HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

CU KIN IN T
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa) Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2007

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

CU KIN IN T

Bin son :

THS. TRN TH CM

Cu kin in t

LI NI U Tp gio trnh "Cu kin in t " c bin son lm ti liu ging dy v hc tp cho cc sinh vin chuyn ngnh k thut in t - Vin thng, ng thi gio trnh cng c th c s dng cho cc sinh vin chuyn ngnh Cng ngh thng tin, v lm ti liu tham kho cho cc k s chuyn ngnh in t - Vin thng. Gio trnh c vit theo chng trnh cng mn hc "Cu kin in t v quang in t" ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng. Ni dung ca gio trnh c trnh by mt cch r rng, c h thng cc kin thc c bn v hin i v vt liu v cc cu kin in t - quang in t ang s dng trong ngnh k thut in t v k thut vin thng. Gio trnh "Cu kin in t" gm 8 chng. + Chng 1 Gii thiu chung v cu kin in t v vt liu in t. Trong chng ny a ranh ngha v cc cch phn loi ca cu kin in t, cc c tnh v cc tham s k thut ca cc loi vt liu s dng trong k thut in t - vin thng nh cht cch in, cht dn in, cht bn dn v vt liu t. + Chng 2 trnh by v cc cu kin in t th ng nh in tr, t in, cun dy v bin p, cng cc c tnh v tham s c bn ca cc cu kin ny, cch nhn bit v cch c cc tham s ca cc linh kin thc t. + Chng 3 trnh by v it bn dn. Trong chng ny, gio trnh nu ln tnh cht vt l c bit ca lp tip xc P - N, ng thi trnh by chi tit v cu to v nguyn l hot ng cng nh cc c tuyn, tham s k thut ca it bn dn. Ngoi ra, trong chng 3 cn trnh by v cc ch lm vic ca i t bn dn v gii thiu mt s loi i t thng dng v c bit. + Chng 4 trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca tranzito lng cc (BJT). ng thi, trong chng ny cng trnh by c th v ba cch mc c bn ca tranzito trong cc s mch khuch i, cc c tnh v c im ca tng cch mc. ng thi chng 4 cng trnh by v cc cch phn cc v cc mch tng ng ca tranzito. + Chng 5 gii thiu chung v tranzito hiu ng trng (FET) v phn loi tranzito trng. Trong chng trnh by c th v cu to v nguyn l hot ng cng nh cc cch phn cc cho tranzito trng loi JFET v MOSFET. + Chng 6 gii thiu v cu kin thuc h thyristo nh chnh lu silic c iu khin, triac, diac; nu cu to v nguyn l hot ng cng nh ng dng ca chng. ng thi, chng 6 cng trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca tranzito n ni (UJT). + Chng 7 cp n s pht trin tip theo ca k thut in t l vi mch tch hp. Trong chng ny trnh by v khi nim, phn loi cng nh s lc v cng ngh ch to vi mch bn dn, l loi vi mch c sn xut v s dng rng ri hin nay. Ngoi ra, trong chng 4 cn trnh by c tnh v tham s ca trnh by v c im cng nh tham s ca hai loi vi mch: vi mch tuyn tnh v vi mch s. Trong gii thiu chi tit v vi mch khuch i thut ton (OA), y l loi vi mch vn nng c s dng rng ri nhiu chc nng khc nhau. + Chng 8 trnh by v cc cu kin quang in t. Chng ny trnh by kh t m v h thng v cc loi cu kin quang in t bn dn v khng bn dn ang c s dng trong k thut in t v k thut vin thng. y trnh by v cc cu kin quang in t s dng trong k thut in t v thng tin quang: - Cc linh kin pht quang: LED ch th, LED hng ngoi, LASER, v mt ch th tinh th lng LCD.

Cu kin in t

- Cc linh kin thu quang: in tr quang, it quang, tranzito quang, thyristo quang, t bo quang in v pin mt tri. Trong tp gio trnh ny tc gi s dng nhiu ti liu tham kho v bin son theo mt trt t logic nht nh. Tuy nhin, tp gio trnh khng trnh khi nhng thiu st v hn ch. Chng ti rt mong nhn c s gp ca cc nh chuyn mn, cc bn ng nghip v nhng ai quan tm n chuyn ngnh ny b sung v hon chnh tp gio trnh "Cu kin in t" c tt hn. Cc kin ng gp xin gi n b mn K thut in t - Khoa K thut in t I, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, km 10 ng Nguyn Tri H Ni - H ng. Xin chn thnh cm n!

Cu kin in

Gii thiu chung v vt liu in t

CHNG 1 GII THIU CHUNG V CU KIN IN T GII THIU CHNG Chng 1 gii thiu khi nim chung v cu kin in t, gip cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh in t Vin thng c khi nim ban u bao qut v nhng linh kin in t c s dng trong cc mch in t. ng thi trong chng 1 cng gii thiu v cc c tnh vt l in ca cc vt liu c bn dng trong k thut in t. Hc xong chng 1, sinh vin phi nm c khi nim chung v cu kin in t, khi nim s b v mch in in t. Sinh vin cng phi hiu c cc c tnh k thut ca cc loi vt liu dng trong lnh vc k thut in t, mt s loi vt liu thng dng thng dng v ng dng chng. NI DUNG 1.1. GII THIU CHUNG Cu kin in t l mn hc v cu to, nguyn l hot ng v mt s ng dng ca cc linh kin c s dng trong cc mch in t thc hin mt chc nng k thut no ca mt b phn trong mt thit b in t chuyn dng cng nh thit b in t dn dng. Cu kin in t c rt nhiu loi thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau trong mch in t. Mun to ra mt thit b in t chng ta phi s dng rt nhiu cc linh kin in t, t nhng linh kin n gin nh in tr, t in, cun dy...n cc linh kin khng th thiu c nh it, tranzito...v cc linh kin in t t hp phc tp. Chng c u ni vi nhau theo cc s mch c thit k, tnh ton khoa hc thc hin chc nng ca thit b thng thng nh my radiocassettes, tivi, my tnh, cc thit b in t y t... n cc thit b thng tin lin lc nh tng i in thoi, cc trm thu - pht thng tin hay cc thit b v tinh v tr v.v...Ni chung cu kin in t l loi linh kin to ra cc thit b in t do vy chng rt quan trng trong i sng khoa hc k thut v mun s dng chng mt cch hiu qu th chng ta phi hiu bit v nm chc cc c im ca chng. 1.2. PHN LOI CU KIN IN T. C nhiu cch phn loi cu kin in t da theo nhng tiu ch khc nhau. y chng ta k n mt s cch phn loi thng thng: 1.2.1. Phn loi da trn c tnh vt l: Da vo cc c tnh vt l cu kin in t c th chia lm 2 loi: - Cc cu kin in t thng thng: y l cc linh kin in t c c tnh vt l in in t thng thng. Chng hot ng di tc dng ca cc sng in t c tn s t cc thp (f = 1Khz10Khz) n tn s siu cao tn(f = 10Ghz 100Ghz) hoc sng milimet. - Cu kin quang in t: y l cc linh kin in t c c tnh vt l in quang Chng hot ng di tc dng ca cc sng in t c tn s rt cao (f = 10 8 n 10 9 Ghz) thng c gi l nh sng. 1.2.2. Phn loi da theo lch s pht trin ca cng ngh in t: Ngi ta chia cu kin in t ra lm 5 loi: - Cu kin in t chn khng: l cc cu kin in t m s dn in xy ra trong mi trng chn khng.
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Cu kin in

Gii thiu chung v vt liu in t

Cu kin in t c kh: l cc cu kin in t m s dn in xy ra trong mi trng kh tr. - Cu kin in t bn dn: l cc cu kin in t m s dn in xy ra trong mi trng cht bn dn. - Cu kin vi mch: l cc chp bn dn c tch hp t cc cu kin bn dn theo s mch thit k trc v c mt hoc mt s chc nng nht nh. - Cu kin nan: y l cc cu kin c kch thc nanomet c ch to theo cng ngh nan nn n c cc tnh cht cng nh kh nng tin ch v cng c bit, khc hn vi cc cu kin c kch thc ln hn thng thng (t m tr ln). 1.2.3. Phn loi da trn chc nng x l tn hiu: Da theo chc nng x l tn hiu ngi ta chia cu kin in t thnh 2 loi l cu kin in t tng t (in t analoge) v cu kin in t s (in t digital). - Cu kin in t tng t l cc linh kin c chc nng x l cc tn hiu in xy ra lin tc theo thi gian. - Cu kin in t s l cc linh kin c chc nng x l cc tn hiu in xy ra ri rc, khng lin tc theo thi gian. 1.2.4. Phn loi da vo ng dng ca cu kin in t: Da vo ng dng ca cu kin in t ngi ta chia cu kin in t ra lm 2 loi l cc cu kin in t th ng v cc cu kin in t tch cc: - Cu kin in t th ng l cc linh kin in t ch c kh nng x l v tiu th tn hiu in - Cu kin in t tch cc l cc linh kin in t c kh nng bin i tn hiu in, to ra v khuch i tn hiu in. 1.3. KHI NIM V MCH IN V H THNG IN T 1.3.1. Mch in: Mch in l mt tp hp gm c ngun in (ngun p hoc ngun dng) v cc cu kin in t cng dy dn in c u ni vi nhau theo mt s mch thit k nhm thc hin mt chc nng no ca mt thit b in t hoc mt h thng in t. V d nh mch to dao ng hnh sin, mch khuch i micro, mch gii m nh phn, mch m xung, hoc n gin ch l mt mch phn p,... 1.3.2. H thng in t H thng in t l mt tp hp cc mch in t n gin c cc chc nng k thut ring thnh mt thit b in t c chc nng k thut nht nh hoc mt h thng in t phc tp c chc nng k thut ring nh my thu hnh, my hin sng, h thng pht thanh truyn hnh, trm truyn dn vi ba, h thng thng tin quang...Mch in t hay mt h thng in t bao gi cng c ngun in cung cp mt chiu (DC) phn cc cho cc cu kin in t hot ng ng ch v ngun tn hiu cn x l trong mch. 1.4. VT LIU IN T. Cc vt liu s dng trong k thut in t rt a dng v rt nhiu. Chng c gi chung l vt liu in t phn bit vi cc loi vt liu s dng trong cc lnh vc khc. Tu theo mc ch s dng v yu cu k thut m la chn vt liu sao cho thch hp m bo v cc ch tiu k thut, d gia cng v gi thnh r - Da vo l thuyt vng nng lng ngi ta chia vt cht ra lm ba loi l cht cch in, cht bn dn v cht dn in. Theo l thuyt ny th cc trng thi nng lng ca
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Cu kin in

Gii thiu chung v vt liu in t

nguyn t vt cht c phn chia thnh ba vng nng lng khc nhau l: vng ha tr, vng dn v vng cm. Mc nng lng cao nht ca vng ha tr k hiu l EV; mc nng lng thp nht ca vng dn k hiu l EC v rng vng cm k hiu l EG. + Cht cch in: Cu trc vng nng lng ca cht cch in c m t trong hnh 1-1a. rng vng cm EG c gi tr n vi eV (EG 2eV). + Cht bn dn: Cht bn dn c rng vng cm rt nh (EG < 2eV), xem hnh 1-1b. E EC Di dn in t
EG > 2 eV

E EC Di dn EG < 2 eV

EV
EG = 0

EV

L trng

EV

EC

Di ho tr

Di ho tr a/ b/ Hnh 1- 1: Cu trc di nng lng ca vt cht a- Cht cch in; b- Cht bn dn; c- Kim loi + Kim loi: Cu trc vng nng lng ca tinh th khng c vng cm, do vng ha tr ha vo vng dn (hnh 1-1c) nn in t ha tr chnh l cc in t t do. - Da vo ng dng, cc vt liu in t thng c phn chia thnh 4 loi l cht cch in (hay cht in mi), cht dn in, cht bn dn v vt liu t. 1.4.1. Cht cch in (hay cht in mi). a. nh ngha. Cht cch in, hay cn gi l cht in mi. Cht cch in c in tr sut cao vo khong 107 1017m nhit phng. Cht cch in gm phn ln cc vt liu v c cng nh hu c. Chng c th th kh, th lng v th rn. b. Cc tnh cht ca cht in mi. - thm thu in tng i (hay cn gi l hng s in mi): Hng s in mi k hiu l , n biu th kh nng phn cc ca cht in mi v c xc nh bng biu thc: C = d (1. 1) C0 Trong : Cd l in dung ca t in s dng cht in mi; C0 l in dung ca t in s dng cht in mi l chn khng hoc khng kh. c/

Cu kin in

Gii thiu chung v vt liu in t

- tn hao in mi (Pa): tn hao in mi l cng sut in chi ph lm nng cht in mi khi t n trong in trng v c tnh theo cng thc tng qut sau:

Pa = U 2Ctg

(1. 2)

Trong : Pa l tn hao in mi o bng ot (w) U l in p t ln t in o bng vn (V) C l in dung ca t in dng cht in mi o bng Farad (F) l tn s gc o bng rad/s tg l gc tn hao in mi - bn v in ca cht in mi (E.t.): Nu ta t mt cht in mi vo trong mt in trng m n b mt kh nng cch in - ta gi l hin tng nh thng cht in mi. Tr s in p khi xy ra hin tng nh thng cht in mi gi l in p nh thng U.t. thng o bng KV, v cng in trng tng ng vi im nh thng gi l bn v in. bn v in k hiu l E.t. v c tnh theo cng thc:

E .t =

U .t d

[KV / mm;KV / cm]

(1. 3)

Trong : U.t. - l in p nh thng cht in mi d - l b dy ca cht in mi b nh thng - Nhit chu ng: L nhit cao nht m cht in mi gi c cc tnh cht l ha ca n. - Dng in trong cht in mi (I): Dng in trong cht in mi gm c 2 thnh phn l dng in chuyn dch v dng in r. Dng in chuyn dch IC.M (hay gi l dng in phn cc): Qu trnh chuyn dch phn cc ca cc in tch lin kt trong cht in mi s to nn dng in phn cc IC.M. Khi in p xoay chiu dng in chuyn dch tn ti trong sut thi gian cht in mi nm trong in trng. Khi in p mt chiu dng in chuyn dch ch tn ti cc thi im ng hoc ngt in p. Dng in r Ir: Dng in r l dng in c to ra do cc in tch t do v in t pht x ra chuyn ng di tc ng ca in trng. Dng in tng qua cht in mi s l: I = IC.M. + Ir - in tr cch in ca cht in mi: in tr cch in c xc nh theo tr s ca dng in r:

R c. =

I ICM

(1. 4)

Trong : I - Dng in nghin cu

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IC.M. - Tng cc thnh phn dng in phn cc c.Phn loi v ng dng ca cht in mi. Cht in mi c chia lm 2 loi l cht in mi th ng v cht in mi tch cc. - Cht in mi th ng cn gi l vt liu cch in v vt liu t in. Bng 1.1 gii thiu mt s cht in mi thng dng v c tnh ca chng. - Cht in mi tch cc l cc vt liu c th iu khin c nh: + V in trng c gm, thu tinh,.. + V c hc c cht p in nh thch anh p in + V nh sng c cht hunh quang + Electric hay ci chm in l vt cht c kh nng gi c s phn cc ln v lu di. Bng 1.1. Gii thiu c tnh ca mt s cht in mi th ng thng dng Vt liu E.t. KV/mm 50 200 15 30 tg (.m) 1015 3.1014 4.103 1,2.103 1,6.103 T trng KG/m3 2,8.103 ng dng

Mi ca S Gm lm t Nha tng hp Ba cchin Giy La Sp Paraphin Nha thng Polime Cao su Du t in

68 6,37,5

0,0004

10 40 9 12 30 8 60 20 35 20 30 10 15 15 20 2030 20

12900 0,0020,025 17004500 0,0006 4 4,6 0,05 0,12 34 34 3,8 4,5 2,8 2,9 2,2 2,3 3,5 2,3 2,4 37 2,2 0,15

T in, cch in Gi , t in.. T cao tn, t tn thp.. Cch in Cch in T in, cch in Cch in Tm chng m Tm chng m Lm sch mi hn Cch in cao tn V dy dn T in, cp in

0,04 0,08

1,5.103

0,0003 0,0007. 0,01 1.10-45. 10-4 0,020.1 0,0020.005

1016

1015 1017 1015

0,9.103 1,6.103

1.4.2. Cht dn in a.nh ngha. Cht dn in l vt liu c dn in cao. in tr sut ca cht dn in nm trong khong 10-8 10-5 m. Trong t nhin cht dn in c th l cht rn, cht lng hoc cht kh.
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b. Cc tnh cht ca cht dn in. - in tr sut:

=R
trong :

S [.m] , [.mm] , [.m] l

(1. 5)

S - tit din ngang ca dy dn [mm2; m2] l - chiu di dy dn [mm; m] R - tr s in tr ca dy dn [] in tr sut ca cht dn in nm trong khong t: = 0,016 .m (ca bc Ag) n = 10 .m (ca hp kim st - crm - nhm) - H s nhit ca in tr sut (): H s nhit ca in tr sut biu th s thay i ca in tr sut khi nhit thay i 0 1 C. Khi nhit tng th in tr sut cng tng ln theo quy lut: t = 0 (1 + t) (1. 6) t - in tr sut nhit t (0C) 0 - in tr sut nhit 00C - h s nhit ca in tr sut [K-1] cho kim loi nguyn cht th h s nhit ca chng hu nh u bng nhau v bng: = 1/ 273,15 K-1 = 0,004 K-1. - H s dn nhit : Lng nhit truyn qua din tch b mt S trong thi gian t l: trong :

Q=

T St l

(1. 7)

Trong : - l h s dn nhit [w/ (m.K)]. T/l - l gradien nhit (T l lng chnh lch nhit hai im cch nhau mt khong l l) S - l din tch b mt t - l thi gian - Cng thot ca in t trong kim loi: Nng lng cn thit cp thm cho in t n thot ra khi b mt kim loi c gi l cng thot ca kim loi. EW - in th tip xc: Nghin cu hai cht kim loi tip xc vi nhau nh tip xc C trong hnh 1- 2. A B

C Hnh 1- 3 : Hai kim loi c tip xc C.

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Hiu in th tip xc gia hai kim loi ny c xc nh l s chnh lch th nng EAB gia im A v B v c tnh theo cng thc: EAB = EW2 - EW1 (1. 8) Tng ng vi th nng EAB (o bng eV) ta c in th tip xc (o bng Vn), k hiu l VAB v c tr s bng EAB. Nu kim loi 1 v 2 ging nhau, in th tip xc gia chng bng 0. Nu hai kim loi khc nhau th kim loi no c cng thot thp hn tr thnh in tch dng v kim loi c cng thot cao hn s tr thnh in tch m. b. Mt s loi vt liu dn in thng dng. Cht dn in c chia lm 2 loi l cht dn in c in tr sut thp v cht dn in c in tr sut cao. - Cht dn in c in tr sut thp: Cht dn in c in tr sut thp (hay dn in cao) thng dng lm vt liu dn in. Bng 1.2 gii thiu mt s cht dn in c in tr sut thp v tham s ca chng. Bng 1.2. Cht dn in c in tr sut thp v cc tnh cht in. Vt liu Bc (Ag) ng (Cu)

(.m)
0,0165 0,0175

(K-1)
0,0038 0,0043

tn.c. (0C) T trng (103Kg/ m3) 960 10,8 1080 8,96

ng dng M cng tc, bn cc, ng dn sng Dy dn, chn cc linh kin, ng dn sng l tip xc,dy in thoi, dy in tr Dy dn, in cc, v t hn Cu ch, v cp, acqui axit. Si nung, cng tc, in cc Si nung, cng tc, in cc Si nung, cng tc, in cc Dy dn cao tn, chn vi mch, ng dn sngchng n mn Tip im, cht dn in, ng h o in...

Hp kim ng Nhm (Al) Thic (Sn) Ch (Pb) Vonfram (W) Moliden (Mo) Niken (Ni) Vng (Au)

0,0300,06 0,002 0,0267 0,115 0,21 0,055 0,057 0,078 0,024 0,0045 0,0042 0,004

900 660 230 330 2500 1500 1450 2,7 7,3 11,4 19,31 10.2 8,9 19,31

Bch kim (Pt)

0,105

Cu kin in

Gii thiu chung v vt liu in t

- Cht dn in c in tr sut cao: Cc hp kim c in tr sut cao dng ch to cc dng c o in, cc in tr, bin tr, cc dy may so, cc thit b nung nng bng in. Bng 1.3. Mt s hp kim thng thng v tnh cht in ca chng. Vt liu Manganhin Constantan Nicrm Cacbon (C)

(.m)
0,42 0,48 0,48 0,52 1 1,2 0,28 3,5

(K-1)
0,00005 0,00005 0,00015 0,00004

tnc ( 0C) 1200 1270 1400 1400

t trng ng dng 3 (10 Kg/ m3) 8,4 in tr mu, dng c o in 8,9 Bin tr, si t 8,2 Si nung, m hn, bp in, bn l in tr, cht bi trn, micrphn

1.4.3. Cht bn dn a. nh ngha v c im ca cht bn dn. Cht bn dn l vt cht c in tr sut nm gia tr s in tr sut ca cht dn in v cht in mi khi nhit phng: = 10-4 107 .m Trong k thut in t ch s dng mt s cht bn dn c cu trc n tinh th, quan trng nht l hai nguyn t Gecmani v Silic. Thng thng Gecmani v Silic c dng lm cht chnh, cn cc cht nh Bo, Indi (nhm 3), phtpho, Asen (nhm 5) lm tp cht cho cc vt liu bn dn chnh. c im ca cu trc mng tinh th ny l dn in ca n rt nh khi nhit thp v n s tng theo ly tha vi s tng ca nhit v tng gp bi khi c trn thm tp cht. b. Cht bn dn nguyn tnh. Cht bn dn m mi nt ca mng tinh th ca n ch c nguyn t ca mt loi nguyn t th cht gi l cht bn dn nguyn tnh (hay cht bn dn thun) v c k hiu bng ch s i (Intrinsic). - Ht ti in trong cht bn dn thun: Ht ti in trong cht bn dn l cc in t t do trong vng dn v cc l trng trong vng ha tr Xt cu trc ca tinh th Gecmani hoc Silic biu din trong khng gian hai chiu nh trong hnh (1- 3): Gecmani (Ge) v Silic (Si) u c 4 in t ha tr lp ngoi cng. Trong mng tinh th mi nguyn t Ge (hoc Si) s gp 4 in t ha tr ca mnh vo lin kt cng ha tr vi 4 in t ha tr ca 4 nguyn t k cn sao cho mi nguyn t u c ha tr 4. Ht nhn bn trong ca nguyn t Ge (hoc Si) mang in tch +4. Nh vy cc in t ha tr trong lin kt cng ha tr s c lin kt rt cht ch vi ht nhn. Do vy, mc d c sn 4 in t ha tr nhng tinh th bn dn c dn in thp. nhit 00K, cu trc l tng nh hnh (1- 3) l gn ng v tinh th bn dn nh l mt cht cch in.

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Ge +4 Ge +4

Ge

+4

Ge

+4

Ge

+4

Ge

+4

Ge +4

Ge

+4

Ge

+4

Hnh 1- 3 : Cu trc tinh th Ge biu din trong khng gian hai chiu Ge L trng Ge +4 +4 Ge Ge

+4

+4 in t t do

Ge

+4

Ge

+4

Ge +4

Ge

+4

Ge

+4

Hnh 1- 4 : Tinh th Gecmani vi lin kt cng ha tr b ph v Tuy nhin, nhit trong phng mt s lin kt cng ha tr b ph v do nhit lm cho cht bn dn c th dn in. Hin tng ny m t trong hnh 1- 4. y, mt s in t bt ra khi lin kt cng ha tr ca mnh v tr thnh in t t do. Nng lng EG cn thit ph v lin kt cng ha tr khong 0,72eV cho Ge v 1,1eV cho Si nhit trong phng. Ch thiu 1 in t trong lin kt cng ha tr c gi l l trng. L trng mang in tch dng v c cng ln vi in tch ca in t. iu quan trng l l trng c th dn in nh in t t do. Trong cht bn dn nguyn tnh, s lng cc l trng ng bng s lng cc in t t do. pi = ni pi - nng ht dn l trng trong bn dn nguyn tnh ni - nng ht dn in t trong bn dn nguyn tnh Tip tc tng nhit th tng i in t - l trng mi s xut hin, ngc li khi c hin tng ti hp s mt i tng i in t- l trng. - dn in ca cht bn dn: Mt dng in qua cht bn dn J s l:
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J = (n. n + p. p )qE = E n- l nng in t t do (in tch m) p- l nng l trng (in tch dng) - l dn in n - linh ng ca in t p.- linh ng ca l trng Do dn in: = (n n + p p )q Trong :

(1. 9)

(1. 10)

Bng 1. 4 : Cc c tnh ca Ge v Si Cc c tnh Ge Si S nguyn t------------------------------------------32 14 Nguyn t lng--------------------------------------72,6 28,1 3 T trng (g/cm )--------------------------------------5,32 2,33 Hng s in mi-------------------------------------16 12 3 22 S nguyn t/cm ------------------------------------4,4.10 5,0.1022 EG0,eV, 00K (nng lng vng cm)-------------0,785 1,21 0 EG, eV, 300 K -------------------------------------0,72 1,1 0 -3 13 ni 300 K , cm (nng ht dn in t) ------2,5.10 1,5.1010 45 230 in tr sut nguyn tnh 3000K [.cm] ------3800 1300 n , cm2/ V-sec --------------------------------------1800 500 p ,cm2/ V-sec --------------------------------------99 34 Dn , cm2/ sec = n.VT -------------------------------47 13 Dp , cm2/ sec = p.VT ------------------------------Khi tng nhit , mt cc i in t - l trng tng v do dn in tng. Cho nn, nng in t ni ca bn dn nguyn tnh s thay i theo nhit trong quan h:

n i2 = A 0T3e EG 0 / KT
Trong :
20 2

(1. 11)

A0 - l hng s o bng A/(m . K ) EG0 - l rng vng cm 00K n, p v nhiu i lng vt l quan trng ca Gecmani v Silic cho bng (1.4). dn in ca Gecmani hoc Silic c tnh theo cng thc (1-11) s tng xp x 6% hoc 8% khi nhit tng 10C (tng ng).
b. Cht bn dn tp loi N (cht bn dn tp loi cho). Ta thm mt t tp cht l nguyn t thuc nhm 5 ca bng tun hon Menlp (th d Antimon - Sb) vo cht bn dn Gecmani (Ge) hoc Silic (Si) nguyn cht. Cc nguyn t tp cht (Sb) s thay th mt s cc nguyn t ca Ge (hoc Si) trong mng tinh th v n s a 4 in t trong 5 in t ha tr ca mnh tham gia vo lin kt cng ha tr vi 4 nguyn t Ge (hoc Si) bn cnh, cn in t th 5 s tha ra nn lin kt ca n trong mng tinh th l rt yu, xem hnh (1-5) . Mun gii phng in t th 5 ny thnh in t t do ta ch cn cp mt nng lng rt nh khong 0,01eV cho gecmani hoc 0,05eV cho silic. Cc tp cht ha tr 5 c gi l tp cht cho in t (Donor) hay tp cht N.

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Ge +4 Ge +4 Ge +4

Ge

+4 e5 +5

Ge

+4

E Vng dn

Sb

Ge

+4

EC ED EV

0,01 eV Mc cho EG Vng ho tr

Ge

+4

Ge

+4

Hnh 1- 5 : Mng tinh th Ge c thm tp cht Sb ha tr 5 (mng tinh th ca gecmani loi N)

Hnh 1- 6 : th vng nng lng ca bn dn Ge loi N

Mc nng lng m in t th 5 chim ng l mc nng lng cho php c hnh thnh khong cch rt nh di di dn v gi l mc cho, xem hnh (1-6). V do , nhit trong phng, hu ht cc in t th 5 ca tp cht cho s nhy ln di dn, nhng trong di ha tr khng xut hin thm l trng. Cc nguyn t tp cht cho in t tr thnh cc ion dng c nh. cht bn dn tp loi N: nng ht dn in t (nn) nhiu hn nhiu nng l trng pn v in t c gi l ht dn a s, l trng c gi l ht dn thiu s. nn >> pn trong : nn - l nng ht dn in t trong bn dn tp loi N pn - l nng ht dn l trng trong bn dn tp loi N
c. Cht bn dn tp loi P (cht bn dn tp loi nhn). Khi ta a mt t tp cht l nguyn t thuc nhm 3 ca bng tun hon Menlp (th d Indi - In) vo cht bn dn nguyn tnh Gecmani (hoc Silic). Nguyn t tp cht s a 3 in t ha tr ca mnh to lin kt cng ha tr vi 3 nguyn t Gecmani (hoc Silic) bn cnh cn mi lin kt th 4 trng. Trng thi ny c m t hnh (1- 7). in t ca mi lin kt gn c th nhy sang hon chnh mi lin kt th 4 cn d. Nguyn t tp cht va nhn thm in t s tr thnh ion m v ngc li nguyn t cht chnh va c 1 in t chuyn i s to ra mt l trng trong di ha tr ca n. Cc tp cht c ha tr 3 c gi l tp cht nhn in t (Acceptor) hay tp cht loi P. Mc nng lng trng ca tp cht trong cht bn dn chnh s to ra mt mc nng lng cho php ring nm bn trn di ha tr gi l mc nhn, (xem hnh 1- 8)

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Ge +4 Ge +4 Ge +4

Ge

+4

Ge

+4

E Vng dn

In

+3

Ge

+4

EC ED EV EG Mc nhn Vng ho tr 0,01 eV

Ge

+4

Ge

+4

Hnh 1- 7 : Mng tinh th gecmani vi mt nguyn t In ha tr 3

Hnh 1- 8 : Biu vng nng lng ca bn dn loi P

Nu tng nng tp cht nhn th nng ca cc l trng tng ln trong di ha tr, nhng nng in t t do trong di dn khng tng. Vy cht bn dn loi ny c l trng l ht dn a s v in t l ht dn thiu s v n c gi l cht bn dn tp loi P. PP >> NP trong : PP - nng ht dn l trng trong bn dn P NP - nng ht dn in t trong bn dn P Kt lun: Qua y ta thy, s pha thm tp cht vo bn dn nguyn tnh khng nhng ch tng dn in, m cn to ra mt cht dn in c bn cht dn in khc hn nhau: trong bn dn tp loi N in t l ht dn in chnh, cn trong bn dn tp loi P, l trng li l ht dn in chnh.
d. Mt in tch trong cht bn dn. Quan h gia nng ht dn in t n v nng ht dn l trng p trong cht bn dn theo cng thc gi l lut khi lng tch cc nh sau: (1. 12) n.p = ni2 Gi ND l nng cc nguyn t cht cho v chng u b ion ha. Do mt tng cc in tch dng s l ND + p. Tng t, NA l nng cc ion nhn v tng mt in tch m s l NA + n. Do tnh trung ha v in trong cht bn dn th mt cc in tch dng bng mt cc in tch m, nn ta c: ND + p = NA + n (1. 13)

Xt mt vt liu bn dn loi N th s c NA = 0. S lng in t trong bn dn N ln hn nhiu so vi s l trng, khi cng thc (1.13) n gin cn: n ND (1. 14) Nh vy, trong bn dn N nng in t t do xp x bng mt cc nguyn t tp cht cho. Do cng thc (1.14) c vit: n n = ND (1. 15) Nng l trng trong bn dn N c vit theo cng thc (1.12) ta c:
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n i2 n i2 pn = = n n ND
v nn >> pn Tng t, i vi bn dn tp loi P ta c:

(1. 16)

p p = N A v
v pp >> np

np =

n i2 NA

(1. 17)

e. Dng in trong cht bn dn. Trong cht bn dn c 2 thnh phn dng in l dng in khuch tn v dng in tri. - Dng in khuch tn: S tn ti gradient nng ht dn (dP/dx, dn/dx) s dn n hin tng khuch tn ca cc ht dn t ni c nng cao v ni c nng thp v to ra dng in khuch tn trong cht bn dn. Hin tng khuch tn cc l trng to nn mt dng in l trng JP [ampe/m2] c tnh theo cng thc sau:

J P = q.DP

dP dx

(1. 18)

trong : DP [m2/sec] - l h s khuch tn ca l trng. Tng t, cng thc tnh mt dng in in t khuch tn l:

J n = q.D n

dn dx

(1. 19)

trong : Dn - l h s khuch tn ca in t. C hai hin tng khuch tn v dch chuyn (hin tng tri) u l cc hin tng nhit ng hc thng k, D v khng c lp, chng quan h vi nhau theo cng thc:

DP Dn = = VT P n
Trong

(1. 20)

VT =

KT T = gi l in th nhit. q 11600

Ti nhit phng (3000K) th = 39D. Trong , gi tr D cho silic v gecmani cho bng 1-4. Mt dng in khuch tn l: Jk.t. = Jp + Jn - Dng in tri: Dng in tri l dng chuyn ng ca cc ht dn di tc dng ca in trng : (1. 21) J = .E = q(nn + pp).E
f. c im ca vt liu bn dn quang. Cht bn dn c dng to ngun nh sng hu ht u c vng cm ti hp trc tip. Trong cht bn dn cc in t v l trng c th ti hp trc tip vi nhau qua vng cm m khng cn mt ht th 3 no bo ton xung lng. Ch trong cc vt liu c vng cm trc tip hin tng ti hp bc x mi c hiu sut cao to ra mt mc pht x quang thch hp. Mc d khng c mt n tinh th bn dn no c vng cm ti hp trc tip, nhng
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cc hp cht ca cc cht thuc nhm III v nhm V c th cho ta vt liu c vng cm ti hp trc tip. y l cc vt liu c to nn t s lin kt ca cc nguyn t nhm III (nh Al, Ga, hoc In) v cc nguyn t nhm V (nh P, As, hoc Sb). S lin kt ba v bn thnh phn khc nhau ca cc hp cht i ca cc nguyn t ny cng l cc vt liu rt thch hp cho cc ngun nh sng. lm vic ph t 800 900nm, vt liu c s dng thng l hp kim 3 thnh phn AlXGaAs. T l x ca nhm (Al) v galium asenic (GaAs) xc nh rng vng cm ca cht bn dn v, tng ng, xc nh bc sng nh ca pht x bc x nh. iu ny m t trong hnh (1- 9). Gi tr x cho vng hot ng ca vt liu c la chn thng xuyn t c bc sng l 800nm n 850nm. cc bc sng di hn th cht 4 thnh phn In1-XGaXAsYP1-Y l mt trong cc vt liu c bn c s dng. Bng s thay i t lng phn t gam x v y trong vng hot ng, cc it pht quang (LED) c th to ra cng sut nh bc sng bt k gia 1,0 v 1,7m. n gin k hiu GaAlAs v InGaAsP mt cch tng qut khi khng cn ni r gi tr x v y cng nh cc k hiu khc nh AlGaAs; (AlGa)As; (GaAl)As; GaInPAs; v InXGa1-XAsYP1-Y. EG(eV 2,2 2,0 1,8 1,6 1,4 0 0,1 AlXGa1-XAs Trc tip Gin tip (m) 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9

0,2

0,3 0,4

0,5

T lng Al : x
Hnh 1- 9 : B rng vng cm v bc sng bc x ra l hm ca t lng phn t gam ca Al cho cht AlXGa1-XAs nhit phng.

Cc cht GaAlAs v InGaAsP thng c chn to cht bn dn s dng trong cc linh kin ngun sng v n c th ph hp vi cc tham s mng tinh th ca giao din cu trc d th bng vic s dng mt lin kt chnh xc cc vt liu 2, 3, v 4 thnh phn. Cc yu t ny nh hng trc tip n hiu sut bc x v tui th ca ngun sng. Quan h c hc lng t gia nng lng E v tn s (f):

E = h =

hc

Bc sng pht x nh o bng m c th biu din nh mt hm ca nng lng vng cm EG o bng eV theo cng thc:
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(m) =
1.5 VT LIU T

1, 24 EG

(1.22)

1.5.1 nh ngha. Vt liu t l vt liu khi t vo trong mt t trng th n b nhim t. Qu trnh nhim t ca cc vt liu st t di tc dng ca t trng ngoi dn n s tng ngun nhim t v quay cc vect mmen t theo hng ca t trng ngoi 1.5.2 Cc tnh cht c trng cho vt liu t. a. T tr v t thm: Ging nh in tr ca mt dy dn, mch t cng c t tr Rm. T tr l mt i lng nh gi s ngn cn vic lp nn t thng ca mt mch t. T tr c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Rm =
trong :

1 l . S

(1. 23)

l - l di ca mch t S - l tit din ca mch t - l t thm ca vt liu trong mch t S nghch o ca tng ng vi in tr sut trong mch in. Vy 1/ l t tr sut ca 1m3 vt liu t. t thm l s nghch o ca t tr

=
trong :

1 l = R m S Fm

(1. 24)

l t thm ca vt liu t Fm l lc t ng v l t thng. Thay cc gi tr ca Rm v Fm v thay cng thc tnh mt t thng ( cm ng t) B = /S (1. 25) ta c cng thc tnh t thm:

B H

[H / m]

(1. 26)

Vy t thm l t s gia cm ng t B v cng t trng H v c n v o bng Henry/met [H/m], trong H o bng Ampe/met. t thm ca khng gian t do 0:

0 = 4.107

[H / m]

b. t thm tng i (r): S gia tng t thng tng hp l cm ng t B khi cho st hoc thp vo mt mch in c tnh l t thm tng i r v cng thc (1-61) c vit li thnh:

r .0 =

B H
17

(1. 27)

Trong trng hp ca khng kh v cc vt liu khng t tnh khc th r = 1.

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Gii thiu chung v vt liu in t

Tu theo tng loi st hoc thp m r = 400 2500 B (T) 1,8 r 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (103 H/A/m) Gang Thp tm Thp l

r (Thp l)

Hnh 1- 10 : ng cong t ha ca gang, thp l, thp c tm v ng cong t thm ca thp l.

Hnh (1- 10) m t s thay i ca cm ng t B khi cng t trng H thay i trn cc mu l mch st t khp kn v ng cong t thm ca thp l. ng t ha c th c dng xc nh cm ng t B i vi mt gi tr cng t trng cho. T , t thm tng i ca mi mu c th c tnh v v trn th ng t ha ny. ng t nt trong hnh (1-10) m t t thm tng i r ca thp l. t thm tng i khng phi l i lng khng i, n ph thuc vo cng t trng H. i vi thp l t thm cc i t c cng t trng xp x 250A/m.
c. ng cong t ha: c trng cho tnh cht ca vt liu t ta c ng cong t ha B = f (H) biu th mi quan h gia cm ng t B v cng t trng H (xem hnh 1- 11). Khi cm ng t B v cng t trng H trong cun dy thay i vi s gia l B v H th s gia ca t thm B / H s tr nn quan trng.

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B b H B a 0 H

H B c

Hnh 1- 11 : t thm l t s ca B/H.

iu cn bit y l ta mun t c mt gi tr t thm ln nht khi cm ng t B cc i vi cng t trng H c th nh nht. Mt quan h quan trng khc l cc gi tr thay i ca B v H trong hnh (1- 11). nghing ca ng cong t ha ti mt im bt k c gi l gia lng t thm . =B/H gia t thm quan trng trong ng dng m yu cu s thay i rt nh ca cng t trng H v s thay i ln ca cm ng t B. Hin tng tr: Hnh (1- 12) ng cong t ha biu th quan h gia cm ng t B v cng t trng H ca vt liu t khi ta t n trong t trng. Nh biu th trong hnh ta c: Bs - cm ng t bo ha Bd - cm ng t d Hc - lc khng t ng cong 0-a-b-c xy ra khi vt liu t ban u l khng b nhim t v cng t trng tng t 0 ln. Khi ta gim cng t trng t Hmax xung n 0 th vt liu t vn cn gi li mt s t thng. cm ng t cn li trong vt liu t nhim t khi cng t trng gim xung n 0 gi l cm ng t d (on o-d): (Bd). gim cm ng t d n 0, ta cn cung cp mt cng t trng m. Cng t trng cn thit (o-e) gim cm ng t d n 0 c gi l lc khng t (HC). Khi tip tc tng gi tr ngc ca cng t trng H, th cm ng t B cng tng theo chiu m n gi tr bo ha, ta c ng cong t ha mi (on e-f). Mt ln na, cng t trng ngc li gim n 0 th cm ng t cng gim n gi tr cm ng t d (on o-g). V gim cm ng t n 0, ta li phi tng cng t trng theo chiu dng n tr s HC (on o-h) v y cng chnh l lc khng t. Tip tc tng cng t trng theo chiu dng ta c on "h-c" ca th. Nh vy, th B/H c dng mt vng khp kn. Vng ny i xng vi ln +Bmax = -Bmax, v +Hmax = -Hmax. Vng t tr chng minh rng, mt t nng lng c hp th vo trong vt liu t
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thng lc ma st v lm thay i s sp xp thng hng ca cc omen t. Nng lng ny l nguyn nhn lm nng li cun dy, v n chnh l nng lng lng ph. Din tch ph kn vng t tr t l thun vi nng lng hao ph ny. Hnh (1- 13) biu din 3 vng t tr tiu biu cho 3 loi vt liu st t. +B +Bb. Bd c b

-Hmax

HC e

a 0 g

h +Hmax H (A/m)

Hnh 1- 12 : Vng t tr (Khi cng t trng gim t Hmax n 0, cm ng t cn d li. Nu H i hng th cm ng t d cng i hng).

Vng t tr hnh (1- 13a) l ca st mm. Vng t tr hnh (1- 13b) m t vng t tr tiu biu ca cht thp cng, v din tch ca n ln l nguyn nhn dn n tn tht ca li ln. Tuy nhin, v cm ng t d ca cht thp cng ln nn n rt thun li cho nam chm vnh cu. Vng t tr hnh (1- 13c) l ca Ferit. y l mt li ceramic c lm t oxit st. Vng t tr c hnh dng nh vy s c tn tht tr ln. c tnh cm ng B t ti tr s cm ng t d khng i trong mt hng ny cho php s dng Ferit lm cc b nh t. Dng in xoy trong li st t: Nh ta bit, mt t trng thay i s cm ng mt sc in ng trong mt dy dn t trong t trng . Do vy, mt li st t t trong mt cun dy s cm ng mt sc in ng v to ra mt dng in lu thng trong li st t c gi l dng in xoy. Dng in xoy lm nng li st t v n gi vai tr quan trng trong tng tn tht ca cun dy. hn ch dng in xoy, li st t lm vic vi dng in xoay chiu lun c ch to t cc l mng. B mt ca cc l mng ny c qut vecni hoc mt lp sn cch in mng ln c hai mt tng in tr ca chng i vi dng in xoy. Bng cch ny cc tn tht do dng in xoy khng cn ng k.

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+B

+B

+B

Bd

Bd 0 HC 0 0

HC

Hmax

+H

+H

a/

b/

c/

Hnh 1- 13: Hnh dng ca mt s vng t tr ca cc vt liu 1.5.3 Phn loi v ng dng ca vt liu t. Da vo vng t tr ngi ta chia vt liu t lm 2 loi: - Vt liu t mm c t thm cao v lc khng t nh (Hc nh v ln). - Vt liu t cng c t thm nh v lc khng t cao (Hc ln v nh). a. Vt liu t mm: Vt liu t mm dng tn s thp: Vt liu t mm lm vic tn s thp thng c dng rng ri l st, hp kim st silic, st - niken, l thp k thut in... lm li bin p, nam chm in. Hin nay hp kim st t dng rng ri nht l st- silic. St- niken c t thm cao hn. Vt liu st dng trong cc cun dy v bin p thng dng tm mng. Mt cch khc, hp kim st t c to thnh bng cch nung dnh mt hn hp bt km nguyn cht, sau c cn ngui v . Khi cn ngui, nh tc ng sp xp li trc tinh th nn tnh cht t theo hng cn l tt nht v c gi l vt liu t c nh hng. gim tiu hao do cc dng in xoy trong li bin p ngi ta dng vt liu t c in tr sut cao. thay i tnh cht t v in tr sut ca vt liu st t ta phi thay i t l thnh phn hp kim. Cc tnh cht ca vt liu t thng cho di dng cc ng cong t ha v cc ng cong t thm. d t ha ca mt vt liu t c o bng t thm. Vi stsilic c t thm cc i khong 7500H/m, cn st -niken khong 60000H/m. Cc khong tn s lm vic ca cc vt liu t thng dng nh biu din trong hnh (1- 14).

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B dy c c 16 mile TS (cng sut) Ferit mangan (Q cao, xung)

Li st bi (Q cao)

TS.Ni (m tn) TSHD, Ni (cng sut) 5 mile 2 mile 1 mile 1 10 TSHD (m tn, tn tht nh) TSHD, Ni (cng sut, xung) TSHD, Ni (cng sut, xung) 102 103 104 105 106 107 f(Hz)

Hnh 1- 14 : Khong tn s lm vic ca ca cc vt liu t thng dng

Vt liu t mm dng tn s cao: (thng tn s vi trm n vi ngn KHz). + Ferit l vt liu t c dng rng ri nht tn s cao. Ferit l vt liu t c t thm cao, tn tht nh. Ferit l hp cht xit st 3 (Fe2O3) kt hp vi cc xit km loi ha tr mt hoc hai (ZnO; Zn2O). Nguyn vt liu sau x l c nghin thnh bt mn, trn li v p nh hnh theo khun thnh dng thanh hay ng, sau c thiu nhit cao trong mi trng thch hp, y l qu trnh gia cng nhit c bit hp cht cho in tr sut cao. Ferit c nhiu loi nhng thng dng nht l Ferit-Mangan- Km v Ferit -Niken- Km. Ferit c c im l in dn sut thp, t thm ban u cao v gi tr cm ng t bo ha thch hp. Ferit c dng trong cc cun dy, c h s phm cht cao, cc bin p c di thng tn rng, cc cun dy trung tn, thanh anten, cc cun lm lch tia in t, cc bin p xung, v.v.. Ferit mangan km (MnZn ferit) c ch to thnh nhiu loi khc nhau tu theo ng dng vi nhng cun dy c h s phm cht cao (Q cao) trong khong tn s t 1 n 500KHz, c loi tn tht nh, c h s nhit ca t thm thp v n nh cao. Dng trong truyn hnh c loi thch hp lm vic vi in cm ng t cao; cng c loi c t thm thch hp vi cc bin p thng tin di rng v cc bin p xung. Ferit niken km (NiZn ferit) cng c nhiu loi c thnh phn oxit niken v oxit km khc nhau, ng thi chng u c in tr sut cao. + Pecmaloi c t thm cao (c th ti hng trm ngn H/m). Pecmaloi l hp kim gm c 50% 80% l Niken, 18% 18,5% l Fe cn li l Mangan, Crm, ng, Silic v cn li l Moliden. Pecmaloi thng c dt mng. Chng thng c dng lm bin p Micr, u t, bin p kch thc nh, cht lng cao. Nhc im ca Pecmaloi rt d v, d bin dng nn
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Cu kin in

Gii thiu chung v vt liu in t

cn thn khi s dng v gia cng ch to.

b. Vt liu t cng: Theo ng dng chia vt liu t cng thnh 2 loi: - Vt liu ch to nam chm vnh cu. - Vt liu t ghi m, ghi hnh, gi m thanh, v.v.. Theo cng ngh ch to, chia vt liu t cng thnh: - Hp kim thp c ti thnh Martenxit l vt liu n gin v r nht ch to nam chm vnh cu. - Hp kim l t cng. - Nam chm t bt. - Ferit t cng: Ferit Bari (BaO.6Fe2O3) ch to nam chm dng tn s cao. - Bng, si kim loi v khng kim loi dng ghi m thanh. c im ca nam chm vnh cu l: Nng lng t cc i bao quanh khng gian xung quanh cht st t c tnh bng Oat (W):

Wd =

Bd .H d 2 W= B.H 2

(1. 28)

nh vy, nng lng bao quanh khng gian cht st t c tnh theo cng thc:

Nam chm trong trng thi khp kn s khng truyn nng lng ra khng gian xung quanh. Khi tn ti 1 khe khng kh gia cc cc th s xut hin s truyn nng lng vo khng gian xung quanh, tr s ca n ph thuc nhiu vo chiu di khe khng kh. Cc c tnh ca nam chm vnh cu l cc i lng: - Lc khng t HC. - cm ng t d Bd. - Nng lng cc i bao quanh khng gian quanh cht st t Wd. - t thm ca vt liu t cng nh hn ca vt liu t mm v vi s tng ca HC th t thm gim. i lng H.B/ 2 t l vi nng lng cc i ca t trng bao quanh cht st t.
1.4.5. Thch anh p in (SiO2) Thch anh l tinh th Si02 t nhin khng mu, trong sut, thng gi l pha l t nhin; hoc thch anh mu (thch anh khi, thch anh tm). Tinh th thch anh p in c th c gia cng bng phng php nhn to, khi cc tnh cht ca n gn ging nh cc tnh cht ca cc tinh th t nhin. Thch anh p in thng c dng lm cc b dao ng thch anh c tn s dao ng rt n nh. B cng hng thch anh: B mt ca cc tm thch anh c mi bng bt mn v trn chng c t cc in cc bng kim loi to ra b cng hng thch anh. K hiu v mch tng ng:

23

Cu kin in

Gii thiu chung v vt liu in t

CM
A B

Hnh 1-5. K hiu v s mch tng ng ca thch anh trong mch

B cng hng thch anh cn c h s nhit tn s thp v khng c to ra cc cng hng k sinh theo c hai hng k t tn s cng hng chnh trong di tn cho ca n. in tch xut hin hiu ng p in c xc nh bng cng thc: (1. 29) Q = dij .F trong : F - l lc gy ra bin dng dij - mdun in tng ng vi loi tinh th.
TM TT NI DUNG Trong chng ny chng ta trnh by nh ngha v cu kin in t mt cch khi qut, a ra mt s cch phn loi cu kin in t thng dng. Thng thng nht ta chia cu kin in t da theo ng dng ca n l cu kin in t th ng v cu kin in t tch cc. Ngoi ra cn phn loi theo lch s pht trin cng ngh ch to ca cc cu kin m chng ta rt quen gi l cu kin in t chn khng, cu kin in t c kh, cu kin in t bn dn, vi mch v cu kin in t nan. Trong chng 1 cng cho chng ta mt khi qut chung cu trc ca mt mch in t v mt h thng in t. T y chng ta c th hnh dung c tm quan trng ca cc cu kin in t v v tr c th s dng chng trong cc thit b in t. Vt liu in t l phn quan trng ca chng 1. Chng ta nghin cu v c tnh vt l in ca cc loi vt liu s dng trong lnh vc in t v c phn ra lm 4 loi theo ng dng ca n. Cht cch in hay cn gi l cht in mi l loi dn in km, in tr sut ca n rt cao ( 10 7 10 17 ) m. Khi s dng cht cch in ta phi ch n cc tnh cht k thut sau: Hng s in mi , biu th kh nng phn cc ca cht in mi; bn v in E.t. biu th kh nng chu c in p cao ca cht in mi; tn hao in mi P (hay gc tn hao in mi tg) biu th chi ph nng lng in v ch ca cht in mi khi c dng in chy qua. Tu theo mc ch s dng m chng ta ch n cc tnh cht c trng ny mt cch ti u la chn vt liu thch hp. Trong s dng, cht cch in c chia lm 2 loi chnh l vt liu cch in th ng v cht cch in tch cc. Cht cch in th ng thng dng lm vt liu cch in v lm t in. Cn cht cch in tch cc c mt s c tnh c-in c bit nh bin c nng thnh in nng (gm xt nht, mui xt nht), tnh p in ( mui xt nht, gm xt nht, thch anh p in) hoc lectret (ci chm in)... Cht dn in l vt liu dn in tt, thng thng th rn chng l kim loi v hp kim, cn th lng chng l cc kim loi nng chy v dung dch in phn. Khi s dng cht
24

Cu kin in

Gii thiu chung v vt liu in t

dn in chng ta phi ch n cc tnh cht sau ca n: in dn sut hay in tr sut ( = 1/); H s nhit ca in tr sut (); Nhit dn sut (); Hiu in th tip xc v Gii hn bn khi ko. Trong s dng, cht dn in c chia lm 2 loi: cht dn in c in tr sut thp, thng dng lm dy dn in nh ng nguyn cht, nhm nguyn cht v cht dn in c in tr sut cao thng c dng lm cc in tr, cc si nung nng...Tu theo mc ch s dng m chng ta la chn cc vt liu c tnh cht thch hp. Cht bn dn l vt liu m in tr sut ca n c gi tr gia gi tr ca cht cch in v cht dn in. Trong k thut in t ngi ta ch s dng cc cht bn dn c cu trc mng tinh th, quan trng l 2 cht silic v gecmani. c tnh dn in quan trng ca cht bn dn l dn in ca n ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit v nng tp cht c trong n. Cht bn dn c chia lm 3 loi chnh: cht bn dn thun (nguyn tnh), cht bn dn tp loi N v cht bn dn tp loi P. Cht bn dn nguyn tnh c nng ht ti in in t v ht ti in l trng bng nhau (pi = ni); cht bn dn tp loi P c ht ti in a s l l trng, ht ti in in t l thiu s (pp >> np); cht bn dn tp loi N c ht ti in a s l in t, ht ti in thiu s l l trng (nn >> pn). Cht bn dn quang l vt liu bn dn c cu trc in t c bit c th bc x quang t qu trnh ti hp ca cc ht dn (bin i in sang quang) hoc hp th quang to ra cc ht dn in (bin i quang sang in). Vt liu t l vt liu c kh nng nhim t khi t trong t trng. Khi s dng vt liu t chng ta phi ch cc tnh cht t tnh sau: t thm tng i (r), T tr (RM) v Tn hao t tr. Ngoi ra chng ta cn quan tm n tnh cht ca ng cong t ho v vng t tr ca vt liu t. Ngi ta thng chia vt liu t ra lm 3 loi: Vt liu t mm, vt liu t cng v vt liu t c cng dng c bit. Vt liu t mm c t thm cao, lc khng t v tn hao t tr nh. Vt liu t cng l loi c t thm thp, lc khng t cao. Vt liu t c cng dng c bit.
CU HI N TP

1. Hy cho bit mt s cch phn loi cu kin in t thng thng? 2. Hy cho bit cc tnh cht vt l-in c bn ca cht cch in? 3. Em hy cho bit thng thng cht cch in c chia lm my loi? L nhng loi no v phm vi s dng chnh ca tng loi? 4. Hy cho bit cc tnh cht vt l-in c bn ca cht dn in? 5. Da vo tnh dn in, cht dn in c phn chia thnh my loi? L nhng loi no? Cho v d v nu ng dng ca chng? 6. Hy cho bit nhng yu t no nh hng chnh n dn in ca cht bn dn? 7. Ti sao trong cht bn dn thun, nng ht ti in in t v ht ti in l trng li bng nhau? 8. Th no l cht bn dn tp loi N? c im dn in ca n l g? 9. Th no l cht bn dn tp loi P? c im dn in ca n l g? 10. Cht bn dn quang in t c c im g khc vi cht bn dn thng thng? 11. Nu nhng tnh cht c bn ca vt liu t? 12. Hy cho bit vt liu t c phn chia thnh my loi? Cho v d ng dng ca tng loi? 13. Cho mt ming bn dn Silic c pha thm photpho nng 1015 / cm 3 . Hy tnh nng
25

Cu kin in

Gii thiu chung v vt liu in t

ht dn trong ming bn dn ti nhit 300 0 K . 14. Hy cho bit nhng tnh cht c bit ca thch anh p in v ng dng ca n? 15. Da vo cu trc vng nng lng ca vt cht, cht bn dn c rng vng cm l: a. EG > 2eV b. 0eV < EG < 2eV c. EG = 0eV d. 3eV < EG < 6eV 16. Hy in vo ch trng ca mnh mt trong nhng nhm t di y: bn v in ca cht in mi l gi tr ..ngoi t ln cht in mi m lm cho n mt kh nng cch in. a. dng in; b. in p; c. cng sut in; d. cng in trng 17. t thm tng i ca vt liu t r l mt i lng. a. khng thay i. b. thay i theo cng t trng H. c. thay i theo tn s lm vic. d. thay i theo iu kin mi trng nh nhit , nh sng, m
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Gio trnh Cu kin in t v quang in t ca Trn Th Cm, Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, nm 2002. 2. Vt liu k thut in, ca Nguyn nh Thng, nh xut bn KHKT H Ni, nm 2005.

26

Cu kin in t

Cu kin in t th ng

CHNG 2 CC CU KIN IN T TH NG GII THIU CHNG Chng 2 gii thiu v cc cu kin in t th ng. l cu kin in tr, t in, cun cm v bin p. y l cc cu kin khng th thiu c trong cc mch in. Chng lun gi mt vai tr rt quan trng trong hu ht cc mch in. Cc cu kin ny c trnh by mt cch c th t nh ngha, cu to, k hiu trong cc s mch, cc cch phn loi thng dng, cc tham s c bn v cc cch nhn bit chng trn thc t. Ngoi ra, chng 2 cn cho bit c tnh ca mt s cu kin in t th ng c bit, s dng trong cc lnh vc khc nhau. NI DUNG 2.1 IN TR 2.1.1. nh ngha v k hiu ca in tr a. nh ngha: in tr l cu kin dng lm phn t ngn cn dng in trong mch. Tr s in tr c xc nh theo nh lut m: U [] R= ( 2. 1) I Trong : U hiu in th trn in tr [V] I - dng in chy qua in tr [A] R - in tr [] Trn in tr, dng in v in p lun cng pha v in tr dn dng in mt chiu v xoay chiu nh nhau. b. K hiu ca in tr trn cc s mch in Trong cc s mch in, in tr thng c m t theo cc qui c tiu chun nh trong hnh 2-1. R12 R159

in tr thng 0,25W 1W

0,5W 10W in tr cng sut Bin tr

Hnh 2-1: K hiu ca in tr trn s mch in c. Cu trc ca in tr:

27

Cu kin in t

Cu kin in t th ng

Cu trc ca in tr c nhiu dng khc nhau. Mt cch tng qut ta c cu trc tiu biu ca mt in tr nh m t trong hnh 2-2.

M chp v chn in tr

V bc

Li

Vt liu cn in

Hnh 2.2: Kt cu n gin ca mt in tr

2.1.2. Cc tham s k thut c trng ca in tr a. Tr s in tr v dung sai + Tr s ca in tr l tham s c bn v c tnh theo cng thc: l ( 2. 2) R= S Trong : - l in tr sut ca vt liu dy dn cn in l- l chiu di dy dn S - l tit din ca dy dn

+ Dung sai hay sai s ca in tr biu th mc chnh lch gia tr s thc t ca in tr so vi tr s danh nh v c tnh theo %. Dung sai c tnh theo cng thc:

R t . t R d .d 100% R d .d

R t . t Tr s thc t ca in tr R d .d Tr s danh nh ca in tr

Da vo % dung sai, ta chia in tr 5 cp chnh xc: Cp 005: c sai s 0,5 % Cp 01: c sai s 1 % Cp I: c sai s 5 % Cp II: c sai s 10 % Cp III: c sai s 20 % b. Cng sut tiu tn danh nh: (Pt.tmax) Cng sut tiu tn danh nh cho php ca in tr Pt.t.max l cng sut in cao nht m in tr c th chu ng c trong iu kin bnh thng, lm vic trong mt thi gian di khng b hng. Nu qu mc in tr s nng chy v khng dng c. Pt.t.max = RI2max =

U2 max R

[W]

(2.3)

Vi yu cu m bo cho in tr lm vic bnh thng th Ptt < Pttmax.

c. H s nhit ca in tr : TCR

28

Cu kin in t

Cu kin in t th ng

H s nhit ca in tr biu th s thay i tr s ca in tr theo nhit mi trng v c tnh theo cng thc sau: 1 R .106 [ppm/ 0C] (2.4) TCR = . R T Trong : R- l tr s ca in tr R- l lng thay i ca tr s in tr khi nhit thay i mt lng l T. TCR l tr s bin i tng i tnh theo phn triu ca in tr trn 1C (vit tt l ppm/C). Lu : in tr than lm vic n nh nht nhit 200C. Khi nhit tng ln hn 200C hoc gim nh hn 200C th in tr than u tng tr s ca n.
2.1.3. Cch ghi v c cc tham s trn thn in tr

Trn thn in tr thng ghi cc tham s c trng cho in tr nh: tr s ca in tr v % dung sai, cng sut tiu tn (thng t vi phn mi Watt tr ln). Ngi ta c th ghi trc tip hoc ghi theo nhiu qui c khc nhau. a. Cch ghi trc tip: Cch ghi trc tip l cch ghi y cc tham s chnh v n v o ca chng. Cch ghi ny thng dng i vi cc in tr c kch thc tng i ln nh in tr dy qun. b. Ghi theo qui c Cch ghi theo quy c c rt nhiu cc quy c khc nhau. y ta xem xt mt s cch quy c thng dng: + Khng ghi n v m: y l cch ghi n gin nht v n c qui c nh sau: R (hoc E) = M = M K = K + Quy c theo m: M ny gm cc ch s v mt ch ci ch % dung sai. Trong cc ch s th ch s cui cng ch s s 0 cn thm vo. Cc ch ci ch % dung sai qui c gm: F = 1 %, G = 2 %, J = 5 %, K = 10 %, M = 20 %. + Quy c mu: Thng thng ngi ta s dng 4 vng mu, i khi dng 5 vng mu (i vi loi c dung sai nh khong 1%). Loi 4 vng mu c qui c: - Hai vng mu u tin l ch s c ngha thc ca n - Vng mu th 3 l ch s s 0 cn thm vo (hay gi l s nhn). - Vng mu th 4 ch phn trm dung sai (%). Loi 5 vch mu c qui c: - Ba vng mu u ch cc s c ngha thc - Vng mu th t l s nhn ch s s 0 cn thm vo - Vng mu th 5 ch % dung sai.

29

Cu kin in t

Cu kin in t th ng

Bng 2.1 : Bng qui c mu

Mu en Nu Cam Vng Lc Lam Tm Xm Trng Vng kim Bch kim Khng mu

Vch mu th 1 Hng chc 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -

Vch mu th 2 n v 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -

Vch mu th 3 S nhn 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 100000000 1000000000 0,1 0,01 -

Vch mu th 4 Dung sai 20% 1% 2% -

5% 10% 20%

Th t vng mu c qui c nh sau:

1 2 3 4
Hnh 2-3: Th t vng mu

2.1.4. Phn loi v ng dng ca in tr a. Phn loi: Phn loi in tr c rt nhiu cch. Thng dng nht l phn chia in tr thnh hai loi: in tr c tr s c nh v in tr c tr s thay i c (hay bin tr). Trong mi loi ny li c phn chia theo cc ch tiu khc nhau thnh cc loi nh hn nh sau: in tr c tr s c nh. in tr c tr s c nh thng c phn loi theo vt liu cn in nh: + in tr than tng hp (than nn) + in tr than nhit gii hoc than mng (mng than tinh th). + in tr dy qun gm si dy in tr di (dy NiCr hoc manganin, constantan) qun trn 1 ng gm ceramic v ph bn ngoi l mt lp s bo v. + in tr mng kim, in tr mng oxit kim loi hoc in tr ming: in tr ming thuc thnh phn vi in t. Dng in tr ming thng dng l c in lun trn tm rp mch. + in tr cermet (gm kim loi). Da vo ng dng in tr c phn loi nh lit k trong bng 2.2.

30

Cu kin in t

Cu kin in t th ng

Bng 2.2: Cc c tnh chnh ca in tr c nh tiu biu Loi in tr Chnh xc Dy qun Mng kim Bn chnh xc Oxyt kim loi Cermet Than mng a dng Than tng hp Cng sut Dy qun Hnh ng Bt sn my Chnh xc Mng kim loi in tr ming (mng vi in t) Tr s R Pt.t.max [w] t0lmvic 0 C TCR ppm/0C

0,1 1,2M 10 5M 10 1,5M 10 1,5M 10 5M 2,7 100M 0,1 180K 1,0 3,8K 0,1 40K 20 2M

1/8 3/4 1250C 1/20 1/2 1250C 1/4 2 700C 1/201/2 1250C 1/8 1 700C 1/8 2 700C 1 21 250C 5 30 250C 1 10 250C 7 1000 250C

-55+145 -55+125 -55+150 -55+175 -55+165 -55+130 -55+275 -55+275 -55+275 -55+225

10 25 200 200 200; 510 1500 200 50 20 500

1 22M

-55+125

25n 200

in tr dy qun chnh xc

in tr mng

in tr oxit im loi

Loi than tng hp

Loi dy qun cng sut

Hnh 2-4: Mt s hnh dng bn ngoi ca mt s in tr c nh in tr c tr s thay i (hay cn gi l bin tr) Bin tr c hai dng. Dng kim sot dng cng sut ln dng dy qun. Loi ny t gp trong cc mch in tr. Dng thng dng hn l chit p. Cu to ca bin tr so vi in tr c nh ch yu l c thm mt kt cu con chy gn vi mt trc xoay iu chnh tr s

31

Cu kin in t

Cu kin in t th ng

in tr. Con chy c kt cu kiu xoay (chit p xoay) hoc theo kiu trt (chit p trt). Chit p c 3 u ra, u gia ng vi con trt cn hai u ng vi hai u ca in tr.

Hnh 2-5: K hiu ca bin tr trn cc mch

Chn in tr Dy in tr Trc xoay 1 3 2 Chn in tr

Con trt

Hnh 2-6: Cu trc ca mt chit p dy qun

Theo ng dng c th chia chit p thnh 3 loi chnh: loi a dng, loi chnh xc v loi iu chun. Ngoi cc c tnh tng t nh ca in tr c nh, chit p cn c cc tham s ring, trong c bn l lut in tr. Lut in tr cho bit tr s ca in tr thay i th no khi ta thay i gc xoay ca con chy (hnh 2-7). 100% R 2 1 3 ng 1: tuyn tnh ng 2: logarit - iu chnh m sc ng 3: hm m - iu chnh m lng

100%
Hnh 2.7: Ba lut in tr thng dng ca chit p b. ng dng: ng dng ca in tr rt a dng: gii hn dng in, to st p, dng phn cc, lm gnh mch, chia p, nh hng s thi gian, v.v.. c. Mt s in tr c bit in tr nhit: Tecmixto y l mt linh kin bn dn c tr s in tr thay i theo nhit . Khi nhit bnh thng th tecmixto l mt in tr, nu nhit cng tng cao th in tr ca n cng gim.

32

Cu kin in t

Cu kin in t th ng

H s nhit TCR ca in tr nhit tecmixto c gi tr m ln. in tr nhit thng c dng n nh nhit cho cc mch ca thit b in t, o v iu chnh nhit trong cc cm bin.

t0

Tecmixto
Hnh 2-8: K hiu ca tecmixto trn s mch

in tr Varixto: y l linh kin bn dn c tr s in tr thay i c khi ta thay i in p t ln n.

VDR
Hnh 2-9: K hiu ca varixto trong s mch

R (K) 3000 200 100 20 10 3 2 1 0 2 4 6 ... 40 60 U(v)

Hnh 2-10: S thay i tr s in tr ca Varixto theo in p

in p danh nh l c tnh c bn ca varixto trong dng in qua varixto c tr s danh nh. ng dng: Varixto dng chia p trn cc li iu khin n nh in p. ng thi, n cn c mc song song vi cc cun ra ca bin p qut dng, qut mnh n nh in p trn cc cun li tia in t. in tr Mgm: c tr s in tr t 108 1015 (khong t 100 M n 1000000 G). in tr Mgm c dng trong cc thit b o th, trong mch t bo quang in. in tr cao p: L in tr chu c in p cao t 5 KV n 20 KV. in tr cao p c tr s t 2000 1000 M, cng sut tiu tn cho php t 5 W n 20 W. in tr cao p thng dng lm gnh cc mch cao p, cc b chia p. in tr chun: L cc in tr dng vt liu dy qun c bit c n nh cao. Th d, cc vt liu c s thay i gi tr in tr khong 10 ppm/nm, TCR = 4 ppm/0C.

33

Cu kin in t

Cu kin in t th ng

Mng in tr: Mng in tr l mt loi vi mch tch hp c 2 hng chn.

a. Mng in tr: 8 chn 2 hng

b. Sp xp cc in tr bn trong RN

Hnh 2-11: Cu trc ca mng in tr 2.2 T IN 2.2.1. nh ngha v k hiu ca t in a. nh ngha: T in l dng c dng cha in tch. Mt t in l tng c in tch bn cc t l thun vi hiu in th t ngang qua n theo cng thc: Q = C . U [culng] (2. 5) trong : Q - in tch trn bn cc ca t in [C] U hiu in th t trn t in[v] C - in dung ca t in[F]

C=

Q 0 .S = U d

b. K hiu ca t in trn cc s mch:

+ T thng

+ T in gii T c in dung thay i

Hnh 2-12: Cc k hiu ca t in c. Cu to ca t in: Cu to ca t in bao gm mt lp vt liu cch in nm gia hai bn cc l 2 tm kim loi c din tch S.

Bn cc Chn t Cht in mi
Hnh 2-13: Cu to ca t in 2.2.2. Cc tham s c bn ca t in

V bc

34

Cu kin in t

Cu kin in t th ng

a. Tr s dung lng v dung sai: + Tr s dung lng (C): Tr s dung lng t l vi t s gia din tch hu dng ca bn cc S vi khong cch gia 2 bn cc. Dung lng c tnh theo cng thc:

C=

r 0S d

[F]

(2.6)

Trong : r - hng s in mi ca cht in mi 0 - hng s in mi ca khng kh hay chn khng S - din tch hu dng ca bn cc [m2] d - khong cch gia 2 bn cc [m] C - dung lng ca t in [F] n v o dung lng theo h SI l Farad [F], thng thng ta ch dng cc c s ca Farad. + Dung sai ca t in: y l tham s ch chnh xc ca tr s dung lng thc t so vi tr s danh nh ca n. Dung sai ca t in c tnh theo cng thc :

C t . t C d .d .100% C d .d

(2. 7)

Dung sai ca in dung c tnh theo %. Dung sai t 5% n 20% l bnh thng cho hu ht cc t in c tr s nh, nhng cc t in chnh xc th dung sai phi nh (Cp 01: 1%, Cp 02: 2%). b. in p lm vic: in p cc i c th cung cp cho t in thng th hin trong thut ng "in p lm vic mt chiu". Mi mt t in ch c mt in p lm vic nht nh, nu qu in p ny lp cch in s b nh thng v lm hng t. c. H s nhit: nh gi s thay i ca tr s in dung khi nhit thay i ngi ta dng h s nhit TCC v tnh theo cng thc sau:

TCC =
Trong :

1 C 6 .10 C T

[ppm/0C]

(2. 8)

C - l lng tng gim ca in dung khi nhit thay i mt lng l T. C - l tr s in dung ca t in. TCC thng tnh bng n v phn triu trn 1C (vit tt ppm/C) v n nh gi s thay i cc i ca tr s in dung theo nhit .

2.2.3. T in cao tn v mch tng ng: S mch tng ng ca t in c m t hnh 2-14. Trong s : L - l in cm ca u ni, dy dn ( tn s thp L 0) RS - l in tr ca u ni, dy dn v bn cc (RS thng rt nh) RP - l in tr r ca cht cch in v v bc. RL, RS - l in tr r ca cht cch in C - l t in l tng

RP L RS C

RL

35
C

RS

Cu kin in t

Cu kin in t th ng

Trong hnh "a" cho t bnh thng; hnh "b" cho t c in tr r ln v hnh "c" cho t c in tr r thp. Hnh 2-14 c l s tng ng ca t in tn s cao. Khi t lm vic tn s cao ta phi ch n tn hao cng sut trong t c th hin qua h s tn hao DF:

DF =

RS .100% XC

(2. 9)

Trong : RS - l tr s hiu dng ni tip ca t in (in tr bn cc, dy dn...) XC - l dung khng ca t in DF cng nh th t in cng t mt mt, tc l phm cht cng cao. Khi lm vic tn s cao cn t c phm cht cao. H s phm cht ca t in c tnh:

Q=

1 DF

(2. 10)

i vi cc t in lm vic tn s cao th tn hao in mi s tng t l vi bnh phng ca tn s: Pa = U22C2R (2. 11) Do , trn thc t cc t in lm vic tn s cao cn phi c in tr ca cc bn cc, dy dn v tip gip nh nn cc chi tit ny thng c trng bc.
Cc cch ghi v c tham s trn thn t in Hai tham s quan trng nht thng c ghi trn thn t in l tr s in dung (km theo dung sai sn xut) v in p lm vic. a. Cch ghi trc tip: Ghi trc tip l cch ghi y cc tham s v n v o ca chng. Cch ny ch dng cho cc loi t in c kch thc ln. b. Cch ghi gin tip theo qui c: Cch ghi gin tip l cch ghi theo quy c. T in c tham s ghi theo qui c thng c kch thc nh v in dung ghi theo n v pF. C rt nhiu cc qui c khc nhau nh quy c m, quy c mu, v.v.. Sau y ta ch nu mt s quy c thng dng: + Ghi theo qui c s: Cch ghi ny thng gp cc t Plystylen. V d 1: Trn thn t c ghi 47/ 630: c ngha t s l gi tr in dung tnh bng pF, tc l 47 pF, mu s l in p lm vic mt chiu, tc l 630 Vdc. + Quy c theo m: Ging nh in tr, m gm cc ch s ch tr s in dung v ch ci ch % dung sai. T gm c kch thc nh thng c ghi theo qui c sau: v d trn t ghi l 204 c ngha l tr s ca in dung 20.0000 pF Vdc. 2.2.3

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T Tantan l t in gii cng thng c ghi theo n v F cng in p lm vic v cc tnh r rng. + Ghi theo quy c mu: T in cng ging nh in tr c ghi theo qui c mu. Qui c mu cng c nhiu loi: c loi 4 vch mu, loi 5 vch mu. Nhn chung cc vch mu qui c gn ging nh in tr. TCC 1 2 3 4 T hnh ng 1 2 3 4 5 T hnh ko
Hnh 2-15: M mu ca t in Bng 2.3: Bng qui c m mu trn t in

1 3 2 4 + T Tantan

Mu en Nu Cam Vng Lc Lam Tm Xm Trng Hng

Vch 1 S c ngha 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -

Vch 2 S c ngha 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -

Vch 3 S nhn (PF) Tantan(F) 1 1 10 10 100 100 1K 10K 100K 0,01 0,01 0,1 0,1 -

Vch 4 Vch 4 UDC (V) Dung sai T Tantan 10PF >10PF 2PF 20% 10 100 0,1PF 1% 250 2% 400 6,3 16 630 20 25 3 35 0,5PF 0.25PF 1PF 2,5% 5% 10%

Vch 5 Polyster 250w -

2.2.4. Phn loi v ng dng.

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C nhiu cch phn loi t in, thng thng ngi ta phn t in lm 2 loi l: T in c tr s in dung c nh T in c tr s in dung thay i c. a. T in c tr s in dung c nh: T in c tr s in dung c nh thng c gi tn theo vt liu cht in mi v cng dng ca chng nh trong bng 2.4.
Bng 2.4: Bng phn loi t in da theo vt liu v cng dng.

Loi t

in dung

U lm vic (Vdc) 100 2500 300 500 150 500 200 600 30 1000 50 400

t0 lm vic

+ Chnh xc: . Mi ca 1 91000 PF . Thu tinh 1 10000 PF . Gm 1 1100 PF . Mng Polystylen 1000 220000 PF + Bn chnh xc: . Mng cht do 1000PF 10 F . Mng cht do- giy 4700PF 10 F (trng kim loi) + a dng: . Gm Li- K 10 100000 PF . Ta2O3 (nung dnh, cht in 1 580 PF gii rn c cc tnh) . Mng dnh t c cc 5,6PF 560 F . Al2O3 kh, c cc tnh 150PF 120000 F + Trit - nui .Giy 10000 PF 3 F . Mi ca (hnh khuy) 5 2400 PF . Gm 100 1500 PF + Thot .Giy 10000 35000 PF

-55 125 -55 125 -55 85 -55 85 -55 125 -55 125

50 200 10 300 4 85 5 450 100 600 500 500 1500 100 500

-55 125 -55 125 -55 125 -40 85 -55 125 -55 125 -55 125 -55 85

+ T in gii nhm: (Thng gi l t ha) Tnh cht quan trng nht ca t in gii nhm l chng c tr s in dung rt ln trong mt "hp" nh. Gi tr tiu chun ca cc t ha nm trong khong t 1 F n 100000 F. Cc t in gii nhm thng dng thng lm vic vi in p mt chiu ln hn 400 Vdc, trong trng hp ny, in dung khng qu 100 F. Ngoi in p lm vic thp v phn cc th t in gii nhm cn mt nhc im na l dng r tng i ln. + T tantan: (cht in gii Tantan) y l mt loi t in gii. T tantan, cng ging nh t in gii nhm, thng c mt gi tr in dung ln trong mt khi lng nh. . Ging nh cc t in gii khc, t tantan cng phi c u ng cc tnh. T tantan cng c ghi theo qui c 4 vng mu.

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b. T in c tr s in dung thay i T in c tr s in dung thay i c l loi t trong qu trnh lm vic ta c th iu chnh thay i tr s in dung ca chng. T c tr s in dung thay i c c nhiu loi, thng dng nht l loi a dng v loi iu chun. Loi a dng cn gi l t xoay: T xoay c dng lm t iu chnh thu sng trong cc my thu thanh, v.v.. T xoay c th c 1 ngn hoc nhiu ngn. Mi ngn c cc l ng xen k, i nhau vi cc l tnh, ch to t nhm. Cht in mi c th l khng kh, mi ca, mng cht do, gm, v.v.. T vi iu chnh (thng gi tt l Trimcap) Loi t ny c nhiu kiu. Cht in mi cng dng nhiu loi nh khng kh, mng cht do, thu tinh hnh ng... thay i tr s in dung ta dng tuc-n-vit thay i v tr gia hai l ng v l tnh

+
T giy

103
T gm + T ha + 22UF + T tantan

T mica

T xoay T du

Trimcap
Hnh 2 -16: Mt s t in thng gp c. ng dng: + T in c dng to phn t dung khng trong mch. Dung khng Xc c tnh theo cng thc:

Xc =
Trong :

1 1 = 2fC C

[]

(2. 12)

f - l tn s ca dng in (Hz)

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C - l tr s in dung ca t in (F) + Do t khng cho dng in mt chiu qua nhng li dn dng in xoay chiu nn t thng dng cho qua tn hiu xoay chiu ng thi vn ngn cch c dng mt chiu gia mch ny vi mch khc, gi l t lin lc. + T dng trit b tn hiu khng cn thit t mt im trn mch xung t gi l t thot. + T dng lm phn t dung khng trong cc mch cng hng LC gi l t cng hng. + T dng trong mch lc gi l t lc. + Do c tnh np in v phng in, t dng to mch nh gi, mch pht sng rng ca, mch vi phn v tch phn
2.3. CUN CM (hay CUN DY)

2.3.1. nh ngha v k hiu ca cun cm. a. nh ngha: Cun dy, cn gi l cun t cm, l cu kin in t dng to thnh phn cm khng trong mch. Cm khng ca cun dy c xc nh theo cng thc: (2. 13) XL = 2 f L = L () Trong : L in cm ca cun dy (o bng Henry), ph thuc vo hnh dng, s vng dy, cch sp xp, v cch qun dy. f - tn s ca dng in chy qua cun dy (Hz) Cc cun dy c cu trc c gi tr cm ng xc nh. Ngay c mt on dy dn ngn nht cng c s cm ng. Nh vy, cun dy cho qua dng in mt chiu v ngn cn dng in xoay chiu. ng thi, trn cun dy dng in v in p lch pha nhau 900. Cun dy gm nhng vng dy dn in qun trn mt ct bng cht cch in, c li hoc khng c li ty theo tn s lm vic. b. K hiu cc cun cm trong s mch in: Trong cc mch in, cun cm c k hiu bng ch ci L.

L a- Cun dy li Ferit

L b- Cun dy li st t

L c- Cun dy khng li

Hnh 2- 17: K hiu cun dy trong s mch 2.3.2. Cc tham s ca cun cm. a. in cm ca cun dy (L): in cm ca cun dy c tnh theo cng thc (2.14):

L = r . 0 .N 2 .
Trong :

S l

(2. 14)

S - l tit din ca cun dy (m2) N - l s vng dy l - l chiu di ca cun dy (m) r , 0 - l t thm ca vt liu li st t v ca khng kh (H/ m)

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Qua biu thc (2.14) ta thy cm ng ln nht khi c cun dy ngn vi tit din ln v c s vng dy ln. b. H s phm cht ca cun cm (Q): Mt cun cm thc khi c dng in chy qua lun c tn tht, l cng sut in tn hao lm nng cun dy. Cc tn tht ny c biu th bi mt in tr RS ni tip vi cm khng XL ca cun dy. H s phm cht Q ca cun dy l t s ca cm khng XL trn in tr RS ny. Tr s Q cng cao th tn tht cng nh v ngc li.

Q=

XL RS
L XL RS

(2.15)

Hnh 2 -18: S mch tng ng ca cun dy khi xt n tn tht 2.3.3. Cun cm cao tn s v s mch tng ng. Cun dy thc cn c tn s lm vic b gii hn bi in dung ring ca n. tn s thp, in dung ny c b qua v dung khng ca n rt ln. Nhng tn s cao th cun dy tr thnh mt mch cng hng song song. Tn s cng hng ca mch cng hng song song ny gi l tn s cng hng ring ca cun dy f0 . Nu cun dy lm vic tn s cao hn tn s cng hng ring ny th cun dy mang dung tnh nhiu hn. Do tn s lm vic cao nht ca cun dy phi thp hn tn s cng hng ring ca n.

Hnh 2 -19: S tng ng ca cun dy khi lm vic tn s cao

Tn s cng hng ring ca cun dy:

f0 =

1 2 LC

[Hz]

(2.16)

Trong : L - l in cm ca cun dy [H] C - l in dung ring ca cun dy [F] Tn s lm vic cao nht ca cun dy phi nh hn tn s f0 ny. fmax < f0
2.3.4. Phn loi v ng dng ca cun cm. Da theo ng dng m cun cm c mt s loi sau: - Cun cng hng l cc cun dy dng trong cc mch cng hng LC.

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Cun lc l cc cun dy dng trong cc b lc mt chiu. Cun chn dng ngn cn dng cao tn, v.v.. Da vo loi li ca cun dy, c th chia cc cun dy ra mt s loi sau. Chng ta s xem xt c th tng loi mt: a. Cun dy li khng kh hay cun dy khng c li: Cun dy li khng kh c nhiu ng dng, thng gp nht l cc cun cng hng lm vic tn s cao v siu cao. Cc yu cu chnh ca cun dy khng li l: - in cm phi n nh tn s lm vic. - H s phm cht cao tn s lm vic. - in dung ring nh. - H s nhit ca in cm thp. - Kch thc v gi thnh phi hp l. c n nh cao, cun dy thng c qun trn mt ng ct bn chc bng ba hoc s. gim in dung ring c th chia cun dy thnh nhiu cun nh ni tip. Dy ng ni chung c dng n tn s khong 50 MHz. tn s cao hn, cun dy thng c thay bng ng ng hoc di ng t (thng c m bc c in dn xut b mt cao) trnh tn tht trong ng qun. Cc cun dy thng c tm dung dch paraphin chng m, tng bn c hc, nht l i vi cc cun dy dng si nh chp li hoc cun dy qun theo kiu "t ong". tn s Radio, cc cun y thng c bc kim (t trong v nhm...) trnh cc nhiu in t khng mong mun. Mun tng in cm ca cun dy m khng cn tng s vng dy, ngi ta dng cc li st t b. Cun dy li st bi: Cun dy li st bi thng c dng tn s cao v trung tn. Cun dy li st bi c tn tht thp, c bit l tn tht do dng in xoy ngc, v t thm thp hn nhiu so vi loi li st. c. Cun dy li Ferit: Cun dy li Ferit l cc cun dy lm vic tn s cao v trung tn. Li Ferit c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau nh: thanh, ng, hnh ch E, ch C, hnh xuyn, hnh ni, ht u,v.v.. Trong hnh (2-20) m t mt s loi cun dy cao tn v trung tn. Li trong cun dy c th c ch to iu chnh i vo hoc i ra khi cun dy. Nh vy in cm ca cun dy s thay i. Tu thuc vo dy ca si dy s dng v vo kch thc vt l ca cun dy, dng in cc i c th khong t 50 mA n 1 A.

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Cu kin in t th ng

b. Cun dyli khng kh

hoc Ferit ng dy Cun dy Li ni Ferit a. Cun dy cao tn li ni Ferit d. Cun RF li khng kh

c. Cun dy hnh khun

e. Cun dy mng mng

Hnh 2 -20: Mt s loi cun dy cao tn d. Cun dy li st t: Li ca cun dy thng l st - silic v st silic ht nh hng, hoc st- niken tu theo mc ch ng dng. y l cc cun dy lm vic tn s thp. Dy qun l dy ng c trng men cch in, qun thnh nhiu lp c cch in gia cc lp v c tm chng m sau khi qun. Cc cun chn tn s thp c dng ch yu lc b in p gn cho ngun cung cp mt chiu qua chnh lu, lm ti ant trong cc tng khuch i dng n in t ghp LC, v trong cc ng dng mt chiu khc. Gi tr cm ng ca cc cun dy ny nm trong khong t 50 mH n 20 H vi dng in mt chiu n 10 A v in p cch in n 1000 V.

Kp bng nhm

Li st t

Cun dy

Hnh 2 -21: Cun dy lc ngun tiu chun

K hiu ca li Ferit v cc cun dy: K hiu ca li v ca cc cun dy c qui nh theo tng nc sn xut. Qui c vng mu cho cc cun dy kch thc nh. Nhn chung qui c mu ging nh in tr 1,2,3,4

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Cu kin in t

Cu kin in t th ng

Qui c: - Vng mu th 1: ch s c ngha th nht hoc chm thp phn - Vng mu th 2: ch s c ngha th hai hoc chm thp phn - Vng mu th 3: ch s 0 cn thm vo - Vng mu th 4: ch dung sai %. Trong trng hp ny, n v o ca in cm l H. Th t cc vng mu ngc vi in tr. Bng 2.5: M t k hiu mu cho cc cun dy Gi tr ca cc s Dung sai 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10% Chm thp phn 5% 20%

Mu en Nu Cam Vng Xanh l cy Xanh lam Tm Xm Trng Bch kim Vng kim Khng vch mu
2.4. BIN P

2.4.1. nh ngha v k hiu trong s mch. a. nh ngha: Bin p l thit b gm hai hay nhiu cun dy ghp h cm vi nhau bin i in p. Cun dy u vo ngun in gi l cun s cp, cc cun dy khc u vo ti tiu th nng lng in gi l cun th cp.

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Cu kin in t th ng

Li st U2 Cun s cp Cun th cp ~ U1 T thng Rt

Hnh 2 -23: Cu to c bn ca bin p b. K hiu ca bin p trong cc s mch in:

a. Bin p m tn

b. Bin p ngun li st v bin p t ngu

c. Bin p cao tn khng li

d. Bin p li Ferit

e. Bin p trung tn
Hnh 2 -24: Cc k hiu ca bin p trong s mch in 2.4.2. Cc tham s k thut ca bin p. a. H s ghp bin p K: S lng t thng lin kt t cun s cp sang cun th cp c nh ngha bng h s ghp bin p K:

K=

T thng lin kt gia hai cun s cp v cun th Tng s t thng sinh ra do cun s cp

Thng thng h s ghp bin p c tnh theo cng thc: M (2. 17) K = L1 L 2

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Cu kin in t

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Trong :

M - h s h cm ca bin p L1 v L2 - h s t cm ca cun s cp v cun th cp tng ng. Khi K = 1 l trng hp ghp l tng, khi ton b s t thng sinh ra do cun s cp c i qua cun th cp v ngc li. Trn thc t s dng, khi K 1 gi l hai cun ghp cht khi K<<1 gi l hai cun ghp lng

b. in p cun s cp v cun th cp: in p cm ng cun s cp v th cp quan h vi nhau theo t s: U1 N 1 = U2 N 2

Do

U2 = U1.

N2 N1

(2. 18)

Trong U1 - in p cm ng ca cun dy s cp. N2 - H s bin p l t s gia s vng dy cun th cp v cun s cp. N1 Do nu: N1 = N2 th U1 = U2 ta c bin p 1 : 1 N2 > N1 th U2 > U1 ta c bin p tng p N2 < N1 th U2 < U1 ta c bin p h p
c. Dng in s cp v dng in th cp: Quan h gia dng in cun s cp v cun th cp theo t s: I1 U 2 N 2 = = I 2 U1 N 1

V dng in cun th cp bng: N (2. 19) I2 = I1 1 N2 Ta thy t s dng in cun s cp v cun th cp l t s nghch o ca in p cun s cp v cun th cp, nn mt bin p tng p cng chnh l mt bin p h dng v ngc li. d. Hiu sut ca bin p: Cc bin p thc u c tn tht nn ngi ta ra a thng s hiu sut ca bin p. Hiu sut ca bin p l t s gia cng sut ra v cng sut vo tnh theo %: P P2 100% (2. 20) = 2 . 100% = P1 P2 + Pton that P1 - cng sut a vo cun s cp P2 - cng sut thu c cun th cp Ptn tht - Cng sut in mt mt do tn tht ca li v tn tht ca dy ng. Mun gim tn hao nng lng trong trong li st t, dy ng v t thng r ngi ta dng loi li lm t cc l st t mng, c qut sn cch in, dng dy ng c tit din ln v ghp cht. trong

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2.4.3. Phn loi v ng dng ca bin p.

Bin p l thit b lm vic vi dng in xoay chiu, cn khi lm vic vi tn hiu xung gi l bin p xung. Ngoi cng dng bin i in p, bin p cn c dng cch in gia mch ny vi mch kia trong trng hp hai cun dy s cp v th cp cch in vi nhau v c dng bin i tng tr trong trng hp bin p ghp cht. Bin p cao tn dng truyn tn hiu c chn lc th dng loi ghp lng, nhng bin p cao tn dng bin i tng tr th dng loi ghp cht. Bin p ghp cht l tng c 100%, khng c tn tht ca li v dy (K 1). Sau y l mt s loi bin p thng dng. a. Bin p cng hng: y l bin p cao tn (dng trung tn hoc cao tn) c li khng kh hoc st bi hoc ferit. Cc bin p ny ghp lng v c mt t in mc cun s cp hoc cun th cp to cng hng n. Thng thng tn s cng hng c thay i bng cch iu chnh v tr ca li hoc bao li. Nu dng hai t in mc hai cun hai bn th ta c th c cng hng kp hoc cng hng lch. m rng di thng tn, ta dng mt in tr m mc song song vi mch cng hng. Lc th chn lc tn s ca mch s km i. Thit k cc bin p cng hng phi xt n mch c th, nht l c tnh ca cc linh kin tch cc v phi lin h n in cm r v in dung phn tn ca cc cun dy.
b. Bin p cp in (bin p ngun): L bin p lm vic vi tn s 50 Hz, 60 Hz. Bin p ngun c nhim v l bin i in p vo thnh in p v dng in ra theo yu cu v ngn cch thit b khi khi ngun in. Cc bin p thng c ghi gii hn bng Vn- Ampe. Cc yu cu thit k chnh ca mt bin p cp in tt l: - in cm cun s cp cao gim dng in khng ti xung gi tr nh nht. - H s ghp K cao in p th cp t st khi c ti. - Tn tht trong li cng thp cng tt . - Kch thc bin p cng nh cng tt. c. Bin p m tn: Bin p m tn l bin p c thit k lm vic di tn s m thanh khong t 20 Hz n 20000 Hz. Do bin p ny c dng bin i in p m khng c gy mo dng sng trong sut di tn s m thanh, dng ngn cch in mt chiu trong mch ny vi mch khc, bin i tng tr, o pha, v.v.. Cc yu t nh hng n bin p m tn cn ch : - p ng tn s: tn s thp, cng sut ra b gii hn ch yu bi in cm cun s cp. p ng tn s bng phng khong tn s t 100 Hz n 10 KHz. khong ny, s thay i tn s khng gy nh hng n in p ra U2.

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U2

100Hz 1kHz 10kHz 20kHz

Hnh 2 -25: c tnh tn s ca bin p m tn

tn s cao, s mt mt nng lng do li st tng n mc in p ra b gim xung. Nh vy tn s lm vic cao, nh hng ca in cm r v in dung phn tn gia cc vng dy cao hn. - Kh nng truyn ti cng sut: c th truyn ti cng sut cc i phi chp nhn mt lng mo dng sng nht nh. Lng mo ny tu thuc vo ngi thit k. Bin p m tn c th dng li st t hoc li ferit, v trn bin p c ghi cng sut (tu thuc vo kch thc...), tng tr cun s cp v tng tr th cp, loi c im gia... Li bin p m tn cng thng c khe khng kh chng bo ha t do dng in mt chiu gy ra. d. Bin p xung: Bin p xung c hai loi: loi tn hiu v loi cng sut. Bin p xung c yu cu v di thng tn kht khe hn so vi bin p m tn. hot ng tt c tn s thp (nh v y xung) v tn s cao (sn xung), bin p xung cn phi c in cm s cp ln, ng thi in cm r nh v in dung gia cc cun dy nh. khc phc cc yu cu i khng ny vt liu li cn c t thm cao v kt cu hnh hc ca cun dy thch hp. Vt liu li ca bin p xung c chn ty thuc vo di tn hot ng c th l st t hoc ferit. e. Bin p nhiu u ra: Bin p nhiu u ra gm c 1 cun s cp v nhiu cun th cp. in p ra mi cun ph thuc vo s vng dy ca cun cng nh ph thuc vo in p cun s cp v s vng dy ca cun s cp.

Rt1

~
Rt2

Hnh 2 -26: K hiu bin p nhiu u ra

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Cu kin in t th ng

Mt iu quan trng cn ch l tng in p ra c tnh l tng ca cc in p th cp nu cc cun th cp ni ghp theo kiu tr gip v tt c cc in p ca cc cun dy u cng pha. Nu 1 trong cc cun dy ghp ni theo kiu ngc li, sao cho in p ca n ngc pha vi cc in p khc th phi ly cc in p khc tr i in p ca n.
TM TT NI DUNG Cu kin in t th ng thng dng gm c in tr, t in, cun cm v bin p. in tr (R) c coi l phn t thng dng nht ca cc mch in t. y l cu kin c ch to t cht dn in c in tr sut cao. Tr s ca in tr c tnh theo nh lut m. in tr dn dng mt chiu v xoay chiu nh nhau. Cc tham s k thut chnh ca in tr l: - Tr s in tr v dung sai: Tr s in tr o bng n v m (), n cho bit kh nng cn in nhiu hay t ca in tr; Dung sai ca in tr ch phn trm (%) sai s cho php ca in tr so vi gi tr danh nh ca n. - Cng sut tiu tn cho php l cng sut in cao nht m in tr c th chu ng c, qu tr s ny th in tr s b nng, chy v hng. Tham s ny thng c ch khi in tr lm vic mch in c dng in ln. - H s nhit ca in tr (TCR) biu th nh hng ca nhit ln tr s ca in tr thng tnh theo n v phn nghn trn bch phn (ppm/oC). in tr c ch to v ghi cc tham s cn thit trn thn ca n ngi s dng c th c d dng. C mt s cch ghi thng dng c cc nh sn xut qui nh nh ghi trc tip, ghi gin tip theo qui c m, qui c mu... T in (C) l cu kin in t c dng lm phn t tch in tch trong mch. T in ngn cn dng in mt chiu v dn dng in xoay chiu. Dng in v in p trn t in lch pha nhau 90 . Cc tham s k thut chnh ca t in l: - Tr s in dung v dung sai: Tr s in dung biu th kh nng tch in ca t in v n c o bng n v Farad (F). Tuy nhin n v ny rt ln nn trong k thut thng dng cc c s ca n l Micr Farad (F), nan Farad (nF), pic Farad (pF). Dung sai ca in dung l sai s cho php tnh theo phn trm (%) so vi gi tr in dung danh nh ca t in. - in p lm vic cho php (Vdc) l tr s in p cao nht o bng vn m t in chu ng c, qu gi tr ny t in s b nh thng. - H s nhit ca t in (TCC) biu th nh hng ca nhit ln tr s in dung c tnh bng phn triu trn bch phn (ppm/oC). Cun cm (L) l cu kin in t dng to thnh phn cm khng trong mch. Cun cm dn dng in mt chiu v tn s thp d dng, dng xoay chiu c tn s cng cao qua cng kh. Cm khng ca cun cm c tnh theo cng thc: XL = 2fL. Dng in v in p trn cun cm lch pha 90 . Khi s dng cun cm chng ta phi ch n cc tham s k thut c bn sau: - in cm ca cun dy ( L) o bng henry (H). in cm ph thuc vo kch thc ca cun dy, s vng dy v cch qun dy, vo li ca cun dy. - H s phm cht ca cun cm (Q). Xt h s phm cht ca cun cm chng ta phi xt v tn hao ca cun dy. tn hao c c trng bng mt in tr ni tip vi cun dy. H s phm cht Q = XL/r (r- in tr ca cc thnh phn to ra cun dy).

49

Cu kin in t

Cu kin in t th ng

Tn s lm vic gii hn (fg.h.) l tn s cao nht m cun dy vn lm vic bnh thng, vn m bo cc tham s k thut ca cun dy. Chng ta xem xt mt s loi cun cm thng dng: + Cun cm khng c li, l cc cun cm lm vic tn s cao v siu cao nn yu cu v in dung ring ca cun cm phi rt nh, h s phm cht cao v chng thng l cc cun cng hng. + Cun cm li fe-rit: l cc cun cm lm vic tn s cao v trung tn v chng cng thng l cun cng hng. Cun cm li fe rit c th iu chnh in cm c v n c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau. + Cun cm li st t: l cc cun cm lm vic tn s thp, thng l cun chn cao tn, hoc cun lc ngun. Bin p l cu kin dng bin i in p nh vo hin tng h cm ca cc cun dy t gn nhau. Cu to c bn ca bin p gm c cun s cp v cun th cp. Cun s cp c u vo thng c u vi ngun in p cn bin i, cun th cp thng c u ra u vi ti tiu th. Khi s dng bin p chng ta cn ch cc tham s k thut c bn ca chng. - T s in p gia cun th cp v cun s cp: U2/U1 = N2/N1, trong N1 v N2 l s vng dy ca cun s cp v cun th cp, tng ng. - T s gia dng in th cp v dng in s cp: I2/I1 = N1/N2 - T s gia tr khng vo v tr khng ra: Z2/Z1 = N1/N2 - H s ghp bin p K Bin p c nhiu loi, thng thng c phn chia theo mc ch s dng l bin p cng hng, bin p ngun, bin p m tn v bin p xung. Bin p cng hng lm vic tn s cao v trung tn, thng l loi khng c li hoc li fe-rit. Bin p cng hng dng bin i tng tr th thuc loi ghp cht, cn dng truyn tn hiu c chn lc th thuc loi ghp lng. Bin p ngun dng bin i in p tn s cng nghip (50Hz, 60Hz). Bin p ngun thng dng li st t v l loi ghp cht. Bin p m tn lm vic di tn s m thanh nn yu cu v p ng tn s phi tt trong sut di tn cng tc. Bin p xung l loi bin p lm vic ch tn hiu xung nn yu cu v p ng tn s cn cao hn bin p m tn v n phi lm vic tt tn s cao cng nh tn s thp. Bin p m tn c li l st t hoc fe-rit tu theo yu cu mch in.

CU HI N TP 1. Hy cho bit cc tham s c bn ca in tr? 2. Trnh by v cc cch phn loi in tr v nu ng dng ca chng? 3. Cho bit cc tham s c bn ca t in? 4. Nu cc cch phn loi t in, cho mt vi v d. 5. nh ngha v cun cm v nu cc tham s chnh ca n. 6. Trnh by v c im ca cun cm li khng kh v phm vi s dng ca chng? 7. Trnh by cc c im ca cun cm li fe-rit v ng dng ca chng? 8. Hy cho bit cc c tnh ca cun cm li st t v ng dng? 9. Nu nh ngha, cu trc v tham s chnh ca bin p? 10. Trnh by v bin p cng hng? 11. Nu cc yu cu v c im chnh ca bin p m tn? 12. c im ca bin p ngun?

50

Cu kin in t

Cu kin in t th ng

13. Da vo % dung sai, in tr c phn chia lm. a. 3 loi; b. 4 loi; c. 5 loi; d. 6 loi 14. Cu trc ca bin tr khc vi in tr c nh ch yu l do .. a. v bc v li b. vt liu cn in c. s chn ca cu kin. d. c thm con chy iu chnh tr s in tr. 15. Bin p m tn c thit k lm vic di tn s. a. t 0Hz n 20.000Hz; b. t 20KHz n 1MHz c. t 20Hz n 20.000Hz; d. t 6MHz n 1GHz
TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Gio trnh Cu kin in t v quang in t, Trn Th Cm, Hc vin CNBCVT, nm 2002. 2. Fundamentals of electric circuits, David A. Bell, Prentice-Hall International Editions, 1988

51

cu kin in t

it bn dn

CHNG 3 IT BN DN GII THIU CHNG Chng 3 trnh by v cc tnh cht vt l in ca lp tip xc P-N. Lp tip xc P-N l b phn chnh ca cc cu kin bn dn. Lp tip xc P-N bao gm cc ion m v dng c nh, chng khng dn in nn lp tip xc P-N cn c gi l lp in tch khng gian hay lp ngho ht dn. Trong chng 3 s trnh by v cc tnh cht dn in ca lp tip xc P-N khi c phn cc thun v phn cc ngc. Cng trong chng ny chng ta s c gii thiu v mt cu kin bn dn ch c mt lp tip xc P-N l it bn dn. it bn dn c nguyn l dn in mt chiu v ta cng nghin cu v c tuyn vn-ampe ca n, cc tham s tnh ca it v ch ng ca n. Ngoi ra chng 3 cn gii thiu mt s loi it thng dng. NI DUNG 3.1. LP TIP XC P-N S to thnh lp tip xc P-N v cc tnh cht in. Nu trn mt ming bn dn n tinh th (bn dn nguyn tnh), bng cc phng php cng ngh, ta to ra hai vng c bn cht dn in khc nhau: mt vng l bn dn tp loi P v mt vng kia l bn dn tp loi N. Nh vy, ti ranh gii tip xc gia hai vng bn dn P v N ny s xut hin mt lp c c tnh vt l khc hn vi hai vng bn dn P v N, c gi l lp tip xc P-N. Trong lp tip xc P-N ch bao gm hai khi in tch tri du l cc ion m bn pha bn dn P v ion dng bn pha bn dn N. y l cc ion c nh,khng dn in, do vy, lp tip xc P-N cn gi l vng in tch khng gian hay vng ngho ht dn. dy ca lp ny khong 10-4 cm = 10-6 m = micron. Hnh 3.1 m t cc tnh cht in ca tip xc P-N. Trong lp tip xc tn ti mt in trng tip xc hay in trng khuch tn (Hnh 3-1c) c cng l E c tnh l tch phn ca mt in tch (trong hnh 3-1b). in trng tip xc ny c chiu tc dng t bn dn N sang bn dn P. S thay i ca in th tnh vng in tch khng gian c ch ra hnh (3-1d). chnh l hng ro th nng ngn cn s khuch tn tip theo ca cc l trng qua lp tip xc. Hnh dng hng ro th nng, hnh (3-1e), ngn cn s khuch tn ca cc in t t bn dn N qua lp tip xc. 3.1.1

52

cu kin in t

it bn dn

Ion nhn a/

Mt tip xc

Ion cho

L trng

+ + + +

+ + + +

+ + + +

+ + + +

+ + + +

+ + + +

in t t do

BD loi P 0,5 cm b/ Mt in tch 10-4cm +

BD loi N 0,5 cm Vng in tch khng gian

d2V = 2 dX e
(e=2,73) c/ Cng in trng tip xc E

E=

dV = dX dX e

d/ in th tnh V hoc hng ro th nng i vi l trng

V0 V=0 E=0 Pha N khong cch t tip xc P-N khong cch t tip xc P-N

e/ Hng ro th nng i vi in E0 t

Hnh 3 - 1 : th ca tip xc P-N gm: a- cu trc tip P-N ; b- mt in tch c- cng in trng d, e- hng ro th nng tip xc P-N 3.1.2. iu kin cn bng ng ca lp tip xc P-N Khi dng in do cc ht dn chuyn ng khuch tn v cc ht dn chuyn ng tri qua tip xc P-N c gi tr bng nhau th ta ni tip xc P-N trng thi cn bng ng,. Do cc dng in ny ngc chiu nhau nn chng trit tiu ln nhau v dng in tng qua lp tip xc P-N bng khng. Lc ny lp tip xc c b dy k hiu l d, in tr lp tip xc k hiu l RP/N, cng in trng tip xc k hiu l E0 (hay cn gi l hng ro th nng) v tng ng vi n c hiu in th tip xc k hiu l V0. Cc i lng ny ta s tnh c qua 53

cu kin in t

it bn dn

cc cng thc di y. Do lp tip xc P-N l vng ngho ht dn nn in tr ca n ln hn nhiu in tr ca hai vng bn dn P v N (RP/N >>RN v RP). iu kin cn bng ny gip ta tnh c cao ca hng ro th nng V0 ph thuc vo nng tp cht cho v tp cht nhn. Gi tr ca V0 khong t vi phn mi vn. Theo hnh (3- 2) ta thy mc nng lng Fecmi ca c hai phn bn dn P v N nm trn mt ng thng. Mc nng lng E0 - th nng ca in t hay hng ro th nng ca in t tip xc P-N khi n trng thi cn bng l: E0 = ECp - ECn = EVp - EVn (3 . 1)

Bn dn loi P Tip xc P-N ECP Vng dn

Bn dn loi N Vng dn
E0

Ei
EVP E0

ECn Ei EVn Vng ha tr Vng ha tr

EF

Hnh 3 - 2: th vng nng lng ca tip xc P-N khi h mch (trng thi cn bng). Phc ha ny minh ha cho hnh 3-1e v biu th th nng ca in t. B rng vng cm EG [eV]. Hiu in th tip xc V0 tip xc P-N trong trng thi cn bng nhit ng c tnh theo cng thc sau: N N (3. 2) V0 = Vn Vp = VT ln D 2 A ni Tng ng vi V0 ta c cng in trng tip xc trng thi cn bng nhit ng E0 l: E0 = KT ln
NDNA ni
2

(3. 3)

Trong E0 o bng [eV], v V0 o bng [V] . Ngoi ra, hiu in th tip xc E0 cn c tnh theo cng thc sau: P n E0 = KT ln P0 = KT ln n0 (3. 4) Pn0 n P0

Ch s 0 trong cng thc trn biu th rng cc nng ht dn ny c tnh iu kin cn bng nhit ng.
3.1.3. Lp tip xc P-N khi phn cc thun.

54

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it bn dn

Tip xc P-N c phn cc thun khi ta t mt ngun in p bn ngoi ln lp tip xc P-N c chiu cc dng c ni vo bn dn loi P v cc m ni vo bn dn N. Vngoi

+ + + +

N E0

ECp Ei EF EVp

Engoi

in tr tip xc kim loi

E0-Engoi ECn EF Ei EVn

Hnh 3 - 3: Tip xc P N phn cc thun v th di nng lng ca n

Chiu tc dng ca in trng ngoi ngc li vi chiu tc dng ca in trng tip xc trong lp tip xc P-N nn lc ny lp tip xc P-N khng cn trng thi cn bng ng na. in trng trong lp tip xc gim xung, hng ro th nng gim xung mt lng bng in trng ngoi: ET.X. = E0 - Engoi (3. 5) Do phn ln cc ht dn a s d dng khuch tn qua tip xc P-N, kt qu l dng in qua tip xc P-N tng ln. Dng in chy qua chy qua tip xc P-N khi n phn cc thun gi l dng in thun Ith. Khi tng in p thun ln, tip xc P-N c phn cc thun cng mnh, hiu in th tip xc cng gim, hng ro th nng cng thp xung, ng thi in tr lp tip xc gim, b dy ca lp tip xc cng gim, cc ht dn a s khuch tn qua tip xc P-N cng nhiu nn dng in thun cng tng v n tng theo qui lut hm s m vi in p ngoi. Khi in p thun c gi tr xp x vi V0, dng in chy qua tip xc P-N thc s c khng ch bi in tr thun ca tip xc kim loi v in tr khi tinh th. Do vy c tuyn Vn-Ampe gn ging mt ng thng.
3.1.4. Lp tip xc P-N khi phn cc ngc. Lp tip xc P-N c phn cc ngc khi ta t mt ngun in p ngoi sao cho cc dng ca n ni vi phn bn dn N, cn cc m ni vi phn bn dn P. Khi in p ngoi s to ra mt in trng cng chiu vi in trng tip xc E0, lm cho in trng trong lp tip xc tng ln: ET.X. = E0 + Engoi (3. 6) Tc l hng ro th nng cng cao hn. Cc ht dn a s kh khuch tn qua vng in tch khng gian, lm cho dng in khuch tn qua tip xc P-N gim xung so vi trng thi cn bng.

55

cu kin in t

it bn dn

Vngoi

+ -

P Engoi ECp Ei EF EVp

+ + + +

+ + + +

N E0 E0+Engoi ECn EF Ei EVn

Hnh 3 - 4: Tip xc P N phn cc ngc v th di nng lng ca n

ng thi, do in trng ca lp tip xc tng ln s thc y qu trnh chuyn ng tri ca cc ht dn thiu s v to nn dng in tri c chiu t bn dn N sang bn dn P v c gi l dng in ngc Ingc. Nu ta tng in p ngc ln, hiu in th tip xc cng tng ln lm cho dng in ngc tng ln. Nhng do nng cc ht dn thiu s c rt t nn dng in ngc nhanh chng t gi tr bo ha v c gi l dng in ngc bo ha I0 c gi tr rt nh khong t vi nA n vi chc A. Dng in qua tip xc P-N: a. Dng in thun: Khi tip xc P-N phn cc thun, qua n c dng in thun. l dng in do cc ht dn a s khuch tn qua tip xc P-N. Ta c: Nng Pn Phn bn dn N Pn(0) Cc in tch c "phun" vo Pn(0) Pn(x) Pno x=0 x Tip xc P-N khong cch x

Hnh 3 - 5: Nng l trng trong bn dn N khi tip xc P-N phn cc thun (Pn(0) >> Pno

56

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it bn dn

+ Dng in l trng IPn(0) i qua tip xc P-N v pha bn dn N l (khi x = 0) S.q .D P Pno V (3. 7) IPn(0) = e VT 1 LP Trong : IPn(0) - l dng in do cc l trng khuch tn qua tip xc P-N. S - l din tch mt tip xc. q - in tch ca in t. DP - H s khuch tn ca l trng. LP - di khuch tn ca l trng. Pno - Nng ht dn l trng bn bn dn N. V - in p phn cc thun. KT T VT - in th nhit (VT = = ). q 11600 e - s t nhin (= 2,73) Pno( e - 1) = Pn(0) gi l mt l trng "phun" vo pha bn dn N. + Dng in in t Inp(0) khuch tn qua tip xc P-N vo pha bn dn P l:
V S.q.D n n po VT e 1 Inp(0) = Ln V VT

(3. 8)

Dng in qua tip xc P-N l tng ca 2 thnh phn dng in IPn(0) v Inp(0), vy ta c: I = IPn(0) + Inp(0) = I0( e 1 ) Trong I0 gi l dng in ngc bo ha v c biu thc: S.q.D P Pno S.q.D n n po I0 = + LP Ln
V VT

(3. 9) (3. 10)

b. Dng in ngc bo ha: Thay cc gi tr Pno = Pn v npo = np ta c cng thc tnh dng in I0 :
DP Dn 2 I0 = S.q. + .ni LP N D Ln N A

(3. 11)

Trong : ni = A0 T e
2 3
E Go KT

= A 0T e
3

VG0 VT

y c VGo l in p c cng i lng vi EGo (nng lng vng cm 00K) Do s ph thuc vo nhit ca dng I0 l: I0 = K1 T2 e
V VT

VG0 VT

(3. 12)

trong K1 l h s ph thuc vo nhit , v dng in tng c tnh gn ng l: I = I0 ( e 1) (3. 13)

3.1.5. c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca tip xc P-N.

57

cu kin in t

it bn dn

c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca tip xc P-N biu din mi quan h gia dng in chy qua tip xc v in p ngoi t ln tip xc: I = f(Vngoi) Dng in lin quan vi in p theo cng thc (3.13): I = I0 ( e 1 ) VT -in th nhit ca bn dn. nhit trong phng VT=0,026V= 26mV. Dng c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca tip xc P-N m t hnh (3-6):
V VT

Ithun (mA)

I0 0 Ingc (A)
Hnh 3 - 6: c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca tip xc P-N l tng Kt lun: Qua c tuyn Vn-Ampe dng in thun o bng mA, cn dng in ngc ch o bng A. iu ny cho thy tip xc P-N ch dn in mt chiu khi tip xc P-N c phn cc thun: Ithun >> Ingc = - I0 ( v I0 0) v c gi l hiu ng chnh lu. 3.2. IT BN DN

+Vngoi

3.2.1. Cu to ca it v k hiu trong s mch in.

it bn dn l cu kin gm c mt lp tip xc P-N v hai chn cc l ant (k hiu l A) v catt (k hiu l K). Ant c ni ti bn dn P, catt c ni vi bn dn N c bc trong v bo v bng kim loi hoc nha tng hp.

Lp tip xc P-N

a/ Cu to

b/ K hiu

Hnh 3-7: Cu to v k hiu ca it bn dn trn s mch.

58

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it bn dn

3.2.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca it.

Hot ng ca it da trn tnh dn in mt chiu ca tip xc P-N. Hnh 3-8 m t s nguyn l u it.

+ I UAK Hnh 3 - 8: S nguyn l ca it

Khi a in p ngoi c cc dng vo ant, m vo catt (UAK > 0) th it s dn in v trong mch c dng in chy qua v lc ny tip xc P-N c phn cc thun. Khi in p ngoi c cc m a vo ant, cc dng a vo catt (UAK < 0) it s kha v tip xc P-N phn cc ngc, dng in ngc rt nh (I0 0) chy qua .
3.2.3 c tuyn vn-ampe ca it bn dn.

c tuyn vn- ampe ca it biu th mi quan h gia dng in qua it vi in p t gia hai chn cc ant v catt (UAK). y chnh l c tuyn vn-ampe ca lp tip xc P-N, do vy dng in chy qua it c tnh theo cng thc sau: I = I0 ( e
U AK VT

- 1)

Ithun (mA) Ith.max

U.t. 2 1

0,1Ith.max

0 UD

+UAK

Hnh 3 - 9: c tuyn V-A ca it bn dn

Hnh 3- 9 m t c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca mt it thc. Ta thy: Phn thun ca c tuyn (khi UAK > 0):

59

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it bn dn

Khi it c phn cc thun th dng in thun tng rt nhanh. Ta phi ch n gi tr dng in thun cc i Ithun max, it khng c lm vic vi dng in cao hn tr s ny. Khi UAK >0 nhng tr s nh th dng in thun qu nh nn i t cha c coi l phn cc thun. Ch khi in p thun UAK UD th i t mi c tnh l phn cc thun v it mi dn in. in p UD c gi l in p thun ngng ca it. Khi UAK = UD th dng in thun c tr s bng khong 0,1Ith.max. v khi UAK > UD th dng in thun tng nhanh v tng gn nh tuyn tnh vi in p. UD c gi tr bng (0,1 0,3)V i vi it gecmani v bng (0,4 0,8)V i vi it silic.
Phn ngc ca c tuyn Vn-Ampe: Khi UAKln hn vi ln VT th dng in ngc c gi tr bng I0 v gi nguyn gi tr ny. Khi UAK < 0 tng ln n tr s U.t. th dng in tng vt, ta gi y l hin tng nh thng tip xc P-N. Hin tng nh thng tip xc P-N lm mt kh nng chnh lu ca it v thng thng n lm hng it, tr it Zener l it s dng hin tng nh thng n nh in p. in p ti im nh thng ta gi l in p nh thng v k hiu l U.t.. C hai hin tng nh thng: - nh thng v in (ng 1) - nh thng v nhit (ng 2) + nh thng v nhit xy ra do tc ng nhit. Hin tng nh thng v nhit thng xy ra i vi it gecmani. Lc ny tng i in t v l trng c sinh ra do tc dng ca nhit nng lm cho dng in tng ln cn st p trn it gim. + nh thng v in hay xy ra i vi it silic v n c ngha thc t hn. Hin tng nh thng v in thng xy ra theo 2 c ch sau: - nh thng ng hm: l s nh thng xy ra mt gi tr in trng no gi l gi tr ti hn Et.h. t ln tip xc P-N. iu kin xy ra hin tng nh thng ng hm l: Emax = Et.h. Thng thng Et.h. = 3.107 V/m i vi it gecmani v Et.h. = 8.107 V/m i vi it silic. - nh thng thc l: l s ion ha cc nguyn t ca mng tinh th bi s va chm vi cc ht ti in mang nng lng ln. in p nh thng: Tu theo vt liu m in p nh thng c th t vi vn n hng chc ngn vn. 3.2.4 Cc tham s tnh ca it.

nh gi, la chn v s dng it chng ta phi bit cc tham s k thut ca n. Cc tham s c bn ca it:
a. in tr mt chiu hay cn gi l in tr tnh: R0 L in tr ca it khi lm vic ch ngun mt chiu hoc ti ch tnh U R0 = [ ] (3.14) I in tr mt chiu R0 chnh l nghch o gc nghing ca c tuyn Vn-Ampe ti im lm vic tnh M (gc 1).

60

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it bn dn

I (mA)

1 U

2
UAK (V)

Hnh 3 - 10: Xc nh in tr mt chiu v in tr ng ca it.

Thng thng, do tnh dn in mt chiu ca it nn R0thun << R0ngc.

b. in tr ng Ri : L mt tham s quan trng v Ri t l vi cotang gc nghing ca ng tip tuyn vi c tuyn Vn-Ampe ti im lm vic tnh M ca it (cotg 2).

Ri =

dU dI

[]

(3. 15) U >>1, do : VT (3. 16)

Do tnh dn in mt chiu nn I >> I0 v Ri =

VT I Ta thy rng ti mt im lm vic th R0 > Ri (v c gc 2 > 1).

c. in dung ca it: Cd (hay in dung ca tip xc P- N) in dung ca tip xc P- N gm c 2 thnh phn l in dung ro th (k hiu C0) v in dung khuch tn (k hiu Ck.t.). Ta c: (3. 17) Cd = C0 + Ck.t.

+ in dung ro th C0 : S tng cc in tch khi t in p ngc ln tip xc P-N gi l hiu ng in dung. gia tng ca in dung ny s l: C0 =

dQ dU

(3. 18)

Trong dQ l s gia tng ca in tch do s thay i dU ca in p. Tham s C0 khng phi l mt tr s c nh, n ph thuc vo tr s in p ngc t vo tip xc P-N v c xc nh theo cng thc (3.18). Ngoi ra, mt in tch l mt hm ca b dy lp tip xc, do in dung C0 c th tnh theo cng thc: S (3. 19) C0 = r 0 d Trong S : din tch mt tip xc 61

cu kin in t

it bn dn

d : b dy lp tip xc r : hng s in mi tng i ca cht bn dn 0 : thm thu in ca khng kh Khi tng in p ngc, b dy lp tip xc tng nn tr s C0 gim xung. + in dung khuch tn: Ck.t. in dung khuch tn ch xut hin khi c hin tng khuch tn xy ra. Do khi it phn cc thun th Ck.t. >> C0 , cn khi it phn cc ngc th Ck.t. = 0 v Cd = C0. i vi i t bn dn, in dung tip xc P-N gy nhiu nh hng xu cho it khi lm vic tn s cao. Do , m bo cho it lm vic cao tn v siu cao tn th tr s in dung phi nh v cc it ny phi l cc it tip im din tch mt tip xc nh v tn s lm vic gii hn khong 300 600 MHz, c loi ti hng chc GHz.
d. in p ngc cc i cho php: Ungc max L gi tr in p ngc ln nht c th t ln it m n vn lm vic bnh thng. Thng thng tr s ny c chn khong 0,8U.t. [V]; in p ngc cc i Ung. ma x c xc nh bi kt cu ca it v n nm trong khong vi vn n 10 ngnVn. e. Khong nhit lm vic: L khong nhit m bo it lm vic bnh thng. Tham s ny quan h vi cng sut tiu tn cho php ca it. Pttmax = ImaxUAKmax (3. 20) 0 Khong nhit lm vic ca it gecmani khong t - 60 C n +850C , cho it silic khong t - 600C n +1500C. 3.2.5 S ph thuc ca c tuyn Vn-Ampe vo nhit .

Nh cng thc tnh dng in qua tip xc P-N: I = I0 ( e 1 ) Ta thy s ph thuc ca dng in vo nhit thng qua tham s in th nhit VT v dng in ngc bo ha I0. Dng in ngc bo ha ph thuc vo nhit theo cng thc c vit gn ng l: (3. 21) I0 = K Tm e VT Trong K - l mt hng s VGo - l nng lng vng cm o bng Jun Qua thc nghim ngi ta thy rng, i vi c hai loi it Ge v Si, dng in ngc bo ha tng xp x gp 2 ln i vi mi mt s tng nhit ln 100C. cho dng in khng i khi nhit thay i th in p t ln it phi gim vi tc l:
VG0 U VT

dU = - 2,1 mV/ 0C cho Ge v bng - 2,3 mV/ 0C cho Si. dT

62

cu kin in t

it bn dn

Trong iu kin it lm vic nhit phng v in p ngng UD=0,2V cho it Ge v UD = 0,6 V cho it Si.
3.2.6 Ch ng ca it.

Khi it lm vic trong cc ch tn hiu bin i ta gi l ch ng ca it. i vi it c cc s tng ng khi n phn cc thun v phn cc ngc. S tng ng vt l ca mt it bn dn:

I0 >> A RS RP/N LS K

C0. CP Ck.t.

Hnh 3 - 11: S tng ng vt l tng qut ca it bn dn.

it c coi nh mt mng hai cc v s tng ng ca n nh m t hnh 311. Trong hnh c: RS - in tr ni tip,l in tr tip xc kim loi, chn cc v ca hai phn bn dn N v P. CP - in dung song song, l in dung ca chn cc v hai phn bn dn N v P. LS - in cm ni tip, l in cm ca chn cc it RP/N - in tr ca tip xc P N. C0 - in dung ro th ca tip xc P N. Ck.t - in dung khuch tn ca tip xc P N. I0 ngun dng
3.2.6.1 Cc s tng ng khi it phn cc thun.

a. S mt kha in t trng thi ng: Khi phn cc thun, in p phn cc UD = 0,6V cho it Si, v UD = 0,2V cho it Ge l qu nh so vi cc in p khc nn c th b qua. it lc ny coi nh ngn mch.

I I A U = UD K A VD 0 63 0
a/ M hnh it phn cc thun vi VD = 0,6V 0V

I K UAK

cu kin in t

it bn dn

b. S mt ngun p l tng:

S ny ng vi ngun in p VD = 0,6V i vi it Si v VD = 0,2V i vi it Ge.

I I A U = UD K A UD = 0,6V
UD = 0,6V

+ K UAK

Hnh 3 -13: it l mt ngun in p l tng c. S mt ngun in p thc:

Trong trng hp ny it c coi nh mt ngun in p thc gm c ngun in p v ni tr ca n chnh l Ri . dV KT VT = = Ri = (3. 22) dI qI M I M

I I A U = UD K UD A Ri K IM M

UD

UM

UAK

Hnh 3 -14: it l mt ngun in p thc d. S mt in tr Ri ch tn hiu nh tn s thp: ch ny it c coi nh mt phn t tuyn tnh.

A
Ri = VT IM I E/R 64

K i M2

IM+i e ~

R Ri UM+

IM

cu kin in t

it bn dn

Ch ng l ch it lm vic vi ngun xoay chiu e. ch ng th im lm vic M nm trn on thng M1M2, v it c coi nh mt phn t tuyn tnh (in tr Ri) v xung quanh im M ta c th s dng nh lut m nh sau: e u = Ri i = Ri (3. 23) R + Ri
e. S tng ng ch tn hiu nh tn s cao: ch ny it c coi nh mt in tr thun Ri mc song song vi mt in dung khuch tn Ck.t.. in dung Ck.t. xut hin trong khong thi gian l khong thi gian lch pha gia i v u. in dung Ck.t. c xc nh:

Ck.t. =

Ri

trong c gi tr khong vi ns n s.

I E/R

i M2 (t=0)

K IM M M1 0

t UAK
UM

Ri Ck,t,

u t

Hnh 3 -16: it ch tn hiu nh tn s cao 3.2.6.2 S tng ng ca it khi phn cc ngc. a. S mt kha trng thi h:

i=0 A K A

S K i=0 65 Hnh 3 -17: it l mt kha h

cu kin in t

it bn dn

b.

S mt ngun dng l tng:

i = -I0

i = -I0
>>

c.

Hnh 3 -18: it l mt ngun dng l tng S mt in dung chuyn tip ch tn hiu nh:

A Ungc

A Ungc

Ct.x

Hnh 3 -19: it nh mt t in Ct.x. - y l in dung c tr s bin thin cng vi s bin thin ca in p ngc t ln n theo qui lut: C0 Ct.x. = Vi n = 2 3 1 n Vnguoc

So vi in dung thun Ck.t. th in dung Ct.x. nh hn t 100 n 1000 ln.

ng dng v phn loi it. C nhiu cch phn loi it: c th da vo vt liu ch to, vo ng dng, vo cng ngh ch to, v.v.. c cc loi it tip mt, it tip im, it chnh lu, it n p, it tch sng, it m tn, it cao tn, v.v.. Sau y ta ni n mt s loi it thng s dng. a. it chnh lu: it chnh lu s dng tnh dn in mt chiu chnh lu dng in xoay chiu thnh mt chiu. c tnh ca it chnh lu l cc i lng dng in thun cc i Imax cho php xc nh dng chnh lu cc i v in p ngc ti a cho php Ung.Max. s xc nh in p chnh lu ln nht. Thng thng ta chn tr s in p ngc cho php Ung.Max. = 0,8 U.t.. 3.2.7

66

cu kin in t

it bn dn

a/ U~ b/ U~

D Rt

U~ t UR t

D3 D2 D4

D1 Rt

UR t

Hnh 3 -20 : a. Mch chnh lu na chu k v dng in p trn ti b. Mch chnh lu ton sng (c chu k) v dng in trn ti

Hin nay it chnh lu ph bin nht l it Silic v c nhit lm vic cao. it chnh lu Gemani dng cho cc chnh lu cng sut nh. Dng in chnh lu v in p ngc cho php ph thuc nhiu vo nhit mi trng nn cc it cng sut thng c gn trn cc b ta nhit. Hnh 3-20: Gii thiu mt s mch chnh lu. it chnh lu Gecmani: L it ch to t cht bn dn Ge. it chnh lu gecmani c dng in ngc bo ha kh nh khong vi trm micrampe. in p ngc ti a cho php khng vt qu 400 V. c tuyn phn ngc c on bo ha v hin tng nh thng xy ra thng l nh thng v nhit nn c tuyn c on in tr m. Nhit lm vic gii hn ca it chnh lu Ge l 75C. Cc it chnh lu Ge cng sut ln thng phi dng cc phng php ta nhit tt. in dung ca it kh ln (hng chc pF) nn it Ge thng dng tn s thp. it chnh lu Silic: L cc it c ch to t cht bn dn Si Phn ngc ca c tuyn V-A ca it Si khng c on bo ha r rt. in p ngc ti a cho php cao hn nhiu so vi it Ge v khi cha b nh thng th lm vic kh n nh. Nhit lm vic gii hn ca it Silic l 125C. it Silic c in p nh thng c th ln ti 2500 V v hin tng nh thng v in l ch yu. it chnh lu a tinh th L loi it c dng kh rng ri. Thng thng cc it ny c lp ghp sn theo mt s nht nh to thnh cc ct chnh lu. it chnh lu a tinh th thng gp l it Slen, it xit ng.
b. it n p (Zne):

67

cu kin in t

it bn dn

Ngi ta s dng ch nh thng v in ca chuyn tip P-N n nh in p. in p nh thng ca it ph thuc vo b dy ca lp tip xc P-N, ngha l ph thuc vo nng tp cht a vo bn dn. Trong hnh 3 -21a l mch n p dng it Zne: E0 - l in p mt chiu cn n nh r - l in tr hn ch hn ch dng in trong mch D - it n p Rt - ti tiu th in p c n p

I I0 r E0 E0 + a/ U.. U. Id D IR R Pttmax b/
Hnh 3 -21: Mch in n p v c tuyn V-A

U..

0 Imin

UAK

Imax

n p ca mch c tnh theo cng thc: E 0 U = r r + 1+ Rt Ri

Cc tham s ch yu ca it n p in p n nh U. = Unh thng U in tr trong Ri = (Ri cng nh cht lng n nh cng cao) I Imin - tr s dng in ti im m hin tng nh thng n nh Imax - tr s dng in cc i qua it c xc nh bi cng sut tiu tn cc i trn it (nu I > Imax it b chy)

b. it xung: ch xung, it c s dng nh kha in t gm c hai trng thi: "dn" khi in tr ca it rt nh v "kha" khi in tr ca n rt ln. it xung c cc thng s sau: - Gi tr dng in thun v dng in ngc: gi tr dng in thun cc i ca it lm vic ch xung ln hn ch lin tc rt nhiu. - Thi gian n nh in p thun t0: l khong thi gian k t thi im cp xung dng vo it cho ti khi t gi tr 1,1 ln gi tr in p thun n nh. - Thi gian phc hi kh nng ngt tp : l khong thi gian k t thi im khi it dn dng in ngc cho ti khi dng ngc t gi tr 0,1 ln gi tr dng ngc cc i. Theo tr s tp ngi ta chia it xung lm 3 loi chnh: + Loi tc cao c : tp < 10 nsec

68

cu kin in t

it bn dn

+ Loi tc trung bnh c : 10 nsec < tp < 100 nsec + Loi tc thp c : tp > 100 nsec d. i t Stky (Schottky) Cc it xung c cc loi it hp kim, it mza, it Stky. Trong it Stky c dng rng ri nht. it Stky s dng tip xc bn dn - kim loi. Thi gian phc hi chc nng ngt ca it Stky c th t ti 100psec. in p phn cc thun cho it Stky khong UD = 0,4V, tn s lm vic cao n 100 GHz. K hiu ca it Sotky trong cc s mch in:

e. it bin dung (varicap): L loi it bn dn c s dng nh mt t in c tr s in dung iu khin c bng in p. Nguyn l lm vic ca it bin dung l da vo s ph thuc ca in dung ro th ca tip xc P-N vi in p ngc t vo n.

C (PF) A K

a/ b/
Hnh 3 -22: a- K hiu ca it bin dung trong s mch b- S ph thuc ca in dung chuyn tip P-N theo in p ngc t ln n

+UAK

Tr s in dung cc i ca it bin dung ph thuc vo loi it v c tr s vo khong t (5 300) pF. Varicap thng c dng trong cc mch dao ng cn iu khin tn s cng hng bng in p lnh vc siu cao tn.
f. it tunen (hay it xuyn hm): it c ch to t cht bn dn c nng tp cht rt cao, thng thng n = (1019 1023)/cm3. Loi it ny c kh nng dn in c chiu thun v chiu ngc. Hiu ng tunen l hin tng cc ht dn chuyn ng qua tip xc P-N m khng b tn hao nng lng. K hiu ca it tunen v c tuyn Vn-Ampe

I (mA) 69 A IMax

cu kin in t

it bn dn

c tuyn V-A ca it tunen phn thun c on in tr m AB. Ngi ta s dng on c tuyn AB ny to cc mch dao ng phng np. it tunen c kch thc nh, n nh cao v tn s lm vic ln ti hng nghn MHz. g. it cao tn: Cc it cao tn thng l loi it tip im v thng dng x l cc tn hiu cao tn nh: it tch sng dng tch tn hiu tn thp t dao ng iu bin. it trn sng dng thay i tn s sng mang ca dao ng iu bin. it iu bin dng iu bin cc dao ng cao tn (sng mang) theo cc tn hiu m tn.. Sng mang A C L1 IC L2 K t i C R Tn hiu m tn

a/

t UT.B t b/

Hnh 3 -24: a- Mch tch sng AM; b- tn hiu m tn v sng mang trong qu trnh tch sng TM TT NI DUNG Trong chng 3 trnh by v s hnh thnh ca lp tip xc P-N, cc tnh cht c bit v in ca lp tip xc P-N v quan trng l tnh dn in mt chiu ca n: ch khi tip

70

cu kin in t

it bn dn

xc P-N phn cc thun th n mi dn in. Dng in chy qua tip xc P-N c to nn do hai loi ht dn l ht dn in t v ht dn l trng.
V

I = IPn(0) + Inp(0) = I0( e VT 1 ) Trong Ipn(0) v Inp(0) l dng in l trng v dng in in t, tng ng, i qua tip xc P-N; I0 l dng in ngc bo ha; V l tr s in p ngoi t ln tip xc P-N v VT l in th nhit ca bn dn ( nhit phng VT 0,026V). c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca tip xc P-N biu din mi quan h gia dng in chay qua tip xc v in p ngoi t ln n. Qua y chng ta thy rng: dng in khi tip xc P-N c phn cc thun ln hn rt nhiu ln dng in khi tip xc c phn cc ngc. Thc t, dng in ngc I0 rt nh ch khong t vi nA i vi bn dn silic n vi chc A i vi bn dn gecmany, nn c th coi I0 0. Trong chng ny chng ta cng nghin cu v it bn dn. y l cu kin bn dn ch c mt lp tip xc P-N. Nguyn l hot ng ca it l da vo tnh dn in mt chiu ca tip xc P-N: it ch dn in khi c phn cc thun (UAK>0). c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca i-t cng ging nh c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca tip xc P-N, nhng y l c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca mt cu kin thc t nn c mt s im cn lu . V phn thun ca c tuyn, ta thy ch khi no UAKUD th i-t mi c tnh l phn cc thun. Trong UD gi l in p thun ngng: i vi i-t gecmany UD = 0,1V 0,3V; i vi it silic UD = 0,4V 0,8V. Ngoi ra, dng in thun tng nhanh, gn nh tuyn tnh, vi in p t ln i t nn ta phi ch gi tr dng in thun cc i. y l gi tr ln nht cho php i t lm vic, qu gi tr ny ioots s b nng v hng. V phn ngc, dng in ngc gn nh khng thay i khi tng in p ngc t ln i t. Nhng khi in p ngc t gi tr U.t. (gi l in p nh thng) th i t mt tnh chnh lu kh nng dn in mt chiu, th dng in ngc tng vt l hin tng nh thng i t. Hin tng nh thng dn n lm hng i t tr i t zener s dng ch nh thng n nh in p. Khi s dng i t ta phi da vo cc tham s tnh ca n la chn. Cc tham s tnh c bn ca i t gm c: + in tr ng Ri l in tr ca i t i vi thnh phn xoay chiu ca tn hiu. + in dung ca i t Cd l in dung ca tip xc P-N. + in p ngc cho php + Dng in thun cc i + Khong nhit lm vic. Mt iu rt quan trng khi s dng cc cu kin bn dn l ta phi ch n s nh hng ca nhit ln hot ng ca i t. S nh hng ca nhit ln hot ng ca i t thng qua s ph thuc ca dng in ngc bo ha vo nhit theo hm m v do din th nhit ca cht bn dn cng chu nh hng ca nhit . Theo tnh ton gn ng th gi tr dng in ngc tng gp 2 ln i vi mi mt s tng nhit ln 10 0 C. Chng 3 cn gii thiu v ch ng ca i t, cc kh nng s dng i t trong mch in t v mt s loi i t bn dn thng dng. Chng ta nghin cu v s mch tng dng ca i t v cc ch lm vic ng ca n. Ngoi ra phn cui chng cng gii thiu mt s mch ng dng i t trn thc t.
CU HI N TP.

71

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it bn dn

1. Hy nu cc tham s ca tip xc P-N khi trng thi cn bng? 2. Trnh by v cc hin tng vt l xy ra khi tip xc P-N phn cc thun v phn cc ngc? 3. Trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca it bn dn? 4. Hy gii thch v c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca it bn dn? 5. Nu cc tham s tnh ca it bn dn? 6. Trnh by v cc ch ng ca i t bn dn? 7. Trnh by cc c tnh chnh ca it xung v cho bit ngha vt l ca tham s thi gian phc hi chc nng ngt ca it (tp)? 8. Hy tnh cao hng ro th nng ca mt it silic phn cc thun khi nhit 100 0 C ? (bit rng 25 0 C it c phn cc 0,7V). 9. Trong mt tip xc P-N, nng tp cht trong hai phn bn dn P v N l: N A = 1018 cm 3 v N A = 1015 cm 3 . a.Hy tnh nng ht dn thiu s ti bin ca lp ngho ht dn khi phn cc U=0,52V. b. Tnh t s dng in tri ca in t v l trng bn trong vng N. Gi thit rng tip xc P-N lm vic ti nhit phng v ni = 1,5.10 10 cm 3 10. in vo ch trng ca mnh di mt trong cc nhm t sau: Lp tip xc P-N ch ..khi c phn cc thun. a. dn in; b. khng dn in; c. l mt t in; d. l mt in tr

11. Dng in qua lp tip xc P-N lin quan vi in p ngoi t ln n theo cng thc sau: a. I = I0 eU ng / VT 1

b. . I = I0 eU ng / VT + 1

c. I = I0 eU ng / VT 1

d. I = I0 eU ng / VT + 1

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Gio trnh Cu kin in t v quang in t- Trn Th Cm Hc vin cng ngh BCVT, nm 2002. 2. Electronic Devices and Circuits Jacob Millman, Christos C. Halkias, Mc Graw Hill Book 1987.

72

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

CHNG 4 TRANZITO LNG CC (BJT) GII THIU CHNG. Chng 4 s gii thiu v tranzito lng cc (Bipolar Junction Transistor BJT). y l cu kin bn dn quan trng c 2 lp tip xc P-N v 3 chn in cc. Trong chng s trnh by v nguyn l hot ng ca tranzito lng cc 3 ch cp in phn cc cho n l ch tch cc, ch ngt v ch bo ha. Chng 4 trnh by v cc cch mc c bn ca tranzito lng cc trong cc s mch khuch i l cch mc cc gc chung, cc pht chung v cc gp chung, c im ca tng cch mc. Trong chng 4 ny cn cp n cc phng php phn cc cho tranzito nh phn cc bng dng cc gc, phn cc bng phn p v phn cc bng hi tip. ng thi trong chng ny cng trnh by v cc s tng ng ca tranzito trong ch khuch i tn hiu nh v trnh by v ch chuyn mch ca tranzito. NI DUNG 4.1. CU TO V K HIU CA BJT TRONG S MCH. 4.1.1. Cu to ca BJT loi P-N-P v N-P-N Tranzito lng cc gm c hai tip xc P-N c to nn bi 3 min bn dn loi P v N xp xen k nhau. Nu min bn dn gia l bn dn loi N th ta c tranzito lng cc loi PN-P. Nu min bn dn gia l bn dn loi P th ta c tranzito lng cc loi N-P-N. TE E P N B C B E a- Tranzito loi P-N-P Hnh 4 - 1 : B E b- Tranzito loi N-P-N P TC C E N P B C N TE TC C

a. Tranzito lng cc loi P-N-P (hay tranzito thun) cu to v k hiu trn s mch b. Tranzito N-P-N (hay tranzito ngc) cu to v k hiu

Tranzito c 3 chn cc l: Cc Pht k hiu l ch E (Emitter) l ngun pht ra cc ht ti in trong tranzito. Cc Gc k hiu l ch B (Base) l cc iu khin dng in.. 73

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

Cc Gp k hiu l ch C (Collector) c nhim v thu nhn tt c cc ht dn t phn pht E qua phn gc B ti. - Hai tip xc P-N l tip xc pht-gc k hiu l TE (gi tt l tip xc pht), v tip xc gp-gc k hiu l TC (gi tt l tip xc gp). 4.1.2. Nguyn l lm vic ca tranzito Khi cha cung cp in p ngoi ln cc chn cc ca tranzito th hai tip xc pht TE v gp TC u trng thi cn bng v dng in tng chy qua cc chn cc ca tranzito bng 0. Mun cho tranzito lm vic ta phi cung cp cho cc chn cc ca n mt in p mt chiu thch hp. C ba ch lm vic ca tranzito l: ch tch cc (hay ch khuch i), ch ngt v ch dn bo ha. C hai loi tranzito P-N-P v N-P-N u c nguyn l lm vic ging nhau, ch c chiu ngun in cung cp vo cc chn cc l ngc du nhau. + Ch ngt: Cung cp ngun in sao cho hai tip xc P-N u phn cc ngc. Tranzito c in tr rt ln v ch c mt dng in rt nh chy qua nn tranzito coi nh khng dn in. + Ch dn bo ha: Cung cp ngun in sao cho c hai tip xc P-N u phn cc thun. Tranzito c in tr rt nh v dng in qua n l kh ln. ch ngt v ch dn bo ha, tranzito lm vic nh mt phn t tuyn tnh trong mch in. ch ny tranzito nh mt kha in t v n c s dng trong cc mch xung, cc mch s. + Ch tch cc: Ta cp ngun in sao cho tip xc pht TE phn cc thun, v tip xc gp TC phn cc ngc. ch tch cc, tranzito lm vic vi qu trnh bin i tn hiu dng in, in p, hay cng sut v n c kh nng to dao ng, khuch i tn hiu,... y l ch thng dng ca tranzito trong cc mch in t tng t. 4.2. CC CH LM VIC CA TRANZITO BJT. 4.2.1. Ch tch cc (hay ch khuch i): + Nguyn l hot ng: ch tch cc ta phi cung cp ngun in mt chiu ln cc chn cc sao cho tip xc pht TE phn cc thun v tip xc gp TC phn cc ngc (xem hnh 4-2 a,b,c,d). V d: Ta xt nguyn l lm vic ca tranzito loi P-N-P cn i vi tranzito loi N-P-N c th suy ra da vo nguyn l hot ng ca tranzito loi P-N-P.

74

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

TE E P N B EE a/

TC P C E N

TE P B EC EE b/

TC N C

EC

ECp EVp P V0 V=0 Pht N

ECp V0-UEB P EVp P UEB Gc c/ Gp d/ N

ECp V0+UCB EVp P

UCB

Hnh 4 - 2:a v b: Chiu cc ngun in cung cp cho cc chn cc ca tranzito loi P-N-P nvaf N-P-N n lm vic ch tch cc c v d: th di nng lng ca tranzito loi P-N-P Khi tip xc pht phn cc thun, cc ht dn a s l l trng s khuch tn t phn pht sang phn gc, cn cc in t t phn gc khuch tn sang phn pht to nn dng in cc pht IE, ta c: IE = IEn + IEp (4. 1) Trong : IEn - l thnh phn dng in in t cc pht. IEp - l thnh phn dng in l trng cc pht. Cc ht dn ny gp nhau s ti hp. m bo nng cc l trng pht ra ln, ngi ta ch to phn pht c nng tp cht ln hn rt nhiu so vi phn gc. Nh vy ta c: IEp >> IEn y ngi ta a ra tham s gi l hiu sut ca cc pht, k hiu l v c tnh theo cng thc sau: I I Ep (4. 2) = Ep = 0,98 0,995 I E I Ep + I En

Tham s =

I Ep IE

ch ra rng c bao nhiu l trng (hay in t) chuyn di t cc

pht E sang cc gc B. Cc l trng khuch tn sang phn gc, mt phn nh ti hp vi cc in t, cn phn ln chng tip tc khuch tn qua phn gc v pha tip xc gp. n tip xc gp, cc l
75

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

trng s chuyn ng tri qua lp tip xc v to nn dng in cc gp ICp. ng thi, qua tip xc gp cn c dng in ngc ICBo (cn gi l dng in r). Nn ta c cng thc tnh dng in cc gp tng l: IC = ICp + ICBo (4. 3) . s l trng b ti hp t trong phn gc, ta ch to phn gc tht mng sao cho b dy ca n WB << LPn - di khuch tn. y ngi ta a ra tham s gi l h s chuyn di dng in IE k hiu l *. Tham s ny ch ra s l trng n c cc gp m khng b ti hp trong phn gc. + H s chuyn di * c xc nh:

* =

Dng in do cc ht dn trch vo n c tip xc TC Dng in ca cc ht dn c trch vo ti tip xc TE

Do , trong trng hp tranzito loi P-N-P ta c: I Cp * = = 0,98 0,995 I Ep

(4. 4)

+ H s khuch i dng in cc pht hay cn gi l h s truyn t dng in cc pht v n c tnh theo cng thc sau: I Cp I Cp I Ep = = * (4. 5) = IE I Ep I E c gi tr bng khong 0,90 0,995. Dng in do hin tng ti hp trong lp tip xc pht v trong phn gc tr i dng in ngc ca tip xc gp c gi l dng in cc gc (IB): IB = IEp - ICp - ICBo Quan h gia 3 thnh phn dng in trong tranzito l: IC = IE + ICBo (4. 6) IB = (1 - )IE - ICBo IE = I C + I B UCE IE E IE IC ICBo UEB IB B - + B IC C E+ IE IB UCB IC -C

Hnh 4 - 3: Cc dng in v in p trn cc chn cc ca tranzito loi P-N-P. 4.2.2. Ch ngt: ch ny, ta cung cp ngun in sao cho hai tip xc P-N u c phn cc ngc nn in tr ca tranzito rt ln v qua n ch c dng in ngc rt nh ca tip xc gp I CBo . Do dng in ngc ca tip xc pht I EBo nh hn nhiu so vi I CBo nn mch cc

76

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

E coi nh h. Dng in trong mch cc gc B c gi tr bng dng I CBo nhng ngc du ( I B = I CBo ). Ta c s mch tng ng di y:

C EC + B + ICBo RC C UCE ICBo B E

b/ S tng ng ca tranzito

EB

a/ S mch in tranzito trong ch ngt

Hnh 4 - 4: S mch in tranzito trong ch ngt

RC

ICEo UCE +

RC EC

ICEo UCE +

- EC

a/

b/

Hnh 4 - 5: Cc s tranzito lm vic ch ngt

Trong nhiu trng hp, ch ngt ca trazito c s dng m khng cn ngun in p gia cc B v E ( E B ) nh m t hnh 4-5 Nh vy, trong c hai trng hp trong hnh 4-5, in p gia cc gp v cc pht UCE s c xc nh: UCE = EC - RC.ICEo EC v UCE = EC - RC.ICEs EC (4 . 7)
4.2.3. Ch dn bo ha: ch ny ta cung cp ngun in mt chiu sao cho hai tip xc P- N u phn cc thun (hnh 4-6). in tr ca hai tip xc TE v TC rt nh nn c th coi nh hai cc pht E v cc gp C c ni tt. Dng in qua tranzito IC kh ln v khng ph thuc vo hot ng ca tranzito. Nh vy, in p gia cc gp v cc pht lun xp x bng 0 (UCE 0), cn dng in chy qua tranzito c tnh bng:

I CS =

EC RC

S mch tng ng ca ch bo ha m t trong hnh (4-6b). Thc t th in p UCE bng khong 0,2V0,4V. Nh vy, hai ch ngt v ch dn bo ha, tranzito lm vic nh mt chuyn mch in t. Kha ng khi tranzito dn bo ha, kha h khi tranzito ch ngt. 77

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

EC IC C B UCE EB UBE E E a/
Hnh 4 - 6 : Ch dn bo ha ca tranzito a. S mch b. S mch tng ng

RC

EC

IC C B

RC

b/

c tuyn truyn t ca tranzito trong cc ch lm vic m t trong hnh 4-7. URa Vng Ngt EC Vng Tch cc Vng Bo ha

0,2 0,4 V 0

UVo

Hnh 4 - 7: c tuyn truyn t ca tranzito 4.3. C TNH QU CA BJT (ch chuyn mch ca tranzito). 4.3.1 Nguyn l lm vic. ch chuyn mch tranzito lm vic nh mt kha in t, ngha l n lm vic ch ngt v ch bo ha. S nguyn l ca chuyn mch dng tranzito m t trong hnh 4-8. Dng in ICS (bo ho) c tnh theo cng thc: E U CEs (bo ha ) I CS = C (4 . 8) RC

RC IC

IB IB1 0 + IB2

IC b/ t 78

Dn IB

EC

1 RC

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

i vi tranzito, U CEs (bo ha ) = 0,2V 0,4 V nn trong biu thc (4. 8) c th b qua. Do , dng in cc gc nh nht IB1 cn thit iu khin cho tranzito dn bo ho l:

I B1

i CS EC dc dc R C

(4 . 9)

4.3.2. Cc tham s ca BJT chuyn mch. Tham s quan trng ca BJT chuyn mch l thi gian chuyn t trng thi Dn sang trng thi Kha v gi l thi gian chuyn mch. Thi gian chuyn mch xc nh bi cc yu t sau: - Thi gian tr (td): l khong thi gian t khi tc ng ln u vo mt xung cho n khi dng in u ra t 10% gi tr dng in bo ho ca n. Ngha l (IC=0,1 ICS). - Thi gian ln (tr) v thi gian xung (tf): + Thi gian ln (tr): l khong thi gian dng in ra IC tng t 10% n 90% dng in bo ho (ICS). + Dng in xung (tf): l khong thi gian dng in ra IC gim t 90% n cn 10% dng in bo ho (ICS). - Thi gian tn ng: (hay thi gian phc hi chc nng ngt) tp: l khong thi gian k t khi cp mt dng in m IB cho n khi dng in ra IC gim xung cn 90% dng in bo ho ICS. Thi gian tp l tham s cc k quan trng trong vic gii hn tc chuyn mch ca tranzito. N l thi gian cn thit gii to cc ht dn thiu s trong phn gc v phn gp. Gi dng IBA l dng in cc gc a tranzito sang trng thi bo ho, ta c:

I BA =

EC dc .R C

(4 . 10)

v thi gian tn ng c tnh:

t S = S ln

I B1 I B 2 I BA I B 2
79

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

trong : S - thi gian sng ca ht thiu s trong phn gc v n thng c cho i vi tng loi tranzito chuyn mch.
4.4. CC CCH MC CA TRANZITO BJT TRONG S KHUCH I.

ivo uvo E

Mng 4 cc C B

ira ura Dy chung

Hnh 4 - 9: Tranzito nh mt mng 4 cc

Trong cc mch in, tranzito c xem nh mt mng 4 cc: tn hiu c a vo gia hai chn cc v tn hiu ly ra cng gia hai chn cc (xem hnh 4-9). Tranzito l linh kin bn dn c 3 chn cc nn khi s dng ta phi t mt chn cc ln dy chung ca mch vo v mch ra. Ta c th chn mt trong 3 chn cc lm cc chung cho mch vo v mch ra. Do , tranzito c 3 cch mc c bn l mch cc pht chung (CE), mch cc gc chung (CB), v mch cc gp chung (CC).
4.4.1. S mc gc chung: S mch mc cc gc chung m t trong hnh 4-10. Trong s mch c: + EE , EC l ngun cung cp mt chiu cho tranzito loi P-N-P trong mch. + RE - in tr nh thin cho tranzito. RE c nhim v lm st bt mt phn in p ngun EE m bo cho tip xc pht c phn cc thun vi in p phn cc UEB 0,6 V cho tranzito Silic, v UEB 0,2V cho tranzito Gecmani. ng thi tn hiu vo s h trn RE a vo tranzito. + RC - in tr gnh c nhim v to st p thnh phn dng xoay chiu ca tn hiu a ra mch sau v a in p t m ngun EC ln cc gp m bo cho tip xc gp c phn cc ngc. + T in C1 , C2 gi l t lin lc c nhim v dn tn hiu vo mch v dn tn hiu ra mch sau.

80

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

RC C1 E Mch vo UVo RE B EE IB EC IE UEB IC C UCB C2 Mch ra URa

Hnh 4 - 10: S mc gc chung cho tranzito loi P-N-P

Cc gc B ca tranzito trong s c ni t. Nh vy, tn hiu a vo gia cc pht v cc gc. Tn hiu ly ra gia cc gp v cc gc nn cc gc B l chn cc chung ca mch vo v mch ra. - Ta gi l s mc cc gc chung. Trong mch c cc thnh phn dng in v in p sau: IE gi l dng in trn mch vo. IC gi l dng in trn mch ra. UEB gi l in p trn mch vo UCB gi l in p trn mch ra Mi quan h gia cc dng in v in p trn cc chn cc c m t thng qua cc h c tuyn tnh. C hai h c tuyn chnh l : H c tuyn vo: UEB = f1(UCB, IE) H c tuyn ra: IC = f2 (UCB, IE)
H c tuyn vo: c tuyn vo m t mi quan h gia in p vo v dng in vo nh sau: UEB = f1(IE) khi UCB = const. Xt trng hp i vi tranzito lng cc Gecmani loi P-N-P. Khi cc gp h th c tuyn vo chnh l c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca tip xc P-N phn cc thun nn ta c:

I E = I0 ( e

U EB VT

1)

Ta c ng c tuyn vo m t trong hnh 4-11.

81

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

UEB (V) 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 10 20 30 UCB = 0V UCB= -10V UCB= - 20V 40 IE (mA) UCB h

Hnh 4 - 11: H c tuyn vo ca tranzito gecmani loi P-N-P.

Khi UCB 0, c tuyn x dch rt t chng t in p trn cc gp t nh hng n dng in qua tip xc pht.
H c tuyn ra: c tuyn ra biu th mi quan h gia dng in trn mch cc gp vi in p trn mch cc gp. Ta c mi quan h sau: IC = f2(UCB) khi IE = const. Biu thc tnh dng in trn cc gp IC nh sau: IC = IE + ICBo

IC (mA) Vng tch cc 40 30 Vng dn bo ha 20 (IE3 - IE2) 10 IE5 = 40mA IE4 = 30mA IE3 = 20mA IE2 = 10mA IE1= 0 UCB (V)

I E 2
0 -2

ICB0 -4 -6 Vng ngt

-8

Hnh 4 - 12: H c tuyn ra ca tranzito gecmani loi P-N-P trong s mc cc gc chung

+ Khi IE1 = 0 (khi cc pht h mch): c tuyn ra chnh l c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca tip xc gp phn cc ngc. Do vy, dng in cc gp IC = ICBo. + Khi IE2 > 0 : l khi tip xc pht c phn cc thun th dng in cc gp s l: IC = IE2 + ICBo 82

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

Khi UCB > 0 trong khi UEB > 0 tranzito lm vic ch bo ha nn s c dng in thun ca tip xc gp chy ngc chiu vi thnh phn dng in thun t cc pht sang (IE2), do vy, dng in tng qua tip xc gp gim nhanh n 0 v sau tng nhanh nu UCB > 0 tng tip tc.
Cc c im ca s mc cc gc chung: Tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra ng pha nhau Tr khng vo ZV nh khong vi chc n vi trm m 1 30 300 ZVo = S Tr khng ra ln Zra = RC = 100 K 1 M H s khuch i dng in cc pht I = C < 1 ( 0,95 0,999) IE

Nh vy, tranzito trong s mc cc gc chung khng c khuch i dng in. H s khuch i in p: Z ganh I C Z ganh U ra (4 . 11) Ku = = U vao I E Z vao Z vao

H s khuch i in p ph thuc vo in tr gnh. Khi Zgnh Zra th Ku c tr s khong t vi trm vi nghn ln. - H s khuch i cng sut c th t ti tr s hng trm ln. - Dng in r ICBo nh (khong t vi chc nA n vi A i vi tranzito Silic, v n vi chc A i vi tranzito Gecmani). - Tn s lm vic gii hn cao v c in dung thng ng nh. S mch mc cc gc chung c n nh v nhit cao v tn s lm vic gii hn cao. Mch thng c dng di tn s lm vic cao nh cc tng dao ng ni ca my thu thanh, cc tng tin khuch i m tn ca my tng m, hoc tng khuch i cng sut y ko.
4.4.2. S mc cc pht chung: S mch: (Xem hnh 4-13)

83

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

IC C C1 Mch vo B

RC C2 Ura UCE Mch ra

IB UBE RB E IE

+
EB

+
EC

Hnh 4 - 13: S mc cc pht chung ca tranzito loi P-N-P.

Trong s mch gm c cc phn t sau: +/ EE , EC - Ngun in cung cp mt chiu cho tranzito loi P-N-P. +/ RB - in tr nh thin +/ RC - in tr ti +/ T in C1 v C2 l t lin lc. Cc cu kin ny c nhim v trong mch in tng t nh s mc cc gc chung. Nh vy, tn hiu a vo gia cc gc v cc pht, tn hiu c ly ra t gia cc gp v cc pht. Do , cc pht l chn cc chung ca mch vo v mch ra v ta c s mc cc pht chung. Chiu ca cc thnh phn dng in v in p trn cc chn cc cu tranzito c m t hnh 4-13. Trong s mc pht chung c dng vo l IB, dng ra l IC, in p vo l UBE, in p ra l UCE.
c im ca s mc cc pht chung: - Tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra ngc pha nhau - Tr khng vo nh nhng ln hn so vi tr khng vo trong s mc cc gc chung: Zvo = rBE = 200 2000 - Tr khng ra ln nhng nh hn so vi tr khng ra trong s mc cc gc chung: Zra = RC // rCE = 20K 100K - H s khuch i dng in cc gc l t s gia dng in ra vi dng in vo, ta c: IE I (4 . 12) = C = = IB (1 - )I E 1

c tr s t vi chc vi trm ln (cn k hiu l hFE). H s khuch i in p: U ra Ku = = - S (RC// rCE) U vao Ku c th t ti tr s t hng ngn chc ngn ln. 84

(4 . 13)

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

H s khuch i cng sut: P Kp = ra Pvao

Ku c th c tr s t vi ngn ln n chc ngn ln. - Dng in r cc gp ICEo nh nhng ln hn trong s mc cc gc chung - Tn s lm vic gii hn tng i cao nhng thp hn so vi s mc cc gc chung v in dung thng ng ln hn. - S mch mc cc pht chung c s dng rng ri do c h s khuch i , Ku, Kp rt ln. ng thi mch kh n nh v nhit v c tn s lm vic gii hn kh cao. Ngoi ra, mch c tr khng vo v tr khng ra khng chnh lch nhiu nn trong vic ghp cc mch vi nhau, ta c th dng kiu ghp bng in tr v t in (ghp RC) rt n gin trong tnh ton li n gin trong lp rp v gi thnh r. Cc c trng tnh v cc tham s trong ch tn hiu nh: nghin cu mi quan h gia cc dng in v in p trn cc in cc ca tranzito trong s mc cc pht chung, ta c cc h c tuyn nh sau: H c tuyn vo: UBE = f1(UCE, IB) H c tuyn ra: IC = f2 (UCE, IB) H c tuyn vo tnh: c tuyn vo tnh m t mi quan h gia in p vo UBE vi dng in vo IB. UBE = f1(IB) khi UCE = const. Ta c cng thc tnh dng in vo IB bng: IB = (1- )IE - ICBo v h c tuyn vo c m t trong hnh (4 - 14) Do dng in IE tng theo qui lut hm s m vi in p UBE nn dng in cc gc IB cng s tng theo qui lut hm s m vi in p UBE. Trn h c tuyn vo ta thy in p UCE t nh hng ln dng in IB. UBE (V) -0,6 -0,5 -0,4 -0,3 -0,2 -0,1 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4

UCE = -10V UCE = -5V UCE = -2V UCE = - 0,1V UCE = 0V IB (mA)

Hnh 4 - 14: c tuyn vo tnh ca tranzito Ge loi P-N-P trong s cc pht chung H c tuyn ra tnh: c tuyn ra biu th mi quan h gia dng in trn mch ra IC v in p trn mch ra UCE. Ta c hm biu th quan h ny: IC = f (UCE) khi dng in vo IB =const. V cng thc tnh dng in cc gp l:

85

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

IC = IE + ICBo Thay gi tr IE = IC + IB , v bin i biu thc trn, ta c: 1 IC = I B + I CBo 1 1 Thay =

(4 . 14)

1 , v = + 1 ta c cng thc tnh dng in cc gp l: 1 1

(4 . 15) IC = IB + ( + 1)ICBo Trong gi l h s khuch i dng in cc gc (thng c k hiu l hFE). y l biu thc biu th mi quan h gia dng in iu khin v dng in b iu khin trong s mc cc pht chung. t0 = 250C IC (mA) Vng tch cc 40 UCE<UBE 30 Pttmax Vng dn bo ha 20 IB8 =0,35mA IB7 =0,3mA IB6=0,25mA IB5=0,2mA IB4=0,1mA IB3=0,05mA IB2=0 IB1= - ICBo -10 UCE (V)

IB4
10 0 -2 ICBo -4 (1+)ICBo -6 -8 Vng ngt

Hnh 4 - 15: H c tuyn ra ca tranzito gecmani loi P-N-P vi ngun EC = 10 V v in tr RC = 500

Ta thy dng in IC c gi tr cc tiu khi c hai tip xc pht TE v tip xc gp TC u phn cc ngc, dng in IB = - ICBo nn IC = ICbo v tranzito hot ng trong vng ngt. Khi IB > 0, dng in ra c tnh theo cng thc: IC = IB + ( + 1)ICBo (4 . 16) Nu tng in p trn mch ra UCE ln th c tuyn ra khng nm ngang m hi dc nghing. Khi gim gi tr in p trn mch ra UCE< UBE th tip xc gp TC cng c phn cc thun. Lc ny tranzito lm vic ch bo ha.
4.4.3. S mc cc gp chung (hay cn gi l b lp cc pht): S mch m t trong hnh 4- 16: Trong s gm c: EB , EC - Ngun cung cp mt chiu; RB - in tr nh thin; RE - in tr gnh v c mc mch cc pht; t in C1 , C2 l t lin lc. Nhim v ca cc linh kin trong mch cng ging nh s mc gc chung.

86

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

Trong mch, tn hiu a vo gia cc gc v cc gp, tn hiu ly ra trn RE t gia cc pht v cc gp, nn cc gp l chn cc chung ca mch vo v mch ra. V vy, ta c s mc cc gp chung.

IC C1 uvo B Mch vo RB UBE UB RE C E IE C2 ura Mch ra IB

+
EB

+
EC C

Hnh 4 - 16: S mc cc gp chung ca tranzito loi P-N-P

Khi cp ngun, dng in IE xut pht t dng ngun EB qua in tr ti RE v cc pht v n lp tip xc pht TE. Ti y, n chia thnh hai thnh phn l dng in cc gc IB chy qua RB v t v thnh phn dng in cc gp IC chy qua cc gp xung t.
c im ca s mc cc gp chung: - Tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra ng pha - Tr khng vo ln Zvo = RE = 20 K 500 K (c th ti hng M ) - Tr khng ra nh 1 R ngun ) = 50 5K Zra = RE // ( S

(4 . 17)

(4 . 18)

H s khuch i in p: U ra U BC U BE U ra = = Ku = U BC U BC U vao

< 1

(4 . 19)

Thng thng ta ly gi tr Ku 1. Mch mc cc gp chung khng c khuch i in p. - H s khuch i dng in cc gc: I 1 = +1 Ki = E = IB 1-

(4 . 20)

V >>1 nn h s khuch i dng in trong s mc cc gp chung tng ng vi h s khuch i dng in ca s mc cc pht chung. - H s khuch i cng sut Kp c tr s t vi chc ln n vi trm ln. - Dng in r c tr s tng ng nh s mc cc pht chung. - Tn s lm vic gii hn cng c gi tr ging nh s mc cc pht chung. c im c bn ca s mc cc gp chung l c tr khng vo rt ln v tr khng Z ra rt nh ( vao = hng ngn ln) nn n c dng nh mt b bin i tr khng. Z ra
87

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

Trn thc t, s mc gp chung t c dng, ngi ta ch s dng mch ny phi hp tr khng gia mt mch c tr khng ra cao vi mch c tr khng vo thp. Cc c tuyn v tham s ca s mc cc gp chung cng tng t nh s mc cc pht chung, do vy ta s khng xem xt thm na.
4.4.4. S Dacling- tn : S Dacling- tn gm c 2 tranzito u theo kiu cc gp chung (CC) v n c coi nh mt tranzito mi vi cc chn cc: E' , B' , C' (xem hnh 4-17).

C' B' T1 T2 E' C' B' T1 a/ T2 E' b/ C B' T1 E' RE C' T2 RE C

Hnh 4 - 17: S Daclinh- tn: (a). S mch; (b). S thay th Cc tham s ca s : H s khuch i dng in: ' = T1* T2 Tr khng vo:

(4 . 21) VT IC ' (4 . 22)

Zvo = rB'E' = 2rBE1 = 2' h dn: S' = Tr khng ra: Zra = rC'E' = IC ' 2VT

(4 . 23)

2 rCE2 3

(4 . 24)

4.5. PHN CC CHO TRANZITO LNG CC. 4.5.1. Khi nim phn cc cho cc ch lm vic ca tranzito: Phn cc cho tranzito l vic cung cp ngun in mt chiu vo cc chn cc sao cho tranzito lm vic ng ch (ngt, bo ha hay tch cc) v cc tham s ca tranzito khng vt qu cc gi tr gii hn (ICmax, UCemax, UCbmax, UEbmax, Pttmax,tn s gii hn) nh ch ra hnh 4-18. ch ngt, ta ch cn cp ngun in sao cho hai tip xc P-N ca tranzito u phn cc ngc. ch bo ha, cp in sao cho hai tip xc P-N u phn cc thun hoc

88

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

sao cho in p UCE = (0,20,4)V. Ch ch tch cc l vic phn cc cho tranzito phc tp v cn ch hn. Chng ta s lm quen vi mt s khi nim trong vic phn cc cho tranzito nh im lm vic tnh, ng ti mt chiu (dc), ng ti xoay chiu (ac) im lm vic tnh trn cc h c tuyn ca tranzito l im m ti cc hm ca tranzito hu nh tuyn tnh khi n lm vic trong vng ch tch cc. xc lp im lm vic nht thit phi cung cp cho tranzito mt ngun in p mt chiu v dng in mt chiu t bn ngoi. Ta chn im lm vic tnh Q sao cho khi tn hiu xoay chiu thay i theo thi gian (ut) c t ln li vo (cc B) th trn li ra (cc C) ta nhn c mt tn hiu (in p hoc dng in) c cng dng sng vi tn hiu trn li vo .

IC (mA) IC max

IB = 160A

ng ti AC E CC RC ICQ

PC max

IB =140A IB = 120A IB = 100A IB = 80A

Q2

Q1

UCQ ng ti dc

ECC

IB = 60A IB = 40A IB = 20A IB = 0 UC max UCE (V)

Hnh 4 - 18: H c tuyn ra ca s cc pht chung v cc ng ti mt chiu (dc) v xoay chiu (ac).

Nu tn hiu ra khng ti to li mt cch trung thc tn hiu vo th im lm vic chn khng thch hp v cn phi di chuyn n mt v tr mi trn h c tuyn ra. Cc ng ti mt chiu (dc) v xoay chiu (ac): Gi s rng chng ta chn in tr RC sao cho ng ti mt chiu (dc) nh ch ra trong hnh v 4-18 v nu Rti = ta c th chn im lm vic tnh Q1 trung tm ca ng ti dc vi cc gi tr in p v dng tnh l UCQ, ICQ v IBQ. Nu Rti th ta c mt ng ti xoay chiu (ac) p ng cho mt ti l R'ti = Rti // RC c v i qua im lm vic Q1. Khi c tn hiu xoay chiu a n li vo v trn mch ra c u ti, th im lm vic ng s xoay xung quanh im lm vic tnh Q v cc gi tr dng in xoay chiu v in p xoay chiu s dao ng xung quanh gi tr dng in v in p mt chiu . phn cc cho cc tranzito lm vic ta c th dng hai ngun in mt chiu hoc dng mt ngun mch n gin v kinh t hn. Thc t ngi ta thng dng mt ngun in cung cp v s dng cc in tr dn in p v cc chn cc ca tranzito phn cc m ta hay gi l mch nh thin.
4.5.2. Phn cc kiu c nh (hay mch nh thin bng dng cc gc) : S mch in nh hnh 4-19. Trong s dng tranzito loi N-P-N nn c: in tr RB, gi l in tr nh thin, c u t dng ngun EC v cc gc phn cc thun cho tip xc pht - gc.

89

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

in tr RC, gi l ti, c nhim v dn in p t dng ngun EC v cc gp sao cho tip xc gp - gc phn cc ngc. Dng in IC chy t dng ngun EC qua RC v m ngun EC. Dng in IB chy t dng ngun EC qua RB v m ngun EC. +EC IC RC RB C1 ui Tn hiu vo B UBE IE E Rti IB C Tn hiu ra C2 u0

Hnh 4 - 19: Mch nh thin c nh

Trn ng ti dc ta chn im lm vic thch hp vi iu kin tn hiu u vo c gi tr dng in cc gc khng vt qu gi tr dng in IB c tnh theo cng thc sau: E U BE (4 . 25) IB = C RB Theo cng thc trn, c ngun in ECC l c nh, in p UBE chn bng 0,2V cho tranzito gecmani v 0,6V cho tranzito silic nn dng IB l c nh. Trong trng hp mun thay i dng in IB, tc l thay i im lm vic tnh Q th ta thay i tr s in tr RB. V dng IB chn l mt hng s nn s mch trn (hnh 4-19) c gi l mch phn cc kiu c nh hay mch phn cc nh dng cc gc. Dng IB c gi l dng in nh thin.
n nh ca mch nh thin. Khi tranzito hot ng, cc tham s ca mch s thay i do nhiu nguyn nhn, c bit l do nhit mi trng thay i. V vy, vic n nh im lm vic Q chn l rt cn thit. Ta gi thit rng tranzito trong hnh (4-19) c thay bng mt tranzito khc cng loi nhng c h s khuch i ln hn nh ch ra trong hnh (4- 20), v v IB gi khng i ti IB2 bng mch phn cc bn ngoi, s dn n vic im lm vic Q1 phi di chuyn n Q2. im lm vic mi ny c th khng tha mn hon ton. c bit n c th lm cho tranzito chuyn sang ch bo ha. Lc ny chng ta phi thay i dng in IB m bo ch lm vic cn thit cho tranzito.

IC E CC RC Q2 Q1 90 IB3 IB2 IB1 IB0

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

n nh nhit cho tranzito: Vn quan trng th hai gy nh hng n s phn cc ca tranzito l s thay i nhit . Nh ta bit dng in ngc bo ha ICBo ph thuc nhiu vo nhit , iu ny c th gy kh khn cho vic s dng tranzito. Ngay c khi im lm vic tnh c xc nh vng ch tch cc th do nh hng ca nhit n vn c th chuyn sang ch bo ha. Trong hnh (4- 21) ch ra h c tuyn ra ca tranzito 2N708 ti nhit +250C v +1000C. Ta thy r rng hu nh n lm vic ch bo ha ti nhit +1000C mc d n c phn cc gia vng ch tch cc ti +250C.

IC (mA) 50 40 30 20 10 0 2 4

t0 = 250C IB=1,0

IC (mA) 50

t0 = 1000C IB=0,6mA Q IB=0,5 IB=0,4 IB=0,3 IB=0,2 IB=0,1 IB=0mA 6 8 b/

IB=0,8 40 IB=0,6 30 Q IB=0,4 20 IB=0,2 10 IB=0mA 6 8 10 a/ UCE(v) 0 2 4 10

UCE(v)

Hnh 4- 21: H c tuyn ra t0 = +250C (a) v +1000C (b) ca tranzito loi N-P-N 2N708 H s n nh S: H s n nh S l tc thay i ca dng in cc gp so vi s thay i ca dng in ngc bo ha gi cho h s khuch i v in p UBE khng i, ta c: IC IC (4 . 26) S = I CBo I CBo

Trong ch tch cc, mi quan h c bn gia IC v IB c cho bi cng thc: IC = IB + ( +1)ICBo Nu ly o hm cng thc trn theo IC v xem xt l hng s theo IC, th ta c: dI B 1+ + 1= dI C S 91

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

S =

1+ dI 1- B dI C

(4 . 27)

i vi s mch nh thin kiu c nh, IB khng ph thuc vo IC, nn h s n nh c tnh: (4 . 28) S = +1 Gi tr S cng ln c ngha l mch cng khng n nh v nhit. Theo nh ngha y th h s n nh S khng th nh hn 1. Mun duy tr s n nh im lm vic tnh Q ta phi gi cho dng in ICQ v in p UCEQ khng i. K thut thng c s dng n nh im lm vic tnh c th phn chia thnh 2 loi: - K thut n nh - K thut b K thut n nh l ta s dng cc mch phn cc in tr m cho php IB thay i sao cho gi c IC l khng i mt cch tng i vi s thay i ca ICBo, v UBE. K thut b l s dng cc linh kin nhy nhit nh it, tranzito, tecmixto, v.v.. Cc linh kin ny cung cp mt in p b v dng in b gi cho im lm vic n nh. Trong cc phn tip theo, k thut n nh cho mch nh thin c th hin sao cho gi tr h s S gim xung v do to ra dng in cc gp IC t ph thuc vo dng in ICBo. 4.5.3. Mch nh thin phn p : S mch cho trn hnh 4-22. +EC IP.p RC R1 IB B UCE Mch vo R2 UBE E UB RE N IE CE C Mch ra IC

Hnh 4 - 22: S mch nh thin phn p Trong mch, hai in tr R1 v R2 ni tip nhau v u trc tip gia hai cc ca ngun cung cp EC s to nn mch phn p, dng in phn p IP. p chy qua R1 v R2 khng ph thuc vo s bin i theo nhit ca cc dng in v in p trn cc chn cc ca tranzito. Do , st p do dng phn p to ra trn R2 cng khng ph thuc vo hot ng ca tranzito. in p trn cc gc chnh l st p trn in tr R2 do dng in phn p to nn, vy ta c: UB = IP.p R2

92

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

UB =

E C . R2 R1 + R2

(4 . 29)

Nu ta thay s mch phn cc hnh (4- 22) bng s mch phn cc dng hai ngun cung cp mt chiu l UB cho mch cc gc v EC cho mch cc gp nh hnh (4- 23) th in tr RB l in tr tng ng ca hai in tr R1 v R2 mc song song, ta c: R 2 R1 (4 . 30) RB = R 2 + R1

H s n nh S : Trn s mch hnh 4- 23, theo nh lut in p vng ca Kic xp mch cc gc, ta

c: UB = IB RB + UBE + ( IB + IC)RE IC RB IB E UB IB+IC N RE UE B C UCE EC RC (4 . 31)

Hnh 4 - 23: Mch thay th tng ng vi mch nh thin phn p hnh 4- 22

Nu xt UB v UBE khng ph thuc vo dng in IC, ta c th tnh o hm cng thc (4.31) theo IC c: dI B RE =(4 . 32) dI C RE + RB Thay (4.32) vo cng thc (4.27) kt qu ta c: 1+ S = RE 1+ RE + RB
RB RE S = (1 + ) R 1+ + B RE 1+

(4 . 33)

Qua cng thc (4.33) ta thy gi tr RB cng nh th n nh cng cao.

Phn tch mch nh thin phn p:

93

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

+ Nu gi tr ca cc linh kin trong s mch cho trc, th im lm vic tnh c xc nh nh sau: Theo nh lut Kic Xp cho mch cc gp ta c: (4 . 34) - EC + IC (RC + RE) + IB RE + UCE = 0 T cng thc (4.34) ta c th xc nh c im lm vic tnh Q vi cc gi tr dng in IC v UCE tng ng. + Nu cc linh kin trong s mch khng cho trc th vic xc nh im lm vic tnh ca tranzito c thc hin nh trng hp mch phn cc dng hai ngun cung cp c lp vi cc tr s: ECR 2 R 1R 2 v RB = UB = R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2 Gi s dng in IB << IP.p v coi nh IB 0 th: EC IP.p = R1 + R 2 UE = IE RE = UB - UBE - IB RB v dng in cc gp l: U B U BE IC IE = RE in p gia cc gp v cc pht l: UCE = EC - IC RC - IE RE 4.5.4. Mch phn cc bng hi tip: S mch: Hnh 4-24. Trong s , in tr RB c gi l in tr nh thin hoc in tr hi tip. N dn mt phn in p t mch ra v mch vo phn cc cho tip xc pht TE, v in p phn cc l: UBE = UCE - IB RB . +EC RB C1 IB RC IB IC UCE Mch ra IE a/ b/ IC+IB C2 ura B C' E Mch UBE vo RB1 RB RB2 C

Hnh 4 - 24: a- S mch nh thin hi tip m in p b- Phng php hn ch hi tip thnh phn tn hiu xoay chiu H s n nh S ca s hnh (4- 24) c tnh t phng trnh sau:

- EC + ( IB + IC) RC + IB RB + UBE = 0 T c: IB =
E C I C R C U BE RC + RB

(4 . 35) (4 . 36)

V in p UBE khng ph thuc vo dng in IC, do ta c: 94

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

RC dI B =dI C RC + RB

(4 . 37)

Thay (4.37) vo cng thc (4.27), ta c cng thc tnh h s n nh S: +1 (4 . 38) S = RC 1+ RB + RC Gi tr ny ca h s S s nh hn ( + 1) trong s mch nh thin kiu c nh, v vy ci thin c h s n nh ca mch.
Phn tch s mch: Nu gi tr ca cc linh kin trong s mch c bit, th im lm vic tnh Q c xc nh nh sau: ng vi mi mt gi tr ca dng in IB cho, ta c th tnh c in p trn cc gp theo cng thc sau: UCE = IB RB + UBE (4 . 36) Dng in cc gp IC c th xc nh bng cng thc: [E C - U BE + (R C + R B ) I CBo ] (4 . 37) IC = RC + RB Phng php loi b hin tng hi tip thnh phn tn hiu: Theo s mch nh thin bng hi tip m in p ny, th trn in tr RB khng ch c thnh phn mt chiu c hi tip m c c thnh phn xoay chiu ca tn hiu. khc phc hin tng ny ta thay in tr RB bng 2 in tr RB1 v RB2 u ni tip vi nhau, v im ni gia chng c u qua mt t in C' xung t (hnh 4- 24b). Nh vy, ti tn s lm vic thnh phn tn hiu hi tip v s qua t C' xung t nn khng gy nh hng cho mch.

Trong bng 4.1 v 4.2 cho ta bit mt s cc tham s ca tranzito silic v gecmani cc nhit khc nhau.

95

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

T ICBo UBE

Bng 4.1: Cc tham s ca tranzito silic tiu biu. ( C) - 65 +25 -3 (nA) 1,95. 10 1,0 25 55 (V) 0,78 0,60
0

+175 33.000 100 0,225

T ICBo UBE

Bng 4.2: Cc tham s ca tranzito gecmani tiu biu. ( C) - 65 +25 -3 1,95 . 10 1,0 (A) 20 55 (V) 0,38 0,20
0

+75 32 90 0,10

4.5.5. So snh 3 phng php phn cc Trong 3 phng php phn cc va nghin cu ta thy phng php phn cc c nh c s mch v tnh ton cc tham s ca mch n gin nhng n nh im lm vic tnh ca mch km nht. Phng php phn cc dng hi tip ci thin c n nh ch lm vic ca mch nhng do mch hi tip c th hi tip c thnh phn tn hiu, lm h s khuch i ca mch gim. ng thi, nu in tr RC c tr s nh th hu nh mch khng ci thin c n nh so vi phng php c nh. Phng php phn cc phn p l phng php c n nh tt nht, ngay c khi in tr RC = 0. Do vy y l phng php c s dng nhiu nht. 4.6. S TNG NG CA BJT CH KHUCH I TN HIU NH TN S THP.

gii cc bi ton c lin quan n cc linh kin tch cc, ta phi a chng v cc dng mch in tng ng. C nhiu kh nng xy dng s mch tng ng, y chng ta s xem xt mt s thng dng nht l s tng ng kiu hn hp.
4.6.1. S mng 4 cc dng cho BJT. Hnh 4-25 biu din mt mng 4 cc dng cho tranzito lng cc: trn mch vo c dng in vo i1 v in p vo u1; trn mch ra c dng in ra i2 v in p ra u2. Chng ta c th chn 2 trong 4 i lng ny l cc bin c lp v biu din 2 bin cn li theo cc bin c lp chn.

i1 Ca vo u1

i2 Mng 4 cc (BJT) Ca ra u2

Hnh 4 - 25: Mng 4 cc

96

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

Nu chn dng in i1 v in p u2 l cc bin c lp v nu 2 mch vo v ra l tuyn tnh th ta c th vit: u1 = h11 i1 + h12 u2 (4 . 38) (4 . 39) i2 = h21 i1 + h22 u2 Cc i lng h11, h12, h21, h22 c gi l cc tham s h hoc cc tham s hn hp v tt c chng khng c cng th nguyn. T cc cng thc (4. 38) v (4. 39) ta xc nh cc tham s h nh sau: h11 =
u1 : Tr khng vo khi ngn mch ra (). i1 u = 0 2 u1 u 2 i =0 1 i2 i 1 u =0 2 : khuch i in p nghch o (khng th nguyn). h21 = : H s khuch i dng in. (khng th nguyn). h22 = i2 : h dn li ra khi h mch vo (mA/V). u 2 i =0 1

h12 =

K hiu: Cc k hiu thm vo di y c qui c theo tiu chun ca IEEE: i = 11 = u vo o = 22= u ra f = 21 = truyn dn thun r = 12 = truyn dn ngc Trong trng hp ca tranzito, c thm cc k hiu (b, e, hoc c) vo ch cc kiu s mc tranzito. V d: hib = h11b = Tr khng vo s mc gc chung. hfe = h21e = H s khuch i thun dng in ngn mch trong s mc cc pht chung. V linh kin m t bng cng thc (4. 38) v (4. 39) c gi thit l khng cha cc phn t khng, nn 4 tham s h11, h12, h21, h22 l cc s thc v cc in p cng nh dng in u1, u2, i1, i2 l cc hm ca thi gian. Mch hn hp cho mt linh kin bt k c trng bng cng thc (4.38) v (4.39) c biu din hnh 4- 26.
i1 + u1 h12u2 h11 i2

+
h21i1 h22 u2

Hnh 4 - 26: S tng ng hn hp cho mng 2 ca ca hnh (4- 25). Cc tham s h21 v h12 khng c th nguyn.

97

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

4.6.2. S vt l tng ng ca BJT.

M hnh tng ng ca tranzito y c cho trong mi quan h ca cc tham s h. Cc tham s h c cc nh sn xut xc nh cho cc tranzito. nhn c m hnh tng ng hn hp cho tranzito, ta nghin cu s mc cc E chung nh hnh 4- 27. ic C ib

+
uc

RC EC

+
ub

B E

Hnh 4 - 27: Mch mc cc E chung n gin.

Cc bin ib, ic, ub, v uc biu th tng cc dng in v in p tc thi. y ta chn dng in ib v in p uc l cc bin c lp v ub, ic l cc hm nh sau: ub = f1(ib, uc) (4 . 40) ic = f2(ib, uc) (4 . 41) M rng cng thc (4. 40) v (4. 41) bao quanh im lm vic tnh IB, UC, tng t ta c: uB = iC =

f1 f1 iB + uC iB U uC I C B f2 f2 iB + uC iB U uC I C B

(4 . 42)

(4 . 43)

Nh s biu th cc ch s ca hai cng thc trn, in p cc gp UC hoc dng in cc gc IB phi gi l hng s. Cc i lng uB, uC, iB v iC biu th cc tn hiu nh ca in p v dng in trn cc gc v cc gp. Da vo cc k hiu ta c th vit: ub = hieib + hreuc (4 . 44) ic = hfeib + hoeuc (4 . 45) Trong : ib, ub, uc v ic : l dng in v in p tc thi trn cc chn cc B v C ca tranzito. Ta c: hie =

f1 uB = iB iB U C f2 iC = iB iB U C

hre =

f1 uB = uC uC I B f2 iC = uC uC I B

(4 . 46)

hfe =

hoe =

(4 . 47)

Xut pht t cng thc (4. 46) v (4. 47) ta xc nh cc tham s h ca tranzito trong s mc E chung. Ba s mc tranzito: 98

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

Trong bng 4.3 trnh by tm tt ba cch mc tranzito cng cc s tng ng hn hp v cc cng thc tnh dng in i v in p u thch hp vi tng s . Mch in v cng thc trong bng (4.3) c gi tr cho c tranzito loi N-P-N v c P-NP v khng ph thuc vo loi ca ti hoc cch phn cc.
Bng 4.3: Cc cch mc tranzito v m hnh tng ng hn hp ca chng S mch M hnh tng ng hn hp Cng thc u, i

CE ib B ub E CC ib B ub C CB E ie ue ib B B ic uc E ie ic ie ic

C uc

B ib hie hreuc ub E ib hic B hrcue ub

CE hfeib

ic C hoe uc E

CE ub = hie ib + hre uc ic = hfe ib + hoe uc

CC hfcib

ie hoc

E ue

ue C C E hrbuc ue B hfbie hob uc B C ie hib ic C C

CC ub = hic ib + hrc ue ie = hfcib + hocue

CB ue = hibie + hrbuc ic = hfbie + hobuc

a. Cc cng thc bin i cc tham s h gia ba cch mc ca tranzito:

99

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

Bng 4.4: Cc cng thc chuyn i gn ng cho cc tham s h ca tranzito (Cc s liu cho trong bng l i vi mt tranzito tiu chun).

CE hie hre hfe hoe hib hrb hfb hob hic hrc hfc hoc 1100 2,5.10-4 50 25 A/ V h ie 1 + h fe
h ie h oe h re 1 - h fe h rc

CC hic 1- hrc - (1- hfc) hoc h ic h fc

CB h ib 1 - h fb h ib h ob h rb 1 + h fb h fb 1 + h fb

h ob 1 + h fb 21,6 2,9.10-4 - 0,98 0,49 A/ V h ib 1 + h fb 1 1 1 + h fb

h ic h oc 1 h fc

h fe 1 + h fe

1+ h fc h fc

h oe 1 + h fe hie 1- hre 1 - (1 + hfe) hoe

h oc h fc

1100 1 - 51 25 A/ V

h ob 1 + h fb

4.7. MT S NG DNG CA BJT

Tranzito lng cc l phn t tch cc c s dng rng ri trong cc mch in t. Chng c dng trong hu ht cc mch in t v gi nhiu chc nng ch yu ca mch. Nhng ng dng thng thng ca tranzito lng cc l khuch i, to dao ng hnh sin, xung, n p, chuyn mch in t y ta s xem xt mt s v d v ng dng ca chng. - Khuch i: Tranzito c dng trong cc mch khuch i mt chiu (dc), khuch i tn hiu (ac), mch khuch i vi sai, cc mch khuch i c bit, mch n p V d: mch khuch i micro dng cho my tng m nh hnh 4-28 100

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

56K

UCC=24V

1,5K 47K 10F 68K 10F 100F 390 68K 10F Ura

15K

3,9K

Micro tng tr thp

220 22K

Hnh 4 - 28: Mch khuch i dng BJT - C631A

Trong mch cc in tr hi tip R=22K, R=68K (hi tip t cc gp T2 v) v R=220 xc nh h s khuch i ca mch: 68 K // 22 K 16,7 K KU = = = 75 220 0,22 K Cc in tr hi tip mt chiu R = 3,9K v R = 68K t T2 v n nh ch lm vic ca mch. - Mch to dao ng sng hnh sin dng trong radio (Hnh 4-29)
5pF 120 2pF

Ura

1K 8,2K
1000pF

30pF

3,3K

UCC
120

Hnh 4 29: Mch to dao ng hnh sin dng BJT-SE3001 Do tn s hot ng ca mch trn 100MHz nn tranzito c mc theo s cc gc chung. Khung cng hng gm c mt cun cm v hai t in. t in 5pF l t hi tip duy tr dao ng. - Mch a hi:

101

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT) UCC

RC1 Ura1 T1

RB2 C1

RB1

C2

RC2 Ura2 T2 UCC Ubh

UB1

UB2

Hnh 4 30: Mch a hi t dao ng dng tranzito lng cc

Mch a hi t dao ng to xung vung. Trng thi cn bng ca mch (mt tranzito m v mt tranzito kha) ch n nh trong mt thi gian hn ch no , ri t ng lt sang trng thi kia v ngc li (hai tranzito thay nhau thng, tt). Trn li ra ta ly c chui xung vung c tn s dao ng c tnh gn ng theo cng thc: 1 1 (4. 48) f = = T 0,69 RB 2 C1 + 0,69 RB1C 2
TM TT Chng 4 trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca tranzito lng cc (BJT). Tranzito lng cc c 2 tip xc P-N v 3 chn cc l cc pht (E), cc gc (B) v cc gp (C). C 2 loi tranzito l P-N-P v N-P-N. Nguyn l hot ng ca chng ging nhau ch c chiu ca ngun in cung cp vo cc chn cc ca tranzito l ngc du nhau. Tranzito c 3 ch lm vic ty theo s phn cc cho 2 tip xc P-N: ch tch cc, ch ngt, ch bo ha. Ch tch cc l khi ta cp in mt chiu sao cho tip xc pht-gc phn cc thun v tip xc gp-pht phn cc ngc. ch tch cc, tn hiu ra bin thin theo s bin thin ca tn hiu vo nn ta cn gi l ch khuch i. Tranzito lm vic ch ngt l khi ta cp in cho cc chn cc sao cho 2 tip xc P-N u phn cc ngc. ch ngt tranzito khng dn in, cc gp coi nh c ni tt vi ngun cung cp v tranzito nh mt chuyn mch trng thi h. Tranzito hot ng ch bo ha khi ta cung cp in p vo cc chn cc sao cho c 2 tip xc P-N u phn cc thun. trng thi ny, cc pht v cc gp ca tranzito coi nh c ni tt, dng in qua tranzito kh ln, st p gia cc gp-pht gn bng khng vn v tranzito nh mt chuyn mch trng thi ng. Trong chng 4 trnh by v cc thnh phn dng in trong tranzito gm c: dng in cc pht IE, dng in cc gp IC, dng in cc gc IB, v cc h s khuch i dng in cc pht v h s khuch i dng in cc gc . ng thi, trong phn ny cng nu mi quan h gia cc dng in thng qua cc h s khuch i: + i vi h s : IC = IE + ICB0 IB = (1 )IE ICB0 IE = I C + I B

102

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

+ i vi h s : IC = IB + ( + 1)ICB0 IB IC/ Chng 4 cn trnh by v 3 cch mc tranzito trong cc s mch khuch i l: mch cc gc chung, mch cc pht chung, mch cc gp chung; v mi quan h gia cc dng in trn tranzito vi in p trn cc chn cc ca n thng qua cc h c tuyn vo v ra. Trong phn ny, chng ta xem xt n cc c im ca tng cch mc v pham vi ng dng ca chng trong cc mch in t. Mun tranzito lm vic ng ch , cc tham s ca mch khng vt qu cc gi tr gii hn th chng ta phi xc nh im lm vic tnh cho tranzito v cc phng php n nh im lm vic chn. Thng thng ngi ta s dng mt s phng php phn cc cho tranzito nh: - Mch phn cc c nh: Mch ny n gin, d tnh ton nhng n nh thp. - Mch phn cc phn p: y l mch c nhiu u im nht so vi cc phng php phn cc khc. Mch c n nh cao ngay c khi in tr ti RC = 0, nn mch c s dng rng ri. - Mch phn cc dng hi tip: Mch ci thin c n nh im lm vic tnh, nhng cn hn ch do in tr hi tip a c thnh phn tn hiu v mch vo lm gim kh nng khuch i ca mch. Trong chng 4 cn a ra s tng ng hn hp ca tranzito trong cc mch khuch i v cc tham s ca n. Nhn chung, chng 4 c ni dung rt quan trng ca chng trnh mn hc v cu kin in t v tranzito lng cc l mt cu kin ch o ca cc mch in t khc nhau.
CU HI N TP 1. Nu cu to v cc k hiu ca 2 loi tranzito lng cc. 2. Trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca BJT ch tch cc. 3. Trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca BJT ch ngt v ch bo ha. 4. Trnh by v s mc cc gc chung v cc c im ca cch mc ny? 5. Trnh by v cch mc cc pht chung v c im ca cch mc ny? 6. Trnh by v cch mc cc gp chung v c im ca s ny? 7. Trnh by v s Darlington. 8. Nu khi nim v s cn thit ca vic phn cc cho tranzito. 9. Trnh by v mch phn cc c nh. 10. Hy cho bit v n nh v h s n nh ca mch nh thin cho BJT? 11. Trnh by v mch phn cc phn p. 12. Trnh by v mch phn cc hi tip. 13. S tng ng ca BJT ch khuch i tn hiu nh v cc tham s hn hp ca mch. 14. Trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca BJT ch chuyn mch v tham s c bn ca n. 15. Cho s mch nh hnh v :

Cho bit 1=0,98, 2=0,96, Vcc=24V, RC=120, IE=100mA B qua dng in ngc bo ho (ICBo=0). Xc nh : 103

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

a. Cc dng in IC1, IB1, IE1, IC2, IB2. b. UCE.

VCC

IC IC1 IB=IB1 Q1

RC

IC2

UCE

Q2 IE1=IB2 IE=IE2

16. Cho s mch v dng Tranzito Gecmani v cc gi tr trong mch : VCC = -20V, RC = 2k, RE = 0,1k, R1 = 100k, R2 = 5k, = 50. Hy xc nh: Cc dng in tnh IB, IC, IE v in p UCE. H s n nh S.

VCC

R1 B R2

RC

RE

17. Cho s mch nh hnh v v cc gi tr : VCC = 24V, RC = 10k, RE = 270. Tranzito silic c h s = 45 v lm vic ti im lm vic tnh l UCE=5V hy xc nh: a. Tr s R b. H s n nh S

104

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

V CC R RC

18. Cho mch khuych i cng sut dng tranzito loi P-N-P a. Hy cho bit tranzito c mc theo cch no ? Kiu mch nh thin ? b. Nu nhim v ca cc linh kin mc trong mch c. Cho bit VC=-40V, RE=5, ICBO=-5mA, cho dng in tnh IC=-1A, h s khuych i dng =100, in tr cun s cp L1 l 10. Hy xc nh gi tr RB v h s n nh S.
Vc

L1

R ti

CE

19. Tranzito lng cc lm vic ch tch cc thun khi c phn cc vi a. hai tip xc P-N u phn cc ngc b, hai tip xc P-N u phn cc thun c. tip xc pht phn cc thun, tip xc gp phn cc ngc d. tip xc pht phn cc ngc, tip xc gp phn cc thun 20. Tranzito lng cc lm vic ch ngt khi n c phn cc vi a. hai tip xc P-N u phn cc ngc b, hai tip xc P-N u phn cc thun c. tip xc pht phn cc thun, tip xc gp phn cc ngc d. tip xc pht phn cc ngc, tip xc gp phn cc thun 21. ch kha in t Tranzito lng cc lm vic . a. ch tch cc v ch ngt; b. ch bo ha v ch tch cc c. ch bo ha v ch ngt; d. ch tch cc 22. Trong s mch khuch i, tranzito lng cc lm vic .. a. ch tch cc v ch ngt; b. ch bo ha v ch tch cc c. ch bo ha v ch ngt; d. ch tch cc

105

Cu kin in t

Tranzito lng cc (BJT)

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Gio trnh Cu kin in t v quang in t, Trn Th Cm, Hc vin CNBCVT, nm 2002. 2. Gio trnh K thut in t, Xun Th, NXB GD 1997

106

CU KIN IN T

Tranzito hiu ng trng (FET)

CHNG 5 TRANZITO TRNG (FET)

GII THIU CHNG Chng 5 gii thiu v mt loi tranzito c nguyn l lm vic hon ton khc vi nguyn l lm vic ca BJT, l tranzito hiu ng trng vit tt l FET. Trong FET vic iu khin dng in trn mch ra do in p trn mch vo quyt nh. Trong chng 5 trnh by v cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca cc loi tranzito trng: JFET, MOSFET. Trong chng ny cn trnh by v cc cch mc v phn cc cho tranzito trng, cc s tng ng ca FET trong mch khuch i tn hiu nh v ch chuyn mch ca n. NI DUNG. 5.1.GII THIU CHUNG V FET. 5.1.1. Nguyn l hot ng c bn Khc vi tranzito lng cc, hot ng ca tranzito trng da trn nguyn l hiu ng trng ngha l dn in ca n tinh th bn dn do in trng bn ngoi iu khin. Dng in trong tranzito trng do mt loi ht dn to nn: l trng hoc in t nn n cn c gi l cu kin n cc. Nguyn l hot ng c bn ca tranzito trng l dng in i qua mt mi trng bn dn c tit din dn in thay i di tc dng ca in trng vung gc vi lp bn dn . Khi thay i cng in trng s lm thay i in tr ca lp bn dn v do lm thay i dng in i qua n. Lp bn dn ny c gi l knh dn in. 5.1.2. Phn loi: Tranzito trng c hai loi chnh l: - Tranzito trng iu khin bng tip xc P-N (hay gi l tranzito trng mi ni): Junction field- effect transistor - vit tt l JFET. - Tranzito c cc ca cch in: Insulated- gate field effect transistor - vit tt l IGFET. Thng thng lp cch in c dng l lp oxit nn cn gi l metal- oxidesemiconductor transistor (vit tt l MOSFET). Trong loi tranzito trng c cc ca cch in c chia lm 2 loi l MOSFET knh sn v MOSFET knh cm ng. Mi loi FET li c phn chia thnh loi knh N v loi knh P. Tranzito trng c ba chn cc l cc Ngun k hiu l ch S (source); cc Ca k hiu l ch G (gate); cc Mng k hiu l ch D (drain). Cc ngun (S): cc ngun m qua cc ht dn a s i vo knh v to ra dng in ngun IS. Cc mng (D): l cc m cc ht dn a s ri khi knh. Cc ca (G): l cc iu khin dng in chy qua knh. 5.1.3. Mt s u nhc im ca tranzito trng so vi tranzito lng cc: Mt s u im: 106

CU KIN IN T

Tranzito hiu ng trng (FET)

+ Dng in qua tranzito ch do mt loi ht dn a s to nn. Do vy FET l loi cu kin n cc (unipolar device). + FET c tr khng vo rt cao. + Ting n trong FET t hn nhiu so vi tranzito lng cc. + N khng b in p ti dng ID = 0 v do n l ci ngt in tt. + C n nh v nhit cao. + Tn s lm vic cao. Mt s nhc im: Nhc im chnh ca FET l h s khuch i thp hn nhiu so vi tranzito lng cc. 5.1.4. K hiu ca FET trong cc s mch: D G S Knh N a- JFET G S Knh P D G D G S Knh N S Knh P D G S Knh N D G S Knh P D

b- MOS knh sn

c- MOS knh cm ng

Hnh 5-1 : K hiu ca cc FET trong s mch. 5.2. TRANZITO TRNG LOI IU KHIN BNG TIP XC P-N. (vit tt l JFET - Junction Field Effect Transistor)

5.2.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca JFET a. Cu to ca JFET: Tranzito JFET cu to gm c mt ming bn dn mng loi N (gi l knh loi N) hoc loi P (gi l knh loi P) gia hai tip xc P-N v c gi l knh dn in. Hai u ca ming bn dn c a ra hai chn cc gi l cc mng (k hiu l D) v cc ngun (k hiu l S). Hai ming bn dn hai bn ca knh c ni vi nhau v a ra mt chn cc gi l cc ca (k hiu l G). Cho nn, cc ca c tch khi knh bng cc tip xc P-N. Cc tranzito trng JFET hu ht u l loi i xng, c ngha l khi u trong mch c th i ch hai chn cc mng v ngun cho nhau th cc tnh cht v tham s ca tranzito khng h thay i.

107

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Tranzito hiu ng trng (FET)

G S Knh dn

Bn dn P Bn dn N D Hai tip xc P-N

Hnh 5-2 : Cu to ca tranzito trng loi JFET knh dn loi N. b. Nguyn l hot ng ca JFET: Nguyn l hot ng ca tranzito trng JFET knh loi N v knh loi P ging nhau. Chng ch khc nhau v chiu ca ngun in cung cp vo cc chn cc. cho tranzito trng lm vic ch khuch i phi cung cp ngun in UGS c chiu sao cho c hai tip xc P-N u c phn cc ngc. Cn ngun in UDS c chiu sao cho cc ht dn a s chuyn ng t cc ngun S, qua knh, v cc mng D to nn dng in trong mch cc mng ID. Ta c cc s nguyn l nh hnh 5-3. Trong phn ny trnh by v nguyn l hot ng ca tranzito JFET knh N. D ID G UDS VGG + UGS S a/ JFET knh N + VDD RD VGG+ UGS G UDS S
+ VDD

D ID RD

b/ JFET knh P

Hnh 5-3 : S nguyn l lm vic ca JFET. Xt s hnh 5-3(a): cho hai tip xc P-N u phn cc ngc ta phi cung cp ngun VGG c cc dng vo chn cc ngun S, cc m vo chn cc ca G. cho cc ht dn in t chuyn ng t cc ngun v cc mng th ngun in VD c chiu dng vo cc mng, chiu m vo cc ngun. Khi UDS > 0, th in th ti mi im dc theo knh s tng dn t cc ngun S n cc mng D. Do vy, tip xc P-N s b phn cc ngc mnh dn v pha cc mng. B dy lp tip xc tng dn v pha cc mng v tit din ca knh s hp dn v pha cc mng (xem hnh 5-4).

108

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Tranzito hiu ng trng (FET)

UGS

G D 2b(x) (tit din knh) w(x) (tip xc P-N)

w S + UDS 2a

Hnh 5-4 : M hnh u ni ngun cung cp cho JFET knh N. Xt kh nng iu khin ca in p trn cc ca UGS i vi dng in ID v c tuyn truyn t ca FET: Mun xt kh nng iu khin dng in ID ca in p trn cc ca phi t ln cc mng mt in p UDS1 > 0 v gi c nh. Khi in p trn cc ca UGS = 0V, hai tip xc P-N s c phn cc ngc mnh dn t cc ngun v pha cc mng, v do knh cng s hp dn v pha cc mng. Tuy nhin, trng hp ny, tit din ca knh l ln nht nn dng in chy qua knh l ln nht, k hiu l IDo. Khi t in p trn cc ca c tr s m (UGS < 0), th tip xc P-N c phn cc ngc cng mnh hn, v tit din ca knh cng hp li, in tr ca knh cng tng, ko theo dng in ID gim xung. Khi in p trn cc ca gim xung n mt tr s gi l in p ngt: UGS = UGSngt th hai lp tip xc P-N ph trm ln nhau v knh hon ton bin mt, dng in chy qua knh bng 0 (ID = 0). Quan h gia dng in ID vi in p UGS th hin bng ng c tuyn iu khin hay cn gi l c tuyn truyn t v c hm l ID = f(UGS) khi UDS khng i. Dng in ID c tnh bng cng thc Shockley: ID = IDo

1 U GS U GS ngt

(5. 1)

y l mt phng trnh bc 2 v biu din bng ng cong c dng parabol, ta c c tuyn truyn t nh m t trong hnh (5-5).

109

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Tranzito hiu ng trng (FET)

ID (mA)

IDo UDS2 UDS1 UGSngt 0 +UGS

Hnh 5-5 : c tuyn truyn t ca JFET knh loi N. t h s

U GS K = 1 U GS ngt

ta c th vit li cng thc (5.1)nh sau: (5 . 2)

ID = KIDo

c tuyn ra ca JFET. c tuyn ra ch mi quan h gia dng in ID v in p mng UDS. i vi JFET knh loi N, t mt tr s UGS 0 (gi s t UGS = UGS1 < 0) v gi c nh, sau thay i tr s in p UDS. Khi in p UDS = 0V th hai tip xc P-N c phn cc ngc ng u t cc ngun n cc mng, tit din ca knh l ln nht nhng dng in bng 0 (ID = 0). t UDS > 0 v c gi tr nh, in th ti mi im dc theo knh s tng dn t cc ngun n cc mng, lm cho tip xc P-N c phn cc ngc mnh dn v pha cc mng, ng thi, cc ht dn in t s chuyn ng v cc mng to nn dng in cc mng ID. Tng dn in p UDS cho cng dng hn, hai tip xc P-N cng c phn cc ngc mnh hn v pha cc mng, tit din ca knh cng b hp dn v pha cc mng, nhng dng in ID li cng tng v tng tuyn tnh vi s tng ca in p UDS. Ta c on c tuyn dc ng gi l vng thun tr. Khi in p UDS tng n tr s m ti hai tip xc P-N chm nhau, to ra "im tht" ca knh, th tr s in p ta gi l in p UDS bo ha (UDSbh) hay cn gi l in p tht. Lc ny dng in ID t ti tr s dng in bo ha IDb.h.. Nu tip tc tng in p cc mng cng dng hn th cng dng in ID khng tng na m ch c tip xc P-N c phn cc ngc mnh hn v chng trm ph ln nhau lm cho mt on knh b lp v chiu di ca knh b ngn li. Lc ny, quan h gia dng in ID vi in p UDS khng theo nh lut m na, ID gn nh khng i khi in p UDS tip tc tng, ta c vng dng in ID khng i.

110

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Tranzito hiu ng trng (FET)

ID (mA)

12 10
Vng thun tr

Vng dng in ID khng i

UGS = 0v UGS = - 0,5v -1v

8 6 4 2
0 5
UDSbh

- 2v nh thng - 4v 10 15 20 25 30 UDS (v)

Hnh 5-6 : H c tuyn ra ca JFET knh loi N. Nu tng tr s in p UDS ln qu cao c th xy ra hin tng nh thng tip xc P-N v dng in ID s tng vt ln gi l vng nh thng. Thay i tr s in p trn cc ca v thc hin li cc bc nh trn s thu c h c tuyn ra nh m t trong hnh 5- 6. 5.2.2. Cc cch mc ca JFET trong s mch Nh cc tranzito lng cc, tranzito trng cng c 3 cch mc trong cc s mch khuch i l: s mc cc ngun chung, s mc cc mng chung, s mc cc ca chung. a. S cc ngun chung: Trong s hnh (5-7), ngun cung cp mt chiu VDD, in tr nh thin RG, ti RD. S mc cc ngun chung ging nh s mc cc pht chung i vi cc tranzito lng cc, c im khc l dng vo IG thc t bng 0 v tr khng vo rt ln. c im ca s cc ngun chung: Tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra ngc pha nhau. Tr khng vo rt ln Zvo = RGS Tr khng ra Zra = RD // rd H s khuch i in p S rd > 1 i vi tranzito JFET knh N th h s khuch i in p khong t 150 ln n 300 ln, cn i vi tranzito JFET knh loi P th h s khuch i ch bng mt na l khong t 75 ln n 150 ln.

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Tranzito hiu ng trng (FET)

+VDD RD D C2 C1 uvo RG G S RS CS ID ura

Hnh 5- 7: S mc cc ngun chung ca JFET knh loi N b. S mc cc mng chung: S mch m t trong hnh 5-8. S mc cc mng chung ging nh s mc cc gp chung ca tranzito lng cc. Ti RS c u mch cc ngun v s cn c gi l mch lp cc ngun. c im ca s ny c: - Tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra ng pha nhau. - Tr khng vo rt ln Zvo = RGD = 1 - Tr khng ra rt nh Zra = RS // gm

H s khuch i in p < 1 +VDD C1 uvo G S RG RS D

Hnh 5-8 : S mc cc mng chung ca JFET knh loi N

ura C2 IS

S cc mng chung c dng rng ri hn, c bn l do n gim c in dung vo ca mch, ng thi c tr khng vo rt ln. S ny thng c dng phi hp tr khng gia cc mch.
c. S mc cc ca chung:

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Tranzito hiu ng trng (FET)

S ny theo nguyn tc khng c s dng do c tr khng vo nh, tr khng ra ln. S mch nguyn l trong hnh 5-9: S Mch vo G D Mch ra G

Hnh 5-9 : S mc cc ca chung ca JFET knh N. 5.2.3. Phn cc cho JFET Ging nh tranzito lng cc, tranzito trng cng c cc cch phn cc nh: phn cc c inh, phn cc phn p v phn cc hi tip. a. Phn cc c nh. S phn cc c nh m t trong hnh (5-10): Trong cch phn cc ny ngun in VGG c t vo cc ca v mch c gi l phn cc c nh v c UGS = -UGG c gi tr c nh.Nh vy, mun xc nh im lm vic Q thch hp ta phi dng 2 ngun cung cp. y l iu bt li ca phng php phn cc ny.

+VDD RD D C2 C1 uvo RG -VGG

Hnh 5-10: Mch phn cc c nh ca JFET knh loi N b. Phn cc phn p

ID ura

G S

S mch phn cc phn p m t hnh 5-11. Phng php ny rt hu hiu cho tranzito lng cc nhng i vi JFET th khng tin li khi s dng.

113

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Tranzito hiu ng trng (FET)

+VDD Ip.p RD R1 D C2 C1 uvo Ip.p R2 G S RS ura ID

Hnh 5-11: Mch phn cc phn p ca JFET knh loi N c. Phn p t cp(cn gi l t phn cc) S t phn cc ca JFET m t trong hnh 5-12. y l cch phn cc khng ging nh i vi BJT v n l cch phn cc hu hiu nht i vi JFET, trong cch phn cc ny th in p UGS = -IDRS.

+VDD RD D C2 C1 uvo RG G S RS CS ID ura

Hnh 5- 12: Phn cc t cp cho JFET knh loi N 5.2.4. Cc tham s ca tranzito trng ch tn hiu nh. Cc tham s c bn ca FET trong ch tn hiu nh thng c: h dn, tr khng ra, tr khng vo v h s khuch i in p. S mch tng ng ca FET ch tn hiu nh cng ging nh ca tranzito lng cc. ch ny, dng in cc mng iD l mt hm ca in p trn cc ca uGS v in p trn cc mng uDS, ta c: iD = f(uGS , uDS)

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Tranzito hiu ng trng (FET)

Khi c hai in p trn cc ca v cc mng u bin i th dng in cc mng s thay i theo:

iD =

iD iD u GS + u DS u GS U =const. u DS U =const. DS GS

(5. 3)

Trong ch tn hiu nh cc i lng iD = id ; uGS = ugs ; uDS = uds , nh vy cng thc (5. 3) c vit: 1 i d = g m u gs + u ds (5. 4) rd Trong :
h dn (k hiu l gm):
gm = i iD iD = d u GS U =const. u GS U =const u gs U =const DS DS DS

(5. 5)

h dn ca FET biu th kh nng iu khin ca in p cc ca uGS ln dng in xoay chiu cc mng iD. Gi tr h dn ca FET nm trong khong: S = 3 20 mA/V.
Tr khng ra hay cn gi l in tr mng (k hiu l rd): in tr mng rd biu th s nh hng ca in p cc mng uDS ti dng in cc mng iD ta c cng thc:

rd =

u u DS u DS = ds i D U =const i D U =const i d U =const GS GS GS

(5. 6)

H s khuch i in p : H s khuch i in p ch s ln in p trn cc ca tc ng ln dng in cc mng mnh hn so vi in p trn cc mng. Ta c cng thc: =

u DS u DS u = ds u GS I =const u GS I =const u gs I =const D D D

(5. 7)

So snh cc cng thc tnh h dn gm, in tr mng rd v h s khuch i in p , ta c cng thc sau: = gm rd (5. 8) H s khuch i c tr s khong vi trm ln.
5.2.5. S tng ng ca JFET trong ch tn hiu nh. S tng ng ca FET ch tn hiu nh c m t trong hnh 5- 13. Trong s ny tn ti cc in dung gia ba chn cc. T in Cgs biu th in dung ro th ca tip xc P-N gia cc ca v cc ngun, v t in Cgd l in dung ro th ca tip xc P-N gia cc ca v cc mng. T in Cds l in dung mng-ngun ca knh dn. y l cc in dung k sinh ca FET. Khi tranzito lm vic tn s thp th chng khng gy anh hng g cho mch, nhng khi tn s cao chng c th gy ngn mch gia cc chn cc ca tranzito.

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Tranzito hiu ng trng (FET)

V tip xc P-N ca cc ca phn cc ngc nn cc in tr gia cc ca - cc ngun rgs v gia cc ca - mng rgd rt ln, do trong s hnh 5- 13 hai in tr ny c b qua.
Cc ca G Cgs Cgd Cc mng D rd Cds

gm ugs

S Cc ngun

Hnh 5- 13: S mch tng ng ca FET trong ch tn hiu nh

T cng thc (5. 4) v (5. 1) ta tnh c: U GS g m = g mo 1 U GSngt trong g mo l gi tr h dn khi U GS = 0 v c xc nh:

g mo = 2 I Do U GSngt

(5. 9)

(5.10)

V I Do v UGSngt ngc pha nhau nn g mo lun dng.

5.3. TRANZITO TRNG LOI CC CA CCH LY (IGFET)

y l loi tranzito trng c cc ca cch in vi knh dn in bng mt lp cch in mng. Lp cch in thng dng l cht oxit nn ta thng gi tt l tranzito trng loi MOS. Tn gi MOS c vit tt t ba t ting Anh l: Metal - Oxide - Semiconductor. Tranzito trng MOS c hai loi: tranzito MOSFET c knh sn v tranzito MOSFET knh cm ng. Trong mi loi MOSFET ny li c hai loi l knh dn loi P v knh loi N.
5.3.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca MOSFET knh sn: a. Cu to: Tranzito trng MOSFET knh sn cn gi l MOSFET-ch ngho (Depletion-Mode MOSFET vit tt l DMOSFET). Ta c m hnh m phng cu to ca MOSFET trong hnh 5 14. Tranzito trng loi MOS c knh sn l loi tranzito m khi ch to ngi ta ch to sn knh dn.

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Tranzito hiu ng trng (FET)

S P Si(N)

D P

Kim loi SiO2 Tip xc P-N

Knh P

Hnh 5- 14 : Cu to ca MOSFET knh sn loi P b. Nguyn l hot ng: Tranzito loi MOSFET knh sn c hai loi l knh loi P v knh loi N. (v d trong hnh 5-14 l MOSFET c knh sn loi P). Khi tranzito lm vic, thng thng cc ngun S c ni vi v ni t nn US = 0. Cc in p t vo cc chn cc ca G v cc mng D l so vi chn cc S. Nguyn tc cung cp ngun in cho cc chn cc sao cho ht dn a s chy t cc ngun S qua knh v cc mng D to nn dng in ID trong mch cc mng. Cn in p t trn cc ca c chiu sao cho MOSFET lm vic ch giu ht dn hoc ch ngho ht dn. Nguyn l lm vic ca hai loi tranzito knh P v knh N ging nhau ch c cc tnh ca ngun in cung cp cho cc chn cc l tri du nhau. S nguyn l u ni MOSFET knh sn nh trong hnh 5- 15.

V d: Xt nguyn l hot ng ca tranzito MOSFET knh sn loi P.

UGS + S P Si(N) UDS a/ + G D P

UGS + S N Si(P) + UDS b/ G D N

Hnh 5 - 15 : S nguyn l ca MOSFET: a- MOSFET knh sn loi P. b- MOSFET knh sn loi N

Xt kh nng iu khin ca MOSFET knh sn loi P (Hnh 5-15a): 117

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Kh nng iu khin dng in ID ca in p trn cc ca UGS chnh l c tuyn truyn t ca MOSFET, ni cch khc, l mi quan h gia dng in ID vi in p UGS, ta c hm sau: ID = f(UGS) khi UDS = const. cc ht dn l trng chuyn ng t cc ngun S v cc mng D, ta t mt in p trn cc mng UDS = UDS1 <0 v gi khng i. Sau thay i in p trn cc ca UGS theo chiu dng hoc theo chiu m. Khi UGS = 0 th di tc dng ca in p UDS cc l trng chuyn ng t cc ngun v cc mng to nn dng in ID Nu UGS < 0, nhiu l trng c ht v knh lm nng ht dn trong knh tng ln, dn in ca knh tng v dng in chy trong knh ID tng ln. Ch lm vic ny gi l ch giu ht dn. Nu UGS > 0, cc l trng b y ra xa knh lm mt ht dn trong knh gim xung, dn in ca knh gim v dng in chy qua knh ID gim xung. Ch lm vic ny gi l ch ngho ht dn. Mi quan h ny c th hin trn hnh 5-16a. - Xt h c tuyn ra (hay quan h gia dng in ID v in p UDS): ID = f(UDS) khi UGS = const. Hnh 5- 16b th hin h c tuyn ra ca MOSFET knh sn loi P. y l cc ng biu din mi quan h gia dng in ID vi in p UDS ng vi tng gi tr ca in p UGS khc nhau.

ID (mA) Vng giu ht dn 6 4 2 -3 -2 -1 0 a/ 1 2 Vng ngho ht dn

ID (mA) Vng dng ID khng i 6 4 Vng thun 2 tr 3 UGS(v) UGSngt 0 -5 UDSbh b/ UGS =-3v UGS=-2v Vng giu UGS=-1V ht dn UGS=0V Vng ngho -10 -15 -20 -UDS (v)

Hnh 5 - 16 : Cc h c tuyn ca MOSFET knh sn loi P: a. H c tuyn iu khin ID = f(UGS) khi UDS khng i b. H c tuyn ra ID = f(UDS) khi UGS khng i

Trn h c tuyn ra, khi in p UDS = 0V th dng in qua knh ID = 0, do c tuyn xut pht t gc ta . iu chnh cho UDS m dn, vi tr s cn nh th dng in ID tng tuyn tnh vi s tng tr s ca in p UDS v mi quan h ny c tnh theo nh lut m. Ta c vng thun tr ca c tuyn.

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Khi in p UDS t ti tr s bo ha (UDSb.h.) th dng in cc mng cng t ti mt tr s gi l dng in bo ha IDb.h.. Trong trng hp ny, lp tip xc P-N chm vo y ca lp oxit v knh c im "tht" ti cc mng, nn UDSbh cn c gi l in p tht. Nu cho UDS>UDSb.h. th dng in khng thay i v gi nguyn tr s bo ha IDb.h.. ng thi, tip xc P-N b phn cc ngc cng mnh v pha cc mng, lm cho chiu di ca phn knh b "tht" tng ln. chnh lch ca in p UDS = UDS-UDSbh c t ln on knh b "tht" v lm cho cng in trng y tng, gip cho s cc l trng vt qua on knh b "tht" khng thay i, do vy dng IDbh gi khng i. Ta c vng dng in ID bo ha. Trng hp, nu t UDS qu ln s dn n hin tng nh thng tip xc P-N pha cc mng, dng in ID tng vt. Lc ny tranzito chuyn sang vng nh thng. Qua cc h c tuyn ca MOSFET knh sn ta thy n lm vic c 2 ch ngho v giu ht dn. MOSFET knh sn c mc n nh nn n thng c dng trong cc tng khuch i u tin ca thit b cao tn. h dn gm ca n ph thuc vo in p UGS nn h s khuch i in p thng c t ng iu khin.
5.3.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca MOSFET knh cm ng. a. Cu to: Tranzito trng loi MOS knh cm ng cn gi l MOSFET ch giu (Enhancement-Mode MOSFET vit tt l E-MOSFET). Khi ch to MOSFET knh cm ng ngi ta khng ch to knh dn. Do cng ngh ch to n gin nn MOSFET knh cm ng c sn xut v s dng nhiu hn. Hnh 5-17 m phng cu to ca MOSFET knh cm ng loi P

Kim loi SiO2

P Si(N)

Tip xc P-N

Hnh 5 17: Cu to ca MOSFET knh cm ng loi P b. Nguyn l hot ng Nguyn l lm vic ca loi knh P v knh N ging ht nhau ch khc nhau v cc tnh ca ngun cung cp t ln cc chn cc. Trc tin, ni cc ngun S vi v ni t, sau cp in p gia cc ca v cc ngun to knh dn. - To knh dn v kh nng iu khin ca tranzito: V d: Ta trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca MOSFET knh cm ng loi P.

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Theo nguyn tc cp ngun in cho cc chn cc, ta cp ngun in UGS < 0 to knh, cn UDS < 0 tc ng cho cc l trng chuyn ng t cc ngun v cc mng to nn dng in ID.(Xem hnh 5 -18) Khi ta t mt in p ln cc ca m hn so vi cc ngun (UGS < 0) n mt gi tr gi l in p ngng (k hiu l UGSth) th mt s cc l trng c ht v to thnh mt lp mng cc l trng trn b mt ca lp bn dn Si(N), ni lin cc ngun S vi cc mng D v knh dn in c hnh thnh.

UGS S P Si(N) Lp ion G D P

UGS S P Si(N) Knh dn P G D P

Hnh 5 - 18 : S hnh thnh knh dn ca MOSFET loi P

Khi knh xut hin, di tc dng ca in trng cc mng cc l trng s di chuyn t cc ngun, qua knh, v cc mng v to nn dng in trong tranzito ID. Tip tc cho UGS cng m hn, ngha l UGS>UGSth, th s l trng c ht v knh cng nhiu, mt ht dn trong knh cng tng ln, dn in ca knh cng tng dn n cng dng in chy qua knh cng tng ln. Qui lut tng ca dng in ID theo in p UGS biu din theo cng thc sau: ID = k (U GS - U GSth )
2

(5.11)

y l phng trnh ca c tuyn truyn t biu din trong hnh 5-19. H s k l hng s v c tnh theo cng thc: I D ( on ) (5.12) k= (U GS (on) U GSth )2 Trong ID(on) v UGS(on) l tr s dng in v in p tng ng c xc nh trn h c tuyn ra ca MOSFET. Thay cng thc (5.12) vo cng thc (5.11) ta c: I D ( on ) (U GS U GSth )2 ID = (5.13) 2 (U GS (on) U GSth ) t
U U GSth K = GS U GS ( on ) U GSth ID = KID(on) ta c:
2

(5.14)

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ID (mA)

0 UGSth

+UGS (v)

Hnh 5 - 19 : c tuyn iu khin ca MOSFET knh cm ng loi P

H c tuyn ra: H c tuyn ra biu th mi quan h gia dng in ID v in p UDS. Trong s mc cc ngun chung th ID l dng in ra v in p UDS l in p ra, ta c hm biu th mi quan h ny: ID = f(UDS) khi UGS gi khng i in p t ln cc ca yu cu phi ln knh dn c hnh thnh. Sau , ta thay i in p UDS v theo di s thay i ca dng ID theo in p UDS. Ta c s mch nguyn l u ni MOSFET knh P m t trong hnh 5- 20a. Xt ng cong c tuyn ra ng vi tr s UGS < 0, v d UGS4 nh trong hnh 5- 20b, ta thy: Nu UDS = 0, th cc l trng khng chuyn ng v cc mng nn dng ID = 0. ID (mA) im "tht" UGS S P Si(N) G P D Tip xc P-N 0 a/ UDS UDSbh b/ Vng dng ID khng i UGS4 <0 UGS UGSth nh thng -UDS

Hnh 5- 20 : a - S nguyn l ca MOSFET knh cm ng loi P. b- H c tuyn ra ca MOSFET knh cm ng loi P.

Khi t UDS<0 c tr s nh, th in th ti mi im dc theo knh s gim dn cc ngun S n cc mng. Di tc dng ca in p UDS cc l trng s di chuyn t cc ngun n cc mng to nn dng in ID. Tip tc cho in p UDS cng m th dng ID tng nhanh v tng tuyn tnh vi s tng ca in p m UDS. ng thi, tip xc P-N cng c phn cc ngc tng dn t cc ngun n cc mng, b dy lp tip xc tng dn v pha cc mng v 121

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knh hp dn v pha cc mng, in tr knh tng ln. Ta c on dc ca c tuyn gi l vng thun tr. Khi tr s in p trn cc mng t tr s, m ti b dy ca tip xc P-N tng ln chm vo y ca lp oxit pha cc mng, th ta gi l in p cc mng bo ha (UDSbh). Lc ny dng in ID t tr s bo ha IDb.h.. Tip tc cho in p UDS cng m hn, th b dy ca tip xc P-N cng tng v pha cc mng, phn knh b "tht" li cng tng ln v chiu di ca knh b ngn li, nhng dng in khng i v ID = IDbh. Trong trng hp ny, gia tng ca in p cc mng UDS =UDS-UDSbh s c t ln on knh b "tht". V n tc dng trc tip ln phn knh cn li, kch thch s chuyn dch ca cc ht l trng t cc ngun vt qua on knh b "tht" v cc mng lm cho dng in ID khng i. ta c vng dng ID khng i. Nu tr s m ca UDS qu ln th c th xy ra hin tng nh thng lp tip xc P-N pha cc mng, lm cho dng in ID tng vt ln.
5.3.3. Cc cch mc MOSFET trong cc s mch khuch i Ging nh JFET, tranzito loi MOSFET cng c 3 cch mc c bn l cc ngun chung, cc mng chung v cc ca chung. Trong 3 cch mc ny th cch mc cc ca chung khng c s dng trn thc t. Do vy, thng thng ta s dng hai cch mc ngun chung v mng chung. 5.3.4. Phn cc cho MOSFET Cng nh BJT v JFET, thng thng c 3 cch phn cc cho MOSFET nh ch ra hnh 5-21 l: a/ phn cc c nh, b/ phn cc hi tip v c/ phn cc phn p.

+VDD RD C2 C1 Ur Uv RG Uv C1 RG

+VDD RD C2 Ur Uv R2 RS R1 C1 RD

+VDD C2 Ur CS

a/

b/

c/

Hnh 5 21: Cc cch phn cc thng thng cho MOSFET Cch phn cc c nh nh hnh 5-21a cho MOSFET knh sn vi in p UGS=0 gi l phn cc zero v ID = IDo. y l cch phn cc n gin nht. S hnh 5-21b l cch phn cc hi tip cc mng cho MOSFET knh cm ng. Do dng IG = 0 nn URG = 0V v Ur = Uv . S hnh 5-21c l mch phn cc phn p. cch phn p ny c tr khng vo Zv = R1//R2; UGS = UG IDRS. 5.3.4. S mch tng ng ca MOSFET

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S tng ng ca MOSFET m t trong hnh 5-22

UGS

Zv

gmUGS

rd

UDS

Hnh 5 22: S tng ng ca MOSFET knh cm ng

Trong s , in tr Zv rt ln (Zv = RGS ) nn trong cc s mch tng ng mch vo gn nh h mch. in tr rd l tr khng ra v n l in tr ca knh i vi thnh phn xoay chiu. u im ca tranzito trng so vi tranzito lng cc: - Tr khng vo ca FET rt ln: loi iu khin bng tip xc P-N khong 1010 1013; loi MOS khong 1013 1015. - Dng in qua cc ca rt nh: Loi JFET: IG(JFET) = 1 PA 1 nA Loi MOS : IG(MOS) = (

1 1 )IGJFET 10 20

- Tnh n nh v nhit cao - Tn s lm vic cao nh n in t chn khng c th n vi trm MHz. - Tp m nh Tranzito trng c s dng ging nh tranzito lng cc nhng do h s khuch i in p ca n nh hn nhiu nn chng thng c dng nhng mch c yu cu v n nh nhit cao, nhy cao v tn s lm vic cao.
5.3.6. Mt s ng dng ca FET Trong k thut in t, tranzito trng c s dng gn ging nh tranzito lng cc. Tuy nhin, do mt s cc u nhc im ca FET so vi BJT ni trn, c bit l h s khuch i thp, m tranzito trng thng c s dng nhng mch th hin c u th ca chng. c bit trong vic tch hp IC th tranzito trng c ng dng rt hiu qu v cho php to ra cc IC c tch hp rt cao (LSI v VLSI). Sau y ta s xem xt mt vi mch ng dng ca FET. 1. Tng khuch i vi sai dng FET. tng tr khng vo (ti hng chc M) ngi ta s dng tranzito trng nh hnh 5-23. V nguyn l hot ng ca mch khuch i vi sai khng c g khc vi mch dng tranzito lng cc, ch c tr khng vo ca mch dng FET th ln hn nhiu (c th ti hng trn ln cao hn so vi dng BJT).

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+VDD
RD1 RD2 D1 G1 D2

Ur1

Ur2
G2

UV1
S1

T1

T2
S2

UV2

IS -VDD

Hnh 5 23: Mch khuch vi sai dng FET

2. Mch pht sng RC dng FET.(Hnh 5-24) tng khuch i c h s khuch i K = gm.RL, trong gm l h dn ca FET v RD rd RL l in tr ti ca mch. RL = RD + rd Tn s dao ng ca mch: f = 1 2 6 RC
VDD RD

RS

CS

+ R C R

+ C R

+ C

Hnh 5 24: Mch to dao ng RC dng FET

Mch to dao ng RC cho dao ng c tn s thp. Trong khi khuch, tn hiu ra ngc pha vi tn hiu vo (FET mc Ngun chung) nn mch hi tip RC ph thuc tn s phi dch pha tn hiu 180 0 tn s pht sng. 124

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TM TT NI DUNG Tranzito trng (FET) l loi tranzito n cc, dng in chy trong cu kin do mt loi ht dn to nn. Vic iu khin dng in ra do in trng trn cc ca quyt nh. Khi thay i in p trn cc ca s lm thay i tit din knh dn in, v lm thay i mt ht dn trong knh dn n s thay i cng dng in chy qua knh. Tranzito trng chia lm 2 loi chnh: tranzito trng mi ni JFET v tranzito trng c cc ca cch in IGFET- thng thng gi l MOSFET. JFET c knh dn nm gia 2 tip xc P-N v 3 chn cc l cc Ngun (S), cc Ca (G), cc Mng (D). C hai loi JFET l loi knh N v loi knh P. Hai loi ny nguyn l hot ng ging nhau ch c chiu ngun in cung cp cho cc chn cc l ngc du nhau. Nguyn tc cp in phn cc cho JFET sao cho hai tip xc P-N phn cc ngc v ht dn phi chuyn ng t cc ngun v cc mng to ra dng in cc mng. Khi thay i in p trn cc ca th dng in qua tranzito thay i theo qui lut hm m nh sau:
U GS ID = ID0 1 U GSngat Trong : ID l dng in cc mng ID0 l dng in mng khi UGS = 0V UGS l in p t ln cc ca UGS ngt l in p ngt. V ta c ng c tuyn iu khin biu din mi quan h ny. Khi in p t ln cc mng thay i s lm cho dng in mng thay i theo mt cch tuyn tnh khi UDS cn nh (UDS < UDS bo ha). Tranzito lm vic trong vng thun tr. Khi UDS>UDS bo ha th tranzito chuyn sang hot ng vng bo ha hay vng c dng in khng i (ID bo ha). Lc ny, khi in p trn cc mng thay i th dng in qua tranzito khng thay i. MOSFET l tranzito trng c cc ca cch in vi lp cch in l oxit silic. C hai loi tranzito trng c cc ca cch in l loi c knh sn v loi knh cm ng. Mi loi li c 2 loi l knh loi N v knh loi P. Nguyn l hot ng ca loi knh N v knh P ging nhau ch c chiu ca ngun cung cp vo cc chn cc l ngc du nhau. MOSFET knh sn hot ng hai ch : ngho ht dn v ch giu ht dn. Do khi ch to ngi ta ch to sn knh, nn khi t in p ln cc ca v cc mng th tranzito c th dn in (UGS > UGSth). MOSFET knh cm ng l tranzito trng khng ch to knh dn in, m knh s c hnh thnh trong qu trnh tranzito lm vic. Mun tranzito dn in, ta phi cp in ln cc ca to knh. Khi UGS = UGSth th knh mi hnh thnh. Sau khi c knh th dng in trong tranzito do cc ht dn in chy t cc ngun v cc mng s chu s iu khin ca in p t ln cc ca v cc mng. Mi quan h ny c th hin qua cng thc tnh dng in cc mng sau:
2

ID = k (U GS U GSth )

Trong k l hng s v c tnh bng cng thc: I D ( on ) K= (U GS (on) U GSth )2 125

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c tuyn truyn t ca MOSFET knh cm ng khng xut pht t gc ta m xut pht t gi tr UGSth v cng c ng cong hm m bc 2. c tuyn ra ca MOSFET knh cm ng cng c 2 vng hot ng c bn l vng thun tr v vng dng in khng i. Trong cc s mch, tranzito trng cng c phn cc nh cc tranzito lng cc, v cc phng php phn cc cng tng t. Trong phn ny, chng ta cn ch s dng cc phng php ti u cho tng loi tranzito trng nh trnh by trong mc 5.2.3 v 5.3.4. So vi tranzito lng cc, tranzito trng c mt s c im: Tr khng vo rt ln, dng vo rt nh (IG =0); iu khin dng in bng in p; tn s lm vic cao; tp m thp; nhng h s khuch i in p nh hn.
CU HI N TP 1. Trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca JFET? 2. Nu cc tham s c bn ca tranzito trng JFET? 3. Trnh by v cc cch mc c bn ca JFET trong cc s mch khuch i? 4. Trnh by cch phn cc c nh ca JFET? 5. Trnh by phng php t phn cc ca JFET? 6. Trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca MOSFET knh sn? 7. Gii thch cc h c tuyn iu khin v h c tuyn ra ca MOSFET knh sn? 8. Trnh by v cch phn cc c nh cho MOSFET knh sn? 9. Trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca MOSFET knh cm ng? 10. Nhn xt v gii thch cc h c tuyn iu khin v h c tuyn ra ca MOSFET knh cm ng? 11. Trnh by v phng php phn cc phn p cho MOSFET? 12. Trnh by v cch phn cc hi tip cho MOSFET? 13. So snh u nhc im ca cc phng php phn cc cho FET. 14. Cho bit cc u nhc im ca FET so vi BJT?

15. Cho s mch nh hnh v:

VD RD C1 RG G RS D S C3 C2

Hnh bi 15 a. Hy cho bit tranzito c mc theo cch no ? Mch nh thin kiu g ? b. Nu nhim v ca cc linh kin trong mch ?

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c. Cho bit VD=30V, in p ngt UGSngt= -2V, dng in ID0=2mA (ti UGS=0V), im lm vic tnh c chn c dng ID=1mA. Hy tnh: - in p UGS ti im lm vic tnh ? - Tr s in tr RS (cho CS rt ln). 16. Cho b khuych i (nh hnh bi 15) s dng FET knh N vi -in p ngt UGSngt= -2V - h dn gmo=1,6mA/V (khi UGS=0V) -Dng in bo ha ID0=1,65mA (ng vi khi UGS=0V). Ngun cung cp VD=24V. -Tranzito lm vic vi dng in tnh ID=0,8mA. -Gi s rd RD Hy tnh gi tr in p tnh UGS, h dn gm, in tr RS, RD nu h s khuych i in p thp nht l 20dB (cho CS rt ln) 17. Tng khuch i dng tranzito FET knh N c ID0 = 1mA, UGSngt = -1V. Nu in p tnh UDS = 10V, tnh R1
+24V 56k D S R1 4k

1M

Hnh bi 17

18. Cho s mch dng tranzito trng MOS knh cm ng loi N.

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VD

R1 C1 R C2
2

R3

Hnh bi 18 a. Hy cho bit tranzito c mc theo cch no ? b. Mch nh thin kiu g ? c. Nu nhim v ca cc linh kin trong s mch. 19. S mch cho nh bi 18. - Nu cp ngun VD = 30V; in p ngng UGS = 1,0V; Dng in mng ti UGS = 2UGSngng l ID0 = 1,5mA; R1 = 23k; R2 = 7k; im lm vic tnh c chn c UGS=5V. Hy tnh: Tr s dng in tnh ID Tr s in tr R3 20. Trong FET vic iu khin dng in mng l do.quyt nh. a. dng in trn cc ca; c. in p trn cc mng; b. in p trn cc ca d. dng in cc ca v in p cc ca

21. Trong FET dng in trn cc ca c gi tr bng: a. IG 0mA; b. IG = (50 100)mA; c. IG = ; d. 0mA < IG < 10mA

22. Quan h gia dng in ID v in p UGS trong JFET c th hin qua cng thc sau:
U GS a. I D = I D 0 1 U GSngat U GS c. I D = I D 0 1 U GSngat
2

U GS b. I D = I D 0 1 + U GSngat U GS d. I D = I D 0 1 + U GSngat

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Gio trnh Cu kin in t v quang in t, Trn Th Cm, Hc vin CNBCVT, nm 2002. 2. Electronic Principles- Firth Edition, Albert Paul Malvino, Ph.D., E.E. McGraw-Hill. 3. Gio trnh K thut mch in t, Xun Th, NXB KHKT, nm 1999

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CHNG 6: CU KIN THYRISTO GII THIU CHNG Chng 6 gii thiu v cc cu kin c 4 lp bn dn. y l cc cu kin thuc h thyristo. Thyristo l cu kin bn dn kha m mch m tc ng 2 trng thi bn (kha v m) ca n ty thuc vo tnh hi tip dng ca 4 lp bn dn P-N-P-N. Thyristo c th l cu kin 2 chn cc, 3 chn cc hoc 4 chn cc, c th dn in mt chiu hoc c hai chiu. Trong h thyristo quan trng nht l n chnh lu Silic c iu khin (SCR), Triac, Diac, v.v...Phn u tin ca chng s gii thiu v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca cu kin chnh lu silic c iu khin (SCR), v cc c tnh v tham s ca n. Cu kin th hai l triac, y l cu kin dn in hai chiu, cc c tnh v tham s ca triac, y l linh kin quan trng c dng nhiu trong cc mch iu khin ngun in. Cu kin Diac: cu to v nguyn l hot ng, cng nh ng dng ca n. Ngoi ra, trong chng 6 cn gii thiu v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca tranzito n ni (UJT). y l cu kin c 3 chn cc nhng ch c 1 lp tip xc P-N v do vy n cng c cc c tnh v tham s rt khc vi cc tranzito thng thng. NI DUNG 6.1. CHNH LU SILIC C IU KHIN (SCR). 6.1.1. Cu to: Chnh lu silic c iu khin, gi tt l SCR, gm c 4 lp bn dn P v N sp xp theo kiu P-N-P-N. Ba chn cc c k hiu bng cc ch A - ant, K - catt, v G - cc iu khin. Cc ant ni vi phn bn dn P1 trc, cn catt ni vi phn bn dn N2 sau; cc iu khin G thng c ni vi phn bn dn P2. n chnh lu silic c iu khin ch dn in mt chiu. M hnh cu to v k hiu ca SCR trong s mch m t trong hnh 6- 1a,b,c. C hai loi SCR l: + SCR iu khin theo catt hay cn gi l SCR theo qui c (n gin gi l SCR). Loi ny cc iu khin G c ni vi phn bn dn P2 sau. + SCR iu khin theo ant hay cn gi l SCR kiu b. Loi ny cc iu khin G c ni vi phn bn dn N1 trc. Thng thng ngi ta s dng loi SCR qui c. Cc SCR kiu b cng sut thp t c dng v cng sut tiu th ca n cao hn loi SCR qui c. Sau y, chng ta nghin cu v nguyn l lm vic ca SCR qui c, gi tt l SCR.

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A P1

T1

T2 T3 N2

K A G K

T1 T2 P1

T3

N1 P2 G

N1 P2 N2 G

A G

A G b- SCR kiu b K Cc G Lp P

a/ SCR "qui c"

Si(N)

Lp N Lp P Lp nhm

c/ Cu to Ant

a Moliden

Hnh 6- 1: K hiu v cu to ca SCR. 6.1.2. Nguyn l lm vic: S mch tng ng ca SCR: A I P1 N1 G P2 N1 K N1 P2 E G R Q1 IC1 A R IC2 Q2 I K

Hnh 6- 2: S mch tng ng ca SCR Theo cu to, SCR c 3 tip xc P- N c k hiu T1, T2, v T3 Khi cc iu khin G h (IG = 0): t in p ngun cung cp UAK vo gia ant v catt phn cc cho SCR v lc ny n c coi nh 1 it: + Khi phn cc ngc (UAK < 0) th tip xc T1 v T3 phn cc ngc, T2 phn cc thun nn qua SCR ch c dng in ngc rt nh. Nu tng UAK ln cao n in p nh 130

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thng tip xc T1 v T3 th y l hin tng nh thng kiu thc l hay nh thng zener vi in p nh thng U.t. = U.t.T1 + U.t.T3. Nu xy ra hin tng ny th coi nh SCR hng. + Khi phn cc thun (UAK > 0) th cc tip xc T1 v T3 phn cc thun, tip xc T2 phn cc ngc v qua SCR cng ch c dng in ngc rt nh (hay SCR ch tr khng cao). Nu tng dn in p phn cc thun UAK > 0 ln n in p nh thng tip xc T2 th dng in qua SCR tng vt. Lc ny c 3 tip xc P-N u coi nh c phn cc thun, in tr ca chng rt nh lm cho st p trn SCR gim hn xung cn khong t 1 2 V. Tr s in p m ti xy ra nh thng tip xc T2 c gi l in p nh khuu UBO. Tr s UBO ny thng vo khong t 200 400V. Vng in p ny ta gi l vng chn thun. Nh vy, khi SCR dn in th dng in qua n khng th khng ch c trong SCR m n c hn ch nh in tr mc mch ngoi. Theo s mch tng ng hnh 6- 2 ca SCR ta thy, khi SCR dn in th qua n c dng in I chy t A n K v gia cc tip xc P-N ca 2 tranzito Q1 v Q2 c cc dng in vo v ra l: (6. 1) IC1 = IB2 v IC2 = IB1 Trong : IC1 = 1I + ICBo1 IC2 = 2I + ICBo2 V 1, 2 l h s khuch i thc l alpha (hay s nhn thc l). Dng in tng qua SCR l: I = IC1 + IC2 = I(1 + 2) + ICBo1 + ICBo2 (6. 2) Thay: ICBo1 + ICBo2 = ICBo ICBo l dng in ngc bo ha ca tip xc P-N. Vy ta c: I CBo I = (6. 3) 1 - ( 1 + 2 )

Nh vy, khi (1 + 2) = 1 th dng in tng vt v khng gii hn c, n tng ng vi tip xc T2 c phn cc thun. Lc ny, SCR dn in v c ngha l c hai tranzito Q1 v Q2 u dn bo ha. Lc ny, SCR ch "ON": ng mch, h s khuch i ca hai tranzito h nn nh v t c iu kin (1 + 2) = 1.
Khi ta a dng in iu khin vo cc iu khin G (IG 0): Khi cho mt dng in vo cc iu khin G, n c th lm tng h s m khng ph thuc vo in p v dng in. Nh vy, dng IG c tc dng gia tng ht dn thiu s cho lp bn dn P2 cho tip xc T2 thng sm hn. Tu theo tr s ca dng IG m in p nh thng tip xc T2 v tr s dng in duy tr IH thay i. Khi IG c gi tr cng ln th UBo cng nh v IH cng nh. Quan h ny c th hin qua c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca SCR biu din trong hnh 6-3.

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U.t.

IH

IG3 > IG2 > IG1

IG0=0 +UAK

UBo2 UBo1 UBo Vng chn ngc Vng chn thun

Hnh 6- 3 : c tuyn vn-ampe ca SCR

Trong trng hp ny dng in qua SCR c biu thc tnh l: 2 I G + I CBo I = 1 - ( 1 + 2 )

(6. 4)

in p, m ti SCR chuyn t ch ngt sang ch dn c iu khin bng tn hiu rt nh trn cc iu khin. cc SCR cng sut ln, kch thch cho SCR hot ng ta dng dng in IG c hiu ng nh. Cn cc SCR cng sut thp, dng IG c s dng bt v tt SCR. Khi SCR dn th d ta ct dng in iu khin IG , n vn tip tc dn in. Khi SCR dn in ta gi l n c khi ng. SCR ch ngng dn khi dng in b gim xung di mc IH hoc in p t ln SCR na chu k m. Khi SCR ngng dn, mun n hot ng tr li ta phi kch khi ng cho n. Nh vy ta thy, trn thc t, khi t in p UAK no ln SCR th ch c dng in ngc chy qua SCR, cn dng iu khin IG s to ra mt thnh phn dng in kch thch sao cho tng cc h s khuch i kiu thc l ca dng in (1 + 2) 1 th SCR s khi ng. Khi UAK thun tng ln th dng iu khin cn thit khi ng SCR s gim xung.
c im ca SCR: - Thi gian m v tt (hay thi gian phc hi tp) rt nhanh (vi s n vi chc s). - Cng dng in cao (hng nghn ampe). - in p cao (hng nghn Vn). - St p gia 2 cc nh (t 1 2V). - Kh nng iu khin ln 6.2. TRIAC (Triode Alternative Current).

L mt cu kin thuc h Thyristo. Triac c 3 chn cc v c kh nng dn in hai chiu khi c tn hiu kch khi ng (dng hoc m). 132

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6.2.1. Cu to ca triac: Do tnh dn in hai chiu nn hai u ra chnh ca triac dng ni vi ngun in c gi l u ra MT1 v MT2 . Gia hai u ra MT1 v MT2 c nm lp bn dn b tr theo th t P-N-P-N nh SCR theo c 2 chiu. u ra th ba gi l cc iu khin G. Nh vy triac c coi nh hai SCR u song song ngc chiu vi nhau, xem hnh 6-4.

MT2 K1 A2 G2

MT2 N P N

MT2

G1

A1 MT1

K2

P N G N G MT1 MT1

Hnh 6- 4: Cu to ca triac 6.2.2. Nguyn l lm vic: Theo quy c, tt c cc in p v dng in u quy c theo u ra chnh MT1. Nh vy, in p ngun cung cp cho MT2 phi dng (hoc m) hn so vi MT1. Cn tn hiu iu khin c a vo gia hai chn cc G v chn cc MT1. K hiu v s nguyn l u triac trong mch m t trong hnh 6-5a,b.

U MT2 Rt MT2 MT1 a/ IG b/ I

MT1

Hnh 6 5: K hiu (a) v s nguyn l (b) ca triac

c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca triac c biu din trong hnh 6- 6. c tuyn th hin kh nng dn in hai chiu ca triac. Phng php kch cng ca triac cng ging nh SCR ch khc l c th dng c dng dng hay dng m cho c phn t th I v phn t th III ca c tuyn Vn- Ampe ca triac. C hai phng php kch khi ng cho triac hot ng nhy nht l: 133

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Cc cng G dng v cc MT2 dng so vi MT1 Cc cng G m v cc MT2 m so vi MT1 Trong mch in, mt triac cho qua 2 na chu k ca mt in p xoay chiu v iu khin bng mt cc iu khin G. Khc vi SCR, triac tt trong mt khong thi gian rt ngn lc dng in ti i qua im O. Nu mch iu khin ca triac c gnh l in tr thun th vic ngt mch khng c g kh khn. Nhng nu ti l mt cun cm th vn lm tt triac tr nn kh khn v dng lch pha tr. Thng thng tt Thyristo ngi ta s dng ci ngt in hoc mch o lu dng in trong mch.
I Vng chn ngc -UBo -UBo1 IH 0 -IH UAK UBo1 UBo

Vng chn thun

Hnh 6- 6 : c tuyn Vn- Ampe ca triac

6.3. DIAC 6.3.1. Cu to v k hiu ca diac Diac l cu kin 4 lp bn dn c 2 chn cc A1 v A2. Cu trc ca diac ging nh triac nhng khng c cc iu khin G nn diac cng dn in hai chiu.. Hnh 6-7 gii thiu k hiu ca diac trong cc s mch.

I A1 UB0 UB0 A2
Hnh 6 7: K hiu ca diac

IH -IH UV

U UB0

UB0

Hnh 6- 8 : c tuyn Vn- Ampe ca diac

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6.3.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca diac Do khng c cc iu khin nn vic kch m cho diac thc hin bng cch nng cao in p t vo hai cc. Khi in p ngun t n gi tr UB0 th diac dn in v in p trn n st xung ch cn 1 n 2 vn (UV). Trong ng dng, diac thng dng lm phn t m cho triac dn. Khi diac dn in, st p trn n l: U = UB0 UV c a vo cc iu khin ca triac nh l xung kch lm cho triac dn in. Thng thng, trn thc t ng dng, diac v triac c t hp thnh mt linh kin duy nht. 6.3.3. ng dng ca Thyristo.

Thyristo c dng nh mt chuyn mch in t. N thng c dng iu khin ngun in, iu khin cng sut cho l nung, iu khin tc t, iu khin n tt - sng, iu khin m t in mt chiu v.v... Sau y chng ta xem xt mt th d v mch kim sot pha (hay cn gi l mch iu khin ngun): y l qu trnh tt m dng ni ngun in xoay chiu cho ti trong mt phn ca mi chu k xem hnh 6-8: a/ mch iu khin na chu k dng SCR v b/ mch iu khin c chu k dng triac. Trong : im A l thi im kch Gc K l gc kch v D l gc dn (thc t K + D = 180) Bng cch thay i gc kch hoc gc dn chng ta s kim sot c cng sut tiu th ca ti. Gc dn cc i Dmax = 1800 ; gc dn cc tiu Dmin = 900 Ti U~ Kch SCR U~ Kch Ti Triac

K D Xung kch a. Mch iu khin na sng

t t Xung kch b. Mch iu khin c sng

t t

Hnh 6 - 9 : Mch iu khin ngun

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6.4. TRANZITO N NI (UJT - UNITJUNCTION TRANSISTOR) 6.4.1. Cu to ca tranzito n ni.

UJT l linh kin bn dn c mt tip xc P-N v 3 chn cc. N gm mt thanh bn dn Silic loi N c gn thm 1 ming bn dn Silic loi P to thnh mt tip xc P-N. Chn cc ni vi mu bn dn P gi l cc pht E. Hai u cn li ca thanh Silic loi N c a ra 2 chn cc gi l Nn 1 ( k hiu B1) v Nn 2 (k hiu B2).

B2 Si(p) E Tip xc P-N B1 a/ Thanh Si(N) E

B2

B2 RB2 E D 0 RB1 +U B1 d/ + UBB e/ B2 B1 E

B1
E

b/

B2 RE UEE UE + B1 c/
Hnh 6- 10: a- Cu to; b- k hiu; c/ S nguyn l; d- s tng ng ca UJT e- b tr chn cc ca UJT

UBB

6.4.2. Nguyn l lm vic ca UJT.

Trong s tng ng, it c thay th cho tip xc P-N; RB1 l in tr ca phn bn dn nn 1; RB2 l in tr ca phn bn dn nn 2. cho tranzito n ni hot ng ta phn cc cho n nh hnh 6- 9c. Cung cp in p dng cho B2 so vi B1 (UBB > 0). Nh vy, nu h mch cc pht th RB1v RB2 l b phn p cho ngun UBB . Do , in p ti im O s l: U BB R B 1 UO = (6. 5) = UBB R B1 + R B 2 136

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Trong
-

R B1 R B1 + R B 2

gi l h s thun khit

Nu UE < UBB (UE < UO) th tip xc P-N (it D) c phn cc ngc v qua n ch c dng in ngc IEO rt nh. Ta c vng ngt ca c tuyn vn- ampe ca UJT. - Khi UE > UBB , tip xc P-N c phn cc thun, dng IE tng dn. Khi UE > UP (Up gi l in p kch khi cho UJT hot ng hay gi l in p nh) th dng IE tng nhanh. Di tc dng ca in trng, cc l trng chuyn ng t cc pht E xung Nn 1 (B1), cn cc in t chuyn ng t Nn 1 n phn pht to nn dng in IE. Do s gia tng t ca cc ht dn trong Nn 1 nn in tr RB1 gim trong khi dng in IE tng v in p UE gim nn ta c vng in tr m ca c tuyn vn- ampe. Ta c c tuyn vn- ampe ca UJT m t trong hnh 6 -10: 14 12 UP 10 8 6 4 UV 2 UE(V) UBB=30V UBB=20V UBB=10V UBB=5V IB2=0 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 IE(mA) T=250C

IE0 IP 0 2

Hnh 6-11: c tuyn Vn Ampe ca UJT

c tuyn Vn- Ampe biu th quan h gia dng in cc pht IE vi in p trn cc pht UE. Mi quan h ny c biu din bng hm sau: IE = f(UE) Nu cc nn 2 (B2) h mch, ngha l dng IB2=0 th quan h Vn-Ampe li vo l c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca tip xc P-N:
E UT e V 1 IE = IE0

v ta c ng c tuyn ng vi IB2=0 trong hnh Qua hnh 6-10 ta thy, khi thay i in p t ln gia nn 1 v nn 2 (UBB) th in p nh (UP) cng thay i theo v a c tuyn dch ln trn. Ti vng in tr m, dng in ch b gii hn bi cc linh kin mc mch ngoi, do mch ngoi phi bo m dng in IE < IEmax Khi IE tng n IV, mun tng thm dng IE ln na ta buc phi tng UE v s lng l trng v in t t n tnh trng di chuyn bo ha, c tuyn chuyn sang vng in tr dng.
Bng 6.1 : Bin thin ca in tr nn 1 (RB1) theo IE ca mt UJT tiu biu.

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IE (mA) RB1 ()

0 4600

1 2000

2 900

5 240

10 150

20 90

50 40

6.4.3. Cc tham s ca tranzito n ni.

in tr lin nn RBB = RB1 + RB2 = 4K 12K ty thuc vo loi UJT v ph thuc vo nhit . R B1 - H s thun khit = = 0,45 0,82 khng ph thuc nhit . N ph thuc vo R BB vt liu ch to linh kin. in p nh: UP = UBB + UD = UBB + 0,7V (6. 6) Trong : UBB - in p t vo gia 2 Nn B1 v B2. UD - in p ngang qua it (UD = 0,7V). in p nh l tr s in p t ln cc pht UJT bt u dn. Dng in nh IP l dng in chy qua UJT tng ng vi tr s in p nh UP t ln cc pht E (hay cn gi l dng in kch khi). Tr s ca IP ch vi A. in p trng UV 2V l in p thp nht ni vng in tr m vi vng in tr dng ca c tuyn. Dng in trng IV l tr s dng in tng ng vi in p UE = UV. in p bo ha UEbh l in p ng vi dng IE = 50mA v in p UBB = 10v.

6.4.4. ng dng.

Ngi ta thng s dng on c tuyn in tr m to cc mch dao ng . Cho nn UJT thng c dng trong cc mch phng np to xung, trong mch nh thi cc mch bo ng v quan trng nht l dng kch khi cho n chnh lu Silic c iu khin hot ng. V d: UJT s dng trong mch dao ng phng np (hnh 6- 11) Trong s c ngun cung cp U1, ti RT, t phng np CT, trn R1 ta ly xung ra, R2 l in tr b nhit. Ta c th tnh in tr R2 theo cng thc sau: 0,7 R BB (6. 7) R2 = U1 Ngoi ra, in tr R2 cn c nhim v gii hn dng khi in p U1 qu ln.

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+U1 RT E CT R2 B2 B1 R1 UB2 UB1

UE UP UEmin UB1

T CT np

t T1 T2

t UB2

t a/ b/
Hnh 6- 12 : a- S mch to dao ng phng np dng UJT. b- Dng sng ti cc chn cc E, B1 v B2 .

Tn s ca dao ng ly ra trn R1 (hoc trn R2): 1 1 f = T1 + T2 T1 Trong :

(6. 8)

(v T1 >> T2) T1 - thi gian UJT ngng dn (thi gian t CT np in) T2 - thi gian UJT dn in (thi gian t CT phng in)

iu kin mch hot ng tt nh sau: + ng ti RT phi ct c tuyn ti mt im vng in tr m hay ni cch khc dng in chy qua UJT phi c tr s: IV > I > IP U BB U P U BB U V > RT > hoc ti c gi tr l IP IV + khng lm gim UE cn c CT 0,01F + Nu CT > 1F, nn thm in tr ni tip vi CT bo v cc pht.
TM TT NI DUNG Thyristo l cc cu kin c 4 lp bn dn c sp xp theo trt t P-N-P-N. Chng l cu kin c 2 chn cc, 3 chn cc hoc 4 chn cc; c kh nng dn in mt chiu hoc hai chiu. y l cc cu kin in t ng ngt mch m hai trng thi ng v ngt mch ca n ph thuc vo tnh hi tip dng ca 4 lp bn dn trn. H thyristo gm c cc cu kin nh chnh lu silic c iu khin (SCR), triac, diac, chuyn mch silic c iu khin

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Chnh lu silic c iu khin (SCR) l cu kin c 4 lp bn dn c sp xp theo th t P1-N1-P2-N2 v hai ba chn cc: A-nt u vo bn dn P1, Ka-tt u vo bn dn N2, cc iu khin G u vo bn dn P2. SCR ch dn in mt chiu khi cp in p thun vo gia 2 cc A-K (UAK>0). Ty vo dng in iu khin IG ln hay nh m vng chn thun c cc gi tr khc nhau. Nu IG cng ln th gi tr in p nh khuu (hay in p khi ng) ca SCR cng nh. c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca SCR c on chn thun v on chn ngc. Nu in p t ln SCR bng hoc vt vng chn ngc th cu kin b nh thng v b hng; cn bng hoc vt vng chn thun th cu kin s dn in v SCR c kch khi ng, dng in chy qua SCR tng vt v n ch b khng ch bi in tr mc mch ngoi. iu kin SCR dn in l h s nhn thc l 12=1. Khi SCR dn in nu ta ngt dng iu khin th n vn dn in. SCR ch ngng dn khi in p ngun chuyn sang na chu k m hoc dng in gim xung di gi tr dng in duy tr IH. Khi mun SCR dn in ta li phi kch cho n dn in. Triac l cu kin cng c 3 chn cc nhng dn in hai chiu. Cc chn cc c gi l cc u ra MT1, MT2 v cc iu khin G. Triac c cu to t 5 lp bn dn sp xp theo trt t N-P-N-P-N sao cho to ra c cu trc nh l 2 SCR u song song v ngc chiu nhau. Vic kch cho triac dn in c th c thc hin bng 4 cch nhng thng thng ngi ta s dng 2 cch nhy nht l MT2 dng hn MT1 v cc G dng hn MT1 hoc MT2 v cc G cng m hn MT1. Khi triac dn in, mun n ngng dn ta phi gim dng in qua n xung di gi tr dng in duy tr IH hoc dng ci ngt in. Vic cho triac ngng dn kh khn hn so vi SCR v n dn in c hai chiu. Tranzito n ni (UJT) l tranzito ch c mt lp tip xc P-N v ba chn cc l cc Pht (E), Nn 1 (B1)v Nn 2 (B2). Nguyn l hot ng ca UJT khc hn vi cc tranzito khc hc. Khi in p t ln cc pht phi bng hoc ln hn gi tr in p nh (UP) th UJT mi dn in, nhng st p trn n gim v c tuyn Vn-Ampe c on in tr m. in p nh UP = UBB +0,7V; trong l h s thun khit, UBB l in p gia Nn2 v Nn1. Khi dng in t n gi tr IV dng in trng th st p trn UJT gim n tr s in p trng UV. T gi tr ny UJT chuyn sang vng in tr dng ca c tuyn. Ngi ta s dng on in tr m lp cc mch to xung phng np. CU HI N TP 1. Trnh by cu to, k hiu v nguyn l hot ng ca SCR? 2. Hy gii thch v c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca SCR? 3. Trnh by v iu kin SCR dn in? 4. Trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca triac? 5. Hy v c tuyn Vn-Ampe v ch ra cc vng kch nhy nht cho triac trn th? 6. Trnh by v cu to, k hiu v c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca diac? 7. Trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca UJT? 8. Nu cc tham s ca UJT v ng dng ca n? 9. K hiu sau y l ca cu kin no? a. SCR; 10. K hiu sau y l ca cu kin no? b. Triac; c. Diac; d. UJT

a. SCR; b. Triac; 140

c. UJT;

d. FET

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TI LIU THAM KHO 1- Gio trnh Cu kin in t v quang in t Trn Th Cm, Hc vin CNBCVT, nm 2002. 2- Cc linh kin bn dn thng dng- Nguyn Nh Anh v nhm tc gi, NXB KHKT, nm 1988.

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CHNG 7 VI MCH TCH HP GII THIU CHNG Cc it v tranzito tuy rt nh nhng khi ghp vi nhiu linh kin th ng thc hin mt chc nng no th n vn thnh mt khi ln. Ngoi ra, do ch to ri rc nn cc tham s ca tranzito cng khng ging nhau tuy cng k hiu. Do , khi ghp nhiu linh kin ri rc s khng bo m tin cy cao v khng kinh t. V vy hng pht trin ca k thut in t sau bn dn l k thut vi in t. Chng 7 ny s gii thiu v khi nim v phn loi vi mch tch hp, v cc phng php ch to mch tch hp bn dn nh qui trnh quang khc, qui trnh plana v qui trnh cng ngh epitaxi-plana. Trong chng ny cng trnh by v cc phng php ch to cc cu kin in t trong vi mch bn dn: in tr, t in, cun cm, tranzito v it cng nh cc chi tit khc.ng thi, chng 7 cng trnh by v c im v cc tnh cht ca mt s loi vi mch tch hp hin ang c s dng rng ri trong lnh vc k thut in t nh vi mch tuyn tnh, vi mch s. NI DUNG: 7.1. KHI NIM V PHN LOI VI MCH TCH HP 7.1.1. nh ngha vi mch v cc u khuyt im. a. nh ngha: Mt vi mch tch hp bao gm mt chip n tinh th silic c cha cc linh kin tch cc v linh kin th ng cng dy ni gia chng. Cc linh kin ny c ch to bng cng ngh ging nh cng ngh ch to it v tranzito ring r. Qu trnh cng ngh ny gm vic nui cy lp epitaxi, khuch tn tp cht mt n, nui cy lp oxit, v khc oxit, s dng nh in li t nh r cc gin ... Vy, vi mch tch hp (Integrated circuits - vit tt l IC) l sn phm ca k thut vi in t bn dn. N gm cc linh kin tch cc nh tranzito, it..., cc linh kin th ng nh in tr, t in, cun cm, v cc dy dn, tt c c ch to trong mt qui trnh cng ngh thng nht, trong mt th tch hay trn mt b mt ca vt liu nn. Mi mt loi vi mch tch hp ch gi mt hoc vi chc nng nht nh no . b. u nhc im ca vi mch in t: So vi cc mch ri rc vi mch tch hp c nhiu u im, tuy nhin cng c mt s nhc im. u im: Vi mch tch hp c tin cy rt cao, kch thc nh, cha c nhiu phn t (IC bc 1 cha 10 linh kin, IC bc 2 cha 11 100 linh kin, IC bc 3 cha 101 1000 linh kin, IC bc 4 cha n 10000 linh kin hoc ln hn), gi thnh h, tiu th t nng lng in. Nhc im: - Do s dng nng lng nh nn hn ch tc lm vic. - Yu cu v n nh ngun cung cp cao. 141

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Vi mch tch hp

7.1.2. Phn loi vi mch tch hp. Mch t hp, hay cn gi l vi mch tch hp, l mt bc tin vt khc hn vi cc mch ri rc, cc linh kin ca mch c kt hp vi nhau tu theo cc phng php ch to. C rt nhiu cch phn loi vi mch tch hp. Ta xt mt s cch phn loi vi mch thng dng: a. Phn loi theo tnh cht d liu c x l bng IC : chia thnh 2 loi sau: - IC tuyn tnh: L loi IC c kh nng x l cc d liu xy ra lin tc. - IC s: L loi IC c kh nng x l cc d liu xy ra ri rc. b. Phn loi theo cng ngh ch to: chia thnh 4 loi sau: - Vi mch bn dn (hay cn gi l vi mch n khi): Trong cc vi mch bn dn, cc phn t tch cc v th ng c ch to trn mt n tinh th bn dn (Si (N) hoc Si (P)) lm cht nn. Vic ch to vi mch bn dn ch yu da trn qu trnh quang khc theo cc phng php Plana, Plana- epitaxi hay siloc. - Vi mch mng mng: Trong ch tch hp cc linh kin th ng trn l thy tinh cch in hay Ceramic bng phng php bc hi v lng ng trong chn khng, cn cc phn t tch cc c hn gn vo mch nh cc linh kin ri rc. u im ca loi ny l ch to c cc in tr v t in c cht lng cao v sai s nh. - Vi mch mng dy: Trong ch tch hp cc linh kin th ng trn l cht bn dn bng phng php quang khc qua khun cn cc linh kin tch cc c hn vo nh linh kin ri rc. - Vi mch lai: Trong tch hp c cc linh kin tch cc v cc linh kin th ng trn mt l thu tinh hoc Ceramic theo c hai cng ngh ch to vi mch bn dn v vi mch mng mng. Vi mch lai c tin cy cao hn loi vi mch bn dn. Tuy nhin, cng ngh ch to vi mch lai cn phc tp nn gi thnh ca n cao hn, iu ny hn ch vic s dng cng ngh ny. c. Phn loi theo loi tranzito c trong IC: chia thnh 2 loi nh sau: - Vi mch lng cc: Trong cc tranzito c tch hp l cc tranzito lng cc. Vi mch lng cc c tc chuyn mch cao (c 5 ns n 20 ns), cng sut tiu tn nhit t vi W n vi trm mW, nhng mc tch hp thp khong 100 phn t trong mt vi mch v kch thc ca cc tranzito v cc phn t th ng ln. - Vi mch MOS: L cc vi mch, trong cc tranzito c tch hp l loi tranzito trng, thng thng l cc tranzito trng loi MOS. Vi mch MOS c tch hp bc 3, bc 4 (c 10000 phn t hoc hn na trong mt IC). Cc vi mch MOS khng cn tch hp in tr v c th dng tranzito MOS lm in tr. Vi mch MOS c kh nng chng nhiu cao nhng thi gian chuyn mch chm, cng sut tiu th thp hn IC lng cc nhiu d. Da theo s phn t c tch hp trong IC: chia thnh 4 loi sau: Vi mch loi SSI: s phn t c tch hp < 12 Vi mch loi MSI: s phn t c tch hp t 12 100 Vi mch loi LSI: s phn t c tch hp t 100 1000 142

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Vi mch loi VLSI: s phn t c tch hp > 1000 Trong cc loi vi mch ny th vi mch n khi c sn xut v s dng nhiu nht do cng ngh ch to n gin, gi thnh r, thi gian chuyn mch nhanh v s phn t tch hp kh cao. 7.2.CC PHNG PHP CH TO MCH TCH HP BN DN

7.2.1. Qu trnh quang khc. Trc tin ta phi to mt khun gi l khun nh sng. Sau trn b mt tm bn dn Si ta to mt lp oxit silic SiO2 bng phng php gia cng nhit nhit 10000C n 12000C trong hi nc. Tip theo l ph lp cm quang v sau t khun nh sng ln trn lp cm quang, ri chiu nh sng vo khun nh sng. nh sng s tc ng ln lp cm quang theo ng cu hnh ca khun nh sng. Sau b khun nh sng ra v tin hnh hin hnh v nh hnh. Tip theo l qu trnh n mn bng cc dung dch ha hc nhng ch c nh sng chiu vo. Sau ta loi b lp cm quang v kt qu c tm bn dn trn c ph mt lp bo v bng SiO2 theo cu hnh yu cu. Mi lp ph bo v bng SiO2 theo cu hnh yu cu c gi l mt mask (mt n), mi ln to ra mt mask phi c lp li y cc bc nu trn, nn khi ch to vi mch in t m s mask cng gim th s cng kinh t. 7.2.2. Qu trnh plana. y l loi cng ngh cho php gia cng cc phn t ca mch in t trn b mt ca mt phin n tinh th bn dn silic. Cng ngh plana l cng ngh kt hp hai qu trnh quang khc v khuch tn. Sau khi to ra mask ta s tin hnh khuch tn tp cht vo bn dn theo cu hnh ca mask. Khi ch to tranzito lng cc th s mt n (mask) s nhiu nht. Cc it, in tr, t in cng c ch to ng thi cng vi qu trnh ch to tranzito. Trnh t ca qu trnh plana nh sau (xem hnh 7-1): 1. Gia cng tm bn dn silic tinh khit: T mt cht silic t nhin qua cng ngh lm sch to ra mt cht silic tinh khit c sch t nht t 99,99999%. Tm silic c ca ct ng kch thc v gia cng b mt. Tm bn dn ny c dng lm v thng c b dy khong 100m. 2. Oxy ha tm bn dn : hnh 7-1a Qua qu trnh oxy ha to ra trn hai mt ca tm silic hai lp SiO2. B dy lp SiO2 c th khng ch mt cch chnh xc nh thi gian oxy ha, nng oxy thi vo l v tc di chuyn ca tm bn dn trong l.

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nh sng SiO2 Si a/ Khuch tn SiO2 N Si(P) d/ e/ Si(P) b/ C B E Mt n Cm quang SiO2 Cm quang SiO2 Si(P) N+ c/ SiO2 P N Si(P)

Hnh 7 - 1 : Trnh t ca cng ngh Plana 3. Cho n mn lp SiO2 pha di tin hnh khuch tn tp cht vo (v d loi P), v l bn dn tinh khit. 4. Ph lp cm quang: hnh 7-1b,c Cht cm quang l mt hp cht ha hc c c im l n s tr nn bn vng hoc khng bn vng trong mt dung mi c xc nh trc khi n c chiu sng. 5. Quang khc v n mn chn lc lp SiO2 theo cu hnh ca khun nh sng, ta s thu c mt n u tin. Xem hnh 7-1c. Tip tc cho n mn bng cch ngm vo dung dch axit flohydric HF, sau b lp cm quang i ta s to ra c mt l thng qua lp SiO2 n tinh th silic. Kch thc ca l thng tu thuc vo mt n. 6. Khuch tn tp cht loi N (nguyn t nhm 5 - tp cht cho) vo to vng colect khi ch to tranzito loi N-P-N. Xem hnh 7-1d 7. Sau oxy ha ln th hai to lp SiO2. 8. Ph lp cm quang, che mt n, chiu sng v cho n mn ta thu c mt n th hai. 9. Khuch tn bn dn loi P (nguyn t nhm 3- tp cht nhn) to vng baz 10. Oxy ha to lp SiO2. 11. Quang khc v n mn chn lc ta thu c mt n th ba v tin hnh khuch tn to vng N+ ca Emit. 12. Oxy ha + quang khc v n mn ta c mt n th t gn cc in cc E,B,C. Xem hnh 7-1e 7.2.3. Quy trnh cng ngh epitaxi- plana.

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4 in tr 2 P N 5 it 1 P N loi P 3 Tranzito 5 4 P N Nhm Al SiO2 Tip xc n+ v cc gp n+ Cc E Cc gc B Cc gp C

a/

b/

Hnh 7 - 2 : a- Mt mch in gm mt in tr, hai it v mt tranzito. b- Mt ct ca vi mch th hin s mch (a). Cng ngh epitaxi- plana tng t nh cng ngh plana. Epitaxi l qu trnh nui mt lp n tinh th mng bn trn mt tinh th khc. Lp n tinh th mng ny c gi l lp epitaxi. Qu trnh cng ngh epitaxi- plana c m t qua v d mt mch tch hp nh hnh 7-2a,b. a. Nui lp epitaxi: Mt lp epitaxi loi N dy khong 25 micron (1 micron = 104 Angstrom) c nui bn trn mt lp nn bn dn loi P. Lp bn dn nn ny c in tr sut khong 10.cm, tng ng NA = 1,4.1015 nguyn t/cm3. Lp epitaxi loi N c th chn in tr sut t 0,1 n 0,5 .cm. Trn lp epitaxi ph mt lp cch in SiO2 mng khong 0,5micron. Lp SiO2 c to nn nh qu trnh oxy ha trong l nung nng khong 10000C. (Xem hnh 7- 3a). b. Khuch tn cch ly:

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a/ SiO2 Lp epitaxi loi N Tm bn dn nn loi P b/ Loi N Cc o cch ly Loi N P P+ in tr 2 P N e/ Loi N P+ it 1 P N

c/

in tr P N

Ant ca it P N P

Phn gc B P N

d/

Catt ca it (N+) P N P N P

Cc pht E (N+) P N

Tranzito 3 B 5 E 4 C Nhm (Al) P N SiO2 P+ N+

Bn dn nn loi P

Hnh 7 - 3 : Qu trnh cng ngh epitaxi - plana ch to vi mch theo s hnh 7-2. Trong hnh 7 - 3b ch ra kt qu ca qu trnh khuch tn cch ly. Bng phng php quang khc v n mn lp SiO2 4 v tr, to ra ba vng cch in nhau. Cc phn SiO2 cn li l mt mt n tin hnh khuch tn tp cht nhn vo. Cc vng N trong hnh 7- 3b c gi l cc o cch ly v chng c phn chia bng hai tip xc P-N kiu lng- i- lng. Cn ch l nng tp cht nhn NA khong 5.1020/cm3 trong vng gia cc o cch ly v ta s to c vng P+ c nng ht dn cao hn nhiu so vi nn P ngn chn vng ngho ht dn ca tip xc phn cc ngc gia nn v vng cch ly. c. Khuch tn phn gc B v phn pht E: Tip theo l cc qu trnh ca cng ngh plana to ra phn bn dn P ca in tr, ant ca it v cc gc ca tranzito. Cn ch l phn bn dn P ny c in tr sut ln hn nhiu in tr sut ca cc vng cch ly. to ra phn bn dn N+ ca phn pht ca tranzito, catt ca it th ta cho khuch tn tp cht loi N vi nng tp cht cao. d. Qu trnh kim loi ha nhm: Cc phn t ca s mch in hnh 7-2 c tch hp, chng hon ton cch ly nhau. By gi ta phi ni ghp chng theo s mch in yu cu. Lp u ni gia cc linh kin c thc hin bng vic lng ng trong chn khng mt mng mng kim loi nhm ln trn cng, sau s dng k thut quang khc loi b cc phn nhm khng cn ni gia in tr, it v tranzito. Cui cng l bc gn cc chn cc cho cc phn t ca IC. 7.2.4. Phng php ch to vi mch tch hp tranzito trng. 146

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Tranzito trng tch hp loi MOS ch chim khong 5% din tch b mt yu cu bi mt tranzito hai lp epitaxi trong cc mch tch hp thng thng. Ch cn mt bc khuch tn trong quy trnh ch to tranzito trng loi MOS knh cm ng. Trong bc ny hai vng bn dn loi N nng cao c khuch tn vo bn dn loi P c nng tp cht thp to cc ngun v cc mng. Mt lp cch in SiO2 c nui cy, v cc l h c khc axit gn in cc ngun v cc mng. Kim loi cho cc tip xc ny c bc hi ng thi cng vi cc ca hon thnh linh kin l tt nht. Xem hnh 7-4a,b.

Ngun S N+

Mng D N+

S N+

D N+

Kim loi SiO2

bn dn P a/

bn dn loi P b/

Hnh 7 - 4 : FET - MOS knh cm ng loi N. a- Cc ngun v cc mng c khuch tn vo bn dn . b- Linh kin hon thin. Ngoi ra, trong cc vi mch, tranzito MOS l mt in tr c tr s xc nh bng in p t ngang qua knh dn (R = 1/S c th ti hng trm K). Cng ngh ch to FET cng s dng hai cng ngh plana v epitaxi- plana. VD D G S R= 1/ S

Hnh 7 - 5:

Tranzito MOS nh mt in tr

7.2.5. Phng php cch in trong vi mch. Trong cc vi mch tch hp ngi ta thng dng 2 phng php cch in l cch in bng tip xc P-N v cch in bng in mi. a. Cch in bng tip xc P-N. Tip xc P-N khi c phn cc ngc th in tr ca n rt ln. Do vy, trong vi mch in t ngi ta s dng tip xc gp - phn cc ngc cch in 147

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b. Cch in bng cht in mi. Trong phng php ny cc phn t s cch in vi nhau bng lp in mi, lp in mi ny bao quanh phn gp ngn cch phn gp vi . Xem hnh 7-6a.

E P N

B SiO2

B P

N+ SiO2

N Si a tinh th Si b/
Hnh 7 -6 : Phng php cch in bng cht in mi: a- vi l tinh th Si; b- vi l a tinh th Si.

a/

Mt phng php cch in d dng hn l dng l bn dn a tinh th v qu trnh nui lp a tinh th khng i hi cht ch nh khi nui lp n tinh th. Xem hnh 7-6b. 7.3. CC CU KIN C TCH HP TRONG VI MCH 7.3.1. in tr. a. in tr bn dn - y l in tr n khi bn dn loi P hoc loi N. Gi tr in tr ca khi bn dn c xc nh bng in tr sut, di v din tch tit din ca vng vt liu: L (7.1) R = S Trong : L- di ca khi bn dn S- din tch tit din ca khi bn dn - in tr sut ca cht bn dn - in tr khuch tn l cc in tr c cy trn mt bn dn. in tr khuch tn c tnh theo cng thc( 7.2): Nu in tr khuch tn pha tp cht cho ND th in tr c xc nh:

RKT = Trong :

L q n N D S

( )

(7.2)

L- di ca lp in tr khuch tn S- Din tch tit din ca lp in tr. Nu in tr khuch tn c pha tp cht nhn NA th ta ch vic thay cc gi tr linh ng ca l trng v nng NA vo cng thc 7.2. Trong cc vi mch tranzito trng, ngi ta s dng in tr l tranzito trng vi tr s ph thuc vo in p t ln cc ca v cc mng.

b. in tr mng mng. 148

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in tr mng mng c ch to bng phng php bc hi v lng ng trong chn khng nhit cao ln trn mt l cht in mi. Vt liu dng lm in tr thng dng l hp kim Nicrm. in tr ch to theo phng php ny c chnh xc rt cao (khong 1%). y l u im c bit ca linh kin mng mng.
7.3.2. T in trong vi mch. Trong vi mch tch hp s dng ba loi t in c bn sau: T in dng in dung ca tip xc P-N khi phn cc ngc T in dng ba lp Kim loi- Oxit- bn dn, gi l t in MOS T in mng mng a. T in dng tip xc P-N. T in dng tip xc P-N c ch to ng thi cng vi qu trnh ch to tranzito. Gi tr in dung ca loi t ny khi in p t ln nh c tnh theo cng thc 7.3: 0 S (7. 3) C = d Trong : S- din tch mt tip xc d- b dy lp tip xc Tuy vy, trong cng ngh ch to vi mch ngi ta rt hn ch ch to t in v n chim din tch ln trn b mt silic. b. T in MOS. T c hnh thnh t ba lp: Kim loi- Oxit (SiO2) - Bn dn c nng tp cht cao. Thng thng lp in mi SiO2 dy c 0,08 n 0,1m cho tr s in dung nh nhng in p nh thng ln: Tr s in dung khong t 300 650pF/mm2 vi in p nh thng khong t 7v n 50v. c. T in mng mng. T in mng mng c ch to theo cng ngh mng mng. T gm hai m l kim loi v lp in mi mng gia, tt c c t ln mt l cht in mi. B dy ca lp in mi khong t 100 n 200 Angstrom. Gi tr in dung c th tnh theo cng thc 7.3 vi S l din tch m t v d l b dy ca cht in mi. 7.3.3. Cun cm trong vi mch.

Trong vi mch bn dn cc mch thng c thit k khng c cun cm tr trng hp khng th b qua c. Trong trng hp bt buc phi c cun cm th dng loi it c bit gi l it cm ng hoc loi cun cm mng mng.
a. Cun cm l it cm ng.

Loi it ny cho in cm khong vi milihenry (mH). it cm ng gm c vng bn dn P c nng pha tp ln hn, cn vng bn dn N c nng tp cht rt nh, gn nh bn dn nguyn tnh (xem hnh 7-7a). Khi t ln it mt in p thun, cc l trng phun 149

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vo bn dn N, mt s t b ti hp, s cn li s cn mt khong thi gian khuch tn tip vo bn dn N. Nh th dng in thun c xu hng chm pha so vi in p. Do vy, n thc hin chc nng ca mt cun cm. Vng bn dn N cng di th dng ht dn bay qua n cng lu v tr s in cm cng ln.
b. Cun cm mng mng. Cun cm mng mng c ch to di dng ng xon trn hoc xon vung mng mng. Xem hnh 7-7b. Cun cm ny c th t gi tr c 0,1mH khi h s phm cht Q = 10.

P+

a/ b/
Hnh 7-7 :

a- Cun cm dng it cm ng. b- Cun cm mng mng.

7.3.4. Tranzito trong vi mch

Trong vi mch tch hp ngi ta dng tt c cc loi tranzito thng s dng trong mch ri. Hai loi thng dng nht l tranzito lng cc v tranzito trng.
a. Tranzito lng cc. Trong vi mch tch hp ngi ta thng dng tranzito loi N-P-N v: - Khi khuch tn tp cht loi N th n rt d ha tan vo silic. - linh ng ca in t ln gp hai ln linh ng ca l trng. V vy thi gian tc ng ca vi mch nhanh hn. b. Tranzito trng. Trong vi mch tch hp thng dng JFET v MOSFET knh c sn trong k thut tng t nh to ra tng khuch i vi sai, cc tng ti Emit... Cn MOSFET knh cm ng thng c dng trong k thut s. Khi ch cn dng MOSFET mt loi knh th ngi ta thng dng loi knh P v n cho tin cy cao hn, tnh chng nhiu cao hn v n ch s dng logic m. Khi yu cu dng c hai loi knh P v knh N, phi ch to chng trn cng mt silic v c gi l MOSFET kiu b v k hiu l CMOSFET. 7.3.5. it trong vi mch

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Trong cc mch vi in t thng khng ch to trc tip it m thng ch to tranzito ri sau ni tt cc chn cc to ra it. Thng thng c hai cch ni tt tranzito thnh it sau y.
a. Ni tt tranzito thnh it trong mch cch in bng cht in mi. C 5 cch ni tt tranzito thnh it, xem hnh 7-8a,b,c,d,e. Mi cch ni s cho mt loi it vi cc tham s ring ca n.

C B E

N+

P N a/ b/ c/ d/ e/

Hnh 7- 8 : Cc cch ni tranzito thnh it trong mch cch in bng in mi b. Ni tt tranzito thnh it trong mch cch in bng tip xc P-N. Tranzito trong mch vi in t cch in bng tip xc P-N l cu trc 4 lp bn dn nn c th ly bn u ra: E,B,C v . V ta c 5 cch u ni tranzito thnh it. Xem hnh 79a,b,c,d,e.

N+ P N Pa/

N+ P N P b/

N+ P N P c/

N+ P N P d/

N+ P N P e/

N+ P N P

Hnh 7-9 : Cc cch ni tranzito thnh it trong mch cch in bng tip xc P-N 7.4. VI MCH TUYN TNH 7.4.1. Gii thiu chung v phn loi vi mch tuyn tnh Vi mch tuyn tnh c hiu l cc t hp vi mch c cc tn hiu trn li ra t l vi tn hiu trn li vo theo quy lut ng thng. Cc vi mch tuyn tnh thng i hi cc phn t mc thm mch ngoi nhiu hn so vi cc IC s hon thnh mt chc nng no . iu ny khin cho cc s s dng vi mch tuyn tnh nhy cm vi nhiu bn ngoi hn v bi vy kh s dng hn. Vi mch tuyn tnh thng c phn thnh 2 loi chnh l: t hp vi mch tranzito-it v vi mch s dng chuyn dng, v vi mch khuch i thut ton. a. T hp vi mch tranzito - it v vi mch s dng chuyn dng: Gm t hp cc it hay tranzito c nhng ch tiu k thut ging nhau. V d: t hp it CA3039, t hp tranzito CA3813B, t hp hn hp tranzito it CA3093E - ta c th s dng nh cc it v tranzito ri rc.

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Loi vi mch ny c s dng trong cc b khuch i trung tn trong my thu hnh, thu thanh v cc my thu pht chuyn dng khc, trong cc b iu khin ca h thng iu khin t ng, trong cc b khuch i m tn, cc mch n p v mch iu chnh cng sut, loi vi mch ny c th dng lm mt chc nng hoc nhiu chc nng. b. Vi mch khuch i thut ton: Mch khuch i thut ton l mch khuch i tn hiu in thc hin cc php tnh v thut ton khc nhau trn cc i lng tng t, trong s mch c hi tip m su. Hin nay cc b khuch i thut ton ng vai tr quan trng v c ng dng rng ri trong k thut khuch i, to tn hiu hnh sin v xung, trong b n p v b lc tch cc,v.v... Tuy nhin, trong cc b khuch i thng thng nhng tnh cht v tham s hon ton c xc nh bi s mch ca n, cn trong b khuch i thut ton th cc tnh cht v tham s ca n c xc nh bi cc tham s ca mch hi tip. Cc b khuch i thut ton c thc hin theo s khuch i dng mt chiu vi gi tr thin p vo ra bng khng. Chng cng c c trng bi h s khuch i ln, tr khng vo cao v tr khng ra thp. Mt b khuch i thut ton l tng phi t c cc tiu chun sau: - H s khuch i in p Ku - Tr khng vo Zvo - Tr khng ra Zra 0 - Di tn s lm vic f
7.4.2. Cu trc bn trong ca vi mch khuch i thut ton: a. Cu trc ca vi mch khuch i thut ton - S khi ca b khuch i thut ton tch hp: Hnh 7-12 trnh by s khi ca b khuch i thut ton.

Vo vi sai

m v dch mc

Tng ra ti Emito

Ngun dng c nh

Bin i dng gng

Tng bo v

Hnh 7 -12 : S khi ca mt b khuch i thut ton

B khuch i thut ton bao gm tng vo khuch i vi sai m bo c h s khuch i cao, sau l mch dch mc v mch ra cho php nhn c tn hiu ra cn thit v tr khng ra yu cu. + Tng vo vi sai: Cu trc in hnh ca mt tng khuch i vi sai lm vic theo nguyn l cu cn bng song song m t trong hnh 7 -13: Hai nhnh cu l RC1 v RC2, cn hai nhnh kia l cc tranzito T1 v T2 c ch to trong cng mt iu kin sao cho RC1 = RC1 v hai tranzito T1, T2 c cc tham s ging ht nhau. in p ra Ura ly trn mt cc gp, cn IK l ngun dng n 152

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nh c th to ra t mt in tr u vi m ngun, hoc to ra nh cc tranzito u theo mch ngun dng. Nh vy IK = IE1 + IE2 = const. +ECC

RC1 T1 Uvo2 Uvo thun (UP)

IC1

IC2 T2

RC2 Ura

IE1 IK -ECC

IE2

Uvo1 Uvo o (UN)

Hnh 7 - 13 : S tng vo khuch i vi sai.

Trong hnh, tranzito T2 c mc theo s cc pht chung, do Uvo1 s l li vo o ca mch khuch i thut ton; cn tranzito T1 c mc theo s cc gp chung nn Uvo2 s l li vo khng o (hay li vo thun) ca mch khuch i thut ton. H s khuch i in p ca tng vo vi sai: KU =

U ra U vo2 U vo1

(7. 4)

H s KU rt ln, khong t 104 n 105. Cng thc tnh tr khng vo: Zvo =

U vo I vo2 I vo1

(7. 5)

Do vy, khi Zvo = th Ivo = 0, v nh vy ta c Ivo2 = Ivo1 m bo Ivo2 = Ivo1 th IE1 = IE2 = Ik/2 v Ik phi n nh nn phi chn hai tranzito T1 v T2 ging ht nhau. + Ngun dng n nh : IK n nh thng dng mt ngun dng n nh. + Tng ra mc ti Emit (cc gp chung). B khuch i thut ton yu cu c tr khng ra Zra nh, ngha l dng in ra l ln nht, nn tranzito tng ra phi mc theo s cc gp chung. Nh vy, h s khuch i in p ca tng ra KU 1. V iu ny c ngha l h s khuch i ca b khuch i thut ton ch yu tng vo vi sai v cc tng trung gian. + Tng m v dch mc: T u vo ti u ra, ngoi tng vo vi sai cn c cc tng khuch i trung gian khuch i cng sut cho tng ra. S lng cc tng khuch i trung gian ny tu thuc vo h s khuch i ca b khuch i thut ton. + Tng bo v:

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Khi b khuch i lm vic vi dng in ln tng ra, s d lm hng cc tranzito, do phi dng tng bo v phn dng cho tng cui. + B bin i dng gng: B bin i dng gng dng bin i mt ngun dng n nh thnh nhiu ngun dng n nh nhm cung cp cho cc tng khc. Mch ny thng dng cc mch c yu cu cht lng cao. + Hai ngun nui (gi l ngun lng cc) ECC: Cc IC khuch i thut ton tiu chun lm vic vi in p ngun nui bng 15V. b. K hiu ca IC khuch i thut ton trong s mch: Xem hnh 7-14. +ECC Uvo o (UN) Uvo thun (UP) -ECC Ura

Hnh 7 - 14 : K hiu b khuch i thut ton c. Cc tham s v c tuyn ca b khuch i thut ton. 1. c tuyn truyn t in p: c tuyn truyn t in p l c tuyn quan trng nht ca b khuch i thut ton biu th mi quan h gia in p ra v in p vo ca mch : Ura = f(UP, UN)

Ura Vo o +ECC +Ura max Ura = f2(UP) khi UN = const.

0 Vo khng o -Ura max -ECC

Uvo Ura = f1(UN) khi UP = const.

Hnh 7 -15 : c tuyn truyn t in p ca b KTT.

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c tuyn truyn t in p c biu din bng hai ng ng vi cc li vo o v li vo khng o. Mi ng c tuyn gm c cc on nm ngang v mt on dc. Xem hnh (7 - 15). - on nm ngang tng ng vi ch tranzito tng ra thng bo ha hoc ngt dng. Ti y, khi thay i in p tn hiu trn li vo th in p ra khng i v c xc nh bng cc gi tr Ura max gi l gi tr in p ra cc i. Trong cc IC khuch i thut ton gi tr Ura max thp hn in p ngun cung cp ECC khong t 1vn n 3vn. - on dc ca c tuyn truyn t biu th s ph thuc t l ca in p ra vi in p vo. y l mt ng thng vi gc nghing xc nh h s khuch i ca b khuch i thut ton khi khng c hi tip ngoi. ng c tuyn l tng s i qua gc ta , tc l khi Uvo = 0 th Ura = 0 v c gi l trng thi cn bng ca b khuch i thut ton. Trn thc t trng thi cn bng kh thc hin hon ton, c ngha l khi Uvo = 0 th Ura 0. V vy, mun cho in p ra bng khng, ta cn phi t ti li vo b khuch i thut ton mt hiu in p no gi l thin p khng U0 (khong vi mV). 2. H s khuch i in p vi sai c tnh theo cng thc: KU =

U ra = 10 4 10 5 U vo

(7. 6)

Gi tr ca KU ln cho php thc hin hi tip m su nhm ci thin nhiu tnh cht quan trng ca b khuch i thut ton. Trong gii hn min khuch i, in p ra t l vi in p vo theo cng thc: U ra = KU . UV = KU ( UP - UN ) (7. 7) H s khuch i ng pha: Nu trn u vo thun v o t cng mt in p UG1 ng pha th Uvo = 0, v nh vy in p Ura cng cn phi bng khng. Nhng thc t iu ny khng hon ton ng, tc l h s khuch i tn hiu ng pha KG1 khng bng 0 . KG 1 =

U ra 0. U G 1

i vi mt b khuch i thut ton tt th cn phi c KU ln v KG nh. S ph thuc vo nhit ca cc tham s ca b khuch i thut ton s gy nn tri thin p u vo v in p u ra theo nhit . cn bng ban u cho b khuch i thut ton, ngi ta a vo mt trong cc u vo ca n mt in p ph thch hp hoc mt in tr iu chnh dng thin p mch vo.
3. Tr khng ra: Tr khng ra l mt trong cc tham s quan trng ca b khuch i thut ton n c tr s nh (khong t vi chc n vi trm ). 4. Tr khng vo ca b khuch i thut ton: Tr khng vo ca b khuch i thut ton thng c phn bit tr khng vo i vi tn hiu vi sai v tr khng vo i vi tn hiu ng pha. i vi cc b khuch i thut ton dng tranzito lng cc li vo, tr khng vo i vi tn hiu vi sai RV vo khong vi M, cn tr khng vo i vi tn hiu ng pha RG1

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bng vi G. Dng vo ban u ca cc b khuch i thut ton lng cc tiu chun gii hn t 20 n 200 nA, cn cc b khuch i thut ton dng tranzito trng khong vi nA. 5. c tuyn tn s : c tnh tn s biu th s ph thuc ca h s khuch i vo di tn s lm vic. Hnh 7 - 16 ch ra c tuyn bin tn s ca b khuch i thut ton KU = (f). KU Khi khng c mch hi tip m KU0 Khi c mch hi tip m K 2
U0

KU

KU

fC0

fT fC

f (Hz)

Hnh 7 - 16 : c tuyn bin tn s ca b khuch i thut ton

Qua th hnh (7 -16) ta thy h s khuch i in p KU b gim xung khi tn s cao. Bt u t tn s ct fC vi dc u -20dB/decac ca trc tn s. Tn s fT ng vi trng hp khi h s khuch i ca b khuch i thut ton bng 1 nn gi l tn s khuch i n v. Tn s ct fC (hay tn s bin) ng vi trng hp khi h s khuch i in p b gim i 2 ln so vi h s khuch i tn s thp v c gi l di thng tn. Khi khng c mch hi tip m th fC rt thp, c vi chc Hz.

8
1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5 2 3 4
Hnh 7 - 17 : S chn ca b khuch i thut ton 741

7 6 5

1. iu chnh in th khng 2. Li vo o 3. Li vo thun 4. in p ngun m 5. iu chnh in th khng 6. Li ra S chn ca b khuch i thut ton loi 741 vi cc loi v khc nhau c m t hnh 7 -17. 156

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Nhm tng tr khng vo ln ti hng chc M ngi ta thng dng tng vo vi sai l cc tranzito trng, v tr khng ra nh nh tng ra u theo s aling- tn, v d nh b khuch i thut ton kiu LF356. 6. Mt s ng dng ca b khuch i thut ton Mt s mch ng dng c bn dng b khuch i thut ton lm vic trong min tuyn tnh ca c tuyn truyn t v c s dng hi tip m iu khin cc tham s c bn ca mch. + B khuch i o. B khuch i o cho trn hnh 7 - 18. If I1 NI0 UV R1 U0 Ura Rf

Hnh 7 - 18 : S u b khuch i o ca b khuch i thut ton

B khuch i o trong hnh c hi tip m in p song song qua in tr hi tip Rf. u vo khng o ni vi t. Tn hiu vo qua R1 t ln li vo o. Nu coi b khuch i thut ton l l tng th in tr vo v cng ln v dng in vo v cng b: ZVo I0 0 Khi , ti nt N trong s c phng trnh nt dng in v ta c: I1 I f (7. 9) Khi h s khuch i K th in p li vo U0 =

U ra 0, do : K
(7. 10)

UV R1
KU =

= -

U ra Rf = Rf R1

T y c h s khuch i in p ca b khuch i o:

U ra UV

(7. 11)

Du "-" trong biu thc biu th tn hiu vo v ra ngc pha nhau. + B khuch i khng o. S b khuch i khng o m t trong hnh 7 -19. B khuch i khng o gm c mch hi tip m in p t vo li vo o, cn tn hiu vo t ti li vo khng o ca b khuch i thut ton.

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V in p gia cc u vo ca b khuch i thut ton U0 = 0 nn quan h gia in p UV v Ura c xc nh bng cng thc sau: UV = Ura

R1 R1 + R f

(7 - 12)

H s khuch i ca b khuch i khng o l: KU =

U ra R + Rf R = 1 = 1+ f U vao R1 R1

(7. 13)

Khi s dng b khuch i thut ton khuch i tn hiu ngi ta thng dng b khuch i o v mch n nh hn.

UV

U0 If I1 Rf R1

Ura

Hnh7 - 19 : B khuch i khng o. 7.4.3.Vi mch n p Vi mch n p nhn li vo mt in p khng n nh v to ra li ra mt in p n nh. Vi mch n p gm c 2 loi l vi mch cho in p ra n nh c nh v vi mch n p cho in p ra n nh c th iu chnh c. - Vi mch n p in p ra n nh c nh thng c 2 h thng dng: H 78XX n nh in p dng; H 79XX n nh in p m. V d: 7805: in p ra c nh + 5V, 7905 c in p ra c nh 5V 7812: in p ra c nh + 12V, 7909 c in p ra c nh 9V 7809: in p ra c nh + 9V, 7912 c in p ra c nh 12V - Vi mch n p c in p ra n nh c th iu chnh c nh: LM317: in p ra iu chnh t 1,2V n 37V LM337T: in p ra iu chnh t - 1,2V n - 37V A723C: in p ra iu chnh t 2V n 37V V d: B n p t 1,25vn n 25vn: Vi mch LM 317 c th cung cp cho u ra mt dng in n 15A trong di in p t 1,2vn n 37vn. Vi mch LM c chn s 1 l u vo, chn s 2 l chn iu chnh v v l chn th 3 v l u ra. Trong hnh 7 -20, in p vo cn phi lc trc khi a vo LM 317. C th b t C1 nu in p vo c cung cp t mt ngun t rt gn LM 317. in tr R1 dng iu chnh in p ra.

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2 UVo (>28V) C1 1F LM 317 1

V R2 240 Ura (1,2525V) C2 =1F R1=5K

Hnh 7 - 20 : Vi mch n p loi LM 317 7.5. VI MCH S 7.5.1. Gii thiu v phn loi vi mch s a. Gii thiu. Vi mch s gm cc mch lgc c bn thc hin cc thut ton logic v cc hm logic khc nhau. Cc vi mch s l cc thit b 2 trng thi, mt trng thi gn vi 0 vn hoc t (gi l mc thp hoc k hiu l L), v trng thi kia gn vi in p cung cp cho mch (gi l mc cao hoc k hiu l H). Cc mch tch hp s c th x l cc bit nh phn ring l hoc cc t nhiu bit nh phn. Hu ht cc vi mch s c s dng hin nay l cc vi mch s ch to trn c s cc tranzito lng cc v tranzito trng. Mi mt vi mch s hu nh u c th thc hin c mt chc nng hon chnh, nn chng cn rt t linh kin mc thm bn ngoi.

Cc tham s c bn ca vi mch s: - Mc logic: mc logic 0 v mc logic 1 Cc mc logic ny l cc tr s in p tng ng vi mc logic thp v mc logic cao, ty tng loi m n c tr s in p khc nhau - Ngun nui: ngun cung cp phi m bo n nh cao. - Kh nng ghp ti: biu th kh nng ghp c bao nhiu li vo ca cng logic ti mt li ra ca mt cng cho trc. - Tc chuyn mch hay cn gi l tc ng nhanh ca vi mch: Loi cc nhanh ttb 5 nsec Loi nhanh ttb = 5 10 nsec Loi trung bnh ttb = 10 100 nsec Loi chm ttb > 100 nsec - Cng sut tiu th: cng sut tiu th ca vi mch s ph thuc vo tn hiu t ln n. - Di nhit lm vic: mi hng sn xut c mt ch tiu nhit khc nhau. b. Phn loi Cc vi mch hm logic c bn trn tranzito lng cc v tranzito trng gm cc loi: Tranzito logic vi lin kt trc tip (TL); in tr - tranzito logic (RTL); it - tranzito logic (DTL); Tranzito - tranzito logic (TTL); Logic MOS; Logic CMOS (complementary MOS).

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Hai h vi mch s quan trng nht v c s dng nhiu nht l h TTL/LS v h CMOS. H TTL l cc vi mch trong tch hp cc tranzito lng cc vi mt tranzito nhiu tip xc gc- pht. Mi mt tip xc BE l mt li vo. Cn h CMOS trong tch hp cc tranzito trng MOS knh cm ng loi P v N u b nhau. H TTL c tc chuyn mch cao (ttb = 6 15 nsec), cng sut tiu th thp (45 15 W) v kh nng chu ti ln (h s ti n > 10) Dng vo ca MOS rt nh v th in tr li vo ca tranzito MOS rt ln cho php ch to vi mch c kh nng chu ti cao (n = 10 20), c chng nhiu cao v cng sut tiu th rt nh.
7.6. VI MCH NH 7.6.1. Gii thiu v phn loi b nh. a. nh ngha: B nh l cu kin c kh nng lu tr d liu v cc chng trnh iu khin di dng s nh phn (0;1). Kh nng nh d liu c th lu di (b nh c nh) nhng cng c th tm thi (b nh tm thi). Phn t nh nht nh c 1 bit nh phn gi l t bo nh (memory ceel). Tin tc tr trong b nh gm mt s bit gi l T nh. T nh c di 8 bit gi l 1 byte; di 16bit gi l 1 t na li; di 32 bit gi l T mt li. Qu trnh a d liu vo b nh gi l vit; qu trnh ly d liu ra gi l c. Thao tc Vit v c c tin hnh tng T c di ty vo tng loi my theo mt chu k khp kn gi l Chu k vit hoc Chu k c. Thi gian truy cp b nh l khong thi gian k t lc bt u chu k vit hoc c n khi d liu c ghi vo t bo nh hoc xut hin trn u ra. B nh ch vit mt ln gi l b nh ch c. B nh c th vit i vit li nhiu ln gi l b nh vit v c. b. Phn loi b nh Ty theo vt liu, cu trc, cng ngh m b nh c chia lm nhiu loi. Da vo vt liu ch to ta c b nh bn dn v b nh t. B nh bn dn rt thng dng hin nay v c thi gian truy cp nh, hay ni cch khc l tc c-vit cao. B nh t c tc truy cp thp nhng kh nng tr d liu ln, khng tiu th nng lng trong qu trnh tr tin. 7.6.2. Cc tham s chnh ca b nh. - Dung lng b nh (C): biu th kh nng tr tin ca b nh tnh bng bits, bytes, Kbytes, Mbytes, hoc theo s T, KT trn mt chip nh. Dung lng b nh lin quan n s li vo a ch. Dung lng b nh c tnh theo cng thc: C = 2 ly tha N, trong N- s bit ca li vo a ch V d: B nh c dng lng 64 x 4bit ngha l b nh cha 64 T 4 bit. B nh 2K x 8bit ngha l b nh cha 2Kbyte. - Thi gian truy cp (ta): c trng cho tc hot ng ca b nh tnh theo n v ns. Thng thng ta c tr s t vi chc n 1000ns ty loi b nh. - Cng sut tiu th (Po): c trng mc tiu th cng sut ca b nh tnh theo w/bit. Tham s ny ch c i vi b nh bn dn.

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Gi thnh: tnh theo n v tin/bit. in th ngun nui (ECC hoc VDD): h TTL c ECC = +5V; h CMOS c VDD = 3V n 15V.

7.6.3. Vi mch nh. a. nh ngha Vi mch nh l cc b nh bn dn, trong cc t bo nh c to ra t cc linh kin bn dn hoc mch c kh nng tch tr in tch. b. Phn loi vi mch nh. - Phn loi theo cng ngh ch to: vi mch nh chia lm 2 loi l b nh lng cc v b nh MOS/CMOS. + B nh lng cc: cc t bo nh c to thnh t cc tranzito lng cc. + B nh MOS/CMOS: cc t bo nh c to thnh t cc tranzito trng MOS. - Phn loi theo c th lu tr d liu: vi mch nh chia lm 2 loi chnh l b nh c nh- ROM v b nh tm thi- RAM. + ROM (Read Only Memory) l b nh ch c, ngha l ch c th ly d liu ra. y cc d liu c lu tr vnh vin mi t bo nh, nn khi mt ngun in cng khng mt d liu. Vic ghi d liu vo do nh sn xut thc hin. Ngoi ra, b nh c nh cn c PROM, EPROM v EAPROM. PROM ging nh ROM, d liu ch c ghi vo mt ln nhng do ngi s dng thc hin. EPROM l b nh c th xa i v vit li. Mun xa ta dng tia cc tm. EAPROM l b nh c nh c th xa v vit li. Vic xa c thc hin nh dng in. + RAM (Random Access Memory)- b nh tm thi, l b nh c/vit. Mi t bo nh l mt Flip-Flop nn khi mt ngun in cung cp th tin tc trong RAM b xa ngay. RAM c 2 loi l RAM tnh (SRAM) v RAM ng (DRAM). SRAM: T bo nh l Flip-Flop (tranzito lng cc hoc tranzito MOS). D liu c ghi vo SRAM s c duy tr trong n chng no cn ngun cung cp cho chip. DRAM: Dng in tch np vo linh kin MOS nh 1 bit tin trong t bo nh. V in tch np vo khng duy tr c lu nn nh k phi np li in tch gi l lm ti b nh (refresh). C hai loi SRAM v DRAM u thuc loi b nh xa ngay khi mt ngun in cung cp. d. Cu trc v hot ng ca RAM: - Cu trc ca RAM: cc t bo nh c b tr di dng ghp ma trn m x n (m hng v n ct) v c b gii m a ch xc nh v tr nh. Xem hnh 7-21. B gii m a ch c K bit, do vy s c 2 ly tha k a ch hay dung lng b nh l 2 ly tha k. Cc d liu vo v ra c a qua cc b m vo/ ra iu khin vic vit v c ca b nhthng qua chn iu khin R/W; chn CS l chn chn chip. - Nguyn l hot ng: Khi CPU a ti mt t hp a ch, b gii m a ch xc nh v tr ca T nh, sau ch tc ng ca cc li vo R/W v CS, b nh s thc hin chc nng c hoc vit. + c: t R/W = 1 v CS = 1: B m vo c kha li, b m ra c m. Nh vy d liu a ch chn s i qua b m ra ra BUS d liu. + Vit: t R/W = 0 v CS = 1: B m vo m, b m ra b kha. Cc d liu vo t BUS d liu s i qua b m vo n v tr nh c xc nh.

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Cc b m thng l cc cng logic 3 trng thi. Khi khng c tc ng c hoc vit, nh logic li vo CS cc b m u trng thi tr khng cao (Zcao). Cc li vo CS cn gip ta ghp nhiu chp nh vi nhau tng dung lng nh.

D liu vo B m vo A0 A1 K bit a ch Ak-1 R/W

B gii m a ch

mxn

CS

B m ra D liu ra
Hnh 7 21: Cu trc ca RAM d. Cu trc ca ROM bn dn ROM l b nh cha sn d liu, khi cn ta ch c m khng vit ngay vo c. Trong ROM bn dn mi t bo nh c th s dng it hoc tranzito tr d liu. Thi gian truy cp ca b nh lng cc khong 50ns 90ns, cn i vi MOSFET th chm hn 10 ln. V d: Ta c cu trc ca ROM dng it: trn giao im ca ng T (hng) v ng Bit (ct) nu c it th tng ng l bit 1, nu khng c it th tng ng l bit 0. Xem hnh7-22.

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8 ng T

B 3 bit a ch gii m a ch

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A B C ng bit d liu (4 bit) D

Hnh 7 22: Cu trc ca ROM 8T x 4bit dng it

PROM: l b nh ROM ch vit mt ln do ngi s dng thc hin. Trong PROM tt c cc giao im gia ng T v ng Bit ngi ta u ni tip mt it vi mt cu ch. Khi vit d liu vo b nh ngi ta ch cn phng vo b nh mt dng in ln lm t cu ch ti giao im chn v nh vy giao im ny c vit bit 0. Cn cc giao im no khng b t cu ch s l bit 1. Su khi vit xong khng thay i c na.

7.7. NHNG IM CN CH KHI S DNG VI MCH TCH HP.

Cc vi mch c s dng rt rng ri trong k thut tng t (vi mch tuyn tnh) v k thut s (vi mch s). Khi s dng vi mch tch hp cn lu mt s im chnh sau: - Phi c c k hiu ca vi mch: Trn thn vi mch thng ghi tn hng sn xut, k hiu chc nng ca vi mch, k hiu sn phm c l thng phm, ngy thng nm sn xut. - Bit tra cu vi mch trong s tra cu bit chc nng IC v chc nng cc chn ca IC. - Ch chn ngun cung cp cho IC lm vic. - Khi u vo mch phi u chn ngun cung cp trc, sau mi cho tn hiu vo mch. - Ngun cung cp phi c n nh cao. - Hn ni IC vo mch phi ch dng m hn nhn, c cng sut thp khong 30w n 60w, trnh lm nng IC. c bit i vi cc IC s cn ch mt s im sau: Cc vi mch s thng gp l cc h vi mch TTL, CMOS, MOS, v.v.. y l cc IC thc hin mt chc nng hon chnh nh cng, h m, gii m, ghi dch, h nh, h vi x l. - Khi chn mt vi mch cn quan tm ti cc tham s sau: cng sut tiu th, kh nng chu ti, thi gian chuyn mch, kh nng chng nhiu, in p ngun nui, mc logic... 163

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Xung nhp: tc chuyn mch ca vi mch s cn ln. mch in lm vic n nh th xung nhp cn c dc sn 400 ns, nu khng t tiu chun ny cn to li dng xung nhp. - Bt k ch lm vic no, in p ti li vo ca vi mch khng c cao hn in p ca chn ngun (VCC hoc VDD) v khng thp hn t

i vi vi mch loi TTL/LS cn lu : in p cung cp VCC khng vt qua 5,25vn. Cc u vo khng dng n ca h TTL/LS c coi nh trng thi cao (H)... Nhng nu mt u vo no c gi thit l c nh mc cao th phi ni ti VCC. t cc u ra ca cng khng dng n mc cao tit kim in. Dng t nht mt t kh ghp i vi mi nhm t 5 n 10 cng, t 2 n 5 b m v thanh ghi... Trnh s dng cc dy dn di trong mch. Nu dy dn di qu 25 cm phi dng dy bc kim hoc cp ng trc. i vi vi mch MOS v CMOS: in p u vo khng vt qu VDD (tr hai IC 4049 v 4050). in p cung cp VDD nm trong khong (+3V +15V) 5% Tt c cc u vo khng dng n phi ni vi VDD hoc t. Phi ch trnh hin tng tch in tnh trn li vo ca vi mch CMOS v MOS bng cch: Khng nn ct vi mch CMOS trong cc hp khng c tnh dn in; nn t cc chn IC xung cc khay nhm khi cha u chng vo mch; m hn nn dng ngun acqui, khng dng m hn in xoay chiu. Khi lp rp cc vi mch s ta cn lu : Lp t vi mch s: c hai cch: + Lp IC trn cm: u im l IC khng b nng nhng d gy hiu ng tip xc km cm v IC c nhiu chn, lm gim tin cy ca mch. + Hn trc tip IC vo mch: u im ca phng php ny l m bo tip xc tt song d lm nng IC trong qu trnh hn, do s lm thay i cc tham s ca IC. Cc IC s thng c v l thanh nha dp v c 14, 16 hoc 24 chn. Khi v mch in phi ch n v tr tng i gia mch dn ngun vi dy chung v phi ch t lc gia ngun v dy chung. in dung ca cc t ny ty thuc vo tng h IC. Khi hn chn vi mch vo mch in nn hn chn ni ngun trc sau mi hn cc chn tip theo. Khi ngt mch, phi ngt tn hiu vo, sau ct ngun v nghim cm vic a tn hiu vo trc khi ni ngun cung cp. Khi ni ghp cc vi mch khc loi vi nhau phi ch in p ngun cung cp, cc mc logic, v nn s dng cc mch m bo m vic ni ghp tt nht. TM TT NI DUNG

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CU KIN IN T

Vi mch tch hp

Vi mch tch hp l mt chip bn dn, trong tch hp cc cu kin in t bn dn trn mt dy chuyn cng ngh c t ng ha t khu thit k mch n khi cho ra mt cu kin. Mi vi mch c mt hoc mt s chc nng nht nh. C nhiu cch phn loi vi mch, trong thng thng ngi ta da vo 4 tiu ch phn loi: - Da vo kh nng x l d liu vi mch chia lm 2 loi l vi mch tuyn tnh v vi mch s. - Da vo cng ngh ch to vi mch chia lm 4 loi: vi mch bn dn, vi mch mng mng, vi mch mng dy v vi mch lai. - Da vo loi tranzito c tch hp vi mch chia lm 2 loi: vi mch lng cc v vi mch MOS/CMOS. - Da vo s lng phn t c tch hp vi mch c chia lm 4 loi: SSI, MSI, LSI v VLSI. Cng ngh ch to vi mch rt phc tp. Hin nay cng ngh ny gm mt s qu trnh sau: qu trnh quang khc, qu trnh plana, qu trnh epitaxi-plana. o Qu trnh quang khc: l qu trnh to ra trn tm bn dn cc lp ph bo v theo cc cu hnh cn thit bng phng php quang ha. o Qu trnh plana l cng ngh ch to cc phn t ca mch in trn b mt ca phin n tinh th bn dn silic. Qu trnh plana l cng ngh kt hp qu trnh quang khc v qu trnh khuch tn to ra cc cu kin in t nh in tr, t in, it, tranzito o Cng ngh epitaxi-plana l qu trnh nui cy mt lp n tinh th mng gi l lp epitaxi bn trn mt tinh th bn dn khc. Sau l qu trnh plana to ra cc cu kin in t trn b mt ca lp epitaxi trn. Vic ch to cc cu kin in t trong vi mch c thc hin t cu trc c bn ca tranzito nh it, tranzito; cn in tr v t in th c th to ra t cc lp tip xc P-N hoc mt s cng ngh khc c trnh by trong chng 7 ny. V ng dng, trong chng ny a ra hai lnh vc s dng IC c bn l vi mch tuyn tnh v vi mch s. Vi mch tuyn tnh l cc vi mch x l cc d liu xy ra lin tc theo thi gian. cc cu kin ny, quan h vo/ra l quan h ng thng. Vi mch tuyn tnh quan trng l IC khuch i thut ton (OA). y l mt loi IC vn nng, n c th thc hin nhiu chc nng trong mch in ty thuc vo cc linh kin u mch ngoi. IC s l cc vi mch thc hin cc hm logic. Trong vi mch s cc mc in p vo ra u th hin 2 gi tr logic l 0 v 1. Cc tham s chnh ca vi mch s gm c ngun nui, mc logic vo/ra, h s ghp ti, phng v nhiu, tr truyn lan, cng sut tiu th, dng vo/ra. Trong chng 7 cng nu nhng iu cn ch khi s dng IC.
CU HI N TP nh ngha v vi mch tch hp? Nu cc cch phn loi vi mch tch hp? Trnh by v cng ngh plana? Trnh by v cng ngh plana-epitaxi Hy cho bit cc cch ch to in tr trong vi mch? Hy cho bit cc cch ch to t in trong vi mch?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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7. Trnh by v cch to ra it trong vi mch? 8. V k hiu v gii thch nhim v cc chn ca vi mch khuch i thut ton? 9. Trnh by v c tnh truyn t v c tnh tn s ca OA? 10. Nu cc tham s c bn ca IC OA? 11. Trnh by v vi mch s v nu cc tham s chnh ca chng? 12. Nu nhng im cn ch chnh khi s dng IC? 13. Vi mch tch hp c sn xut v s dng nhiu nht hin nay l loi no? a. Vi mch bn dn; b. Vi mch mng mng; c. Vi mch mng dy; d. Vi mch lai 14. in tr trong vi mch MOS c tch hp l.. a. in tr mng kim. b. in tr n khi bn dn. c. in tr ca tip xc P-N. d. mt MOSFET c cc ca ni vi cc mng.
TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Gio trnh Cu kin in t v quang in t, Trn Th Cm, Hc vin CNBCVT, nm 2002. 2. Nguyn Quc Trung Vi in t s NXB KHKT nm 1997.

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CHNG 8 CU KIN QUANG IN T

GII THIU CHNG Chng 8 trnh by v cc cu kin bn dn dng bin i tn hiu in sang tn hiu quang v cc cu kin bin i tn hiu quang sang tn hiu in. Cc cu kin bin i in sang quang (cn c gi l cu kin pht quang) c nghin cu trong chng ny gm c cc loi it pht quang, laser bn dn; cn cc cu kin bin i quang sang in (cn gi l cc cu kin thu quang) gm c in tr quang, it quang, tranzito quang, thyristo quang. Ni dung chnh ca phn ny s trnh by v cu to, k hiu v nguyn l hot ng cng nh cc c tnh v tham s ca cc cu kin bn dn quang c cp n trong chng. Ngoi ra chng 8 cn trnh by v cu trc v tham s ca cc b ghp quang, cc b lc quang v cc CCD NI DUNG 8.1. GII THIU CHUNG Do yu cu i hi ngy cng nhanh v phc tp ca cng ngh thng tin, do nhng u im ca cc h thng thng tin quang, m cc thit b in t hin nay ang s dng rt nhiu cc linh kin quang nh LED, LCD, quang tr, photoit, tranzito quang, LASER, si quang dn, cc b ghp quang...Tiu biu cho s tin b nhanh chng ca cng ngh ch to linh kin bn dn quang l s pht hin cht bn dn c lin kt t cc nguyn t nhm III v nhmV ca bng tun hon Menlep. Trong chng ny s trnh by v cu to v nguyn l lm vic cng nh cc tham s c bn ca cc linh kin quang in t thng c s dng trong k thut thng tin hin nay. ng thi trnh by mt s s mch ng dng ca chng. 8.1.1. Khi nim chung v k thut quang in t. a. nh ngha v k thut quang in t: Quang in t l nhng hiu ng tng h gia bc x nh sng v mch in t. Bc x nh sng l mt dng ca bc x in t c di tn s dao ng rt cao, 1014 1015 Hz , hoc di bc sng t khong 50nm n khong 100m. b. Cc bc x quang c chia ra thnh ba vng l: - Vng cc tm c di bc sng t 50nm n 380nm. - Vng nh sng nhn thy c bc sng t 380nm n 780nm. - Vng hng ngoi c bc sng t 780nm n 100m. c im ca mt ngi l nhn thy cc sng in t thuc vng nh sng nhn thy. Mt ngi khng ch phn bit c sng yu hay mnh, m cn phn bit c tng bc sng ring bit gi l cm mu ca mt. Nhng trong k thut ch dng khi nim bc sng ch khng dng khi nim mu sc, v ngay c tn s cng t dng.Cc bc sng trong thng tin quang hin nay nm vng hng ngoi nn khi nim mu sc cng khng c ngha. c. Phn loi linh kin quang in t: 167

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

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Linh kin quang in t gm c linh kin bn dn quang in t v linh kin khng bn dn quang in t. Linh kin bn dn quang in t: l nhng linh kin c ch to t vt liu bn dn nh in tr quang, it quang, tranzito quang, LED, LASER bn dn,v.v.. Linh kin khng phi bn dn quang in t: nh si quang dn, mt ch th tinh th lng LCD, ng nhn quang v.v.. 8.1.2. H thng truyn dn quang. a. S khi ca cc h thng thng tin: S khi c bn nht ca h thng thng tin in v quang c m t trn hnh 81a,b. Trong hnh : Ngun tn hiu: l cc dng thng tin thng thng nh ting ni, hnh nh, s liu, vn bn... Mch in t : c nhim v x l ngun thng tin to ra cc tn hiu in di dng analog hoc digital. Khi E/O: l mch bin i in - quang c nhim v iu bin tn hiu in thnh cng bc x nh sng pht i (bin i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang). Si quang c nhim v truyn dn tn hiu quang t ni pht n ni thu. Khi O/E : mch bin i quang - in cn gi l b thu quang c nhim v tip nhn nh sng t si quang a n v bin i tr li thnh tn hiu in nh tn hiu in pht i. Ti tin : Trong h thng in th ti tin l cc sng in t cao tn, trong h thng quang ti tin l nh sng v cng l sng in t song c tn s rt cao ( 1014 1015 Hz) do vy ti tin quang rt thun li cho ti cc tn hiu bng rng. Ngun tn hiu Mch in t Tn hiu thu

Khi iu ch

Si ng

Khi gii iu ch

Mch in t

a. H thng thng tin in Ngun tn hiu Mch in t Tn hiu thu

Khi E/ O Si quang b. H thng thng tin quang

Khi O/ E

Mch in t

Hnh 8-1: a. H thng thng tin in . b. H thng thng tin quang. b. u im ca h thng truyn dn quang:

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CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

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Qua hnh (8-1a,b) ta thy hai h thng u c cc phn t v tn hiu tng ng, ch c mi trng truyn dn l khc nhau. So vi h thng thng tin in , h thng thng tin quang c mt s u im sau: + Si quang nh, nh hn dy kim loi, d un cong, tn t vt liu. + Si quang ch to t thu tinh thch anh khng b nh hng ca nc, axit, kim nn khng b n mn. ng thi, si l cht in mi nn cch in hon ton, tn hiu truyn trong si quang khng b nh hng ca nhiu bn ngoi ti v cng khng gy nhiu ra mi trng xung quanh. + m bo b mt thng tin, khng s b nghe trm. + Kh nng truyn c rt nhiu knh trong mt si quang c ng knh rt nh. Tiu hao nh v khng ph thuc tn s nn cho php truyn dn bng rng v tc truyn ln hn nhiu so vi si kim loi. + Gi thnh rt r. 8.2. CC CU KIN BIN I IN QUANG (Cu kin pht quang) 8.2.1. S tng tc gia nh sng v vt cht. Nh bit, theo l thuyt di nng lng ca vt cht, th thng thng cc ht u tn ti mc c bn (Ek) v mc ny c nng lng thp nht nn cng bn vng nht. Ch cn kch thch mt nng lng no , v d nh quang nng, in nng, nhit nng... th cc ht mc c bn s di chuyn ln mc nng lng cao hn, gi l cc mc kch thch (Ei). Cc ht ch tn ti cc mc kch thch mt thi gian rt ngn khong 10-8 giy ri n li dch chuyn v cc mc nng lng thp hn v pht ra nh sng, hay cn gi l cc photon. Photon pht ra theo nh lut bo ton nng lng: h = Ei - Ek (8. 1) v ta c tn s bc x ca nh sng tnh theo cng thc (8.1): Ei Ek = (8. 2) h

trong :

- tn s bc x ca nh sng ( =

c ).

h - hng s Plank (h = 6,625.10-34 J.s = 4,16.10-15 eV.s). c - vn tc ca nh sng (c = 3.108 m/s). - di bc sng ca bc x nh sng pht ra. 1240 eV.nm 1240 eV.nm c c = = = = Ei Ek EG eV (E i E k ) eV h S tng tc gia nh sng v vt cht gm c 3 qu trnh: qu trnh hp th, qu trnh bc x t pht v qu trnh bc x kch thch (Xem hnh 8- 2a,b,c).

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Ei hfik Ek a- Qu trnh hp th hfik

Ei hfik Ek b- Qu trnh bc x t pht hf'ik

Ei

Ek c- Qu trnh bc x kch thch

Hnh 8- 2 : Ba qu trnh ch yu ca s tng tc gia nh sng v vt cht a. Qu trnh hp th: Qu trnh hp th (hnh 8-2a) l qu trnh m ti khi c mt photon tng tc vi vt cht th mt in t mc nng lng c bn Ek s nhn thm nng lng ca photon (quang nng) v nhy ln mc nng lng kch thch Ei. b. Qu trnh bc x t pht: Bc x t pht (hnh 8-2b) l qu trnh m cc in t nhy ln mc nng lng kch thch Ei, nhng chng nhanh chng tr v mc nng lng c bn Ek v pht ra photon c nng lng h. Mi mt bc x t pht ta thu c mt photon. Hin tng ny xy ra khng c s kch thch bn ngoi no v c gi l qu trnh bc x t pht. Bc x ny ng hng v c pha ngu nhin. c. Qu trnh bc x kch thch: Nu c mt photon c nng lng h ti tng tc vi vt cht m trong lc c mt in t ang cn trng thi kch thch Ei, th in t ny c kch thch v ngay lp tc n di chuyn tr v mc nng lng c bn Ek v bc x ra mt photon khc c nng lng cng ng bng h . Photon mi bc x ra ny c cng pha vi photon i n v c gi l bc x kch thch (hay bc x cm ng). Xem hnh 8-2c. 8.2.2. it pht quang (LED) ch th.

it pht quang l linh kin bn dn quang in t. N c kh nng pht ra nh sng khi c hin tng ti hp xy ra trong tip xc P-N. it pht quang thng c gi tt l LED do vit tt t cc t ting Anh: Light- Emitting Diode. Tu theo vt liu ch to m ta c nh sng bc x ra cc vng bc sng khc nhau. Trong mc ny ta s trnh by trc ht v LED bc x ra nh sng nhn thy gi l LED ch th. LED ch th c u im l tn s hot ng cao, kch thc nh, cng sut tiu hao nh, khng st p khi bt u lm vic. LED khng cn knh lc m vn cho ra mu sc. LED ch th rt r khi tri ti. Tui th ca LED khong 100 ngn gi.
a. Cu to v k hiu ca LED: Cu to:

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it pht quang gm c mt lp tip xc P-N v hai chn cc ant (A), catt (K). Ant c ni vi bn dn loi P, cn catt c ni vi bn dn loi N. Hnh 8-3 m t m hnh cu to ca LED v k hiu trong cc s mch. Tip xc P-N P A N K

Hnh 8- 3 : M hnh cu to v k hiu ca LED.

Vt liu ch to it pht quang u l cc lin kt ca cc nguyn t thuc nhm 3 v nhm 5 ca bng tun hon Menlep nh GaAs, hoc lin kt 3 nguyn t nh GaAsP v.v.. y l cc vt liu ti hp trc tip, c ngha l s ti hp xy ra gia cc in t st y di dn v cc l trng st nh di ha tr.
b. Nguyn l lm vic: S nguyn l u LED m t trong hnh 8- 4.

+ LED U R _

Hnh 8- 4 : S nguyn l ca LED.

Khi LED phn cc thun, cc ht dn a s khuch tn t qua tip xc P-N, chng gp nhau s ti hp v cc photon c pht sinh. Tc ti hp trong qu trnh bc x t pht ny t l vi nng in t trong phn bn dn P v nng l trng trong phn bn dn N. y l cc ht dn thiu s trong cht bn dn. Nh vy, tng s photon bc x ra cn phi gia tng nng ht dn thiu s trong cc phn bn dn. Cng dng in ca it t l vi nng ht dn c "chch" vo cc phn bn dn, do cng pht quang ca LED t l vi cng dng in qua it. 171

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Nh vy LED c kh nng bin i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang, nn n c coi l dng c pht quang. in p phn cc cho LED gn bng rng vng cm ca vt liu, do , cc LED bc x cc bc sng khc nhau s c ch to t cc vt liu bn dn c rng vng cm khc nhau v in p phn cc cho chng cng khc nhau. Tuy nhin LED c in p phn cc thun tng i cao (khong t 1,6 v n 3 v) v c in p ngc cho php tng i thp (khong t 3 v n 5 v).
c. c tuyn Vn - Ampe ca LED: c tuyn Vn - Ampe ca it pht quang biu din mi quan h gia dng in quang vi in p t ln LED.

Ungc max 0 UD UAK

Hnh 8- 5: c tuyn Vn - Ampe ca LED

Khi in p thun thay i (d rt nh) s lm cho dng in qua it tng ng k v ko theo s tng cng bc x quang, do vy cn xc nh vng lm vic cho it tng i n nh v dng ngun dng cung cp. it pht quang rt nhy vi nhit . Khi nhit lm vic thay i, cc i ph bc x c th thay i c v di bc sng ln cng : khi nhit lm vic tng th di bc sng bc x ngn li (khong 0,02 m/ 0C n 0,009 m/ 0C) v in p phn cc cho it c th b gim (khong t 1,3 mV n 2,3 mV/ 0C). nh gi nh hng ca nhit ln gi tr in p phn cc, ngi ta s dng h s nhit cho it: STV: U (8. 3) STV = T I=const H s nhit ca LED c gi tr m nn khi s dng trong h thng c nhiu cc linh kin in t cn ch n tham s ny. Khong nhit hot ng ca LED khong t -600C n +850C. Cng sut ca LED khong t vi trm w n vi watt. Bng 8-1 cho bit rng vng cm ca cc vt liu cng ln th nng lng c gii phng ra cng ln v bc x c pht ra c bc sng cng ngn.

Bng 8.1: Tham s ca mt s loi LED

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Vt liu Ge Si GaAs GaAsP GaAlAs GaAsP GaAsP GaAsP GaP SiC GalliumNitrit

EG (ev) 0,66 1,09 1,43 1,9 1,91 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,24 2,5 3,1

p (nm) 910 660 650 635 585 565 560 490 400

vng bc x Hng ngoi Cam Vng L cy L cy Da tri Tm

UD (v) I=20mA 1,6 1,8 1,6 1,8 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,2 2,4 2,4 2,7 2,7 3,0 3,0 3,0

Ungc Max 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 -

tr (nsec) 50

100 100 400 900 -

Loi ti hp G.tip G.tip T. tip T. tip T. tip T. tip T. tip T. tip G. tip G.tip G. tip

d. ng dng v mt s loi LED ch th: LED ch th c s dng rng ri trong lnh vc qung co, trong xe hi, my bay, tr chi tr em, m nhc, my nh... v th tch nh, cng sut tiu tn thp v thch hp vi cc mch logic. Khi s dng LED cn phi mc ni tip vi mt in tr hn ch dng. Tr s ca in tr ni tip c tnh theo cng thc (8. 4): U CC U D RT = (8. 4) I Trong : UCC - in p ngun cung cp UD - in p phn cc cho LED I - Dng in chy qua LED (c tr s danh nh khong t 10mA n 30mA) Mt s loi LED ch th: - LED n: y l linh kin mt LED. - LED i: dng cho nhng ng dng c bit:

1 3

2 Xanh/Vng LED1 LED2

Hnh 8- 6 : LED i.

LED by on sng: y l mt t hp gm c 7 LED c u ni vi nhau theo hnh s 8 dng hin th cc s thp phn t 0 n 9. (Xem hnh 8- 7). 173

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Bng chiu sng LED: y l tp hp nhiu LED thnh mt chui vi mch t hp hoc khng c mch t hp bn trong, (xem hnh 8- 8). A a f g e d c b

Hnh 8- 7: Cu trc ca mt LED 7 on sng u kiu Ant chung. 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hnh 8- 8: Bng chiu sng LED 8.2.3. LED hng ngoi.

i vi cc h thng thng tin quang yu cu tc bit xp x 100 n 200Mbit/s cng si quang a mt vi cng sut quang khong vi chc w, cc it pht quang bn dn thng l cc ngun sng tt nht.
a. Cu to: Cu to ca LED hng ngoi c bn l ging cc LED ch th. bc x nh sng hng ngoi, LED hng ngoi c ch to t vt liu Galium Asenit (GaAs) vi rng vng cm EG = 1,43 eV tng ng vi bc x bc sng khong 900nm. Hnh 8- 9 m t cu trc ca mt LED hng ngoi bc x nh sng 950nm.

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Chn cc GaAs (P) GaAsSi (N) (N) GaAsSi GaAs (N) trong sut Chn cc

nh sng pht ra = 950nm Tip xc P-N

Mt mi nhn

Hnh 8- 9 : Cu trc ca LED hng ngoi bc x bc sng 950nm.

Trong phn epitaxy lng trong sut GaAs (N) to mt lp tinh th c tnh cht lng tnh vi tp cht Silic l GaAsSi (N) v mt tip xc P-N c hnh thnh. Vi s pha tp cht Silic ta c bc x vi bc sng 950 nm Mt di ca LED c mi nhn to thnh mt gng phn chiu tia hng ngoi pht ra t lp tip xc P-N.
b. Nguyn l lm vic: Hnh 8- 10 m t s nguyn l u ni LED hng ngoi trong mch in.

+ LED U _
Hnh 8- 10 : S nguyn l ca LED hng ngoi

Khi phn cc thun cho it, cc ht dn a s s khuch tn qua tip xc P-N, chng ti hp vi nhau v pht ra bc x hng ngoi. Cc tia hng ngoi bc x ra theo nhiu hng khc nhau. Nhng tia hng ngoi c hng i vo trong cc lp cht bn dn, gp gng phn chiu s c phn x tr li i ra ngoi theo cng hng vi cc tia khc. i ny lm tng hiu sut ca LED. nh sng hng ngoi c c tnh quang hc ging nh nh sng nhn thy, ngha l n c kh nng hi t, phn k qua thu knh, c tiu c.... Tuy nhin, nh sng hng ngoi rt khc nh sng nhn thy kh nng xuyn sut qua vt cht, trong c cht bn dn. iu ny gii thch ti sao LED hng ngoi c hiu sut cao hn LED ch th v tia hng ngoi khng b yu i khi vt qua cc lp bn dn ra ngoi. 175

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

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Tui th ca LED hng ngoi di n 100000 gi. LED hng ngoi khng pht ra nh sng nhn thy nn rt c li trong cc thit b kim sot v khng gy s ch . c. LED hng ngoi cu trc c bit: truyn dn trong si quang t hiu qu ngi ta s dng cc loi LED hng ngoi c sng pht ra cao, c thi gian p ng nhanh v hiu sut lng t cao, l LED cu trc d th kp. y l cu trc c s dng rt rng ri hin nay. a/ Tip xc Ga Al As kim GaAs (N) Ga1-x1-xAlxAs x Loi loi loi N N 1m Cht nn 1m Vng giam gi ht dn v nh sng b/ E Chch in t Hng ro th nng ca in t in t- l trng ti hp h (=820nm) Chch l trng Ga1-yAlyAs loi N 0,3m Vng ti hp Ga1-xAl As Ga1-xAlxx As Loi P loi P 1m 1m Vng giam gi ht dn v nh sng GaAs (P) Cht nn Tip xc kim loi

EG= 1,51eV Hng ro th nng cho l trng Nng lng ca in t c/ S thay i chit sut Vng tch cc n 3 Vng dn sng 1 2

Hnh 8- 11 : a/ Mt ct ca LED cu trc d th kp loi GaAlAs vi x>y b/ Gin nng lng ca vng tch cc v hng ro th nng ca in t v l trng c/ S thay i chit sut trong cc lp d th

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Cu kin quang in t

Hnh 8- 11 biu din mt LED cu trc d th kp (double heterostructure) bi v c hai lp hp kim Ga1-xAlxAs loi N v P u c rng vng cm ln hn rng vng cm ca lp tch cc Ga1-yAlyAs loi N, cng c ngha l chit sut ca hai lp ny nh hn chit sut ca lp tch cc (trong % phn t lng x > y). Bng phng php cu trc Sandwich ca cc lp hp kim tng hp khc nhau, c 2 loi ht dn v trng nh sng c giam gi li trong trung tm ca lp tch cc, (xem hnh 8- 11b). ng thi s khc nhau v chit sut ca cc lp k cn ny giam gi trng nh sng trong lp tch cc trung tm, (xem hnh 8- 11c). S giam gi ht dn v nh sng trong lp tch cc lm tng bc x v hiu sut quang lng t. Hai dng c bn ca LED c dng cho si quang l bc x b mt (cn gi l bc x Burrus) v bc x cnh. - Trong bc x b mt, mt phng ca vng tch cc bc x nh sng vung gc vi trc x ca si quang nh m t trong hnh 8- 12. Trong cu trc ny mt "ci ging" c khc qua phn cht nn ca LED, sau si quang c gn cht vo nhn nh sng bc x ra. Din tch vng trn tch cc trong b mt bc x trn thc t c ng knh 50m v b dy n 2,5m. Ph bc x c bn l ng hng vi rng chm tia na cng sut 1200. Ph ng hng ny t mt bc x b mt c gi l ph Lambe, trong pht sng mi hng u bng nhau, nhng cng sut gim i theo hm cos, vi l gc gia hng chiu nh sng v ng vung gc vi b mt. Do vy cng sut gim xung 50% so vi tr s nh ca n khi = 600, tng rng chm tia na cng sut l 1200.

Si quang Ging khc trn Vt liu kt dnh Kim loi Cc lp giam gi Kim loi Ta nhit Vng tch cc Tip xc kim loi hnh trn Cht nn Cht cch in SiO2

Hnh 8- 12: Mt ct ca LED bc x b mt. Vng tch cc c gii hn bi mt ng trn c din tch tng ng vi mt ct u li ca si quang

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Bng truyn tip xc (xc nh din tch vng tch cc) Vng tch cc Cc lp dn nh sng Cht nn Kim loi (i vi tip xc in) Ta nhit // Cc lp tip xc d th kp (c n thp hn)

Chm tia sng khng kt hp u ra

Hnh 8- 13 : Cu trc ca LED d th kp bc x cnh. Chm tia ra l Lambe b mt ca tip xc P-N (// = 1200) v hng vung gc vi tip xc P-N l = 300.

LED bc x cnh c m t hnh 8- 13 gm mt vng tip xc tch cc v hai lp dn nh sng. C hai lp dn quang u c chit sut thp hn ca vng tch cc nhng cao hn chit sut ca cc vt liu xung quanh. Cu trc ny to ra mt knh dn sng hng bc x nh sng theo hng li si quang. ghp kht li si quang ng knh t 50m n 100m, bng truyn tip xc i vi bc x cnh c chiu rng l 50m n 70m. Chiu di ca vng tch cc khong t 100m n 150m. Ph bc x ca LED bc x cnh nh hng tt hn so vi bc x b mt, nh biu din trong hnh (8- 13). b mt song song vi tip xc, m ti khng c hiu ng dn sng, th chm tia bc x l ph Lambe vi rng na- cng sut ca // = 1200. Trong b mt vung gc vi tip xc, bng vic chn dy ca ng dn sng, rng chm tia na- cng sut c to ra nh hn 25 n 350.

8.2.3. it LASER. a. nh ngha v LASER: LASER l mt linh kin quang hc dng to ra v khuch i nh sng n sc c tnh lin kt v pha t bc x t pht ca nh sng. LASER l t vit tt ca tn gi bng ting Anh: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Nguyn l hot ng c bn ca LASER l kt qu ca 3 qu trnh ch yu l qu trnh hp th photon, qu trnh bc x t pht v qu trnh bc x kch thch. Qu trnh bc x kch thch s ch tri hn qu trnh hp th nu chim gi ca cc trng thi kch thch ln hn b chim gi ca cc trng thi c bn. iu kin ny c gi

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CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

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l s o mt chim gi trong cht bn dn. Trong LASER bn dn, s o mt chim gi xy ra trong trng hp cc ht dn a s khuch tn t qua tip xc P-N. iu ny ch xy ra khi dng in thun qua it phi vt qu tr s dng in ngng nh ch ra hnh 814. Hnh 8- 14 biu th s ph thuc ca cng sut pht ca LASER vo dng in chy qua it. Vt liu bn dn ca it LASER phi l bn dn c s ti hp trc tip v nng lng photon gn bng rng vng cm (h EG). tng pht sng ca LASER phi s dng cht bn dn c pha tp vi nng tp cht rt cao (hay cn gi l s pha tp suy bin). P0 (mW) 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 Bc x khng kt hp 20 40 60 Ingng 80 I (mA) Bc x kt hp

Hnh 8- 14: c tuyn bc x ca LASER bn dn.

Trong thng tin quang, cc LASER phi bc x ra nh sng thuc 3 ca s cng tc ca si quang l = 850 nm, 1300 nm, v 1550 nm. Vt liu bn dn thng c chn trn nn GaAs. Cht Galium Asenid cho bc x nhit 3000K vi = 900 nm, mun c bc x = 800 nm ta cn phi thay i rng vng cm ca n bng cch pha thm nhm vo c cht bn dn GaAlAs. c bc x bc sng t = 1200 nm n 1600 nm th s dng hp cht 4 thnh phn InGaAsP. i vi cc h thng thng tin cp si quang yu cu rng bng tn ln hn 200MHz, it LASER c th t c yu cu ny hn LED. Cc it LASER tiu chun c thi gian p ng thp hn 1ns, c rng ph bc x quang khong 2nm hoc nh hn, v ni chung, cc it LASER c kh nng lin kt li v cc khu s nh. Thc t, tt c cc it LASER ang s dng hin nay l cc linh kin nhiu lp tip xc d th.
b. Cu trc ca it LASER: Cu trc ca LASER tng t nh LED nhng phc tp hn, phn ln v yu cu thm v vic giam gi dng in trong mt hc cng hng nh. Bc x kch thch trong LASER bn dn c sinh ra bn trong mt hc cng hng Fabry- Perot. Hnh 8- 15 m t mt cu trc c bn ca hu ht cc loi it LASER. Tuy nhin hc cng hng rt nh, kch thc chiu di khong t 250 n 500m, chiu rng khong t 5 n 15m v b dy khong t 0,1 n 0,2m. Cc kch thc ny c gi chung l kch thc chiu dc, cnh bn v chiu ngang ca hc cng hng.

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CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

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Trong hc cng hng Fabry Perot ca it LASER, c mt b phn cc gng phn chiu c nh hng. Cc mt gng c to ra bng 2 mt ch tch t nhin ca tinh th bn dn (mt 110). Mc ch ca cc gng ny l cung cp s hi tip quang theo hng chiu di, v s bin cu kin thnh mt my pht vi h s tng ch b li s tn tht quang trong hc cng hng. Hc cng hng ca LASER c th c nhiu tn s cng hng. Cu kin s pht ra nh sng ti cc tn s cng hng m ti h s tng ch ca n vt qua c s mt mt. Cc cnh bn ca hc cng hng c hnh thnh bi cc cnh th, x x ca cu kin hn ch cc bc x khng mong mun trong cc hng ny.

Lp phn x cch in

Cc u cui hc cng hng c tch (110) trn b mt tinh th Kim loi

Cht nn Chiu ngang: 0,1 0,3 m Cc lp gi ht dn v quang nh sng ra Lp tch c ghp vo cc si quang Chiu dc: 250 500 Cnh bn: 5 15 m a/ 30 500 ( )

5 100 ( //)

b/

30 500

Hnh 8- 15 : a/ Cu trc ca mt it LASER vi hc cng hng Fabry- Perot: Cc u cui tch bc tinh th nh l gng phn chiu. u cui khng s dng c th bc bng tm phn x cch in gim mt mt quang trong hc cng hng b/ th phn b trng xa ca bc x Ch : Chm tia sng t LASER to thnh mt hnh elip ng ngay c khi vng pht quang ti din tch mt tch cc l mt elip ngang. it LASER hi tip - phn b (DFB): y l mt loi it LASER khng cn cc mt tch bc tinh th to gng phn x quang. DFB gn nh to c chn lc mt nh sng rt tt da trn s lan truyn sng trong mt cu trc tun hon. Mt it LASER loi DFB tiu biu c m t trong hnh 816. Cu to ca LASER loi ny cng ging nh loi Fabry Perot nhng s hot ng bc x c thc hin nh b gng phn chiu Bragg, l cc cch t tun hon, hoc nh s thay i theo chu k ca chit sut m n c hp thnh trong cu trc nhiu lp dc theo chiu di ca it laser.

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CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

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Ni chung, tn hiu quang hon ton ly ra t mt trc ca LASER, c ngha l, mt mt ca n c t thng hng vi si quang. Trong trng hp ny, mt gng phn chiu bng cht cch in c th c lng ng trn mt sau ca LASER gim s mt mt quang trong hc cng hng, gim mt dng in ngng, v tng hiu sut lng t ngoi. Vi gng phn chiu 6 lp, phn x c th t ti trn 98% .

Gng phn chiu bng cht cch in Cc lp giam gi Lp tch cc Cht nn

Cc cch t phn hi un cong dng sng

nh sng u ra

Hnh 8- 16 : Cu trc ca mt it LASER phn hi- phn b (DFB) c. Hot ng ca it LASER: Cp ngun cho LD hot ng phn cc thun Khi dng in cung cp I Ingng s xy ra bc x laser. S bc x quang bn trong hc cng hng ca it LASER to ra mt ph ca cc ng in trng v t trng gi l cc mt (modes) ca hc cng hng. Cc mt ny c th phn chia thnh 2 b mt c lp. Mi b mt c m t trong cc thut ng l cc bin i na hnh sin ngang, bn v dc ca trng in t dc theo h trc chnh ca hc cng hng. Trong , mt dc c quan h vi chiu di L ca hc cng hng v xc nh cu trc nguyn l ca ph tn s ca bc x nh sng pht ra. V chiu di L ca hc cng hng ln hn nhiu ln di bc sng ( 1m) nn c rt nhiu mt dc c th tn ti trong hc cng hng. Mt bn cnh nm trong b mt ca tip xc P-N. Cc mt ny ph thuc vo s ch to cc mt bn v rng ca hc cng hng; n xc nh hnh dng ca mt ct cnh bn ca chm tia laser. Cc mt ny rt quan trng v chng xc nh mt cch phong ph cc c tnh ca LASER nh ph bc x v mt dng in ngng. xc nh cc iu kin laser v tn s cng hng, ta biu din s lan truyn sng in t theo hng dc (dc theo trc chun cho cc gng): E(z,t) = I(z) exp [j(t - z)] (8. 5) Trong : I(z)- l mt trng quang theo hng dc (z) z - khong cch theo hng dc ca hc cng hng - l tn s gc ca nh sng - l h s lan truyn Bc x laser l iu kin m ti s khuch i nh sng c th thng c s hp th trong it LASER. Yu cu i hi cho pht laser l phi t c s o mt chim gi trong cht bn dn. iu kin ny c th c gii thch bng mi quan h gia mt trng sng I, h s hp th , v h s khuch i g trong hc cng hng Fabry Perot. Tc

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bc x kch thch trong mt mt cho t l thun vi mt bc x trong mt . Mt bc x ng vi cc photon c nng lng h thay i theo qui lut hm m vi khong cch z, dc theo hc cng hng tnh theo cng thc sau: I(z) = I(0) exp{[Ig(h) -(h)]z} (8. 6) Trong : ' - l h s hp th hu ch ca vt liu trong ng quang. I' - l h s giam gi nh sng. I(0) - mt trng quang ban u g - h s khuch i quang S khuch i quang ca cc mt chn t c bng c ch phn hi ca hc cng hng quang. Trong s lp i lp li nhiu ln gia 2 tm gng phn chiu t song song, mt phn nh ca bc x lin kt vi cc mt c h s khuch i quang cao nht c duy tr v khuch i trong mi mt lt i qua hc cng hng. Bc x Laser xut hin khi khuch i ca mt hoc mt s mt tri hn s mt mt nh sng trong sut mt lt i vng quanh qua hc cng hng, ngha l z = 2L. Trong sut lt i vng quanh ny ch c mt phn nh R1 v R2 ca bc x quang c phn x t hai u 1 v 2, tng ng, ca LASER; , R1 v R2 l phn x ca gng. Do vy cng thc (8. 6) c vit thnh: I(2L) = I(0)R1R2exp{2L[Ig(h) -(h)]} (8. 7) Ti ngng pht laser, mt dao ng trng thi bn chim gi v ln cng nh pha ca sng phn hi c th bng cc sng gc to ra n. iu ny cho ta cc iu kin pht laser: I(2L) = I(0) i vi bin (8. 8) - j2L v e = 1 i vi pha (8. 9) Cng thc (8. 9) cho thng tin v tn s cng hng ca hc Fabry Perot. T cng thc (8. 8) chng ta c th tm thy cc mt c khuch i ln dn n s pht quang v chng ta c th tm c bin ca cc mt ny. Do vy, t cng thc (8. 8), iu kin t c khuch i quang ngng-lasing gth: l mt im m ti khuch i g ln hn hoc bng tng mt mt t trong hc cng hng I' gth t t

= ' +

1 1 ln 2L R 1R 2

(8. 10)

Nu mt mt tha mn cng thc (8. 10) t ti ngng u tin, th theo l thuyt, ti im t ca iu kin ngng ny, tt c nng lng tng c a vo trong LASER s tng ln ca ring mt mt ny. Trn thc t, tn hiu ra lun tn ti nhiu hn mt mt. Cc yu t quan trng cho cc iu kin hot ng n mt dc l cc vng tch cc mng v c n nh nhit cao. Quan h gia cng sut quang pht ra vi dng in iu khin it c th hin hnh 8- 17. gi l c tuyn bc x.

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CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

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Pra Pht x laser (Pht x kch thch)

dP dI 0 INgng

Pht x t pht I

Hnh 8- 17: c tuyn bc x P-I

Khi dng in c tr s thp (I < INgng) trong it ch c bc x t pht. C khong ph v rng chm tia bn cnh bc x ny ging nh ca LED. S tng t ngt v rt nhanh ca cng sut ra xut hin ti ngng lasing. im chuyn i t ngt ny dn n vic khong ph v rng chm tia hp li theo tng ca dng in iu khin. rng ph xp x 1nm v rng chm tia cnh bn hp hon ton n chun 50 100 ngay khi vt qua im ngng. Dng in ngng Ith thng c xc nh bng php ngoi suy ca vng lasing ng cong th s ph thuc ca cng sut pht quang vo dng in iu khin, nh hnh (8- 17).
d. Cc c tnh v tham s ca LASER: c tuyn bc x: c tuyn bc x biu th quan h gia cng sut nh sng pht ra v dng in iu khin chy qua it LASER (xem hnh 8- 17). Qua hnh v ta thy: Khi dng in I < INgng : nh sng pht ra l bc x t pht ca LED. Khi dng in I INgng : S o in xut hin v nh sng pht ra l bc x kch thch cho ta nh sng kt hp. Hiu sut lng t vi phn ngoi: ext Hiu sut lng t vi phn ngoi xc nh s lng photon bc x ra trn i in t - l trng ti hp trn mc ngng. mW dP q dP ext = (8. 11) = 0,8065 m. mA dI E G dI

Trong :

EG - rng vng cm o bng eV. q - in tch ca in t. dP - lng thay i cng sut bc x ra o bng [mW]. khi gia lng dng in cung cp l dI o bng mA. - di bc sng bc x ra o bng m.

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Vi cc LASER bn dn thng dng th ext = (15 20)%; cn i vi cc linh kin cht lng cao c = 30 40)%.
Tn s cng hng: Theo cng thc (8. 9) ta c th xt cc tn s cng hng ca LASER. iu kin thc hin c cng thc (8. 9) l khi c: 2L = 2.m (8. 12) trong : m- l mt s nguyn - hng s lan truyn vi: = 2.n/ (8. 13) n - chit sut ca cht bn dn. T y ta c: C L = m. = m. (8. 14) 2n 2n Trong C l vn tc nh sng trong mi trng chn khng. iu ny c ngha l chiu di hp cng hng bng mt s nguyn ln na bc sng nh sng trong cht bn dn. Nh vy trong hc cng hng tn ti cc thnh phn sng ng khi mt s nguyn m na sng tri rng trong vng gia cc gng. V trong cc LASER, h s khuch i l mt hm ca tn s, do s c mt khong tn s c duy tr theo cng thc (8. 14). Mi mt tn s ny p ng mt mt dao ng ca LASER. Do vy s c mt s LASER n mt v mt s LASER a mt. Mi quan h gia h s khuch i v tn s s c dng Gauss:

( - 0 )2 g() = g(o) exp 2 2

Trong :

(8. 15)

0 - l di bc sng ti trung tm ca ph - l rng ph khuch i v h s khuch i cc i g(o) t l thun vi s o in. Xt tn s, hoc di bc sng, khong cch gia cc mt ca mt LASER a mt. tm khong cch tn s , nghin cu 2 mt lin tip nhau ca tn s m -1 v m biu din bng cc s nguyn (m-1) v m. T cng thc (8. 14), ta c: 2Ln m -1 = m -1 C 2Ln m v m = C Tr hai cng thc ny cho nhau ta c: 2Ln 2Ln (8. 16) 1 = ( m m -1 ) = C C T y ta c khong cch tn s: C (8. 17) = 2Ln

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0 Sn xung nh sng dng Gauss

822

824

826

828

(nm)

Hnh 8 - 18 : Ph tiu biu ca mt it LASER GaAlAs/ GaAs

Ta bit bc sng v tn s c quan h vi nhau nh sau (v = C ): / = / ta c: (8. 18) 2Ln Nh vy cng thc (8. 15) v (8. 18) cho ta quang ph bc x ca mt LASER a mt v th biu din s ph thuc ca khuch i vo tn s v khong cch tn s ph thuc vo cu trc ca LASER, (xem hnh 8- 18).
8.2.4. Mt ch th tinh th lng (LCD: Liquid Crystal Display). a. Khi nim: Mt ch th tinh th lng- LCD- khng phi l linh kin bn dn quang in t. LCD c ch to di dng thanh v chm- ma trn. LCD l cu kin th ng, n khng pht sng nn cng d c nu xung quanh cng sng. LCD c tui th kh cao t 10000 gi n 100000 gi v ngy nay n thay th dn cc mt ch th loi LED, Plasma hay hunh quang. LCD: dng lm mt ch th cho ng h, my tnh con, cc thit b o s, chi tr em, mn hnh ti vi. Vt liu: Tinh th lng s dng trong LCD l nhng hp cht hu c. Cc phn t ca tinh th lng ny c phn b sao cho cc trc dc ca chng nm song song vi nhau. Hiu ng quang hc dng cho LCD ch hn ch trong khong "khng ng hng", do vy di nhit lm vic ca LCD b hn ch v xc nh bi hai im nhit nng chy v nhit trong sut. b. Cu to ca thanh LCD:

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Cu to ca LCD gm c 2 tm knh t cch nhau khong 10m. Mt pha trong ca 2 tm knh trng mt lp oxit km (ZnO) trong sut lm hai in cc. Xung quanh bn cnh hai tm knh c hn kn, sau tinh th lng vo khong gia 2 tm knh v gn kn li. Hai tm nha c tnh phn cc nh sng c dn bn ngoi hai tm knh sao cho hnh nh phn chiu ca mt ch th c nhn t mt pha nh gng phn chiu. Tm nha phn cc th 2 Gng phn chiu Knh in cc trong sut Knh Tm nha phn cc th 1 nh sng chiu vo Mt ngi quan st Keo Tinh th lng

Hnh 8- 19 : Cu to ca mt thanh LCD c. Nguyn l lm vic:

Ch phn chiu: + Khi cha c in p t vo, cc thanh LCD khng lm vic th nh sng s i qua tm nha phn cc th nht, qua cht tinh th lng, qua tm nha phn cc th 2 n gng phn chiu v phn chiu tr v pha ngi quan st v thanh LCD khng nhn thy - Mt ch th trong sut. + Khi c in p cung cp cho thanh LCD, trc di ca cc phn t cht tinh th lng c nh hng theo hng ca in trng. Nh vy, nh sng i qua tm nha phn cc th nht s b thay i do cht tinh th hot ha, do , nh sng khng th i qua tm phn cc th 2 phn chiu li bng gng phn chiu. Nh th thanh tinh th lng chu tc ng ca in trng s b ti i. Vi 2 mng lc phn cc 900 ta c nn ca mt ch th trong sut v nhng ch, s, du hiu ti en. y l mt ch th hot ng ch phn chiu. Nhc im ca ch phn chiu l mt ch th phi da vo mt ngun sng t bn ngoi. Nu khng c nh sng ngoi hay trong mt phng ti th mt ch th s khng nhn thy. Ch thng sng: Nu 2 mng lc phn cc song song th ta c mt ch th c nn ti v cc ch, s v du hiu s trong sut. Loi ny thch hp vi vic chiu sng t pha sau mt ch th v ta gi l ch thng sng. 186

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

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Mt sau phn x nh sng n nh sng phn chiu nh sng n a/ Ch phn chiu

Mt sau khng phn x

nh sng mt sau b/ Ch thng sng

Hnh 8 - 20 : Ch lm vic ca LCD

ch ny, nh sng i qua cc phn khng hot ha nhng c g vo khun bng cc thanh hot ha. V vy ch s chn s nhn thy. nh sng chiu u, cn c mt tm knh tn x t gia LCD v ngun sng. Hu ht cc ng h s hin th u kt hp c hai ch phn chiu v thng sng. Loi LCD ny cn c in p xoay chiu t 3V n 8V, thi gian hin s l 100 msec v thi gian tt t 200 msec n 300 msec.
d. Mch in iu khin LCD: Phn on tinh th lng v mch in tng ng ca n c m t trong hnh 821a,b. Trong hnh 8- 21 c: - a: l in cc ca mt phn on; - b: l in cc chung. - RK : l in tr ca cc vt liu gia ngun in v phn on tinh th lng (khong vi K). - RS : l in tr ca tinh th lng (khong vi M) - CS : l in dung gia hai cc in ca mt phn on tinh th lng. (khong t 100pF 200pF , 300pF cho LCD loi ln).

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a/ b U1 a U2 b/ Mt sau (Back- plane) b

c/ Ub U1 0 U2 0 Hiu in th a/b d/ RK U1 CS RS +U 0 a -U Hiu th a/b

Hnh 8- 21: a- Phn on LCD vi cc chn in cc. b- Mch in tng ng ca mt phn on LCD. c- Hai in cc a v b c in p cng pha. d- Hai in cc a v b c in p ngc nhau.

Ua 0

Ub 0

Ua U2 0

in dung CS khng gy nh hng tn s lm vic t 30 Hz n 150 Hz, hoc 200 Hz. Vi cc tn s < 30 Hz cc ch s b chp chn; v vi tn s > 100 Hz v vi in p kh cao cc phn on khng c in p cng b chp chn. hn ch hin tng ny, cc phn on khng s dng phi ni vi in cc mt sau (Back -plane). Trong hnh (8- 21c) cho ta thy, khi in p trn hai in cc a v b ca phn on LCD cng pha th hiu th ca phn on l 0V nn n khng c kch hot. Trong hnh (8-21d): Khi hai in cc a v b c in p ngc nhau th hiu th gia in cc a v in cc b l mt in p xoay chiu vi bin bng 2Ub v phn on LCD c kch thch hot ng. Nh bit, LCD lm vic ta cn mt in p xoay chiu khng c ln in p mt chiu. Vi in p mt chiu ln, mng in cc trong sut t cht Indium/ oxit km b kh thnh Indium/km. Mng in cc s ti i v LCD b m.

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CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

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LCD 7 on sng a f g b

e c d B.P a b c d e f g Vo xoay chiu 30Hz 1 A 1 B 1 C 0 D B gii m BCD thnh 7 on a b c d e =1 =1 =1 =1 =1 =1 =1

Hnh 8- 22 : Hot ng ca LCD vi b gii m 7 on sng v cng X-OR (CMOS).

LCD thng thng yu cu in p mt chiu ln vo < 100mV; cn LCD mu yu cu in p mt chiu ln vo < 50mV. Do vy, ta nn dng mch iu khin vi IC h CMOS s cho ta mt in p t mo nht. V LCD c cng sut thp nn dng cc cng CMOS iu khin l tt nht. Hnh 8- 22 m t hot ng ca mt ch th LCD 7 on vi b gii m BCD thnh 7 on. Theo nh hnh (8- 22), mt phn on trn mt ch th LCD s tr nn en nu n ngc pha vi B.P.; n s tr nn trong sut nu in p trn n cng pha vi in p trn B.P.
e. Cc tham s chnh ca LCD: Bng 8.2 ch ra mt s tham s ca LCD.

189

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

Tham s Khong nhit lm vic Khong nhit d tr in p lm vic Thnh phn dc Tn s iu khin Dng tiu th nng lng Thi gian ln Thi gian tt Thi gian ln + thi gian tt

Bng 8.2 : Tham s ca LCD n v min

0 0

Loi tiu chun

max +60 +70 6 100 200 30

C C

VT.B. mV Hz nA/mm2 ms ms ms

- 10 - 25 3 30

4,5

15 40 80

250

8.3.CC CU KIN CHUYN I QUANG IN (cu kin thu quang).

Ti u ra ca ng truyn dn quang cn phi c cu kin thu quang chuyn i cc tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in. Cu kin thu quang cn c gi l cc b tch quang. V tn hiu quang rt yu v b bin dng khi n xut hin u si quang nn b tch quang cn phi c nhy cao, tp m ca h thng thp nht, c tc p ng nhanh hoc rng bng tha mn tc d liu. ng thi, b tch quang khng c nhy vi s thay i ca nhit , c bn cao v gi thnh phi chng so vi cc b phn khc ca h thng. Mt s cc cu kin thu quang thng s dng nh in tr quang, it quang, tranzito quang, thyrixto quang...
8.3.1. in tr quang. in tr quang l mt cu kin bn dn th ng, khng c lp tip xc P-N. Vt liu dng ch to in tr quang thng l Cadmium Sulfid (CdS), Cadmium Selenid (CdSe), Sulfid km (ZnS) hoc cc tinh th hn hp khc. Tt c cc vt liu ny c gi l vt liu bn dn nhy quang. a. Cu to: in tr quang gm mt lp vt liu bn dn nhy quang ri ln mt tm vt liu cch in v 2 chn dn in. chng m ngi ta bc bn ngoi quang tr mt lp sn chng m trong sut vi vng nh sng hot ng ca n. Tt c c bc trong mt v bng cht do c ca s cho nh sng i qua. Hnh 8- 23a,b m t cu to v k hiu ca in tr quang.

190

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

Cc in Bn dn nhy quang Cht cch in Chn cc kim loi

Chn cc kim loi a/

Vt liu nhy quang

b/ K hiu

Hnh 8- 23: a- Cu to ca in tr quang b- K hiu ca in tr quang trong s mch b. Nguyn l lm vic: Mch in u in tr quang trnh by hnh 8- 24. Khi chiu nh sng vo vt liu bn dn nhy quang vi nng lng photon ln hn hoc bng rng vng cm ca vt liu, do qu trnh hp th quang nng, tng cp in t- l trng mi xut hin. Do vy, nng ht dn trong cht bn dn tng ln, lm dn in ca n tng, hay ni cch khc l in tr ca cht bn dn gim xung. dn in c to ra khi c chiu nh sng l:

= 0 + F
trong :

0 - l dn in khi cha chiu sng. F - dn in c to ra do nh sng.

F = q( n + p )p

(8. 19)

y: n = p - nng in t bng nng l trng mi sinh ra. Dng in quang c tnh theo cng thc:

I ph = q.p.( n + p ).E.w.d

(8. 20)

trong w.d l tit din ca lp bn dn nhy quang, E l cng in trng. Qua cng thc trn ta thy dn in ca vt liu bn dn c th thay i c khi ta thay i nng ht dn v linh ng hiu dng ca in t v l trng. Nh vy, khi ta thay i cng chiu sng ln in tr quang th cng dng in trong mch cng thay i theo.

191

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

h Rd + ECC Rt US C

Hnh 8- 24: S u in tr quang trong cc mch.

H s khuch i ca in tr quang (K) xc nh nh l t s ca cc ht dn thu c trn chn cc v cc ht dn c sinh ra trn n v thi gian:

K=
trong :

p ( n + p )U CC l2

(8. 21)

p - thi gian sng ca ht dn, U CC l in p cung cp.

l chiu di ca s ca in tr quang Trong hnh (8- 24), in tr quang hot ng cn cp cho n mt ngun in p UCC. Quang tr Rd mc ni tip vi mt ti Rt v t in C dng dn tn hiu in a ra li ra. Khi b chiu sng, in tr Rd ca in tr quang thay i vi tr s l R. Dng in trong mch tng ln mt lng I v st p trn ti Rt cng tng ln mt lng l uS , ta c: R t R (8. 22) uS = UCC (R t + R d R )(R t + R d ) v tn hiu ny c a vo mt b khuch i qua t in C. S (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 (m) CdS CdSe

Hnh 8- 25 : c tuyn ph ca in tr quang

192

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

Cc in tr quang c kh nng khuch i dng in ln n 105 ln hoc hn na. Tuy nhin, cc gi tr ny ch ph hp khi cng nh sng khng thay i theo thi gian hoc thay i chm. Khi tn s bin iu, cng nh sng tng th h s khuch i ca in tr quang gim. Kh nng p ng tn s ca in tr quang thp, thng t t vi chc Hz n vi KHz. c tuyn ph ca mt s loi in tr quang m t trong hnh 8- 25. y l th biu din s bin i ca nhy tng i ca in tr quang theo quang ph.
c. Cc tham s chnh ca in tr quang: + in dn sut p : l hm s ca mt nng lng quang khi di bc sng khng i. khi = const p() + nhy tng i ca in tr quang S (): l t s gia in dn sut thay i theo bc sng p() v in dn sut cc i p.max khi mt nng lng quang khng i:

S() =

P ( ) Pmax

(8. 23)

+ Vn tc lm vic: l thi gian hi p ca mt in tr quang khi c s thay i t sng sang ti hay t ti sang sng. Vi cng nh sng mnh, in tr quang lm vic nhanh hn. in tr quang lm vic chm hn khi tri lnh v ct gi trong bng ti. + H s nhit ca in tr quang: H s nhit ca in tr quang t l nghch vi cng chiu sng. Do , gim bt s thay i tr s ca in tr quang theo nhit , in tr quang cn c cho hot ng mc chiu sng ti a. + in tr ti Rd : in tr ti l in tr trong bng ti ca in tr quang. in tr ti l tham s quan trng, n cho ta bit "dng in r" ln nht i vi mt in th trn in tr quang. + in th hot ng: Tu theo cu trc mt n ca in tr quang m c cc in th lm vic khc nhau. in th ny c th ln ti 0,5 Kv/mm. in th hot ng cao nht o c khi in tr quang hot ng trong bng ti. Khi s dng in tr quang cn chn gi tr in p cung cp sao cho ti u i vi mch in m khng lm hng in tr quang. + Cng sut tiu tn cao nht: Khi in tr quang hot ng cn phi gi cho nhit ca n thp hn mt nhit cho php. Nhit cho php ca in tr quang thng gii hn t - 400C n +750C.
8.3.2. it quang. a. Khi nim chung: Khi chiu sng mt tip xc P-N th trn n s xut hin mt in p. Tu theo chc nng v cu trc c th chia it quang thnh nhiu loi nh sau: it quang loi tip xc P-N. it quang loi PIN. it quang thc (APD). Mt s c im ca it quang l rt tuyn tnh, t nhiu, di tn s lm vic rng, nh, c bn c hc cao v tui th cao.

193

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

it quang khng nhy bng in tr quang loi CdS nhng n lm vic nhanh gp nhiu ln. K hiu ca it quang trong s mch: nh hnh 8- 26.

Hnh 8- 26 : K hiu ca it quang.

Vt liu c bn: Hin nay, truyn dn tn hiu quang theo 3 ca s suy hao nh nht ca si quang, ngi ta ch n cc it quang lm vic hai vng bc sng: - Vng bc sng t 0,85 n 0,9 m. - Vng bc sng t 1,3 n 1,6 m. Trong vng bc sng th nht t 0,85 n 0,9 m, th vt liu ch to it quang c chn l Silic v Silic c nhy cao vi bc sng quanh 0,85 m. rng vng cm ca silic l EG = 1,1eV v bng nng lng quang cn hp th, ta c: C (8. 24) EG = h = h

v s c bc sng ct l: P = 1,1m. Trong vng bc sng th hai t 1,3 n 1,6 m cn s dng cht bn dn c rng vng cm hp hn vi EG < 0,95 eV ngi ta thng chn vt liu bn dn c ch to t cc lin kt III-V nh GaAs, InP, InAs v GaSb... Ngoi ra, ngi ta cng ch n lin kt II-VI nh PbSnSe v CdHgTe. Nh thay i hm lng ph hp trong cu trc HgxCd1-xTe c th ch to c cc it quang lm vic bc sng 1,3 m n 1,55 m. Thc t c loi it quang thc APD th nghim ch to t vt liu Hg0,4Cd0,6Te.

(cm-1)
106 10 10
5 4

a-SiHg (1,55 eV) InGaAs (0,8 eV) Ge (0,67 eV) InGaAsP (0,92 eV)

10

Si (1,12 eV) InP (1,35 eV) GaAs (1,43 eV) 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6

102 GaP (2,26 eV) 10

(m)

Hnh 8- 27: H s hp th ca mt s cht bn dn quan trng

Trong hnh, nng lng vng cm c ch ra dc theo di bc sng. 194

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

Ch rng, h s hp th gim nhanh ti vng nng lng cm, ng thi s hp th l khng ng k i vi nng lng photon < EG. Nh vy, Silic hp th photon vi 1,1 m v GaAs hp th photon vi 0,9 m .
b. it quang loi tip xc P-N: Lp chng phn quang Ant A SiO2

W Bn dn P ECP EVP Bn dn N ECn nh sng b/ EVn

P+ Tip xc P-N N+ a/ K

Catt

Hnh 8- 28 : Cu to ca it quang loi tip xc P-N (a) v phn b di nng lng ca tip xc P-N (b).

Cu to: it quang gm c mt tip xc P-N. B dy ca lp tip xc l w. Hai phn bn dn P+ v N+ c nng tp cht cao. it c mt ca s chiu nh sng vo. Hai chn ant A v catt K l kim loi c ni ti cc phn bn dn. (Xem hnh 8- 28) Nguyn l lm vic: S nguyn l u it quang trong mch in m t trong hnh 8-29:

D ECC ID Rt

C UR

Hnh 8- 29: S nguyn l u ni it quang

Nh trong s hnh 8- 29, it quang c cp ngun ECC sao cho tip xc P-N phn cc ngc to ra mt in trng dch chuyn cc ht dn thiu s s c sinh ra di tc dng ca nh sng. Do , khi cha c tc dng nh sng th trong it thu quang ch c dng in ngc (dng in ti hay dng r) rt nh. Khi cho nh sng chiu vo, (xem hnh 8- 28b), do qu trnh hp th, trong bn dn xut hin tng cp in t - l trng. Cc in t v l trng ny di tc ng ca in trng tip xc P-N phn cc ngc s chuyn ng tri qua tip xc P-N v to nn dng in gi l dng quang in.

195

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

Nu quang thng ca nh sng i ti l Fph. V quang thng ca nh sng b phn x l RFph. Th dng in quang do ht dn in t l trng sinh ra trong lp ngho c th tnh theo cng thc:

I1 = q 0 Fph . .e x dx = q.Fph (1 e w )
w

(8. 25)

V qu trnh ti hp bn trong lp ngho ht dn phn cc ngc l khng ng k, tt c cc in t v l trng va sinh ra c thu nhn v hiu sut s gn t 100%. Dng in do cc ht dn sinh ra trong lp N+ c th l:

I 2 = q.Fph

.L p 1 + .L p

e w

(8. 26)

Trong vng N+, mt s ht dn b ti hp nn hiu sut < 100%. Dng in quang tng l:
w 1 e I ph = I1 + I 2 = q.Fph 1 + .L p

I ph = q.
Trong :

w P0 1 e h 1 + .L p

(8. 27)

q- in tch ca in t. h- nng lng ca photon. P0 - cng sut quang i ti it quang. - h s hp th nh sng ti bc sng . w- b dy ca tip xc P-N. Lp di khuch tn ca l trng. Hiu sut lng t l:

=
trong Fph =

I ph q Fph

= 1

e w 1 + .L p

(8. 28)

P0 v P0 l cng sut quang sau khi b phn x b mt linh kin. h

S= I ph P0 = q. . = [A/W] h. 1,24
(8. 29)

nhy ca it quang:

trong [m ] .

Linh kin cn c nhy cao v n s cho dng in quang cao hn i vi cng cng sut quang chiu vo. Tn s v cng ca dng quang in hon ton do tn s v cng ca nh sng kch thch quyt nh. it quang loi tip xc P-N c vng in tch khng gian hp, nh sng c hp th phn ln trong vng bn dn loi P v N. Nh vy hiu sut lng t thp v tc p ng thp. tng hiu sut lng t ha v nhy ngi ta ch to it quang c vng in tch khng gian rng hn. l it quang loi PIN v it quang thc APD. c. it quang loi PIN: Cu to: 196

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

it quang loi PIN gm mt lp bn dn N+ c nng tp cht cao lm nn, trn ph mt lp bn dn nguyn tnh I (Intrinsic), ri n lp bn dn loi P+ c nng tp cht cao. Do it c tn gi l it P-I-N. Bn trn b mt ca lp bn dn P+ l in cc vng Ant nh sng c th thm nhp vo min bn dn I. Trn lp bn dn P c ph mt lp mng chng phn x quang trnh tn tht nh sng chiu vo. Nguyn l hot ng: in p cung cp cho it phn cc ngc dc theo linh kin, v vy lp I b ngho hon ton trong sut thi gian hot ng ca n. Khi nh sng i vo lp bn dn P+, trng hp l tng mi photon s sinh ra trong min P+, I hoc N+ mt cp in t- l trng. Cc in t v l trng va sinh ra s c in trng mnh ht v hai pha in cc, to ra mt dng in mch ngoi v trn ti Rt thu c mt in p U Ra. Trn thc t, mt phn nh sng vo b tn tht do phn x. Lp chng phn x to cho linh kin c th t hiu sut ti 80%. Nu ta tnh n phn x Rf ti b mt ca it quang th dng in quang s cp Iph tnh theo cng thc (8.27) c vit li nh sau:

I ph = q.
-VR Fph R.Fph

w P0 1 e (1 R f ) h 1 + .L p

(8. 30)

Iph P+ wp I w N+ wn RL a/

h.

EC
h.

UCC

b/

EV vng tri l trng khuch tn

in t khuch tn

Fph (1 R )e x
x c/

Hnh 8- 30: Hot ng ca it quang PIN a/ M hnh cu to ca it PIN b/ Gin nng lng khi phn cc ngc c/ c tnh pht sinh ht dn i vi silic, h s phn x nh sng hu nh l 30%.

197

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

Kh nng thm nhp nh sng vo cc lp bn dn thay i theo bc sng. V th lp bn dn P+ khng c qu dy. Xc sut to ra cc cp in t - l trng trong min I tng ln theo dy ca min ny, do min I cng dy cng t hiu sut lng t ha cao. Nhng nu rng ca lp I tng ln th thi gian tri qua n chm hn v lm chm tc chuyn mch. Trong it PIN khng c khuch i v hiu sut cc i l n v, rng bng tn c th gii hn bi hng s thi gian in dung - in tr ngoi. Trn thc t, rng bng c th t 10 GHz. it quang loi PIN c dng in ti rt nh nn ting n thp hn so vi in tr quang. V nguyn nhn ny, it PIN l b tch quang thng dng trong cc h thng thng tin quang.
d. it quang thc (APD): tng nhy ca it quang, ngi ta c th s dng hiu ng ging nh hiu ng nhn in t trong cc b nhn quang in. Cu to ca it quang s c dng c bit l it quang vi hiu ng quang thc APD - Avalanche Photodiodes. it quang thc ging nh it PIN tr in p phn cc ln hn nhiu to ra s nhn thc l v ht dn v nh vy APD c khuch i dng in bi s ion ho do va chm v nhn ht dn.

Cu to: Hnh (8- 31a,b) m t cu to v s phn b in trng trong it quang thc APD. Nh hnh v, lp bn dn nguyn tnh I trong it P-I-N c thay bng mt lp bn dn P c nng tp cht thp. Nh vy, min bn dn P to thnh min tri v l ni sinh ra cc cp in t- l trng.

Lp chng phn x in cc (A) UCC URa Rt P+ P N+ N in cc (K) a/ P+ I() P N+ x b/ in trng ti thiu ion ha do va chm Vng thc SiO2 Cng in trng E

Hnh 8- 31 : Cu to ca APD v phn b in trng trong it APD.

in trng do in p phn cc ngc bn ngoi t vo thay i theo cc lp bn dn dc theo it c m t nh hnh (8- 31b): Trong vng tri in trng tng chm, nhng trong vng tip xc P-N+ th tng nhanh v to ra min thc ti vng ny.
Nguyn l hot ng:

198

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

Nguyn l hot ng ca APD c bn ging nh it P-I-N. S nguyn l c m t trong hnh (8- 31a). Theo s ny, it quang thc c phn cc ngc nh ngun UCC , v tn hiu in c ly ra trn ti Rt. Khi chiu nh sng vo, s xut hin thm cc cp in- l trng mi trong min tri (bn dn P). Di tc ng ca in trng, cc in t trong min P s dch chuyn n vng thc ca tip xc P-N+ v ri vo vng c in trng mnh nn c tng tc. Cc in t c tc ln ny s va chm vo cc nguyn t khc to ra cc cp in t- l trng mi. Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng ion ha do va chm. Do , dng in qua it APD tng nhanh nh c khuch i ln vi h s khuch i M. H s khuch i (hay cn gi l h s nhn) ph thuc vo in p phn cc cho it v n c th t ti 200 ln. Xem hnh 8 -32 H s nhn M cng c th tnh theo cng thc: I 1 Mph = M = (8. 31) I ph 1 (V / Vdt ) n
Trong : IM - l gi tr trung bnh ca dng in nhn tng ti u ra. Iph - l dng quang in s cp cha c nhn, xc nh theo cng thc (8. 30). Vdt - in p nh thng ti gi tr M xc nh. n lu tha, l hng s vt liu c gi tr t 2,5 n 7. V = V0 IMRM vi V0 l in p phn cc ngc cho it; RM l in tr ni tip ca it quang v in tr ti ca mch tch quang v IM l dng in nhn u ra ca APD. Qua hnh 8- 32 ta thy it APD cn c in p phn cc ln hn nhiu so vi it loi P-I-N. Nu thi gian cho qu trnh ion ha trong min thc cng di th h s khuch i M cng ln, song tc tri qua min thc s chm i. Cc xung cng s b dn rng ra v hn ch rng bng tn B. nh gi kh nng lm vic ca APD, ngi ta nh ngha tch s khuch i v rng bng do qu trnh thc l: Mph.B =

1 2

(8. 32)

Trong : l thi gian gia 2 qu trnh va chm ca in t vi cc nguyn t.

199

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

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1000 500 200 100 50 20 568nm 10 5 2 1 0 UCC(V) 100 200 476nm 300 400 =1060nm 800nm it quang APD Silic

Hnh 8- 32 : S ph thuc ca h s khuch i dng in M ca it quang APD silic vo in p phn cc UCC cc bc sng khc nhau ti nhit trong phng.

S tng h s khuch i c th t c khi tch h s khuch i - rng bng tn t 100 GHz hoc hn. Thng thng, cc APD cho php t rng bng trn 1GHz vi gi tr Mph ln. n nh gi tr Mph, ta cn cp mt in p ngun ln v n nh v nhit do chi ph m bo ch lm vic cho APD ln hn nhiu so vi it loi P-I-N. Trong it APD silic, ion ho do va chm bi in t khong 50 ln ln hn l trng v do n cho t l tn hiu / ting n tt nht. Cc c tnh v tham s ca it quang: - Hiu sut lng t ha l t s gia s lng cc i in t- l trng sinh ra trn s photon c nng lng h i n v n c tnh theo cng thc sau:

S cp in t l trng sinh ra S photon i n

I ph / q P0 / h

(8. 33)

Trong : Iph l dng quang in trung bnh sinh ra do cng sut quang trung bnh P0 i ti it quang. Trn it thc t hiu sut lng t ha = (30 95)%. nhy ca it quang S: (hay h s chuyn i) nhy ch r gi tr dng quang in sinh ra trn n v cng sut nh sng i n it. N lin h vi hiu sut lng t ha theo cng thc: I ph q S = [A/w] (8. 34 ) = h P0 Trong cc it quang loi P-I-N, nhy l hm ca bc sng c m t hnh 8- 33.

200

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

Trong hu ht cc photoit, nhy l mt hm tuyn tnh vi cng sut quang. C ngha l, dng quang in IPh t l thun trc tip vi cng sut quang P0 chiu vo cu kin tch quang, cng nh vy, nhy S l hng s ti mt bc sng cho. Tuy nhin, hiu sut lng t ha khng phi l hng s ti tt c cc bc sng v n thay i theo nng lng photon. Dn n nhy l hm ca bc sng v vt liu bn dn, xem hnh 8- 33. S(A/w) % 1 90% 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 10% 0 0,7 0,9 1,1 1,3 1,5 1,7 (m) Si Ge 30% 70% InGaAs 50%

Hnh 8- 33 : So snh gia hiu sut lng t v nhy nh mt hm ca bc sng cho it quang loi P-I-N i vi cc vt liu khc nhau.

Tp m ca b tch quang: Trong cc h thng thng tin si quang, nhn chung photoit c yu cu tch cc tn hiu quang rt yu. Vic tch cc tn hiu quang yu nht c th yu cu b tch quang v mch khuch i tip theo ca n phi ti u sao cho t s tn hiu trn tp m (S/N) c duy tr. T s tn hiu trn tp m (S/N) ti u ra ca mt b thu quang c xc nh nh sau:
S N = Cng sut tn hiu dng quang iin Cng sut tap m cua it quang + Cng sut tap m mach khuch ai

Thi gian hi p: p ng in p % 90%

10% Thi gian r f

Hnh 8- 34 : Thi gian ln r v thi gian xung f ca p ng in p li ra ca it quang. 201

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

Thi gian hi p ca it quang c biu th bng thi gian ln v thi gian xung ca tn hiu tch quang trn li ra khi it quang c chiu sng bng bc x quang u vo. Thi gian ln c o t 10% n 90% sn ln ca xung ra v thi gian xung cng c o nh vy, xem hnh 8- 34:
8.3.3. T bo quang in v pin mt tri. a. Cu to: T bo quang in thng c ch to t cc vt liu: Ge, Si, CdS, ZnS,... Cu to ca t bo quang in gm phn nhy quang l tm bn dn loi N vi cc ca s trong sut cho tn hiu quang chiu vo. Pha i din vi lp bn dn N l lp bn dn loi P. Tt c c bc trong v bo v vi 2 in cc dn ra ngoi. b. Nguyn l lm vic: Khi chiu sng ln lp bn dn N, do qu trnh lng t ha s sinh ra tng i in t l trng. Di tc dng ca in trng trong lp tip xc Etx cc l trng s di chuyn t phn bn dn N sang bn dn P, cn cc in t th chuyn ng v b mt ca lp bn dn N v lm xut hin hai u cc hiu in th c hng in trng t bn dn P sang bn dn N (EF) v ngc chiu vi chiu ca in trng tip xc. Do , in trng tip xc gim, cc ht dn a s s khuch tn qua tip xc P-N. Hin tng ny tip tc n mt tr s EF no m ti trng thi cn bng ng trong tip xc P-N c xc lp, hiu in th UF hai u cc in n nh. Nh vy, t bo quang in chuyn nng lng nh sng sang nng lng in. y l in th h mch ca t bo quang in UL. Nu ni kn mch ngoi bng ti Rt s c dng in chy qua l IR (trng hp ngn mch ngoi ta s c dng in ngn mch IPhot.). H s c ch ca t bo quang silic kh cao nn c s dng lm pin mt tri. T bo quang silic c th hot ng c ch c ngun v ch ch bin tn hiu.

PF Cc in (K) Si(N) Tip xc P-N Si-N Rt IR UL Si-P EF Etx Si(P+) Cc in (A)

Hnh 8- 35 : Cu to v c ch hot ng ca t bo quang in t Si. c. c tuyn vn-ampe v tham s: Dng in qua t bo quang khi cha chiu sng chnh l dng in ca it bn dn theo phng trnh ca Shockley: I = I0[exp(U/VT) - 1]

202

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

Khi t bo quang c chiu sng, th c tuyn dch chuyn theo chiu m ca trc I. Khong dch ny bng dng quang in ngn mch IPhot. Lc ny dng in qua t bo quang s c biu thc: I = I0[exp(UL/VT) -1] - IPhot (8. 35) Trong : - IPhot. l dng quang in ngn mch. - UL l in th quang in h mch - PPhot. l cng sut quang in hiu dng Hai tham s quan trng ca t bo quang hay pin mt tri l hiu sut bin i v cng sut hiu dng. Khc vi pin mt tri, cc t bo quang in c cu to vi nhng cu trc b cho cng sut nh v khng ti u cho ph mt tri.

I -1/RL I0 PPhot Vng it quang IPhot UL U Vng ca t bo quang

Hnh 8- 36: c tuyn vn -ampe ca t bo quang in

Hiu sut bin i quang- in l t s gia cng sut hiu dng ln nht vi h s mt tri S v tnh theo cng thc: = (IU)Max/S (8. 36) H s mt tri S tu thuc vo s suy gim ca nh sng mt tri qua tng kh quyn v c o bng n v AM. Dng in do nh sng to ra trn ti cng hng vi dng in ngc bo ho ca tip xc P-N. Do vy, dng in tng ca tip xc P-N khi chiu sng c tnh:
U 1 e VT I = I Phot + I 0 Vi IPhot c tnh theo cng thc: I Phot = q.G L (Ln + L p ). A

(8. 37)

(8. 38)

GL - tc pht sinh ht dn. A - din tch mt tip xc c tnh Vn Ampe theo cng thc (8. 37) hnh 8- 37 H s mt tri AM1 c xc nh l mt tri chiu ti nh im v cu kin ti mt bin di iu kin AM1 l cao hn 100 mW/cm2 mt cht. Ph mt tri ngoi khng kh c hiu l AMO, nng lng mt tri l 135 mW/cm2. t I=0 trong cng thc (8. 37) tnh in p h mch l: trong :

203

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

I (8. 39) U L = VT ln1 + L I0 Cng sut ln nht c th nhn c t mt pin mt tri tu thuc vo khong c tuyn nm gia dng in ngn mch v in th h mch. d. Vt liu: Vt liu thng dng ch to pin mt tri c Si, GaAs, CdS.... Silic c rng vng cm EG = 1,1eV cho ta in th h mch UL = 0,5V, v dng ngn mch IPhot. = 50mA/cm2 v hiu sut bin i trn thc t khong t 10% n 11%. Vt liu GaAs c rng vng cm EG = 1,43eV cho ta in th h mch UL = 0,7V, dng in ngn mch IPhot. kh nh khong 10mA/cm2 v hiu sut bin i thc t khong = 21%. Mi mt t bo pin mt tri cho in th khong 0,4V n 0,5V. Khi s dng, cc t bo pin mt tri thng c u thnh modul pin mt tri cho in p cao hn.

I (mV) IPhot3=Fullsun 120 Imp 90 60 30 IPhot1=0,13 S 100 200 300 400 500 Ump in p h mch U (mV) dng in ngn mch IPhot2=0,5Sun

Hnh 8- 37: c tuyn Vn Ampe ca t bo pin mt tri di chiu sng AM1 (air - mass), ngha l nng lng mt tri ti mt bin di bu tri trong sng vi nh nng mt tri nh im 8.3.4. Tranzito quang lng cc. a. Cu to: Cu to v k hiu ca tranzito quang m t trong hnh 8- 38. Ging nh tranzito thng, tranzito quang c 2 loi PNP v NPN. Ba chn cc: cc pht E, cc gc B, v cc gp C. Cc gc l b mt c nh sng chiu vo, n c ch to rt mng c in tr nh.

204

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

a/ E E Mt chiu sng SiO2 N+ Tip xc P-N Cc gp C Hnh 8- 38: Cu to ca tranzito quang (a) v k hiu ca n (b) b/ B

PF B SiO2 P

Hnh 8- 38 : Cu to v k hiu ca tranzito quang b. Nguyn l hot ng: S nguyn l u tranzito quang m t hnh 8- 39. Trong hnh, ngun cung cp ECC to cho tip xc pht phn cc thun v tip xc gp phn cc ngc. Ti Rt st bt mt phn in p phn cc cho tranzito, v ly tn hiu in ra. Khi khng c tn hiu quang (h = 0 hay IB = IPhot. = 0) trong mch ch c dng in ti IC ti. y l dng in do cc l trng khuch tn t phn pht sang ti cc gp v n c tr s nh. Khi c tn hiu quang n (h 0 hay IB = IPhot 0), phn gc s xut hin cc cp in t- l trng. Cc l trng s di chuyn v cc gp to nn thnh phn dng quang in IPphot., cn cc in t chuyn ng v pha tip xc pht, kch thch cho s khuch tn ca cc ht dn ti y d dng hn..

C P -e N P Rt ECC

IC (mA) 8 h3 6 h2 4 h10 2 0 5 10 15 h0=0 -UC (V)

+e +e

Hnh 8- 39: S nguyn l u tranzito quang v c tuyn Vn -Ampe ca n

205

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

Vi s mc cc pht chung nh hnh v, ta c th tnh gn ng dng in cc gp khi tranzito quang c chiu sng ICs: Do cc gc h v c nh sng chiu n nn dng in cc gc chnh l dng tn hiu quang IPhot.. H s khuch i dng quang chnh bng h s khuch i ca tranzito trong s mc cc pht chung (M = ). Vy, tng dng in trong tranzito quang khi c chiu sng: ICs = IPhot. + IPphot + IC ti (8. 40) Thnh phn dng in ti IC ti s hn ch kh nng khuch i tn hiu quang ca tranzito. khc phc hn ch ny ngi ta dng tranzito quang 3 chn cc gim dng in ti v tng tr khng ra ca mch. S u tranzito 3 chn cc nh trong hnh 8- 40. Vi cch mc ny cc tham s ca mch ph thuc vo dng in cc gc r rt. Ti gi tr dng cc gc ti u no s cho cc thng s ti u: dng in ti c th gim xung 10 ln, tr khng ra tng ln khong 10 ln, v cc h s khuch i dng in v in p tng ln ng k so vi mch h cc gc. Trong cc mch, tranzito quang cng c th mc theo 3 cch mc. l cc s : cc gc chung, cc pht chung v cc gp chung nh tranzito thng ch c khc tn hiu iu khin l tn hiu quang. ra Rt B Rb UB a/ UC E b/ C

Hnh 8- 40: a- S mc tranzito quang 3 chn cc ti u cc thng s b- S tng ng ca tranzito quang: it quang l tip xc gc- gp.

V mt cu trc c th coi tranzito quang nh mt mch tch hp n gin gm mt it quang lm nhim v bin i tn hiu quang sang tn hiu in v mt tranzito c nhim v khuch i (xem hnh 8- 40b). c h s khuch i dng quang ln, ngi ta dng s Dacling- tn i vi cc tranzito quang, xem hnh 8- 41. Tranzito quang Dacling-tn c ch to nh ch ra trong hnh.

206

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

C B E a/ S tranzito quang Dacling tn B

E b/ S tng ng

Hnh 8- 41: S tranzito quang Dacling-tn

T s tng ng ta thy nhy ph ca tranzito quang cng ging nh i vi cc it quang tng ng, tuy nhin v tranzito quang c kh nng khuch i nn nhy ca n cao hn it quang khong vi trm ln. Tn s lm vic ca tranzito quang thp hn it quang. Tranzito quang lm vic vi tn s n vi trm KHz (khong 300KHz, cn s Dacling- tn ch khong 30KHz) trong khi it quang lm vic n vi chc MHz.
8.3.5. Thyrixto quang. a. Cu to: Cng nh cc thyrixto thng, trong h thyrixto quang cng c cc dng thyrixto 4 lp, 5 lp bn dn vi 3 hoc 4 chn cc. Cc thyrixto quang u c v bc vi ca s trong sut cho cc tn hiu quang i n. Hnh 8- 42 m t cu to v k hiu ca thyrixto quang. Ant (A) l mt lp bn dn loi P c nng tp cht cao v Catt (K) l lp bn dn loi N c nng tp cht cao. Cn hai vng bn dn N v P gia c nng tp cht thp nn b rng (d) ca tip xc P-N gia chng (T2) ln hn nhiu so vi hai tip xc P-N ant (T1) v catt (T3).

P0 P1+ N1 A d a/ P2 N2+ K N2+ P2 N1 P1+ A K

P0 A G K b/

Hnh 8- 42: Cu to (a) v k hiu (b) ca SCR quang. b. Nguyn l lm vic: Nguyn l lm vic ca SCR quang ging nh ca cc SCR thng, ch khc tn hiu iu khin l tn hiu quang:

207

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

Khi cha chiu sng SCR, ta t in p dng vo ant (UAK > 0) th SCR khng dn in ch c vng in tch khng gian T2 lan rng. Khi chiu nh sng vo SCR, do qu trnh quang lng t s xut hin cc i in t- l trng mi lm mt ht dn trong vng ny tng ln dn n dng in gia ant v catt tng. Khi h s chuyn ti dng in gia tng n 1 (ngha l P + n = 1) th SCR dn in. Khi cng tn hiu quang tng, gi tr in p dn UD (hay in p nh khuu) gim v gi tr dng in qua SCR c tnh theo cng thc sau: I ti + I Phot IA.S. = (8. 41) 1 ( P + n ) Trong : - Iti l dng in ngc ca tip xc T2. - P v n l h s chuyn ti dng in qua nn bn dn P v nn bn dn N. - IPhot. l dng quang in nhy ca thyrixto ph thuc vo in p thun t ln ant, vo nhit v cu trc ca n. tng nhy, thyrixto quang thng c kch thc mng, nh nn n ch lm vic vi in p thp v dng in b. IA

Rt P2 >P1 P1 0 P0=0 ECC 0 a/

Hnh 8- 43 : c tuyn Vn -Ampe (a) v s nguyn l (b) ca SCR quang.

UD1 UDo

UAK b/

Vy thyrixto quang, tn hiu quang ch lm nhim v kch cho thyrixto dn in ch khng iu khin c gi tr dng in ant. Cng tn hiu quang ch c tc dng lm thay i thi gian ng m ca thyrixto (xem hnh 8- 43).
8.4. CC B GHP QUANG (OPTO- COUPLERS).

8.4.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng.

B ghp quang cn gi l b cch ly quang (Photo coupled isolators), cn thng thng ta gi l b ghp quang (Opto- Coupler). B ghp quang dng cch in gia cc mch in c s khc bit v in th kh ln m vn truyn dn c tn hiu in gia chng. Ngoi ra n cn c dng trnh cc vng t gy nhiu trong mch in.

208

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

a. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic: Cu to ca b ghp quang gm c mt it pht quang (LED) c nhim v pht ra nh sng c p ng nhanh vi s thay i ca dng in i qua n, v mt linh kin thu quang (v d nh it quang, tranzito quang, thyrixto quang...). Hai linh kin ny t cnh nhau to thnh b ghp quang, trong dng in u vo ca mt mch in s to ra mt dng in thch ng u ra ca mt mch in khc.

+U Ivo LED -U it quang I ra Rt

Hnh 8- 44 : Cu to v s nguyn l ca b ghp quang dng it quang.

Khi LED c phn cc thun, vi dng in thun, LED s pht ra nh sng. nh sng ny c chiu trc tip ln cu kin thu quang hoc chiu gin tip qua si quang dn v cu kin thu quang s bin tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in. Nh vy, u tin tn hiu in c LED bin thnh tn hiu quang, sau tn hiu quang c cu kin thu quang bin i li thnh tn hiu in. b. Tnh cht cch in : - in tr cch in: in tr cch in l in tr vi dng in mt chiu gia u vo v u ra ca b ghp quang. in tr cch in c tr s b nht khong 1011. - in dung cch in: Cu trc ca b ghp quang gm c LED v photodiot hoc phototranzito nn c th to ra mt in dung t 0,3 n 2pF gia u vo v u ra. Do vi in trng thay i nhanh (500V/S) in dung k sinh ny c th truyn v to ra trn li ra xung in c cc gai nhn. gim nh hng ny ta nn dng b ghp quang khng c chn ni cc gc ca tranzito quang, v ni mt t in gia li vo v li ra gim gai nhn xung ra. - in th cch ly: in th cch ly l in th cao nht m b ghp quang c th chu ng c. in th cch ly ph thuc vo cu trc ca b ghp quang, khng kh,... - H s truyn t dng in (CTR): H s truyn t l tham s quan trng nht ca b ghp quang. H s truyn t c tnh theo % cho bit dng in ra ln hn so vi dng in vo ca LED trong mt b ghp quang: I ra CTR = (8. 42) I vo 209

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

5.5.2 Mt s loi b ghp quang. a. B ghp quang vi phototranzito: B ghp quang ny gm c mt LED hng ngoi v mt tranzito quang nh hnh 8- 45a.

A A B C K K E E a/ b/ B C

Hnh 8- 45: a- B ghp quang vi tranzito quang lng cc. b- B ghp quang vi tranzito quang Dacling- tn. b. B ghp quang vi tranzito quang Dacling- tn: B ghp quang vi tranzito quang Dacling- tn c dng tng h s truyn t nh s khuch i ca mt tranzito (xem hnh 8- 50b). c. B ghp quang vi thyrixto quang: B ghp quang ny gm c mt LED hng ngoi v mt thyrixto quang lm vic vi nh sng hng ngoi, xem hnh 8- 46a. B ghp quang vi thyrixto quang c dng iu khin mt thyrixto cng sut khc lm vic. d. B ghp quang vi Triac quang: B ghp quang vi triac quang (xem hnh 8-46b) c dng iu khin mt triac cng sut khc lm vic.

A1 A2 K1 a/ G K2

A1 MT2 K1 b/ G MT1

Hnh 8- 46: a- B ghp quang vi Thyrixto quang. e. B ghp quang c khe h (Slotted Opto- Coupler): b- B ghp quang vi triac quang. B ghp quang vi khe h thng c s dng kim tra s xut hin ca cc vt th. Hnh 8- 47 m t mt b ghp quang vi khe h. Trong mch, LED pht ra nh sng lin tc

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CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

v tranzito quang s kim tra s xut hin ca bt k vt th no cn tr s chiu sng trong khe.

8.5. CU KIN QUANG HNH HC DNG TRONG THNG TIN QUANG (B lc quang) 8.5.1. Khi nim v k thut thng tin quang.

B lc quang lin quan n k thut ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng -WDM. V mi mt ngun sng n sc c rng ph hp, nn trong truyn dn n ch s dng mt phn rt nh bng truyn dn ca mt si quang. Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng s to ra rt nhiu knh ph s dng ng thi.

Suy hao si quang [dB/km]

10 8 6 4 2 0 0,6 0,8 1,0

rng ph ca mt ngun n

rng ph c sn cha dng ca cc ngun quang khc nhau

(m)
1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2.0

Hnh 8- 48: Mt ngun quang n s dng mt phn rt nh bng truyn dn ca ph c sn ca si quang ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng (WDM) to ra rt nhiu knh ph s dng ng thi.

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CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

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T hnh 8- 48 ta thy c rt nhiu vng hot ng ph c th thm vo. Mt cch l tng, s tng t bin dung lng thng tin ca mt si quang c th t c bng vic truyn dn ng thi cc tn hiu quang trn cng mt si quang t nhiu ngun nh sng khc nhau c cc bc sng nh bc x t cch nhau mt cch chnh xc. Bi mi ngun sng hot ng ti mt bc sng nh khc nhau, tnh ton vn ca cc tin tc c lp t mi ngun c duy tr vic chuyn i tun t sang tn hiu in u thu. y l c s ca ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng (WDM). Hai c cu WDM khc nhau m t trong hnh 8- 49 v hnh 8- 50. Trong hnh 8-49, linh kin WDM n hng c s dng kt hp cc bc sng mang tn hiu khc nhau trn mt si quang n ti mt u v tch chng vo b tch quang thch hp ti u kia. S h thng WDM hai hng c m t trong hnh 8- 50. S ny gm vic gi tin tc trong mt hng ti mt bc sng 1 v ng thi trong hng ngc li ti bc sng 2.

Knh 1 Knh 2 Knh N

Ngun 1 Ngun 2 Ngun N

Linh kin

Si quang n

Linh kin WDM

Tch quang 1 Tch quang 2 Tch quang N

Knh 1 Knh 2 Knh N

WDM 1, 2,... N

Hnh 8- 49 : H thngWDM n hng kt hp N tn hiu c lp truyn trn 1 si quang n.

Knh vo Knh ra

Ngun 1 Tch quang

Linh kin WDM

Si quang n 1 2

Linh kin WDM

Tch quang Knh ra 1 Ngun 2 Knh vo

Hnh 8- 50: H thng WDM hai hng, trong , hai bc sng hoc nhiu hn c truyn ng thi trong cc hng ngc nhau trn cng mt si quang.

Trong cc h thng thng tin quang trong hai hnh trn, cc b ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng c hai loi c s dng rng ri nht l cc linh kin tn sc cnh nh cc lng knh hoc cc cch t, v cc b lc mng mng hoc cc linh kin tch hp quang n mt.
8.5.2. B lc quang bng cc linh kin tn sc (hay b ghp knh tn sc cnh).

S ca mt b ghp knh tn sc cnh c m t trong hnh 8- 51 i vi h thng 3 bc sng s dng,

d l tn sc cnh ca linh kin. d

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Thu knh L1

Phn t tn sc cnh Thu knh L2

1 2 3
Si quang

d d

1 2 3

Hnh 8- 51:S biu din mt phn t WDM tn sc cnh cho 3 bc sng. Nhiu bc sng c th kt hp hoc phn chia vi loi linh kin ny.

Khi linh kin s dng nh mt b phn knh, nh sng t si quang i ra c chun trc bng thu knh L1 (gi l thu knh chun trc) v i qua phn t tn sc cnh v n c phn chia thnh cc knh c bc sng i vo cc chm tia c nh hng khng gian khc nhau. Thu knh L2 (thu knh hi t) s hi t cc tia u ra vo cc si quang thu thch hp hoc cc b tch quang thch hp. S tn sc tuyn tnh nh:

dx ti cc si quang thu c xc d
(8. 43)

d dx = f. d d

y f l chiu di tiu c ca thu knh L2. Trong trng hp l tng khng c quang sai, rng ph ngun zero, tn hao chn nguyn tnh v xen ting zero nu cc tn hiu ra c phn chia ln hn ng knh ca n (dk), ngha l:

dx . d k d
vi:

(8. 44)

- khong cch ph gia cc knh (khong cch bc sng).

dk - ng knh ca si quang y gi thit rng tt c cc si quang (pht v thu) u c cng ng knh dk v khu s NA. thu nhn tt c nh sng t si quang pht, thu knh chun trc L1 cn c ng knh b tho mn iu kin:

b > 2f

NA n'

(8. 45)

trong n l chit sut ca mi trng gia thu knh L1 v linh kin tn sc cnh. Kt hp cng thc (8. 43), (8. 44) v (8. 45), ta c:

NA 2 d k n' b d d

(8. 46)

Trong cc h thng thc t, chm tia ra b tri rng ra ngoi bi kch thc hu hn ca ngun sng v kt qu tn sc cnh do s tri rng bc sng ca rng ph ca ngun. tng t lng S ca ng knh chm tia c tnh gn ng bng:

S=

b'b w.d k (NA ) (1 + m ) b b 2 .n '

213

(8. 47)

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

m s lng cc knh bc sng b - ng knh ca thu knh L2. w - di tuyn tng t u ra ca thu knh L1 n u vo ca thu knh L2 loi b hin tng trn y m s ca si quang thu, tri rng tia sng tng cn phi l mt phn nh ng knh ca thu knh chun trc, ngha l S<1. Mt s ln cc knh c th c kt hp v phn chia vi cc phn t ghp knh tn sc cnh. Hu ht cc linh kin ny s dng lin hp thu knh cng cch t (grating plus lens). i khi ngi ta dng lng knh lm phn t tn sc cnh. Cc tn tht chn tiu biu khong t 1 3 dB, v mc ting xen vo khong t 20 dB n 30 dB.
8.5.3. B lc quang mng mng . Trong phn ny chng ta s nghin cu v b lc quang mng mng. Hot ng ca mt phn t ghp knh loi b lc c m t trong hnh 8- 52 cho hot ng ca hai bc sng. Cc b lc c thit k truyn nh sng cho mt bc sng c th v hoc hp th, hoc phn x tt c cc bc sng khc. Cc b lc loi phn x thng c s dng v tn hao ca cc b lc loi hp th c xu hng tng cao hn (cao hn 1dB). B lc phn x gm mt tm knh phng, bn trn n nhiu lp mng mng cht cch in khc nhau c lng ng tu theo tnh chn lc ca bc sng. Cc b lc ny c th s dng ni tip thnh chui phn chia thm cc knh bc sng. S phc tp cng tng theo s lng cc b lc ni tip v s tng tn hao tn hiu cng xy ra vi vic tng thm cc b ghp knh ni tip. Nhn chung ch nn hn ch hot ng n 2 hoc 3 b lc (c ngha l hot ng 3 hoc 4 knh).

trong :

1, 2

2 Si quang B lc Thu knh 1

Hnh 8- 52 : B lc mng mng nhiu lp phn x s dng cho WDM. Linh kin ny trong sut ti bc sng 2 v phn x ti bc sng 1.

Cc di thng ca knh

Khong iu chnh ca b lc Khong cch gia cc knh rng bng ca b lc iu chnh B 214

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

Trong thit k cc h thng WDM, cn phi ch lm gim n mc thp nht cc yu t gy ra s gim st phm cht ngoi bin ca ng truyn. Trn y l cc linh kin WDM th ng, chn lc bc sng ca chng c c nh. Ngi ta cng pht minh ra cc phn t WDM tch cc, cc phn t ny c chuyn mt cch tch cc hoc c iu chnh theo bc sng. Gia cc phn t WDM tch cc l ngun a bc sng v cc t hp tch quang, cc laser c kh nng iu chnh bc sng, v cc b lc c th iu chnh bc sng. Khi nim v vic b lc c th iu chnh c m t trong hnh 8-54. Trong phng php ny, cc tn hiu tin tc khc nhau c gi vo cc knh tn s ring ca rng bng B. Bng vic s dng mt b lc vi di thng c rng B m n c th iu chnh trn khong tn s ca cc knh ny, ngi ta c th chn c knh theo yu cu. Hnh 8- 54 m t mt v d v mt b lc c th iu chnh bc sng (a wavelengthtunable- filter). y, mt phn t a cp lng chit sut cu to t hai ng dn sng bng thch anh (a birefringent multiple- order element) c t gia hai b tch tia phn cc (polarizing beam splitters).

215

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

Tm thch anh di ng

Tm thch anh c nh Mt phn x

Cc tn hiu vo A v B Cc b tch tia phn cc

Hnh 8- 54 : V d v b lc iu chnh bc sng. Mt tm thch anh di ng thay i di tuyn ng i qua tinh th thay i ph ra hnh sin.

Cng ra A A Cng ra B B

Cng sut ra P ca nh sng ti cc cng ra A v B lin h vi cng sut vo P0 bng cng thc: P 2nL P = 0 1 cos (8. 48) 2 - n : chnh lch gia chit sut thng thng v chit sut khc thng ca vt liu lng chit. - : di bc sng. - du lin quan n cc cng A (du +) v cng B (du -). S bin i hnh sin ca ph ra c th c thay i bng cch thay i di ng truyn L i qua tinh th. iu ny t c bng cch di chuyn mt trong cc tm thch anh ln trn hoc xung di. S thay i chiu di theo cp bc chu k quay phn cc s xc nh v tr ca knh, cn cc thay i ln hn s sa i s t cch ca cc knh. V tuyn quang l thun nghch, linh kin ny c th c s dng nh l b ghp knh v hoc nh l b phn knh u c. Trong :
8.6. CU KIN CCD (T hp cc detector quang) CCD l mch t hp cc detector quang. CCD c vit tt t ting Anh ChargeCoupled Devices (cc cu kin lin kt tch in). K thut CCD c s dng trong cc ng thu hnh mu, cc sensor quang hc c cc vn bn trn my FAX T hp cc detector dng trong thu hnh mu c thc hin trn vt liu silic. Ty theo ng dng m cc detector c t hp trn cng mt hng hay trn cng mt mt phng. T hp trn cng mt hng vi khong cch gia cc sensor t 10 n 15m th cn t vi trm n vi nghn detector (mch t hp LSI). i vi mch t hp trn cng mt mt phng, cc detector c sp xp theo mt ma trn. c mt hnh nh r cho my video, rng bng tn 3MHz, ngi ta cn t 200.000 n 250.000 dectector. l mch t hp loi VLSI v k thut Si-MOS c chn. Theo cng ngh ny, mi detector c th l mt N + P it plana hoc mt t in loi MOS.

216

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

Mt CCD thc cht l mt b dch chuyn tn hiu. Tnh cht ca n c xc nh bi cch thc tn hiu t cc detector c dch chuyn ra ngoi nh th no ta c tn hiu video u ra. B dch chuyn c th hot ng theo phng php analog hoc digital. Ta s xt v hot ng ca mt CCD cu to t cc t in MOS nm k bn nhau (xem hnh 8-55). Cht dn in -V1 -V2 -V3

Cht cch in
+ + ++ ++

Si(N)

Hnh 8 55: Cu trc ca mt CCD t cc t in MOS.

Cc t in c th thu, tch tr v ty theo in p thch ng c th dch chuyn cc in tch t t in ny sang t in khc. Khi thu hnh, trong thi gian tch phn, cc in tch c sinh ra do vic hp th nh sng v khi c, cc in tch ny c y ra theo xung ng b ta c mt tn hiu video u ra (xem hnh 8-56). Ngay sau khi t mt in th thch hp ln in cc k tip c h in th su hn, cc in tch c y vo h . Mi in cc th 3 (chn 1, 4, 7) c in th ging nhau. Vi in th -V1>-V2>-V3 th cc in tch s dch chuyn v pha bn phi theo cch thc ca CCD loi 3 pha. Cho ng thu hnh mu cn 3 chip CCD cho 3 mu l mu , xanh l cy v xanh da tri. Trn thc t, cc ng hnh mu c ch to ch c 1 chip vi b lc sp xp sao cho knh xanh l cy c s im gp 2 ln s im mu v xanh da tri v mt ngi nhy vi mu xanh l cy tt nht. thu hnh mu cn c khong 400 im hnh cho mt hng s cho ta mt nh mu tt. V d: i vi ng thu hnh mu dng 1 chip theo tiu chun ca NTSC cn khong 484x400 n v detector, cn ca PAL cn ti 580x400 n v detector.

217

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

a/

-V1 -V1 -V2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

+++

+++

b/

-V1 -V3 -V2

+++

+++

c/

-V1 -V2 -V1

+++

+++

Hnh 8 56: Hot ng ca mt CCD vi V1>-V2>-V3

Ty theo s sp xp gia phn detector v phn nh m ta c cc loi CCD khc nhau nh: IT (Interline Transfer); FT (Frame Transfer); XY (Cu trc vi b dch chuyn digital).
TM TT Cu kin quang in t nghin cu trong chng 8 gm cc cu kin pht quang (cu kin bin i in quang) nh LED, LASER v cc cu kin thu quang (cu kin bin i quang-in) nh in tr quang, it quang, tranzito quang, thyristo quang... it pht quang- LED l linh kin ph thng ca quang in t, c tn s hot ng rt cao, th tch nh, cng sut tiu hao b v khng st p khi hot ng. it pht quang c s dng rng ri hai lnh vc l LED bc x nh sng nhn thy gi l LED ch th v LED bc x nh sng hng ngoi gi l LED hng ngoi. Hai loi LED ny c cu to v nguyn l hot ng gn ging nhau, ch c bc sng bc x ra cc vng khc nhau do vt liu bn dn c rng vng cm khc nhau theo mi quan h: hc = EG

Trong : h- hng s Plank (h = 4,16. 10 15 eV) c- vn tc nh sng (c = 3. 10 8 m/s) EG- rng vng cm, (eV) 218

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

Cu to ca LED ch th gm c mt lp tip xc P-N, hai chn cc ant v catt. Vt liu bn dn l lin kt ca cc nguyn t thuc nhm 3 v nhm 5 ca bng tun hon Mendeleep. Nguyn l hot ng l da vo qu trnh ti hp ca cc ht dn khi it c phn cc thun bc x quang. in p phn cc cho LED gn bng rng vng cm, do , i vi cc LED bc x cc bc sng khc nhau s c in p phn cc khc nhau. cng bc x cao, cc vt liu ch to LED c pha tp ln, do vy in tr ca chng rt nh. Do vy, khi u LED trong mch ta phi u ni tip vi mt in tr v u ni tip vi ngun in. in p phn cc cho LED nm trong khong t 1,6V 3V. in p phn cc ngc gii hn cho it cng gii hn khong t 3V 5V. LED rt nhy vi nhit , h s nhit ca n c gi tr m. Nh vy, khi nhit tng th cng bc x quang ca LED gim (khong 1%/ 0 C ). LED hng ngoi c cu trc c bit to ra nh sng c cng cao, thi gian p ng nhanh v hiu sut quang lng t cao. LED cu trc d th kp gm 5 lp bn dn c vt liu v nng pha tp khc nhau to ra cc lp giam gi ht dn v giam gi nh sng. Nh cc lp giam gi ht dn m hiu sut quang lng t c nng cao v cng chnh nh cc lp ny m tp trung c bc x quang theo mt hng nht nh. Tuy nhin, nh sng bc x ra trong LED u ng hng v u l nh sng khng kt hp, c cng bc x khng cao v ph bc x ln. LASER bn dn l mt cu kin bn dn quang dng to ra v khuch i nh sng n sc c tnh lin kt v pha t bc x t pht ca nh sng nn cng bc x ca Laser rt ln v c ph bc xa rt nh (khong vi nm). Cu to ca Laser gn ging nh LED nhng phc tp hn do yu cu v giam gi ht dn v nh sng trong mt hc cng hng. Trong LASER, ba qu trnh quang in u xy ra: qu trnh hp th photon, qu trnh bc x t pht v qu trnh bc x kch thch. Mun LASER bc x th ta phi cung cp cho n mt dng in c cng ln hn gi tr ngng no (ICC ICC ngng). Lc trng thi o in s xy ra trong cc lp bn dn. iu kin c bc x Laser l s khuch i nh sng thng c s hp th quang trong bung cng hng ca it laser. S lan truyn nh sng dc theo chiu di L ca hc cng hng c vit theo cng thc sau: E(z,t) = I(z).e j (t z ) Trong I(z)- mt trng quang theo hng dc (z) z- khong cch theo hng dc ca hc cng hng - tn s gc ca nh sng - h s lan truyn Mt bc x quang ng vi cc photon c nng lng h c tnh theo cng thc: I(z) = I(0)R1R2.e [I g ( h ) ( h ) ]z Trong : / - h s hp th hu ch ca vt liu I / - h s giam gi nh sng I(0)- mt trng quang ban u g- h s khuch i quang R1 v R2- phn x ca 2 gng phn x trong hc cng hng iu kin c lasing l mt dao ng trng thi bn chim gi v ln cng nh pha ca sng phn hi c th bng cc sng gc to ra n, chnh l:
/ /

219

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

v bin : I(2L) = I(0) v pha: e j 2 L = 1 t c iu kienj ny th khuch i ti ngng lasing gth phi ln hn hoc bng tng mt mt t trong hc cng hng. c tnh v tham s ca Laser: c tuyn pht x biu th quan h gia cng sut bc x quang v dng in cung cp cho Laser. c lasing th ICC ICC ngng Hiu sut lng t vi phn ngoi xc nh s photon bc x ra trn i in t-l trng: qdP dP ext = = 0,806 E 0 dI dI Khong cch tn s =
C 2 Ln

2 Ln Trong n chit sut ca vt liu bn dn ch to Laser. Cu kin thu quang c nhim v bin i tn hiu quang sang tn hiu in. in tr quang l cu kin bn dn khng c tip xc P-N. Hin tng bin i quang in c thc hin nh hin tng hp th quang to ra cc i in t-l trng. Nhng ht dn mi xut hin s chuyn ng di tc dng ca in trng v to nn dng quang in v vic chuyn i quang-in c thc hin. it quang l cu kin thu quang c tn s lm vic rt cao. it quang c mt tip xc P-N v qu trnh hp th quang xy ra c bn trong lp tip xc P-N. it quang loi tip xc P-N cho dng in r nh nht nhng c nhy thp v lp tip xc P-N qu hp, nn hiu sut quang lng t thp. tng nhy ca it quang ngi ta ch to it quang loi P-IN v it quang thc APD. it quang loi P-I-N c vng tch cc l lp bn dn nguyn tnh (Intrinsic) dy hn lp tip xc P-N nhiu. Do vy, hiu sut quang lng t c nng cao dn n cng dng in quang tng ln r rt. Dng in quang c tnh theo cng thc:
e w 1 (1 R f ) 1 + LP Trong : q- in tch ca in t P0 cng sut quang i ti it quang h nng lng photon h s hp th nh sng ti bc sng w b dy ca lp bn dn nguyn tnh Rf phn x ti b mt ca it quang I phot / q e w Hiu sut lng t l: = =1P0 / h 1 + LP

Khong cch bc sng

Iphot = q

P0 h

nhy ca it quang:

S=

I phot P0

q = h 1,24

[A/w]

it quang thc (APD) c cu trc c bit to ra trong n mt vng c bin i in p nhanh v chnh l vng thc. Khi cc ht dn di chuyn n vng thc s c tng tc v chng va chm vi cc nguyn t trung ha trong vng ny, gy ra hin tng i-on ha 220

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

do va chm. Do vy, s cc ht dn c tng ln theo cp s nhn dn n cng dng in quang ca it tng ln nh c khuch i vi h s nhn M c tnh theo cng thc: I M= M I phot Trong IM l gi tr trung bnh ca dng quang in nhn tng u ra. T bo quang in v pin mt tri l cc cu kin bin i nng lng quang thnh nng lng in. it APD cho nhy cao nht nhng n yu ngun cung cp cao v n nh. Tranzito quang l cu kin bin i tn hiu quang sang tn hiu in v khuch i chng. Tranzito quang c cu to nh tranzito thng nhng cc gc ca n c din tch b mt ln chiu nh sng vo. Khi c chiu sng, trong phn gc s xut hin cc i in t-l trng mi. Nhng ht dn ny chuyn ng di tc dng ca in trng to nn thnh phn dng in quang. Tng dng in sng trong tranzito: ICS = Iphot + IPphot + ICti Tranzito quang c nhy cao hn so vi it quang nhng tn s lm vic thp hn nhiu. Thyristo quang l cu kin ng ngt mch. nh sng ch c tc dng m cho thyristo dn ch khng c tc dng bin i tn hiu trong cu kin. Cc b ghp quang c nhim v cch in gia cc mch in c s khc bit v in th kh ln m vn truyn dn c tn hiu gia chng. Cu to ca b ghp quang gm c mt linh kin pht quang (LED) v mt linh kin thu quang t gn nhau. Khi dng in u vo ca mt mch in s to ra mt dng in thch ng u ra ca mt mch in khc vi h s truyn t CTR c tnh theo cng thc: I CTR = ra I vo Cu kin hnh hc trong thng tin quang l nhng b lc quang. l cc b lc quang dng cc linh kin tn sc v b lc quang mng mng. B lc quang bng linh kin tn sc (hay cn gi l b ghp knh tn sc cnh) nh mt b phn knh, nh sng i qua b lc quang s c phn chia thnh cc knh c bc sng i vo cc chm tia c nh hng khng gian khc nhau. B lc quang mng mng c thit k truyn nh sng trong mt bc sng c th v hoc hp th, hoc phn x tt c cc bc sng khc. B lc loi phn x thng c s dng v tn hao ca chng thp. Mch t hp cc detector- CCD l mt b dch chuyn tn hiu. CCD c th c to ra t cc it hoc cc t in MOS. Cc in tch c tch tr trong cc CCD v dch chuyn in tch gia cc t in c thc hin khi cp cho chng nhng in p thch ng. Cc CCD c s dng trong cc ng thu hnh mu, trong cc my video, my FAX, c cc d liu ra ngoi.
CU HI N TP 1. Trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca LED ch th? 2. Trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca LED hng ngoi d th kp? 3. Hy cho bit cc tham s c bn ca LED? 4. Trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca mt ch th tinh th lng LCD loi phn x?

221

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Cu kin quang in t

5. Trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca LASER c bung cng hng cu trc d th kp? 6. Hy cho bit cc tham s c bn ca Laser? 7. Trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca in tr quang? 8. Trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca it quang loi P-I-N? 9. Trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca it APD? 10. Trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca tranzito quang? 11. Trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thyristo quang? 12. Hy trnh by v b ghp quang v cc tham s k thut ca chng? 13. Trnh by v b lc quang mng mng? 14. Trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca b CCD dng t MOS? 15. Nng lng ca nh sng c bc sng 820nm v 1,3m l bao nhiu electron vn (eV)? 16. Mt laser ch to t Ga1-xAlxAs vi x = 0,07 th c EG = 1,5 eV. Hy tnh di bc sng bc x ra? 17. Mt laser hot ng bc sng = 850nm c chiu di hc cng hng L = 500m v chit sut n = 3,7. Hi khong cch tn s v khong cch bc sng l bao nhiu ? 18. Hy in vo ch trng ca mnh di mt trong cc nhm t sau: di bc sng bc x c quyt nh bi.ca cht bn dn. a. dn in; b. nng ht dn c. loi tp cht pha tp; d. rng vng cm 19. Ngun sng trong LED l do qu trnh. a. bc x t pht. b. bc x t pht v bc x kch thch. c. bc x kch thch. d. hp th v bc x kch thch 20. Ngun sng trong LASER l do qu trnh a. bc x t pht. b. bc x t pht v bc x kch thch. c. bc x kch thch. d. hp th v bc x kch thch

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Gio trnh Cu kin in t v quang in t- Trn Th Cm, Hc vin CNBCVT, nm 2003. 2. Cu kin quang in t - Dng Minh Tr, NXB KHKT nm 1998. 3. Optical fiber communications Gerd Keiser, Mc Graw Hill Inc. 1991.

222

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

p n bi tp

P N BI TP

Chng 1: Chng 3:

Cu 13: nn = 10 15 cm 3 v pn = 2,25.10 5 .cm 3 Cu 8: UD = 0,53V; Cu 9: a/ Pn(0) = 10 14 cm 3 ; n p (0) = 1011 cm 3 ; b/T s = 3.10 4 .

Chng 4:

Cu 15: IC2 = 96mA; IB2 = 4mA; IC1 = 3,92mA; IB1 = 0,08mA; UCE = 12V Cu 16: IE = 7,5mA; IB = 1,47mA; IC = 7,35mA; UCE = 4,55V; S = 24,88. Cu 17: R = 110K; S = 9,5; Cu 18: RB = 7K; S = 94,3.

Chng 5: Cu 15: a/ s mc SC; nh thin t cp; c/ UGS = -0,6V; RS= 600. Cu 16: UGS = -0,62V; gm = 1,11mA/V; RS = 770; RD 9K. Cu 17: R1 = 2K Cu 18: a/ FET u DC; b/ phn cc kiu phn p; c/ trong ti liu. Cu 19: ID = 24mA; R3 = 83 Chng 8: Cu 15: EG1 = 1,5eV; EG2 = 0,95eV. Cu 16: = 0,826m Cu 17: = 81GHz; = 0,2nm

223

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Mc lc

MC LC Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v cu kin in t ....................................................................... 3 Gii thiu chng .................................................................................................................. 3 Ni dung ................................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Gii thiu chung.......................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Phn loi cu kin in t ........................................................................................... 3 1.3 Khi nim v mch in v h thng in t .............................................................. 4 1.4 Vt liu in t ............................................................................................................ 4 1.5 Vt liu t.................................................................................................................... 5 Tm tt ni dung.................................................................................................................. 24 Cu hi n tp...................................................................................................................... 25 Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................................... 26 Chng 2: Cu kin in t th ng...................................................................................... 27 Gii thiu chng ................................................................................................................ 27 Ni dung .............................................................................................................................. 27 2.1 in tr...................................................................................................................... 27 2.2 T in....................................................................................................................... 34 2.3 Cun cm................................................................................................................... 40 2.4 Bin p....................................................................................................................... 44 Tm tt ni dung.................................................................................................................. 49 Cu hi n tp...................................................................................................................... 50 Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................................... 51 Chng 3: iot bn dn........................................................................................................... 52 Gii thiu chng ................................................................................................................ 52 Ni dung .............................................................................................................................. 52 3.1 Lp tip xc P-N ....................................................................................................... 52 3.2 iot bn dn .............................................................................................................. 58 Tm tt ni dung.................................................................................................................. 70 Cu hi n tp...................................................................................................................... 72 Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................................... 72 Chng 4: Tranzitor lng cc (BJT) ..................................................................................... 73 Gii thiu chng ................................................................................................................ 73 Ni dung .............................................................................................................................. 73 4.1 Cu to v k hiu ca BJT trong s mch .......................................................... 73 4.2 Cc ch lm vic ca Tranzitor BJT .................................................................... 74 4.3 c tnh qu ca BJT ........................................................................................... 78 4.4 Cc cch mc ca Tranzitor BJT trong s khuch i ......................................... 80 4.5 Phn cc cho Tranzitor lng cc ............................................................................ 88 4.6 S tng ng ch khuch i tn hiu nh tn s thp ........................... 96 Tm tt ni dung................................................................................................................ 102 Cu hi n tp.................................................................................................................... 103 Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................................. 105 Chng 5: Tranzitor trng FET........................................................................................... 106 Gii thiu chng .............................................................................................................. 106

224

CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T

Mc lc

Ni dung............................................................................................................................. 106 5.1 Gii thiu chung v FET ......................................................................................... 106 5.2 Tranzitor trng loi iu khin bng tip xc P-N................................................ 107 5.3 Tranzitor trng loi cc ca cch ly...................................................................... 116 Tm tt ni dung ................................................................................................................ 125 Cu hi n tp .................................................................................................................... 126 Ti liu tham kho.............................................................................................................. 128 Chng 6: Cu kin Thyristor................................................................................................ 129 Gii thiu chng .............................................................................................................. 129 Ni dung............................................................................................................................. 129 6.1 Chnh lu Silic c iu khin .................................................................................. 129 6.2 Triac ......................................................................................................................... 132 6.3 Diac.......................................................................................................................... 134 6.4 Tranzitor n nt ..................................................................................................... 136 Tm tt ni dung ................................................................................................................ 139 Cu hi n tp .................................................................................................................... 140 Ti liu tham kho.............................................................................................................. 140 Chng 7: Vi mch tch hp .................................................................................................. 141 Gii thiu chng .............................................................................................................. 141 Ni dung............................................................................................................................. 141 7.1 Khi nim v phn loi vi mch tch hp ................................................................ 141 7.2 Cc phng php ch to mch tch hp bn dn ................................................... 143 7.3 Cc cu kin c tch hp trong vi mch .............................................................. 148 7.4 Vi mch tuyn tnh................................................................................................... 151 7.5 Vi mch s ............................................................................................................... 159 7.6 Vi mch nh............................................................................................................. 160 7.7 Nhng im cn ch khi s dng vi mch tch hp ............................................. 163 Tm tt ni dung ................................................................................................................ 164 Cu hi n tp .................................................................................................................... 165 Ti liu tham kho.............................................................................................................. 166 Chng 8: Cu kin quang in t......................................................................................... 167 Gii thiu chng .............................................................................................................. 167 Ni dung............................................................................................................................. 167 8.1 Gii thiu chung ...................................................................................................... 167 8.2 Cc cu kin bin i in - quang.......................................................................... 169 8.3 Cc cu kin bin i quang - in.......................................................................... 190 8.4 Cc b ghp quang................................................................................................... 204 8.5 Cu kin quang hnh hc dng trong thng tin quang ............................................ 211 8.6 Cu kin CCD ......................................................................................................... 216 Tm tt ni dung ................................................................................................................ 221 Cu hi n tp .................................................................................................................... 221 Ti liu tham kho.............................................................................................................. 222 p n bi tp .................................................................................................................... 223

225

CU KIN IN T
M s: 492CKT220
Chu trch nhim bn tho TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1