T

T
T
I
I
I
M
M
M
E
E
E
S
S
S
A
A
A
V
V
V
I
I
I
N
N
N
G
G
G


D
D
D
E
E
E
S
S
S
I
I
I
G
G
G
N
N
N


A
A
A
I
I
I
D
D
D
S
S
S



Walls
P o r t l a n d C e m e n t A s s o c i a t i o n
P a g e 1 o f 5



The following example illustrates the
design methods presented in the article
Timesaving Design Aids for Reinforced
Concrete, Part 3: Columns and Walls, by
David A. Fanella, which appeared in the
November 2001 edition of Structural
Engineer magazine. Unless otherwise
noted, all referenced table, figure, and
equation numbers are from that article.
The example presented here is for walls.
Examples for columns are available on our
Web page: www.portcement.org/buildings.
Design Data
In this example, the 8-in. thick wall below,
which is part of a 5-story building, is
designed and detailed for gravity loads
and the wind forces shown.

Materials
Concrete: normal weight (150 pcf), -in.
maximum aggregate, f
c
= 4,000 psi
Mild reinforcing steel: Grade 60 (f
y
=
60,000 psi)
Loads
Total roof dead load = 122 psf
Total floor dead load = 142 psf
Live load = 100 psf (floor), 20 psf (roof)
Wind loads: per ASCE 7-98
Building Data
Tributary floor area to wall = 300 ft
2

11.3
k

22.0
k

21.1
k

19.9
k

20.5
k

20-8
1
5

-
0

4

@

1
2

-
0

=

4
8

-
0

T
T
T
I
I
I
M
M
M
E
E
E
S
S
S
A
A
A
V
V
V
I
I
I
N
N
N
G
G
G


D
D
D
E
E
E
S
S
S
I
I
I
G
G
G
N
N
N


A
A
A
I
I
I
D
D
D
S
S
S



Walls
P o r t l a n d C e m e n t A s s o c i a t i o n
P a g e 2 o f 5



Design for Shear
Check shear strength in 1
st
story
Total shear = 11.3 + 22.0 + 21.1 + 19.9
+ 20.5 = 94.8 kips
Per ACI 318-99 Sect. 9.2,
V
u
= 1.3 94.8 = 123.2 kips
From Table 6, for an 8-in. thick wall,
V
c
= 8.3 20.67 = 171.6 kips
Since V
c
/2 = 171.6/2 = 85.8 kips
< V
u
= 123.2 kips < V
c
= 171.6 kips,
provide minimum shear reinforcement
from Table 4.
Use No. 5 @ 15 (or No. 4 @ 10) for both
horizontal and vertical reinforcement in
the 1
st
story.
Check shear strength in 2
nd
story
V
u
= 1.3(11.3 + 22.0 + 21.1 + 19.9)
= 96.6 kips
Since V
c
/2 = 171.6/2 = 85.8 kips
< V
u
= 96.6 kips < V
c
= 171.6 kips,

use No. 5 @ 15 (or No. 4 @ 10) for the
horizontal and vertical reinforcement in
the 2
nd
story.
Check shear strength for the 3
rd
story
and above
V
u
at 3
rd
story = 1.3(11.3 + 22.0 + 21.1)
= 70.7 kips
< V
c
/2 = 85.8 kips
Provide minimum reinforcement from
Table 3.
Use No. 3 @ 11 vertical reinforcement and
No. 4 @ 12 horizontal reinforcement.
Summary of reinforcement
Vertical bars
1
st
and 2
nd
stories: No. 4 @ 10
3
rd
through 5
th
stories
*
: No. 3 @ 10
Horizontal bars
1
st
and 2
nd
stories: No. 4 @ 10
3
rd
through 5
th
stories: No. 4 @ 12

*
Spacing of vertical bars reduced from 11 in. to 10 in. so that
the bars in the 3
rd
story can be spliced with the bars in the
2
nd
story.


T
T
T
I
I
I
M
M
M
E
E
E
S
S
S
A
A
A
V
V
V
I
I
I
N
N
N
G
G
G


D
D
D
E
E
E
S
S
S
I
I
I
G
G
G
N
N
N


A
A
A
I
I
I
D
D
D
S
S
S



Walls
P o r t l a n d C e m e n t A s s o c i a t i o n
P a g e 3 o f 5



Design for Flexure
When evaluating moment strength, the
load combination given in ACI Eq. (9-3) will
usually govern:
U = 0.9D + 1.3W
Dead load and wind moment in 1
st
story
Tributary floor area = 300 ft
2

Wall dead load = [0.150(8 248)]/144
= 2.1 kips/ft wall height
P
u
= 0.9[(0.122 300)
+ (0.142 300 4)
+ (2.1 63)]
= 305 kips
M
u
= 1.3[(11.3 63) + (22.0 51)
+ (21.1 39) + (19.9 27)
+ (20.5 15)]
= 4,552 ft-kips
Dead loads and wind moments in 2
nd

and 3
rd
stories
In 2
nd
story: P
u
= 239 kips
M
u
= 2,704 ft-kips

In 3
rd
story: P
u
= 178 kips
M
u
= 1,544 ft-kips
Check moment strength based on required
vertical reinforcement for shear. Use Fig. 5
to compute moment strength.
Moment strength in 1
st
story
(No. 4 @ 10)
A
st
= 0.24 20.67 = 4.96 in.
2

0375 . 0
4
60
8 248
96 . 4
f
f
h
A
c
y
w
st
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
l


0384 . 0
4 8 248
305
f h
P
c w
u
=

=

=
l


0952 . 0
) 85 . 0 85 . 0 ( ) 0375 . 0 2 (
0384 . 0 0375 . 0
85 . 0 2
c
1 w
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
l




T
T
T
I
I
I
M
M
M
E
E
E
S
S
S
A
A
A
V
V
V
I
I
I
N
N
N
G
G
G


D
D
D
E
E
E
S
S
S
I
I
I
G
G
G
N
N
N


A
A
A
I
I
I
D
D
D
S
S
S



Walls
P o r t l a n d C e m e n t A s s o c i a t i o n
P a g e 4 o f 5



|
( )
kips - ft 552 , 4 M kips - ft 5,070
kips - in. 848 , 60
0952 . 0 1
60 96 . 4
305
1
) 248 60 96 . 4 5 . 0 ( 9 . 0
c
1
f A
P
1 f A 5 . 0 M
u
w y st
u
w y st n
= > =
=
(

|
.
|

\
|

+
=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
l
l

Moment strength in 3
rd
story
(No. 3 @ 10)
A
st
= 0.13 20.67 = 2.69 in.
2

0203 . 0
4
60
8 248
69 . 2
=
|
.
|

\
|

=

0224 . 0
4 8 248
178
=

=


0560 . 0
) 85 . 0 85 . 0 ( ) 0203 . 0 2 (
0224 . 0 0203 . 0 c
w
=
+
+
=
l


|
( )
kips - ft 544 , 1 M kips - ft 2,980
kips - in. 756 , 35
0560 . 0 1
60 69 . 2
178
1
) 248 60 69 . 2 5 . 0 ( 9 . 0 M
u
n
= > =
=
(

|
.
|

\
|

+
=


The required shear reinforcement is
adequate for moment strength for full
height of wall.
For comparison purposes, the PCA
computer program PCACOL was utilized to
determine the adequacy of the wall in the
1
st
story. As can be seen from the figure
that is on the next page, the wall is
adequate with No. 4 @ 10. Note that
points 1, 2, and 3 on the figure refer to the
load combinations corresponding to ACI
Eqs. (9-1), (9-2), and (9-3), respectively.
Similar results are obtained in the 3
rd

story.


T
T
T
I
I
I
M
M
M
E
E
E
S
S
S
A
A
A
V
V
V
I
I
I
N
N
N
G
G
G


D
D
D
E
E
E
S
S
S
I
I
I
G
G
G
N
N
N


A
A
A
I
I
I
D
D
D
S
S
S



Walls
P o r t l a n d C e m e n t A s s o c i a t i o n
P a g e 5 o f 5