ca kim loi

Thit lp pin in ho gm: in cc chun ca kim loi bn phi, in cc ca hiro chun
bn tri vn k hiu in th ln nht gia hai in cc chun: Sut in ng ca pin
Th in cc chun ca kim loi cn o c chp nhn bng sut in ng ca pin to bi
in cc hidro chun v in cc chun ca kim loi cn o.
Trong pin in ha: Nu in cc kim loi l cc m th th in cc chun ca kim loi c
gi tr m, nu in cc kim loi l cc dng th th in cc chun ca kim loi c gi tr
dng
Xc nh th in cc chun ca cp Ag+/Ag :
87
Cc phn ng xy ra:
Ag l cc dng (catot): Ag+ + e Ag
Hidro l cc m (anot) : H2 2H+ + 2e
Phn ng xy ra trong pin: 2Ag+ + H2 2Ag + 2H+
Dy th in cc chun ca kim loi l dy c sp xp theo chiu tng dn th in cc chun
ca kim loi.
6. ngha th in cc chun ca kim loi
Trong dung mi nc, th in cc chun ca kim loi
cng ln th tnh oxi ha ca cation Mn+ cng mnh v tnh kh ca kim loi M cng
yu.Ngc li th in cc chun ca kim loi cng nh th tnh oxi ha ca cation cng yu v
tnh kh ca kim loi cng mnh.
Hc sinh phn tch phn ng gia 2 cp oxi hakh : Cu2+/Cu (E0 = +0,34V) v Ag+/Ag ( E0 =
+0,80V) thy:
ion Cu2+ c tnh oxi ha yu hn ion Ag+.
kim loi Cu c tnh kh mnh hn Ag.
Cp oxi hakh Cu2+/Cu c th in cc chun nh hn ca cp oxi ha kh Ag+/Ag.
7. Kt lun:
kim loi ca cp oxi hakh c th in cc chun nh hn c kh c cation kim loi ca cp
oxi hakh c th in cc chun ln hn.
( Hoc : Cation kim loi trong cp oxi hakh c th in cc chun ln hn c th oxi ha c
kim loi trong cp c th in cc chun nh hn.)
Hoc theo quy tc : Cht oxi ha mnh mnh hn s oxi ha cht kh mnh hn , sinh ra cht
oxi ha yu hn v cht kh yu hn
2Ag+ + Cu Cu2+ + 2Ag
Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2
Kim loi trong cp oxi hakh c th in cc chun nh hn 0,00 V y c hidro ra khi dd
axit HCl, H2SO4 long. (Hoc : cation H+ trong cp 2H+/H2 oxi ha c kim loi trong cp oxi
ha kh c th in cc chun nh hn ( th in cc chun m)
Sut in ng chun ca pin in ha (E0pin) bng th in cc chun ca cc dngtri th
in cc chun ca cc m. Sut in ng ca pin in ha lun l s dng.
Ta c th xc nh c th in cc chun ca cp oxi hakh khi bit sut in ng chun
ca pin i ha (E0pin) v th in cc chun ca cp oxi hakh cn li . Th d: vi pin (Ni-Cu)
ta c:
E
/M
0
Ni
/ Ni
0
Cu
E pin
0
/ Cu
A5- HP KIM
I KHI NIM: Hp kim l vt liu kim loi c cha mt s kim loi c bn v mt s kim loi hoc
phi kim khc.
Th d:
Thp l hp kim ca Fe vi C v mt s nguyn t khac.
uyra l hp kim ca nhm vi ng, mangan, magie, silic.
II TNH CHT
88
Tnh cht ca hp kim ph thuc vo thnh phn cc n cht tham gia cu to mng tinh th hp
kim.
Tnh cht ho hc: Tng t tnh cht ca cc n cht tham gia vo hp kim.
Th d: Hp kim Cu-Zn
Tc dng vi dung dch NaOH: Ch c Zn phn ng
Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2
Tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c, nng: C 2 u phn ng
Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
Zn + 2H2SO4 ZnSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
Tnh cht vt l, tnh cht c hc: Khc nhiu so vi tnh cht ca cc n cht.
Th d:
- Hp kim khng b n mn: Fe-Cr-Ni (thp inoc),
- Hp kim siu cng: W-Co, Co-Cr-W-Fe,
- Hp kim c nhit nng chy thp: Sn-Pb (thic hn, tnc = 2100C,
- Hp kim nh, cng v bn: Al-Si, Al-Cu-Mn-Mg.
III NG DNG
Nhng hp kim nh,bn chu c nhit cao v p sut cao dng ch to tn la, tu v tr,
my bay, t,
Nhng hp kim c tnh bn ho hc v c hc cao dng ch to cc thit b trong ngnh du
m v cng nghip ho cht.
Nhng hp kim khng g dng ch to cc dng c y t, dng c lm bp,
Hp kim ca vng vi Ag, Cu (vng ty) p v cng dng ch to trang sc v trc y
mt s nc cn dng c tin.
A6- S N MN KIM LOI

I KHI NIM: S n mn kim loi l s ph hu kim loi hoc hp kim do tc dng ca cc cht
trong mi trng xung quanh.
H qu: Kim loi b oxi ho thnh ion dng
M Mn+ + ne
II CC DNG N MN
1. n mn ho hc:
Th d:
- Thanh st trong nh my sn xut kh Cl2
- Cc thit b ca l t, cc chi tit ca ng c t trong
89
n mn ho hc l qu trnh oxi ho kh, trong cc electron ca kim loi c chuyn

trc tip n cc cht trong mi trng.
2. n mn in ho
a. Khi nim
Hin tng:
- Kim in k quay chng t c dng in chy qua.
- Thanh Zn b mn dn.
- Bt kh H2 thot ra c thanh Cu.
Gii thch:
- in cc m (anot); Zn b n mn theo phn ng:
Zn Zn2+ + 2e
Ion Zn2+ i vo dung dch, cc electron theo dy dn sang in cc Cu.
- in cc dng (catot): ion H+ ca dung dch H2SO4 nhn electron bin thnh nguyn t H
ri thnh phn t H2 thot ra.
2H+ + 2e H2
n mn in ho l qu trnh oxi ho kh, trong kim loi b n mn do tc dng ca
dung dch cht in li v to nn dng electron chuyn di t cc m n cc dng.
b. n mn in ho hc hp kim st trong khng kh m
Th d: S n mn gang trong khng kh m.
- Trong khng kh m, trn b mt ca gang lun c mt lp nc rt mng ho tan O2
v kh CO2, to thnh dung dch cht in li.
- Gang c thnh phn chnh l Fe v C cng tip xc vi dung dch to nn v s cc pin
nh m st l anot v cacbon l catot.
Ti anot: Fe Fe2+ + 2e
Cc electron c gii phng chuyn dch n catot.
Ti catot: O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH
Ion Fe2+ tan vo dung dch cht in li c ho tan kh O2, Ti y, ion Fe2+ tip tc b oxi ho,
di tc dng ca ion OH to ra g st c thnh phn ch yu l Fe2O3.nH2O.
c. iu kin xy ra s m mn in ho hc
Cc in cc phi khc nhau v bn cht.
Cp KL KL; KL PK; KL Hp cht ho hc
Cc in cc phi tip xc trc tip hoc gin tip qu dy dn.
Cc in cc cng tip xc vi mt dung dch cht in li.
III CHNG N MN KIM LOI
1. Phng php bo v b mt
Dng nhng cht bn vng vi mi trng ph mt ngoi nhng vt bng kim loi nh bi
du m, sn, m, trng men,
Th d: St ty l st c trng thic, tn l st c trng k m. Cc vt lm bng st c m
niken hay crom.
2. Phng php in ho
Ni kim loi cn bo v vi mt kim loi hot ng hn to thnh pin in ho v kim loi
hot ng hn s b n mn, kim loi kia c bo v.
90
Th d: Bo v v tu bin lm bng thp bng cch gn vo mt ngoi ca v tu (phn chm

di nc) nhng khi Zn, kt qu l Zn b nc bin n mn thay cho thp.
A7- IU CH KIM LOI

I NGUYN TC IU CH KIM LOI
Kh ion kim loi thnh nguyn t.
Mn+ + ne M
II PHNG PHP
1. Phng php nhit luyn
Nguyn tc: Kh ion kim loi trong hp cht nhit cao bng cc cht kh nh C, CO, H2
hoc cc kim loi hot ng.
Phm vi p dng: Sn xut cc kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh (Zn, FE, Sn, Pb,) trong cng
nghip.
Th d:
PbO + H
P b + H 2O
Fe 3 O 4 + 4CO
t
Fe 2 O 3 + 2Al
3Fe + 4C O 2
2 F e + A l2O 3
2. Phng php thu luyn

Nguyn tc: Dng nhng dung dch thch hp nh: H2SO4, NaOH, NaCN, ho tan kim loi
hoc cc hp cht ca kim loi v tch ra khi phn khng tan c trong qung. Sau kh
nhng ion kim loi ny trong dung dch bng nhng kim loi c tnh kh mnh nh Fe, Zn,
Th d:
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
Fe + Cu2+Fe2+ + Cu
Phm vi p dng: Thng s dng iu ch cc kim loi c tnh kh yu.
3. Phng php in phn
a. in phn hp cht nng chy
Nguyn tc: Kh cc ion kim loi bng dng in bng cch in phn nng chy hp cht ca
kim loi.
Phm vi p dng: iu ch cc kim loi hot ng ho hc mnh nh K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al.
Th d 1: in phn Al2O3 nng chy iu ch Al.
K (-)
Al
Al
3+
A l2O 3
3+
A (+ )
O
+ 3e
Al
2Al 2 O 3
2O
pnc
2-
2-
O 2 + 4e
4A l + 3O 2
Th d 2: in phn MgCl2 nng chy iu ch Mg.

K (-)
Mg
Mg
2+
MgCl
2+
Cl
+ 2e
MgCl
A (+ )
Mg
pnc
2C l
C l2 + 2 e
M g + C l2
b. in phn dung dch

Nguyn tc: in phn dung dch mui ca kim loi.
91
Phm vi p dng: iu ch cc kim loi c hot ng ho hc trung bnh hoc yu.

Th d: in phn dung dch CuCl2 iu ch kim loi Cu.
K (-)
Cu
Cu
2+
2+
+ 2e
CuCl
, H 2O
(H 2 O)
Cl , H 2 O
Cu
pdd
CuCl
A (+ )
2C l
C l2 + 2 e
C u + C l2
c. Tnh lng cht thu c cc in cc
Da vo cng thc Faray: m =
A It
, trong :
nF
m: Khi lng cht thu c in cc (g).

A: Khi lng mol nguyn t ca cht thu c in cc.
n: S electron m nguyn t hoc ion cho hoc nhn.
I: Cng dng in (ampe)
t: Thi gian in phn (giy)
F: Hng s Faray (F = 96.500).

Dng 1: Kim loi t|c dng vi phi kim.
Mt s v c
Khi cho kim lo dng v
dng t
t
M S
CR
hn
dng vi S.
2)
t r
c bao gm
M S
M
S
Cht r
dng vi dung d
H 2S
c bao gm
H 2
Phng ph|p gii:

- S d
nh lut b
- S dn nh lut b
C}u 1: Hn hp X (gm m1 gam b F

m
d
c hn h Y H
B

2 gam bt S tr
Y ng dung d
khi so vi H2 bng 9). D

t t T
HC d
nhi
c 0,8 gam cht rn A, dung
D i t t qua dung d
C C
y to
Hng dn:
T
c
92
Fe + S FeS
t
FeCl2 + H2
+ HC
Mol
0,1
0,1
FeCl2 + H2S
FeS + 2HCl
Mol
0,1
0,1
CuS + 2HCl
H2S + CuCl2
Mol
0,1
H 2S ( M
dD
9 M
34)
18 2
M
nF
H 2S
9 .2 1 8
0,1
nH
2S
2
2
0 ,1
m ol
18
16
16
1
1
34 18
n H 0 ,1
m ol
= 0,1 mol, nFeS = 0,1mol nFe = nS = 0,1mol
m1 = mFe = mF
+ mF
m2 = mS = mS(p) + m
= 0,1.56 + 0,1.56 = 11,2 (gam)

= 0,1.32 + 0,8 = 4,0 (gam)
C}u 2: Cho 7,6 gam hn hp X gm Mg v Ca phn ng va vi 4,48 lt (ktc) hn hp kh Y gm

Cl2 v O2 thu c 19,85 gam cht rn Z ch gm cc mui clorua v cc oxit kim loi. Khi lng ca
Mg trong 7,6 gam X l
A. 2,4 gam.
B. 1,8 gam.
C. 4,6 gam.
Hng dn
Gi x, y ln lt l s mol ca Cl2 v O2 ln lt l x v y
Theo bi ra ta c x + y =
4, 4 8
0, 2 ( m o l )
D. 3,6 gam.
(1)
2 2, 4
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c : 71.x + 32.y = 19,85-7,6=12,25 (2)

Gii h (1)(2) ta c x = 0,15 (mol) ; y = 0,05 (mol)
Gi a v b ln lt l s mol ca Mg v Ca. Khi ta c 24.a + 40.b = 7,6 (3)
Qu trnh nhng nhn electron nh sau :
93
Nhng electron:
Mg Mg
Nhn eletron
2e
0,1 5
2a
Ca Ca
2e
2e 2Cl
Cl 2
0, 3
O2
0, 0 5
2b
4e 2O
0, 2
Bo ton electron ta c: 2a +2b = 0,5 (4)

Gii h (3);(4) ta c a= 0,15 (mol); b= 0,1 (mol)
m M g 2 4 .0,1 5 3, 6 ( g am )
p n A
Dng 2: Kim loi t|c dng vi dung d ch axit.
Mt s vn cn ch khi gii c|c b{i to|n kim loi t|c dng vi dung d ch axit.
Vi dung d ch HCl ; H2SO4 lo~ng.
Kim lo dng vi dung dch HCl ; H2SO4
ng kim lo ng
H
d

c. Sn ph
c gm mu H2
Mt s kim lo
dng vi dung dch axit HCl;

H2SO4
phn ng v
c , nu kim lo d s phn
ng v
c trong dung dch to ra dung dch bazo.
D

ng mu
c sau phn ng.
+ 71.
+ 96.
Vi dung d ch HNO3.
HNO3

nh g
mi n
O
u h

t ( tr Au
P
T q :
M H N O 3 M (N O 3)n
NO2
NO
N 2O
H 2O
N
2
N H 4 N O 3
( Al F C
n ng vi HNO3 c ngui )
i vi bi ton kim loi + HNO3 th:
ne ne n
NO3 (KL )
mmui = m K L m N O
n HNO
( pu )
1 .n N O 3 .n N O 8 .n N
2
(KL )
m NH
1 0 .n N 8 .n N H
2
4NO3
4NO3
2 n NO 4 n NO 10 n N
2
2O
2O
12 n N 10 n NH
2
4NO3
94
T cc cng thc trn, nu cho n 1 d kin s tnh c d kin th n, do

dng d on sn phm v tnh ton
Nhng bi ton v HNO3 cho s mol kim loi, v khi lng mui th chc chn
c NH4NO3; hoc cho HNO3 v cc kh th cng c NH4NO3; hoc cho s mol kim
loi v kh th cng c NH4NO3
Bi ton hn hp kim loi ( Cu ; Fe ) tc dng vi HNO3
Nu HNO3 d th dung dch thu c c Fe3+ ; Cu2+
Nu Fe d th Cu cha phn ng v dung dch thu c l Fe2+
Gii thch : F e 2 F e 3 3 F e 2
Nu Cu d th dung dch thu c c : Fe2+ ; Cu2+
Gii thch : C u 2 F e 3 C u 2 2 F e 2
Vi dung dch H2SO4

H2SO4 c nng c tnh oxi ha mnh
V d : M H 2 SO 4 ( d n ) M 2 ( SO 4 ) n
SO 2
S
H 2O
H S
2
Trong n l s oxi ha cao nht ca kim loi M

Al ; Fe ; Cr khng phn ng vi dung dch H2SO4 c ngui
Vi phn ng trn cn ch :
mmui = m k l m SO
2
4
; n SO
2
4
1
2
.n e ( )
1
2
.n e ( )
lm tt dng bi tp ny cn phi vn dng nh lut bo ton electron ; nh lut

bo ton in tch , khi lng
Cu 1 : Ho tan hon ton 33,1g hn hp Mg, Fe, Zn vo trong dung dch H2SO4 long d thy c 13,44
lt kh thot ra ( ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 78,7g
C
P
Kh
B. 75,5g
H
n ng t
ng mu
d
q : 2M
C. 74,6g
Hng dn

c.
nH 2 SO 4 M 2 (SO 4 ) n
m m m k l 96.n H
33,1 96.
2
13, 44
D. 90,7g
nH
90, 7
22, 4
|p |n D
C}u 2 : Ha tan hon ton 9,24 gam Mg vo dung dch HNO3 d, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu
c dung dch Y v hn hp 2 kh gm 0,025 mol N2O v 0,15 mol NO. Vy s mol HNO3 b kh
trn v khi lng mui trong dung dch Y l
A. 0,215 mol v 58,18 gam.
C. 0,65 mol v 56,98 gam.
,
nMg =
p dng bo ton electron n N H
B. 0,65 mol v 58,18 gam.

D. 0,265 mol v 56,98 gam.
Hng dn :
= 0,385 mol
4N O3
. ,
. ,
. ,
= 0,015 mol
95
n H N O b kh = 2 n N 2 O
+ nNO + n N H
mmui = mkl + m N O + m N H
4N O3
4N O3
= 2.0,025 + 0,15 + 0,015 = 0,215 mol
= 9,24+0,385.2.62 + 80.0,015 = 58,18 g
p n A
Cu 3: un nng m gam hn hp Cu v Fe c t l khi lng tng ng 3 : 7 vi mt lng dung dch
HNO3. Khi cc phn ng kt thc, thu c 0,8m gam cht rn, dung dch X v 3,36 lt hn hp kh
(ktc) gm NO v N2O (khng c sn phm kh khc ca N+5 ). Bit lng HNO3 phn ng l 56,7
gam. Gi tr ca m l
A. 98 gam
B. 133 gam
C.112 gam
D. 105 gam
Bi gii :
Cch 1:
Sau phn ng cn ,8m g cht rn C ,2m g cht rn phn ng.
M{ mFe = 0,7m g Sau phn ng cn d Fe v{ Cu cha phn ng.
C mCu : mFe =
0,375
t s mol Fe l{ x nCu = 0,375x mol, nFe pu =

n HNO
(phn ng)
ne trao i + nNO + 2 n N
3nNO + 8 n N
nNO + n N
= 0,05 mol
= 3.0,1 + 8.0,05 = 0,7 mol x = 1,225 mol
n HNO
= 0,9 mol
= 0,15 mol
m = 56x + 64.0,375x = 98 g
|p |n A
Cch 2 :
,
T : NO + n N O = ,
5
. =
,
nNO = 0,1 mol, n N

2.
+ nNO + 2 n N O = 0,9 mol
NO =
0,1 mol, n N
D
d F
0, 2 m
NO
+ 10. n N O =0,9
2
= 0,05 mol
F
+2
.2 0,1 .3 0, 0 5 .8 m 9 8 ( g am )
56
p n A
C}u 4 : Ha tan ht 29,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Mg, Cu theo t l mol 1:2:3 bng H2SO4 c ngui c
dd Y v 3,36 lt SO2 (ktc). C cn dd Y c khi lng mui khan l:
A. 38,4 gam
B. 21,2 gam
C. 43,4 gam
Hng Dn:
D. 36,5 gam
Gi x l s mol Fe trong hn hp X,
nMg = 2x, nCu=3x.
56x+24.2x+64.3x=29,6 x= 0,1 mol
nFe = 0,1 mol, nMg=0,2 mol, nCu=0,3 mol
Do H2SO4 c ngui, nn st khng phn ng
SO42+
2e
S+4
0,3
3 , 36
22 , 4
96
Theo biu thc: mmui = mCu + mMg +

= 64.0,3+24.0,2 +96.
SO
2
4
= mCu + mMg + 96.
e(trao i)
0,3 = 38,4 gam.
|p |n A
Dng 3: Kim loi t|c dng vi dung d ch mui.
3.1: Kim loi t|c dng vi dung d ch 1 mui.
Dng bi tp ny thng cho di dng nhng mt l kim loi vo mt dung dch mui,sau phn
ng ly l kim loi ra khi dung dch ri cn li thy khi lng l kim loi thay i.
Phng trnh: kim loitan + mui Mui mi + kim loi mibm.
+ Nu bi cho khi lng l kim loi tng hay gim l m th p dng nh sau:
Khi lng l kim loi tng ln so vi trc khi nhng ta c:
mkim loi bm vo - mkim loi tan ra = mtng
Khi lng l kim loi gim so vi trc khi nhng ta c:
mkim loi tan ra - mkim loi bm vo = mgim
+ Nu bi cho khi lng l kim loi tng hay gim l x% th ta p dng nh sau:
Khi lng l kim loi tng ln x% so vi trc khi nhng ta c:
m kim loi bm vo - mkim loi tan ra = mb.
x
100
Khi lng l kim loi gim xung x% so vi trc khi nhng ta c:

mkim loi tan ra - mkim loi bm vo = mb.
x
100
Vi mb l khi lng ban u ca thanh kim loi hoc s cho sn khi lng kim loi ban
u.
Cn phi nh dy in ha ca kim loi bit c chiu hng phn ng v xc nh sn phm
to thnh
C}u 1: Nhng mt thanh graphit c ph mt lp kim loi ha tr (II) vo dung dch CuSO4 d. Sau
phn ng khi lng ca thanh graphit gim i 0,24 gam. Cng thanh graphit ny nu c nhng vo
dung dch AgNO3 th khi phn ng xong thy khi lng thanh graphit tng ln 0,52 gam. Kim loi ha
tr (II) l kim loi no sau y?
A. Pb.
B. Cd.
C. Al.
D. Sn.
Hng dn
p dng tng gim khi lng c:
+ nM =
+ nM =
.
,
M = 112 Kim loi l Cd.
|p |n
C}u 2: Ngm mt l Zn trong dung dch c ha tan 4,16gam CdSO4. Phn ng xong khi lng l Zn
tng 2,35% so vi ban u. Khi lng l Zn trc khi phn ng l
A. 1,30gam.
B. 40,00gam.
C. 3,25gam.
D. 54,99gam.
Hng dn
97
Gi mb l khi lng l Zn ban u
S mol CdSO4
n=
4 ,1 6
= 0,02 mol
208
Phng trnh ha hc:

Zntan + CdSO4
Zn O4 + Cdbm
Mol: 0,02 <------0,02-----------------------> 0,02
Theo bi ta c:
mCd
b a m
- mZn ta n = mb.
112.0,02 - 65.0,02 = mb.
2, 35
100
2, 35
100
mb = 40 gam
Chn B
Cu 3: Cho 4,8 gam Mg vo dung dch cha 0,2 mol FeCl3, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu
c dung dch X, c cn dung dch X c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 34,9.
B. 25,4.
C. 31,7.
D. 44,4.
Hng dn
Phng trnh ha hc: Mg + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + MgCl2

Mol:
0,1<------ 0,2 -------> 0,2------->0,1
Sau phn ng:

Mgd = 0,2 0,1 = 0,1 mol
Trong dung dch c cha ion Fe2+ nn Mgd s tip tc kh Fe2+ thnh Fe
FeCl2 + Mgd MgCl2 + Fe
(2)
(1)
Mol: 0,1<-----------0,1 -----> 0,1
Dung dch X gm: FeCl2 cn li: 0,1 mol, MgCl2: 0,2 mol
Khi lng mui trong dung dch X: 0,1.127 + 0,2.95 = 31,7 gam
Chn C
3.2: Mt Kim loi t|c dng vi dung d ch hn hp mui.

Cn lu n th t cc phn ng: Ion kim loi trong cc dung dch mui ln lt b kh theo th
t gim dn tnh oxi ha. Ngh a l kim loi s tc dng vi ion kim loi c tnh oxi ha mnh
trc.
V d: Cho Mg (z mol) phn ng vi dung dch cha ng thi FeSO4 a mol v CuSO4 b mol
th ion Cu2+ s b kh trc v bi ton dng ny thng gii theo 3 trng hp:
Mg + CuSO4 MgSO4 + Cu (1)
Mg + FeSO4 MgSO4 + Fe (2)
TH 1: Ch xy ra p(1). Ngh a l p(1) xy ra va lc dung dch sau phn ng gm:
MgSO4, FeSO4 cha phn ng v cht rn ch c Cu.
TH 2: Xy ra c 2 p (1) v (2) va . Ngh a l dung dch thu c ch c MgSO4 v
cht rn gm Cu v Fe.
TH 3: P(1) xy ra ht v p(2) xy ra mt phn, lc ny li c 2 kh nng xy ra
- Sau phn ng (2) FeSO4 d:
S mol FeSO4 d l (a-x) mol vi x l s mol FeSO4 tham gia phn ng (2).
Lc dung dch sau phn ng gm: MgSO4, FeSO4d v cht rn gm Cu v Fe.
- Sau phn ng (2) Mg d:
S mol Mg d l z (a+b) vi (a+b) l s mol Mg phn ng vi 2 mui.
98
Lc dung dch sau phn ng gm: MgSO4 v cht rn gm Cu, Fe v Mg d.

Bi ton dng ny thng ch xy ra trng hp 3, gii c ta cn ch qui tc sp
xp ca dy in ha, cp cht no xy ra trc v ch cch t s mol vo phng trnh
cho ph hp. Phi xc nh c dung dch v cht rn sau phn ng gm nhng cht no
vi s mol bao nhiu.
C}u 1: Cho 2,24 gam bt st vo 200 ml dung dch cha hn hp gm AgNO3 0,1M v Cu(NO3)2 0,5M.
Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch X v m gam cht rn Y. Gi tr ca m l
A. 2,80.
B. 2,16.
C. 4,08.
D. 0,64
Hng dn
Nhn xt: Trong hn hp dung dch gm ion Ag+ v ion Cu2+, m ion Ag+ c tnh oxi ha mnh
hn nn phn ng trc, khi Ag+ ht m s mol Fe vn cn th xy ra tip phn ng vi Cu2+.
S mol AgNO3 = nAg = 0,02 mol; S mol Cu(NO3)2 = nCu2+ = 0,1 mol;
S mol Fe = 0,04 mol
Phng trnh: Fe + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag
(1)
Mol 0,01 <----0,02------------------------->0,02
Sau phn ng Fe cn 0,04 0,01 = 0,03 mol, phn ng tip vi Cu(NO3)2

Fe + Cu(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 + Cu
(2)
Mol
0,03----->0,03------------------------->0,03
Khi lng rn = mAg + mCu = 0,02.108 + 0,03.64 = 4,08 gam

Chn C
3.3. hn hp kim loi t|c dng vi dung d ch hn hp mui.

i vi dng bi tp ny c rt nhiu trng hp c th xy ra, v do bit s mol nn ta p dng
nh lut bo ton electron gii.
* V d: Cho hn hp Mg v Zn tc dng vi dung dch cha Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3. Nu sau
phn ng thu c hn hp 3 kim loi th 3 kim loi ny ch c th l: Cu, Ag, Zn (cn
nguyn hoc d). Do Zn cn nn AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 u phn ng ht.
* Gi a, b ln lt l s mol Mg, Zn ban u
c l s mol Zn cn d.
x, y l s mol AgNO3, Cu(NO3)2 dng
* Ta c cc qu trnh cho v nhn electron nh sau
Qa trnh cho electron
Mg Mg2+ + 2e
a---------------> 2a
Zn Zn
2+
+ 2e
(b-c)------------> 2(b-c)
electron
cho=2a+2(b-c)
Qa trnh nhn electron

Ag+ + 1e Ag
x------> x
Cu2++ 2e Cu
y------>2y
n electron
nhn=
x+2y
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 2a +2(b-c) = x + 2y

99
Cu 1: Dung dch X c cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 c cng nng . Thm mt lng hn

hp gm 0,03 mol Al v 0,05 mol Fe vo 100 ml dung dch X cho ti khi phn ng kt thc thu
c cht rn Y gm 3 kim loi. Cho Y vo HCl d gii phng 0,07 gam kh. Nng mol/lt ca hai
mui l
A. 0,30.
B. 0,40 .
C. 0,63.
D. 0,42.
Hng dn
Nhn xt: v cht rn Y tc dng vi HCl d to kh H2 suy ra phi c Al hoc Fe d.

Al + 3AgNO3 Al(NO3)3 + 3Ag
(1)
Sau phn ng (1) Al d phn ng tip vi Cu(NO3)2 to ra Cu
(2)
Sau phn ng (2) nu Al d s c 4 kim loi: Ald, Fe cn nguyn, Ag to ra, Cu to ra.
Nu phn ng (2) va ch c 2 kim loi sau phn ng l Ag to ra, Cu to ra.
Nh vy c c 3 kim loi sau phn ng th thc hin xong phn ng (2) Al ht v
tip theo phn ng c th dng li Fe cn nguyn (2 kim loi to ra l Cu v Ag) hoc
Fe c th tham gia tip cc phn ng vi Ag+ v Cu2+ ri d.
Khi rn Y tc dng vi HCl ch c Fe phn ng:
Fed + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
Mol 0,035<---------------------------0,035
Lng Fe tham gia phn ng vi mui l: 0,05 0,035 = 0,015 mol
Gi x (M) l nng mol/l ca 2 dung dch mui AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2
Ta c 2 qu trnh cho v nhn electron nh sau:
Qa trnh cho electron
Al Al3+ + 3e
Mol: 0,03---------->0,09
Fe Fe2+ + 2e
Mol: 0,015--------> 0,03
electron
cho=
0,09 + 0,03 = 0,12 mol
Qa trnh nhn electron

Ag+ + 1e Ag
Mol : 0,1---->0,1x
Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Mol : 0,1---->0,2x
n electron
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 0,12 = 0,3x

Chn B.
nhn=
0,3x mol
x = 0,4 mol
100
Chng 6: Kim loi kim Kim loi kim th - Nhm

A. L THUYT
A1. KIM LOI KIM
I - V tr v cu to:
1.V tr ca kim lai kim trong bng tun hon.
Cc kim lai kim thuc nhm IA, gm 6 nguyn t ha hc: Liti(Li), Kali(K), Natri(Na),
Rubii(Rb), Xesi(Cs), Franxi(Fr). Franxi l nguyn t phng x t nhin. S d c gi l kim
lai kim v hiroxit ca chng l cht kim mnh.
2.Cu to v tnh cht ca kim lai kim.
Cu hnh electron chung: ns1
Nng lng ion ha: Cc nguyn t kim lai kim c nng lng ion ha I1 nh nht so vi cc
kim lai khc cng chu k.
Nng lng ion ha I2 ln hn nng lng ion ha I1 nhiu ln (6 n 14 ln ), nng lng ion ha
I1 gim dn t Li n Cs.
Lin kt kim loi trong kim lai kim l lin kt yu.
Cu to mng tinh th: Lp Phng Tm Khi. (Rng nh + mm).
II - Tnh cht vt l
Cc kim lai kim c cu to mng tinh th lp phng tm khi l kiu mng km c kht, c
mu trng bc v c nh kim rt mnh, bin mt nhanh chng khi kim loi tip xc vi khng kh.
(Bo qun trong du ha).
1. Nhit nng chy v nhit si: Nhit nng chy v nhit si ca kim lai kim thp hn
nhiu so vi cc kim lai khc, gim dn t Li n Cs do lin kt kim lai trong mng tinh th kim lai
kim km bn vng, yu dn khi kch thc nguyn t tng ln.
2. Khi lng ring: Khi lng ring ca kim lai kim cng nh hn so vi cc kim lai khc do
nguyn t ca cc kim lai kim c bn knh ln v do cu to mng tinh th ca chng km c kht.
3. Tnh cng: Cc kim lai kim u mm, c th ct chng bng dao do lin kt kim lai trong mng
tinh th yu.
4. dn in: Cc kim loi kim c dn in cao nhng km hn nhiu so vi bc do khi lng
rig tng i b lm gim s ht mang in tch.
5. tan: Tt c cc kim lai kim c th ha tan ln nhau v u d tan trong thy ngn to nn hn
hng. Ngoi ra chng cn tan uc trong amoniac lng v tan ca chng kh cao.
LU : Cc kim loi t do cng nh hp cht d bay hi ca chng khi c a vo ngn la
khng mu lm ngn la tr nn c mu c trng:
Li cho mu ta
Na mu vng
K mu tm
Rb mu tm hng
Cs mu xanh lam.
III. Tnh cht ha hc
Tnh kh mnh hay d b oxi ho.
M 1e M+ ( qu trnh oxi ho kim loi )
nhit thng : to oxit c cng thc M2O (Li, Na) hay to M2O2 (K, Rb, Cs, Fr).
nhit cao : to M2O2 (Na) hay MO2 (K, Rb, Cs, Fr) ( tr trng hp Li to LiO).
Phn ng mnh lit vi halogen (X2) to mui halogenuA.
2M + X2 t 2MX
Phn ng vi hiro to kim loi hiruA.
2M + H2 t 2MH
Th d:
2Na + O2 t Na2O2 ( r )
2Na + H2 t 2NaH
o
101
2. Tc dng vi nc v dung dch axit iu kin thng: (gy n )

Do hot ng ha ha mnh nn cc kim loi kim phn ng mnh lit vi nc v cc dung dch
axit.
Tng qut:
2M
+
2H+
2M+ +
H2
2M
+
2 H2O 2MOH ( dd ) +
H2
3. Tc dng vi cation kim loi
Vi oxit kim loi.: 2Na + CuO t Na2O + Cu
Vi cation kim loi ca mui tan trong nc th kim loi kim tc dng vi nc trc m khng
tun theo quy lut bnh thng l kim loi hot ng mnh y kim loi hot ng yu ra khi
mui ca chng.
Th d: Khi cho Na tc dng vi dd mui CuSO4 .
2 Na +2H2O 2NaOH +H2
2 NaOH+ CuSO4Na2SO4 +Cu(OH)2
4. Tc dng vi cc kim loi khc :Mt s kim loi kim to thnh hp kim rn vi cc kim loi khc,
natri to hp kim rn vi thy ngn hn hng natri (Na-Hg).
5. Tc dng vi NH3
Khi un nng trong kh amoniac, cc kim loi kim d to thnh amiua:
Th d:
2Na + 2 NH3
2NaNH2
+ H2
IV ng dng v iu ch
1. ng dng ca kim lai kim
Kim lai kim c nhiu ng dng quan trng :
Ch to hp kim c nhit nng chy thp dng trong thit b bo chy,
Cc kim lai Na v K dng lm cht trao i nhit trong 1 vi lai l phn ng ht nhn.
Kim lai xesi dng ch to t bo quang in.
iu ch 1 s kim lai him bng phng php nhit luyn.
Dng nhiu trong tng hp hu c.
2. iu ch kim lai kim:
Trong t nhin kim lai kim ch tn ti dng hp cht.
Phng php thng dng iu ch kim lai kim l in phn nng chy mui halogenua
hoc hiroxit ca kim loi kim trong iu kin khng c khng kh.
Th d :
Na c iu ch bng cch in phn nng chy hn hp NaCl vi 25% NaF v 12% KCl
nhit cao, cc dng than ch v cc m lm bng Fe.
dpnc
2NaCl

2Na + Cl2
Li c iu ch bng cch in phn hn hp LiCl v KCl
Rb v Cs c iu ch bng cch dung kim loi Ca kh cc clorua nhit cao v trong chn
khng:
00 c
CaCl2 + 2Rb
2RbCl + Ca 7
00 c
2C + CaCl2 + 2Cs
CaC2 + 2CsCl 7
o
A2. HP CHT CA KIM LOI KIM
I.NATRI HIROXIT(NaOH).
1.Tnh cht
a) Tnh cht vt l:
Cht rn mu trng, ht m mnh, nhit nng chy tng i thp 328oC.
Tan tt trong nc v ru, qu trnh tan ta nhiu nhit.

b) Tnh cht ha hc:
102
L baz mnh( hay cn gi l kim hay cht n da), lm i mu cht ch th: lm qu tm ha

xanh, phenolphtalein ha hng.
Phn li hon ton trong nc: NaOHdd Na+ + OH
NaOH c y tnh cht ca mt hiroxit.
* Vi axit :
H+ + OH H2O
* Vi oxit axit :
CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3
CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O
NaOH + SiO2 Na2SiO3 (*)
Lu :
Phn ng (*) l phn ng n mn thy tinh (NaOH nhit nng chy) v th khi nu chy
NaOH, ngi ta dng cc dng c bng st, niken hay bC.
Khi tc dng vi axit v oxit axit trung bnh, yu th ty theo t l mol cc cht tham gia m mui
thu c c th l mui axit, mui trung ha hay c hai.
OH + CO2 HCO3
2OH + CO2 CO32 + H2O
* Vi dung dch mui :
CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
xanh lam
NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + NH3 + H2O
Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH 2Al(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4

keo trng
Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O
tan
NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
NaHSO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O
Ch : Dung dch NaOH c kh nng ho tan : Al, Al2O3, Al(OH)3
NaOH + Al + H2O NaAlO2 +
3
2
H2
2NaOH + Al2O3 2NaAlO2 + H2O

NaOH + Al(OH)3 NaAlO2 + 2H2O
Tng t, NaOH c th tc dng vi kim loi Be, Zn, Sb, Pb, Cr v oxit v hiroxit tng
ng ca chng
* Tc dng vi mt s phi kim : nh Si, C, P, S, Halogen:
Si + 2OH + H2O SiO32 + 2H2
C + NaOHnng chy 2Na + 2Na2CO3 + 3H2
4Ptrng + 3NaOH + 3H2O PH3 + 3NaH2PO2
Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O
3Cl2 + 6NaOH NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O
2. ng dng:
Sn xut x phng, giy, t nhn to, tinh du thc vt v cc sn phm chng ct du m, ch

phm nhum v dc phm nhum, lm kh kh v l thuc th rt thng dng trong phng th
nghim.
3.iu ch:
103
Nu cn mt lng nh, rt tinh khit, ngi ta cho kim loi kim tc dng vi nc:
Na + H2O NaOH + H2
Trong cng nghip, ngi ta dng phng php in phn dung dch NaCl c mng ngn.
2NaCl + H2O

d p d d (m n x )
2NaOH + H2 + Cl2
II. NATRI HIDROCACBONAT V NATRI CACBONAT(NaHCO3, Na2CO3 ):

Natri hidro cacbonat : NaHCO3
-Tnh tan
trong H2O
- Nhit phn
- Vi baz
- Vi axit
Tinh th mu trng, t tan

2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O
ion HCO 3 lng tnh.
d c tnh kim yu
Natri cacbonat : Na2CO3

Natricacbonat (hay soda) l cht bt mu
trng, ht m v tonc = 851oC, D tan trong
nc v ta nhiu nhit.
Khng b nhit phn
Khng phn ng
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
- Thu phn
HCO 3 + H2O
H2CO3 + OH
pH > 7 (khng lm i mu qu tm)
- ng dng
- iu ch
NaHCO3 c dng trong y

khoa cha bnh d dy v
rut do tha axit, kh tiu,
cha chng nn ma, gii
c axit.
Trong cng nghip thc
phm lm bt n gy xp
cho cc loi bnh
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 2NaHCO3
CO 3
d2 c tnh kim mnh
+ H2O
HCO 3 + OH
HCO 3 + H2O
H2CO3 + OHpH > 7 ( Lm qu tm ha xanh)
Nguyn liu trong Cng nghip sn

xut thy tinh, x phng, giy dt v
iu ch mui khc.
Ty sch vt m bm trn chi tit my
trc khi sn, trng kim loi.
Cng nghip sn xut cht ty ra
NaCl + CO2 + NH3 + H2
2NaHCO3
NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
III. NATRI CLORUA (NaCl)

1. Trng thi t nhin:
NaCl l hp cht rt ph bin trong thin nhin. N c trong nc bin (khong 3% v khi
lng), nc ca h nc mn v trong khong vt halit (gi l mui m). Nhng m mui ln c
lp mui dy ti hng trm, hng ngn mt.
Ngi ta thng khai tc mui t m bng phng php ngm, ngh a l qua cc l khoan dng
nc ha tan mui ngm di lng t ri bm dung dch ln kt tinh mui n.
C c nc bin bng cch un nng hoc phi nng t nhin, ngi ta c th kt tinh mui n.
104
2. Tnh cht:
* Tnh cht vt l:
L hp cht ion c dng mng li lp phng tm din. Tinh th NaCl khng c mu v hon
ton trong sut.
Nhit nng chy v nhit si cao, tonc= 800oC, tos= 1454oC.
D tan trong nc v tan khng bin i nhiu theo nhit nn khng d tinh ch bng cch
kt tinh li.
tan ca NaCl trong nc gim xung khi c mt NaOH, HCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, Li dng
tnh cht ny ngi ta sc kh HCl vo dung dch mui n bo ha iu ch NaCl tinh khit.
* Tnh cht ha hc:
Khc vi cc mui khc, NaCl khng phn ng vi kim loi, axit, baz iu kin thng. Tuy
nhin, NaCl vn phn ng vi mt mui:
NaCl + AgNO3
NaNO3 + AgCl
trng thi rn, NaCl phn ng vi H2SO4 m c (phn ng sn xut HCl, nhng hin nay rt
t dng v phng php to ra nhiu kh c hi, gy nguy him ti h sinh thi, nhim mi
trng).
NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl
2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl
in phn dung dch NaCl:

d p d d (m n x )
2NaCl + 2H2O
2NaOH + H2 + Cl2
3. ng dng:
L nguyn liu iu ch Na, Cl2, HCl, NaOH v hu ht cc hp cht quan trng khc ca
natri. Ngoi ra, NaCl cn c dng nhiu trong cc ngnh cng nghip nh thc phm (mui
n), nhum, thuc da v luyn kim.
A3: Kim loi kim th

I. V TR CU TO:
1) V tr ca kim loi kim th trong bng tun hon:
Kim loi kim th thuc nhm IIA ca bng tun hon; trong mt chu k, kim th ng sau kim
loi kim.
Kim loi kim th gm: Beri (Be); Magie (Mg); Canxi (Ca); Stronti ( Sr); Bari (Ba); Rai (Ra)
(Rai l nguyn t phng x khng bn).
2) Cu to v tnh cht ca kim loi kim th:

Nguyn t
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Cu hnh electron
[He]2s2
[Ne]3s2
[Ar]4s2
[Kr]5s2
[Xe]6s2
Bn knh nguyn t (nm)
0,089
0,136
0,174
0,191
0,220
Nng lng ion ha I2 (kJ/mol)
1800
1450
1150
1060
970
m in
1,57
1,31
1,00
0,95
0,89
Th in cc chun EM2+/M(V)
-1,85
-2,37
-2,87
-2,89
-2,90
Mng tinh th
Lc phng
Lp phng tm
din
Lp
phng
105
tm khi
Lu :
+ Be to nn ch yu nhng hp cht trong lin kt gia Be vi cc nguyn t khc l lin
kt cng ha tr.
+ Ca, Sr, Ba v Ra ch to nn hp cht ion.
+ Khc vi kim loi kim, nhm kim loi kim th khng tun theo mt quy lut nht nh v
cu to mng tinh th, dn n tnh cht vt l khc nhau
II. TNH CHT VT L :
Mu sc : kim loi kim th c mu trng bc hoc xm nht.
Mt s tnh cht vt l quan trng ca kim loi kim th :

Nguyn t
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Nhit nng chy (C)
1280
650
838
768
714
Nhit si (C)
2770
1110
1440
1380
1640
Khi lng ring (g/cm3)
1,85
1,74
1,55
2,6
3,5
2,0
1,5
1,8
cng (ly kim cng = 10)
Nhn xt:
Nhit nng chy, nhit si thp (tr Be) v bin i khng theo mt chiu. V cc nguyn t
c cu trc tinh th khc nhau Be, Mg, Ca c mng li lc phng ; Ca v Sr c mng li lp
phng tm din ; Ba lp phng tm khi.
cng : kim loi kim th cng hn kim loi kim, nhng nhn chung kim loi kim th c
cng thp ; cng gim dn t Be Ba (Be cng nht c th vch c thy tinh ; Ba ch hi
cng hn ch).
Khi lng ring : tng i nh, nh hn nhm (tr Ba).
Lu : Tr Be, Mg ; cc kim loi kim th t do v hp cht d bay hi, chy khi a vo ngn
la khng mu, lm cho ngn la c mu c trng.
Ca : mu da cam
Sr : mu son
Ba : mu lc hi vng.
III. TNH CHT HO HC:
Cc kim loi kim th c tnh kh mnh, yu hn so vi kim loi kim. Tnh kh ca cc kim loi
kim th tng t Be BA.
M 2e M2+
1) Tc dng vi phi kim :

Khi t nng trong khng kh, cc kim loi kim th u bc chy to oxit, phn ng pht ra
nhiu nhit.
V d : 2Mg + O2 t 2MgO
H= - 610 KJ/mol
Trong khng kh m Ca, Sr, Ba to nn lp cacbonat (phn ng vi khng kh nh oxi) cho nn
cn ct gi cc kim loi ny trong bnh rt kn hoc du ha khan.
Khi un nng, tt c cc kim loi kim th tng tc mnh lit vi halogen, nit, lu hunh,
photpho, cacbon, siliC.
Ca + Cl2 t CaCl2
Mg + Si t Mg2Si
o
106
Do c i lc ln hn oxi, khi un nng cc kim loi kim th kh c nhiu oxit bn (B2O3,

CO2, SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Cr2O3,).
2Be + TiO2 2BeO + Ti
2Mg + CO2 2MgO + C
2) Tc dng vi axit:
HCl, H2SO4 (l) : Kim loi kim kh ion H+ thnh H2
Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2
+5
HNO3,H2SO4 : Kh N , S +6 thnh cc hp cht mc oxi ho thp hn.
4Ca + 10HNO3 (l) 4Ca(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
Mg + 4HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
3) Tc dng vi nc:
Ca, Sr, Ba tc dng vi nc nhit thng to dung dch baz:
Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
Mg khng tan trong nc lnh, tan chm trong nc nng to thnh MgO.
Mg + H2O MgO + H2
Be khng tan trong nc d nhit cao v c lp oxit bn bo v. Nhng Be c th tan trong
dung dch kim mnh hoc kim nng chy to berilat:
Be + 2NaOH + 2H2O Na2[Be(OH)4] + H2
Be + 2NaOH(nng chy) Na2BeO2 + H2
IV. NG DNG V IU CH
1) ng dng:
Kim loi Be: lm cht ph gia ch to hp kim c tnh n hi cao, bn, chc, khng b n
mn.
Kim loi Ca: dng lm cht kh tch oxi, lu hunh ra khi thp, lm kh 1 s hp cht hu
c.
Kim loi Mg c nhiu ng dng hn c: to hp kim c tnh cng, nh, bn ch to my bay,
tn la, t Mg cn c dng tng hp nhiu hp cht hu c. Bt Mg trn vi cht oxi
ha dng ch to cht chiu sng ban m dng trong pho sng, my nh.
2) iu ch kim loi kim th:
Trong t nhin, kim loi kim th ch tn ti dng ion M2+ trong cc hp cht.
Phng php c bn l in phn mui nng chy ca chng.
V d: CaCl2 Ca + Cl2
MgCl2 Mg + Cl2
Mt s phng php khc:

Dng than cc kh MgO; CaO t olomit bng febositic (hp cht Si v Fe ) nhit cao v
trong chn khng.
MgO + C Mg + CO
CaO + 2MgO + Si 2Mg + CaO.SiO2
Dng nhm hay magie kh mui ca Ca, Sr, Ba trong chn khng 1100C1200C.
2Al + 4CaO CaO.Al2O3 + 3Ca
2Al + 4SrO SrO. Al2O3 + 3Sr
2Al + 4BaO BaO. Al2O3 + 3Ba
A4. HP CHT CA KIM LOI KIM TH

107
I. CaO (Canxi oxit) : Vi sng.

Tc dng vi nc, ta nhit : CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 t tan.
Vi axit : CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O
Vi oxit axit : CaO + CO2 CaCO3 ( vi cht )
II. Nhng hiroxit M(OH)2 ca cc kim loi kim th:
1) Tnh cht:
Cc hiroxit M(OH)2 khan u dng mu trng.

Tnh tan: Be(OH)2; Mg(OH)2 rt t tan trong nC.
Ca(OH)2 tng i t tan ( 0,12g/100g H2O).
Cc hiroxit cn li tan nhiu trong nc.
bn nhit ca hiroxit tng t BeBa: Mg(OH)2 mt nc 150C; Ba(OH)2 mt nc

1000C to thnh oxit.
Tnh baz: Be(OH)2 l baz rt yu, Mg(OH)2 l baz trung bnh, Ca(OH)2; Ba(OH)2; Sr(OH)2
l baz mnh.
* Ca(OH)2 Canxi hidroxit : Vi ti
t tan trong nc : Ca(OH)2
Ca2+ + 2OH
Vi axt : Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O
Vi oxit axit :
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
(1)
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2
(2)
Vi d2 mui : Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaOH
2) ng dng:
Hp cht hidroxit kim loi kim th Ca(OH)2 ng dng rng ri hn c :trn va xy nh, kh
chua t trng, sn xut cloruavi dng ty trng v kh trng.
III. CANXICACBONAT (CaCO3) V CANXI HIDRO CACBONAT (CaHCO3)
Vi nc
Vi baz
mnh
Vi axit
mnh
Nhit phn
Phn ng
trao i vi
CO 32 ,PO 34
Vi CO2
CaCO3 : Canxi cacbonat

Ca(HCO3)2 : Canxi hidro cacbonat
Canxi cacbonat l cht rn mu trng, khng
tan trong nC. nhng tan trong amoniclorua: Tan trong nc:
C
Ca(HCO3)2 Ca2+ + 2HCO 3
CaCO3 + 2NH4Cl t
CaCl2 + 2NH3 +
H2O + CO2
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 +
Khng phn ng
2H2O
Ca(HCO3)2+2HClCaCl2+2CO2+2H2O
CaCO3+2HClCaCl2+CO2+H2O
lng tnh
B phn hy nhit cao:
B phn hy khi un nng nh:
1000 C
Ca(HCO3)2 to CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
o
Khng
Ca2+ + CO 32 CaCO3 trng

3Ca2+ + 2PO43- Ca3(PO4)2
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O

Ca(HCO3)2
khng tan
tan
Chiu thun : Gii thch s xm thc ca nc ma i vi vi to hang ng.
108
Chiu nghch : Gii thch s to thnh thch nh trong hang ng.

VI. CANXISUNFAT (CaSO4)
1) Tnh cht:
L cht rn mu trng tan t trong nc ( 25C tan 0,15g/100g H2O).

Ty theo lng nc kt tinh trong mui sunfat, ta c 3 loi:
+ CaSO4.2H2O : thch cao sng trong t nhin, bn nhit thng.
+ CaSO4.H2O hoc CaSO4.0,5H2O : thch cao nung ( hemihirat)
CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4.0,5H2O + 1,5H2O (125C)
un nng 200 C; thch cao nung thnh thch cao khan. (CaSO4)
CaSO4.0,5H2O CaSO4 + 0,5H2O (200C)
CaSO4: khng tan trong nc, khng tc dng vi nc, ch phn hy nhit rt cao.
2CaSO4 2CaO + 2SO2 + O2 ( 960C)
2) ng dng:
Thch cao nung c th kt hp vi nc tao thnh thch cao sng v khi ng cng th gin
n th tch, do vy thch cao rt n khun. Thch cao nung thng c c tng, c cc
mu chi tit tinh vi dng trang tr ni tht, lm phn vit bng, b bt khi gy xng
Thch cao sng dng sn xut xi mng.
V. NC CNG:
1).Khi nim Nc cng.
Nc cng l nc c cha nhiu cation Ca2+, Mg2+. Nc cha t hoc khng cha cc ion trn
c gi l nc mm.
2) Phn loi:
Cn c vo thnh phn cc anion gc axit c trong nc cng, ngi ta chia nc cng ra 3 loi:
a) Nc cng tm thi: Tnh cng tm thi ca nc cng l do cc mui Ca(HCO3)2,
Mg(HCO3)2 gy ra:
Ca(HCO3)2 Ca2+ + 2HCO3 Go l tm thi v cng s mt i khi un si: M(HCO3)2 t MCO3 + CO2 + H2O
b) Nc cng vnh cu: Tnh cng v nh cu ca nc l do cc mui CaCl2, MgCl2, CaSO4,
MgSO4 gy ra,gi l v nh cu v khi un nng mui s khng phn hy:
c) Nc c tnh cng ton phn: L nc c c tnh cng tm thi v v nh cu.
- Nc t nhin thng c c tnh cng tm thi v v nh cu.
3) Tc hi ca nc cng:
o
* V mt i sng thng ngy:
Git o qun bng x phng (natri stearat C17H35COONa) trong nc cng s to ra mui khng
tan l canxi stearat (C17H35COO)2Ca, cht ny bn trn vi si, lm cho qun o mau mc nt.
2C17H35COONa +MCl2 (C17H35COO)2M +2NaCl

Nc cng lm cho x phng c t bt, gim kh nng ty ra.
Nu dng nc cng nu thc n, s lm cho thc phm lu chn v gim mi v do phn ng
ca cc ion v cc cht trong thc phm.
* V mt sn xut cng nghip:
Khi un nng, y ni hay ng dn nc nng s gy ra lp cn km dn nhit lm hao tn
cht t ,gy n ni hi v tt nghn ng dn nc nng (khng an ton)..
Lm hng nhiu dung dch cn pha ch.
109
V vy, vic lm mm nc cng trc khi dng cy ngh a rt quan trng.

4. Cc phng php lm mm nc cng:
Nguyn tc lm mm nc cng l gim nng cc cation Ca2+,Mg2+ trong nc cng.
a) Phng php kt ta:
* i vi nc c tnh cng tm thi
un si nc c tnh cng tm thi trc khi dng, mui hirocacbonat chuyn thnh mui
cacbonat khng tan:
Ca(HCO3)2 t CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 t MgCO3 + CO2 + H2O
Lc b kt ta c nc mm.
o
Dng mt khi lng va dung dch Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3 trung ha mui hirocacbonat thnh
mui cacbonat kt tA. Lc b cht khng tan, c nc mm:
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 +2Ca(OH)2Mg(OH)2 +2CaCO3 +2H2O
M(HCO3)2 +Na2CO3MCO3 +2NaHCO3
* i vi nc c tnh cng vnh cu:
Dng dung dch Na2CO3, Ca(OH)2 v dung dch Na3PO4 lm mm nc cng:
Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3
3Ca2+ + 2PO43- Ca3(PO4)2
Mg2+ + CO32- + Ca2+ + 2OH- Mg(OH)2 + CaCO3
b) Phng php trao i ion:
Phng php trao i ion c dng ph bin lm mm nc. Phng php ny da trn kh
nng trao i ion ca cc ht zeolit (cc alumino silicat kt tinh, c trong t nhin hoc c tng
hp, trong tinh th c cha nhng l trng nh) hoc nha trao i ion.
- Th d:
Cho nc cng i qua cht trao i ion l cc ht zeolit th s mol ion Na+ ca zeolit ri khi
mng tinh th, i vo trong nc nhng ch cho cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ b gi li trong mng tinh
th silicat.
A5. NHM
I. V TR V CU TO:
1) V tr ca nhm trong bng tun hon:
Nhm c s hiu nguyn t 13, thuc nhm IIIA, chu k 3.
Cu to ca nhm: Cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p63s23p1, hay [Ne] 3s2 3p1. Al l nguyn t p, Nng
lng ion ha: I3 : I2 = 2744 : 1816 = 1,5 : 1. m in 1,61. Mng tinh th: nhm c cu to
kiu mng lp phng tm din.
II. TNH CHT VT L
Nhm l kim loi mu trng bc, mm, d ko si v dt mng. C th dt mng c,l nhm
mng 0,01mm.
Nhm l kim loi nh (2,7g/cm3), nng chy 660oC.
Nhm dn in v nhit tt. dn nhit bng 2/3 ng nhng li nh hn ng(8,92g/cm3) 3
ln. dn in ca nhm hn st 3 ln.
III. TNH CHT HA HC
Nhm c tnh kh mnh. Al Al3++ 3e. Nhn chung tnh kh ca nhm yu hn cc kim
loi kim v kim th.
110

Nhm tc dng mnh lit vi cc phi kim, in hnh l vi cc halogen, oxi, lu hunh
Nhm t bc chy khi tip xc vi cc halogen
V d: 2Al + 3Cl2 t 2AlCl3
o
Phn ng vi oxi: Bt nhm chy trong khng kh cho ngn la sng chi v pht ra mt nhit
lng ln to ra nhm oxit v mt lng nh nitrua:
4Al + 3O2 t 2Al2O3 Ho = -(2 x 1675,7kJ)
2Al + N2 t 2AlN
Nhm phn ng vi oxi to ra mt mng oxit mng (khng qu 10-6 cm) ngn cn khng cho oxi
tc dng su hn, mng oxit ny li rt c kht khng thm nc, v vy n bo v cho nhm
chng c s n mn.
2. Tc dng vi oxit kim loi:
nhit cao, Al kh c nhiu oxit kim loi nh ( Fe2O3, Cr2O3,CuO) thnh kim loi t do.
V d:
2Al + Fe2O3 t 2Fe + Al2O3
2Al + Cr2O3 t 2Cr + Al2O3
Nhit ca phn ng ln ti gn 3000oC lm nhm oxit nng chy. Do phn ng ca Al vi
oxit kim loi gi l phn ng nhit nhm.
3. Tc dng vi nc.
2Al + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2
Phn ng nhanh chng ngng li v lp Al(OH)3 khng tan trong nc ngn cn khng cho
nhm tip xc vi nc vt liu bng nhm khng phn ng vi nc.
4.Tc dng vi axit.
a. HCl, H2SO4 (long): Nhm kh H+ thnh H2
2Al + 6H+ 2Al3+ + 3H2
+5
b. Nhm kh N trong HNO3 dung dch long hoc c, nng v S+6 trong H2SO4 dung dch
c, nng xung s oxh thp hn:
V d:
Al + 4HNO3long t Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
2Al + 6H2SO4c t Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
Nhm khng tc dng vi H2SO4 v HNO3 c, ngui. Nhng axit ny oxi ha b mt kim loi
to thnh mt mng oxit c tnh tr, lm cho nhm th ng. Nhm th ng s khng tc dng
vi cc dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long.
5. Tc dng vi dung dch kim
Nhm b ha tan trong dung dch kim nh NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Hin tng ny c gii thch
nh sau:
Trc ht, mng bo v l Al2O3 b ph hy trong dung dch kim:
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O
Hay
Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O t 2Na[Al(OH)4] (1)
Tip n, kim loi nhm kh H2O:
2Al + 6H2O t 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 (2)
Mng Al(OH)3 b ph hy trong dung dch baz:
Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2 H2O
Hay
Al(OH)3 + NaOH t Na[Al(OH)4] (3)
Cc phn ng (2) v (3) xy ra lun phin nhau cho n khi nhm b ha tan ht.
C th vit gn thnh:
2Al + 2NaOH + H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2
Hay 2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O t 2Na[Al(OH)4] (dd) + 3H2
o
111
IV. NG DNG V SN XUT

1. ng dng
Nhm c nhiu u im nhng v n kh mm li km dai nn ngi ta thng ch to hp kim
nhm vi magie, ng, silic tng bn. Sau y l vi hp kim v ng dng ca n:
ura (95% Al, 4%Cu, 1%Mg, Mn, Si). Hp kim ura nh bng thp, cng gn nh
thp.
Silumin (~90% Al, 10%Si): nh, bn.
Almelec (98,5% Al. cn li l Mg, Si, Fe) dng lm dy cp.
Hp kim electron (10,5% Al, 83,3% Mg, cn li l Zn, Mn), hp kim ny ch nng
bng 65% Al li bn hn thp, chu c s thay i t ngt nhit trong mt gii hn
ln nn c dng lm v tn lA.
Nhm c dng ch to cc thit b trao i nhit v dng c nu n gia nh, nhm cn c
dng l khung ca v trang tr ni tht.
- Bt nhm dng ch to hn hp tecmit (hn hp bt Al v Fe2O3), c dng hn ng ray,
2. Trng thi t nhin v sn xut
2.1 Trng thi t nhin.
Trong t nhin nhm chim khong 5,5% tng s nguyn t trong qu t.
Phn ln tp trung vo cc alumosilicat, v d nh orthoclazo(K 2O.Al2O3.6SiO2), mica
(K2O.2H2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2). nefelin [(Na,K)2O.Al2O3.2SiO2].
Hai khong vt quan trng i vi cng nghip ca nhm l boxit(Al2O3.xH2O) v
criolit(Na3[AlF6]).
Boxit c hm lng ln nhiu tnh nh Lng Sn, H Tuyn, Sn La, Lai Chu, Hi Hng,
Ngh T nh, Lm ng.
2.2 Sn xut: Gm 3 giai on:
Giai on 1: lm sch qung boxit ln Fe2O3 .SiO2
Cho qung vo dung dch NaOH d, SiO2 Al2O3 v tan ra, loc b Fe2O3
SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O
Sc CO2 vo dung dch s thu c kt ta Al(OH)3
NaAlO2 + CO2 + 2H2O Al(OH)3 + NaHCO3
Lc kt ta em un nung thu c oxit:
2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2O
Giai on 2:Chun b cht in ly nng chy: criolit 3NaF. AlF3 nhm:
Giam nhit nng chy ca Al2O3 (20500C 9000C) Tit kim nng lng
Hn hp cht lng dn in tt hn.
Criolit Nh, ni ln ngn cn nhm nng chy sinh ra tc dng vi khng kh.
Giai on 3: pnc Al2O3 : 2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2
Catot anot
Sn phm thu c kh tinh khit v c hm lng vo khong 99,4 - 99,8%. in phn ln hai
c th n hm lng 99,9998%.
A6. MT S HP CHT QUAN TRNG CA NHM

I. NHM OXIT Al2O3
1. Tnh cht vt l:
Al2O3 l cht rn mu trng, chu nhit rt tt, rt cng, khng tan trong nc.
112
Trong t nhin tn ti c dng ngm nc nh Al2O3.2H2O v dng khan nh emeri, corinon

c cng cao.
Dng th hnh nguyn cht l nhng tinh th trong sut, khng ln mu ca cc loi qu: mu
ngc rubi (tp cht Cr2+, mu xanh ngc xaphia (tp cht Fe3+ v Ti4+).
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
Tnh bn: Ion Al3+ c in tch ln(3+) v bn knh nh(0.048nm), bng bn knh ion Na+ nn lc
ht gia ion Al3+ v ion O2 rt mnh, to ra lin kt rt bn vng. V th Al2O3 c nhit nng
chy rt cao(2050oC) v rt kh b kh thnh kim loi Al.
Tnh lng tnh: Va tc dng vi dung dch kim, va tc dng vi dung dch axit.
Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
V rt bn nn Al2O3 rt kh b kh thnh kim loi:
Kh Al2O3 bng C khng cho Al m thu c AL4C3:
0 C
Al4C3 + 6CO
Al2O3 + 9C 2 0 0
Al2O3 khng tc dng vi H2, CO bt k nhit no.
3. ng dng:
iu ch qu nhn to bng cch nu chy Al2O3 vi mt lng nh oxt ca kim loi to mu

trong ngn la hiro oxi hoc h quang ri cho kt tinh thnh nhng tinh th ln. Nhng
qu ny trong sut, lp lnh v c mu rt p nn c dung lm trang sc.
Tinh th Al2O3 cn c dng ch to cc chi tit trong cc ngnh k thut chnh xc nh chn
knh ng h, thit b pht tia laze,
Bt Al2O3 c cng cao(emeri) c dng lm vt liu mi.
Phn ch yu nhm oxit c dng iu ch nhm.
Ngoi ra, Al2O3 cn c dng lm vt liu chu la: chn nung, ng nung v lp lt trong cc l
in. Nhm oxit tinh khit cn c dng lm ximng tram rng.
4. iu ch:
Trong cng nghip, Al2O3 c iu ch bng cch nung Al(OH)3 nhit cao 1200 1400oC:
II. NHM HIROXIT Al(OH)3:

1. Tnh cht:
L hp cht mu trng, kt ta keo, khng tan trong nc, khng bn nhit.

D b nhit phn thnh nhm oxit:
to
Tnh lng tnh:

Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O
Phng trnh ion:

Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Al3+ + 3H2O
Al(OH)3 + OH- [Al(OH)4]-
2. iu ch:
Mui nhm tc dng vi dung dch kim (va ):
AlCl3 + NaOH Al(OH)3 + NaCl
Nu d:
113

thu c kt ta trn vn:
2AlCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 6NaCl + 3CO2
AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
T mui NaAlO2:
2NaAlO2 + CO2 + 3H2O 2 Al(OH)3 + Na2CO3
NaAlO2 + CH3COOH + H2O Al(OH)3 + CH3COONa
NaAlO2 + HClv + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl
III. NHM SUNFAT V PHN CHUA:
Nhm sunfat Al2SO4 l cht bt mu trng, b phn hy nhit trn 770oC. Nhm sunfat kt hp
vi kim loi kim to thnh loi mui gi l phn nhm, m quan trng nht l phn chua
K2SO4.Al2SO4.24H2O.
Phn chua c dng tinh th, khng mu, c v hi chua v cht.
Phn chua c dng nhiu trong cng nghip giy, nhum, thuc da v nh trong nC. Nhng
cng dng ny u xut pht t s thy phn kh mnh trong nc ca mui nhm to thnh
nhm hiroxit:
KAl(SO4)2.12H2OK+ +Al3+ +2SO42- +12H2O
Al3+ +3H2O Al(OH)3+ 3H+
Khi nhum vi, hiroxit c si vi hp ph v gi cht trn si s kt hp vi phm nhum

to thnh mu bn, nn n c gi l cht cn mu.
Tc dng nh trong nc cng l do hiroxit gy ra, n ko cc cht bay l lng trong nc cng
lng xung.
Trong cng nghip giy, nhm sunfat v phn nhm c cho vo bt giy cng vi mui n.
Nhm clorua c to nn do phn ng trao i, b thy phn mnh hn nn cho hiroxit.
Hiroxit ny s kt dnh cc phn t xenluloz vi nhau lm giy

Dng 1: B{i to|n CO2 t|c dng vi dung dch cha ion
O H v{ B a )
Phng ph|p gii:
OH
v{
Ca
( hoc
Khi sc CO2 v{o dung dch cha O H s xy ra phn ng sau:

u tin: C O 2 2 O H C O 32 H 2 O
Sau nu CO2 d:
CO3
CO 2 HOH 2HCO 3
Nh vy khi cho CO2 phn ng vi dung dch cha ion

CO2 2 OH
CO2 OH
Xt
OH
n CO
CO3
OH
c th xy ra c|c phn ng sau:
H 2 O (1)
H C O 3 (2 )
x|c nh sn phm to th{nh:
T2
th xy ra (1) v{ ion
Khi
n CO n
2
CO3
;n
OH
OH
phan ung
cn d sau phn ng.
2 .n C O
114
1 T 2
th xy ra c (1) v{ (2).sn phm thu c gm

Bo to{n C:
n CO n
2
Bo to{n i n t ch:
T 1
2 .n
CO3
2_
CO3
C O 2
3
H C O 3
HCO3
HCO3
OH
(2) xy ra v{ CO2 d. Bo to{n i n t ch
HCO3
OH
Cu 1: Hp th hon ton 3,36 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo dung dch cha 0,15 mol NaOH v 0,1 mol
Ba(OH)2, thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 14,775.
B. 9,850.
C. 29,550.
D. 19,700.
Bi gii
OH
n CO
n NaOH 2n
n CO
n BaCO n
3
Ba
Ba(OH)
0,15 2.0,1
2,33 2 OH
d v
0,15
CO
n CO
2
3
0,15 mol
2
0,1 m ol m BaCO 0,1.197 19,7g

3
Chn D
Cu 2: Hp th ht 6,72 lt CO2 (ktc) vo 300ml dd hn hp gm NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)2 0,6M.Tnh

Khi lng kt ta
A. 9,5gam
B. 19,5 gam
C. 13,6 gam
D. 17,73 gam
Bi gii:
6, 72
nCO
0, 3 m ol
2
22,
4
0, 3.0, 1 0, 03 m ol
n
N aO H
n Ba ( O H ) 0, 6.0, 3 0, 18 m ol
2
x y 0, 3

2 x y 0, 3 9
OH
2O H
C O2
OH
x 0, 0 9

y 0, 2 1
Ba
OH
0, 39 m ol
C O2
RO 2
C O3
C O 3
1, 3
0, 3
H C O3
0, 39
H 2O
H C O3
C O 3 0, 0 9 m o l n 2 0, 1 8 m o l
Ba

2
H C O 3 0, 2 1 m o l
2
Ba C O3
C O3
0,09
0,09
mol
m m Ba RO 0, 09(137 60) 17, 73 gam D

3
C}u 3: Sc 1 mol CO2 v{o dung dch X cha ,3 mol NaOH ; y mol Ba(OH)2 . Sau khi phn ng kt ta
thu c l{ 118,2 gam. T nh y?
B{i gii:
Kt ta l{ BaCO3
Trng hp 1:
n B aC O
1 1 8, 2
197
Ba
0 , 6 (m o l) n CO 1 (m o l)
2
CO3
CO3
Bo to{n C ta t nh c
HCO3
phn ng ht
n CO n
2
CO3
CO3
n B aC O 0 , 6 ( m o l ) n C O 1 ( m o l )
3
1 0 , 6 0 , 4 ( m o l)
115
Do to th{nh
nn
HCO3 ;CO3
Bo to{n i n t ch ta t nh c
y 0 , 6 5 ( m o l)
Trng hp 2:
( tha m~n
Ba
Dung dch X c
OH
n CO
1, 5
1
CO3
Ba
ht.
OH
OH
0,3 2 y n
HCO3
Ba2+ phn ng ht,
Dung dch c
1, 5 H C O 3 ; C O 3 n
1, 6 ( m o l )
CO3
CO3
0,3 m ol N aO H
0 , 6 m o l B a(O H )2
2 .n
CO3
OH
Ba
n B a C O 0 , 6 ( m o l) y 0 , 6 ( m o l)
3
1, 5 m o l O H
0, 6 m ol B a
n C O 1, 5 1 0 , 5 ( m o l )
Khng tha m~n

Vy y
Ba
CO3
,65 mol
Dng 2: Nh dung dch
v{o dung dch cha ion
Trng hp 1: Nh t t dung dch cha H+ v{o

Do t nh bazo ca C O 32 mnh hn
phn ng xy ra nh sau:
HCO3
HCO3
v{
v{
CO3
CO3
nn H+ s phn ng vi ion
HCO3
2
CO3
H C O 3 H 2O C O 2 (2 )
CO3
trc. Th t
H C O 3 (1)
Phn ng xy ra theo th t (1);(2) do lc u cha c kh tho|t ra, lng kh tho|t ra

hay khng ph thuc v{o lng H+ .
Lu : ion C O 32 l{ 1 ion bazo ; ion H C O 3 l{ ion lng t nh
C}u 1: N

d
d N HCO3 0,1M; K2CO3
M
d
d HC
M N H O4
M

CO2
d
d
T
d
d
d
d KOH
M B C 2 5M
Bi lm:
m ol;
n N a H C O 0 , 3 .0 , 1 0 , 0 3
3
n H C l 0 , 1 .0 , 2 0 , 0 2
CO3
0, 06
m ol ;
m ol;
n
HCO3
nK
2C
N aH S O 4
0, 03
0 , 3 .0 , 2 0 , 0 6
O3
m ol.
0 , 1 .0 , 6 0 , 0 6
m ol;
0, 02
m ol ;
m ol ;
HSO 4
0, 0 6
m ol
Khi nh t t dung dch axit vo dung dch mui c phn ng nh sau

CO3
0, 02
CO3
HCO3
0, 02
0, 02
( m o l)
HSO 4 HCO 3 SO 4
0, 04
0, 04
HCO 3 HSO 4
0, 02
0, 02
0, 04
SO 4
0, 02
0, 04
2
( m o l)
C O 2 H 2O
0, 02
( m o l)
V C O 0 , 0 2 .2 2 , 4 0 , 4 4 8 ( l)
2
116
Dung dch X gm cc ion:
Na , K , HCO3
0, 0 7
m ol , SO 4
0, 0 6
m ol
n O H n K O H 0 ,1 .0 , 6 0 , 0 6 m o l
n
Ba
n B a C l 0 ,1 .1, 5 0 ,1 5 m o l
OH
HCO3 CO3
0, 06
Ba
0, 06
CO3
0, 06
m m
B aS O 4
B aC O 3
H 2O
0, 06
( m o l)
B aC O 3
0, 06
0, 06
( m o l)
0 , 0 6 .2 3 3 0 , 0 6 .1 9 7 2 5 , 8 g
Trng hp 2: Nh t t dung dch cha ion

Khi nh t t dung dch
HCO3
v{
CO3
HCO3
v{
CO3
v{o dung dch H+
v{o dung dch H+ , ban u H+ rt d v vy hai ion
v{ C O 32 phn ng ng thi. Khi tc phn ng ca hai ion l{ nh nhau. Phn

ng to kh lun.
HCO3
2H
H C O 3 H 2O C O 2
CO3
H 2O C O 2
Cu 1: Nh t t 200ml dung dch X (K2CO3 1M v NaHCO3 0,5M) vo 200ml dung dch HCl 2M th
th tch kh CO2 thu c (ktc) l:
A.4,48lt
B.5,376lt
C.8,96lt
D.4,48lt
Hng dn
n
CO3
0 , 2 m o l; n
n H 2n
Ta c:
CO3
CO3
HCO
HCO3
HCO3
0 ,1m o l; n H 0 , 4 m o l
nn H+ ht
Gi s mol ca HCO3- phn ng l x, suy ra s mol ca CO32- phn ng l 2x

CO32- +
2x mol
HCO3x mol
2H+
4xmol
+ H+
xmol
CO2 +H2O (1)

2xmol
CO2 + H2O (2)
xmol
S mol HCl: 4x+ x = 0,4 x=0,08mol

V C O 2 = 3.0,08.22,4=5,376 (lt)
117
Dng 3: B{i to|n lng t nh ca Al(OH)3
Al(OH)3 l{ 1 hidroxit lng t nh, n c th t|c dng vi dung dch axit, dung dch bazo.
3H
A l( O H ) 3 A l
A l( O H ) 3 O H
3H 2O
A l( O H ) 4
Al(OH)3 l mt cht lng tnh n c th c vit di dng bazo l Al(OH)3khi tc dng vi

dung dch axit. Nhng c th c vit di dng axit HAlO2.H2O khi tc dng vi dung dch
bazo. Mui NaAlO2 c tn l natri aluminat, c coi l mui c to nn t NaOH v NaAlO2.
HAlO2 l axit yu, yu hn c axit H2CO3 nn d dng b axit H2CO3 y ra khi mui NaAlO2,
sn phm ca phn ng l mui NaHCO3 ( HAlO2 tn ti di dng HAlO2.H2O tc l kt ta
Al(OH)3)
N a A lO 2 C O 2 2 H 2 O N a H C O 3 A l( O H ) 3
Mui natri aluminat cn c vit di dng thun tin hn cho vic tnh ton l
N a A l( O H ) . Khi c ha tan trong nc, mui ny phn li hon ton ra N a v

4
A l( O H ) 4
Nu mun thu c Al(OH)3 t dung dch NaAlO2 ta c th dng cc cch sau:

- Nh thm vo dung dch mt lng NaAlO2 mt lng dung dch HCl
A l( O H ) 4 H
Tuy nhin, nu dng lng d dung dch
A l( O H ) 3
, th kt ta sau khi to thnh s b ha tan ht.
A l( O H ) 3 3 H
Nh t t dung dch cha
A l( O H ) 4
Al
3 H 2O
vo dung dch mui
H 2O
NH
A l( O H ) 4 N H 4 A l( O H ) 3 N H 3 H 2 O
Dung dch
-
NH
khng th ha tan c Al(OH)3
Nh t t dung dch cha
A l( O H ) 4
vo dung dch mui Al3+
3 A l( O H ) 4 A l
Sc lng d kh CO2 vo dung dch
4 A l( O H ) 3
A l( O H ) 4
A l( O H ) 4 C O 2 H 2 O A l( O H ) 3 H C O 3
3.1. {i to|n nh dung d ch cha
K
s
OH
v{o dung d ch cha
Al
3O H
Al
4 OH
N
N
N
n
n
OH
Al
A l( O H ) 3 (1)
A l( O H ) 4 ( 2 )
d
d O H d
d
d
d
d
s

s
T
Al
A 3+
A 3+ s

OH
T 3
3 T 4
T4
118
n
n
OH
OH
s d
3n
(m in )
( m ax)
4n
Al
n .
C}u 1: Cho 500ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M vo V ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 0,1M. Sau khi cc phn ng
kt thc thu c 12,045 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V l
A. 75
Bi gii:
B. 150
C. 300
D. 200
n Ba (O H ) 0 , 0 5 ( m o l)
2
Cc phn ng c th xy ra:
(1)
4 B a ( O H ) 2 A l 2 (S O 4 ) 3 3 B a S O 4 B a [ A l( O H ) 4 ] 2
(2)
TH1: ch xy ra phn ng (1)

mkt ta =
3 B a ( O H ) 2 A l 2 (S O 4 ) 3 3 B a S O 4 2 A l( O H ) 3
B aS O 4
A l ( O H )3
0,05.233+
.78 =14,25 g >12,045 g (loi)
.0 , 0 5
TH2: xy ra c 2 phn ng
3 B a ( O H ) 2 A l 2 (S O 4 ) 3 3 B a S O 4 2 A l( O H ) 3
3x
3x
2x
4 B a ( O H ) 2 A l 2 (S O 4 ) 3 3 B a S O 4 B a [ A l( O H ) 4 ] 2
4y
(1)
( m o l)
(2)
3y
( m o l)
n B a O H 3 x 4 y 0 , 0 5 ( m o l)
2
m m B a S O 4 m A l ( O H ) 3 2 3 3 .( 3 x 3 y ) 7 8 .2 x 1 2 , 0 4 5 ( g )
x 0 , 0 1 ( m o l) ; y 0 , 0 0 5 ( m o l)
n Al
x y 0 , 0 1 5 ( m o l)
( S O 4 )3
0, 015
0 ,1 5 ( l) 1 5 0 ( m l) .
0 ,1
|p |n
C}u 2: Cho 300 ml dung dch gm Ba(OH)2 0,5M v KOH x mol/lt vo 50 ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 1M. Sau khi
kt thc cc phn ng thu c 36,9 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca x l
A. 0,75.
B. 0,25.
Bi gii:
Theo bi ra ta tnh c
n
Ba
0,1 5 (m o l) ; n
Nhn thy :
m
A l ( O H )3
Al
OH
Al
B aSO 4
0,1 (m o l) ; n
D. 1,0.
OH
0 , 3 0 , 3 .x ( m o l )
3 4, 9 5 (g am )
3 6 , 9 3 4 , 9 5 1, 9 5 ( g a m )
3+
0,1 5 (m o l) ; n
n B aSO 0 , 1 5 ( m o l) m
n Al(OH )
ion Al
SO 4
C. 0,50.
1, 9 5
78
0 , 0 2 5 (m o l) n
Al
; n OH
( )
0 , 0 2 5 .3 0 , 0 7 5 n
OH
0 , 3 0 , 3 .x
tc dng vi dung dch cha OH- to 2 phng trnh.
A l(O H )3 : 0 , 0 2 5

A l(O H ) 4 : 0 ,1 0 , 0 1 2 5 0 , 0 7 5 (m o l) B T N T (A l)
119
0 , 3 0 , 3 .x 0 , 0 2 5 . 3 0 , 0 7 5 . 4 x 0 , 2 5 9 m o l )
OH
p n B.
Dng 3.2. {i to|n nh dung d ch cha
4H
v{o dung d ch cha
A l(O H ) 4
A l(O H ) 4
A l( O H ) 4 A l( O H ) 3 H 2 O (1)
A l( O H ) 4 A l
T
n
4 H 2O (2)
d s
d d
s
H+ s
A l(O H ) 4
A l(O H )4
N T 1

N 1 T 4
N T 4

T

s d

n
n
OH
OH
(m in )
( m ax)
3n n
4n
Al
n n
Cu 1: Cho 46,6 gam hn hp X gm Na, K, Ba v Al 2O3 (trong oxi chim 30,9% v khi lng)
tan ht vo nc thu c dung dch Y v 8,96 lt H2 (ktc). Cho 3,1 lt dung dch HCl 0,5M vo dung
dch Y thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 7,8.
B. 35,1.
C. 27,3.
D. 0.
Bi gii:
mO = 30,9% 46,6 = 14,4 g nO = 0,9 mol n A l O = 0,9 : 3= 0,3 mol
2
Quy i kim loi M = { Na, K, Ba }

M HOH MOH
2
0, 8
0, 8
0, 4
(m ol )
A l 2 O 3 2 M O H 2 M A lO 2 H 2 O
0, 3
0, 6
0, 6
( m o l)
Dung dch Y : 0,2 mol MOH d ; 0,6 mol MAlO2

nHCl = 1,55 mol khi cho vo dung dch Y :
H C l M O H M C l H 2O
0, 2
0, 2
( m o l)
H C l M A lO 2 H O H A l( O H ) 3 M C l
0, 6
0, 6
0, 6
HCl vn cn d 0,75 mol sau phn ng trn nn kt ta b ha tan 1 phn :

3 H C l A l( O H ) 3 A lC l 3 3 H 2 O
0, 75
0, 25
120
= 0,6 0,25 = 0,35 mol
n A l ( O H ) cn li
3
Vy mkt ta =
Al(O H )3
= 0,35 78 = 27,3 g
p n C.
Dng 4: B{i to|n phn ng nhi t nhm
Al + Fe3O4
k h iH 2 ( V lit )
N aO H

C O 2 (du)

d d Y
hh X ( rn )
Yu cu tnh hiu sut .....

PP Gii : Suy lun v kt hp vi phng php bo ton mol nguyn t
- T kh = > trong hh X c Al d => mol Al (d)
- T mol => mol Al3+ trong dd Y => mol Al trong rn X => mol Al phn ng
- Tnh hiu sut ....
Cu 1: (A. 2014) Thc hin phn ng nhit nhm hn hp gm Al v m gam hai oxit st trong kh tr,
thu c hn hp rn X. Cho X vo dung dch NaOH d, thu c dung dch Y, cht khng tan Z v
0,672 lt kh H2 (ktc). Sc kh CO2 d vo Y, thu c 7,8 gam kt ta. Cho Z tan ht vo dung dch
H2SO4 , thu c dung dch cha 15,6 gam mui sunfat v 2,464 lt kh SO2 ( ktc, l sn phm kh duy
nht ca H2SO4). Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Gi tr ca m l
A. 5,04
B. 6,29
C. 6,48
D. 6,96
Bi gii
nAl d = 0,02 (mol); nAl ban u = n kt ta =0,1 mol => nAl phn ng = 0,08 (Mol)
n A l O =0,04 (mol) =>nO trong oxit st = 0,04.3 = 0,12 (mol)
Z ch cha Fe.
n S O 0 , 1 1 ( m o l ) ne nhn = 0,22 (mol).
2
-Nu ch to mui st (III) th

-Nu ch to mui st (II) th
Fe
Fe
0, 22
m Fe
0, 22
( S O 4 )3
400.
m FeS O 4 0 0 .
1 4, 6 7 (g ) 1 5, 6
(loi)
0, 22
0, 22
1 6, 7 2 (g ) 1 5, 6
(loi)
to c 2 mui st (II) v st (III):

2
Fe Fe 2e
x
2x
( m o l)
F e F e 3e
y
n
SO 4
3y
2
0, 22
( m o l)
0 , 1 1 ( m o l)
m m u o i m F e 2 m F e 3 m S O 4 2 1 5 , 6 5 6 x 5 6 y 9 6 .0 ,1 1 1 5 , 6
n e 2 x 3 y 0, 22
x 0 , 0 5 ( m o l); y 0 , 0 4 ( m o l)
m m F e m O 5 6 .( 0 , 0 5 0 , 0 4 ) 1 6 .0 ,1 2 6 , 9 6 ( g ).
|p |n D
121
CHNG 7: CROM ST NG
NI DUNG 1: CRM V HP CHT CA CRM
A. L THUYT.
A1. CRM
I. V TR V CU TO
Crom l kim loi chuyn tip, thuc nhm VIB, chu k 4, s hiu nguyn t l 24.
S phn b electron vo cc mc nng lng: 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5
Cu hnh electron nguyn t: 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1 hay [Ar] 3d54s1
Biu din cu hnh electron qua lng t:
Crom c s oxi ha +1 n +6. Ph bin hn c l cc s oxi ha +2, +3 v +6.
m in: 1,61
Bn knh nguyn t Cr 0,13 nm (1 nm = 1109 m = 1103 m)
Bn knh ion Cr2+ l 0,084 nm v Cr3+ l 0,069 nm.
II. TNH CHT VT L
Crom c mu trng nh bc, rt cng (cng nht trong s cc kim loi), kh nng chy (18900C).
Crom l kim loi nng, c khi lng ring 7,2 g/cm3.
III. TNH CHT HA HC

nhit cao, crom tc dng c vi nhiu phi kim

0
4 C r 3 O 2 2 C r 2 O 3
t
2 C r 3 C l 2 2 C r C l 3
t
2. Tc dng vi nc.
Crom c th in cc chun nh ( E 0 C r
hidro pH = 7 ( E 0 H
2O
/H2
0, 74 V
/ Cr
0, 74 V
) m hn so vi th in cc
). Tuy nhin, trong thc t crom khng phn
ng vi nc.
3. Tc dng vi axit
122
Khi tc dng vi dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long to ra mui Cr(II).

Cr 2HCl
C rC l 2 H 2
C r H 2S O 4
C rS O 4 H 2
Cr khng phn ng vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c ngui.
Ch : C
N OH
c trong dung d
N OH
dch
IV. NG DNG
Thp cha 2,8-3,8% crom c cng cao, bn, c kh nng chng g
Thp cha 18% crom l thp khng g (thp inox).
Thp cha 25-30% crom siu cng d nhit cao.
Crom dng m thp. Thp m crom bo v kim loi khi b n mn v to v p cho vt.
V. SN XUT
Phng php nhit nhm: Cr2O3 c tch ra t qung cromit FeO.Cr2O3.

4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7 O2 8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2
2 Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O
Na2Cr2O7 + 2 C Cr2O3 + Na2CO3 + CO
0
C r2 O 3 2 A l 2 C r A l 2 O 3
t
A2. MT S HP CHT CA CRM

I. HP CHT CROM (II)
1. CrO
CrO l mt oxit baz.
CrO tan d dng trong dung dch HCl long ; H2SO4 long
C rO 2 H C l
C rC l 2 H 2 O
C rO H 2 S O 4
C rS O 4 H 2 O
CrO c tnh kh, trong khng kh CrO d b oxi ha thnh Cr2O3.

C rO
1
4
O 2
t
1
2
C r2 O 3
2. Cr(OH)2
Cr(OH)2 l cht rn, mu vng.
Cr(OH)2 c tnh kh, trong khng kh oxi ha thnh Cr(OH)3

4 C r (O H ) 2 O 2 2 H 2O 4 C r (O H )3
( tng t nh Fe(OH)2)
Cr(OH)2 l mt baz.
123
C r (O H )2 2 H C l
C rC l 2 2 H 2O
3. Mui crom (II)
Mui crom (II) c tnh kh mnh.

2 C rC l2 C l2
2 C rC l3
( tng t nh FeCl2)
III. HP CHT CROM (III)

1. Cr2O3
Cr2O3 l oxit lng tnh, tan trong axit v kim c.

C r2 O 3 6 H C l
2 C rC l3 3 H 2O
C r2 O 3 2 N a O H
2 N a C rO 2 H 2 O
C r2 O 3 2 N a O H 3 H 2 O
2 N a[C r (O H ) 4 ]
Cr2O3 c dng to mu lc cho s, thy tinh.

Cr2O3 tuy l mt oxit lng tnh, nhng n ch tan trong dung dch axit, kim c, ch khng
tan trong dung dch long.
2. Cr(OH)3
Cr(OH)3 l hiroxit lng tnh, tan c trong dung dch axit v dung dch kim.
C r (O H )3 3H C l
C rC l 3 3 H 2 O
C r (O H )3 N aO H
N a[C r (O H ) 4 ]
C r(O H ) 3 N a O H
N a C rO 2 2 H 2 O
3. Mui crom (III)
Mui crom (III) c tnh kh v tnh oxi ha.
Trong mi trng axit, mui crom (III) c tnh oxi ha b Zn kh thnh mui crom (II)
2 C rC l 3 Z n
2 C rC l 2 Z n C l 2
C r2 (S O 4 ) 3 Z n
2 C rS O 4 Z n S O 4
Trong mi trng kim, mui crom (III) c tnh kh v b cht oxi ha mnh oxi ha thnh mui
crom (VI).
2 C rB r3 3 B r2 1 6 K O H 2 K 2 C rO 4 1 2 K B r 8 H 2 O
2 C rC l 3 3 B r2 1 6 K O H 2 K 2 C rO 4 6 K B r 6 K C l 8 H 2 O
C r2 (S O 4 ) 3 3 B r2 1 6 K O H 2 K 2 C rO 4 6 K B r 3 K 2 S O 4 8 H 2 O
2 C r ( N O 3 ) 3 3 B r 2 1 6 K O H 2 K 2 C rO
6 K B r 6 K N O 3 8 H 2O
Phng trnh ion:

2C r
3 B r2 1 6 O H
2 C rO
2
4
6Br
8 H 2O
124
Phn crom-kali K2SO4.Cr2(SO4)3.24H2O c mu xanh tnh, c dng thuc da, lm cht

cm mu trong ngnh nhum vi.
III. HP CHT CROM (VI)
1. CrO3
CrO3 l cht oxi ha rt mnh. Mt s cht v c v hu c nh S, P, C, NH3, C2H5OH bc

chy khi tip xc vi CrO3, CrO3 b kh thnh Cr2O3.
4 C rO 3 3S
3S O 2 2 C r2 O 3
1 0 C rO 3 6 P
3 P 2 O 5 5 C r2 O 3
4 C rO 3 3 C
3 C O 2 2 C r2 O 3
C 2 H 5 O H 4 C rO 3
2 C O 2 3 H 2 O 2 C r2 O 3
2 C rO 3 2 N H
C r2 O 3 N
3H 2O
CrO3 l oxit axit, khi tc dng vi nc to thnh hn hp axit cromic H2CrO4 v axit icromic
H2Cr2O7. Hai axit ny khng th tch ra dng t do, ch tn ti trong dung dch. Nu tch ra khi
dung dch, chng b phn hy thnh CrO3.
C rO 3 H 2 O H 2 C rO 4
2 C rO 3 H 2 O H 2 C r 2 O 7
2. Mui cromat v icromat

2
Ion cromat
Trong mi trng axit, cromat chuyn ha thnh icromat.

2 K 2 C rO
C rO 4
H 2S O
c mu vng. Ion icromat C r2 O 7 c mu da cam.
K 2 C r2 O 7 K 2 S O
H 2O
Trong mi trng kim icromat chuyn ha thnh cromat.

K 2 C r2 O 7 2 K O H
2 K 2 C rO
Tng qut:
2 C rO 4 2 H
H 2O
C r2 O 7 H 2 O
Ta c chuyn ha sau :
-
Nu ta nh dung dch cha ion H+ long vo dung dch Na2CrO4 ( mu vng ) th dung
dch s chuyn sang mu da cam
Nu ta nh dung dch kim long vo dung dch Na2Cr2O7 th dung dch s chuyn sang
mu vng.
Mui cromat v icromat c tnh oxi ha mnh, chng b kh thnh mui Cr(III).
125
K 2 C r2 O 7 6 F e S O 4 7 H 2 S O 4 C r 2 (S O 4 ) 3 3 F e 2 (S O 4 ) 3 K 2 S O
7 H 2O
K 2 C r2 O 7 6 K I 7 H 2 S O 4 C r 2 (S O 4 ) 3 4 K 2 S O 4 3 I 2 7 H 2 O
K 2 C r2 O 7 1 4 H C l 2 K C l 3 C rC l 3 3 C l 2 7 H 2 O
K 2 C r2 O 7 3 H 2 S 4 H 2 S O 4 C r 2 (S O 4 ) 3 K 2 S O 4 7 H 2 O 3S
(NH4)2Cr2O7 b nhit phn theo phn ng:

0
( N H 4 ) 2 C r 2 O 7 N 2 C r2 O 3 4 H 2 O
t
B. MT S BI TP IN HNH C HNG DN
C}u 1: Cho s phn ng Cr
Cht Y trong s trn l

A. Na2Cr2O7
B. Cr(OH)2
C. Cr(OH)3
D. Na[Cr(OH)4]
Gii: Chui phn ng:

1. 2Cr + 3Cl2 2CrCl3
2. CrCl3 + 4NaOHd Na[Cr(OH)4] + 3NaCl
p n D
Cu 2: oxi ha hon ton 0,01 mol CrCl3 thnh K2CrO4 bng Cl2 khi c mt KOH, lng mol ti
thiu Cl2 v KOH phn ng l
A. 0,03 v 0,08
B. 0,015 v 0,08
C. 0,03 v 0,04
D. 0,015v 0,04
Hng dn
Phng trnh phn ng:

2 C rC l 3 3 C l 2 1 6 K O H 2 K 2 C rO
1 2 K C l 8 H 2O
n C l 0 , 0 1 5 ( m o l)
Theo phng trnh phn ng :
Vy cn ti thiu 0,015 mol Cl2 v 0,08 mol KOH.
n K O H 8 .0 , 0 1 0 , 0 8 ( m o l)
p n B
Cu 3: Cho m gam hn hp bt X gm ba kim loi Zn, Cr, Sn c s mol bng nhau tc dng ht vi lng d dung
dch HCl long, nng thu c dung dch Y v kh H2. C cn dung dch Y thu c 8,98 gam mui khan. Nu cho
m gam hn hp X tc dng hon ton vi O2 (d) to hn hp 3 oxit th th tch kh O2 (ktc) phn ng l
126
A. 2,016 lt.
. 1,008 lt.
C. 0,672 lt.
D. 1,344 lt.
Hng dn
p n B
m SnC l m
2
Z n C l2
m C rC l 8 , 9 8
2
n Sn n Zn n C r
n O n Sn
2
1
2
n Zn
3
4
8, 9 8
0 , 0 2 ( m o l)
449
n C r 0 , 0 4 5 ( m o l) V O 1, 0 0 8 ( l).
2
Cu 4: Khi cho 41,4 gam X gm Fe2O3, Cr2O3 v Al2O3 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH c (d), sau
phn ng c 16 gam cht rn. kh hon ton 41,4 gam X bng phn ng nhit nhm, phi dng
10,8 gam Al. % khi lng ca Cr2O3 trong X l (H= 100%, Cr = 52)
A. 50,67%.
B. 20,33%.
C. 66,67%.
D. 36,71%.
Hng dn
Gi x, y, z ln lt l s mol ca cc cht Fe2O3, Cr2O3 v Al2O3
Theo bi ra ta c phng trnh: 1 6 0 .x 1 5 2 .y 1 0 2 .z 4 1, 4 (1)
X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH c (d) cht rn khng tan thu c chnh l Fe2O3
n Fe
2O 3
16
0 ,1 ( m o l)
(2)
160
kh hon ton X cn dng 10,8 gam Al. Ta c s kh X nh sau:

Fe 2O 3
Fe ; C r
Al

C r2 O 3
A l2O 3
A l2O 3
Ta c phng trnh: 2 x 2 y 0 , 4 ( 3 )
Gii h (1); (2); (3)
% m Cr
2O 3
x 0 ,1
y 0 ,1
z 0 ,1
0 ,1 .1 5 2
.1 0 0 3 6 , 7 1 %
4 1, 4
p n D
Cu 5: Cho cc pht biu sau:

(a) Trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc, crom thuc chu k 4, nhm VIB.
(b) Cc oxit ca crom u l oxit baz.
(c) Trong cc hp cht, s oxi ha cao nht ca crom l +6
127
(d) Trong cc phn ng ha hc, hp cht crom(III) ch ng vai tr cht oxi ha.
(e) Khi phn ng vi kh Cl2 d, crom to ra hp cht crom(III).
Trong cc pht biu trn, nhng pht biu ng l:
A. (a), (b) v (e)
B. (a), (c) v (e)
C. (b), (d) v (e)
D. (b), (c) v (e)
Hng dn:
p n B
Cc oxit ca Crom: CrO l oxit baz, Cr2O3 oxit lng tnh, CrO3 l oxit axit
Phn ng trong mi trng kim crom(III) ng vai tr cht kh; cn trong mi trng axit
crom(III) ng vai tr cht oxi ha.
NI DUNG 2: ST V MT S HP CHT CA ST
A. L THUYT.
I/. KIN THC C BN:
1/. V tr v tnh cht vt l:
St thuc phn nhm ph nhm VIII (VIIIB), chu k 4, s hiu 26, d = 7,9g/cm3, d dt mng, ko
si, c tnh nhim t. Dn in km hn nhm.
Cu hnh e: [Ar]3d64s2. Cu to n cht: mnh tinh th lp phng tm khi (Fe) hay lp

phung tm din (Fe).
Cc qung cha st: Manhetit (Fe3O4); Hemantit (Fe2O3); Xiderit (FeCO3); Pirit (FeS2);
Hemantit nu (Fe2O3.nH2O)
2/. Tnh cht ha hc:

a/. Tc dng vi phi kim:
Khi un nng st tc dng trc tip vi nhiu phi kim nh O2, Cl2, S ... to thnh st oxit,
st clorua, st sunfua (Fe3O4, FeCl3, FeS).
b/. Tc dng vi nc:

o
570 C
3 F e + 4 H 2 O F e 3 O 4 + 4 H 2
o
570 C
F e + H 2 O F e O + H 2
c/. Tc dng vi dung dch axit:
Vi cc dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long, ch to kh H2 v mui ca ion Fe2+:

Fe + 2H+ Fe2+ + H2
128
Vi cc dung dch axit c tnh oxi ha mnh nh HNO3 v H2SO4 c, nng khng to H2
m l sn phm kh ca gc axit:
2Fe + 6H2SO4 (, to) Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
Fe + 4 HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
d/. Tc dng vi dung dch mui:
St y c cc kim loi ng sau (trong dy in ha) khi dung dch mui (tng t
nh phn iu ch kim loi bng phng php thy luyn): Fe + CuSO4 Cu + FeSO4
3/. Hp cht ca st:

a/. Hp cht ca st (II):
Tnh cht ha hc chung ca hp cht Fe2+ l tnh kh

4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 4Fe(OH)3
(lc nht)
( nu)
Mui Fe2+ lm phai mu thuc tm trong mi trng axit:

10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O
2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3
3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O
Tuy nhin khi gp cht c tnh kh mnh hn th Fe2+ th hin tnh oxi ha:
Zn + Fe2+ Fe + Zn2+
b/. Hp cht ca st (III):
Fe3+ c cu hnh e: 1s22s22p63s23p63d5, ion Fe3+ c mc oxi ha cao nht nn trong cc

phn ng ha hc, ch th hin tnh oxi ha:
Cu + 2FeCl3 CuCl2 + 2FeCl2
Fe + Fe2(SO4)3 3FeSO4
c/. Cc hp cht ca st vi oxi:
Gm: FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 (FeO.Fe2O3)

Fe3O4 + 8HCl FeCl2 + 2FeCl3 + 4H2O
4/. Nguyn tc sn xut gang v thp:
Gang: l hp kim ca Fe cha t 2 4% cacbon. Trong gang cn c 1 s tp cht: Si, P,

Mn, S.
Thp: hp kim ca st vi cacbon v mt s nguyn t khc, trong cacbon chim di

2%.
Nguyn tc sn xut gang
Nguyn tc sn xut thp
129
Dng CO kh oxit st (cc qung
cacbonat hay pirit khi nung nng (c mt
ra khi gang phn ln C, i, Mn v hu
O2) u bin thnh oxit)
ht P, S t s oxi ha gang nng chy.
Nguyn liu: qung st, than cc, khng
Oxi ca khng kh c sy nng n
2Mn + O2 2MnO
900oC
C + O2 CO2
C + O2 CO2 + 94Kcal
CO2 + C 2CO
Nhit ln n khong 2000oC, nn:

CO2 + C 2CO 42Kcal
S + O2 SO2
Oxit cacbon kh oxit st:
4P + 5O2 2P2O5
3Fe2O3 + CO 2Fe3O4 + CO2
Fe3O4 + CO 3FeO + CO2
SiO2 v P2O5 l nhng oxi axit kt hp
Khi cc tp cht b oxi ha ht th Fe b
Cht chy kt hp vi tp cht trong
oxi ha:
nguyn liu to thnh x:
2Fe + O2 2FeO (nu)
CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3
Cc kh (CO2, SO2, CO) bay ra khi h.
vi FeO, MnO to thnh x.
FeO + CO Fe + CO2
Cc phn ng xy ra theo th t:
Si + O2 SiO2
kh.
Luyn gang thnh thp bng cch ly
Thm vo l mt t gang giu C iu
Fe sinh ra to thnh hp kim vi C, Si, Mn
chnh t l C v mt lng nh Mn cng
... thnh gang nng chy trong l (
c thm vo l kh oxit st:
ts gang nho hn ts Fe
FeO + Mn Fe + MnO
II/. KIN THC B SUNG:

1/. St b oxi ha thnh hn hp mui Fe(II) v Fe(III):
Do st c 2 ha tr l 2 v 3, nn khi tc dng vi cht oxi ha, ty thuc vo t l s mol ca cc

cht tham gia phn ng, c th to thnh hn hp 2 loi mui st.
a/. Trng hp Fe phn ng vi AgNO3:
V d: cho 0,15 mol Fe vo dung dch cha 0,4 mol AgNO3

Fe + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag
0,15
0,3
0,15 mol
130
AgNO3 cn li (0,4 0,3) = 0,1 mol, s oxi ha tip Fe(NO3)2

Fe(NO3)2 + AgNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + Ag
0,1
0,1
0,1 mol
Dung dch thu c c Fe(NO3)2: 0,05 mol v Fe(NO3)3: 0,1 mol
Tng qut: Nu t l mol AgNO3 v Fe:
f =
n A gN O
n Fe
2 < f < 3: dung dch cha Fe(NO3)2 v Fe(NO3)3.
f 3: dung dch ch cha Fe(NO3)3
b/. Trng hp Fe phn ng vi dung dch HNO3:
V d: Cho x mol bt Fe tc dng vi dung dch cha y mol HNO3. xc ng t l x/y dung dch
thu c cha 2 mui Fe(NO3)3 v Fe(NO3)2.
Cc phn ng c th xy ra:
Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
a
4a
a mol
Fe + 2Fe(NO3)3 3Fe(NO3)2
b
2b
3b mol
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol Fe tham gia cc phn ng.
Nu c 2 mui, HNO3 ht v y = 4a.
S mol Fe tham gia phn ng: a + b = x

y
Ta c:
S u y ra :
=
8
3
4a
a+b
y
x
v i ie u k ie n 0 < 2 b < a
4.
Tng qut: Nu t l s mol HNO3 v Fe:

-
8
3
f =
n HNO
n Fe
< f < 4: dung dch cha Fe(NO3)2 v Fe(NO3)3.
f : dung dch ch cha Fe(NO3)2
8
3
2/. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit st:

t cng thc ca oxit st l FexOy. Cc trng hp thng gp:
131
FexOy
x
y
FeO
Fe2O3
Fe3O4
=?
> 0,75...
< 0,75...
2
3
Ha tan vi HCl, H2SO4 (l)
Ch to Fe2+
Ch to Fe3+
<
x
y
<1
To hn hp Fe2+ v Fe3+
3/. Cc phn ng chuyn i Fe(II) thnh Fe(III) v ngc li:

a/. Fe(II) thnh Fe(III):
Cc cht oxi ha mnh: Cl2, Br2, O2, HNO3, H2SO4 , Ag+, KMnO4 oxi ha cc hp cht
Fe(II) ln hp cht Fe(III).
2FeCl2 + Fe 2FeCl3
6FeCl2 + 3Br2 4FeCl3 + 2FeBr3
6FeSO4 + 3Cl2 2Fe2(SO4)3 + 2FeCl3
10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O
3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O
4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 4Fe(OH)3
FeCl2 + 3AgNO3 d Fe(NO3)3 + Ag + 2AgCl
b/. Fe(III) thnh Fe(II):
Cc cht kh: Fe, Cu, CO, I-, H2S, [H], Sn2+ c th kh hp cht Fe(III) thnh Fe(II)
2Fe3+ + SO2 + 2H2O 2Fe2+ +
SO 4
+ 4H+
2Fe3+ + Sn2+ 2Fe2+ + Sn4+

2FeCl3 + H2S 2FeCl2 + S + 2HCl
2FeCl3 + 2HI 2FeCl2 + I2 + 2HCl
c/. Vi phn ng tng qut:
FexOy + 2yHI xFeI2 + (y-x)I2 + yH2O
3FexOy + (12x-2y)HNO3 3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x-2y)NO + (6x-y)H2O
2FexOy + (6x-2y)H2SO4 xFe2(SO4)3 + (3x-2y)SO2 + (6x-2y)H2O
4Fe(OH)n + (3-n)O2 + (6-2n)H2O 4Fe(OH)3
(5x-2y)FeO + (16x-6y)HNO3 (5x-2y)Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + (8x-3y)H2O
132
B. MT S DNG BI TP IN HNH C HNG DN

1. Dng hn hp st v cc oxit phn ng vi cht oxi ha mnh:
Cu 1: Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO3
long (d), thu c 1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung dch X. C cn
dung dch X thu c m gam mui khan. Tnh m ?
Phn tch : Ta coi nh trong hn hp X ban u gm Fe v O. Nh vy xt c qu trnh cht

nhng e l Fe cht nhn e l O v
N O3
. Nu chng ta bit c s tng s mol Fe trong X th s
bit c s mol mui Fe(NO3)3 trong dung dch sau phn ng. Do chng ta s gii bi ton
ny nh sau:
Gii:
S mol NO = 0,06 mol.
Gi s mol Fe v O tng ng trong X l x v y ta c: 56x + 16y = 11,36 (1).
Qu trnh nhng v nhn e:
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
Fe Fe
8, 8
M este 88 14n 74 88 n 1 este l CH 3COOC 2H 5
0,1
3e
Tng electron nhng: 3x (mol)
Tng electron nhn:
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 3x = 2y + 0,18
T (1) v (2) ta c h 5 6 x 1 6 y 1 1, 3 6
Gii h trn ta c x = 0,16 v y = 0,15
Nh vy
2y + 0,18
(mol)
(2)
3 x 2 y 0 ,1 8
n Fe n Fe( NO
)3
0 ,1 6
mol vy m = 38,72 gam.
Vi bi ton ny ta cng c th quy v bi ton kinh in: t m gam st sau phn ng sinh ra
11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 . Hn hp ny phn ng ht vi dung dch
HNO3 long (d), thu c 1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Chng ta s tnh m
ri t suy ra s mol Fe v t tnh s mol ca st.
Pht trin bi ton:
Trng hp 1: Cho nhiu sn phm sn phm kh nh NO2, NO ta c vn t h bnh thng
tuy nhin cht nhn e by gi l HNO3 th cho 2 sn phm.
133
Trng hp 2: Nu ra yu cu tnh th tch hoc khi lng ca HNO3 th ta tnh s mol da

vo bo ton nguyn t N khi ta s c:
n H N O n N O n N O 3n F e n N O ( n N O )
m ui
K h
2. Dng t chy St trong khng kh ri cho sn phm phn ng vi cht oxi ha
Cu 1: Nung nng 12,6 gam Fe ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian thu c m gam hn hp X
gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 . Hn hp ny phn ng ht vi dung dch H2SO4 c nng (d),
thu c 4,2 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Tnh m?
Phn tch : S phn ng

F e O , F e3O 4
O 2 ( kk )
H SO4dn
Fe

2
F e2O 3v F e d u
SO2
F e2 ( S O 4 )3
Fe phn ng vi Oxi cho 3 sn phm oxit v lng st d, sau hn hp oxit ny phn ng vi

H2SO4 c nng a ln st +3. Trong qu trnh Oxi nhn e a v O2- c trong oxit v
H2SO4(+6) nhn e a v SO2 (+4).
Nh vy:
+ Khi lng oxit s l tng ca khi lng st v oxi.

+ C qu trnh cht nhng e l Fe cht nhn l O v H2SO4.
Gii:Ta c
n SO
= 0 ,1 8 7 5 m o l
2
, nFe = 0,225 mol
Gi s mol oxi trong oxit l x ta c:

Cht kh
Fe Fe
Cht oxi ha
3
O 2 ,t
3e
Tng electron nhng: 0,675 mol

Tng electron nhn:
2x + 0,375 (mol)
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 0,675 = 2x + 0,375

Mt khc ta c:
m m Fe m
x = 0,15
nn: m = 12,6 + 0,15x16 = 15 (gam).
3. Dng kh khng hon ton Fe2O3 sau cho sn phm phn ng vi cht oxi ha mnh l HNO3
hoc H2SO4 c nng:
Cu 1: Cho mt lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe2O3 nung nng. Sau mt thi gian thu
c 10,44 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 . Ha tan ht X trong dung dch HNO3
c, nng thu c 4,368 lt NO2 (sn phm kh duy nht ktc). Tnh m ?
Phn tch : S phn ng

134
F eO , F e 3O 4
H N O 3dn
CO
F e 2 O 3

t
F
e
O
,
F
e
2
3
NO2
Fe( N O 2 )3
Trong trng hp ny xt qu trnh u v cui ta thy cht nhng e l CO, cht nhn e l
HNO3. Nhng nu bit tng s mol Fe trong oxit ta s bit c s mol Fe2O3. Bi vy ta dng
chnh d kin bi ton ha tan x trong HNO3 tnh tng s mol Fe.
Gii:
Theo ra ta c: n N O 0 , 1 9 5 m o l
2
Gi s mol Fe v O tng ng trong X l x v y ta c: 56x + 16y = 10,44 (1).

Qu trnh nhng v nhn e:
Cht kh
Fe Fe
Cht oxi ha
3
O 2e O
3e
1e N O 2
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 3x = 2y + 0,195
(2)
56 x 16 y 10, 44
T (1) v (2) ta c h
3 x 2 y 0 ,1 9 5
Gii h trn ta c x = 0,15 v y = 0,1275

Nh vy nFe = 0,15 mol nn
n Fe
2O3
0, 075m ol
m = 12 gam.
Nhn xt:
D nhin trong bi ton trn ta cng c th gii theo cch tnh s mol O b CO ly theo phng
trnh:
C O O
2e
CO2
1e N O 2
Sau da vo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: m = 10,44 + mO.

4. Dng hn hp oxit st phn ng vi axit thng: H+
Tng quan v dng ny:

y khng phi l phn ng oxi ha kh m ch l phn ng trao i. Trong phn ng ny ta coi
l phn ng ca:
2H
H 2O
v to ra cc mui Fe2+ v Fe3+ trong dung dch. Nh
vy nu bit s mol H+ ta c th bit c khi lng ca oxi trong hn hp oxit v t c th

tnh c tng s mol st trong hn hp ban u.
135
Cu 1: Cho 7,68 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 tc dng va ht vi 260 ml HCl 1M thu
c dung dch X. Cho X phn ng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c kt ta Y. Nung Y ngoi
khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c n khi lng khng i c m(g) cht rn. Tnh
m
Phn tch : S
FeO
F eC l2
HCl
N aO H

Fe 2O 3
F
e
C
l
3
F e 3O 4
F e ( O H ) 2
n u n g tro n g k k
F e 2O 3
F e(O H )3
+ Ta coi H+ ca axit ch phn ng vi O2- ca oxit

+ Ton b Fe trong oxit chuyn v Fe2O3
+ T s mol H+ ta c th tnh c s mol O trong oxit t c th tnh c lng Fe c
trong oxit.
+ Nung cc kt ta ngoi khng kh u thu c Fe2O3
Gii:
Ta c
n HCl 0, 26 m ol
Theo phng trnh:

n
2H
H 2O
trong O2- l oxi trong hn hp oxit
0 , 1 3 m o l m theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: mFe + mO =7,68
Nn mFe = 7.68 0,13x16 =5,6(gam)
nFe = 0,1 mol
Fe2O3
Ta li c 2Fe
0,1
0,05
Vy m = 0,05x160 = 8 gam.
Nhn xt: Ngoi cch gii trn ta cng c th quy hn hp v ch cn FeO v Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 coi
nh l hn hp ca FeO.Fe2O3 vi s mol nh nhau.
5. Dng st v hn hp oxit st phn ng vi axit thng: H+
Tng quan v dng ny:

Dng ny c bn ging dng th 4 tuy nhin sn phm phn ng ngoi H2O cn c H2 do Fe phn
ng. Nh vy lin quan n H+ s c nhng phn ng sau:
2H
2H
2e
H
O

H 2O
Nh vy chng ta c th da vo tng s mol H+ v s mol H2 tm s mol ca O2- t tnh

c tng s mol ca Fe.
136
Cu 1: Cho 20 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 tc dng va ht vi 700 ml HCl 1M thu
c dung dch X v 3,36 lt kh H2 (ktc). Cho X phn ng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c kt
ta Y. Nung Y ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c n khi lng khng i
c m(g) cht rn. Tnh m
Phn tch : S
Fe
FeO
HCl

Fe 2O 3
Fe O
3
4
H 2
F e ( O H ) 2
N aO H
n u n g tro n g k k
F e 2 O 3
F e C l 2
F e ( O H ) 3
F eC l3
+ Ta coi H+ ca axit va nhn electron thnh H2 v phn ng vi O2- ca oxit

+ Ton b Fe trong oxit cui cng chuyn v Fe2O3
+ T tng s mol H+ v s mol H2 ta c th tnh c s mol O trong oxit t tnh c lng
Fe c trong oxit.
Gii: Ta c
n H C l 0 , 7 m o l, n H
0 ,1 5 m o l
2
Ta c phng trnh phn ng theo H+.

2H
2H
T (1) ta c
2e
H
O
(1)

H 2O (2)
0, 3m ol
(v s mol H2=0,15mol) nh vy s mol H+ phn ng theo phn ng
(2) l 0,4 mol( tng 0,7 mol). Vy s mol O2- l: 0,2 mol.
m theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: mFe + mO =7,68
Nn mFe = 20 0,2x16 =16,8 (gam)
nFe = 0,3 mol
Fe2O3
Ta li c 2Fe
0,3
0,15
Vy m = 0,15x160 = 24 gam.
6. Dng chuyn i hn hp tng ng:
Tng quan:
Trong s oxit st th ta coi Fe3O4 l hn hp ca FeO v Fe2O3 c s mol bng nhau. Nh vy c
th c hai dng chuyn i. Khi ra cho s mol FeO v Fe2O3 c s mol bng nhau th ta coi nh
trong hn hp ch l Fe3O4. cn nu khng c d kin th ta coi hn hp l FeO v Fe2O3. Nh
vy hn hp t 3 cht ta c th chuyn thnh hn hp 2 cht hoc 1 cht tng ng.
Cu 1: Cho m gam hn hp oxit st gm FeO, Fe3O4 v Fe2O3 tan va ht trong dung dch
H2SO4 to thnh dung dch X. C cn dung dch X thu c 70,4 gam mui, mt khc cho Clo
d i qua X ri c cn th thu c 77,5 gam mui. Tnh m?
Phn tch :
137
Cho oxit tc dng vi H2SO4 ta s thu c 2 mui FeSO4 v Fe2(SO4)3. Do ta c th coi hn

hp ban u ch gm hai oxit FeO v Fe2O3. Ta thy khi lng mui tng ln l do phn ng:
2Fe2+ +
Cl2
2Fe3+
2Cl-
Nh vy khi lng tng ln l khi lng ca Clo. Vy t khi lng ca Clo ta c th tnh ra
s mol ca Fe2+ t tnh c s mol FeO, mt khc ta c tng khi lng mui FeSO4 v
Fe2(SO4)3 m bit c FeSO4 vy t y ta tnh c Fe2(SO4)3 v nh vy bit c s mol ca
Fe2O3.
Gii:
Coi hn hp gm FeO v Fe2O3 ta c phng trnh phn ng:
FeO + H2SO4
Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4
FeSO4 + H2O
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
Khi lng tng ln chnh l khi lng ca Cl- c trong mui theo phng trnh:
2Fe2+ +
Vy
Cl2
Cl
n Fe
2Fe3+
77, 5 70, 4
0, 2 m ol
2ClNh vy s
3 5, 5
FeS O 4
( S O 4 )3
m m
F e 2 ( S O 4 )3
n Fe
FeO
2O 3
70, 4
n Fe
( S O 4 )3
Fe
n FeS O
7 0 , 4 0 , 2 x1 5 2
n FeO 0 , 2 m o l
0 ,1m o l
400
0 , 1m o l
Fe2O 3
0 , 2 x 7 2 0 ,1x1 6 0 3 0 , 4 (g a m )
NI DUNG 3 : NG V HP CHT CA NG
A. L THUYT
A1. NG
I. V tr, cu to, tnh cht vt l
1. Cu to ca n cht:
L kim loi chuyn tip, thuc nhm IB, Chu k 4, S hiu NT l 29, K hiu Cu
Cu hnh e: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1. hoc:
Trong cc hp cht ng c soh ph bin l: +1; +2.
64
29
Cu
Ar 3d104s1.
138
Cu hnh e ca: Ion Cu+: Ar 3d10
Ion Cu2+: Ar 3d9
2. Cu to ca n cht:
ng c bn knh nguyn t nh hn kim loi nhm IA
Ion ng c in tch ln hn kim loi nhm IA
Kim loi ng c cu to kiu mng tinh th lp phng tm din l tinh th c chc lin kt
trong n cht ng bn vng hn.
3. Mt s tnh cht khc ca ng:
Bn knh nguyn t: 0,128 (nm).
Bn knh cc ion Cu2+: 0,076(nm); Cu+: 0,095 (nm)
m in: 1,9
Nng ln ion ha I1, I2: 744; 1956 (KJ/mol)
Th in cc chun: E0Cu2+/Cu: +0,34(V).
II. Tnh cht vt l:
L kim loi mu , do, d ko si v trng mng.
Dn in v nhit rt cao (ch km hn bc). D = 8,98g/cm3; t0nc = 10830C
III. Ha tnh: Cu l kim loi km hot ng; c tnh kh yu.

1. Phn ng vi phi kim:
Khi t nng 2Cu + O2 2CuO (ng II oxit)
Cu td Vi Cl2, Br2, S nhit thng hoc un nng.

PT: Cu + Cl2 CuCl2 (ng clorua)
Cu + S CuS (ng sunfua).
2. Tc dng vi axit:
a. Vi HCl, H2SO4(l):
Khng phn ng nhng nu c mt O2 ca khng kh th Cu b oxi ha Cu2+
PT:
2Cu + 4HCl + O2 2CuCl2 + 2H2O.

2Cu + 2H2SO4 (l) + O2 2CuSO4 + 2H2O
b. Vi HNO3, H2SO4 c nng:

5
3 C u 8 H N O 3 ( l) 3 C u ( N 0 3 ) 2 2 N O 4 H 2 0
5
C u 4 H N O 3 ( ) C u ( N 0 3 )2 2 N 0 2 2 H 2 0
6
Cu 2H
S O 4 ( , n ) C u (S O 3 ) 2 2 S O
4H 2 0
3. Tc dng vi dung dch mui:

139
ng kh c ion ca nhng kim loi ng sau n trong dy in ha trong dd mui kim

loi t do
TD: Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(N03)2 + 2Ag
Cu + 2Ag+ Cu2+ + 2Ag
A2: MT S HP CHT CA NG
1. ng (II) Oxit: CuO l cht rn, mu en
2
Tnh oxi ha: TD:
Tnh oxit baz : CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O
Cu O CO Cu CO2
Cu O 2 N H3 3Cu N
3H 2O
2. ng (II) hiroxit: Cu(OH)2 Cht rn, mu xanh
Tnh baz: Phn ng vi axit M + H2O

TD: Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl CuCl2 + 2H20
II
: Cu(OH)2
Cu(OH)2 d b nhit phn: Cu(OH)2
4NH3
NH 3 d
[Cu(NH3)4](OH)2
CuO + H20
3. Mui ng II :
CuSO4 (khan) mu trng, cht rn. CuSO4 hp th nc to thnh CuSO4.5H2O mu xanh

dng CuSO4 khan dng pht hin du vt ca nc trong cc cht lng.
B.MT S BI TP IN HNH C HNG DN

C}u 1: Cho 18,4 gam hn hp X gm Cu2S, CuS, FeS2 v FeS tc dng ht vi HNO3 (c nng, d) thu
c V lt kh NO2 ( ktc, sn phm kh duy nht) v dd Y. Cho ton b Y vo mt lng d dd BaCl2,
thu c 46,6 gam kt ta; cn khi cho ton b Y T/d vi dd NH3 d thu c 10,7 gam kt ta. Gi tr
ca V l
A. 38,08.
B. 24,64.
C. 16,8.
Hng Dn
D. 11,2.
2+
18,4 gam X gm Cu2S, CuS, FeS2 v FeS

Ba2+ + SO42
Fe3+
dd N H
Khi nCu =
n NO
BaSO4: nS =
Fe(OH)3: nFe =
n B aSO
3+
Cu ; Fe ; H
SO 4 ; NO 3
= 0,2 mol;
n F e (O H )
1 8 , 4 0 , 2 .3 2 0 , 1 .5 6
64
HNO3
= 0,1 mol.
0 ,1
mol. Bo ton e: 3.nFe + 2.nCu + 6.nS = 1.
n NO
= 1,7 mol. Vy V = 1,7.22,4 = 38,08 lt.
|p |n A
140
C}u 2: C
A d
dch X (t
n hp Y gm
CuCl2 F C 3
c). K
n
c 17,76 gam cht rn gm hai kim loi. T l s
mol FeCl3:CuCl2 trong hn h Y :
A.2:1
B.3:2
C. 3:1
D.5:3
Hng dn
Al + X (CuCl2, FeCl3
i
chng t Al phn ng ht, 2 kim lo C F
Phn ng xy ra theo th t CuCl2 ; FeCl3
CuCl2 ; FeCl2
Cu , Fe
Sau khi ht CuCl2 A d mi xy ra phn ng to Fe
dng b
Al
= 2 n CuCl +
n FeCl
+ 2nFe = 3.
= 0,96 mol
mY = 135 n CuCl + 162,5 n FeCl = 74,7 g

2
mkim loi = mCu + mFe = 64 n CuCl + 56nFe = 17,76 g

2
Gii h
c :
n FeCl :
3
n CuCl
n CuCl
= 0,12 mol;
n FeCl
= 0,36 mol; nFe = 0,18 mol
= 0,36 : 0,12 = 3 : 1
|p |n C
C}u 3: H tan ht 10,24 gam Cu bng 200 ml dung dch HNO3 M c dung d A T
dung d N OH M d
dch A. Lc b kt t n dung dch ri nung cht r n khi
c 26,44 gam cht rn. S mol HNO3 n ng v C :

A. 0,48 mol
B. 0,58 mol
C. 0,56 mol
D. 0,4 mol
Hng dn
C

t HNO3 phn ng v ho d
Cu.
+ HNO3
NaNO
3,
Cu(NO
3)2,
nung
NaOH
+N aO H
HNO
NaNO
2,
nCu =
B
= 0,16 mol ;
n HNO
OH d
n N aN O
3,
NaOH
N OH d
+ nN
OH d
= 0,4 mol
= 26,44 g
,36 mol
N aN O 2
NaNO
= 0,2.3 = 0,6 mol; nNaOH = 0,4.1 =0,4 mol
Na: nNaOH =
mcht rn = 69 n N aN O + 40nN
(1)+(2) {
2,
NaOH
cht rn sau khi nung cha NaNO2
Cu(OH)
n N aN O
(1)
(2)
,36 mol
, 4 mol
141
Cu(NO
3)2
+ 2NaOH
0,16
+ 2NaNO
0,32
Cu(OH)
0,32 mol
N OH
= 0,04 mol
n HNO d
3
d
n HNO
-0,32 = 0,04 mol

= 0,6 0,04 = 0,56 mol
|p |n C
NI DUNG 4:
MT S PHNG TRNH PHN NG CHNG ST CRM NG
1. Fe + S
FeS.
0
Fe3O4.
2FeCl3.
2. 3Fe + 2O2
3. 2Fe + 3Cl2
4. Fe + 2HCl
5. Fe + H2SO4 long
FeCl2 + H2.
FeSO4 + H2.
6. 2Fe + 6H2SO4 c
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O.
7. Fe + 4HNO3 long
Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O.
8. Fe + 6HNO3 c
Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O.
9. Fe (d) + HNO3
Fe(NO3)2 + .....
10. Fe (d) + H2SO4 (c)

11. Fe + CuSO4
12. Fe + 2AgNO3
Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag.
Fe(NO3)3 + ....
570 C
14. 3Fe + 4H2O
FeSO4 + .....
FeSO4 + Cu.
13. Fe + 3AgNO3 (d)
Fe3O4 + 4H2.
570 C
15. Fe + H2O FeO + H2.

0
16. 3FeO + 10HNO3 c 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O.

t
17. 2FeO + 4H2SO4 c
Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4H2O.

142
18. FeO + H2SO4
FeSO4 + H2O.
long
19.FeO + 2HCl
20.FeO + CO
FeCl2 + H2O.
Fe + CO2.
21.Fe(OH)2 + 2HCl
FeCl2 + 2H2O.
22.Fe(OH)2 + H2SO4
FeSO4 + 2H2O.
23.4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3.

24.FeCl2 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + 2NaCl.
25.2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3.
26.10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4
27.3Fe2O3 + CO
28.Fe2O3 + CO
2FeO + CO2.
29.Fe2O3 + 3CO
2Fe + 3CO2.
5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O.
2Fe3O4 + CO2.
30.Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4long Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O.

31.Fe2O3 + 6HCl
2FeCl3 + 3H2O.
32.Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O.

33.FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl.
34.2FeCl3 + Fe
3FeCl2.
35.2FeCl3 + Cu
36.2FeCl3 + 2KI
37.2Fe(OH)3
2FeCl2 + 2KCl + I2.
Fe2O3 + 3H2O.
2FeCl2 + CuCl2.
38.2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2SO4
Fe2(SO4)3 + 6H2O.
39.Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl FeCl3 + 3H2O.

40.2FeS2 + 14H2SO4
Fe2(SO4)3 + 15SO2 + 14H2O.
41.4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2.

t
42.4Cr + 3O2 2Cr2O3.

t
43.2Cr + 3Cl2 2CrCl3.

t
44.2Cr + 3S Cr2S3.
t
45.Cr + 2HCl CrCl2 + H2.

143
46.Cr + H2SO4
CrSO4 + H2.
47.2Cr + 3SnCl2
2CrCl3 + 3Sn.
48.4Cr(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Cr(OH)3.

t
49.Cr(OH)2 + 2HCl
CrCl2 + 2H2O.
50.Cr(OH)3 + NaOH Na[Cr(OH)4] (hay NaCrO2).

51.Cr(OH)3 + 3HCl CrCl3 + 3H2O.
o
52.2Cr(OH)3 Cr2O3 + 3H2O.

t
1 0 0 C
53.2CrO + O2
2Cr2O3.
54.CrO + 2HCl
CrCl2 + H2O.
55.Cr2O3 + 3H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3H2O.

56.2Cr2O3 + 8NaOH + 3O2
0
57.Cr2O3 + 2Al
58.CrO3 + H2O
59.2CrO3 + H2O
60.4CrO3
420 C
61.2CrO3 + 2NH3
4Na2CrO4 + 4H2O.
2Cr + Al2O3.
H2CrO4.
H2Cr2O7.
2Cr2O3 + 3O2.
Cr2O3 + N2 + 3H2O.
62.4CrCl2 + O2 + 4HCl
4CrCl3 + 2H2O.
63.CrCl2 + 2NaOH Cr(OH)2 + 2NaCl.

64.2CrCl2 + Cl2
2CrCl3.
65.2CrCl3 + Zn
ZnCl2 + 2CrCl2.
66.CrCl3 + 3NaOH
Cr(OH)3 + 3NaCl.
67.2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 16NaOH
2Na2CrO4 + 12NaCl + 8H2O.
68.2NaCrO2 + 3Br2 + 8NaOH 2Na2CrO4 + 6NaBr +4H2O

69.2Na2Cr2O7 + 3C
70.Na2Cr2O7 + S
71.Na2Cr2O7 + 14HCl
2Na2CO3 + CO2 + 2Cr2O3.
Na2SO4 + Cr2O3.
2CrCl3 + 2NaCl +3Cl2+ 7H2O.
72.K2Cr2O7 + 3H2S + 4H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 +3S + K2SO4 + 7H2O.

73.K2Cr2O7 + 3K2SO3 + 4H2SO4
Cr2(SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 + 4H2O.

144
74.K2Cr2O7+6KI+7H2SO4
Cr2(SO4)3+4K2SO4+3I2+7H2O.
75.K2Cr2O7 + 6FeSO4 + 7H2SO4

0
76.(NH4)2Cr2O7
77.2Na2Cr2O7
2Na2O + 2Cr2O3 + 3O2.
Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O.
CuCl2.
3Fe2(SO4)3 + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O.
Cr2O3 + N2 + 4H2O.
78.2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4
79.Cu + Cl2
80.2Cu + O2 2CuO.
t
81.Cu + S
CuS.
82.Cu + 2H2SO4 c CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O.

83.Cu + 4HNO3 c Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O.
84.3Cu + 8HNO3 long 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O.
85.Cu + 2AgNO3
86.Cu + 2FeCl3
Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag.
CuCl2 + 2FeCl2.
87.3Cu + 8NaNO3 + 4H2SO4

88.2Cu + 4HCl + O2
3Cu(NO3)2 + 4Na2SO4 + 2NO + 4H2O.
2CuCl2 + 2H2O.
89.CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O.

90.CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O.
91.CuO + H2
Cu + H2O.
92.CuO + CO
93.3CuO + 2NH3
94.CuO + Cu
Cu + CO2.
95.Cu2O + H2SO4 long

96.Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl
99.Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3
100.2Cu(NO3)2
101.CuCl2
CuSO4 + Cu + H2O.
CuCl2 + 2H2O.
CuSO4 + 2H2O.
CuO + H2O.
97.Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4
98.Cu(OH)2
N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O.
Cu2O.
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 2OH-.
2CuO + 2NO2 + 3O2.
ie n p h a n d u n g d c h
Cu + Cl2.
145
102.2Cu(NO3)2+ 2H2O
2Cu + 4HNO3 + O2.
103. 2CuSO4 + 2H2O
2Cu + 2H2SO4 + O2.
104. CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
2CuO + CO2 + H2O.
105. CuS + 2AgNO3
2AgS + Cu(NO3)2.
106. CuS + 4H2SO4 c
CuSO4 + 4SO2 + 4H2O.
107. 2Ni + O2
2NiO.

500 C
108. Ni + Cl2 NiCl2.

t
109. Zn + O2
2ZnO.
110. Zn + S ZnS.
t
111. Zn + Cl2
112. 2Pb + O2
ZnCl2.
2PbO.
113. Pb + S
PbS.
114. 3Pb + 8HNO3 long
115. Sn + 2HCl
SnCl2 + H2.
116. Sn + O2
117.
5Sn
SnO2.
2M nO4 16 H
118. Ag + 2HNO3(c)
120. 2Ag + O3
121. Ag2O + H2O2

122. 2AgNO3
5Sn
119. 2Ag + 2H2S + O2
3Pb(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O.
2Mn
8 H 2O .
AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O.

2Ag2S + 2H2O.
Ag2O + O2.
2Ag + H2O + O2.
2Ag + 2NO2 + O2.
123. 4AgNO3 + 2H2O
124. Au +HNO3 + 3HCl
4Ag + 4HNO3 + O2.
AuCl3 + 2H2O + NO.
146

So Tay Cong Pha Ly Thuyet Hoa Hoc Megabook

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So Tay Cong Pha Ly Thuyet Hoa Hoc Megabook

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CNG PH L THUYT HA HC THPT QUC GIA 2015 MEGABOOK

Ti Liu Tng Km B Sch Tuyt nh

CHNG I : ESTE - LIPIT

CTCT ca este n chc: RCOOR

(M = 88) t s =163,50C (M = 88), t s = 1320C

Este + NaOH t 1Mui + 1 anehit

Este + NaOH t 1 Mui + 1 xeton

Cng Ph L Thuyt Ha Hc Megabook

Este ny c gc ru l phenol hoc ng ng phenol..

RCOONa + C6H5ONa + H2O

ste + AgNO3/ NH3 Phn ng trng gng

B. CC DNG BI TP IN HNH C HNG DN

Nu t ch|y este A m{ thu c

Este A l{ este no, n chc, mch h

Nu t ch|y axit cacboxylic a chc hoc este a chc, s c t 2 lin kt

Phn ng t ch|y mui CnH2n+1COONa:

Cng Ph L Thuyt Ha Hc Megabook

t cng thc trung bnh ca 2 este X, Y l: CnH2n+1COO C

V X, Y u l este n chc, no, mch h nn:

= 6,38/44 = 0,145 mol

meste + m O = 44. n CO + 18. n H O meste = 3,31 gam

= 82,75 12.1 + 46 + 14 m = 82,75

Vy: X l CH3COOCH3 v Y l CH3COOC2H5 p n C

nC :nH :nO 3:6 :2

CTG ng thi cng l CTPT ca hai este l C3H6O2.

Cu 4: Hn hp X gm 2 este ca 1 ancol no, n chc v 2 axit no, n chc ng ng k tip. t

Dng 2: X|c nh CTPT da v{o t khi hi

Do Este A iu ch t ancol metylic

Phn ng x phng ho to ra mt anehit v mt mui ca axit hu c

Cho 0,2 mol X tc dng vi 0,3 mol KOH

28 gam cht rn khan gm mui v KOH d

Dng 3: B{i to|n v phn ng thu ph}n este

Nu nNaOH phn ng = nEste Este n chc.

Nu gc hidrocacbon ca R, mt nguyn t C gn vi nhiu gc este hoc c cha nguyn

Bi ton v hn hp cc este th nn s dng phng php trung bnh.

V 44. n CO - 18. n H O = 1,53 gam

Z l ancol no, n chc, mch h c cng thc: CnH2n+1OH (n 1)

Y c dng: CxHyCOONa T: CxHy+1 MT = 12x + y + 1 = 1,03.29

neste=nKOH =0,1 mol

Hay 0,1(14n+68) + 0,08.40 +

= 9,54 + 8,26 n = 1 X : CH3COOCH3

Dng 3.3 : Thy phn Ete ng phn ca nhau

= 52,4 CH3-CHO, C2H5-CHO loi p n A, B,

Cu 2: Hn hp A gm ba cht hu c X, Y, Z n chc ng phn ca nhau, u Tc dng c vi

Mt khc: X, Y, Z n chc, tc dng c vi NaOH X, Y, Z l axit hoc este

S nhm chc este l:

T phn ng thy phn: naxit = nmui =

.0,06.0,25 = 0,0075 mol

= 172 R + 2.44 + R = 172 R = 28 (-C2H4-)

Theo (1), ta c : nmui = 3neste

NI DUNG 2: LIPIT-CHT GIT RA TNG HP

R1, R2, R3 l gc hirocacbon ca axit bo, c th ging hoc khc nhau.

(C17H35-COOH) axit steric (t0n/c 700)

CH3 (CH2)7 - CH = CH (CH2)7 COOH :

(C17H33-COOH) axit oleic (t0n/c130C)

CH3(CH2)4 CH = CH CH2- CH = CH (CH2)7 COOH : (C17H31-COOH) axit linoleic

c) Phn ng cng hiro ca cht bo lng

X phng cn c sn xut theo s sau:

2) Cht git tng hp

B CC DNG BI TP IN HNH C HNG DN

(C th chng minh cc cng

thc ny v mt ton hc)

Phn ng chy: CXHyO2 + (x +

Ancol no Y : CnH2n+2-m (OH)m (1 m n) este Z : (C2H5COO)mCnH2n+2-m