SUBJECT: SCIENCE 1.

NUTRITION AND GOOD EATING HABITS

FORM: 5 2. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT PLANTS

NUTRITION

3. THE NITROGEN CYCLE 1. NUTRITION AND GOOD EATING HABITS 1.1 NUTRIENTS

4. MANAGING FOOD RESOURCES

Definition : Chemical substances which all living things need in order to live and grow healthily. Importance: 1. To get energy Gigi 2. To grow Ghazali Keyword 3. To build new cell Baru 4. To repair damaged tissue Rongak, 5. To maintain good health Mak Nutrient can be found in the 5 basic classes of food, there are: Class of food Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Minerals & vitamins Dietary fibre Water Example Bread, Rice, Sugar Meat, Fish, Egg Butter, Cheese, Oils Vegetables, Fruits Main Importance Energy supplier Bodys protection from certain diseases Constipation prevention Transportation of substances in blood To maintain bodys temperature (37C)

1.2 CALORIFIC VALUES IN FOOD Definition: Amount of energy released by one gram of food when it is completely oxidized (digested) How to measure: By using food calorimeter

Unit: kilojoules per gram (kJ/gram) Different type of foods give different calorific values Calorific values Food (kJ/g) Bread 10.6 Milk Butter 31.2 Mutton How to calculate energy supplied by food? Food Calorific values (kJ/g) 2.7 10.1

Energy supplied = mass of food (in gram) * calorific values Example :

1. Find energy supplied by: 1) 2) 3) 4) 80 g of bread 150 g of butter 65 g of milk 500 g of mutton

2. Find the total energy supplied for these foods 1.3 FACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY INTAKE Amount of energy required by person depend on: Sheila Basuh

1. Sex Male need more energy than female 2. Body size Person who has big size need more energy than person who has small size 3. State of health Normal person need more energy than sick person 4. Physical activities People who do hard job need more energy than people who do easy job 5. Temperature of surroundings People who live in cold country need more energy than people who live in other places

Stokin Putih

Keyword

Timah

1.4 BALANCED DIET Definition: Diet which consists of all the classes of food, include water and dietary fibre, in the correct proportions. Importance: 1. To get energy Gigi 2. To grow Ghazali Keyword 3. To build new cell Baru 4. To repair damaged tissue Rongak, 5. To maintain good health Mak Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Minerals & vitamins Dietary fibre Water 1.5 HEALTH PROBLEM A lot of problems might be arising from over eating, less eating or eating unbalanced diet. For example: a) Malnutrition (eating unbalanced diet) d) Diseases due to unhealthy eating b) Obesity (more eating) habits (eating unbalanced diet). c) Anorexia nervosa (less eating) For part a) malnutrition, diseases might be arising are as follow as: Nutrient lacking Carbohydrate Protein Iron Disease Marasmus Main symptoms Weak, dehydrated, severely underweight & shrunken appearance Picture = 80% = 7.5% = 10% = sufficient amount = sufficient amount = 7-8 glasses

Kwashiorkor Loss of appetite, failure to grow & much swallowed abdomen Anaemia Pale appearance & loss appetite

Iodine

Goitre

Large swelling at the neck

Calcium

Osteoporosis Weak bones and teeth & back bone might be bent

Vitamin A

Night blindness Beri-beri

Poor eye sight at night

Vitamin B

Weakness of the legs & lack of nervous sensation in the fingers and toes Bleeding gums Bent legs due to the weak bones

Vitamin C Vitamin D

Scurvy Rickets

Dietary fibre

Constipation

Difficulty in getting rid of solid waste from the body

For part b) obesity, - It happens due to over eating for long period of time. So, the excess food is converted into fat and stored under skin (especially in the abdomen). As a result, person will become very fat or obese - Diseases might be arising from obesity are: a) high blood pressure b) heart disease c) diabetes - How to avoid from being obese? 1. Control the way of eating For part c) anorexia nervosa, - It happens due to insufficient amount of food taking by person especially ladies since they want to get slim body to look attractive. Eventually, they will vomit the digested food and as a result, they will become thin, dehydrated, and very undernourished. - It also classified as social and psychological problem - How to avoid from being anorexia nervosa person? 1. Take nutritious meal 2. See psychiatrist and therapist 2. Do exercise regularly d) stones in the gall bladder e) bent backbone

For part d) diseases due to unhealthy eating habits,

- Diseases might be arising from these poor habits are: 1. hypertension - other name for high blood pressure - affect to the heart - happens due to taking too much salt 2. stroke - stroke occurs if artery of the brain bursts - it can cause paralysis of part of the body or the whole body

3.

tooth decay 4. diabetes melitus - happen due to excess sugar in food, - happen when body cant produce enough so bacteria inside the mouth change it insulin to deal with excess glucolin (came into lactic acid, and this acid destroy from food) the tooths enamel. - it can cause tiredness, coma, even worse - to avoid it, person should: death a) eat less sugary food - to avoid it, person should: b) always brushing the teeth after eat a) eat less sugary food b) do exercise regularly c) control weight

5. Atherosclerosis - happens due to excess of cholesterol in bloodstream - it makes artery becomes hard, less elastic and resist bloods flow

6. Heart attack - occur when the bloods flow to the heart stop and part of the heart die. - it might be fatal

- side effect: hypertension

- to avoid it, person should: a) give up smoking b) control weight c) do exercise regularly d) eat healthy food

Importance of Taking Good Nutrition and Practicing Good Eating Habits o o o o Help us to prevent deficiency diseases such as ricket, goiter, scurvy and etc. Help us to prevent health problem such as hypertension, stroke, diabetes and etc. Supply necessary energy that required by us Maintain our good health

Note: Good eating habits that we should adopt include the following: o o o o o Eat nutritious food Eat food which is rich in dietary fibre Avoid taking food which has no nutritional value Avoid taking excessive amount of salts, sugars and fats with your food Drink 7-8 glasses of water per day

2 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF PLANTS 2.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN GREEN PLANTS Definition: Synthesize of food process by green plants in presence of sunlight using water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Water + Carbon Dioxide How photosynthesis occur:
Water Absorbed through the roots Transport along xylem to the leaves Carbon dioxide sunlight chlorophyll

Glucose + Oxygen

o Absorbed
from air through the stomata in leaves

Sunlight Supply energy for this process

Glucose Combination of hydrogen and carbon dioxide

o o

Oxygen Waste product Released from leaves through stomata

Chlorophyll Absorb sunlight

Importance of photosynthesis: o Helps to maintain the balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in atmosphere o Supply foods to green plants, animals and human being

2.2

MACRONUTRIENTS Definition: Minerals required by plants in large amount for their healthy growth Macronutrients and their functions: Macronutrient Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sulphur (S) Function To form carbohydrates, proteins and fats To form hormones, proteins, nucleic acid and chlorophyll To form proteins and nucleic acid To stimulate the production of flowers and fruits To form carbohydrates, proteins and new cells To build up resistance for disease To form cell walls For growth To form chlorophyll To activate certain enzymes To form certain amino acids For growth

2.3

MICRONUTRIENTS Definition: Minerals required by plants in very small amount for their healthy growth. They also have known as trace elements. Micronutrients and their functions: Micronutrient Boron (B) Molybdenum (Mo) Zinc (Zn) Manganese (Mn) Copper (Cu) Iron (Fe) Function To help in the breaking up of the carbohydrates To help nitrogen to carry out its functions To activate certain enzymes To form enzymes for photosynthesis To form chlorophyll

Effects of Deficiency of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on Plant Growth Macronutrient Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Deficiency symptom Stunted (short) growth Leaves are small, yellow and drop off easily Poor growth especially the roots. Few flower and fruits Leaves turn yellow (chlorosis) Plants are weak and die before maturing.

3 NITROGEN CYCLE AND ITS IMPORTANCE. 3.1 NITROGEN CYCLE

Nitrogen in atmosphere Lightning Nitrates Nitrates

Action of denitrifying bacteria

Synthesis of nitrogen fixing bacteria

Action of nitrifying bacteria Absorption

Absorption

Nitrites Decay by bacteria and fungi Action of nitrifying bacteria

Plant proteins

Nutrition

Ammonium in compounds Animal proteins Decay by bacteria and fungi

3.2

IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN CYCLE o o o o Maintain soil fertility Increasing production of crops Maintaining the amount of nitrogen in atmosphere Reducing pollution of the environment

4 MANAGING FOOD RESOURCES AND HEALTHY EATING HABITS - Plant and animals are said to be our food resources. Thus, we should manage these food resources so that there will be a continuous food supply for us. - To manage these food resources, we have to do a lot of following things: Avoid wastage Ensure that we do not cook more than we can eat. - Besides, we have to practice healthy eating habits in our daily life. It can be done by: Eat well-balanced diet Avoid skipping meals especially breakfast Eat our food slowly so that the brain has enough time to register fullness. Avoid taking excessive amount of sugars, salts and fats in our food