:

1845 .1
1853 .2
1860 .3
1875 .4
(
1900 .5
1920 .6
1942 .7
1953 .8
1965 .9
.
1966 .10
1975 .11

.
.
.
) 6

.
12 .
600 .
1800 .
32000

.
100000 .

.
.

.1

.2

.3

: , ' .

.4
.
.5

,
.6
.

.7
. .

.8
.

,
.9
" " .
.
.10 ) (
.

.11

.12

: , ' .

.13
.
.14

.15 ,
.
.16
. .
.17
.
.18 ,
" " .
.
.19 ) (
.
.20

.21

: , ' .

.22
.
.23

.24 ,
.
.25
. .

.26
.
.27 ,
" " .
.
.28 ) (
.

.1
.

.2
.

.
.1
.
.2
.
.3
.
.4
.
.5
" "0 ". "1
.6

.7
.
.
,
.8
, .
.
.
.9
.10
.
.11 .
.
.
.12
.
.13 .
.14 .
.

.15

.16
.17
.18

. :
.
.
.
.

: .
.1
: , , ' .
.2
: .
.3
: .
.4
.
.5
FM
.6
.
.

:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .

CAD

CDA

/
/

'

/
/
/
'
4

A.D.C A/D ANALOG to DIGITAL
.1
CONVERTER

.
/ /.
.2
, ,
"
.
.
.3
.
.
.4

) ( .
.
.5
.

. ,
.
.1 D.A..C D/A DIGITAL to ANALOG
CONVERTER

.
.2
.

.
:
- .
- .
) ( , ,

.1
.2
.3
' .
.
.4
- .
.5

,
, .

n
n

BIT
.1
. " "1 ". "0

BYTE
.2
8 .
.
CHARACTER
.3
.
.
FRAME
.4
.
.
) (
SYNCHRONIZATION
.5

. .
START BIT
.6
" , "0 ,
.
STOP BIT
.7
. " "1
.
ERROR
.8
" "0 " "1
.
BER BIT ERROR RATE
.9

.
E
= B.E.R
- M*10
- E
M 10 n

COMUNICATION LINE
.10
,
.
) (
LINE CAPACITY
.11
.
.12

; TRANSMISION RATE

BAUD RATE

bps - -
. kbps

) ) ( bits per second (

.13 TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY

.
) : , ' (
.14 SAMPLING
,
.
QUANTIZATION
.15
.
.16 ENCODING -
) (
.
.17 DATA COMUNICATION
,
.
.18 PULSE

.
.19 MULTILEVEL
. n
2 . .
.20 MODULATION
.
:
ASK -

- AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING AM

- FSK FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING FM

PSK PHASE SHIFT KEYING

- PM

F.D.M FREQUENCY DVISION MULTIPLEXING

P.A.M PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

MODULATION

P.P.M PULSE POSITION

) (
( ( DURATION

MODULATIO P.W.M PULSE WIDTH

T.D.M TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEX

MODULATION

P.C.M PULSE CODE

) ( D.P.C.M DIFFERENTIAL PULSE

CODE MODULATION

-
MODULATION

D.M DELTA
A.D.M ADAPTIVE DELTA MODULATION

F.D.M FREQUENCY DIVISION

MULTIPLEXING

,
. "" ) (
) . (.

.

, .
, 1
1

BPF ,
.
,
, .
2

BPF 2

)a 1(t
(a1(t
n

BPF n
9

fc 1

)a 2(t

a
(2(t

fc 2

)a n(t

a
(n(t

fc n

. AM , DSB , SSB :

. .
) ( FDM
kHz 500 kHz 530
kHz 0.3 kHz 4
.

.1
.AM !

.2
.

.3
.
, :
.4
fc4 = ( fc1 + fc2) / 2 .

.5
.SSB !

10

. k 500 k = 30 kHz 530 :

.1
k 0.3 k = 3.7 kHz 4 :
) (:
[g(f) [v

[f [kHz
0
0.3
4
: AM
(X AM(f

[f [kHz
fc-4

fc-0.3

fc+0.3 fc

fc+4

0

:
]N = INT [BWcan / BWch] = INT [30 k / 8 k
=3
= N
.
.

BWch = 30 k / 3 = 10 k

fc1 = 505 kHz , fc2 = 515 kHz , fc3 = 525 kHz:

.

.2

. AM

11

501

505

509

511

515

519

521

529

530 525

]f [kH

500

. , .

.
BW[BPF 1] = 500 k 510 k
BW[BPF 2] = 510 k 520
BW[BPF 3] = 520 k 530 k
:

.
. ) ( 1 2 -

1 . 2
, ,

1 . 2 .

501

505

509

511

515

519

521

529

530 525

]f [kH

500

. SSB - .

,
:
N = INT [BWcan / BWch] = INT [30 k / 5 k] = 6

12

505

515

510

520

525

]f [kH

530

500

6 -

.
.

F.D.M FREQUENCY DIVISION

MULTIPLEXING

ASK AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING -

:
- FSK FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING :
FM
.
. "
.
"1 " "0 fc . fdfd > fc .
:
FDM
) ( . .
.
) (
.
FSK
" "0 " . "1
. .
:

""0

] MHz ] f

13

""1

fd

fc
0

""1" "0
"1" "0

""1" "0

""1" "0

""1" "0

"

""1" "0

] MHz ] f
fc fd

fc fd

fc fd

fc fd

fd fc fd

fc

30 FDM
.
(a (t kHz 0.2 : kHz 3.5 - .
. AM 14.3%
.
](V] a (f
4
2

[f [kHz
53.

0.2

.1 30
.

14

.2 .
fc 1 , fc 2 , fc 3 . fc 30
.3 .
.
.4
.
.5
.
. SSB
.6 kHz 460
30 .

. AM :
kHz
:
( Band
:
= GB
:

BW = 2 fmmax = 2*3.5 k = 7
( Guard

GB = 7 k * 0.143 = 1 khz

kHz 7 k + 1 k = BWch = BW + 8

BWcan = N * BWch = 30 * 8 k = 240 kHz

15

. ,

kHz 8:
fc 1 = 4 kHz
fc 2 = 4 k + 8 k = 12 kHz
k + 2 * 8 k = 20 kHz
= fc 3 4
k + 29 * 8 k = 236 kHz
= fc 30 4
:
fc N = ( BWch / 2 ) + ( N -1 ) * BWch

. .

2
- - - - - - - -]f [kHz
1
236
0

4 20

12

:
BPF 1 = 0.5 kHz 7.5 kHz
BPF 2 = 8.5 kHz 15.5 kHz
BPF 3 = 16.5 kHz 23.5 kHz

. :
:
.

= BWch 4 = 1.143 * 3.5

kHz

N = BWcan / BWch = 240 k / 4k = 60 ch

fmax = 460 k + 240 k = 700 kHz

.
. .

16

.
- (S(t
- (a(t

.
(A(t ) . (

- - -|

S(t) = 0

(S(t
A(t) = 0

S(t) = 1

(A(t) = a(t

|
|
)A(t

(a(t
RL

(S(t
A

t

d
Ts

(a(t

t

(A(t
17

t
PAM PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION -

.

.
:
(A(t) = S(t) * a(t
PAM -

(S(t :

( S(t) = A * d / Ts + An * cos(n*2 fs t
n=1

- A .
- d .
2
= An
) sin ( n f s d
n
- Ts .
An :
:
s = 2 fs t
(S(t

A = 1 , Ts / 2 = d

+ S(t) = 1/2 + A1 cos 1*s t + A2 cos 2*s t + A3 cos 3*s t + A4 cos 4*s t

18

a(t) = cos t
: PAM
= ( S(t)*a(t) = ( 1/2 + A1 cos 1*s t + A2 cos 2*s t + A3 cos 3*s t + ) * ( cos t
* )PAM = 1/2 cos t + A1 cos (s t)*cos t + A2 cos(2*s t)*cos t + A3 cos(3*s t
. . . + cos t
DSB
.
PAM

) ,An ) n
( An = (2 / n* ) * sin (n * fs d
DSB
:
, f , fs-f , fs+f , 2fs-f , 2fs+f , 3fs-f , 3fs+f , 4fs-f , 4fs+f :
1.

]Hz] f
f
0.5

A1/2

A1/2
A2/2
A3/2
A4/2

4fs+f

A2/2

A3/2

A4/2

3fs-f 3fs+f 4fs-f

fs-f fs+f 2fs-f 2fs+f

.2 ) . (
19

min max

min max

2s+max

2s-max

s+max

s-max

, . fs
. DSB

20