ေအာင္ထြန္း ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈရွားမႈသမိုင္း

or*¾ pmpOf
{NyDv - 2007
© 88 ESpf - jrefrmEdik if aH usmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f - atmifxeG ;f a&;om;í? or*¾pmpOfrS
2007 ckEpS f {NyvD wGif xkwaf 0onf/
{NyDv - 2007 yxrtBudrf tkyfa& - 500

wefzdk; - $ 30 US
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tzH;k tjyiftqif - ausm0f if;
yHEk ydS w
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e-mail: abfsu@abfsu.net, bakatha@loxinfo.co.th URL: http://www.abfsu.net
The Union Publishing
P.O Box (102), Mae Ping Post Office, Chiang Mai (50301) Thailand
© rlyikd f - or*¾pmpOf
,ckpmtkyyf g taMumif;t&mrsm;udk xyfqifu
U ;l ,la&mif;csjcif;? tjyKoabmraqmifaom toH;k jyKjcif;rsm;rSví
TJ ul;,ljzefch sEd ikd o
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© "gwyf rkH sm;

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© pmvH;k - 0if;tif;0? yife?D wdik ;f e,l;½drk ef? aumf&&D me,l;

(Auo)rsm;tzGJYcsKyf EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwDrS
Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands & Open Society Institute wdkh\
axmufyHUulnDrIjzifU xkwfa0onf/
ISBN 9 7 8 - 9 7 4 - 7 1 7 8 - 0 1 - 2
usaemfta&;csifqHk;pmtkyf
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzJGYcsKyf (EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwD) rS xkwfa0onf

THE UNION PUBLISHING
P.O Box (102), Mae Ping P.O, Chiang Mai (50301) Thailand
aus;Zl;wifvTm
,ckpmtkyu f kd jzpfajrmufatmif 0dik ;f 0ef;vkyaf qmifcMUJ uaom udak tmifxeG ;f tygt0if zrf;qD;tusO;f cs
cHcJU&ol (23) OD;? pmtkyfrdwÅLrsm;udk e,fpyftxda&mufatmif xkwfay;EdkifcJUaom trnfrazmfjyEdkifaom
&Jabmfrsm;? vdktyfaom tMuHÓmPfrsm;ay;cJhaom trSmpma&;om;ay;cJUaom udkatmifapmOD;? udkcGefqdkif;?
udo k m;ñGeOhf ;D wdhk tm;vnf;aumif;? wdAhk rmtpnf;t½H;k udk ]wd}hk eJh ]'d}hk rlut GJ oH;k udpuö kd rqdik ;f rwGajz&Si;f ay;cJah om?
tjcm; tcsuftvufrsm; &SmazG&ef qufoG,foifUolrsm;udk ñTefjyay;cJUaom uG,fvGefol q&mOD;wifrdk;?
ud, k af wGY jzwfoef;rIrsm;ESiUf ywfoufNy;D ar;orQukd pdw&f n S vf uf&n S f jyefvnfajzMum;ay;aom q&mOD;vSaz?
a'gufwmausmfomxGef;ESifhywfoufaom taMumif;t&mrsm; ajymjyay;aom q&mOD;odef;vGif? a'gufwm
ausmo f mxGe;f \ ZeD; rpöpt f ,fxU a&mUreG uf b
D mU? a'guw f mausmufcsr;f a,mifa0ESihf ywfoufaom tcsut f vuf
rsm;udk ppfaq;ay;aom &Srf;oHawmfqifU owif;XmerS OD;cGefpdkif;? apmatrdk;vdkESifU apma';Apfoufuay:wdkh
taMumif;udk jznfUpGufajymjycJUaom q&mapm*sufaumU (ArmjynfUuGefjrLepfygwD)? udkAaqGav;usqHk;rIESifU
ywfoufNyD; pmrlMurf;a&;ay;aom q&mOD;odef;0if;? pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf wGef;tma;y;ajymMum;cJUNyD;
vdktyforQ tcsuftvufrsm;? pm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk rNiD;rjiL &SmazGay;cJhaom atatyDyDrS udkwdwfEdkifESifh
atatyDyDtzJGY? vdktyfonfU "gwfykHrsm;ESifU pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk &SmazGulnDay;cJUaom rdkBudK;owif;pmrS
OD;oef;xG#w f thkd m; vnf;aumif;? td;k a0r*¾Zif;rS "gwyf rkH sm;ESiUf tjcm;pkaqmif;xm;aom "gwyf rkH sm;udk ydahk y;cJaU om
udk0if;atmif (*syef) tm;vnf;aumif;? t*FvdyfvdkrSwfwrf;rsm;udk trSm;? trSefaxmufjyay;aom rpöwm
uDAfpvif;? pmtkyftwGufvdktyfaom aiGaMu;&&Sd&ef ulnDaqmif½Gufay;aom udkbdkMunf (atatyDyD)?
yHkrsm;&SmazGay;jcif;ESifU puifemqJGay;aom udk*Ref*vif;? pmtkyftwGuf udkatmifxGef;"gwfyHkudk &SmazGay;om
udw k ifvidI f (udt k AD m;)? pmtkyx f wk af 0&ef aiGaMu;axmufyaUH y;cJaU om? pmtkyx f w k af 0csed x
f uf rsm;pGmaemufusNy;D
xkwaf 0Edik rf u I kd em;vnfay;aom e,fomvefo½H ;kH ESihf tdt k ufpt f ikd t
f zJt YG m;vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;oHrPdwyf
ppfa&;jyavUusifUcef;rsm;twGuf &Sif;jycJhaom udkpdk;aX;? trSm;rsm;jyifqifEdkif&ef pmrlMurf;udk zwf½Iay;cJUaom
rrD;rD;? udkxGef;xGef;atmif? trSm;jyifqifjcif;rsm; pmjyifjcif;rsm;udk ulnDvkyfaqmifay;cJUMuaom rrdk;OD;?
udkrif;rif;? udkatmifatmif ({&m0wD)? pmrrlMurf;tcsKdYtydkif;rsm; ul½dkufay;cJUMuaom udkaersKd;? udk&JvIdif0if;
wdt hk m;vnf;aumif;? tdik t f ufpb f tD rf eHygw&f a&;ESiUf yHEk ydS w
f udk u f pd &ö yfrsm;twGuf ulnv D yk af qmifay;cJaU om
rpöpftdGKifwdkhtm; vnf;aumif;? aemufqHk;ydwf pufwifumeD; ausmif;om;or*¾oDcsif;udk tcsdefrD&SmazGay;cJU
Muaom? oDcsif;pmom;rsm;udk BudK;pm;jznfay;cJUaom atbDtufpf'DtufzfrS &Jabmfrsm;jzpfaom udkvGrf;PD?
udkrdk;ausmfOD;? udkatmifxGef; wdkhtm;vnf;aumif;? BudKwifcGifUjyKcsuf awmif;cHrIr&SdbJ ,ckpmtkyfyg udk;um;
rDSjirf;cJU&aom tcsuftvufrsm;? "gwfyHkrsm;ESifUywfoufaom jynfwGif;jynfyxkwf pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;?
tifwmewfpmrsufESmrsm;? owif;Xmersm;? ,ckpmtkyfESifU ywfoufNyD; vkyfaqmifay;cJUMuaom tjcm;
trnfrazmfjyEdkifaom olrsm;tm;vHk;udkvnf;aumif; tav;teuf rSwfwrf;wif*kPfjyKtyfygonf??
We also extend thanks to the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the
Open Society Institute for the financial support which made the printing of this document
possible.
EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwD
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzJGYcsKyf
rwfv (13) &uf? 2007
- 1 -
FOR MY FATHER
jzwfoef;rIrsm;ay:wiG f pdw&f n
S pf mG jzifU
tbufbufu
tm;ay;ulncD aUJ om
rrtm;
txl;aus;Zl;wifrIjzifU
'DEikd if u
H Edik if o
H m;wpfa,muf?
ol&Y YJ tpGr;f ukeBf uKd ;pm;xm;wJU
½dk;om;rIwckyg/
tem*wfrsK;d quftwGuf oJwpfyiG t

Uf jzpf
taxmuftuljyK&if auseyfygw,f/
atmifxGef;
udak tmifapmOD;\ trSm
(1) vGwfvyfa&;acwfausmif;om;or*¾eJh ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;&JYordkif;[m udkvdkeDacwfausmif;om;
or*¾eJh ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;&JY tqufjzpfw,f? tusKd;qufjzpfw,f/ udkvdkeDacwf ausmif;om;
or*¾eJh ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;&JY EdkifiHa&;tpOftvmudk qufcHudk,fpm;jyKwJU ordkif;jzpfw,f/
(2) e,fcsJYqefhusifa&;? udkvdkeDpepfa[mif;? pepfopfqefhusifa&;? trsKd;om;a&;eJh jrefrmUvGwfvyfa&;udk
xdef;odrf;Edkifa&;twGuf jynfolvlxkeJhtwl yg0ifcJUwJUordkif;jzpfw,f/
(3) urÇmppfqefhusifa&;? urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;? jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;? jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; wdkhtwGuf
jynfolrsm;eJhtwl wdkufyGJ0ifcJUwJUordkif;jzpfw,f/
(4) ppftmPm&Sifpepfqefhusifa&;? vlYtcGifUta&;eJh taxGaxG'Drdkua&pDa&; wdkufyGJudk ykHpHrsKd;pkHeJhwdkufyGJ
0ifcJUwJUordkif;jzpfw,f/ txl;ojzifU ppftmPm&Sifpepf qefhusifa&;wdkufyGJtwGif;rSm ydkrdkta&;ygwJU
vlxktiftm;BuD;w&yftjzpf yg0ifcJUwJUordkif;jzpfw,f/
(5) uarmufurynma&;pepf zsufodrf;a&;? trsKd;om;vu©PmaqmifwJU 0dZÆmodyÜHenf;uswJU? acwfrDwJU?
trsm;twGufjzpfwJU trsKd;om;ynma&;pepf wnfaqmufa&;eJh ausmif;om;xkBuD;w&yfvkH;&JY ynm
oifMum;rIeJh aexdkifrItajctae aumif;rGefa&;wdkhtwGuf wdkufyGJ0ifcJUwJUordkif;jzpfw,f/ ausmif;om;
xk&JY trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rIeJh pm&dwÅzGHhNzdK;a&;wdkhtwGuf BudK;yrf;vkyfaqmifcJUwJUordkif;jzpfw,f/
(6) jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI[m vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ qifETJwJUordkif;jzpfw,f/
'Daygif;csKyfokH;oyfcsufawGudk 1988 ck? Mo*kwfv (28) &uf wuotaqmuftODa[mif;ae&m
rSm Auoudk jyefvnfzGJYpnf;cJUwJUtcrf;tem;rSm ppfNyD;acwfeJhvGwfvyfa&;acwfOD; or*¾0ifausmif;om;
a[mif;BuD;rsm;udk,fpm; pum;ajymcJUpOfu or*¾acgif;aqmifa[mif; udkvSa&Tu xnfUoGif;ajymMum;oGm;cJU
ygw,f/ 'gayr,fU tJ'Dtcsdefumvu wnf&SdaewJU EdkifiHa&;avxkt&Sdeft& eHygwf (6) tcsufudkawmU
xnfUoGif;rajymbJ csefxm;cJUygw,f/
tckxkwfa0vdkufwJUpmtkyf[m 'Daeh'DtcsdefumvrSm 1962 ck? Zlvdkif (7) &ufta&;awmfykH
txdomyg&SdwJUtwGuf aemufaemif qufvufxkwfa0r,fU umvtydkif;rsm;&JY vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;rSmawmU
azmf j yyg aygif;csKyfokH;oyfcsufrsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;awGY jrifzwf½I Mu&rSmyg/
1948-49? 1963-69? 1988-90 umvrsm;twGif; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwcsKdYeJh wuf<uwJU
ausmif;om;rsm; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;twGif; yg0ifoGm;cJUMuw,f/ 1963 ckESpfaemufydkif;&JY
ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk ordkif;rSwfwrf;wifMu&ifawmU ]jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;[m
vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ qifETJwJUordkif;jzpfw,f} qdkwJU ordkif;ed*kH;csKyfcsuf[m ydkrdkyDjyif½kyfvHk;<uvmyg
vdrfUr,f/
bmyJjzpfjzpf 'Dausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIorkdif;pmtkyf xkwfa0&mrSmyg0ifywfouf t&if;tESD;ay;qyf
oGm;cJUMuwJU (rdrdvufvSrf;rDoavmuf) -
1/ ociftkH;jrifU (wdk;wufa&;OD;tkH;jrifU)
2/ a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf (wuoOuúX 1949-50)
3/ OD;ombef; (wuotrIaqmif? ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL; 1960-61)
4/ OD;wifat; (wuoOuúX 1960-61)
5/ OD;vSa&T (wuotrIaqmif? tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcH? Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyftwGif;a&;rSL;tzGJY0if
1960-61)
- 5 -
6/ udkrsKd;xGef; (ac:) udkcGefqdkif; (aq;-1? 1971-76 rdIif;&mjynfU)
7/ udkatmifxGef; (pufrIwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾? 1988)
8/ udkrif;ol ("gwfykHrSwfwrf;)
9/ udkat;Edkif (rdwÅLul;puf)
10/ rcifrdk;at;
11/ rpkpk0if;
12/ r&D&DxGef;
13/ OD;pkd;odef; (wuoOuúX 1957-58)
14/ OD;baumif; (wuo 'k-OuúX 1958-59)
15/ OD;aomfaumif; (&efukefwuúodkvf? pmMunfUwdkufrSL;)
- wdkhtm; av;pm;OD;ñTwf*kPfjyKvsuf
atmifapmOD; (rdIif;&mjynfU)
oGm;zufqdkif&maq;wuúodkvf (1972-76)
Mo*kwfv (28) &uf? 2004ckESpf
- 6 -
nDawmfaemifawmf or*¾ausmif;om;
&Jabmftaygi;f odhk OD;ñGwjf cif;
þpmtkyfudkjyKpka&;om;ol udkatmifxGef; axmifrSvGwfrvmao;yg/ olY&JY&eHhrJhc&D;&Snfu (9) ESpf
wdkifygNyD/ þpmtkyfudk ulnDjyKpkol vlyk*¾dKvf (23) OD; axmifuscJUygw,f/ trsm;pk[m acwftqufquf
ausmif;om;or*¾ wdu k yf aJG wGMum; ta&;awmfyaHk wGMum;u ausmif;om;&JabmfawGcsn;f ygy/J tm;vk;H tenf;qk;H
(7) ESppf aD wmU ay;qyf&ygw,f/ wcsKYd toufygay;cJ&U ygw,f/ usaemfw[ hkd m 'Dpmtkyu f kd vGwaf jrmuf&me,fajr
a&mufatmif ydkhEdkifcJUMuygw,f/ EdkifiHwuma&muf ausmif;om; 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; us,fus,f
jyefhjyefh xkwfa0Edkifatmif BudK;yrf;&if; tckpmtkyfjzpfcJUygNyD/
ocifatmifqef; or*¾ausmif;om;b0u ykodrfpnf;½kH;a&;c&D;pOfrSm twlvdkufygvIyf&Sm;cJUwJU
ocifOD;tkef;jrifUvnf; axmifusygw,f/ olYtouf (80) jynfUarG;aehudk usaemfeJhtwl oD;oefhaxmif
oD;oefhwdkuf0if;rSm 1998 ckESpf OD;ydkif;rSm jzwfausmfcJUMuygw,f/ tbOD;tkef;jrifUudk pwifqkH&pOfuvnf;
1989 ckESpf tif;pdefaxmif wdkuf (4) rSmyg/ olh&JY EdkifiHa&;tawGYtMuHKawGudk em,lcJUMu&zl;ygw,ff/
ocifatmifqef;&JY i,foil ,fcsi;f or*¾tek ;f jrif[ U m (88) rsK;d qufawGxd ta&;awmfyt Hk vHukd vufqifu U rf;
cJhygw,f/
'‘ ED pS x
f J (2006ckEpS )f rSmyif uav;NrKd ?Y trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzGcYJ sKyrf S jynfov
Yl wT af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f
OD;odef;0if;&JYpsmyerSm or*¾acgif;aqmif rif;udkEdkifudk vlwOD;u tom;vGwf0ifa&muf xdk;BudwfzdkhBudK;pm;wm
MuHK&ygw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm tjrefqkH;wkefhjyefckcHol[m or*¾OD;tkef;jrifUyg/ olYtouf (89) ESpf&SdygNyD/ q&m
wa,mufvdk? zcifwa,mufvdk rsKd;qufopfawGudk apmifUa&SmufaeqJyg/
axmifxJrSm udkrif;ol toufay;cJU&ygw,f/ OD;wifat; (NrKdYr) udkvnf; uG,fvGefumeD;rS
vTwfay;cJUvdkh tdrfta&muf rMumcifrSmuG,fvGefcJUygw,f/ a&SYaeBuD;OD;wifat;vnf; axmifxJu pdwfcE¨m
'Pf&mawGeJh vGwfNyD; wpfESpfrjynfUcifrSm ½kwfw&ufuG,fvGefcJUygNyD/
ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;[m wdkif;jynfeJhvlrsKd;twGuf tpOfxGef;ajymifaeygvdrfUr,f/ e,fcsJY
qefhusifa&;? trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;? 'Drdkua&pDeJhvlYtcGifUta&;wdkh twGuf ausmif;awmfom;awGu
acwfwdkif;rSm BudK;yrf;wdkufyGJ0ifcJUMuwmyg/ tckvnf; (88) rsKd;quf? (96) rsKd;qufawGu c&D;&SnfwdkufyGJ
qufaeMuqJyg/ axmiftoD;oD; awmtaxGaxGeJh a0;ajr&yfjcm;u nDawmfaemifawmf or*¾ausmif;om;
&Jabmftaygif;udk (udkatmifxGef;? udkÓmPf0if;? udkxGef;vSwdkh udk,fpm;) þpmtkyfjzifh av;pm;pGmOD;ñTwf
*kPfjyKtyfygw,f/
cGefqdkif;
atmufwdkbmv (29) &uf? 2006
þpmtkyjf zpfajrmufa&;twGuf &eHrh cUJ &D;&Snf csw

D ufcMUJ uolwcsKYd
1/ udkatmifxGef; (pmtkyfjyKpkol) axmifusqJ

2/ udkÓmPf0if; axmifusqJ
- 7 -
3/ udkxGef;vS axmifusqJ
4/ OD;rif;ol axmifwGif;üuG,fvGef
5/ OD;wifat; (NrKdYr) axmifrSvGwfajrmufí rMumcifuG,fvGef
6/ OD;wifat; (a&SYae) axmifrSvGwfajrmufí wpfESpfcefhwGifuG,fvGef
7/ ociftkef;jrifU rdk;BudK;owif;pm
8/ a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf a&SYaeBuD;
9/ OD;vSa&T or*¾acgif;aqmifa[mif;
10/ OD;ombef; (a&SYae) or*¾acgif;aqmifa[mif;
11/ OD;tkef;armif (anmifav;yifNrdKYe,f jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf)
12/ OD;tkef;jrifU (a&SYae)
13/ OD;atmifZif (a&SYae)
14/ OD;cifarmifcsKd (a&SYae)
15/ OD;cifarmifNidrf; (a&SYae)
16/ udk,OfxGef;
17/ udkausmf0PÖ
18/ udk[m&Gef (c) udkvS0if;
19/ udkpdk;vGif
20/ OD;jrifUatmif (a&SYae)
21/ rpkpk0if;
22/ rcifrdk;at;
23/ udkcGefqdkif;
- 8 -
ordik ;f a&;oGm;wJU ordik ;f
ppftpd;k &vufatmufrmS ausmif;om;tzJt YG pnf;awG w&m;0if&yfwnfciG &Uf zdhk Nird ;f csr;f wJaU usmif;om;
vIyf&Sm;rIawG vkyfcGifU&zdkha0;a&m? ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; jyKpkwmeJhwif BuD;av;wJU&mZ0wfrIxdkufygw,f/
ppftyk pf [
k m ausmif;om;awG&t YJ cef;u@eJh ordik ;f tpOftvmudk tJonfaU vmuf taMumufBu;D aMumufygw,f/
onftjzpftysufudk udkatmifxGef;&JY tjzpftysufu oufaocHygw,f/
udkatmifxGef;? olYuG,f&mrSm ukvm;BuD;vdkh usaemfwdkhac:ygw,f/ pdwfomcsdef nydkif;pum;0dkif;
awGrSmawmU &Jabmf*dk&S,fvdkh olYudkac:&if jyHK;NyD; wkefhjyefwwfygw,f/ i,fi,fausmif;om;b0rSm tawmfUudk
awawayay aecJUw,fvdkh olYtajymt&od&ygw,f/ olYtcef;udk rMumcPa&muf&if;? pmzwfoefwJUvlvdkh
usaemfrw S ,
f x l m;ygw,f/ olrY mS trESpOf ;D ? tudw k OD;eJh nDwOD;&dyS gw,f/ olaY rG;csi;f tm;vH;k u olu Y w kd efz;kd xm;
cspfcifoavmuf? olYzufuawmU rdom;pkeJhqdk&if cyfwef;wef;aeavU&dSwm owdxm;rdygw,f/ olYrdom;pk0if
tm;vHk;u rGwfqvifbmom0if ynmwwfawGyg/
oleJhusaemf taotcsm&if;ESD;wmuawmU 1990 rwfv twGif;u pw,fvdkh ajym&ygvdrfhr,f/
,cifuawmU wNrKd eY ,fwnf;twlae vrf;csi;f eD;ayr,fU vlcsi;f rwJjG zpfao;ygb;l / 90 rwfv? zke;f armfEpS yf wf
vnf jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwDudk ppfwyfuzrf;awmU wdrf;a&SmifMu&if; oleJhusaemf twJGrsm;vmygw,f/
{NyDvxJrSm Auorsm;tzJGYcsKyf atmufArmjynfudk wuúodkvftvdkuf tajccHor*¾awGeJh zGJYpnf;awmU olu
pufrIwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾udk udk,fpm;jyKygw,f/ usaemfUrdcifor*¾ (aq;wuúodkvfausmif;om;
or*¾) ehJ pufrIwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾eJh ,cifuwJGvkyfzl;wm tBudrfBudrf&dSayr,fU oleJhusaemfu
Auo atmufArmjynfvIyf&Sm;rIrSm pwJGvkyfjzpfwmyg/ ,m,DzJGYpnf;a&;vkyfawmU olu twGif;a&;rSL;tzJGY0if
(3) OD;xJu wOD;jzpfvmygw,f/
tJonfw U ek ;f u olyY okH @mefu t&yf&n S &f n
S f ydeyf ed yf g;yg;/ yg;odik ;f rkwq
f w
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ygw,f/ vrf;avQmuf&if udk,feJeJapmif;aeavU&dSwmrdkh usaemfwdkhu aemufavU&dSygw,f/ tjyifyef;t&
Munf&U if pum;enf;ygw,f/ pum;ajym&mrSm cyfat;at; ajymwwfygw,f/ tpnf;ta0;awGrmS olo Y abmxm;
udk wH;k wdajymavU&ySd gw,f/ Mum;&olem;xJ t0ifcufygw,f/ oabmw&m;eJh tawG;tac: ydik ;f qdik &f mawGukd
tawmfavUvmxm;ovdk? 'geJhywfoufvm&if aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkrIvnf; oefygw,f/
vIy&f mS ;rIawGvyk &f mrSmvnf; at;aq;wnfNird Nf y;D aoG;at;ygw,f/ rSwrf w S &f &qd&k &if r[mAE¨Kv
vrf;eJh vGpv ö rf;axmifrU mS usaemfw U qhkd E´jyawmU ppfwyfuydwzf rf;ygw,f/ qE´jyyJrG mS udak tmifxeG ;f tygt0if
usaemfwdkh AuotrIaqmifawG tukef&dSaeNyD; OD;aqmifvIyf&Sm;aewmyg/ zrf;qD;cH&olawGvnf; &dSygw,f/
ppfwyfuvdu k af wmU usaemfew hJ csKYd teD;uwdu k w
f ckay: wufajy;ygw,f/ tay:a&mufNy;D vrf;ay:jyefMunfaU wmh
vrf;ray:rSm ppfom;awG? &JawG jynfUaeygw,f/ udkatmifxGef;udk olwdkhMum;xJrSmyJ at;at;wnfwnfeJh
jzwfavQmufoGm;wm jrifvdkuf&ygw,f/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;awGvnf; olYudk owdxm;rdyHkr&ygbl;/
1990 ausmif;om;nDvmcHudk ZGefvukef rEåav;rSmvkyfawmU olYudk Auo (atmufArmjynf) &JY
twGif;a&;rSL;tzJGY0iftjzpf nDvmcHu a&G;cs,ftwnfjyKygw,f/ nDvmcHNyD;awmU nDvmcHqHk;jzwfcsufawGudk
taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm tzJGYwm0ef&dSolwOD;taeeJh ZJG&dS&dStEHGwmcHvkyfaqmifrIudk awGY&ygw,f/ nDvmcH
qHk;jzwfcsufawGeJh tzJGYtpnf;&JYoabmxm;udk aoGzDjcif;r&dSyJ &yfwnfvIyf&Sm;cJUwJU acgif;aqmifwOD;yg/
tjcm;tvkyform;or*¾? &[ef;ysKdor*¾? vli,for*¾awGeJh usaemfwdkh ausmif;om;or*¾awG pkzJGYxm;wJh
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;wyfaygif;pk wm0efudkvnf; wzufrSm olxrf;&ygw,f/ wm0efydkif;qdkif&meJh
olzmomvkyfaqmifr,fvdkh qHk;jzwfvdkufwJU vkyfief;wdkif;udk rjzpfrae&atmif taumiftxnfazmfwwfwJU
- 9 -
ZJeG hJ pdw"f gw[ f m olq Y rD mS pJpG NGJ rNJ ru
J kd ude;f atmif;aeygw,f/ tzJt YG pnf;wGi;f jyóem? jyifyeJh &ifqidk &f wJjU yóem?
or*¾vyI &f mS ;a&;rSL;awG&YJ jyóemawGuv kd nf; wm0ef&o Sd tl aeeJh &yfwnfcsu&f &Sd Sd rSerf eS u f efuef ajz&Si;f avU
&dSwmaMumifhvnf; ausmif;om;tawmfrsm;rsm;u olYudk av;pm;cspfcifygw,f/
pufwifbmv (1) &ufaehrmS oleu hJ saemf wcsed w f nf; zrf;cH&ygw,f/ ppfum;awGukd taemf&xmeJh
yef;qd;k wef; vrf;qHrk mS csxm;Ny;D usaemfu U kd yef;qd;k wef;tdru f ac:xw k v
f mygw,f/ olu h kd bm;vrf;xdyt f rd u
f
ac:xkwfygw,f/ ppfaMuma&;pcef;a&mufawmU a&mufa&mufcsif; oleJhusaemfu tcef;uyfvsufyg/ olYudk
½dkufESufwm Mum;ae&w,f/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t&m&dSawGu olYudk bmoma&;eJhcsdwfNyD; qJqdkaeMuw,f/
]a[U ukvm; - ArmjynfEikd if aH &;eJh rif; bmywfoufovJ}q ” Nkd y;D awmhvnf; rMumcPqJwm Mum;&w,f/
olq Y u D avoHat;at;eJh wkejhf yefwmudv k nf; Mum;&w,f/ ud, k t Uf zJt
YG pnf;u wm0ef&o Sd w
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tckxuftxdawG;wdkif; pdwfempdwfraumif; jzpfrdygw,f/ tzJGYtpnf;rSm wm0efBuD;BuD;,lxm;ol jzpfwm
aMumifUvnf; ppfaMuma&;rSm ol[m txktaxmif; tawmfcHvdkuf&ygw,f/
ppfaMuma&;NyD;awmU usaemfwdkhudk tif;pdefoD;oefhaxmif wdkuf (2) udk ydkhygw,f/ oleJhusaemf
wcef;xJae&ygw,f/ tcef;twGif;rSm reufwdkif; cGyfa'gif;tvHtav;jyKzdkh olutqdkjyKwmaMumifU reufqdk
tvHtav;jyKwmudk uk, d tUf pDtpOfeu hJ , kd f vkyMf uygw,f/ olu tEkynmvnf; 0goemygoyl g/ wdu k x
f rJ mS awmU
usaemfukd cdik x f ;l oDcsi;f awG qdck ikd ;f avU&w Sd ,f/ usaemf pdwrf ygwahJ eh rqdb k ;l qd&k if olzmomol qdak vU&w Sd ,f/
'gayr,fU oDcsif;pmom;awG xdkif&GwfaeovkdygyJ? oHpOfxGufrvmygbl;/ axmifu jyefvGwfawmUvnf;
uAsmawGa&;NyD; pmtkyfxkwfwm ESpftkyfoHk;tkyf&dSr,fvdkh xifygw,f/ oD;oefhwdkufrSm&dSwkef;yJ aemufydkif;
xyfrdvmwJU olawGaMumifU ol&,f? usaemf&,f? &Jarmfxl;&,f axmifwGif;ppfaMuma&; xkwfcH&ygao;w,f/
tJonfUrSm olYudk jyefvTwfay;r,fqdkNyD; ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u tay;t,lvkyfcJUwmudk oljiif;qdkcJUygw,f/
pufwifbm (29) &ufaehrSm usaemfwdkhudk axmifa&SYuppfcHk½Hk;rSmxkwfNyD; em&Dydkif;twGif; trdefhcs
ygw,f/ trdefhrcscifem;csdef usaemfwdkhtm;vHk;qHkcsdefrSm oluOD;aqmifNyD; usaemfwdkhudkaqGaEG;ygw,f/ cHk½Hk;udk
b,fvdkwkefhjyefrvJ qdkwmudkyg/ usaemfwdkhtaeeJh tjypfr&dSbl;qdkwmyJ ajzNyD; bmrSwkefhjyefp&m rvdkbl;vdkh
olu oabmxm;ay;ygw,f/ tm;vHk;u olYpum;udk vdkufemcJUygw,f/ trdefhcsawmU ol&,f? aevif;&,f
usaemf&,fukd ig;ESppf /D ud, k u©;D (udn k aD xG;cdik )f eJh &Jarmfx;l ukd av;ESpef hJ &Jausmpf mG udk oH;k ESpq f Nkd y;D zwfjyygw,f/
tif;pdefaxmif oHk;aqmifrSm&dSaewkef; oleJhusaemfu xrif;pm;0dkif;twlwlyg/ xrif;pm;0dkif;rSm
bkwfudkifvdkhqdkr,fU pDrHcefhcJGolwOD;taeeJh olwm0ef,lay;ygw,f/ rGwfqvifbmom0ifjzpfayr,fU usaemfwdkh
pm;r,fUtpmawGudk csufjyKwfzdkh jyifqifvDS;jzwfwm [if;cJGay;wmawGukd olyJwm0efcH vkyfay;ygw,f/
xrif;pm;0dkif;u Ak'¨bmom udk&ifESpfyg;&JY a0,sm0pöeJh qGrf;uGrf;uyfwmawGvnf; oleJh udkwdk;u wm0ef,l
vkyfavU&dSygw,f/ axmifwGif; rdciftzJGYtpnf;tvdkuf yHkrSefaqG;aEG;0dkif;awG vkyfawmUvnf; usaemfwdkh
Auo atmufArmjynftpkawGtwGuf olu uruxvkyaf vU&ySd gw,f/ tjcm;taqmifawGu tzJ0YG ifawG
udkvnf; aqG;aEG;yJGawGvkyfzdkh wdkufwGef;apUaqmfwm vkyfavU&dSygw,f/ usaemfwdkh tpktzJGYwGif;rSmom
ruygbl; taqmifrSmjzpfvmwJU EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGeJh tmPmydkifawGeJh xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifrIwdkif;rSm
olua&Sq Y ;kH u OD;aqmifrx I rJ mS wOD;tygt0ifjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifv U nf; 91 ukecf ge;D rSm olu Y kd oD;oefah xmif
wdkufzufudk axmiftmPmydkifawGu oD;jcm;ydkhypfvdkufygw,f/
olu usaemfUxuf &ufydkif;apmNyD; om,m0wDaxmifu vGwfygw,f/ 1994 tukefydkif;jzpfr,f/
usaemf rHk&Gmaxmifu jyefvGwfNyD; tdrfa&mufvdkh em&Dydkif;yJ&dSwkef; ola&mufvmw,f/ axmifuvGwfvdkh ol
ausmif;jyefwufNy;D &efuek pf ufrw I uúov kd u f bJ&YG ygw,f/ axmifuxGuv f mwJU usaemfwhkd Auo trIaqmif
wOD;csif;pDuae NyD;cJUwJU vIyf&Sm;rIeJh axmifwGif;jzwfoef;rI oHk;oyfcsuftpD&ifcHpm wapmifpD awmif;ygw,f/
usaemf a&;ay;vdkufygw,f/ 'gawGjyefaygif;NyD; olYtaeeJh jyefoHk;oyfcsufwck xkwfcsifw,fvdkh qdkygw,f/
- 10 -
wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ olusdwfvkyfaewmwckudk usaemf odvdkufygw,f/ t&ifausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrSwfwrf;awG
&oavmuf olYudk&Smay;zdkh ajymygw,f/ bmvkyfrvdkhvJar;awmU olu ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;wck jyKpk
aew,fvdkhqdkygw,f/ olYtdrfu olYtcef;oGm;&ifvnf; onfordkif;pm&GufawGcsnf; awGYae&ygw,f/ tJonfU
umvrSm ordik ;f a&;zdu hk pd u
ö ykd J txl;tm½Hx k m;vkycf yUJ gw,f/ 96 atmufwb kd mta&;tcif; rjzpfcifavmufrmS
olNyD;pD;cJUyHk &ygw,f/ usaemfUtdrfvmNyD; zwfMunfUzdkh ay;ygw,f/ tJonfUumvwkef;uawmU tao;pdwf
rzwfjzpfcJUygbl;/
usaemf xkid ;f e,fpyfzufa&mufNy;D rMumcifrmS olpY mtkyaf wG onfzufrmS ysaYH eygNy/D olehJ zke;f &wJt U cg
usawmfU onfpmtkyaf wGukd onfzufuwqifU tjyiftqifaumif;aumif;eJh jyefxw k af pcsiwf ,fvhkd ajymygw,f/
a&;ol oleY mrnfuakd wmU ]a'gi;f xGe;f } vdhk oH;k zdahk jymygw,f/ 'gayr,fU tJonft U csed tf xd onfpmtkyaf &;rIaMumifh
axmifcscH&avmufwJUtxd &mZ0wfrIajrmufr,fvdkh usaemfrxifwm trSefyg/ pmtkyfa&;NyD; jzefhawmUvnf;
1962 ckEpS f rwdik cf ifu tydik ;f txdyjJ zpfovdk jyefxw k &f ifvnf; onftydik ;f yJ jzpfrmS rdhk vuf&pSd pftyk pf t
k aeeJh
trsufoifUavmufr,f awG;rxm;cJUbl;/ (88) ESpfwm ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIqdkNyD; 62 aemufydkif; ausmif;om;
vIy&f mS ;rIawGuykd g a&;xm;ayr,fU olt"du jzefch w UJ muawmU 62 ckEpS f tydik ;f txdyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'gah Mumifv U nf;
pmtkyfawG&JY trSmpmrSmvnf; ulnDwJUvlBuD;awGudk aus;Zl;wifaMumif; azmfjyxm;w,fvdkh xifygw,f/
oleJhusaemf aemufqHk; zkef;tquftoG,f&csdefu usaemf Oa&myc&D;pOf a&mufaeygw,f/
e,fomvefEdkifiH todrdwfaqGtdrfuae oleJh zkef;&ygw,f/ tJonfUtcsdeftxd olYtajctaeu pdk;&drf&wJU
taetxm;r&dSwJU oabmrSm&dSygw,f/ 96 NyD;vdkh usaemfwdkh onfzufa&mufawmU olYudk tenf;i,f
apmifUMunfUwJUoabmrSmyJ &dSygw,f/ c&D;pOfuae usaemfxdkif;jyefa&mufawmU rMumcifrSmyJ oltzrf;cH&
w,fvdkh Mum;&ygw,f/ oleJhtwl onfordkif;pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf ulnDolawGudkyg zrf;qD;cJUygw,f/
ulnDolawGtxJrSm vlBuD;ydkif;awGyg ygwmrdkh vlBuD;awGyg tzrf;cH&ygw,f/ onfUtwGuf olYudka0zefrI
wcsKdY&dSayr,fU? olYpdwf"gwf olY&yfwnfcsufeJh olYapwemudk usaemfuawmU tjynfUt0em;vnfygw,f/
jynfya&mufrS ola&;xm;wmawGukd taotcsm jyefzwfMunfyU gw,f/ jyefzwfMunfrU S wefz;kd Bu;D Bu;D
olay;qyfcw UJ ,fqw kd mudk oabmaygu&f ygw,f/ jrefrmEdik if aH &;rSm ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rItcef;u@eJh ywfoufNy;D
ta&;Bu;D w,fqw kd mudk ordik ;f q&mawG Edik if aH &;orm;awG tygt0if jynfow l &yfv;kH u vufcx H m;ygw,f/
jrefrmUwyfrawmf&o YJ rdik ;f tcef;u@udk ajymr,fq&kd ifawmif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI&t YJ qufvhkd wifpm;Muygw,f/
'gayr,fU onfausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f taxmuftxm;awGukd cdik cf ikd v f v
kH jkH zpfatmif pepfwus tm;vH;k pkpnf;
wifjyEkid w f m r&dcS yUJ gb;l / onfuu G v f yfukd oljznfoU mG ;ygw,f/ ausmif;om;ordik ;f udk uGi;f quf&&Sd Sd tcdik t f rm
jzpfatmif jyKpo k mG ;ygw,f/ ol&Y YJ tmabmfrygatmif BuKd ;pm;a&;xm;Ny;D ? ,cifrw S w f rf;awG aqmif;yg;awGuykd J
udk;um;xm;wm awGY&ygw,f/
onfEpS yf ikd ;f twGi;f Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tawmfrsm;rsm; vGwv f mygw,f/ olt Y rIwaGJ wGvnf; jyefvw G f
vmygw,f/ 'gayr,fU onftxJrSm udkatmifxGef; rygygbl;/ axmifuxGufvmolawG tqdkt& ol[m
axmifxJrSm MuHUMuHUcdkif&yfwnfaeqJ jzpfygw,f/ ol[m jrifUjrwfwJU wdkufyJG0if cGyfa'gif;tvHawmfatmufrSm
jrJjrHpGm&yfwnf&if; ausmif;om;ordkif;udk pdkufxlaeqJ jzpfygw,f/
om;ñGehfOD;
(12) Mo*kwf? 2005
- 11 -
udkatmifxGef;
1967 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJUonf/ 1988 ckESpfwGif &efukefpufrIwuúodkvf
yÍörESpf (vQyfppf-tif*sifeD,m) ausmif;om;tjzpf oifMum;aeqJ jzpfonf/
1987 rqvtpdk;&rS aiGpuúLrsm;w&m;r0ifaMumif; aMunmrIaMumifU ay:ayguf
cJUaom ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;rS pwifum awmufavQmuf yg0ifcJUonf/
&efukefpufrIwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfonf/ 1988-
89 ckESpf wavQmufvHk;wGif ay:aygufcJUaom ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif
yg0ifcJhonf/
1990 {NyDvtwGif; Auorsm; tzGJYcsKyf (atmufArmjynf)udk zGJYpnf;cJU&m
wGif A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJY0iftjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJUonf/
1990 ckESpf rEåav;wGif usif;ycJUaom ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
tzGJYcsKyf nDvmcHü A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJY0iftjzpf a&G;cs,f
wifajr§mufjcif; cHcJU&onf/ nDvmcHrScsrSwfcJUaom &uf (30) twGif; vTwfawmf
ac:,lEdkifa&;twGuf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyftm; 0dkif;&HulnD&ef[laom tcsuf
tm; t"dutaumiftxnf azmfcJhMuolrsm;wGif yg0ifonf/ 1990 *EDńDvmcH
tBudKvlxkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk AuorS OD;aqmifvIyf½Sm;cJU&mwGif acgif;aqmifvIyf½Sm;cJU
onf/ *EDńDvmcHtNyD; pufwifbm (1) &ufaehü AuorS tjcm;acgif;aqmif
rsm;ESifUtwl zrf;qD;cHcJU&onf/ 28? 10? 1990 wGif axmif'Pf (5) ESpfcsrSwfjcif;
cHcJU&onf/ axmifrSvGwfNyD; ausmif;jyefwufcGifU&onfUtwGuf 1997 ckESpfwGif
pufrIwuúodkvfrS ausmif;NyD;cJUonf/
1996 ckESpf ESpfqef;rSpí“]usaemfta&;csifqHk;pmtkyf} [k trnf&
aom ]jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIordkif;} (,ck) pmtkyfudk pwifjyKpkcJUonf/
1998 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvtwGif; ¤if;pmtkyf vQKdY0SufjzefhcsdrIaMumifU axmif'Pf
(17) ESpf cscH&onf/ ,cktcg tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; ½Sdaeonf/
udak tmifxeG ;f udk urÇmw
h 0Sr;f Edik if aH &;t& zdEydS jf cif;cHae&aom pma&;q&mrsm;
tm; ay;tyfaom [,fref? [ef;rwf*&efhqk (Hellman/Hammett Grant) udk
1999 ckESpfwGif csD;jr§ifUcJUonf/ urÇmhpma&;q&mrsm;toif; tifwmae&Sife,fyef
tzJGY0ifrsm;jzpfaom aemfa0? uifbm&m? uae'g&Sd yefpifwmrsm;u udkatmifxGef;tm;
¤if;wdkhtzJGYrsm;\ *kPfxl;aqmiftzJGY0ifwOD;tjzpf aMunm*kPfjyKcJUonf/
- 12 -
pma&;ol\ trSm
yxrwJG
1991 ck? azazmf0g&Dvqef;ydkif;avmufu jzpfr,fxifygonff/ tif;pdefaxmif (3) aqmifwGif?
bk&m;av;bufjcrf;wGif aumf&pf'gwck&Sdygonf/ xdkaumf&pf'gwGif reufydkif;qdkvQif vrf;avQmufavU
&Sdygonf/ xkdaumf&pf'gonf ay (440) &Sdí pum;ajym&if; vrf;avQmuf&onfrSm uRefawmfwdkhtzdkh
vkyfaeMu tvkyfwckvdk jzpfaeayonf/ uRefawmfUudk oD;oefhaxmifrS (3) aqmifodkh ydkhvdkufNyD;aemuf
rMumrDtaqmifudk tbOD;tkef;jrifU a&mufvmygonf/ oleJhuRefawmf aumf&pf'gwGif vrf;avQmuf&if;
ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;pmtkyfa&;&ef tMuHÓmPf &&SdcJUygonf/
1994 ck? pufwifbmv (23) &uf om,m0wDaxmifrS vGwfvmNyD;aemuf xdkpmtkyfa&;&ef
rSwfwrf;rSwf&mESifU ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;udk pwifpkaqmif;cJUygonf/ xdkhodkhpkaqmif;&mwGif
vwfwavmtajctaet& tcuftcJrsm;awGY&Sd&ouJUodkh wcsKdYyk*¾dKvfrsm;xHrS &&SdcJUaomfvnf; wcsKdY
yk*¾dKvfrsm;rSmrl tb,fodkhaom taMumif;t&mrsm;aMumifUrod? uRefawmfr&&SdcJUyg/ þodkhjzifU uRefawmf
&&SdcJUaom rSwfwrf;rSwf&m ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;udkom pkpnf;ía&;om;cJU&m jynfUpHkvHkavmufrI
&Sdrnfr[kwfay/ pmtkyfrSmrl arQmfrSef;xm;onfxuf ydkrdkxloGm;í yxrwGJ (1903-1942) xd xkwfa0
vdkufygonf/ usefESpfrsm;udkvnf; twGJrsm;cGJí xkwfa0oGm;ygrnf/ (88) ESpf (1903-1991) ausmif;om;
vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;pmtkyftjzpf a&;om;&ef &nf&G,fxm;ygonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJYqefhusifa&;? vGwfvyfa&;
BudK;yrf;rI? Nidrf;csrf;a&;? vlYtcGifUta&;BudK;yrf;rIrsm;wGif ausmif;om;wdkh\ BuD;us,fjrifUjrwfvSaom
trsKd;om;a&;BudK;yrf;rIrsm;udk a&;om;xm;ygonf/
xdkpmtkyfjzifU 'Drdkua&pDESifU vlYtcGifUta&;wdkufyGJ tqifUqifUwGif usqHk;oGm;olrsm;tm;vnf;
aumif;? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkBuD;twGif;ü (3) ESpft&G,f cav;i,fav;rStp touf (100)
ausmf tzdk;tzGm;rsm;tqHk; ¤if;wkdhyg0ifvIyf&Sm;rIudkvnf;aumif;? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkBuD;tm;
vnf;aumif;? uRefawmfeJhtwlaxmiftwGif;ü opöm&SdpGmaexdkifcJUNyD; axmifwGif;wkdufyGJrsm;tm; opöm&Sd
pGmyg0ifcJholrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? 1988 rS 1990 txd uRefawmfyg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhaom &efukefpufrI
wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? ausmufwHwm;NrdKYe,fausmif;om;or*¾? 'Drdku&ufwpfausmif;om;
vli,frsm;tiftm;pk (&efukefwdkif;)? ArmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf (atmufArmjynf)?
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf (ArmEdkifiH)? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;wyfaygif;pk
(NDRF) wdkhtm; *kPfjyKOD;ñTwfvdkufygonf/
uRefawmftm; i,fpOfuyif avUvm&ef EdkifiHa&;pmayESifU rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm; ay;tyfcJUaom
bBuD;t&if; ocifa<u (0g;c,fr) tm;vnf;aumif;? rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm; ulnD&SmazGay;cJUaom tb
OD;tkef;jrifUtm;vnf;aumif;? uRefawmfpmxkdifa&;jzpfcJhaom uRefawmfUtazxdkifcJUonfU tpdrf;a&mifpm;yGJcHk
av;tm;vnf;aumif;? tultnDay;cJUaom rcifrdk;at;tm;vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;wifvsuf/
atmifxGef;
- 13 -
NAw
d od Qe,fcsq YJ efusiaUf &;
'Drdkua&pDa&;
zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;
vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI
Nidrf;csrf;a&;
vlYtcGifUta&;BudK;yrf;rIESifU
(88) ESpf
(1903 - 1991)
ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
pmtkyx
f w
k af 0&jcif; trSm
Edik if w
H pfc\ k ordik ;f onf ,if;Edik if w H iG ;f &Sd ordik ;f acwfumvudk rodrrSv D ukd of nfh vli,frsK;d qufrsm;
twGuf ta&;BuD;ygonf/ vli,frsKd;qufrsm;taejzifU rdrdEdkifiH\ordkif;udk tjzpftrSeftwdkif; od&SdEdkif&ef
vdktyfygonf/ od&Sd½kHwifru rdrdEdkifiH\ ordkif;jzpf&yfrsm;twGif;rS tm;aumif;csufrsm;udk vufqifhurf;
qufcEH ikd &f efEiS hf tm;enf;csurf sm;udk oifcef;pmxkw, f w l wf&ef ydík ta&;Bu;D ygonf/ odrhk o S m rdrEd ikd if t
H wGuf
rdrdykckH;ay:&Sd vuf&SdypöKyÜefumv wm0efrsm;twGufa&m tem*wfwm0efrsm;twGufyg wm0efausyGefEdkifrnf
jzpfygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifU acwfumvtqufquf ordkif;jzpf&yfrSefrsm; pkpnf;azmfxkwfEdkifrI tm;enf;
cJyU gonf/ txl;ojzifU Adv k af e0if;ppftmPm&Sit f yk pf rk S 1962ckEpS f ppftmPmodr;f Ny;D aemufyikd ;f ordik ;f tarSmif
acwfudk usa&mufcJU&ygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;wGif ta&;ygonfU tcef;u@wGifyg0ifcJUonfU ausmif;om;
or*¾pdwf"mwfESifU ausmif;om;pdwf"mwfudktajccHonfU ausmif;om;or*¾vIyf&Sm;rI? ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
udk taMumufBuD;aMumuf&GHY cJUaom ppftmPm&SiftkyfpkrS ppftmPmodrf;NyD;NyD;csif; ausmif;y&0PftwGif;
aoG;pGe;f apcJo U nfU (7) &uf Zlvikd af usmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIEiS hf ausmif;om;or*¾taqmuftODtm; &ufpuf½idk ;f jypGm
rdik ;f jzifNU zKd ccJG jUJ cif;jzifU jrefrmEdik if aH usmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI ordik ;f udk tpazsmufvufpwk;H ypf&ef BuKd ;pm;cJMU uygonf/
rnfonfU tkyfcsKyfolrqdk ordkif;trSefudk azsmufzsufvdrfnmí r&Edkifyg/ jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;
vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f udv k nf; ppftmPm&Sit f qufqufrS rnfoyhkd ifvrd n f mazsmufzsuaf pcsiu f mrl azsmufzsuyf pfí
&rnfr[kwfyg/ rsKd;qufqdkonfum azsmufzsufypfvdkhr&ovdk jrefrmEdkifiH ausmif;om;rsKd;qufa[mif;rsm;rS
ausmif;om;rsK;d qufopftoD;oD;odhk ausmif;om;or*¾ pdw"f mwfEiS hf ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI ordik ;f tqufqufukd
tpOftquf vufqifhurf;tarGay;cJhonfom jzpfygonf/ xdkhtwGufvnf; &ufpufMurf;MuKyfvSonfU
ppftmPm&Sipf epfatmufwiG f ppftmPm&Siq f efu h siaf &; ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIrsm; qufwu kd qf o
kd vdk ay:aygucf UJ
&onfom jzpfygonf/
,ck jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ordkif;udk a&;om;jyKpkcJhonfU udkatmifxGef;onf 1988
ckESpf ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIumvESifh &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykHBuD;twGif; &efukefpufrIwuúodkvfausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfygonf/ 1990 ckESpf ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;twGif; ausmif;om;or*¾acgif;aqmifwOD;
tjzpf ppftusOf;axmiftwGif; tusOf;uscHcJh&ygonf/ ppftusOf;axmiftwGif; olMuHKqkHcJh&onfh e,fcsJY
qefhusifa&;umvrS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsKd;qufrsm; rSonf acwftqufquf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
rsKd;qufrsm;xHrS od&SdcJh&onfU ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rItawGYtMuHK? ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIorkdif;rsm;rS jrefrmEdkifiH
orkdif;twGuf vdktyfaeonfU uGufvyfjzpfaeonfh jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;tm; jyKpk&ef
pdwful;ay:aygufcJUygonf/ ppftusOf;axmiftwGif;rS jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmonfU tcsdefrSpwifí ,ck
jrefrmEdik if aH usmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f pmtkyt f m; tywfwukwBf uKd ;pm;tm;xkwf a&;om;jyKpck yUJ gonf/ pmtkyaf &;
om;jyKpkNyD;cJUaomfvnf; ppftmPm&Sifpepfatmufü us,fjyefhpGm xkwfa0&efrjzpfEdkifcJhyg/ rdwÅLyGm;onfU
tqifUrQom wwfEdkifcJUygonf/ ,if;pmtkyf jyKpka&;om;cJUonfUudpöjzpfyif udkatmifxGef;tygt0if pmtkyfjzpf
ajrmufa&;twGuf ulnDyHUydk;ay;cJUonfh rsKd;quftoD;oD;rS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ppftmPm&Sif
rsm;rS tnd§K;taw;BuD;pGmjzifU zrf;qD;tusOf;cscJUygonf/ wcsKdYausmif;om;acgif;aqmif rsKd;qufrsm;um ppf
tusO;f axmiftwGi;f usq;Hk uG,v f eG of mG ;cJyU gNy/D wcsKu Yd m tusO;f axmifrS vGwaf jrmufNy;D rMumrD usq;Hk uG,f
vGef oGm;&&Smonf/ wcsKdYum jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmcJUNyD jzpfonf/ udkatmifxGef;rSmum ,aehwdkif
ppftusOf;axmiftwGif; tusOf;uscHae&qJjzpfonf/
- 15 -
udak tmifxeG ;f a&;om;jyKpck o hJ nfU jrefrmEdik if aH usmif;om;vIy&f mS rIordik ;f pmtkyo f nf 1903 ckEpS rf pS wif
í 1991 ckESpftxd jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;or*¾rsm;\vIyf&Sm;rI? ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrSwfwrf;rsm;?
,if;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif udk,fwdkifudk,fus yg0ifcJUolrsm;\ rSwfwrf;rsm;udktajccHí jyKpka&;om;cJUjcif; jzpfyg
onf/ ,ckrdrdwdkh ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf-EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwDrS xkwfa0onfU
udkatmifxGef;\ jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;pmtkyfwGifrl rdrdwdkhvufcH&&Sdxm;onfU 1903 ckESpfrS
1962 ckEpS x f d pmrlrw d LÅ udok m azmfjyxkwaf 0Edik yf gonf/ rdrw d v
hkd ufc&H &So d nfU pmrlrwd LÅ rsm;rSmvnf; tqifq U ifU
rdwÅLyGm;,lxm;&jcif;jzpfonfUtavsmuf pmvkH;? pmaMumif;? pmydk'frsm; rxif&Sm;jcif;? jywfawmufjcif;rsm;
&SdaeygojzifU tm;enf;csufrsm; &SdaeEdkifygonf/ rdrdwdkhtaejzifUvnf; udkatmifxGef;\ ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI
ordik ;f pmtkytf m; taumif;rGef tjynfpU q Hk ;Hk jzpfatmif BuKd ;pm;jyifqifc&UJ onft U wGuf xGu&f o dS ifoU nfuU mvxuf
aemufusrS xkwfa0EdkifcJU&jcif;udkvnf; cGifUvTwfem;vnfay;yg&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf/
rdrw d hkd ArmEdik if v
H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKy-f Edik if jH cm;a&;&maumfrwDtaejzifU udak tmifxeG ;f
\,ckpmtkyt f m; xkwaf 0Edik cf jUJ cif;twGuf vuf&rdS sK;d qufausmif;om;vli,frsm;twGi;f jrefrmEdik if aH usmif;om;
vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f uGi;f quftm; vufqifu U rf;ay;Edik &f ef? jrefrmEdik if aH usmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIorkid ;f tm; avUvmaeol
rsm;twGuf qufpyfay;Edkif&efESifU aemiftem*wf jrefrmEkdifiHordkif;jzpf&yfrSefrsm; jyefvnfa&;om;jyKpkonfU
tcg taxmuftuljyKEdkif&eftwGuf tusKd;jzpfxGef;vdrfUrnf[k ,kHMunfygonf/
,ckpmtkyftm; a&;om;jyKpkcJUol? ,ckpmtkyfa&;om;jyKpkcJUonfU udpö&yfaMumifU ,aehxufwdkif
ppftusO;f axmiftwGi;f tusO;f uscaH e&qJjzpfonfh (88) rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif udak tmifxeG ;f tm;
vnf;aumif;? e,fcsq YJ efu h siaf &;umvrSonf ,aehppftmPmqefu h siaf &;? 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;wdu k yf u
JG mvtxdwikd f
wkdufyGJtqufqufü usqkH;cJU&aom? udk,fusKd;pGefhtepfemcHcJUMuaom ausmif;om;rsKd;quftoD;oD;tm;
rdrdwdkh ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf - EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwDrS av;pm;pGm OD;ñTwf*kPfjyK
tyfygonf/
EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwD
ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf
rwfv (9) &uf? 2007 ckESpf
- 16 -
rmwdum
yxrwGJ (1903 - 1942)
- aus;Zl;wifvTm (1)
- udkatmifapmOD;\ trSm (5)
- nDawmfaemifawmf or*¾ausmif;om;&Jabmftaygif;odkh OD;ñTwfjcif; (7)
- ordkif;a&;oGm;wJU ordkif; (9)
- udkatmifxGef; (pma&;oludk,fa&;tusOf;) (12)
- pma&;ol\ trSm - yxrwJG (13)
- pmtkyfxkwfa0&jcif; trSm (15)
- rmwdum - yxrwGJ (1903-1942) (17-21)
- pma&;ol\ trSm - 'kwd,wJG (23)
- rmwdum - 'kwd,wGJ (1945-1962) (25-32)
tcef; (1) udkvdkeDacwfOD;ydkif;

e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1903 rS 1906) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
(u) 1903-ckESpf &Sdcdk;jyóemESifh ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
(c) 0dkiftrfbDat (Y.M.B.A) tpausmif;om;u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
tcef; (2) udkvdkeDacwfOD;ydkif;

e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1918 rS 1921) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwf 4
(u) aumvdyfoydwfrwdkifrD ausmif;om;rsm;tajctae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
(c) 1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwf jzpfay:vm&jcif;taMumif;t&if; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
(*) oydwftwGufjyifqifMujcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
(C) oydwfarSmufpOfjrifuGif;ESifh ausmif;om;wdkY\ckdifrmaompdwf"gwf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
(i) pdefayg[kdufpul;ausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifvmjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
(p) rEÅav;NrKdUoydwf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
(q) oydwft&Sdefwufvmjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
(Z) awmif;qkdcsufay;ydkYjcif;ESifh ausmif;rwuf&efqHk;jzwfjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
(ps) trsKd;om;ausmif;? trsKd;om;aumvdyfwnfaxmifjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
(n) 1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwf trsKd;om;a&;atmifjrifrIrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
- trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif;rsm;odkY q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;rdefYMum;csuf . . . . . . . . . . 19
- trsKd;om;ynma&; aumifpDOuú| OD;armifBuD; (trfat) rdefYMum;csuf . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
(#) trsKd;om;aeYowfrSwfjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
À "gwfyHku@ (9? 16? 22-34)
tcef; (3) udkvdkeDacwfv,fydkif;

e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1922 rS 1930) ausmif;om;vli,frsm; vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
(u) 1922-23 wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tajctae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
(c) vli,frsm;BuD;yGm;a&;toif;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
(*) ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mvli,ftzGJUcsKyfESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
(C) EdkifiHjcm;jzpfpD;u&ufraomufa&;vIHYaqmfrIESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
(i) EdkifiHjcm;jzpft0wftxnfqefYusifa&;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
- 17 -
(p) e,fcsJUtpdk;&qefYusifa&;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
(q) wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;tp ausmif;om;u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
(Z) cGyfa'gif;tp &Jwyfu? wyfrawmftp ausmif;om;u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
(ps) 1925 ckESpf rEÅav;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;\ trsKd;om;a&;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . 39
À "gwfyHku@ (38)
tcef; (4) udkvdkeDacwfv,fydkif;

e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vGwfvyfa&; BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1930 rS 1931) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
(u) 1930 ckESpfESifh ¤if;ESpfrwdkifrD ausmif;om;rsm;tajctae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
(c) wuo zGJUpnf;jzpf&eftajctae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
(*) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ taqmuftODjzpfay:vmyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
(C) wuo pwifjzpfay:vmyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
(i) pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;tzGJU\ oabmxm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
(p) 1931 ck wuor*¾Zif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
(q) 1931 ck aemufydkif; o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
(Z) udkApdefESifh wuúodkvfajrvIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
(ps) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾vIyf&Sm;rIESifh wdkYArmoDcsif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
(n) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾yxrqHk;Ouú| udkxGef;pdef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
(#) udkxGef;pdefESifh trsKd;om;pdwf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
(X) udkxGef;pdefESifh wuoa½G;aumufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
(!) 1931-32 wuoyxrOD;qHk;trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
À wuojzpfajrmufa&; Ouú| OD;ausmfcif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
À yxrqH k ; wuoOuú | OD ; xG e f ; pd e f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
À "gwfyHku@ (42)
tcef; (5) udkvdkeDacwfaESmif;ydkif;

e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1932 rS 1935) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
(u) 1932-33 wuú o d k v f a jrvI y f & S m ;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
(c) ud k A pd e f E S i f h wuú o d k v f a jrvI y f & S m ;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
- 1932-33 wuotrI a qmif t zJ G U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
(*) 1933-34 wuotrI a qmif t zG J U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
(C) 1934-35 wuotrIaqmiftzGJUESifh udkausmfNidrf;? udkEk? udkodef;az . . . . . . . . . . 55
(i) 1934-35 wuotrIaqmiftzJGU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
(p) 1935 ausmif;om; (11)a,muf ausmif;xkwfcH&onfhudpö . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
À 1931-32 Ouú | OD ; bd k ; ul ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
À 1932-33 Ouú | OD ; pH a zmf a tmif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
À 1933-34 Ouú| OD;odrf;armif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
À 1934-35 Ouú| OD;zdk;at; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

(u) udkodef;az? q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;ESifh wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
(c) 1935-36 wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tajctae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
- 18 -
(*) udkEk? udkatmifqef;? udkausmfNidrf;? ukdodef;az? udktkef;ESifh wuo (1935) . . . . . . . . . . 61
(C) 1935-36 wuotrIaqmiftzGJUESifh xdkig;OD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
(i) udkatmifqef;\ ausmif;om;b0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
(p) or*¾ (wuo) r*¾Zif; ESpfapmif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
(q) udkatmifqef;? udkndKjrESifh tdk;a0r*¾Zif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
(Z) tdk;a0r*¾Zif;yg udkatmifqef;\ t,f'Dwmhtmabmf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
(ps) 1936 tdk;a0r*¾Zif;yg udkatmifqef;\ ausmif;om;avmu oHk;oyfcsufaqmif;yg; . . . . . . 65
(n) q&mBuD;ocifu, kd af wmfridI ;f \ wuúov kd o
f r*¾EiS hf a'gif;tk;d a0r*¾Zif;bGUJ tvuFmr*Fvm av;csK;d BuD; 67
(#) 1936 ‘'kwd,wuúodkvfausmif;om;oydwfjzpfyGm;apaom taMumif;&if;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
(1) udkEka[majymrI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
(2) tdk;a0r*¾Zif;ESifh i&JacG;BuD;aqmif;yg; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
(3) xdkav;a,mufaMumifh oydwfay:aygufyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
(4) tdk;a0r*¾Zif;yg i&JacG;BuD;vGwfaeNyDaqmif;yg; *,ufrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
(X) oydwfpwifjzpfay:vmjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
- udkodef;az\ ewftdk;uGJpmwrf; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
(!) oydwfjrifuGif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
(¡) oydwft&Sdefwufvmjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
(P) awmif;qdkcsuf (10) csuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
(w) 1936 ref;Oypmaumvdyf? udkA[def;ESifh ppfudkif;0kdif;pOfu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
(x) oydwfwm;xGufMujcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
(') oydwfarSmufaphpyfjcif;ESifh oydwfvSefjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
(") 1936 oydwf\tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
(e) trsKd;om;wuúodkvfjzpfay:vmyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
(y) trsKd;om;wuúodkvfzGifhyGJ qmOD;oGifrdefYcGef;tESpfcsKyf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
(z) 1936 yxrtBudrf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (Auo) nDvmcH . . . . . . . . . . . 86
(A) e*g;eD pmtkyftoif;tp ausmif;om;u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
(b) AuotzGJU\ r[mAsL[mESifh enf;AsK[m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
À 1935-36 Ouú| OD;Ek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
À "gwfyHku@ (82? 87? 91-97)

(u) &Srf;-ArmaoG;pnf;a&;tp wuo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
(c) 1936-37 AuoESifh wuo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
(*) twGif;pnf; (Inner Circle) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
(C) or*¾rsm; (Auo? wuo) ESifh ‘wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;qufoG,frI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
(i) ‘'kwd,tBudrf Auo nDvmcH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
(i-1) udkA[def;rS udkpdefcdkodkYay;ydkYaompm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
(i-2) ukdatmifqef;rS ukdpdefckdodkYay;pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
(i-3) ukdatmifqef;rS ukdpdefckdxHay;pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
(i-4) ukdjrpdefokdY ukdatmifqef;rS ay;pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
(i-5) ukdjrpdefokdY ukdatmifqef;ay;pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
(i-6) ukdjrpdefokdY ukdatmifqef;rS ay;pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
- 19 -
(i-7) Auo nDvmcH usif;yjcif; jrifuGif; (arv (9)? (10) &uf 1937) . . . . . . . . . . 106
- udkA[def;rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
(p) ‘'kwd,tBudrf Auo nDvmcH qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
(q) 1937-38 wuoESifh AuotrIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
(Z) 'kw,
d tBudrf ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ uGezf &ifrh S wwd,uGezf &ifrh wdik rf D tpD&ifcpH m 110
(Z-1) jrbl ; aumf r wD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
(Z-2) rSwfwrf; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
(Z-3) 1937-38 Auo\ vkyfaqmifrIrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
(ps) wwd,tBudrf AuouGefz&ifhusif;y&ef jyifqifjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
(n) Auo wwd,uGefz&ifhodkY zdwfMum;olrsm;pm&if; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
(#) wwd,tBudrf AuonDvmcHusif;yjcif; jrifuGif; ({NyD 24-25 1938) . . . . . . . . 124
(X) 1938-39 AuoESifh wuotrIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
(!) ykodrfuGefz&ifhrS aEG&moDpcef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
(!-1) ZD;csKdifhc&D; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
(¡) wwd,tBudrf ykodrfuGefz&ifhwGif Ouú| udkatmifqef; ajymMum;aom tzGifhrdefYcGef; . . . . . . 128
(P) rsKd;ñGefYr*¾Zif;aqmif;yg;tcsKdU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
(P-1) "r®ESifht"r® (a&;ol-okyPÖu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
(P-2) aoG;pnf;Muavmh (a&;ol- &J&Jawmufoef;wif- NrKdUrausmif; &efukef) . . . . . . . 141
(P-3) qif;&Jom;ypönf;rJhrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; (a&;ol- armifA[def;) . . . . . . . . 142
(w) Auo? wuo OuúX udkatmifqef;\ ausmif;ydwf&ufvkyfief;wm0ef vufrSwfygrl . . . 144
(x) cGyfa'gif;tvHteDatmufcH? a½T0ga&mifcGyfa'gif;oHk;pGJyHk (1938? twGJtrSwf 1) tkd;a0 . . . . 144
(') 1938 &efukefwuúodkvftufOya' jyifqifcsuf (rlMurf;) udpö . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
(") wuúodkvfOya'Murf;udk tb,faMumifh pGefYy,fvdkuf&oenf; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
("-1) pufwifbm (5) &ufaeY owif;pmrsm;wGif Ouú| ukdatmifqef;\ rsKd;cspftrwfwkdYtm; 147
wkdufwGef;EId;aqmfcsuf
("-2) AuoESifh wuo trIaqmifwkdY\ jyefwrf;rS aumufEkwfcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
("-3) 1938 ck? pufwifbmv? (6) &ufaeY wuúodkvfor*¾"r®m½kHwGif usif;yaom ausmif;om;rsm; 148
tpnf;ta0;wGif Ouú| udkatmifqef;ajymaom rdefYcGef;
("-4) Auo taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ukdA[def;\ xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
À 1936-37 Ouú | OD ; &m&S p f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
À 1937-38 Ouú | OD ; b*srf ; (yk * H ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
À 1938-39 Ouú| AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
À "gwfyHku@ (100? 129)

(u) &efukefwuúokdvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (wuo) zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf; . . . . . . . . . . . 154
(c) 1939-40 AuoESifh wuotrIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
(*) yxrtBudrfausmif;om;vTwfawmftwGuf jyifqifjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
(C) yxrtBudrfausmif;om;vTwfawmf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
- ud k A [d e f ; rd e f Y c G e f ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
(i) 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHkESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
(p) wwd,ausmif;om;oydwftwGuf jyifqifMujcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
- 20 -
(q) yxre,fcsJUtmPmzDqefrI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
(Z) wwd,ausmif;om;oydwfBuD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
(ps) wwd,ausmif;om;oydwf*,uf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
(n) udkatmifausmfpmay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
(#) udkatmifausmfpsmye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
- AdkvfatmifausmfewfoH (rif;ok0Pf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
(X) 'kdYausmif;om;oDcsif; ESpfyk'f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
(!) ref;tmZmenf (17) OD; ta&;awmfyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
(¡) ref;tmZmenf (17) OD; psmyetcrf;tem; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
- armfuGef;0ifoDcsif;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
- rEÅav;acgif;aqmif udkarmifudkrdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
- AuoOuú|rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
(P) tmZmenfrsm;aeY t"d|mefjyKpmwrf; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
À 1938-39 Ouú | OD ; A[d e f ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
À 1939-40 Ouú| a'gufwmvSa½T (tmPm&Sif) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
À "gwfyHku@ (178? 184? 186? 193? 199? 200? 212-221)
À twGif;0ef½Hk;ü jzpfyGg;cJhaom t"du½kPf;ESihf ywfoufí pHkprf;a&;aumfrwD tpD&ifcHpm (0-41)

(u) 1300 jynfh taxGaxGoydwfaemufydkif;umv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
(c) udkatmifausmfusqHk;NyD;aemuf ausmif;om;oydwf t&Sdefjrifhwufjcif;ESifh taxGaxGoydwf . . . 265
(*) 'kwd,tBudrf ausmif;om;vTwfawmf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
(C) ausmif;om;rsm;tpmiwfcHqE´jyjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
(i) qif h q d k j cif ; ES p f & yf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
(p) a'gufwmbarmfjyKwfusjcif;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;aphpyfjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
(q) ausmif;om;rsm; ESpftkyfpkuGJjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
(Z) wwd,tBudrf ausmif;om;vTwfawmf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
(ps) 'kwd,urÇmppfrwdkifrD ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
(n) oHrPdwyfrsm;zGJUpnf;jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
(#) oHrPdtzGJUBuD; trdefYtrSwf (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
(X) oHrPdtzGJUBuD; trdefYtrSwf (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
(!) oHrPdtzGJUBuD; trdefYtrSwf (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
(¡) oHrPdtzGJUBuD; trdefYtrSwf (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
(P) ajratmufvIyf&Sm;rIESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
(w) 'kwd,tBudrfausmif;om;rsm;uGefz&ifhaMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
(x) udkA[def;ESifh ta&;awmfyHkpmapmif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
(') AuoESpf0uftpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
(") wuúodkvftufOya' tqifhqifhjyifqifjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
À 1940-41 Ouú| OD;AaqG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
À 1941-42 Ouú| OD;vSarmif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
À "gwfyHku@ (268? 293)
- 21 -
33 YEARS
MY BIRTHDAY
REMEMBERING
ordik ;f onf
vufawGY tawGt
Y MuKH
jzpfonf/
pma&;ol\ trSm
'kwd,wJG
uRefawmf 'kwd,wGJ (1945-62) ckESpftxd a&;om;&mwGif vrf;aMumif;wckay:wGifom
a&G;cs,fa&;om;cJUygonf/ xdkacwfu&SdcJUaom tpdk;&rsm; (zqyv) (tdrfapmifUtpdk;&) (yxptpdk;&) wdkhESifU
twdu k t f cHtzJt YG pnf;rsm; (ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw)D (tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygw)D (yrnw) ponfwEhkd iS hf ausmif;om;
rsm; qufpyfrrlS sm;udk ra&;om;rdap&ef txl;owdxm;cJo U nf/ zqyvtpd;k & rSm;onf? rSeo f nf/ tdraf pmift h pd;k &
rSm;onf? rSeo f nf/ yxptpd;k & rSm;onf? rSeo f nf/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD rSm;onf? rSeo f nf/ qd&k , S v f pfygwD
rSm;onf? rSefonf ponfwdkhudka&;om;xm;onf r[kwfyg/ qdk&S,fvpf0g'? uGefjrLepf0g'? t&if;&Sif0g'
aumif;onf? qdk;onfwdkhudkvnf; a0zefa&;om;xm;onf r[kwfyg/
xdktcsdefumvu jzpfay:aeaom ausmif;om;trsm;pk\ qEÉSifUwxyfwnf;? teD;pyfqHk;jzpfonfU
ausmif;om;vSKyf&Sm;rIudkom &SmazGBudK;yrf;a&;om; xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ ausmif;om;qdkonfrSm rnfonfUacwf
tcsdefwGif&Sd&Sd? rnfonfUacwf tcsdefwGifMunfUMunfU ½dk;om;pGm trSeftwdkif; jrifrIrsm;udkom azmfxkwfzGifU[
vIy&f mS ;rI jyKvyk Mf uygonf/ xdt k csed u
f tpd;k &ESiUf oabmxm;wdu k qf ikd o
f nfvnf; &Srd nf? rwdu k q f ikd o f nfvnf;
&Srd nf/ ausmif;om;wd\ hk tcGit Uf a&;udk umuG,&f mü ¤if;tpd;k &ESiUf oabmxm;rwdu k q
f ikd &f mwGif ¤if;ausmif;om;
vIy&f mS ;rIrsm; jzpfay:vmonf/ jynfov l x
l \ k toHrsm; om;orD;rsm;jzpfaom ausmif;om;rsm;tay: yJw U if½u kd cf wf
vmaomtcg ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIrsm; ydrk jkd yif;xefvmrnfom jzpfonf/ xdahk MumifU uReaf wmfonf xdv k rf;aMumif;
rsKd;udkom a&G;cs,fa&;om;xm;ygonf/
xkdpmtkyfjzifU 'Drdkua&pDESifUvltcGifha&; wdkufyGJtqifUqifUwGif usqHk;oGm;olrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;?
yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJUolrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkBuD;twGif;ü (3) ESpft&G,f cav;i,frStp
touf (100) ausmf tzdk;tzGm;rsm;tqHk; ¤if;wdkhyg0ifvIyf&Sm;rIudkvnf;aumif;? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkBuD;
tm;vnf;aumif;? uReaf wmfet hJ wl axmiftwGi;f ü opöm&Spd mG aexdik cf NUJ y;D axmifwiG ;f wdu k yf rJG sm;tm; opöm&Spd mG
yg0ifcJUolrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? 1988 rS 1990 txd uRefawmfyg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJUaom &efukefpufrIwuúodkvf
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? ausmufwHwm;NrdKYe,fausmif;om;or*¾? 'Drdku&ufwpfausmif;om;vli,frsm;tiftm;pk
(&efuek w f ikd ;f )? ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyf (atmufArmjynf)? ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;
or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf (ArmEdkifiH)? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;wyfaygif;pk (NDRF) wdkhtm; *kPfjyKOD;ñTwf
vdkufygonf/
uReaf wmftm; i,fpOfuyifavUvm&ef Edik if aH &;pmayESiUf rSww f rf;rSw&f mrsm; ay;cJaU om bBu;D t&if;
ocifa<u (0g;c,fr) tm;vnf;aumif;? rSww f rf;rSw&f mrsm; uln&D mS azGay;cJaU om tbOD;tke;f jrifU (ociftek ;f jrif?U
wd;k wufa&;) tm;vnf;aumif;? rSww f rf;rSw&f mrsm; uln&D mS azGay;cJaU om q&mOD;aomfaumif; (&efuek w f uúov kd f
pmMunfUwdkuf) tm;vnf;aumif;? OD;pdk;odef; (wuoOuú|a[mif;) \ vufESdyfpuf½dkuf udk,fa&;rSwfwrf;
tm;vnf;aumif;? OD;ombef;\ rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm; tm;vnf;aumif;? tultnDay;cJUaom udkcGefqdkif;
tm;vnf;aumif;? rdwLÅ ul;pufqikd &f pdS Ofwek ;f u rSww f rf;tcsKYd ul;,lciG jUf yKcaUJ om udak t;Edik t f m;vnf;aumif;?
pmrlMurf;twGuf vufa&;jzifU ulnDcJUaom rcifrdk;at;tm;vnf;aumif;? tultnDay;cJUaom rpkpk0if;ESifU
r&D&DxGef;wdkhtm;vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;wifvsuf/
atmifxGef;
(2? 11? 96)
- 23 -
DEDICATION TO
MY FATHER
AND MOTHER WHO HAVE
HELPED ME BECAUSE
EVERYTHING I CAN BE,
I CAN DO. THANKS.
rmwdum
'kw,
d wGJ (1945 - 1962)
tcef; (10) vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI
'Drdkua&pDa&; vlYtcGifhta&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1945 rS 1947) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
(u) 1945 Mo*kwfvrS atmufwkdbmv ta&;ay:wuúokdvf oifwef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
- ,m,D wuotrIaqmifaumfrwD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
(u-1) 1945-46 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
(c) 1946-47 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
(c-1) wuo 1946-47 \ vkyfaqmifrIrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
(c-2) wuo pnf;rsOf;jyifqifjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
(c-3) 1946-47ckESpf ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
(*) AuoESifh wuo yl;aygif;xm;aom ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&moydwfaumifpD (1947) . . . . . . . . . . . 305
(C) ta&G;cH&aom Auo trIaqmiftzGJU ( 1946-47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
(C-1) Auo nDvmcH (1946-47) rS awmif;qdkcsufrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
(i) oxkHrD;yGm; eH&Huyfpmapmif (1946-47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
(p) oxkHrD;yGm; qkwfjzJcH&jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
(q) oHrPdwyfESifh ausmif;om;wyfOD; (1947) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
(Z) twGif;0ef½kH;0kdif;pOfu (1947) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
(ps) AuoESifh ausmif;om;wyfOD; nDvmcH (1947) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
(n) trsKd;orD;XmetwGuf ñTefMum;vTm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
À 1945-46 Ouú| OD;oef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
À 1946-47 Ouú| OD;oef;armif (ol&d,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
À "gwfyHku@ (313)
tcef; (11) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI

'Drdkua&pDa&; vlYtcGifhta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif (1948 rS 1949)
(u) 1947-48 AuotrIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
(c) 1947-48 ynmoifESpf a[majymyGJrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
(*) 1948-49 Auo tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
(C) 1947-48 wuotrIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
(C-1) 1947-48 wuotrIaqmiftzGJU vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
(C-2) 1947-48 tdk;a0r*¾Zif;yg uAsm? aqmif;yg;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
- acwfqef; (ndK0if;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
- &JabmfcsD;usL;ygonf (0if;OD;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
- urÇmhausmif;om;tzJGUtpnf;rsm; (armifarmifausmf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
- cGyfa'gif; (rif;ndKOD;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
(i) 1948-49 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
(p) 1948-49 &uo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
(q) &efukeftpkd;&acwf wuúokdvftajcaeESifh vlrsKd;a&;jyóem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
(Z) 1948 taqmiftajctae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
(ps) 1948 ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
À 1947-48 Ouú| OD;pdefvS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
- 25 -
À 1948-49 Ouú| OD;&efa0; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

'Drdkua&pDa&; vlYtcGifhta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1949 rS 1950)
(u) &efukefc½kdifausmif;om;rsm; pnf;½kH;a&; jyóem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
(c) &uo pnf;½kH;a&;aumfrwD (1949) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
(*) axmiftwGif;rS 0ufom;ykyfta&;tcif;ESifh tjyifrSausmif;om;rsm;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
(C) 1949 ckESpf &uoukd w&m;0ifzGJUpnf;jcif;ESihf trsKd;om;aeYusif;yjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
(i) 1949-50 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
(p) ausmif;om;aeYusif;yjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
(q) Aef;armfausmif;om; ajcmufOD;udpö . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
(Z) urÇmhjidrf;csrf;a&; qE´jyvufrSwfaumufcHjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
(ps) wuúokdvfnaeoifwef; zGifhvSpfcJhjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
(n) 1949 ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
(#) 1949 tkd;a0r*¾Zif;yg uAsm? aqmif;yg; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
- cGyfa'gif; (a0vif;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
- or*¾ (udkudkav;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
(X) 1945 rS 1949 xd Auo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
À 1949-50 Ouú| a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

'Drdkua&pDa&; vlYtcGifhta&;ESifh trsKdom;a&;toGif (1950 rS 1951) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
(u) pifjydKif &uorsm; zGJUpnf;&ef MudK;yrf;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
(c) &uo jyefvnfzGJUpnf;jcif; (1950-51) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
(c-1) 1950 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
(c-2) 1950-51 wuo trIaqmiftzJGU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
(*) vufoD;xkd;? oHwkwf½kdufESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
(C) wuotrIaqmifwpfzGJUvkH; jyKwfusjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
(i) wuo a½G;aumufyGJ topfjyKvkyfjcif; (1950) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
(p) Auo jyefvnfzGJUpnf;a&; pnf;½kH;a&;aumfrwD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
(q) ukdk&D;,m;ppfyGJESifh wuúokdvfausmif;om;tiftm;pktay: *,uf½kdufrI wk;d wuftiftm;pkay:vmjcif; 338
- Stop! Ye Koreans, Yet There Is Hope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
(Z) wuo tvkyftpnf;ta0;? oefY&Sif;trIaqmifrsm;ESifh wkd;wuftiftm;pk . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
(ps) 1950-51 wuo tpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
À 1950-51 Ouú| OD;udkudkav; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

'Drdkua&pDa&; vlYtcGifhta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh trsdK;om;a&;toGif (1951 rS 1952) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
(u) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf ay:aygufvmjcif; (1951-52) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
(c) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfESifh AuotzJGUtrIaqmifrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
(c-1) wdk;wufwdkY\ Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf (A.B.F.S.U) trIaqmifrsm;rSm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
- 26 -
(c-2) 1951-52 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
(c-3) oefY½Sif; AuotrIaqmiftzGJUrsm; (A.B.S.U) 1951-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
(*) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf vkyfaqmifcsufrSm;,Gif;rIrsm; ( 1951-52 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
(C) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfESifh jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
(i) 1952 tkd;a0r*¾Zif;yg q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;\ uAsm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
(p) 1951-52 wuo tpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
(q) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcH ( 1952-53 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
(Z) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU (aysmuf) 358
(ps) wuowGif wkd;wufwkdY ta½G;cH&jcif; ( 1952-53 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
(n) 1952-53 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
(#) 1952 tkd;a0r*¾Zif;yg uAsm? aqmif;yg; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
- ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHk (ukdb[def;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
- urÇmYausmif;om;tzJGUcsKyf (udkvS0if;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
- ppfudkrkef;onf (rif;vSñGefYMuL;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
À 1951-52 Ouú| OD;pdefbef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
À "gwfyHku@ (349? 351? 357)

'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1952 rS 1953)
(u) 'Dtufpftkd arG;zGm;jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
(c) 1952-53 ynmoifESpf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
(*) 1952 ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;wkdufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
(C) 1952 Zlvkdifv ausmif;aqmifvufcHa&;wkdufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
(i) 1953-54 wuoa&G;aumufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
(p) a½G;aumufyGJaeYjrifuGif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
(q) ref;wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾tajctaeESihf zqyv qkd&S,fvpfwkdY\ tMuH,kwf . . . . . . . . 376
(Z) yJhwif½kdufcwfoHrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
(1) o[m,ESifU pmzwftoif;aygif;pHk\ arwåm&yfcHcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
(2) ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;yGJjzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD xkwfjyefaMunmcsuftrSwf (1) . . . . . . 379
(3) w&m;rQwaom a½G;aumufyGJ jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf n§dEIdif;MupdkY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
(4) &efukefwuúodkvf wdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk aMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
(ps) 1953 atmufwkdbmta&;tcif; jzpfay:ykH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
(n) 1953 atmufwkdbmta&;awmfyHk jzpfyGm;jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
(#) ausmif;xJodkY0ifpD;jcif;ESihf t&Sdefjr§ifhwufjcif; vlzrf;yGJrsm;usif;yjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
(#-1) atmufwkdbmv (2) &ufaeY &efukefwuúokdvfe,fajrü xkwfjyefcJhaomyk'fr ( 144 ) . . . 397
(#-2) tif;0wHcg;rS aoG;pufrsm;odkY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
(X) Ekd0ifbmausmif;zGifhcsdef ausmif;xkwfyGJESifh wkdufyGJt&SdefjrifhykH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
(!) rEÅav;wuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;wdkufyJG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
(¡) atmufwkdbmom;orD;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
(P) trskKd;om;aeY usif;yjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
(w) w&m;½kH;wGif &ifqkdifa&;udpö . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
(x) 1952-53 wuo ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
- 27 -
À 1952-53 Ouú| OD;udkudkBuD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
À "gwfyHku@ -
(392? 393? 394? 396? 399? 400? 401? 402? 403? 405-406? 408? 416? 419-425)

'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xknDñGwfa&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1954 rS 1955) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
(u) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
(c) 1954-55 Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
(*) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfnDvmcHwGif wifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpmrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
(C) ausmif;xkwfcH&aom ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyef0ifa&;aumfrwDrS &efukefwuúokdvfaumifpDokdY 433
ay;ykdYaompm
(i) &efukefwuúokdvf ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
À "gwfyHku@ - wwd,tBudrf Auorsm;tzJGUcsKyf nDvmcHBuD; - (439-442)
À "gwfyHku@ - ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD;wGif yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJholrsm; - (443-446)

'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1954 rS 1955)
(u) 1954-55 wuoa½G;aumufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
(c) 1954-55 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
(*) wuo aiG&wkobif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
(C) pwkw¬tMudrf ausmif;q&mrsm;toif; (&efukef) ESpfywfvnfnDvmcH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
(i) urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾aeY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
(p) oHk;cgus ausmif;xkwfpepfjyóem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
(q) &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;ppftiftm;pk (S.O.F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
(Z) [,f&Dwefta&;awmfykHESihf uefYuGufyGJrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
(Z-1) or*¾ (3) ck yl;wGJaMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
(Z-2) Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf ñTefMum;vTm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
(Z-3) EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfxHay;pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
(Z-4) ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwD aMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
(Z-5) ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwD aMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
(Z-6) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&? jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme trIwGJtrSwf (156-[p) (56) 459
aumufEkwfcsuf
(Z-7) t"d|mefpmwrf; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
(ps) wuo\ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; awmif;qkdcsufrsm;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
(n) 34 Mudrfajrmuf trsKd;om;aeYtwGuf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf\tqkdrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
(#) 35 Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYtqkdrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
(X) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf pwkw¬tMudrfnDvmcH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
(!) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ukdaZmf0if; (Auorsm;tzGGJUcsKyf) wifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . 471
(¡) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJU\ tpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
À 1954-55 Ouú| OD;wifxGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
- 28 -
'Drdkua&pDa&; vlYtcGifhta&;ESifh jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1955 rS 1956)
(u) ausmif;jyefvnf0ifcGifh&a&;vIyf½Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
(c) wuoa&G;aumufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
(*) 1955-56 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
(C) wuo OuúXopf udkwifxGef; usrf;opömusdefqkdyGJ (1955-56) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
(i) urÇmYausmif;om;aeY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
(p) 1955-56 ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
(q) ukdvS0if;ESifh ukdbaumif;aMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
(Z) yxrtMudrf wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pkH awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
(ps) 'kwd,tMudrf wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pkH awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
- jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&; yefMum;vTm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
- wuúodkvfESifUaumvdyfaygif;pHk aqG;aEG;yGJtqdkrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
(n) ukdwifat;udpö uefYuGufvTm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
(#) 1955-56 wuo tpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
À 1954-55 Ouú| OD;wifxGef; (ewfarmuf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
À "gwfyHku@ (505)

'Drdkua&pDa&;? ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh trsdK;om;a&;toGif (1956 rS 1957)
(u) wwd,tMudrf wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pkHaqG;aEG;yGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
(c) 1956-57 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
(*) rjyD;jywfao;aom oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepfwkdufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
(C) ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; zsufodrf;a&;ESifh ywfoufaom ynma&;0efMuD;Xme\ trdefYjyefwrf; . . . 507
(i) 1956 ck? atmufwkdbm 16 &uf? n 8 em&D ocifwif\ rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
(p) ausmif;omrsm;0efcH*wdvTmyHkpH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
(q) AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; ausmif;om;b0a&;cJhaomaqmif;yg; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
(Z) 1956-57 tkd;a0r*¾Zif;yg uAsmrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
(ps) wuo tvkyftpnf;ta0;ü awGU&Sd&aom jyóemrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
(n) &JacgifudkarG;zGm;jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
(#) 1956-57 wuo 0g'ESifhvkyfief;pOf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
(X) wuu Ouú|opf podef;[ef usrf;opömusdefqdkyJGtcrf;tem;rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
(!) wuo aMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
(¡) 1956-57 wuotpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
À 1956-57 Ouú| OD;podef;[ef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
À "gwfyHku@ (507? 530-531)

'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1957 rS 1958) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
(u) 1957-58 wuoa&G;aumufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
(c) wuo trIaqmiftzGJU (1957-58) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
- 29 -
(*) wuo ukdpkd;odef; usrf;opömudsefqkdyGJtcrf;tem; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
(C) 1957-58 wuo vIyf½Sm;rIESifh pwkw¬tBudrf wuúokdvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pkHaqG;aEG;yGJMuD; . . . 534
(i) rEÅav;wuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ vIyf½Sm;rIrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
(p) ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf yÍörtBudrfajrmuf jynfvHk;uRwfnDvmcHBuD;rS 543
qHk;jzwftwnfjyK awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
(q) 1958 OD;EkESifh ausmif;om;qufqHa&; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
(Z) Ek-wifâqGNidrf;tuJGtjyJESifh or*¾rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
(ps) 1958 ck? 'DZifbmv (2) &ufaeY bGJUESif;obifcef;rü rdefYMum;aom wuúodkvft"dywd EdkifiHawmf 548
0efMuD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;\ rdefYcGef;tESpfcsKyf
(n) 1957-58 tkd;a0r*¾Zif;yg aqmif;yg; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
- wuúodkvfe,fajrrS ajcukwfpcef; (armifoD[) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
(#) ausmif;om;rsm;OD;pD;usif;yonfh 38 Mudrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyJGaeY csDwuf&efEId;aqmfpm . . . 550
(X) oD;jcm;rEÅav;wuúokdvf txdrf;trSwfyGJawmf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
(!) 1957-58 wuotpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
(¡) pmMunfhwdkufvkyfief;XmetpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
À 1957-58 Ouú| OD;pdk;odef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
À "gwfyHku@ (532? 547? 564-568)

'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1958 rS 1959) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
(u) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
- 'k-0efBuD;csKyfocifwifo0PfvTm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
- ynma&;0efBuD; OD;ausmfZH\rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
- ynmrif;BuD; pnfola'gufwmOD;b\rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
- A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwD obmywd wuoOuú| udkpdk;odef;\rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
- ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif wifjycJhaompmwrf;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
- ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf wuo\wifjycsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
- ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG ay:aygufvmyHEk iS thf ajccHoabmxm; taxGaxGtpD&ifcpH m 581
- A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
- ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhpmwrf; (aumfr½Sif) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
- jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrS xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf 588
(c) EdkifiHjcm;c&D;pOfrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
(*) 1958-59 ck wuoa&G;aumufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
(C) yÍörtBudrfajrmuf wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHk aqG;aEG;yGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
(i) cGJxGufcGifhESifh ½Srf;ausmif;om;rsm;aMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
(p) wuúodkvftufOya'udkjyifqifa&;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
À OD;cifarmiftkef; (1958-59) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
À "gwfyHku@ (569? 582? 591? 599-601)

'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;ESifh jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif
(1959 rS 1960) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
(u) 1959-60 wuoa½G;aumufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
- 30 -
(c) tdk;a0r*¾Zif;rS ay;tyfaom0efcHcsufrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
(*) rGefjynfe,fazmfxkwfa&;twGuf &efukefwuúodkvfrGefausmif;om;rsm; oabmxm; . . . . . . . . . 604
(C) jrefrm&mZ0ifta&; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
(i) wuo? Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkYOD;pD;usif;yaom ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;tqdkrsm; . . 605
(p) q|rtBudrfajrmuf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcH . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
- q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\ o0PfvTm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
- obmywd udkaZmf0if;rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
(q) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 1959-60 trIaqmiftzGJUtpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . 611
À OD;vSwif (1959-60) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
À "gwfyHku@ (630)
À "gwfyHku@ - AdkvfcsKyfBuD;tpdk;&acwf wuo (17) vc&D; (631-641)

'Drdkua&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&;ESifh jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1960 rS 1961)
(u) 1960-61 &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
(c) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (1960-61) Ouú|opf usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJ . . . . . . . . . 642
(*) 1960-61 ck ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
(*-1) aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJudpö . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
(*-2) tar&duefoH½Hk;qE´jyyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
(*-3) ygarmu©csKyftm; qefYusifrI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
(*-4) ref;aq;ausmif;om;rsm;vIyf½Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
(*-5) [oFmwausmif;om;rsm;vIyf½Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
(*-6) ref;ausmif;om;rsm;vIyf½Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
(*-7) wef;cGJwef;cs&yfqdkif;ypfa&; ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
(*-8) udkvdkeDpHepfqefYusifa&;aeYvIyf½Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
(C) &efukefwuúodkvf vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf (1960-61) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
- jyifqifa&;aumfrwD Ouú| apmatrdk;vdk rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
- ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIwGifyg0ifcJhaom vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
(i) 1960-61 &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
À OD;wifat; (1960-61) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
À "gwfyHku@ (666)

'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1961 rS 1962)
(u) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJU (1961-62). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
(c) uarmufurynma&;wdkufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
(c-1) jzpfay:vmyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
(c-2) vIyf½Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
(c-3) yxptpdk;&wkefYjyefrI? ausmif;om;wefjyefvIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
(c-4) yHkpHajymif;vJjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
(c-5) uarmufurynma&; wdkufyGJumvwGifusif;yaom Auorsm;tzJGUcsKyfuGefz&ifh . . . . . . 671
- 31 -
(c-6) ig;c½dkifqE´jyyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
(*) wuúodkvftwGif;rS *,ufrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
(C) rEÅav;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
(i) wyfOD;wdkY rlrrSefrIrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
À OD;AaqGav; (1961-62) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
À "gwfyHku@ (671? 673)

'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh ppftmPm&Sifqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1962) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;
(u) Zlvdkifv (7) &uf ta&;awmfyHkBuD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
(c) jzpfay:vmyHk tajccHtaMumif;t&if;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
(*) rjzpfyGm;rD ausmif;om;rsm;rauseyfrIrsm; (arv 9 &uf xkwfjyefcsuf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
(C) wuúodkvfaumifpDukd zsufodrf;jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
- zsufodrf;cH wuúodkvfaumifpDtzJGU 1961-62 ynmoifESpf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
- wuúodkvfaumifpDudk jyefvnfzJGUpnf;jcif; trdefYtrSwf (30) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
(i) Zlvdkifv (7) &uf ta&;awmfyHkpwifjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
(p) tMurf;zdESdyfrIpwifNyD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
(q) aoqHk;ol? 'Pf&m&ol? aysmufqHk;ol? zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;pm&if; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
(Z) wuotaqmiftODBuD; NzdKcGJjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
- a'gif;&moDjynfawmfvSefa&; (atmifxGef;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
À &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú|rsm; (1930-1962) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
À "gwfyHku@ (683? 685? 686? 689-690? 690? 696)
aemufqufwJG - All Burma Student's Conference (1936) (1)

aemufqufwJG (24) ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ tkyfcsKyfa&; - pnf;rsOf;Oya' (2-13)
aemufqufwJG (26) INTERNATIONALUNION OF STUDENTS (14)
aemufqufwJG (28) tqifhtrsKd;rsKd;½Sdaom AuotzGJUrsm;\ Ouú|pm&if; (1945-1958) (15)
aemufqufwJG (30) Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHpnf;rsOf;Oya' (1960? atmufwdkbm) (16-27)
aemufqufwJG (30) t"dywdrsm;? tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm;? armfuGef;xdef;rsm; (1920-62) (27-28)
aemufqufwGJ (31) ArmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ ('Dtufpftdk) (29-43)
zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkpnf;rsOf;Oya'
À ordkif;0ifpm½Gufpmwrf;rsm; - ( 1 - 107 )
À rSDjirf;pmtkyfrsm; - ( u - i )
- 32 -
yxrwGJ
(1903 - 1942)
jzwfoef;rIrsm;ay:wGif
pdwf&SnfpGmjzifU
tbufbufu
tm;ay;ulncD aUJ om
]rr (EG,)f } tm;
txl;aus;Zl;wifrIjzifU
udkvdkeDacwfOD; - 1903 rS 1906 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif
tcef; (1)
udv
k ekd aD cwfO;D ydik ;f
e,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1903 rS 1906)
usaemfwYkd ausmif;om;vIy½f mS ;rIordik ;f udk e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? trsdK;om;a&;wdu k yf w

JG cktjzpf avhvmMunfrh nfqv kd Qif-
NAdwod Qe,fcsJUonf 1885? Ek0d ifbmv (29) &ufaeY Armbk&ifoaD ygrif;udk zrf;qD;í rEÅav;aejynfawmfukd
odr;f ydu
k cf NhJ yD;aemuf? 1886 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (1) &ufaeYwiG f ArmEkid if u H kd NAdwod Qtifyg,mtwGi;f vufatmufow G of iG ;f í
udv
k ekd tD jzpf owfrw S t
f yk cf sKyfonfh tcsed rf pS í wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd f tiftm;pkrsm;onf rdrw d Ykd xrf;aqmifEikd of nfh
twdkif;twmjzifh qefYusifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhMuonf/ xdkodkY qefYusifrIaMumifh NAdwdoQwdkYonf (15) ESpfausmf ArmEkdifiH
tkyfcsKyfa&;udk aumif;rGefEkdifeif;pGm rtkyfcsKyfEkdifcJhay/ xdkodkYqefYusifrIrsm;? ckcHrIrsm;? rauseyfrIrsm;? olYuRefrcHvdkaom
ZmwdaoG;? Zmwdrmef wuf<urIrsm;udk NAdwdoQwdkY awGUMuHKae&pOf umvtwGif; 1903 ckESpfwGif atmufArmjynf
&efuek Nf rdKUü ½Scd ;kd jyóem pwifjzpfay:cJo h nf/ ¤if;vIy½f mS ;rIrmS ArmEkid if aH usmif;om;ordik ;f \ yxrOD;qH;k aom vIy½f mS ;rI
wckjzpfNyD; ausmif;om;? rdb? q&mwdkYu yl;aygif;í NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtm; ckcHqefYusifcJhaom vIyf½Sm;rIBuD; jzpfonf/
(u) 1903 ckEpS f &Scd ;kd jyóemESihf ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI

1903 ckESpfwGif e,fcsJUwdkYonf ArmEdkifiHudk odrf;ydkufNyD;onfhaemuf Armrsm;tm; ESdrfhcsxm;&ef? ArmvlrsKd;
rsm;tm; woufvHk; bk&m;xl;? uRefcHtjzpfodkY csxm;&ef? pDpOfrIrsm; wckNyD;wck wDxGif zefwD;cJhavonf/ xdkodkY
zefwD;&mwGif atmifjrifrI½Sd? r½Sd od½Sd&avatmif &efukef [kdufpul;ausmif;om;rsm;tm; yxrOD;pGm pwif prf;oyfcJh
onf/ xdkpOfu ynm0efrSm Arm&mZ0ifa&;om;ol t*FvdyfvlrsKd; rpöwmaumhqdkol jzpfonf/
¤if;u ausmif;om;rsm;tm; q&mrsm;ESifh ynma&;XmerS t&m½Sdrsm;tm; ½Sdcdk; t½dktaojyK&ef trdefYxkwf
jyefcJhonf/ xdktrdefYudk ausmif;om;rsm; vkdufem&ef &efukef[kdufpul; aMumfjimoifykef;wGif uyfxm;cJhonf/ xkdtrdefY
rxGufcif ausmif;om;ESifh q&mqufqHa&;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;onf q&mrsm;udk acgif;iHkY t½dktaojyKcJh&onf om
½Sdayonf/ rpöwmaumh ½Sdcdk;trdefY xGufvmaomtcg &efukef tpdk;&[kdufpul; ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh &efukefaumvdyf
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; rausreyfjzpfcJh&onf/
xdktcg aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u ¤if;wkdYESifh cifrif&if;ESD;í ausmif;om;pdwf rukefao;aom a½SUae
ylylaEG;aEG; OD;yk (az? yk? ½Sdef) tm; ¤if;udpu
ö dk oGm;a&muf aqG;aEG;Muonf/ xdktcg OD;yku ]]tck [kdufpul;ausmif;om;
1
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;
awG rsufESmjzKtpdk;&eJY t&m½SdawGudk ½Sdcdk;&r,fwJhvm;? olwdkYu bmawGrdkYvJ? 'dkYvlrsKd;udk wrifzdESdyfcsKyfcs,fxm;wJh

e,fcsJUawGbJ? 'gudk 'dkYu bmjzpfvdkY ½Sdcdk;&rSmvJ/}}
(pum;csyf/ / xdkacwfu q&mrsm;? ynma&;XmerS t&m½Sdrsm; tm;vHk;onf t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh tdE´d,vlrsKd;
rsm;rSm tm;vHk;eD;yg; jzpfMuonf/)
]][dk;wkef;u q&mawGudk wynfhausmif;om;awGu ½Sdcdk;Muw,f/ bmjzpfvdkY ½Sdcdk;&ovJqkdawmh q&mawGu
tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u wynfhawGudk ynmvnf;oifay;&w,f? aemufqHk; orD;yg ay;Muw,fuG? 'Dawmh [kdwkef;u q&m
awGu wu,fh aus;Zl;½SifawG? tckacwfu wynfhausmif;om;awGqDu aiGn§pf,lMuw,f/ aiG&rS ynmoifay;Mu
w,f? tck q&mu ausmif;om;awG&JU taptyg;yJ? 'gaMumifh r½Sdcdk;xdkufbl;uG}}
a½SUaeav; OD;yk\ ajymcsufudk aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u [kdufpul;ausmif;om;rsm;tm; jyefajymjyí
½Scd ;kd trdeUf udk uefYuu G Mf u&ef vIUH aqmfay;onf/ xdt k cge*du
k rausreyfjzpfaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf wd&pämefO,smOf
(,cifu wd&pämefO,smOfrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;? ,ck &efukefaq;½HkBuD;ae&mwGif jzpfonf) wGif pka0;í aqG;aEG;
Muonf/ xdktpnf;ta0;rS-
]]&efukef[dkufpul;ausmif;om;rsm;onf ynm0ef rpöwmaumh\ trdefYtwdkif; q&mrsm;ESihf ynma&;t&m½Sd
rsm;tm; ½Sdrcdk;bJae&ef? oufqdkif&m ynma&;t&m½Sd wOD;OD; vma&mufcJhvQif ½Sdckd;enf; (3) enf;½Sdonfh teuf
rnfonfhenf;jzifh ½Sdckd;&rnfudk ar;&ef}} qHk;jzwfvdkufMuonf/
aemuf&ufwGif ynm0efaxmufrif; OD;a0vif;onf &efukef[kdufpul;ausmif;odkY a&mufvmcJhaomtcg
ausmif;om;rsm;u atmufygtwdkif; ar;cJhonf/
]]usaemfwdkY ausmif;om;rsm;u q&mrsm;udk ½Sdckd;&r,fvdkY trdefYxkwfcJhw,f? 'Dvdk½Sdckd;jcif; ae&mrSm ½Sdckd;jcif;
trsKd;rsKd;½Sdw,f? vufESpfzufudk,Suf ezl;eJYxdNyD; ½Sdckd;jcif;? vufESpfzuf,Suf &ifbwfa½SUrSmxm; ½Sdcdk;jcif;? vufESpf
zuf,Suf &ifbwfab;apmif; em;rSmxm; ½Sdcdk;jcif;&,fvkdY (3) rsKd;½Sdw,f? b,fenf;eJY ½Sdcdk;&rSmygvJ}}
xdktcg ynm0efaxmufrif; OD;a0vif;u atmufygtwdkif;jyefajymcJhonf/
]]rif;wdkY ajymwJh ½Sdcdk;jcif; (3) rsKd; teuf vufESpfzufudk,Suf ezl;eJYxdNyD; OD;cs ½Sdcdk;enf;eJY ½Sdcdk;&r,f}}
,if;udpEö iS hf ywfoufí ausmif;om;rsm;? rdbrsm;ESihf ausmif;tkyq f &mBuD;jzpfol ArmvlrsKd;rsm; tay: cifrif
&if;ES;D oHa,mZOfw, G af eaom t*Fvyd t f rsK;d om; rpöwma0;vf&pfyif rausreyfjzpfí ynm0ef rpöwmaumhxH uefYuw G f
cJah vonf/ xdYk aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf rdbrsm;wdYk onf 0dw&kd , d a[mvf (ac:) avQmfwef;½Hk (,ck*vky½f )kH ae&mwGif
tpnf;ta0;usif;yNyD; ynm0ef rpöwmaumh tqdkudk uefYuGufaMumif; wcJeuf qHk;jzwfcsufcsMuonf/
qHk;jzwfcsufrSm -
]ynm0ef rpöwmaumUonf Ó PfopfxGifum taumufÓ PfaESmí ausmif;om;rsm;ESifU rdbrsm; oabmrusatmif
ausmif;om;u q&mESifU t&m½Sdrsm;udk ½Sdckd;&ef trdefhxkwfjcif;onf roifUavsmf? xdkhaMumifU þtpnf;ta0;BuD;rS
tjypfqdk uefhuGwfaMumif;}
þodkY ausmif;om;rsm;? ausmif;om;rdbrsm; pkaygif;uefYuGwfjcif;aMumifh ¤if; ynm0ef rpöwmaumhonf
xdktrdefYudk twnfrjyKbJ zsufodrf;cJh&onf/
(c) 0dik t
f rfbaD t (Y.M.B.A) tp ausmif;om;u
jrefrmhordik ;f ESihf NAdwo
d Qe,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? vGwv
f yfa&;BudK;yrf;rlordik ;f wdYk wiG f yxrOD;qH;k ay:aygufco
hJ nfh
toif;BuD;jzpfaom 0kid t f rfbaD t (Y.M.B.A= Young Men’s Buddhist Association) toif;BuD;udk pwif xlaxmif
cJholrsm;rSmvJ &efukefaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfonf/
&efukefaumvdyf ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;jzpfaom armifbab? armifarmifBuD;? armifvSaz? armifpdefvSatmif?
armifb,Of? armifb'Gef;paom ausmif;om;vli,frsm;onf jrefrmouú&mZf 1265 ck? yxr0gqdkvqef; (15) &uf?
t*Fvdyfouú&mZf 1904 ckESpf? ZGefv (26) &uf we*FaEGaeYü &efukefwuúodkvf Ak'¨bmomtoif; (Rangoon
College Buddhist Association) udk pwifwnfaxmifcJhonf/
xdkYaemuf &efukefNrdKU 'gv[kdZDvrf; (,ck r[mAE¨Kvvrf;) ü vrf;avQmuf&if;ESifh ¤if;\ ausmif;om;
oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfaom armifarmifBuD;? armifvSazwdkYtm; armifbabu EkdifiHa&;tjrifjzifh xlaxmifaom Y.M.C.A
uJhodkY toif;BuD;rsKd; wnfaqmuf&ef Y.M.C.A taqmuftODBuD;tm; ñTefjyíaqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/
2
xdkYaemuf armifbab? armifarmifBuD;? armifb,Of? armifb'Gef;wkdYuyif jrefrmouú&mZff 1267 ckESpf?

wydkYwGJvqkwf (4) &uf? t*Fvdyfouú&mZf 1906 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv (11) &uf? we*FaEGaeYü &efukefNrdKU Ak'¨bmom
uvsmP,k0toif;udk pwif wnfaxmifcJhMu avonf/
þonfum; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;toGifudk azmfaqmifrnfh ausmif;om;rsm; pwifwnfaxmif
cJhaom Y.M.B.A toif;BuD;\ tpyifjzpfavonf/
3
tcef; (2)
udv
k ekd aD cwfO;D ydik ;f
e,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm;
vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1918 rS 1921)
1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwf
(u) aumvdyo
f ydwrf wdik rf D ausmif;om;rsm;tajctae
NAdwo
d Qe,fcsUJ wdYkonf e,fcsUJ pepfukd &if0,fyu
kd í
f jrefrmjynfukd 0ifa&muf odr;f yku
d af omtcg ,if;wdYk\ pD;yGm;
a&; vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrIESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;,EÅ&m;vG,fulpGm vnfywfacsmarGUap&ef tkyfcsKyfa&; t&m½Sduav;rsm;? pma&;
pmcsDrsm;? ukefonf yGJpm;i,frsm;yg0ifaom wdkif;&if;om; vlvwfwef;pm;w&yf arG;xkwf&ef vdktyfvmayonf/
,if;vlvwfwef;pm;udk e,fcsJUwdkYonf a½S;ya'o&mZfydkif½Sifrsm;? ukefonfaygufprsm;ESifh vlvwfwef;pm;wdkYrS qGJ,l
pnf;½Hk; odrf;oGif;cJhavonf/ xkdvlvwfwef;pm;wdkYudk t*FvdyfpmayESifh acwfynm tenf;i,f oifMum;ay;jcif;tm;
jzifh olwdkYtvdk½Sdaom EkdifiHa&;t,ltq tawG;tac:? vlwef;pm; tjrifESifh ynma&;pepfudk tvdktavsmuf yHk½dkuf
oGif;NyD;om; jzpfatmif &nf½G,fMuHaqmifayonf/
ArmjynfwGif aumvdyfynma&;udk 1878 uyif tpjyKcJhonf/ xdkpOfu aumvdyfynmudk oifMum;EdkifolrSm
1891 wGif ausmif;om;OD;a& (44) OD;om½Sdonf/ aumvdyfynm oifMum;Edkifol OD;a&enf;&jcif;rSm ynma&;p&dwf
jrifhrm;NyD; NAdwdoQwdkYu wrifjr§ifhxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ awmifolv,form; qif;&Jom; trsm;pkrSm txufwef;ynmudk
oifMum;zdkY tem;roDEkdifaom tajctaersdK;aMumifh aumvdyfynmudk oifMum;&ef wwfEdkifolrSm vGefpGm enf;yg;&jcif;
aMumifh jzpfonf/
1912 wGif aumvdyfynmoifMum;ol (300) rQ ½Sdvmonf/ tpdk;&rif;wkdY\ vufa0cH t&mxrf;? trIxrf;
rsm;u ydkí tm½HkpkdufvmMuonfrSm txufwef; ynmwwfvQif ydkíBuD;rm;aom &mxl;rsm;udk &½Sd&ef arQmfrSef;Mujcif;
aMumifh jzpfonf/ odkYaomf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtpdk;&rSm odyÜHynm? aq;ynm? tif*sifeD,mynm tm;ay;rI tvGefenf;yg;
onf/ 1914 ck txd odyÜHbGJU&ol wOD;rQr½Sday/ odyÜHynmvdkufpm;rI r½Sdap&ef t*Fvdyfpmudk ydkítav;ay;NyD;
pmar;yGJrsm;wGif ESdyfuGyfí ppfaq;cJhonf/
4
(c) 1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwf jzpfay:vm&jcif; taMumif;t&if;
&efukefaumvdyfordkif;
uvuwåm;wuúodkvf rufx&pfulav;½Sif; pmar;yGJudk 1877 wGif ArmjynfrS atmifjrifol (2) OD;um;
&efuek f tpd;k &txufwef; ausmif;om;rsm; jzpf\/ ,if;ausmif;udk 1879? Zefe0g&D (1) &ufaeYwiG f &efuek af umvdyrf S
uvuwåm;wuúov dk uf todtrSwjf yKcJoh nf/ ausmif;om; (4) a,mufjzifh pwif zGiv hf pS cf o
hJ nf/ 1883 wGif bDat
wef; zGihfEkdifaom tajctaea&muf\/ 1885 wGif Armwdkif;&if;om;xJrS armifwl * yxrOD;pGm 0dZÆmbGJU
qGwfcl;avonf/ ,k'oefaumvdyf 1894 wGif wnfaxmifonf/ 1894 wGif &efukefaumvdyfü ausmif;om; (69)
a,muf? ,k'oefaum vdyfü (5) a,muf ½Sdonf/ 1900 jynfh &efukefaumvdyfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;ESifh
a½Twd*Hkbk&m;vrf;axmifhwGif ae&mopf wnfaqmufcJhonf/ 1909 wGif jrefrmjynf wuúodkvftufOya'Murf;
a&;qGJ&ef ynma&;pif'Dudwfu cefYxm;aom aumfrwD (txl;) udk zGJUonf/
odYk&mwGif &efuek af umvdyüf ausmif;om; (208) a,muf? ,k'oefaumvdyüf (36) a,mufrQom ½Sí d wuúov kd f
xlaxmifay;Ekid &f ef ausmif;om;tiftm; rBuD;rm;[k ,if;aumfrwDu qH;k jzwf\/ 1916 wGif &efuek af umvdyüf (567)
a,muf? ,k'oefaumvdyüf (7) OD;½Sí d jrefrmbk&ifcH jrefrmjynfwiG f wuúov kd w
f ck zGUJ ay;&ef? Oya'Murf;wck jyKvkyí f
tdEd́,tpdk;&xH wifjycJhonf/ ,if;txl;aumfrwDonf 1919 rwf (27) &ufwGifyif wuúodkvfzGJUpnf;yHk pepftwGuf
tpD&ifcHpmudk ynmrif;BuD;xH ydkYay;cdkif;cJhonf/ 1920 jynfh Zlvdkifv (31) Y.M.B.A uefYuGufí 1922 txd qdkif;
xm;&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf/
Mo*kwfv (28) &uf ruf[ef;wm; Oya'jyKtzGJUonf 1920 &efukefwuúodkvfOya'udk trsm;oabmwl
jy|mef; twnfjyKcJo h nf/ bk&ifcu H pufwifbmv (26) &ufwiG f oabmwlaMumif; vufrw S af &;xd;k NyD; atmufwbkd mv
(24) &ufwGif tdE´d,bk&ifcHcsKyfu ,if;Oya'udk vufcH twnfjyKcJhonf/
1920 Zlvdkifv (12) &ufaeY bk&ifcH qm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf (Sir Reginal Craddock) aetdrfü
rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0; jyKvkyfonf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;rSm ArmjynfwGif wuúodkvfwnfaxmif&ef tpnf;ta0;jzpf
onf/ wuúodkvftufOya'Murf; a&;qJGaumfrwD tpD&ifcHpmudk rpöwmruf[ef;wm;u wifjyonf/
¤if;tzGJUwGif-
(1) rpöwm ruf[efwm; (Mr. Mark Hunter**, Director of Public Instruction-Vice-Chairman)
(2) OD;aratmif
(3) rpöwm *Gwfvpf
(4) rpöwm bdkY*a& ADvD
(5) rpöwm *smrm;
(6) OD;bdk;om
(7) rpöwm a[mbmwef
(8) rpöwm &ufvpf
(9) rpöwm ruúepfwdkYjzpfonf/
rpöwmruf[ef;wm;u wifoGif;onfhtqdkudk OD;aratmifu axmufcHaomfvnf; OD;bdk;omu vufrcH
OD;bd;k omESihf OD;ñGeYf rmS OD;aratmifukd a'goxGuMf uonf/ ArmjynfEiS hf rnfoYkd rQ rtyfpyfaom Oya'udk Armwa,muf
u csD;usL;axmyemjyKí Munfhr& jzpfaeonf/ OD;bkd;omESifh OD;ñGefYrSm uefYuGufcJhMuonf/
1920 ckEpS f txd jrefrmjynfwiG f wuúov kd wf ckrQ r½Sad o;acs/ &efuek wf uúov kd Ef iS hf ,k'oefaumvdyaf usmif;
rsm;rSm tdEd´,EkdifiH uvuwåm;wuúodkvf\ vufatmufcH aumvdyfausmif;rsm; jzpfonf/
xdkwuúodkvfrS jyXmef;aom ynm&yfrsm;udk oifMum;&NyD; xdkwuúodkvfrS ppfaom pmar;yGJrsm;udk ajzqdkMu
&\/ xdYk aemuf Y.M.B.A toif;BuD;u jrefrmEkid if w H iG f oD;jcm;wuúov kd w
f ck ½S&d rnf[k vIYHaqmfa<u;aMumf wdu k w f eG ;f
aygif; rsm;vmaomtcg NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtpdk;&onf ynmrif;BuD; ruf[ef;wm; OD;pD;onfh ,leDAmpDwD (wuúodkvf)
tufOya'a&;qGJa&; uRrf;usifonfh aumfrwDudk 1918 ZGefvwGif zGJUpnf;vdkufonf/ aumfrwD0if (30) eD;yg;½Sd&m-
rSwfcsuf- armifwl* Only one student from Rangoon College named Maung Too passed the B.A. in 1885.
(&efukefwuúodkvf ESpfig;q,fjynfhpmapmif- 1970? English Section, The Birth of Rangoon University by Aung
Khin - History, p-53) Mr. Mark Huner**, Director of Public Instruction-Vice-Chairman ESihf ausmif;tkyBf uD;
Mr. Matthew Hunter***, Principal of Rangoon College (¤if;aqmif;yg;- p-56) 5
(1) OD;bab (bDat)

(2) OD;armifBuD; (trfat)
(3) 0wfvHkawmf& OD;aratmif
(4) OD;bvIdif (bDat)
(5) OD;uGrf; (bDat)
(6) OD;trftHk;cdkif wkdY (6) OD;om jrefrmtrsKd;om;rsm; yg0ifcJhonf/ OD;bab? OD;xGef;½Sdef? 0wfvHkOD;odef;armif
wkdYu owif;pmxJrS uefYuGufcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh 1920? Zlvdkifv (4) &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU? ql;avbk&m;vrf;
0dkiftrfbDattoif;csKyf½Hk; tpnf;ta0;cef;rü A[dktoif;csKyf (*sife&,faumifq,f) tpnf;ta0;usif;y&m OD;cspf
vIdifu obmywdaqmif½GufNyD; atmufygqHk;jzwfcsufrsm; yg0ifchJonf/
qHk;jzwfcsuftrSwf (3) wGif-
3/ ,cktcg &efuek Nf rdKUü,leAD mpDwD (wuúov kd )f ausmif;BuD; zGiv hf pS pf rD aH &;udpEö iS hf yufoufí ynmrif;BuD;
ruf[ef;wm;u Oya'Murf;a&;qGNJ yD;? 'kw, d bk&ifcH twkid yf ifct H zGUJ odYk wifoiG ;f jy|mef;&ef pDpOfaeMuonf[k Mum;od&
aMumif;? &efukef,leDAmpDwD ausmif;awmfBuD;onf jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;w&yfvHk;ESifh oufqkdifaom ausmif;awmfBuD;
jzpfojzifh xdak usmif;awmfBuD;twGuf Oya'Murf;a&;qGJ twnfjyKjy|mef;jcif;udpu ö kd jrefrmEkid if t H yk cf sKyfa&; jyKjyifajymif;
vJNyD;onftxd qkid ;f ihx
H m;&efEiS hf xdak usmif;awmfBuD;qkid &f m pDrrH I t&yf&yfwYdkuv kd nf; wdik ;f oljynfom;wkYd u a½G;aumuf
wifajr§mufvdkufaom trwfrsm;tm; vTJtyf&eftqdkukd OD;vSazu wifoGif;í tm;vHk;oabmwl qHk;jzwfMuonf/
0dkiftrfbDat NrdKUvHk;uRwf tpnf;ta0;rsm;uvnf; Oya'Murf; qkdif;iHhxm;&ef tpkd;&odkY tMuHay;awmif;qkdcJhonf/
xdktMuHay;awmif;qkdonfh twGif;rSmyif 1920 ck? Zlvdkifv (12) &ufwGif 'kwd,bk&ifcHu ol\ twkdifyifcHtpnf;t
a0;udk ac:,lNyD; ynmrif;BuD;ruf[ef;wm; wifoiG ;f aom ],leAD mpDwt D ufOya'} udv k ufcNH yD;vQif pdppfí aemufwBudrf
tpnf;ta0;ü twnfjyKa&;twGuf wifoGif;&ef aumfrwDw&yf zGJUpnf;vTJtyfvdkufonf/ ¤if;Oya'Murf;udk OD;ar
atmif tygt0if tpkd;&bufawmfom;rsm;u axmufcHonf/ xdkYaemuf t*FvdyfAsL½dku&uf tpdk;&onf wdkif;jynfrS
a0zefEdkif&ef aMunm\/ ¤if;Oya'Murf;rSm jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh oifhawmfonf[k bk&ifcHu ajymqkdcJhonf/
¤if;Oya'wGif AsL½dku&uf e,fcsJUtpdk;&u jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm; txufwef;ynm roifMum;Ekdifap&ef csKyfcs,f
onfh atmufygtcsufrsm;yg0ifcJhonf/
(1) jrefrmjynfwGif wuúodkvf wckwnf;om ½Sd&rnf/
(2) xkdwuúodkvfvufatmufwGif aumvdyfausmif; wausmif;wnf;om ½Sd&rnf/
(3) xdkwausmif;wnf;aom aumvdyfonf &efukefNrdKUü ½Sd&rnf/
(4) xdkaumvdyfausmif;wGif pmoifvkdaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;tdyf ausmif;pm; jzpf&rnf/
(5) rufx&Dual v;½Si;f (ac:) wuúov kd 0f ifpmar;yGrJ xm;bJ tpd;k &ujyKvkyaf om [du k pf ul;zdik ef ,f q,fwef;
pmar;yGJudk atmif&rnf/
(6) odkY&mwGif atmifolrsm;onf t*FvdyfbmomESifh tjcmbmomwck xl;cRefpGmwwfajrmufí atmifjrif
&rnf/
(7) q,fwef;atmifí wuúokdvf0ifcGifh&aomfvnf; wuúodkvfynm&yfrsm;udk wcgwnf;pí roif&bJ
xdwk uúov kd yf nm&yfrsm;udk aumif;pGm vdu k Ef idk &f eftwGuf (Preliminary Class) ac: jyifqifrt I wef;
wGif wESpf ae&OD;rnf/
(8) xdkjyifqifrItwef;wGif wESpfaeaomfvnf; ESpfukefonfhtcg wuúodkvfynm&yfrsm;udk vkdufEkdif&ef
t&nftcsif; r½Sdao;[k ,lqvQif wuúodkvfynmudk qufvufoifcGifh&OD;rnf r[kwf/
(9) a&;ajz pmar;yGJtjyif EIwfwdkuf ajzqkd&rnfh pmar;yGJrsm;vnf; ½Sdao;\/
(10) odyÜHwef;atmifNyD; 0dZÆmwef;udk *kPfxl;ESifh atmifaomolrSomvQif r[m0dZÆmbGJUpmar;yGJudk 0ifa&muf
ajzqkdEdkifcGifh ½Sdrnf/ 0dZÆmbGJU½dk;½dk;atmifjrif½HkrQESifh r[m0dZÆmbJGUpmar;yGJ r0ifEkdif/
(11) *kPfxl;wef;ESifh 0dZÆmbGJUwef; pmar;yGJudk odyÜHwef;atmifNyD; (3) ESpfMumrS 0if&rnf/
(12) *kPfxl;wef;ESifh 0dZÆmbGJUwef;udk wcgwnf; 0ifa&mufajzqkdí ratmifvQif aemufxyfr0ifEkdifawmhacs/
¤if;tcsufrsm;udk avhvmMunfhvQif aumvdyfausmif; wausmif;wnf;ESifh jrefrmvlrsKd; tajrmuftjrm;udk
txufwef;ynm oifray;Ekdifay/ xdkwausmif;wnf;rS tmPmydkifrsm;u pDrHcsifovkd pDrHí ausmif;om;OD;a&udk
uefYowfEkdif\/ rnfonfhynm&yfonf jrefrmrsm;ESifh oifhawmfonf ¤if;wkdYu owfrSwfEdkifonf/ jrefrmrsm;ESifh
6
oifah wmfaom ynm&yfjzpfaeaomfvnf; xdyk nm&yfukd roifMum;&[k ydwyf ifEidk o f nf/ pmar;yGrJ sm;udv k nf; Muyfwnf;
atmif vkyfEkdif\/ csKyfcs,frI trsKd;rsKd;udkvJ vkyfEkdifonf/
xdkacwftcgu jrefrmEkdifiH vlOD;a& (85) &mcdkifEIef;ausmfrSm awm½Gmrsm;wGifaeaom awmifolv,form;
qif;&Jom;rsm; jzpf\/ NrdKUae jrefrmukefonf pma&;pmcsDrsm;rSmvnf; rsm;aomtm;jzifh 0ifaiG tenf;i,fom½Sd\/
rdrdwkdY NrdKUwGifaomfvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkYaus;½Gmrsm;ESifh eD;uyfaom NrdKUrsm;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;? (7) wef;? (10)
wef;ausmif;rsm;wGif awmausmif;om;rsm;tjzpff ausmif;rxm;Ekid af y/ &efuek Nf rdKUodYk ynmoifMum;&efvJ rapvTwEf ikd af y/
xdktcgu aumvdyfausmif;wGif ynmoifp&dwfrSm tenf;qHk; wvvQif (60) usyfjzpfNyD; wv (60) usyfrQom
0ifaiG½Sdaom (85) &mckdifEIef;jzpfonfh awmifolv,form; qif;&Jom;wkdYrSm rdrdwdkY om;orD;rsm;udk txufwef;ynm
oifMum;ap&ef pdwfrul; EkdifMuay/ xdkaMumifh wuúodkvfOya'Murf;t& jrefrmwkdYrSm txufwef;ynm roifEkdifay/
t*Fvdyf0g'twdkif; jrefrmrsm;udk olwdkYckdif;í aumif;atmif xif;ckwf? a&cyfwwf½Hkavmufom &nf½G,faom ynma&;
pepfjzpfonf/ xdktcsdefu &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;wOD;\ wESpfukefusaiGrSm (378) usyf½Sdonf/ þtcsdefwGif
atmufpzdkYESifh uif;b&pfwuúodkvf ausmif;om;wa,muf\ wESpfukefusaiGrSm (3500) usyfrQom jzpf\/ q,fyHk
wyHkomvQif ½Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkrQaom aiGudk jrefrmrsm; rwwfEkdifay/ (10) wef;atmif&ef (10) ESpfvHk;vHk; aiG
tajrmuftjrm; tukeftuscHNyD; aumvdyfynm&yfrsm;udk wqufwnf; roifEkdifbJ &efukefNrdKUü jyifqifrItwef;wGif
wESpfxyfrH ae&OD;rnfqkdvQif aiGtukeftus ydkrsm;rnfjzpffonf/ (10) wef;udk (10) ESpfESifh atmif&ef tbufbufrS
taMumif;nDñGwfrnfjzpfNyD; wESpfwwef; rSefrSefatmif&rnf jzpfonf/ xdktcsdefydk? xdkp&dwfudk trsm;tm;jzifh qif;&J
aom Armrsm; rwwfEkdifay/
¤if;tjyif jyifqifrt I wef;ü wESpaf eNyD; aumvdyaf usmif; tmPmydik rf sm;u aumvdyyf nm&yfrsm;udk qufí
oifMum;Ekid &f ef t&nftcsi;f rjynfph [ kH k owfrw
S v f Qif qufvufí oifciG rhf &awmhay/ [ku d pf ul;zkid ef ,fac: (10) wef;
atmif&mwGif t*Fvdyfbmomü xl;cRefpGmwwfaMumif; xif½Sm;ap&rnf[k qkd&mü rnfrQtqifhtwef;[k uefYowfrI
rxm;½Sdonfhtjyif rsm;aomtm;jzifh jrefrmausmif;om;rsm; twGuf tcsKyftcs,fwck jzpfonf[k qdkEkdif\/ rnfrQcsKyf
cs,foenf;qdkaomf wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJudk oD;jcm;rxm;jcif;udk odEkdif\/
¤if;tcsufrsm; tm;vHk;rSm jrefrmrsm;udk? txufwef;ynm wwfajrmufa&;twGuf trsKd;rsKd;csKyfcs,frIrsm;
om jzpfonf/ tdE, d́ Ekid if H uvuwåm;wuúov kd Ef iS hf tjcm;wuúov kd rf sm;wGif þuJo h Ykd aom Oya'rsm; csKyfcs,fjy|mef;
jcif; r½Sday/ jrefrmrsm;udk txufwef;ynm rwwf&ef t*FvdyfAsL½dku&uf tpkd;&u pDrHjyKvkyfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
ArmjynfESifh tdE´d,jynfonf NAdwdoQwdkY\ aer0iftifyg,mtwGif;ü rukef;crf;Edkifaom o,HZmw ayg<u,f0onfh
EkdifiHrsm; jzpf\/ xdkEkdifiHrsm;udk t*FvdyfwkdYu olwdkY vufatmufrS vGwfajrmufap&ef b,fawmhrS pdwfrul;ay/
xdkYaMumifh 1920 Zlvdkifv (31) &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU *sKAvDa[mwGif ausmif;om;rsm; OD;aqmifí 0dkiftrf
bDattoif;BuD;u aqmfMoNyD; NrdKYvHk;uRwf tpnf;ta0; usif;yonf/ xdktpnf;ta0;odkY jyKvkyf&m &[ef;awmfrsm;?
ausmif;om;rsm;? vlxky&dowfrsm;pGm wufa&mufvm&m ½HkjynfhvQHoGm;onf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;wGif 0dkiftrfbDatrS
OuúXtjzpf OD;az (K.S.M., A.T.M.)? tusKd;aqmiftjzpf OD;xGef;a0u aqmif½Gufí atmufyg qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
csrSwfcJhonf/
1/ ,leDAmpDwD odyÜHausmif;awmfBuD;qkdif&m Oya'Murf;udk vsifjrefpGm twnfjyK&ef pDrHaqmif½Gufjcif;udk þ
tpnf;ta0;BuD;u av;eufpGmuefYuGufaMumif;? ,if;Oya'Murf;udk jynfolYudk,fpm;vS,f trwfrsm;jzifh
pOf;pm;pdppfjy|mef;Ekdif&eftvdkYiSm tkyfcsKyfrIjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; pDrHudef;rsm;NyD;í trsm;jynfolqE´jzifh a½G;
aumufwifajr§mufaom trwfrsm;jzifh Oya'jyKvw T af wmfBuD; zGJUpnf;NyD;onf txd qdik ;f iHx h m;&eftqdu k kd ykord f
NrdKUrS &[ef;awmf OD;a0ykv’u wifoGif;í &efukefNrdKUrS ausmif;om; udkxGef;OD;u axmufcHNyD; trsm;oabm
wl qHk;jzwfonf/
2/ ynmrif;BuD; rpöwmruf[ef;wm; wifoiG ;f aom Oya'Murf;oabmt& ,leAD mpDwaD usmif;awmfBuD;rSm woD;
wjcm; wae&mwnf;&yfwnfaeaom ausmif;awmfBuD;jzpfojzifh ArmEkdifiH\ tajctaeESihf rudkufnD?
,aeY ArmEkdifiH\ tajctaet& aumvdyfausmif;rsm; qufpyfyg0ifaeaom ,leDAmpDwDwuúodkvfausmif;
awmfBuD;rsK;d om jzpfoifo h nf[k tpnf;ta0;BuD;u,lqaMumif; tqku d kd 0wfvakH wmf& OD;bpDu wifoiG ;f í
&efukefNrdKUrS ausmif;om;udkxifu axmufcHNyD; trsm;oabmwl qHk;jzwfonf/
3/ ,leAD mpDwD wuúov kd af usmif;awmfBuD; tkycf sKyfa&;aumifq,ftzGUJ wGif tzGUJ 0if (56) OD;teuf Armwkid ;f &if;
om; (5) OD;omyg0if&ef owfrSwfxm;onf/ qD;edwfwGifvnf; tzGJU0if (24) OD;teuf Armwkdif;&if;om;
7
(2) OD;om owfrSwfxm;onf/ þodkYArmwdkif;&if;om;rsm; vHkavmufpGm yg0ifapjcif;r½Sdjcif;rSm roifhavsmf

ay/ xdYk aMumifh ,leAD mpDwt D yk cf sKyfa&;tzGJUESihf qD;edwtf zGUJ wdkYwiG f Armwkid ;f &if;om;rsm; vHak vmufpmG yg0ifap
oifhaMumif; tqkdukd OD;wkwfBuD;u wifoGif;í OD;bvIdifu axmufcHNyD; trsm;oabmwl qHk;jzwfonf/
4/ wuúov kd Of ya'Murf;t& q,fwef;atmifNyD;aemuf ,leAD mpDw0D ifciG &hf &ef aemufxyf wESpx f yfrH oifMum;&
OD;rnf[k qdo k nfukd vH;k 0vufoifh rcHoifah y/ [ku d pf ul;zdik ef ,f (10) wef; atmifjrifNyD;olwikd ;f ,leAD mpDwD
odYk 0ifciG jhf yKoifah Mumif; tqku d kd om,m0wDO;D yku wifoiG ;f í OD;oif;armifu axmufcNH yD; trsm;oabmwl
qHk;jzwfonf/
5/ ynmrif;BuD;\ Oya'wGif bDat? bDtufpDudk *kPfxl;ESifh atmifjrifrSom trfat? trftufpfpD oifvdku
oifMum;Ekid cf iG hf ½Sad prnfqadk om tcsuu f kd y,fzsuí f bDat? bDtufpD atmifjrifow l ikd ;f trfat? trftufpD
oifMum;EdkifcGifh ½Sdap&rnf[laom tqkdudk OD;pdefvSatmifu wifoGif;í OD;odef;armifu axmufcHNyD; trsm;
oabmwl qHk;jzwfonf/
6/ rpöwmruf[ef;wm;udk ynmrif;BuD;tjzpf cefYtyfaqmif½u G af ponfh tcsderf pS í ArmEkid if H ynmoifMum;a&;
wGif wdk;wufaumif;rGef aqmif½Gufonfudk rawGU&/ qkwf,kwfysufjym;atmif jyKvkyfaejcif;omjzpfonf/
xdYk aMumifh rpöwmruf[ef;wm;udk ynmrif;BuD;tjzpfrS z,f½mS ;ajymif;a½TU ypfoifah Mumif; tqku d kd vufyw
H ef;
NrdKU OD;vlBuD;u wifoGif;í anmifav;yifNrdKU OD;bdk;awu axmufcHNyD; trsm;oabmwl qHk;jzwfonf/
txufygqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk 'kwd,bk&ifcH? ArmEdkifiHtpdk;& ynma&;0efBuD;csKyfESifh tdEd´,EkdifiH A[dktpdk;&
tzJGJUodkY qHk;jzwfcsuf tjynfhtpHkudk wifydkYawmif;qkdMuonf/
odYk &mwGif xdt k cg oHvufo;D [kac:aom vufaxmufb&k ifcH qm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf acgif;aqmifonfh
NAdwo d Qe,fcsJU AsL½dku&uftpdk;&u ]rif;wkAhd rmawG ynma&;udk bmem;vnfvv hkd }J [kqdkum wkdif;jynfrS uefYuGufcsuf
rsm;udk *½krpdkufbJ vspfvsL½Ium 1920 'DZifbmv (1) &ufaeYwGif xdkwuúodkvfOya'Murf;udk twnfjyKNyD;[k
aMunmvkdufonf/ 'DZifbm (7) &ufaeYrS pwifusifhoHk;rnf[k owif;xGufvmonf/
(*) oydwt
f wGujf yifqifMujcif;
&ef u k e f w uú o d k v f Oya'onf 'D Z if b mv (1) &uf a eY ü twnf j zpf v mcJ h a yonf / od k Y & mwG i f
wuúodkvfzGifhvSpfyGJ tcrf;tem;udk w&m;0if rusif;y&ao;acs/
jrefrmEkid if \
H 'kw, d bk&ifcH qm&,f*seD ,fu&ufa'gufonf Oya't& wuúov kd t
f "dywdBuD; tjzpf 'DZifbm
v (7) &ufaeYwGif ]&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;awmfBuD;} udk zGifhvSpf&ef aMunmxm;avonf/
&efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;awmfom;rsm; jzpfvmMurnfh &efukefaumvdyfrS ausmif;om;wdkYtaejzifhum;
wuúodkvf Oya'onf wuúodkvfynma&;udk ysufpD;aponfomru trsKd;om;a&;*kPfodu©mESifh jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkY\
a,bk,stqifhtwef;udkyif ,kwfavsmhvmvdrfhrnf[k oabm&½Sdxm;NyD; jzpfonf/
xdYk tjyif wuúov kd Of ya'onf trsK;d om;wdYk tm; aESmifBuKd;jzifh tpOfcsKyfaESmifxm;&ef NAdwo d Qtpd;k &u zefw;D
xm;onfh vufeufaumif;wck jzpfonf[lívnf; rrSdwfrokef ,HkMunfMuonf/
xdkYaMumifh &efukefaumvdyfrS ausmif;om;BuD;wkdYonf wuúodkvfOya' ysufpD;oGm;&ef vnf;aumif;? ,if;
Oya't& wuúodkvfrzGifhjzpf&ef vnf;aumif;? jrefrmtrsKd;om;wdkY\ tpDtrHjzifh trsKd;om;wuúodkvf wnfaxmif&ef
vnf;aumif; pdwftm;xufoefpGmawG;awm MuHqcJhMuavonf/
&efukefwuúodkvf Oya'ysufjym;&efESifh wuúodkvfausmif; rzGifhvSpfEkdif&ef ta&;rsm;udk BudKwifawG;awm
MuHqvsuf ½SdaeMuaom &efukefaumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;wdkYu Oya'yif½Sdaevifhupm; ausmif;om;r½Sdaom ausmif;
onf tcsnf;ESD;yifjzpfí ausmif;udk oydwfarSmufMu&ef aemufqkH; tMuH&Muavonf/
,if;uJhodkY tMuH&onfhtwdkif; 1282 ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef; vqkwf (8) &uf ('DZifbmv 3 &ufaeU)
aeYv,fwiG f &efuek af umvdyrf S ausmif;om;BuD; (11) OD;wdYkonf a½Tw*d Hk uke;f awmfay: paeaxmifw h iG f wuúov kd af usmif;
udk oydwfarSmufa&;wGuf vQKdU0Sufpnf;a0; wdkifyifMuonf/
tqkyd g ausmif;om; (11) OD;rSm-–
1/ udkbOD; (bDat txufwef;) (aemif ta&;ydkif OD;bOD;? oHwGJ)
2/ udkzdk;uGef; (bDtufpD txufwef;) (aemif ocifAdkvfzdk;uGef;)
8
Source: RU History (Diamond Jubilee)
oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;Bu;D rsm; opömt"d|mefjyK&m a½Tw*d akH pwD taemufawmifaxmifw

U iG f pdu
k x
f x
l m;aom txdr;f trSwaf usmufwikd f
3/ udkb½Sif (bDtufpD txufwef;) (aemif tif*sifeD,m) (&efukef)
4/ udkb½Sif (tkdifat txufwef;)
5/ udkxGef;0if; (tkdifat txufwef;)
6/ udkazodef; (tdkifat txufwef;)
7/ udknDydwf (bDtufpD txufwef;) (aemif puf½Sifw&m;olBuD;) (&efukef)
8/ udkat; (bDat txufwef;) (aemif ,pfrsdK;rif;BuD;)
9/ udkvSwif (bDat txufwef;) (aemif vTwfawmfa½SUae)
10/ udkatmif'if (tdkifat txufwef;) (aemif yifpif½Hk;tkyf)
11/ udkbcif (tkdifat txufwef;) (rEÅav;) wkdU jzpfonf/
þaumvdyaf usmif;om;BuD; (11) OD;wdYkonf (2) em&De;D yg;Mumatmif tzufzufrS av;eufpmG qifjcifpOf;pm;
NyD;aemuf trdEidk if \
H *kPo
f u d m© udk u,fwifa&;twGuf aumvdyaf usmif;rsm;udk oydwaf rSmuf&ef qH;k jzwfvu kd Mf uonf/
,if;udpöudk rnfuJhodkY xajrmufatmifjrif&ef jyKvkyfMurnfudk wdkifyifESD;aESmMuNyD;vQif –
(1) tjcm; ausmif;om;rsm; rvdkufaomfvnf; xdk (11) OD;wdkYonf ausmif;udk rysufruGuf oydwfarSmuf
NyD;vQif wdkif;jynf qlylx<uEkd;Mum;ap&ef vSnfhvnfí w&m;a[m&ef?
(2) 'D Z if b mv (4) &uf a eYü A[ef ; OD ; t&d , ausmif ; wd k u f w G i f aumvd y f a usmif ; om;rsm;
tpnf;ta0;ac:,lí tusKd;taMumif; ajymjy&efwdkYudk qHk;jzwfMuavonf/
acgif;aqmif (11) OD;wdkYonf ,if;udpöESifh ywfoufí wpHkw&m tjypf&½Sdu wOD;ESifhwOD; tultnDjyKí
qd;k twl aumif;twl aemufrqkwyf J qufvufaqmif½u G &f ef opömjyKMuavonf/ opömjyKcsufrsm;udk t*Fvyd b f mom
jzifh pm½Guf oHk;½Gufay:wGif a&;í (11) OD;pvHk; vufrSwfa&;xdk; Muonf/
,if;opömjyKcsuf jrefrmbmomjyefrSm-–
}atmufwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;ol uREkfyfwdkhonf &efukef,leDAmpDwD oydwfarSmufvIyf½Sm;rIBuD;wGif OD;pD;OD;udkif
jyKMurnfU acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwdkh OD;pD;aqmif½GufMurnfU vIyf½Sm;rIonf tu,fí atmifjrifrI
r&yJ cRwfacsmfwdrf;yg;cJUaomf uRefyfwdkhtm;vHk;onf ausmcsif;,SOf &ifcsif;tyfí aotwl½SiftrQ MuHUMuHUcHí
&yfwnfMu&ef opömrlum t"d|mefjyKyg\} [lí jzpfavonf/
acgif;aqmif (11) OD;wdYk onf ausmif;odYk jyefvnfa&muf½v dS mNyD;aemuf aumvdyEf pS &f yfpvk;H aemufwaeYwiG f
tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyf&ef vQKdU0SufpGm pnf;½kH;Muavonf/
9
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ vQKdU0Supf mG vIy½f mS ;aeyHu k kd tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; &dyrf w d efoavmuf &dyrf Md u

avonf/ ],leDAmpDwDtufOya'udk wwdkif;jynfvHk;u uefhuGufaeygvsuf tpdk;&u yrmrcefhjyKonfUtwGuf oydwf
arSmuf&ef MuHpnfMuonf} [lí tcsif;csif; odem;vnfaecJhMuonf/
'DZifbmv (4) &ufaeY? eHeufyikd ;f wGif &efuek af umvdyEf iS hf ,k'oefaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm;\ pum;tajc
twifajymyGJ tNyD; nae (3) em&D rdepf (30) wGif A[ef;&yf OD;t&d,ausmif;wdkufodkY ausmif;om;rsm; tpnf;ta0;
qufvuf wufa&muf&ef zdwfMum;Muavonf/
xdkaeYnae (3) em&DcGJwGif aumvdyfESpf&yfvHk;rS ausmif;om;aygif; (600) cefY pka0;a&muf½SdvmMuonf/
&efuek faumvdyfrS acgif;aqmif (11) OD;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tjyif ,k'oefaumvdyfrS udkzdk;usm;? udkjrifh? udkzdk;vwf
tp½Sdaom acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; wufa&mufvmMuonf/
tpnf;ta0;wGif &efukefaumvdyf tdkiftufpfpD atmufwef;rS udkvSpdefudk Ouú|wifajr§mufí udkbOD;u
tpnf;ta0; ac:,l&jcif; taMumif;rsm;udk tus,fw0ifh ½Sif;vif;ajymjyonf/
xdYk aemuf aumvdyEf pS &f yfpvk;H rS ausmif;om;rsm;onf oydwaf rSmufa&; udpu ö kd jyif;jyif;xefxef aqG;aEG;Mu
onf/ t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd;udkvnf; aumvdyfESpf&yfpvHk;rS ausmif;om;rsm;u wifjyMuonf/
aqG;aEG;ndE§ idI ;f Mu&mwGif wuúov kd Of ya'udk wdu
k zf sufa&;twGuf oydwaf rSmuf&efuu kd m; a,bk,stm;jzifh
oabmwlMu\/
odkY&mwGif (1) wuúodkvfOya'udk jyifqifay;&ef bk&ifcHxH avQmufxm;í vdkufavsmjcif; rjyKorQ oydwf
arSmuf&efESifh? (2) rauseyfrIrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf jyonfhtaeESifh oydwfarSmufNyD;rS vdkvm;csuf awmif;qdkvTmudk
wif&ef[laom enf;vrf;ESpf&yf uGJvGJMuavonf/
xdkYaMumifh ,if;udpöudk rJqE´,l&ef pDrHMuonf/ qE´r,lrD ½IH;aomzufrS EkdifaomzufodkY razmufjyef
vdkufyg&ef ESpfOD;ESpfzuf uwday;Muonf/ xdkYaemuf qE´rJ tqHk;tjzwf,l&mwGif OD;pGm oydwfarSmufNyD; aemufrS
vdv
k m;csufrsm;udk ta&;qdak om awmif;qdv k mT wif&efzufrS tEkid &f ½Sad vonf/ xdpk Oftcgu udzk ;kd usm;ESihf tjcm;acgif;
aqmifrsm;rSm rJqE´½IH;Muaomfvnf; oydwfarSmuf vIyf½Sm;rIwavQmufvHk;ESifh trsKd;om;ynma&; c&D;pOfwavQmufvHk;
wGif razmufrjyef vdkufygcJhMuonf/
,if;tpnf;ta0;rS-
(1) 1920 jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv (7) &uf? t*FgaeYwGif jrefrmEkdifiH 'kwd,bk&ifcH &efukefaumvdyfausmif;odkY
vma&mufNyD; ]jrefrmEkdifiHwGif &efukefwuúodkvf zGifUvSpfaMumif;} aMunmaomtcg aumvdyfausmif;
ESpaf usmif;½Sd ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf rdrw d Ykd pmtkyrf sm;udk ydu f ]&efuek w
k í f uúov kd u f kd oydwaf rSmufNy}D [k
atmf[pfum ausmif;rsm;rS xGufvm&ef?
(2) oydwfarSmufNyD;rS xdk&efukefwuúodkvfOya'onf jrefrmrsm; txufwef;ynm oifMum;a&;twGuf
epfematmif csKyfcs,fonfhOya'rsm;jzpfí ,if;wkdYudk jyKjyifay;&ef t*FvdyfAsL½kdu&uftpdk;&odkY ta&;
qdk&ef?
(3) jyKjyifay;&ef awmif;qdkaom tcsufrsm;udk jyKjyifíray;orQ umvywfvHk; ausmif;jyefí rwuf&ef
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk csrSwfMuonf/
xdkYtjyif oydwfarSmuf udpöESifhywfoufí udpöt00udk aqmif½GufoGm;&ef ausmif;ESpfausmif;rS udk,fpm;
vS,rf sm; yg0ifonfh 26 OD;aumfrw D D (Council of Twenty-six) udk a½G;cs,cf efYtyfum wm0eft&yf&yf vTt J yfavonf/
,if; 26 OD;aumfrDwDwdkYum;-
(pwifOD;aqmifcJUaom ausmif;om;BuD; (11) OD; tygt0if)
&efukefaumvdyfrS
12/ udkvSpdef (Oya'ynm) (aemif NrdKUrq&ma[mif;)
13/ udkbwif (Oya'ynm) (aemif Oya'jyK vTwaf wmftrwf? uefe0D efBuD;\ ajr;)
14/ udkpkd;0if; (bDat txufwef;) (aemif ynma&;txl;t&m½Sd)
15/ udkxGef;az (tdkifat txufwef;) (aemif xGef;aeUpOf t,f'DwmcsKyf)
16/ udkb[ef (bDatwef;) (aemif [dkufukwfpmawmfjyef)
17/ udkvlaz0if; (bDDat txufwef;) (aemif a½S;a[mif;okawoe? ausmufpm0ef)
18/ udkbausmf (tdkifat txufwef;) (aemif tpdk;&yHkESdyfwdkufnTefMum;a&;0ef)
10
19/ rpöwm tifpDqif; (bDat txufwef;) (aemif w&m;½Hk;csKyfa½SUae)

20/ rpöwm tD;armifpdef (bDat txufwef;)
*syfqifaumvdyfrS (,k'oefaumvdyf)
21/ udkjrifh (aemif ae½Sife,f OD;jrifh)
22/ udkjr (bDtufpfpD txufwef;) (aemif 'k-0efBuD;csKyf ocifjr)
23/ udkzdk;usm; (bDat atmufwef;) (aemif trsKd;om;ynm0ef)
24/ udkzdk;vwf (bDat txufwef;) (aemif ,Ofaus;rI twGif;0efa[mif;)
25/ udkarmifudk (bDat txufwef;) (aemif xDrif;BuD;)
26/ rpöwm bkdYpf wdkYjzpfonf/
pwifoydwfarSmufjcif;
ausmif;om;rsm;onf ,leDAmpDwDOya'ESifh xkdOya't& wnfaxmifrnfh wuúodkvfausmif;BuD;udkyg oydwf
arSmufMu&ef qHk;jzwfonfqdkaom wpHkwpfa,muf\ owif;ay;csuft& &efukefaumvdyf ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwm
rwfo,l;[efwm; (Mr. Matthew Hunter***) od½o dS mG ;avonf/ ausmif;tkyBf uD;onf owif;&vQi&f jcif; ausmif;
q&mrsm;? t&m½Srd sm;? rdbrsm;rSwqifh ausmif;om;rsm; oydwrf arSmufjzpfatmif zsuaf vonf/ tpd;k &trIxrf;jzpfonfh
ausmif;om; rdbwdkYtm; om;orD;rsm; oydwfarSmufvQif oifwdkYtvkyfrS xkwfypfcH&rnf[k Ncdrf;ajcmufonf/
ausmif;tkyBf uD;ESihf q&mrdbrsm;u oydwrf arSmufjzpfatmif zsufaeonfo h wif;rsm;udk csufjcif;Mum;od&í
1282 ck? wefaqmifrkef; vjynfhausmf (10) &uf? 1920 'DZifbmv (5) &ufaeY? aeYvnf (2) em&DwGif udkbOD;tdrfü
tpnf;ta0; jyKvkyfcg ausmif;om;BuD; (11) OD;onf rlvowfrSwfxm;aom 'DZifbmv (7) &ufudk rapmifhawmhbJ
,aeY 'DZifbm (5) &uf (wefaqmifrkef; vjynfhausmf 10 &uf) üyif oydwfarSmuf&ef qHk;jzwfMuonf/ xdkYaemuf
naewGif A[ef;a½Tusif&yf ausmif;wkduf wkdifw&mausmif;ü ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; &efukefaumvdyfESifh ,k'oef
aumvdyrf S ausmif;om; (50) ausmfonf pkpnf;NyD;vQif ynmrif;BuD;ruf[ef;wm;\ Oya'ESihf xdOk ya't& zGiv hf pS rf nfh
wuúokdvfausmif;awmfBuD;udk pwif oydwfarSmufcJhMuonf/
(C) oydwaf rSmufpOf jrifuiG ;f ESihf ausmif;om;wkYd cdik rf maompdw"f gwf

ausmif;om;rsm; xdo k Ykd oydwaf rSmufjcif;rSm ynmqufvufoif&ef ysi;f &d
í r[kwf? ArmjynfESifh ArmwrsdK;om;vHk; tem*wf aumif;pm;a&;twGuf ¤if;wkdY
ynmoifMum;a&;ESifh aemifa&;udk tqHk;½IH;cHum? tepfemcHum xGufvmcJhjcif;jzpf
onf/ t*Fvyd Af sL½du k &uf e,fcsJUtpd;k &u pDrv H yk uf idk o
f a½GU vnf;aumif;? rw&m;
zdEydS rf rI sm;udk vnf;aumif;? iHYkrcHbJ xdxad &mufa&muf wHYkjyefwu kd cf u
kd jf cif;jzpfonf/
t*Fvdyftpdk;&udk BuD;us,faom yxrOD;qHk; qefYusifrIBuD; jzpfonf/
ArmawG txufwef;ynmrwwfvQif wd;k wufrI r½S?d wk;d wufrI r½Sv d Qif
Source: National Day (Golden Jubilee)
olYuRef? olYvufatmufwGif olwdkYvkyfoí iHkYcHum ArmawGu t½dk;pm;? olwdkYu

tqDtESpfudk xm0pOf oHk;pGJoGm;&ef jzpfonf/ ynmrwwfvQif atmufwef;pm;
tvkyt f udik Ef iS o
hf m a&mif&h w
J if;wdrNf yD; olwYkd tkycf sKyfa&; 0ifa&muf rpGuzf ufEidk af y/
ynmrwwfí wdk;wufrIr½SdvQif olwdkYvufatmuf uRefoabmufrS b,fawmhrQ
Ouú| udbk OD; BudK;pm;awmhrnf r[kwfay/
ausmif;om;xk w&yfv;kH tdrrf jyefawmhbJ A[ef;a½Tusifausmif;wku d Ef iS hf
OD;t&d,ausmif;wkduf twGif;½Sd Z&yfrsm;wGif oydwfarSmufpcef;rsm; jyKvkyfaexdkifMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; oydwf
arSmufonfudk Mum;odvQif odcsif; q&mBuD;OD;bESifh OD;bvdIifwdkYu yxrtBudrfoydwf rarSmuf&ef ajymqdkonf/
ausmif;om;rsm; vufoifhrcHí jyefoGm;Muonf/
aemufwBudrfwGif q&mBuD;rwf[ef;wm;ESifh OD;jrifh (rif;wkdifyiftrwf) wdkYvma&mufNyD; trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk
aoG;aqmif ac:iifMuonf/ trsm;pku acgif;aqmifwifajr§mufxm;aom Ouú| udkbOD;ESifh udkjrifhwdkYu rauseyfonfh
tcsufrsm;udk ajymjyaomfvnf; q&mrwf[ef;wm;u vufrcHbJ aoG;aqmif ac:iifvsufyif½Sdonf/
11
xkdtcg udkazodef;u
]],Ofaus;onfqdkaom q&mBuD;wkdY\ t*FvdyfjynfESifh taemufwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif jynfolrsm; oabmrwl
onfh Oya'rsm;udk Oya'jyKtzGJUu twnfjyKygoavm}} ar;&m
q&mBuD;rwf[ef;wm;u
]]rjyKaMumif;}} jyefajz\/
]]odkYjzpfvQif usaemfwkdYrESpfNrdKUaom ,leDAmpDwDtufOya'udk q&mBuD;wkdY t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf twnfjyKí
oH;k pGaJ pjcif;rSm ,Ofaus;ygoavm? w&m;ygoavm? usaemfwYkdu vufatmufcH Ekid if o H m;awGrYkd oif;wkYd qrD mS xifovkd
vkyfrnfqdkaom oabmESifh vkyfygovm;}} ar;&m q&m[ef;wm; rnfodkYrQ rajzEkdifbJ tm;avsmhum xGufcGmoGm;\/
udv k ekd aD cwfO;D wGif yxrqH;k ay:aygufcahJ om oydwjf zpfí pdw"f mwfa&;&mt& MuHUcdik rf rI ½S?d pnf;urf;bufvJ
avsmhwdavsmh&J pnf;½Hk;rIüvJ ysufjy,fvdrfhrnf[k wGufqp&m ½Sdonf/ odkYaomf ausmif;om;oydwfu xkdodkYr[kwf/
oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;\ aMunmcsufudk MunfhvQif-
]usaemfwo hdk nf wwdik ;f jynfv;kH uRet f wGi;f u rnfonft U cgrQ rvGwu f if;aponfU AsL½duk &uf\ odyaHÜ usmif;
Oya'udk xkacszsuq f ;D &efEiS Uf ckcjH cif;rSwyg; tjcm;aomenf;jzifU wdik ;f jynfukd u,fq,fz&hkd m enf;vrf;r½S[ d k ,HMk unfygonf/
usaemfwo hkd nf *kPo f a&apmifaU ½SmufonfU ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfonfU tm;avsmpf mG wu,fta&;MuKH vmvQif wdik ;f jynftwGuf
toufpeG &hf ef toif½U MdS uygonf/ usaemfwhkd ckcw H ukd &f if;om aoygap/ aemufq;kH txd ckcyH grnf[k pdwyf ikd ;f jzwfxm;olrsm;
jzpfygonf/}
oydwfarSmufausmif;om; Ouú|udkbOD;u
]AsL½duk a&pDtpd;k &onf ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;udk b,faomtcg tavsmaU y;bl;ygovJ/ b,fawmUrS ray;yg/ b,feaH &m
tcgrSvJ ay;vdrfUrnfr[kwf/ usaemfwdkhudk qlylaom vl½l;wpk[k t,l½SdMuonf/ e,fcsJYwdkhonf usaemfwdkhudk touf
r½Sdaom opfwHk;rsm;[k atmufarUMu\/ usaemfwdkh ajymwmawG bmrS tav;rjyK? *½krjyKonfU tjyif 'DZifbm (23)
&ufwGif ausmif;jyef rwufaomtcg ausmif;om;tm;vHk;udk xkwfypfrnf[k Ncdrf;ajcmufygao;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;
ausmif;jyef0ifí Oya'udkzsuf&ef BudK;pm;tyfonfqkdaom t,ltqvufcHolwkdhrSm &dyfrdMu[ef rwlao;ay/ tusdK;
taMumif; jyoí ajymqdkawmif;yefvQifvnf; ta&;r,l? tvGefaESmifUaES;pGm tcsdefqGJ xm;wwfonf/ rnfonfUtcgrQ
Ny;D qH;k atmif rvky?f [k[ d 'dk 'D D ajymqkí d MuufOwvH;k uGm vkyx f m;jcif;rQom jzpfacsonf/ pOfpm;vsu½f adS o;onfqadk om
pum;udk tjrJoHk;vsuf½Sdonf/ tkdif,mveftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifU ywfoufí vGefcJhaom ESpf (300) rS ,cktxd pOf;pm;vsuf
½Sdonf/ tdEd´,ta&;ESihf ywfoufí tESpf (30) ausmf ,cktxd pOf;pm;vsuf ½Sdonf/ a½Twd*Hkbk&m;ajrudk cHwyfukyf
xm;&m ajymif;a½TY&ef ,ckwdkif pOf;pm;vsuf½Sdonf/ þonfwdkhudk axmufaomf wuúokdvfOya'Murf; jyifqifa&;udpö
rSmvJ {uefrck s tqH;k r½So d avmuf pOf;pm;tH;k rnfrmS ajrBu;D vufcwfrvGJ jzpfawmUonf/ 0dik t f rfbaD tESiUf Armwjynfv;kH u
tvDvDtvmvmrsm;pGm Oya'udk zsuf&efBudK;pm;cJUMuonf r[kwfygavm? em;axmifyg\avm? ta&;,lyg\avm}
þuJhodkU xufjrufjywfom;aom tjrifrsm;aMumifh ausmif;om;oydwfonf vlxk\ tm;ay;rIudk&cJhonf/
ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk; tdrfrjyefawmhbJ oydwfarSmufMu&m &efukefNrdKUrdNrdKUztaygif;ESifh tdrfjyeftdrfpm;
ausmif;om;rsm;odap&ef armfawmfum;ESifh wNrKdUvHk;vSnfhvnfaMunm\/ odrfBuD;aps; aps;ol? aps;om;rsm;ESifh NrdKUa&m
e,fyg jynfolwdkYu qef? qD? ig;yd? ig;ajcmufrSpí aiGaMu;ygrusef tultnDay;Mu\/ ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
bke;f BuD;rsm;u nwGi;f csif; tdy&f m? acgif;tH;k xkwaf y;\/ NrKdUrdNrKdUzESiv hf Bl uD;rsm;u apmif? arGU&mydYk ay;\/ txl;ojzifh
odrBf uD;aps; jrefrmh[w d ukrm® &Dtoif;rS uGr;f ½GBJ uD; a':a':ode;f onf tvGepf w d tf m;xufoefpmG olu, kd w
f idk f aqmfMoí
qeftdwf? qDyHk;wdkYudk vufwGef;vSnf;ay:txd wifay;onf/
]'dkY Armausmif;om;awG xGufvmMuukefNyD? wkdif;jynftusdK;udkomonf onfydk;aqmif½Gufrnf/}
]AmpDwD? AmpDwD}
]oydwfarSmuf oydwfarSmuf}
]jrefcGifrSm wdkif;a,mufsm; [JUvkdh? rcHcsif½Sm bGdKif;aumufom;awGrjzifU pGefhpm;cg? ½kef;nmwef;cJUordkh}
þuJhodkY &efukefNrdKU e,l;bm;rm;yHkESdyfwdkufrS ½dkufESdyfay;onfh ydkpwmrsm;udk vefcsm;rsm;wGif uyfí vnf;
aumif;? tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm;u ausmif;om;awG ]]oydwfarSmufMuyg}} ]] trsdK;om;ynma&;udk tm;ay;Muyg}} [laom
ydkpwmrsm; vdyf,lum "mwf&xm;pD;Muonf/ "mwf&xm;ay:a&mufrS ydkpwmrsm;udk jzefYa0Muonf/ odrfBuD;aps;rS
OD;armifuav;? a':odef;wdkYu OD;aqmifí aps;olaps;om;rsm;u ig;ydaMumf? a*G;oD;rsm;udk A[ef;oydwfpcef;odkY
ydkYMuavonf/ A[ef;&yfuGufrSm MuufysHruspnfum;aom a½TNrdKUav; jzpfvmcJhayonf/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
12
udkbOD;\ BudK;yrf;rIaMumifh oydwfrSm wqifhwufvmEkdifayonf/ e,l;bm;rm;owif;pm t,f'DwmOD;bvdIif? vufyH

wef; OD;vlBuD;? OD;xGef;oef;paom jrefrmowif;pmq&mrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;í oydwfarSmufausmif;om;aumifpDtzGJU½Hk;
wnf½&dS m A[ef;Z&yfrsufEmS pmwGif ],leAD mpDwo
D ydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;tzGYJ jyefMum;a&;Xme}[laom puúLqkid ;f bkwf
wcsyf csdwfqGJxm;onf/ oydwfarSmufaumifpD jyefMum;a&;XmezGifhí e,l;bm;rm;owif;pm? &efukefwdkif;owif;pm?
&efukefa*Zufowif;pmrsm;wGif oydwfarSmufowif;ESifh tcef;rsm;yg½Sdvm&m t*Fvdyfpmwwf Armausmif;om;rsm;\
ta&;tom;udk tHhMocsD;usL; rqHk;jzpfonf/
(i) pdeaf yg [ku

d pf ul;ausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifvmjcif;
&efukefaumvdyf aemifawmfBuD;rsm;onf ,leDAmpDwDtufOya'udk oydwfarSmufvdkufaom owif;onf
wr[kwfcsif; pdefaygausmif;odkY owif;a&muf½Sdvmonf/ xdktcg udkwifhonf udkarmifarmif? udkav;armifwkdYESifh
oGm;a&muf wkdifyifum ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;tm;vHk; tusÐ (2) xnf? vHkcsnf (2) xnfpD ,lí ausmif;*dwfaygufrS
wqifh a½Tw*d bkH &k m;odYk csDwuf&ef jyifqifMuonf/ 6? 12? 1920 ckEpS w f iG f armif*rkd m&D ql;avbk&m;vrf;rS o&ufcEk pS f
yifvrf; twdkif; A[ef;vrf;rBuD;rS a½Twd*HkapwDawmfodkY (2) a,mufwGJ csDwufMuonf/ xdkYaemuf pdefaygausmif;om;
(150) ausmof nf "r®ock ausmif;wku d af ½SU OD;em*dEa´ usmif;odYk 0ifMuavonf/ ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; aemifawmfBuD;rsm;ESihf
ajymqdkaqG;aEG; Mo0g'cH,lMuonf/
pdefaygausmif;om;rsm; udkwifh (acgif;aqmif)
udkwif (tusdK;aqmif)
tzGJU0ifrsm; udkarmifarmifBuD;
udek D
udkav;armif
tm;ay;ulnDolrsm; apmcGefwdkif (usKdif;wHkapmfbGm;om;)
apmbkef;vl (usKdif;wHkapmfbGm;om;)
(7) wef;? (10) wef;ausmif;om;rsm; vdkufyg oydwfarSmufjcif;

aumvdyaf usmif; (2) ausmif;rS ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ oydwu f kd Armwjynfv;kH ½Sd [ku d pf ul; (7) wef;? (10)
wef; ausmif;om;rsm;u olwdkYausmif;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufí xGufvmMu\/ olwdkY t,ltqrSm ,leDAmpDwDtuf
Oya'onf aumvdyaf usmif;rsm;odYk a&mufvmNyD; ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;udk rnfoYkd rQ xdcu kd pf &mr½Sad y/ xdak usmif;om;BuD;
wkYd\ oydwaf rSmufjcif;onf olwYkd ausmif;om;i,frsm;ESiw hf uG aemifvmaemufom; Armrsm;tzdYkomjzpf\/ olwYkdvnf;
0ifa&muf ulnD&ef0wå&m;½Sd\/ olwdkY,lqrIrSm rSefonf/ &efukefaumvdyfESifh ,k'oefaumvdyf ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;
tzdYk qvkd Qif ,leAD mpDwOD ya'onf rsm;pGmxdcukd pf &m r½S?d bDat? bDtufpD (ac:) 0dZmÆ txufwef; ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;
twGuf pmar;yGJusif;y&ef (3) vom vkdawmhonf/ pmar;yGJatmifvQif olwdkY ynmoifMum;a&; NyD;awmhrnf/ tjcm;
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;twGufvJ &efukefwuúodkvfOya' twnfjzpfaomfvJ ¤if;wuúokdvfOya'wGif yg0ifaom jy|mef;
csufrsm;udk ½kwfw&uf wu,fwef; raqmif½GufEkdifao;ay/ aumvdyfausmif; wausmif;wnf; ½Sd&rnf[k qkd&mwGif
,k'oefaumvdyaf usmif;udk zsuyf pf&efEiS hf tm;vH;k aom aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm; ausmif;tdyaf usmif;pm;tjzpf aeEkid &f ef
taqmuftOD aqmufvkyf&ef tvG,fwul rNyD;Ekdifao;ay/ tenf;qHk; (5) ESpfavmuf MumOD;rnfjzpfonf/ xdktcg
aumvdyfausmif;rsm;wGif atmufqHk;wef;jzpfonfh odyÜHatmufwef; ausmif;om;rsm;rSm aemif (3) ESpfwGif 0dZÆmwef;udk
atmifMuawmhrnf/ [dkufpul;zdkife,fac: (10) wef;atmifí t*FvdyfbmomESifh tjcm;bmomw&yfwGif xl;cRefpGm
atmifjrif&rnfqakd om jy|mef;csu?f (10) wef;txd atmifNyD; aumvdyjf yifqifrw I ef;wGif wESpaf e&rnfqakd om jy|mef;
csufwYkd rmS oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;BuD;rsm;udk vH;k 0rxdcu kd af y/ oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;BuD;rsm;rSm wu,fh trsKd;cspf
pdwfESifh wkdif;jynfvlrsKd;twGuf olwdkYynmoifMum;a&;ESifh aemifa&;udkyg tepfemcHMuonfrSm ,HkrSm;p&mr½Sday/
olwYkd oydwaf rSmufvu dk í
f Armrsm;\ pdwx f w J iG u
f ed ;f atmif;aeaom rsKd;cspfpw d "f gwfrsm; tH<k uaygufuv JG mNyD; wjynf
vHk; EkdifiHa&;Ekd;Mum;rIjzpfvmum t*Fvdyftpdk;&vkyforQ acgif;iHkYrcHawmhay/
þodkY pdefayg? pdef*Ref;? rufo'pfpaom a,mufsm;av; txufwef;ausmif;rS ausmif;om;rsm;? pdefar&D
A.B.M rde;f uav;ausmif;rS ausmif;olrsm; yg0ifvmMuí oydwp f cef;wGif tiftm;ydrk Bkd uD;xGm;vmonf/ oydwpf cef;
13
wGif a,mufsm; ntdyf (2000) ausm½f v

dS mMuonf/ ausmif;olrsm;rSm oydwaf rSmuf&mwGif yg0ifaomfvJ oydwpf cef;wGif
vmraeay/ xdkYtwl rEÅav;? armfvNrdKif? ykodrf? jynfponfh tNrdKUNrdKUrS t*Fvdyfausmif;om;rsm;vnf; vkdufí
oydwfarSmuf Muavonf/
(p) rEåav;NrKd Uoydwf

rEÅav;NrdKUoydwfudk 'DZifbmv (10) &ufaeYrS pí armifbaomif; (aemif ocifbaomif;) acgif;aqmifí
ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufap&ef vdkufvHpnf;½Hk;vIHYaqmfwuf<upGm aqmif½GufcJhonf/
oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;onf rEÅav;NrdKUwGif; vSnfhvnfpOf &mZ0wf0ef rufa':e,feJY awGUqHkcJhonf/
]ausmif;om;rsm;udk rnfolacgif;aqmifoenf;} [k rufa':e,fu t*Fvdyfvdkar;&m
acgif;aqmif armifbaomif;u
]]]]Everybody is the leader of himself.}}}}
]vlwikd ;f ud,
k u
Uf ,
kd uf kd acgi;f aqmifaeMuwmbJ} t*Fvdyfvdk jyefajymvkdufaomtcg &mZ0wf0ef rufa'ge,f
rwwfEkdifbJ jyefoGm;onf/
rEÅav;oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,fxJrS (5) OD;udk a½G;cs,fí &efukefNrdKUü usif;yrnfh Arm
EdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m oydwfausmif;om;rsm; udk,fpm;vS,f tpnf;ta0;odkY apvTwfcJhonf/
¤if;wkdYrSm-
(1) armifbaomif; aemif (ocifbaomif;)
(10) wef;ausmif;om; rEÅav;Ak'¨bmom omoeEk*¾[ txufwef;ausmif;
(2) armifausmf0if; (pdefyDwmausmif;)
(3) armifyGifhopf (aemif a½SUae)
(4) armifxGef;armif (aemif trsKd;om;ausmif;q&m)
(5) armifboD (aemif 'dkiftmcD b@ma&;0efBuD;) wkdYjzpfonf/
xkYd aemuf jrefrmEkid if w
H 0ef;vH;k ½Sd t*Fvyd jf refrm (2) bmomausmif;rsm;tm;vH;k vdu
k í
f oydwaf rSmufMuojzifh
wEkdifiHvHk; odrfhodrfhwkefoGm;onf/ oydwfpcef;ae ausmif;om;ta&twGuf rsm;jym;vmNyDjzpfonf/
(q) oydwt
f &Sed w
f ufvmjcif;
1920 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (20) &ufaeYwGif ArmwjynfvHk; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; oydwfpdwf xdyfwef;
a&mufaeaom tcsed yf ifjzpfonf/ xdak eY eHeuftcsed w f iG f bdvyfatmufygvDref avbmygwD0iftrwf ume,f0uf*s0'k f
ESifh ZeD;wkYd (Colonel & Mrs. Wedgwood) onf a½Tw*d akH pwDawmfajc&if;ü Ak'b ¨ mom0ifrsm;uJo h Ykd zdeyfcRwfí
oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;½S&d m oydwpf cef;okYd oGm;a&mufco hJ nf/ ¤if;ZeD;armifEo
HS nf ausmif;om;rsm;ESit hf wl OD;vSaz?
OD;oGif (a½Tw*d kH a*gyuvlBuD;)? OD;ukwBf uD;? OD;Nidr;f ? a':a':pk? pdefar&Dausmif;ol rpD (q&mra':pD)? OD;oif;armifpaom
yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh trSwfw& "mwfyHk½dkufoGm;onf/
oydwfausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u tdEd́,uGef*&uf toif;acgif;aqmif rpöwm tbwfw&yf*sEiS v hf nf;
tem*wfocifynma&;twGuf aqG;aEG;cJo h nf/
oydwpf cef;wnf&m A[ef;Z&yfuav;wGif tcef; (3) cef; ½So d nf/ a½SUqH;k tcef;udk {nfch ef;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
uset f cef;udk vlaecef;tjzpfvnf;aumif; oHk;pGJcJhonf/ bkef;awmfBuD;rsm; pGefYxm;aom xef;pm;yGJ0dkif;BuD;ay:wGif
oydwfudpö aqmif½GufzG,f&m pm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk a&;om;Muonf/ jrefrmowif;pmrsm;udk tcrJh&onf/ t*Fvdyf
owif;pmrsm;udk 0,f,lMu&onf/
t*Fvyd o f wif;pmrsm;wGif oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;taMumif; ykwcf wfa&;om;cJo h nfh owif;ygvmvQif
acgif;aqmif Ouú| udkbOD;u owif;pmyg pmrsufESmay:wGif zaemifhESifh aygufavh½Sdonf/ oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;
rsm;onf pmoifcef;wGif roifMum;Ekdifaom vlrI0dZÆmynm&yfrsm;udk vufawGUqnf;yl;cGifh &cJhonf/ e,l;bm;rm;
owif;pmwkduf? 0dkiftrfbDattoif;wkdYrS pmtkyftrsKd;rsKd;o,f,lum zwfjcif;jzifh A[kokw&cJhonf/ ntcsdefwGif
za,mif;wkdif rD;xGef;í trIaqmifrsm;tpnf;ta0; jyKvkyfonf/
14
(Z) awmif;qkcd suaf y;ydjYk cif;ESihf ausmif;rwuf&efq;kH jzwfjcif;

'DZifbmv (17-19) &ufaeYwGif oydwfausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUu 'DZifbmv (4) &ufaeY tpnf;ta0;
qHk;jzwfcsuf (2) t& tcsuf (16) csufyg awmif;qkdcsuf pmwapmifudk 'kwd,bk&ifcHxHokdY ydkYvdkuf&m atmufyg
twkdif;jzpfonf/
1/ wuúodkvfausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm;vHk; ausmif;tdyf? ausmif;pm;jzpf&rnf[k owfrSwfxm;onfh

twGuf qif;&Jaomausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tcuftcJjzpfojzifh xdktcsufudk y,fzsuf&ef/
2/ wuúodkvfausmif;aecGifh&½SdEdkif&ef t*FvdyfbmomESifh tjcm;bmomw&yf xl;cRefpGm wwfajrmuf&rnf
[laomtcsurf mS t*Fvyd b f momonf rdrt d rsK;d om;bmom r[kwo f nfh Armwkid ;f &if;om;rsm;ESihf tdE, d´
trsKd;om;rsm;twGuf cufcJrI½Sdojzifh xdktcsufudk y,fzsuf&ef/
3/ wuúodkvfwGif tBudKoifwef; wESpfxm;½Sdjcif;rSm pmoifESpfydkrdkNyD; p&dwfydkrdkrsm;jym; vmrnfjzpfí xdk
tcsufudk y,fzsuf&ef/
4/ EIwfwdkufpmar;yGJxm;&ef rvdkívnf; xdktcsufudk y,fzsuf&ef/
5/ bDat? bDtufpD*kPfxl;ESifhatmifrS trfat? trftufpDoifcGifh&rnf qkdaomtcsufudk y,fzsuf&ef/
6/ *kPfxl;wef;oif,lvdkolrsm;onf pmar;yGJwBudrfwnf;om ajzqkdcGifhjyKxm;onfrSm Muyfwnf;vGef;
ojzifh jyifqif owfrSwf&ef/
7/ tdkifatatmifNyD; (3) ESpftwGif; *kPfxl;wef; ajzqdk&rnfqkdaom tcsufrSm Muyfwnf;vGef;vSí jyif
qif&ef/
8/ xdkenf;wl trfat? trftufpD*kPfxl;wef;rsm;twGuf tcsdefuefYowfay;xm;jcif;rSmvnf; roifh
avsmfí y,fzsuf&ef/
9/ trfat? trftufp*D P k x f ;l wef;rsm;ü ESpBf udrf (odYk) aemufraS tmifjrifvQif xkad usmif;om;udk twef;vdu k f
cGJjcm;í tatmifay;&ef/
10/ bDtufpD½dk;½dk;bGJUESifh*kPfxl;wef;rsm;twGuf t*Fvdyfpm pmpDpmuHk;ajz&ef rvdktyf[k,lqonf/
11/ wuúodkvfaumifpDESifh ygarmu©rsm;tzGJU? wuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrsm;ü vlrsKd; vlwef;pm;aygif;pHkESihf
ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifEkdifa&;twGuf pnf;rsOf;Oya'jyifqif&ef/
12/ trsm;pkqE´t& qH;k jzwfaqmif½u G of nfh pepfusio hf ;kH aom þtcsed tf cgrsK;d wGif wuúov kd f ausmif;q&m
rsm; cefYtyf&mü wOD;wnf;oabmrjzpfapbJ q&mrsm;tzGUJ u a½G;cs,cf efYxm;&ef/ ('k-t"dywdu, kd pf m;?
t"dywdEiS hf wuúov kd yf garmu©rsm;udk t"dywdu rcefYbJ ygarmu©tzGUJ uom a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&ef)
13/ tjcm;wuúodkvfrsm;rSmuJhodkY pmar;yGJukd tpdwftydkif;xm;í ajzqdkcGifh&½Sd&ef/
14/ Oya'twef;rsm;udk eHeufydkif;wGif oifMum;a&;twGuf pDpOfay;&ef/
15/ wuúokdvfpmar;yGJrsm;wGif jyifyESifh tvGwfynmoif ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ajzqkdcGifhay;&ef/
16/ txufyg awmif;qkcd surf sm;udk ajyvnfatmif ajz½Si;f ray;orQ umvywfv;kH ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyef
wufrnf r[kwfygaMumif;/
bOD;
(Boycotters)
(trIaqmiftzG)YJ
(oydwfarSmufausmif;om;? olrsm;udk,fpm;)
xdkawmif;qkdcsufudk bOD;u vufrSwfa&;xdk;íbk&ifcHxHydkYvkdufonf/ xdkodkYydkY&jcif;rSm ynmrif;BuD; rpöwm

ruf[ef;wm;u 'DZifbm? (23) &uf ausmif;jyefwuf&ef &mZoHay;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ txuf-atmuf Armjynf
vHk;qkdif&m oydwfarSmufausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tpnf;ta0;u ausmif;om;trnfrsm;udk ausmif;pm&if;rS
y,fxkwf&ef pdefac:vdkufNyD; xkdawmif;qdkcsufudk ay;ydkYjcif;jzpfonf/ xdktcg 1921? Zefe0g&DvwGif aemufqHk;xm;
í ausmif;jyefwuf&ef &mZoH xyfay;avonf/ xdkaeYrSmyif ausmif;om;rsm;tpnf;ta0; usif;yí &moufyef
oydwfarSmufvdkufonf/ 1921? Zefe0g&Dv? (14) &ufaeYwGif tpdk;&u vdkufavsmay;onfjzpfap? ray;onfjzpfap
15
&efuek w
f uúov kd f vufatmufcH aumvdyaf usmif;rsm;odYk b,fawmhrS jyefrwuf[k qH;k jzwfaMunmvku d o
f nf/ 'DZifbm
v? (19) &ufaeY awmif;qkdcsuf (16) csufudk rvdkufavsmí 'DZifbmv (20) &ufaeYwGif tpnf;ta0; usif;yum
qHk;jzwfí 'DZifbmv (21) &ufaeYwGif wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; vufrSwfa&;xdk;í rdrdwkdY trnfrsm;udk ausmif;
pm&if;rS y,fzsuf&ef wefjyefta&;qdkvdkufonf/ þqHk;jzwfcsuft& bDatwef;rS udkbOD;? ukdvlaz0if;? udk&mZwf
tygt0if ausmif;om; (8) OD;? bDtufpt D xufwef;rS udb k ;kd uGe;f tygt0if ausmif;om; (30) OD;? bDatatmufwef;rS
(28) OD;? bDtufpDatmufwef;rS (13) OD;? bDtufpDtxufwef;rS (86) OD;? tdkifatatmufwef;rS (37) OD;? tdkiftufpD
atmufwef;rS (100) ausmfwdkYESifh wjynfvHk;½Sd (7) wef;? (10) wef;ausmif;rsm;rSvnf; tpdk;&ESifh tpdk;&taxmuftyhH
cHausmif;rsm;udk &moufyef oydwfarSmufvdkufonf/
xkq
d ;kH jzwfcsuftwdik ;f t*Fvyd v f ufxuf &efuek w f uúov kd f vufatmufcaH usmif;rsm;odYk ausmif;jyefrwuf
aom ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;rSm (300) avmuf½Sd\/ (7) wef;? (10) wef; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;rSmvnf;
tajrmuftjrm;½Sdí oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkbOD;\ bDatbGJUrSm 1921 ck? Mo*kwfvwGif Armjynf
trsKd;om;ynma&;aumifpDrS usif;yaom bDatpmar;yGJudk 0ifa&mufajzqkd atmifjrifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ xdktrsKd;om;
ynma&;aumifprD &S aom bDatbGUJ udk vGwv f yfa&;&½SNd yD; 1952 wGif &efuek w f uúov kd u
f vufcH todtrSwjf yKcJo h nf/
ausmif;om;rsm; awmif;qdkcsufudk Armrsm;udk tvGeftxifao;aom bk&ifcHu wm0efrJh ausmif;om;wOD;
wa,muf vufrw S x
f ;dk í wifoiG ;f aompmvTmudk vufcpH Of;pm;&ef jiif;qkv d udk o
f nf/ aemufrMumrD vufaxmufb&k if
cH\ wdwfwqdwfpDpOfrIaMumifh oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qkdcsuftwdkif; armfvNrKdifNrKdUrS 0wfvHkawmf&
OD;cspfvS tp½Sdaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;u vufrSwfxdk;NyD; epfemcsufrsm;udkjyKjyif&ef toem;cHpmwapmif wifoGif;\/
xdktoem;cHpmudk vufaxmufbk&ifcHu vufcHpOf;pm;\/ odkh&mwGif taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;jyum bmwckrQ rjyifay;acs/
(ps) trsK;d om;ausmif;rsm; trsK;d om;aumvdyw

f nfaxmifMujcif;
oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;aumifpDu 1921 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (11) &ufaeYü ]uREyfk w f o hdk nf rsK;d apUcsxm;
aomolrsm;} jzpfonf/ "We are the Sowers" [k acgif;pOfwyfum xkwfjyefaMujimcsufxJwGif trsKd;om;ynma&;
aemufq;kH &nf½,G cf suo
f nf trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;ESihf ArmvlrsK;d wkYd \ t*Fvyd v
f ufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufa&;yifwnf;
[k xkwfazmfxm;avonf/
xYdktwl oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;aumifpD (University Boycotters Council) rS 1920 ck? 'DZifbm
(24) &ufaeYü (National Education in Bahan) [k trsKd;om;ynma&; acgif;pOfwyfNyD; xkwfjyefvdkufonfh
aMunmcsufwGif- Source: National Day (Golden Jubilee)
1920 oydwf\ toD;tyGifUrsm;tjzpf jrefrmjynft&yf&yfwGif trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;ay:aygufcJU&m tBuD;qHk;jzpfaom &efukefNrdKY½Sd NrdKYrausmif;

BuD;yHk
16
]trdArmjynfuckd sp&f ef vlrsK;d \ ydrk t

kd &ma&mufaom ta&;udprö sm;wGif ud, k uf sK;d ukjkd zKwyf pfEidk &f efEiS Uf aoaomf
vnf; rdrdtrsKd;udk cspfaompdwfESifU aoEkdif&efwkdhonf A[ef;½Sd trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;\ [kef;[kef;awmuf &nf½G,f
csufrsm;jzpfonf} [k xkwfazmfxm;cJhavonf/
oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;aumifpDonf ,leDAmpDwDtufOya'udk jyifqifay;&ef qdkif&mtmPmydkifrsm;xH
xdkodkU wifjyawmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; r&½Sdojzifh oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;tzdkY trsKd;om;aumvdyfESifh trsKd;om;
ausmif;rsm; xlaxmif&efom ½Sdawmhonf/
1920? 'DZifbmv (29) &ufaeYwGifjyKvkyfaom *sDpDbDattoif;csKyfBuD;u tpnf;ta0;w&yf jyKvkyfum
wuúodkvfoydwfudpöudk wifjyaqG;aEG;í atmufygqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk qHk;jzwfcJhonf/
1/ ArmEkdifiHt&yf&yfü trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifzGifhvSpf&ef/
2/ &efukefNrdKUü trsKd;om;wuúodkvfausmif;BuD; wausmif; wnfaxmifzGifhvSpf&ef/
3/ toif;csKyfBuD;ESifh qufoG,fxm;aom toif;cGJrsm;u wnfaxmifxm;aom pmoifausmif;rsm;udkvnf;
trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJ&ef/
4/ trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; pkaygif;tkyfcsKyf&ef vdktyfaom pDpOfñTefMum;csuf ponfwdkYudk jyKvkyfEkdif&ef
trsKd;om;ynma&;tzGJU zGJUpnf;&efwdkY ygavonf/
¤if;qH;k jzwfcsuft& wcsdew f nf;rSmyif trsKd;om;ausmif;tjrKawrsm;udk tNrdKUNrdKUüyif oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;
om;BuD;rsm;\ apwemh0efxrf; tm;ay;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? tNrKdUNrKdU½Sd 0HomEkBuD;rsm;\ apwemo'¨gw&m;rsm;udk
cH,l&&SdrI taMumif;jyKí vnf;aumif; wr[kwfcsif; ysHUESHYay:xGufvmonf/ aEG&moDpmar;yGJrsm;trD ausmif;om;
vli,frsm; qufvufynmoifMum;cGifh &½Sdvmonf/
xdktrsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif aumvdyfoydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;ESifh (7) wef;? (10) wef;rS oydwfarSmuf
ausmif;om;rsm;u 0ifa&mufí q&mvkyfMu\/ xkdoydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;onf rsKd;cspfpdwf tvGefjyif;xefí
rnfonft h &yfrqdk jiif;y,fjcif;r½Sb
d J xkt d &yf½t dS rsK;d om;ausmif;rsm;wGif tenf;i,frQaom vcESihf q&m0ifvyk Mf u\/
NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;uvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;udk wwfEkdifonfh enf;jzifh ulnDonf/
(n) 1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwf trsK;d om;a&;atmifjrifrrI sm;¨

1/ G.C.B.A (*sDpDbDat) rS vlBuD;rsm;ESihf oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; yl;aygif;í trsKd;om;ynma&;
aumifpDudk atmufygyk*¾dKvfrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;cJhonf/
trsKd;om;ausmif; tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJY
(1) OD;armifBuD; Ouú|
(2) OD;armifarmiftkef;cdkif wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;
(3) udkzdk;uGef; wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;
(4) udkbOD;
(5) udkpdk;0if;
(6) udkzdk;vwf
(7) udkjrifh
(8) udkzdk;usm;
(9) udkjr (om,m0wD)
(10) udkbcif
(11) udkbdk;wuf
(12) udkbvdIif (e,l;bm;rm;)
(13) udkbav;
(14) udkpdefb
(15) udkoma½T (ykord )f
(16) udkyk (om,m0wD)
(17) OD;bab
17
(18) OD;yk (a½Tusif)

(19) OD;xGef;atmif
(20) udkzdk;cdkif
2/ 1921 ck? rwfvwGif ¤if;trsKd;om;ynma&;aumifpDu Muyfrwfí (7) wef;? (10) wef; pmar;yGJrsm;
jyKvkyfay;onf/
3/ Armjynfw0Srf;vHk;wGif trsKd;om;ausmif;aygif; (150) zGifhvSpfEkdifcJhonf/ &efukefNrdKUwGif NrdKUrtrsKd;om;
ausmif; xlaxmifa&;uddk OD;bdk;vwfu pwifwm0ef,lvkyfudkifcJhonf/
4/ A[ef;? vdyfuefajrmufbuf Z&yfMum;wGif trsKd;om;ausmif;udk pwifzGifhvSpfay;cJhonf/ ¤if;aemuf
ydktqifajyap&ef vrf;rawmf o&ufawmausmif;odkY ajymif;a½TUzGifhvSpfcJhonf/ ykZGefawmifESifh Munfhjrifwkdif trsKd;om;
ausmif;rsm; qufvufzGifhvSpfí MunfhjrifwkdifwGif ausmif;olrsm;twGuf ausmif;zGifhcJhjyefonf/
5/ trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; zGifhvSpf&mwGif ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\omrefynma&;udk t"duxm;cJhonf
r[kwf/ t*FvdyfvufatmufuRefoabmuftjzpfrS vGwfajrmuf&ef &nf½G,fcJhonf/ oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;
aumifpD (University Boycotters Council) rS (We are the Sowers) aMunmcsufudk MunfhvQifodEkdifonf/
6/ ArmhrsKd;cspfpdwfay:vGifapaom ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfrsm;udk q&mvGef;? OD;zdk;usm;? OD;boef; (armfvNrdKif)
wdkYu jyKpkjzefYcsdEdkifcJhonf/
7/ t*FvdyfpmrSty tjcm;bmom&yfrsm;udk jrefrmbmomodkY jyefqdkí jzefYcsdEdkifcJhonf/
8/ a½Twd*Hkbk&m;odkY wufa&mufolwdkif; zdeyfcRwf&rnfqdkaom pnf;urf;udk Armjynf½Sdt*Fvdyfrsm;u
rvku d ef mcJah cs/ odYkaomf yxraumvdyf ausmif;om;oydwf jzpfvmcsed rf pS í &efuek Nf rdKUodYkvmaom t*Fvyd yf gvDreftrwf
rpöwm0uf*s0k'fwdkY ZeD;armifESHu ArmhxHk;pHudk av;pm;pGm zdeyfcRwfcJhonf/ a½Twd*Hkbk&m; zdeyfcRwfa&;jyóemrSm
xdkZeD;armifESH\ erlemaMumifh ajyvnfNyD;pD;oGm;onf/
9/ 1920 aumvdyaf usmif;om;BuD;rsm; oydwrf wdik rf D ArmwdYkrmS t*Fvyd Af sL½du k &uftpd;k &u pDrjH yKvkyo f nfukd
acgif;iHkYcHcJhMu&onf/ EkdifiHa&;Ekd;Mum;rIr½SdonfhtwGuf t*Fvdyftpdk;&ESifh,SOfNydKifum xdxda&mufa&muf ajymqdkcGifh
½SdrSef; rodMuay/ ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufí xGufvmum t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ tjypftemtqmrsm;udk yGifhyGifh
vif;vif; azmfxw k íf &J&aJ wmuf qefYusif a[majymMuaomtcgrS aMomf- t*Fvyd t f pd;k &udk þodYk ajymcGi½hf ydS gvm;[k
odvmMu\/ xkdodkY odvmMuonfESifh wNydKifeuf rsKd;cspfpdwfrsm; jyif;xefpGm aygufuGJvm\/
10/ 1917 tdE´d,jynf½Sd b*Fvm;? bHkbdkif? r'&yf? yef*syfe,frsm;udk 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; ay;aomtcg
ArmjynfrmS tdE, ´d ydik jf ynfe,frsm;twGi;f 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;ESihf rwefao;yg[kqNdk yD; ajymonf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf
bDatatmifol (400) rQ r½Sad o;íjzpfonf/ ,kwn f ahH om u&ufa'gufprD u H ed ;f (ac:) vufaxmufb&k ifcaH &;qGo J nfh
tkyfcsKyfa&;udk ay;&ef&nf½G,fonf/ ArmwdkY vef'efodkU udk,fpm;vS,fapvTwfí 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;ay;&ef awmif;qkd
onfhtwGuf u&ufa'guf pDrHudef;tkyfcsKyfa&;udk qdkif;iHhxm;onf/ aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufí EdkifiHa&;
Ekd;Mum;rI jzpfvmaomtcg 'dkiftmcDtvdkr½Sd? [kr®½l; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udkom tvdk½Sdonf[k [pfa<u;aMumfum
vef'efudk aMu;eef;½kdkufí [kr®½l;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk awmif;qkdonf/ xdktcgusrS NAdwdoQwkdY 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;
ray;bJaevQif rjzpf[k ,lqum 1922 wGif 'kdiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk ay;&av\/ þonfrSm yxrjiif;y,fcJhNyD;
'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk aemufqHk;ay;cJh&jcif;rSm aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufí t*Fvdyftpdk;&udk wkdufyGJ
qifETJcJhjcif;aMumifh jzpf\/
11/ 'kid t f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;rSm rsm;pGm tqifrh jrifrh m;aomfvnf; ,cifAsL½du k &uftyk cf sKyfa&;xuf tqaygif;rsm;
pGmomNyD; wkid ;f jynftyk cf sKyfa&;wGif ArmwdYk txufq;kH rS atmufq;kH txd 0ifa&muf tkycf sKyfEidk o f nf/ 'dik t
f mcD tkycf sKyfa&;
&onfEiS hf wNydKifeuf tpd;k &vufatmuf t*Fvyd u f ek of , G rf I vkyif ef;BuD;rsm;wGif Armrsm; b,fawmhrS rarQmfvifch ahJ om
&mxl;BuD;rsm; &Mu\/
12/ t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u zGiv
hf pS cf ahJ om t*Fvyd jf refrm (2) bmomoifausmif;rsm; tvGeef nf;\/ wjynfv;kH wGif
(50) jynfhatmif r½Sday/ &efukefNrdKUwGif (10) wef;ausmif; wausmif;om½SNd yD; rEÅav;? rdw¬Dvm? jrif;jcH? a½Tb?kd yckuLú
NrdKUBuD;rsm;wGif (10) wef;ausmif; wausmif;rS r½Sday/ Armjynfudk t*Fvdyfodrf;cgpwGif vl (100) vQif (85) a,muf
jrefrmpm a&;wwf? ajymwwfonf/ t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfNyD; 1920 ck a&mufaomtcg vl (100) vQif (35) a,mufrQ
usefawmh\/ jrefrmrsm;\ynma&; atmufwef;usoGm;onf/ 1922 wGif trsKd;om;ausmif; (94) ausmif; txd½Sdvm
onf/ ausmif;om; (200000) ausmf ½Sv d mNyD; awma&mNrdKUygrusef t*Fvyd pf mESihf jrefrmpmudk tcsed w f w
dk dk p&dwu f sO;f usO;f
18
jzifh oifcGifh&Mu\/ aemufydkif;wGif trsKd;om;ausmif; (145) ausmif; jzpfvm\/

13/ trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; ay:vmonfhtwGuf tcsdefwdkwdkESifh p&dwfusOf;usOf;? qif;&Jcsrf;omra½G; ynm
oifMum;cGifh &\/
14/ trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif Ak'¨bmomudk oifMum;cGifh&&m Ak'ömoemrSmvnf; ydkrdkxGef;um;vm\/
15/ trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;ü ausmif;om;rsm;udk Zmwdrmef? ZmwdaoG; wuf<uaponfh rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfrsm;
arG;jrLwuf<uvm&ef oifMum; vIHYaqmfay;EkdifcJh\/
16/ xdkodkY oifMum;ay;EdkifonfhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSm a&eHacsmif;? trsKd;om;ausmif;rS (10) wef;
atmifcJhol jzpfonf/ yef;waemf ausmif;tkyfBuD;rSm OD;oefY jzpfonf/
17/ trsKd;om;aumvdyfudk A[ef;NrdKU a½Tusifausmif;ü 1921 Mo*kwfv? (20) &ufwGif zGJUpnf;EkdifcJhonf/
trsKd;om;aumvdyfwGif apwemh0efxrf; ygarmu©q&mBuD;rsm; jzpfaom -
(1) q&mBuD;OD;vGef;
(2) 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK
(3) q&mawmfOD;ÓP - ygVd
(4) rpöwm csif'rfb&m (bmrif*rf) - pufrIvufrIESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
(5) rpöwm a&mif; (r[m0dZÆm) - pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;
(6) rpöwm bem*sD (r[m0dZmÆ -vef'ef) - abm*aA'wdYkEiS hf ausmif;om; (330) jzifh pwifoifMum;Ekid cf ohJ nf/
18/ aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; pwifoydwfarSmufaom 1282 ck? wefaqmifrkef;vjynfhausmf (10) &ufudk
trsKd;om;aeYtjzpf owfrSwfEkdifNyD; a'gufwmbarmf ynma&;0efBuD;csKyf jzpfcsdef ½Hk;ydwf&uftjzpf trdefYxkwfcJhonf/
txufygtcsufrsm;udk qufpyfMunfhvQif aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;\ yxroydwfonf NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
qefYusiaf &;? t*Fvyd v f ufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf BuD;rm;rsm;jym;aom tiftm;jzifh wku d ,
f cl &hJ aom wku
d yf BJG uD;
jzpfonf/
1921 Zefe0g&DvukefwGif Armjynf vufaxmufbk&ifcHu tdEd´,bk&ifcHcsKyfBuD;xHodkY (14) &ufwywf
tpD&ifcHpmwGif &efukefaumvdyfoydwfarSmufta&;udk xdxda&mufa&muf rEdSrfeif;EkdifvQif Armjynfonf t*Fvdyf
vufatmufu vGwfajrmufoGm;&ef taMumif;½Sdonf[k a&;om;cJhonf/ xkdvufaxmufbk&ifcHuvnf; t*Fvdyfukef
onfBuD;rsm;\ ESpyf wfvnf npmpm;yGw J iG f ausmif;om;oydwu f kd olYvufeufwu
dk rf S vufeuftm;vH;k toH;k jyKESrd ef if;
rnf[k wkefvIyfajcmufjcm;pGm ajymMum;cJhayonf/
trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;okdh q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\ rdefhMum;csufrSm

]]tdkwynfhtaygif;wkdY? tdktmZmenf a,mufsm;av;awGyDyD? ArmyDyD wnDwnmwnf; uRefynmoif ,leDAm
pDwrD S xGuv f mukeaf om wynfrh sm;\ q&mwkYd onf wynfrh sm;\ pdwjf rifjh rwf&m jrifjh rwfaMumif; Zmwdrmefwuf<u&m
wuf<uaMumif;? uRefan§mfrcH? uRefapmfreH&m reHapcsifaMumif;? ArmwdkYatmifvH wvlvlvTifhEkdif&m vTifhEdkifaMumif;
jzpfaom pmayrsm;udk oif&ayvdrfhrnf/ q&mwdkY &nf½G,fcsuftwGuf tb,fpmayonf NyD;ajrmufatmif aqmifEkdif
vdrfhrnf[k ½SmazGpdppf&m Arm&mZ0ifonfom NyD;ajrmufapaMumif; awGU&w,f}} [laom jznf;nif;om,maom
pum;rsm;onf MunfvifpmG xGuv f m\/ ausmif;om;rsm;rSmvnf; q&mBuD;udo k m tm½Hpk ;l pku
d í
f em,laeMuavonf/
tcef;ab; a&tdk;pifrS pdrfhusaom waygufaygufESifha&oHrSty q&mvGef;\ pmoHomvQif xGufay:aeonf/
]]wynfw h Ykd t*Fvyd af usmif;rsm;wGif Arm&mZ0ifukd oifMum;&w,fvYkd q&mMum;bl;w,f/ 'gayr,fh 'D&mZ0if
awG[m igwdYk widk ;f om; r[kww f o
hJ rl sm;u u½Guuf if;avQmuf a&mufwwf&m&mawGukd a&;xm;cJah ompmrsm; jzpfw,f/
igwkdYArmawGudk wzufoufESdrfí a&;om;cJhaom pmawGjzpfw,f/ 'DpmawGudk wynfhwdkY oifaeoa½GUjzifh wkdYrSm
(arsmufavmif;? arsmufavmif;) qdkovdk oabmufavmif;awG b0u wufMu&r,fvdkY q&mrxifygbl;/ a[mh'D
q&mwkdY ae½Sife,faumvdyfrSm ocifynmawG oif&awmhr,f wynfhwdkY/ igwkdYonf 'DurÇmrSm tvGef atmufwef;
usaewJh vlawGbJvdkY tm;ri,fMueJY? wynfhwdkY tm;ri,fMuygeJY/ tm;i,fwmeJY ydkNyD; atmufwef;usoGm;vdrfhr,f/
o&ufaph pdu k af wmh o&ufyifaygufNyD; o&ufo;D awG oD;wJh yHyk rmudk MunfMh u/ wdYk trsKd;om; &mZ0ifxb J J MunfMh unf?h
pdwfaepdwfxm;bJMunfhMunfh? atmufuscJhwJhvlawGr[kwf/ ociftvkyfvkyfcJhMuwJh owdåvnf; wdkYoEÅmefxJrSm udef;
atmif;aew,f/ 'Dowådudk b,folrS rjrifMuao;bl;/ 'Dowåd[m o&ufaphyrm tyifraygufbl;/ a&avmif;wl;qG
19
NyD; ususee pkduf&ifawmh o&ufyif[m oD;rSmyJ/ 'Dawmh 'dkYtarG&xm;wJh owådudk jyKpkysdK;axmifzdkY vdkw,f/ tJ'Dowåd
rsKd;aphrS ocifvkyfief; opfyifBuD; aygufap&r,f/ 'Dvkyfief;BuD;u (0g) 'Dvkyfief;BuD;wnf;[laom o&ufyifBuD;rS
vGwfvyfa&;? ocifvlrsKd;jzpfa&;wnf;[laom o&ufoD;rsm; oD;ap&r,f/ tck q&mwdkY vkyfief;[m o&ufyifpdkufMu
wJv h yk if ef;? o&ufyifpu kd zf Ykd jzpfajrmufzYkd&m wdYkwm0efbJ wynfw
h Ykd/ wynfw h Ykd[m Armrsm;jzpfí a½S;bd;k ab;? rdbrsm;xHrS
owådpGrf;tm;udk tarG&xm;w,f/ 'DowådpGrf;&nfudk tvGJoHk;pm;rjyKMueJY/ q&mwdkY ArmjynfwGif yxrOD;qHk;aom
omuD0ifrif;rsKd;rsm;u wdkif;jynfvlrsKd;udk wnfaxmifcJhMuw,f/ Armtp waumif;u qdkwJhpum;udk MunfhvQif
odEkdifw,f/ waumif;rSm rif;quf (50)? oa&acwå&mrSm rif;quf (27)? yk*HwGif rif;aygif; (55) quf? yif;,wGif
(6) quf? tif;0wGif (29) quf? awmifilwGif (35) quf? jynfwGif (17) quf? ukef;abmifwGif (13) qufrQ
tqufrjywf wdYk Armbk&ifawG tkypf ;dk cJw h ,f? ocFg&"r® urÇmYoabm avmu"Hw&m;t&? ude;f cef;tvdu k f tcduk t
f cg
uHMur®mtavsmuf t*Fvyd w f Ykd&UJ tvHatmufa&mufMu&aom acwfwiG f 'dYk b;kd bGm;rdb vufxufu &cJah om Armhowå?d
ArmpGrf;&nfudk xufonfxuf xufatmif BuD;onfxuf BuD;atmif aqmif½GufMuyg}} [kajym&if; q&mBuD; rsufESm
onf eDjref;vm\/ q&monf q&mudk,fq&m arhavNyD/ q&mYpdwfrS tqD;twm;r½Sdaom owåd? awmfvSefvdkpdwfrsm;
xGuv f m\/
]]wynfw
h Ykd Zmwdrmefonf? tawmfyifnK§ ;d EGr;f cJ\ h igwdYk ukd pd;k rd;k onfh rif;u igwdYk \ rsK;d cspf tñGeYf uav;rsm;
udk a&aEG;ylylESifh avmif;onf? uyfaus;ESifh n§yfonf? igwkdYtrsKd;onf uRefb0ü Mum½Snf ae&avatmif ¤if;wdkY
MuHpnfBudK;ukwfaeonf/ onfvdktvkyfudk wm;qD;&ef igwdkYtm;vHk; wm0efjzpfw,f}}
paom rdefY>rufaom pum;rsm;udk trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; Mum;emcJh&onf/
trsK;d om;ynma&;aumifpt
D zGYJ Ouú| OD;armifBu;D (trfat) rdeMhf um;csuu
f kd MunfrU nfqv
kd Qiv
f J
]]Armjynftpdk;&eJY bdvyftpkdk;&u Armjynfudk olwdkYay;xm;wJh ynm[m uRefynmr[kwfbl;vkdY ajymw,f/
ajAmifvdrf&m rusbl;vm; (y&dowf ausmif;om;rsm;u ½SufzG,f? ½SufzG,f ysuf&,fjyKMuonf/) olwdkY qifajcay;yHkudk
em;axmifMuygtkH;/ olwdkYay;wJh ynm[m uRefynmqdk&if cifAsm;wdkYvdk wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmifr,fholawG ArmawG
ocifawG ay:vmyghrvm;wJ/h ArmjynfrmS ½Sw d hJ tckacgif;aqmifawG[m uREkyf w
f Ykd ay;xm;wJh t*Fvyd yf nm? txufwef;
ynmwwfawG csnf;yJ r[kwfovm;? enf;vrf;usovm; (y&dowfESifh ausmif;om;rsm;u Ekd;Edk;[k atmfMujyefonf)/
vHk;vHk;rusbl;? 'Dawmh usaemfwdkY jyefajymw,f? ig;uav;awG a&xJuq,fNyD; ukef;ay:wif&if trsm;aom ig;awG
aor,f/ wcsKdU toufjyif;wJh ig;awGuawmh ½Sifaewmaygh/ 'DwcsKdU ig;awG ½Sifaeao;wmaMumifh a&xJu ig;rsm;udk
ukef;ay:wif&if ig;awG touf½Sifw,fvdkY qdkwJh enf;vrf;rSefw,fvdkY qdk&rSmvm;/ toufjyif;wJhig;udkom csD;rGrf;zdkY
aumif;ygw,f/ ig;awGudk a&xJuwifwm enf;rSefw,fvdkY rqdk&ygbl;/ 'DvdkyJ rsm;pGmaom ArmawG uRefjzpfatmif
vkyaf y;wJh ynma&;pepfukd enf;rSew f ,fvYkd rqd&k ygbl;? uRefynm&aomfvnf; ArmawG ocifjzpfatmif aqmif½u G af e
wJh acgif;aqmifawGudkom toufjyif;wJh ig;vkdyJ ¤if;wkdYtm; csD;rGrf;&r,fvdkY}} ajymcJhonf/
(#) trsK;d om;aeYowfrw

S jf cif;
1922 ck? ZGefv (17) &uf (1282 ck? e,kefvjynfhausmf 8 &uf) wGif &efukefNrdKU a½Twd*Hkbk&m;vrf;
*sLAvDa[m½HkBuD;ü G.C.B.A (*sDpDbDat) A[kdtoif;csKyf tpnf;ta0; xyfrHjyKvkyfonf/ xdkaeYü 1924 ck?
atmufwkdbm (24) &uf rEÅav;ü jyKvkyfaom G.C.B.A e0rajrmuf uGefz&ifhBuD;u trsKd;om;aeY (National
Day) &uf w&uf owfrSwf&efudk aqG;aEG;&mwGif qHk;jzwfxm;onfudk qufvufaqG;aEG;Muonf/
(1) oDaygrif;udk t*FvdyfwkdY ac:aqmifoGm;aom&uf?
(2) t½SifOD;Owårudk,fawmfBuD; axmifusaom&uf?
(3) aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufaom&uf?
þ (3) &ufudk tjrJwrf;aumfrwDwGif yg0ifaomolwdkYu rdrdqE´½Sd&m toD;oD; n§dEdIif;Mu&m rNyD;rjywf
jzpfaeonf/ uefBuD;a'gifhNrdKUrS OD;baomif; wifoGif;í OD;bpdefu axmufcHNyD; acgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; vdkvm;onfh
rnfonhaf eYukd owfrw S Mf urnfukd wkid yf ifaqG;aEG;&m oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif OD;jrifu
h ygawmfral omaeY
ESifh axmifusaomaeYrSm tusudp?ö tpkefudpjö zpfonf/ ,leDAmpDwDtufOya'udk oydwfarSmufaomaeYrSm twufudpö
20
tqefudpjö zpfí 'DaeYudk trsKd;om;aeY owfrSwfoifhaMumif; tqdkwifoGif;vdkufonf/ þtcsdef rwdkifrDuyif oydwf

arSmuf aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf pwifoydwfarSmufaom 1282? wefaqmifrkef;vjynfhausmf (10) &ufudk
ausmif;om;rsm;aeY[k owfrSwfNyD; jzpfonf/
xdok Ykd rNyD;rjywfí tjrJwrf;aumfrwDonf trsm;pkoabmxm;udk &,lppk nf;NyD; A[dt k oif;csKyf tpnf;ta0;
odkY atmufygtwdkif; wifjyonf/
(u) trsKd;om;aeYudk w&ufwnf; owfrSwfvkdygu aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufaomaeY
wefaqmifrkef;vjynhfausmf (10) &ufudk owfrSwf&ef/
(c) trsKd;om;aeYudk w&ufxufydkí owfrSwfvkdygu oDaygrif;udk t*FvdyfwkdY ac:aqmifoGm;onfh
wefaqmifrkef;vjynfhausmf (8) &ufrS vjynfhausmf (10) &uftxd (3) &uf owfrSwf&ef/
xdt k pnf;ta0;wGif OD;jrifh (ae½Sief ,f OD;jrif)h u trsKd;om;aeYukd aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm; oydwaf rSmufaeY
udk owfrw S &f ef tqdw k ifoiG ;f í uGr;f jcHuek ;f ESihf ewfwvif;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u axmufcH aqG;aEG;Muonf/ xdYk aMumifh
wefaqmifrek ;f vjynfah usmf (10) &ufukd trsK;d om;aeYtjzpf *spD b D aD t 0HomEkA[dt k oif;csKyfBuD;u jyXmef;owfrw S v
f u
kd f
onf/ þaeYonfyifvQif ausmif;om;rsm; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtkyfcsKyfa&;udk NAdwdoQwdkYvufatmuf a&mufcJhNyD;aemuf
ArmEkdifiHwGif yxrqHk;BuD;rm;pGm wGef;vSefqefYusifcJhaomaMumifh ausmif;om;wdkY\ owdå? pGrf;&nf? trsKd;om;Zmwd
rmefukd &J0xhH wk af zmfí NAdwo d QwdYk wkev f yI af jcmufjcm;cJ&h aom aeYBuD;waeU jzpfonf/ ArmwrsKd;om;vH;k ausmif;om;wdYk
OD;aqmif qefYusifrIaMumifh EkdifiHa&;Ekd;Mum;rI? olYuRefrcHpdwf"mwfrsm; jyefvnfay:xGef;vmaom aeYwaeYjzpfonf/
þaeYudk NAdwdoQwdkY\ pdwfykwf? pdwf,kwf? pdwfrdkuf? pdwfysif;wdkYudk csKd;zJhESdrfeif; atmifjrifaomaeY tjzpf ]trsK;d om;
atmifyGJaeh}[k ac:Muavonf/
OD;bOD;\ 1920 oydwfESihf trsKd;om;aehjzpfay:vmyHktusOf; vufa&;rlMurf;
21
(tay:) 1920
oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;
wnf;cdkaeMuaom
A[ef;Mum;awm&vrf;
OD;t&d,ausmif;wdkuf twGif;½Sd
Z&yfwck
(tv,f) 1282 ckESpf (1920)

ausmif;om;oydwfwGif toHk;jyKcJUaom
a'gif;tvH (ua'gif;)
(atmuf)
1920 jynfUESpf aumvdyf
oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;
aumifpDXmecsKyf jyKvkyfcJU&m
a':MuKwfZ&yf Source: National Day (Golden Jubilee)
22
1920
udkvdkeDaoyd
cwfOw
D; -af 1918
rSmufrSa1921
umif-pe,f
0D ifcsJYqaus
efhusmiiffa&;;om;acg i;f aqmifirf sm;
trsKd;om;a&;toG
(yxrwef;- 0JrS,m)
OD;bOD;
OD;aunDyw d f
OD;zd;k uGe;f
OD;atmif'if
('kwd,wef;- 0JrS,m)
ocifjr
trsKd;om;ynm0ef OD;zdk;usm;
OD;bausmf
(wwd,wef;- 0JrS,m)
OD;at;
rpöwmqif;
OD;vlaz0if; (jrefrmpmygarmu©)
(pwkw¦wef;- 0JrS,m)
ae½Sife,fOD;jrifh
OD;zdk;vwf
ol&d,OD;xGef;az
1920 jynfUESpf ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;udk

acgif;aqmifcJUMuaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
(26) OD; teufrS pkaqmif;&½SdorQaom
"gwfyHk½Sif (13) OD;\ yHkrsm;udk txufwGif
azmfjyxm;ygonf/
OD;bOD;- jynfNrdKY trsKd;om;ausmif;? ausmif;tkyfBuD;/

ae½Sife,fOD;jrifU- trsKd;om;aehjzpfajrmufa&; tqdkwifoGif;ol/
OD;zdk;vwf- &efukeftrsKd;om;ausmif;udk xlaxmif&ef wm0ef,lcJhol/
'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd
OD;zd;k uGe;f - Advk rf LS ;zd;k uGe;f /
trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif;
ocifjr- trsK;d om;ausmif;q&mtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcNUJ y;D ? wdAhk rmtpnf;t½H;k
jrefrmpmuxdu
wnfaxmifaomtcg ocifjrjzpfvmonf/ Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;? 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd
wdEhk iS t
hf wl 19? 7? 1947 wGif vkyBf ucH &H onf/
23
ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufNyD;aemuf oHk;&uftMum 1920 'DZifbm (8) &ufaehwGif wdkif;jynfodkh

xkwfjyefcJUonfU oydwfarSmufaumifpD\ aMunmcsuf (jrefrmjyefqdkcsuf wzufpmrsufESmwGif MunfUyg/)
24
wdik ;f oljynfom;rsm;odhk
1920 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (8) &uf
]]&efuek af umvdyEf iS hf ,k'oefaumvdy½f dS uRefawmfwYkd ausmif;om;
tm;vH;k wdYkonf tqk;H ü b,fvjkd zpfrnfukd aocsmrod&aom udpw ö ck
udk pwifjyKvkyMf uygonf/ odYk &mwGif uRefawmfwYkd onf w&m;enf;
vrf; rSeu f efaMumif;udk aumif;rGecf ikd jf rJpmG od½&dS ygonf/ uRefawmf
wdYkonf wwdik ;f jynfv;kH uRew f iG ;f u rnfonft h cgrS rvGwrf uif;rnfh
AsL½kdu&ufwdkY\ odyÜHausmif;Oya'udk xkacszsufqD;&ef tMuH½Sdyg
onf/ uReaf wmfwYkdonf wdik ;f oljynfom;wkYd\ pdwt f m;xufoefaom
tultnDtm;jzifh vli,frsm;wdYk u ckcNH zdKzsufjcif;rsm;rSwyg; tjcm;
aomenf;jzifh wdik ;f jynfukd u,fq,fzYkd&m enf;vrf; r½SNd yD[k ,HMk unf
yg\/ uRefawmfwdkYonf jrefrmEkdifiH½Sd vltrsm;wdkY\ ynmtqD
tESpEf iS hf jynfph akH om ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfrnfukd &nfoefí ulnD
apmifrzdYk&ef awmif;yefajymMum;ygonf/ uReaf wmfwYkd pdwx f üJ pGjJ rJpmG
,HMk unfaom þvky&f yfBuD;onf wdik ;f jynfü vdt k yfaom tcsuBf uD;
wckukd xkwaf zmf ajymqdjk cif;yif rnfygonf/ (þum;tjcm;r[kwf
trsKd;om;odyÜHBuD; aywnf;/) xdkausmif;BuD;rSm jrefrmEkdifiH\
om;orD;rsm;ESifh oifhavsmfaom ynm&yfrsm;udk &Ekdifay&monf/
tdE, d́ Ekid if üH trsKd;om;ausmif;awG tvdt k avsmuf ay:aygufvm
Muay&m jrefrmEkdifiHuvnf; aemufrus&atmif jrefrmwdkYonf
Ekid if o H m;ppfí cspcf yhJ gvQif b,feaH &mtcgrQ rwnfaxmifEidk yf J ½Sv d rd hf
rnf r[kwyf g/ pdwyf gvufygvkyv f Qif rkcsjzpfygvdrrhf nf/}}
25
ausmif;om;oydwfukd axmufcHa&;om;cJUaom 1920 jynfUESpf? 'DZifbmv (11) &ufaehxkwf ynUmtvif;owif;pm acgif;BuD;ydkif;

(wzufpmrsufESmwGif jyefvnf azmfjyay;xm;onf/)
26
ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf &efuek ,
f el AD mpDwD odyaHÜ usmif;awmfBu;D udk MuOfa½Smifjcif;taMumif;
BOYCOTT OF UNIVERSITY
vGefcJhaom rsm;rMumrDtcgu? uRefyfwdkY jrefrmjynfbGm; wdkif;&if;om;taygif;wdkYu tpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm;

jyKvkyfusif;yí &efukef,leDAmpDwD odyÜHausmif;awmfBuD;\ Oya'rsm;udk oabmrus rESpfoufEkdifaMumif;udk
uefYuGufajymqdkMuonfhtjyif OD;vSazpaom rif;wdkifyif trwfrsm;uvnf; twnfhtvif; xkwfazmfajymqdk
uefYuGufcJhMuonf jzpfaMumif;/
xdkuJhodkU uRefyfwdkY jrefrmjynfbGm; wdkif;&if;om;wdkYu uefYuGufMuaomfvnf; tpdk;&rif;wdkYonf ta&;,lí
jyKjyifajymif;vJay;jcif;udk rjyKvkyfbJ ,ck 'DZifbmv (1) &ufaeYu ¤if;,leDAmpDDwD odyÜHausmif;awmfBuD;\
trsKd;om;wdYk rESpo f ufaom Oya'udk twnfjyKvdu k af Mumif;udk xkwjf yefaMujimcJ&h m wdik ;f oljynfom;taygif;wdYk
onf rsm;pGmyif 0rf;enf;aMuuGv J suf aeMuonfh twGi;f rSm &efuek af umvdyf ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf *syfqifaumvdyf
ausmif;om;taygif;onfvnf; ¤if;Oya' twnfjyKvkyfvmonfhtwGuf wnDwñGwfwnf; pnf;a0;wdkifyif
MuNyD;vQif ,ck Oya'twdik ;f twnfjzpfomG ;cJyh gvQif odyaHÜ usmif;awmfMuD;ü ynmoifMum;a&;ESiw hf uG trsKd;om;
wdkY\ tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;onf vGefpGmepfemjcif;rsm;udk rjzpfMuap&ef vGefcJhaom wevFmaeYu pí ausmif;om;
aygif;rsm;pGmwdkYonf ausmif;rwufbJ aecJhMuavonf/
xdkuJhodkY &efukef,leDAmpDwD odyÜHausmif;awmfBuD;\ Oya'twdkif; ausmif;om;rsm;aomfrS vdkufemoifMum;
vdkaompdwf tvsOf;uif;rJhaMumif;udk tpdk;&rif;wdkYonf ,cktcg aumif;pGmxif½Sm; odomvmNyD jzpfaMumif;
odkYjzpfí jrefrmtrsKd;om;taygif;wdkY rESpfoufaom Oya'rsm;udk twnfjyK&mü tcsnf;ESD; tv[ó jzpfaom
aMumifh ESpfoufí vdkufemaqmif½GufMurnfjzpfaom Oya'udk topfwzef jyKjyifpDrHay;vdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunf
ayaMumif;/
,cktcg &efukef,leDAmpDwD Oya'udkyif rBudKufrESpfoufMuonfhtwGuf ,ckuJhodkU tjzpftysufrsm;udk
vufiif;'d|awGUMuHKae&NyDudk axmufqaomtm;jzifh xdkYxufrsm;pGm ta&;BuD;aom jrefrmjynf jyKjyifajymif;vJ
a&;udk ay;&mü tu,fí jrefrmtrsKd;om;taygif;wdkY rESpfoufaom qm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf puif;udk
twnfrsm;jyKcJyh gvQif 0rf;enf;aMuuGpJ &mBuD;rsm;ESihf awGUMuHKMu&vdrt hf ek ;f rnfvm; [lí awG;awm pd;k &drvf sufyif
½Sd&ayonf/ odkYjzpfí uRefyfwdkY udk,fpm;vS,fBuD;rsm; awmif;qdkonfhtwdkif; txuftpdk;&BuD;rsm;u tu,fí
ay;vmcJhygrl? atmuftpdk;&wdkYu uefYuGufaESmuf,Sufjcif; jyKvkyf&ef tvsOf;yif roifhravQmf jzpfayaMumif;/
¤if;&efuek af umvdyEf iS hf *syfqifaumvdyf ausmif;om;taygif;wdYk ausmif;rwufbJ raeMujyD;tcg tvHu k ½l iS f
[dkufpul;ausmif; Ak'¨bmom jrefrmtrsKd;om; ausmif;om;uav;wdkY\ pdwfysuf&yHk taMumif;t&mrsm;udk
aocsmpGm awG;awmMunfhvdkuf jyefyguvnf; wrsKd; 0rf;enf;bG,fBuD;yif jzpf&jyefaMumif;/
¤if;ul½iS f [ku d pf ul;ausmif;om;rsm; ynmoifMum;&onfrmS vnf; t*Fvyd pf mudo k m oifMum;&onf r[kwb f J
Ak'¨bmomw&m;awmfBuD;ESifh qefYusifonfh c&pf,mefusrf;pmudk oifapjcif; c&pf,mefw&m;udk em&jcif;rsm;udk
jyKvkyfMu&onfhtwGuf ynmEke,fi,f½G,faom uav;vli,frsm;udk rdrdwdkYbmom ouf0if,HkMunf&ef?
zsm;a,mif; aoG;aqmifjcif; jzpfonf[k qd&k ayvdrrhf nf/ xdu k o
hJ Ykd aoG;aqmif jyKvkyo f jzifv h nf; ynmEke,faom
uav;tcsKdUonf c&pf,mef t,l0g'bufodkY vdkufygoGm;MuonfrSmvnf; rsm;pGmyif 0rf;enf;bG,fBuD; wck
jzpfayawmhonf/
xduk ohJ Ykd jzpf&jcif;taMumif;rsm;udk aocsmpGmpOf;pm;ygu Ak'b¨ mom jrefrmtrsK;d om;uav;wdYk\ bmoma&;ü
qHk;½IH;&onfh tcsufrsm;udk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xif½Sm;pGm od½SdMuayjyD/ xdkuJhodkY trsKd;om;rsm; epfem&jcif;
taMumif;&if;udk pdppfvdkufvQifvnf; jrefrmtrsKd;om; wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfxm;aom Ak'¨bmom [dkufpul;
ausmif;rsm; r½Sdjcif;aMumifhyif jzpf&onf[kqdkvQif vGJEkdifrnf r[kwfacs/
odkYjzpfí ,ckta&;onf &efukefjrdKU&Sd vlBuD;vlaumif;taygif;wdkYESifhwuG toif;BuD; toif;i,fwdkY\
tay:odkY txl;ojzifh wm0efusa&mufvmNyD jzpfaomaMumifh &efukefNrdKUwGif Ak'¨bmom [dkufpul;ausmif;BuD;
waqmif tjrefjzpfajrmufatmif tm;xkwfoifhMuygaMumif;/
27

(0J) 1282 ckESpf xkwfa0aom trsKd;om;ynma&;r*¾Zif;ü wuúodkvfOya'udk ½kyfajymifjzifU
þodkh ceJhcJUonf
(,m) 1922 ck? ZGefvwGif &efukefNrdKY ü usif;yaom *sDpDbDat tpnf;ta0;BuD;u 1920
ausmif;om;oydwf jzpfyGm;cJhonfUaeh wefaqmifrkef;vjynfUausmf (10) &ufaehudk
trsKd;om;atmifyJGaehtjzpf owfrSwfvdkufonfU owif;udkazmfjyay;aom jrefrmUtvif;
28
owif;pm tcsyfydk
(tay:) 1921 ckESpfu ygarmu© q&mrIdif;? uxdu 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdwdkh yg0ifxlaxmifaom A[ef;aumvdyf tzJGY0ifrsm;? q&mrsm;
(atmuf) OD;t&d,ausmif;wdkufrS trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif; 1924 ckESpf aemufqHk;usef½Sdaom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifU q&mrsm;
'kwd,wef; xdkifvsuf? 0JrS,m- 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK (5 a,mufajrmuf)? rpöwmarmifrIdif; (ac:) q&mvGef; (6 a,mufajrmuf)
29
(tay: 0J) trsKd;om;aumvdyfrS

apwemU0efxrf; ausmif;tkyfBuD;
ygarmu©q&mBu;D OD;vGe;f
(ocifu, kd af wmfridI ;f )
(tay: ,m) 19? 12? 1923 u

zGifhvSpfcJhaom
A[ef;Mum;awm&vrf;
OD;t&d,ausmif;wdkufrS
trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif;ae&m
(atmuf) NrdKYr trsKd;orD;

txufwef;ausmif; q&mrrsm;
Source: File photo; National Day (Golden Jubilee)
(1921 ckESpf)
30
1282 ckESpf (1920) oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif OD;bOD;\ vufa&;rl rSwfwrf;
31
(21) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;aehtwGuf trsKd;om;aehaumfrwDu a<u;aMumf&ef oHcsyfrsm;
32
33
1971 ckESp?f (50) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeh a½T&wkobif txdrf;trSwf awGYqHkyJGodkhwufa&mufcJUMuaom 1920 ausmif;om;oydwf ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm;
a½SYwef;^xdkifvsuf (0JrS,m)- Ouú| OD;vlaz0if;? OD;odrf;armif? em,u OD;bab? qmarmifBuD;? OD;atmifZHa0
Source: Unknown
(50) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeh a½T&wkobif txdrf;trSwf jyu©'def
34
udkvdkeDacwfv,f - 1922 rS 1930 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif
tcef; (3)
udv
k ekd aD cwfv,fyikd ;f
e,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vli,frsm; vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1922 rS 1930)
(u) 1922-23 wuúov

kd af usmif;om;rsm;tajctae
wuúov kd af usmif;BuD;\ taxGaxGtajctaerSm wd;k wufrb I mrQr½S?d xkid ;f xkid ;f rIid ;f rIid ;f ESihf usqif;&efbufoYkd
,drf;,dkifpjyKaeonf/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkif; tvGefpdwfyg0ifpm;pGm tm;ay;onfh abmvHk;toif;rSmyif tvGef
qkkwf,kwfpjyKaeonf/ ausmif;om;ausmif;olwkdY\ pdwf"mwfrSmvnf; wufwuf<u<ur½Sd [efrysufoGm;vmí pdwf
vufryg tajctaerysuf oGm;aeMu&onf/ wufwuf<u<u pGrf;pGrf;aygufayguf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;vnf;
ray:ayguf? ygarmu©t"dywd q&mBuD;a*spavmpf\ ywf0ef;usif todik ;f t0kid ;f rSwyg; aysm½f iT v f ef;qef;jcif; uif;aeMu
onf/ 'kwd,ESpftNyD; pdwfysufNyD; ausmif;rS xGufoGm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;rSm trsm;pkjzpfonf/ xdktcsdefu &efukef
aumvdyf (1925-28) wnfae&mrSm ,ckjynfolYaq;½HkBuD; (R.G.H.) ESifh rsufESmcsif;qkdifvsuf rif;BuD;vrf;
(Commissioner Road) ,ck Adv k cf sKyfvrf;rBuD;wGi½f í
dS abmf'gausmif;aqmifrmS jynfvrf; waumif;ESihf jynfausmif;
aqmif (2) ckom½Sdí yk*HaqmifrSm aqmufvkyfqJ½Sdonf/ EkdifiHa&;tzGJYtpnf;wckuJhodkY pnf;½Hk;rI r½Sday/ EkdifiHw0Srf;
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vIyf½Sm;rIrsm; yHkrSeftaetxm;jzifhomyg0ifonf/ 1930 ckESpfrS 1939 ckESpftwGuf wuo
(&efuek w
f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾) ESihf Auo (ArmEkid if v H ;kH qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾) wdYk acgif;aqmifrjI zifrh S
omvQif 1938 yxrtaxGaxGoydwfBuD;udk OD;aqmifaom wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;? ocifrsm;tjzpf
yg0ifvmMuonf/ ¤if;wkYd\ BudK;yrf;rIjzifo h m ucsiaf jr? csi;f awmifwef;? ½Sr;f jynfe,ftESYH a&muf½&dS ef ausmif;om;rsm;u
vkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/
(c) vli,frsm;Bu;D yGm;a&;toif;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;

1925 ckESpfwGif rD;&xm; pm&if;udkif udkbpdef? jynfxJa&;ESifhvHkjcHKa&;pma&; udkodef;wkdY OD;aqmifí vli,frsm;
Bu;D yGm;a&;toif; (Youth Improvement Society) udk wnfaxmifcJhonf/ ¤if;toif;wGif ausmif;om;tcsKdUyg0if
vIyf½Sm;cJhMuonf/ ¤if;toif; pwifzGJUpnf;pu vlrIa&;ESifh pum;&nfvkyGJtoif; jzpfaomfvnf; oufwrf;Mum
vmaomtcg ausmif;om;vli,f pm&dwåwkd;wufa&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwf ½Sifoefa&;wdkY twGuf jyKvkyfcJhonf/
35
¤if;toif; rSm 1931 ckEpS f txd BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;udk xkwaf 0cJo

h nf/ tjcm; pmtkyt
f oif;rsm;ESiv
fh nf; qufo,
G rf jI yK
um pmzwfcef;rsm; wnfaxmifcJhonf/
(*) ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qkid &f mvli,ftzGUJ csKyEf iS hf ausmif;om;rsm;
1930 ckEpS f tapmydik ;f umvrsm;ü trsKd;om;a&;wGif [du k pf ul;ESihf wuúov kd ?f aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm;
pdwt f m;xufoefpGm yg0ifvmMuonf/ ]ArmEkid if v H ;kH qkid &f mvli,frsm;tzGcYJ sKy}f (ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mvli,frsm;toif;[k
tp yxrydkif;wGif ac:onf) wnfaxmif&mwGif ausmif;om;trsm;pk yg0ifvmMuonf/
¤if;tzGJUudk 1930 tapmydkif;ü wnfaxmifcJh&m-
(1) q&mwif - Ouú| (NrdKUrtrsdK;om;ausmif;tkyfBuD;)
(2) udkxGef;xGef; - 'k-Ouú| (aumvdyfausmif;om;)
(3) udkbaomif; - 'k-Ouú| (aumvdyfausmif;om;) (wkdYArmtpnf;t½Hk; pwifwnfaxmifol)
(4) udkEk - tusKd;aqmifwGJbuf (aumvdyfausmif;om;)
(5) udkApdef - tusKd;aqmif wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL; (,k'oefaumvdyfausmif;om;) (ocifApdef)
(6) udkcefY - pm&if;ppf(aumvdyfausmif;om; OD;oefYtudk)
(7) udkpdef - aiGxdef; (aumvdyfausmif;om;)
(8) udktkef; (aumvdyfausmif;om;)
(9) udkav;armif (aumvdyfausmif;om;)
(10) udkbwif (aumvdyfausmif;om;)
(11) udkoD[ef (aumvdyfausmif;om;)
(12) udkpHodrf; (aumvdyfausmif;om;)
(13) q&m[def (NrdKUrtrsdK;om;ausmif;q&m)
-wkdY yg0ifzGJYpnf;cJhonf/
¤if;toif;BuD;onf 1931 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (29) &uf? 1293 ckESpf? 0gqkdvqef; (15) &ufaeYwGif a½Twd*Hk
bk&m; pwk'domZ&yfü pkpnf;í EkdifiHjcm;jzpf pD;u&ufraomufa&;udk vdkufvHpnf;½Hk;cJhonf/
¤if;wkdYrSm 1931 ZGefvwGif a½Twd*Hkbk&m;½Sd pwk'domZ&yfüjyKvkyfaom tpnf;ta0;qHk;jzwfcsuft& EkdifiH\
pD;yGm;a&;? EkdifiHa&;udpö&yfrsm;wGif trsKd;om;a&;vIyf½Sm;rIrsm; jzpfay:&ef vkyfaqmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
(C) Ekid if jH cm;jzpfp;D u&ufraomufa&;vIUH aqmfrEI iS hf ausmif;om;rsm;

¤if;toif;onf Zlvdkifv (29) &ufü a½Twd*Hkbk&m;apwDawmfodkY wufí &ifjyifatmufü aq;vdyfaomuf
olrsm;tm; tvSLcHí EdkifiHjcm;jzpf aq;vdyfraomuf&efudk vnf;aumif;? vufbuf&nfqdkifrsm;ü ArmtrsKd;om;rsm;
aq;vdyfaomufaeonfudk 0ifa&muf awmif;yefívnf;aumif;? ArmvlrsKd;rsm; EkdifiHjcm;pD;u&uf raomufa&;twGuf
awmif;yefí tvSLcHMuonf/ xdktcg ArmtrsKd;om;ôrD;rsm;uvnf; 0rf;omtm;&vdkvm;pGm EdkifiHjcm;jzpf pD;u&uf
raomuf&ef tvSLcHrIudk vufcHMuonf/ xdkodkY vdkufvHawmif;yefMuolrsm;wGif Ouú| OD;wif? udkApdef? udkwifvwf?
udkvSaz? (tm;vHk;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;) ESifh udkxGef;pdef? udkwifOD;? udkwifñGefY? udkcspfwD; (xGef;vDa&mif)?
udkarmifodef;ESihf tjcm; (2) OD; yg0ifcJhavonf/ þuJhodkY ZlvdkifvrS pufwifbmvtxd EkdifiHjcm;jzpf pD;u&uf
raomufa&; twGuf ausmif;om;rsm;u vli,frsm;ESifh vufwGJí vIyf½Sm;cJhMuonf/ þonfum; ArmEkdifiHordkif;\
ausmif;om;? vli,f yl;aygif;vIyf½Sm;rI yxrOD;qHk; jzpfonf/
(i) Ekid if jH cm;jzpft0wftxnfqefu

Y siaf &;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;
1930-31 pmoifESpfwGif aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;\ e,fcsJUtarGcH 0wfpm;qif,ifrIjzpfonfh ydk;tusÐ?
rmzvm? t*Fvdyfbdeyf? a½Tem&D? wkwfaumufESifh aq;wHwdkYudk trsKd;om;a&;toGifjzifh ajymif;vJ0wfqif&ef
aumvdyfausmif;om; udkEk? udkxGef;pdef? udk[defwdkYtkyfpkonf vdkufvHEdI;aqmfvmMuonf/ EkdifiHjcm;jzpf pD;u&ufvHk;0
36
raomufa&;? Ekid if jH cm;jzpfy;kd zJ? uwåyD gt0wfrsm;tm;vH;k oydwaf rSmufNyD; yifeED iS hf a,mvHck snfukd OD;pm;ay;0wfqif&ef
acgif;u bkdauudk uwHk;wHk;NyD; ¤if;wdkY udk,fwkdifu yifeDwkdufyHktusÐESifh a,mykqdk;om 0wfqifMuonf/
trsKd;orD;rsm; tusÐyg; r0wfa&;? aygif'grsufESmacs roHk;&efESifh yifeDtusÐ0wfí n§yfbdeyfpD;Mu&ef?
ykodrfxD; aqmif;Mu&efwdkYudk udkEk? udkxGef;pdef? udkApdef? udk[defwdkY tkyfpku vdkufvHEdI;aqmfavonf/ þodkYjzifh Arm
jzpf toH;k taqmifuo kd m tm;ay;&ef tm;oGecf eG pf u
dk f vkyaf qmifraI Mumifh vnf;aumif;? Ekid if jH cm;jzpf oydwaf rSmufa&;rSm
ausmif;om; vli,fxk\ wuf<urIaMumifh wuf<uaom vlxkvIyf½Sm;rItjzpfodkY a&muf½SdoGm;í ArmwrsKd;om;vHk;rSm
Ekid if jH cm;jzpf qefYusifvmMuonf/ ¤if;ausmif;om; vli,fxk tpnf;ta0;rSmvnf; ArmEkid if v H ;kH qkid &f mtzGJUcsKyf tjzpf
ay:aygufvmonf/ ¤if;toif;BuD;onf au'gausmif;om;rsm; arG;í ArmEkdifiHa&; ajymif;vJrI? e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;
trsKd;om;a&;pdw"f mwfrsm; ay:xGe;f &ef avhusiahf y;cJo h nf/ ¤if;toif;\ tzGJU0if au'grsm;onf ausmif;om;vIy½f mS ;rI
acgif;aqmifydkif;wGif vnf;aumif;? &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh AuozGJUpnf;ay:aygufa&;twGuf
wdYk Armtpnf;t½H;k jzpfay:vmap&efEiS hf ocifacgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf vnf;aumif;? vGwv f yfa&;BudK;yrf;rI acgif;aqmif
rsm;tjzpf vnf;aumif; aqmif½GufcJhonf/
(p) e,fcsUJ tpd;k &qefu

Y siaf &;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;
þuJhodkY e,fcsJUtpdk;&udk qefYusif? e,fcsJUpD;yGm;a&;udk ½dkufcsKd;? e,fcsJU,Ofaus;rIudk tjrpfrS NzdKvJcsNyD;½Hk
omru &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;onf at;aq;pGm ynmroifbJ e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;w&m;rsm;udk t&yfxJ
qif;NyD; vdkufvH a[majymjcif;aMumifh e,fcsJUNAdwdoQwdkYrSm rsufpdpyg;arG;pl;vmonf/ þodkYjzifh ausmif;om;vli,f
acgif;aqmifrsm; &yfuGufxJ qif;um e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; w&m;rsm; a[majym&mwGif &yfuGufxJü e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;?
e,fcsJUpD;yGm;a&; qefUusifrIrsm;jzifh ½kwf½kwfoJoJ usef&pfcJhonf/
q&mpH BudK;rdeYf ay;NyD;aemuf q&mpHawmfveS af &; ½H;I edro
hf mG ;aomtcgüvnf; wuúov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;xJrS
wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;odkY yxrOD;qHk; ocifjzpfvmaom udkApdefu q&mpHawmfvSefa&;udk trTrf;wifí aoG;xkd;vIHYaqmf
pmwrf;rsm;udk nOfhtcsdefwGif vdkufvHuyffonf/
]q&mpHawmfvSefa&;onf rSefaMumif;? q&mpHawmfvSefa&; atmifjrifrnf r[kwfaomfvnf; qufvuf
awmfvSef&rnf jzpfaMumif;} 0g'jzefYcsdí t*Fvdyfudk awmfvSef&ef vQKdU0SufpGm pm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk yvlysHatmif
jzefYa0onf/ xkdudpaö Mumifh &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;rS xkwfy,fí ,k'oefaumvdyfodkY ajymif;a½TUcH&aom udkApdefrSm
,k'oefaumvdyfrS xyfrH xkwfy,fcH&jyefonf/
(q) wdAYk rmtpnf;t½H;k tp ausmif;om;u

1920 jynfh yxrausmif;om;oydwfwGif rEÅav;NrdKU Ak'ömoeEk*¾[
txufwef;ausmif; (BTM) wGif ynmoifMum;aeaom udb k aomif;onf &efuek f
NrdKUodYk a&muf½í dS wuúov kd f bmomjyef enf;jyq&mtjzpf aqmif½u G pf Of q&mBuD;
OD;azarmifwif? OD;quf? rpöwmzmeDA,fwkdY\ wdkufwGef;csuft& urÇmh&mZ0ifcsKyf
pmtkyfudk jrefrmbmomodkY wifoGif;í oufqkdif&modkY wifjycJh&m Prince Wales
a0vrif;om;pmayqk (Moliere Classic) bmomjyef pmayqkaiG 1000d^-
&½SdcJhonf/ udkbaomif;onf ausmif;om;rsm;udk tajccHí t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUtm;
qefYusif&ef uspfvspfcdkifrmaom tzGJUtpnf; w&yfvdktyfaMumif; odvmonf/
xdYk aMumifh wduscdik rf mí jywfom;&J&ifah om Ekid if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf;BuD;w&yf ay:xGe;f
vma&;twGuf udkbaomif;onf "mwkaA'udkvSabmf (aemif ocifvSabmf)? Arm
Source: Year 1300
jynfpmtkyftoif;rS udkodef;armif (aemif ocifodef;armif)? tjrwfawmfaMu;½Hk;rS

ocifbaomif;
udt k ;kH cif (ajcvsi)f wdYk yg0ifMuonf/ xdak usmif;om;vli,frsm;ESiu hf kd baomif;onf
wkdYArmtpnf;t½Hk;udk wnfaxmif&ef vnf;aumif;? xdktpnf;t½Hk;0ifrsm; a½SUwGif
ocifqdkonfrSm uRefESifh qefYusifzufjzpfaMumif;? waumif;tbd&mZmrS ,aeYwdkif ArmvlrsdK;rsm;onf ocifrsm;jzpf
aMumif;? xdkYaMumifh ocif[k a½SUuwyfac:&efqHk;jzwfNyD; 1930 jynfhESpf? arv (30) &ufaeYwGif jzpfyGm;aom ulvD
37
t"du½kPf; (ukvm;-Arm t"du½kPf;) udk taMumif;jyKí wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; aMujimcsufudk xkwfa0vdkufonf/

¤if;aMujimcsufwiG f aoqH;k aomolrsm;pm&if;ESihf trsKd;om;a&;ESihf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;pdw"f mwfrsm; jyefvnf½iS o f efvm
ap&eftwGuf &nf½, G í
f xdak eY 1930 arv (30) &ufaeYrmS yif ]wdAhk rmtpnf;t½H;k } udk wnfaxmifco hJ nf/ xdak Munm
pmwrf;wGif ocifbaomif;? wdkYArmtpnf;t½kH;? jcHtrSwf (33)? a&wm½Snfvrf;? A[ef;NrdKUe,f[k azmfjyxm;onf/
¤if;aMujimcsufü-
wkdYArmpmwrf;
Armjynfonf - 'kdYjynf
Armpmonf - 'dkYpm
Armpmonf - 'dkYpum;
Armjynfudk - cspfyg
Armpmudk - csD;jr§ifhyg
Armpum;udk - av;pm;yg
-[kazmfjyxm;onf/
wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;[k qkd&mü wdkYArmjynfxJü½Sdaom vlrsKd;tm;vHk;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh t"dyÜg,f azmfaqmif
jcif; txdrf;trSwf jzpfonf/ jrefrm[laom pum;rSm ]jrefonf? rmonf}[laom t"dyÜg,faqmifaomfvnf; ESmoHygí
abmifusOf;onf/ tm;enf;onf/ ½Srf;? u&if? ucsif? rGef? &cdkif? yavmif? awmifol? qvHk? em*? jrefrmpaom Arm
wkdif;&if;om; tm;vHk;udk jcHKiHkrdap&ef Arm[laom pum;vHk;udk a½G;onf/ bukef;ESifh ]brm} [kra&;bJ ]A} vcsKduf
ESifh a&;jcif;rSmvnf; ]b}onf &Hzef&Hcg ]A}oHxGufojzifh pdwfrcs&í ]A}vcsKdufESifh ]Arm}[k a&;jcif;jzpfonf/
Source: Tamadaw History (Vol-1)
ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m wdAhk rmtpnf;½H;k trIaqmifrsm;tpnf;ta0;yJG rSww
f rf;"gwyf kH (ckEpS f rod&)
38
(Z) cGyaf 'gi;f tp &Jwyfu? wyfrawmftp ausmif;om;u

1930 jynfh? ZGefv (15) &ufwGif wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS udkvSabmf (ocifvSabmf) OD;aqmifNyD; ausmif;om;
vli,f (25) OD;onf-
&efrvdkvsif &efydkonf
&efvdkrS &efNydKonf
-[laom pmwrf;aMunmcsuf trSwf (1) xGufNyD;aemuf wdkYArmocifrsm;\ 'dkYArm&Jwyf zGJUpnf;&efvdkvm;
aom qE´jyyGJudk a½Twd*HkapwDawmf awmifbufrk'frS qif; a'gif;tvHBuD;a½SUqHk;rS vTifhxlum AdkvfwaxmifuGif;odkY
ppfa&;jy csw D ufouJo h Ykd csw
D ufNyD; ]'dAhk rm&Jwyf} (Yetat) udk pwifzUJG pnf;cJo h nf/ csw D uf&m vrf;aMumif;wavQmufwiG f
wOD;u ]'dAhk rm} [k toHwidk af y;vku d v f Qif usefvrl sm;u ]'dAhk rma[h 'dAhk rm} [k oHNydKiaf <u;aMumfum vufo;D vufarmif;
wef;NyD; csDwufMuonf/ ppfa&;jy csDwufolrsm;onf rnfonfhum; rnfonfh &xm;rQ ra½Smif? rSefrSefBuD;om 'dkYArm
toHjyif;jyif;ESifh AdkvfwaxmifuGif;ta&muf csDwufvmMuonf/
Adv
k wf axmifuiG ;f odYk a&mufaomtcg ocifvaS bmfu tav;jyK&ef trdeYfay;vdu k &f m a'gif;tvHBuD;udk vTix
hf í l
ppfwyfozG,f wef;pDum tav;jyKMuonf/ þonf ,aeY EkdifiHwyfrawmfzGJUpnf;&ef tjrKawcJhaom ocifvSabmf
OD;aqmifí ausmif;om;trsm;pk yg0ifcJhonfh 'dkYArm&Jwyfyif jzpfonf/ 'dkYArm&Jwyfonf aemifArmhvuf½Hk;wyf? Armh
umuG,fa&;wyf? ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf? Armhwyfrawmf? jynfolYwyfrawmfrsm; qifhuJqifhuJ jzpfay:vmonf/
vufeufudkifwyfrsm;\ EkdifiHa&;tESpfom&½Sd½Sd ]tjrKaw} wyf tpyifjzpfonf/ 'dkYArm&JwyfrSm yxrwGif tusÐteD?
abmif;bDtndK aemufydkif;ü tusÐa&m abmif;bDyg eDndKa&mifESifh 0g;zufOD;xkyf 0wfqifcJhonf/
xdktcsdefü (21) OD;ygwDrS ynma&;0ef OD;armifarmifBuD;\ tpdrf;a&mif wyfpdrf;vnf; ½Sdonf/ ¤if;tzGJUtvH
rSm trsKd;om;tvHtjzpf ]&Jol (ol&BJ u;D ) atmifv}H (The Victory Flag of Braves) aemufcHtpdrf;ESifh tv,fwGif
cGyfa'gif; yg½Sdonf/ ¤if;&Jwyfrsm;onf aemifwGif trsKd;om;wyfrawmfjzpfNyD; NAdwdoQvdkvm;olrsm;rSty usefolrsm;
tm;vH;k eD;yg; ausmif;om;? vlBuD;? vli,faygif;pHk yg0ifco hJ nf/ trsKd;om;aeYtcrf;tem; jyKvky&f mü csDwufwyfzUJG uJo h Ykd
jyKvkyfcJhonf/ 'dkYArm&Jwyf\ &Jowif;pmudk r[maqGtm; t,f'DwmcefYí xkwfa0cJhonf/ ¤if;aemufrS OD;apm\
*VKefwyf? a'gufwmbarmf\ "m;rwyf? 1937 wGif ausmif;om;or*¾ oHrPdwyfwYkd jzpfay:vmonf/ 1933 a½Tbw kd iG f
ocifrsm; atmifajreif; w&m;a[mpOf awmifil ocifvSarmif? ocif<u,f? ocifAat;wdkY\ &efBuD;atmifwyf?
1934 wGif ½Sift&d,? ocifApdef? ocifav;armifwdkY acsmufNrdKUodkY pnf;½Hk;a&;a&mufaomtcg 'kdYArm½SyfeDwyfrsm;
zGJUpnf;cJh\/
þodUk aumvdyaf usmif;om; udv k aS bmfO;D aqmifí udb k aomif;ESihf ausmif;om; trsm;tjym;onf a'gif;tvH
vTix hf í
l Adv
k w f axmifuiG ;f ü ppfa&;jy a[majympnf;vH;k NyD;aemuf aumvdyaf usmif;om; udb k aomif;uyif ocifbUJG ,l
í ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfaom udkvSabmf? udkav;armif? udkApdef? udkodef;[ef? udkbwif? udkxGef;a½T? udk[def? udkxGef;pdef
(yxr ocFsmenf;jy? aemif Oya' yxrESpfausmif;om;) OD;? udk? armif wkdYtm; ocifbGJU trnfajymif;vJ ac:a0:cJh
onf/ þodYk ArmEdik if v H ;Hk qkid &f mvli,frsm;tzGUJ csKyf aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm; pwifcahJ om wdYk Armtpnf;t½H;k BuD;onf
vGwfvyfa&; &½Sd&ef t"duuscJhaom tzGJUtpnf;BuD;jzpfonf/
(ps) 1925 ckEpS f rEåav;aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm;\ trsK;d om;a&;vIy&f mS ;rI

rEÅav;NrdKUrS A[dpk nf OD;bOD;ESihf trsKd;om;ausmif;tkyBf uD; OD;&mZwfwYkd \ BudK;yrf;rIaMumifh &efuek w
f uúov
kd f
tmPmydkifrsm;onf txufArmEkdifiHNrdKUawmfjzpfaom rEÅav;NrdKUwGif e,fcsJUtpkd;&\ cGifhjyKcsuft& tifwmrD'D&dwf
(0g) ref;Oypmaumvdyfudk 1925 ckESpfwGif zGifhay;cJhonf/ xkdpOfu ref;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm a[mif;EGrf;
EkHcsm pkwfjywfNyD; rdk;½GmvQif wpdrfhpdrfh,dkwwfaom taqmuftODav;ü xD;aqmif;NyD; oifwef;rsm; wufcJh&onf/
a[mif;EGrf; ,dk,Gif;aeaom rsufESmusufrS t*Fawrsm; uGmusvQifvnf; acgif;ay:usrnfpdk;í &ifwxdwfxdwfESifh
owdxm;NyD; pmoifcJh&onf/ odkYaomf ausmif;tkyfBuD; at'Drm½S,frSm ausmom;&ifom;rcGJjcm;bJ tm;vHk;ajyjypfpGm
qufqHonf/ aiGaMu;rzlvHkaom ausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; jzpfonfhenf;jzifh tultnDay;onf/ xdktcsufudk
&efuek af umvdyf ausmif;tkyBf uD; rpöwm'Da*spavmhonf rauseyfay/ xdYkaMumifh rpöwm'Da*spavmhrmS rpöwmat'Drm½S,f
ausmif;tkyfBuD; tjzpfrS jzKwf&eftwGuf rEÅav; Oypmaumvdyfudk ydwf&ef qD;edwfodkYwifí qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/
39
&efukefwuúokdvfrS AsL½dku&uf rsufESmjzLq&mBuD;rsm;uvnf; rpöwmpavmh ausmif;ydwfrnfh tqkdudk oabmwlMu

onf/
ref;Oypmaumvdyfudk tNyD;tydkifydwfypfrnf[k qHk;jzwfcsufaMumifh 1928 wGif ref;Oypmaumvdyfü 1920
yxrausmif;om;oydwfuJhodkY oydwfarSmufvkrcef; jzpfoGm;onf/
rEÅav;NrdKU rif;wkdifyiftrwf A[kdpnf OD;bOD;onf &efukefü½SdaepOf ref;Oypmaumvdyfydwf&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf
csvdkufaom qD;edwftpnf;ta0;NyD;qHk;onfESifh wNydKifeuf OD;bOD;onf &efukef ol&d,owif;pmrSaeí ref;Oypm
aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm; Nidrrf aebJ oydwaf rSmufMu&ef Ed;I aqmfvu kd o f nf/ xdt k csdef ref;Oypmaumvdyüf ausmif;om;
rsm;or*¾vnf; r½Sdao;ay/ EkdifiHa&; pdwf0ifpm;jcif;vnf; r½Sdao;ay/ trnfrazmfbJ OD;bOD;\ vIHYaqmfrIaMumifh
&efukef qD;edwftpnf;ta0;NyD;qHk;onfh aemufwaeYrSmyif OypmaumvdyfrSausmif;om;rsm; rdrdwdkY zmodzmomaeí
rjzpfrSef; odvmMuNyD; pk½Hk;pk½Hk;jzpfvmMuonf/ rD;cJjymzHk;yrm olwkdY&ifwGif; udef;atmif;aeaom ZmwdrmefwkdY yGifhxGuf
vmMuonf/ xdktcgausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmat'Drm½S,fu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol udkcifarmifuav;
(aemif zqyv0efBuD; Adkvfcifarmifuav;) tm; ]q&mu wuúov kd tf rIxrf;jzpfvhkd 'Dupd rö mS ygvhkd rjzpfb;l / rif;wku
hd pd ö
jzpfw,f/ tvsOf;oifUovdk MunfUaqmif½GufMu/ ref;Oypmaumvdyfydwf&if q&m &efukefrjyefawmUbl;/ q&mU NrdKYudkbJ
q&mjyefawmUr,f} [k ajymonf/
ref;Oypmaumvdyfü q&mBuD;rpöwmrm½S,f cGifhoGm;wkdif; udk,fpm;vS,f ausmif;tkyfBuD; vkyfaom ocFsm
uxdu q&mBuD; OD;vSazmfOD;uvnf; aemufuG,fuae tultnDay;rnf[k ajymMum;cJhonf/ ygVdq&m OD;vSatmif
uvnf; xdkodkY ajymonf/ ausmif;q&mtm;vHk; ausmif;om;rsm;vkyfrnfh tpDtpOfudk taESmuft,Sufray;acs/
xkdYaemuf q&mBuD; OD;vSazmfOD;onf pufbD;wpD;ESifh NrdKUrd? NrdKUz? ausmif;om;rdbrsm;xHoGm;í tultnD
ay;&ef wdkufwGef;onf/ trsKd;om;ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; OD;&mZwftdrfodkY oGm;a&mufívnf; q&mBuD; (2) OD; ausmif;
om;rsm; ta&; aqG;aEG;Muonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tpnf;ta0; usif;yaomtcg tqdkwifoGif;&ef t*Fvdyfpmjzifh
q&m (2) OD; a&;om;oDuHk; ay;onf/
ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; q&mrdbrsm;ESifhwuG rEÅav;NrdKUrS &[ef;awmft½Sifjrwfrsm;xH csO;f uyfMuonf/
xdtk cg rEÅav;NrdKU? tdraf wmf&m (14) cef; Z&yfBuD;ü NrdKUvH;k uRwf tpnf;ta0; usif;yonf/ ref;Oypmaumvdyf
rydwfa&; tqkdudk ausmif;om;rsm;u &J&JawmufwifoGif;NyD; ¤if;tqdkudk &efukefwuúodkvf rvdkufavsmvsif a½SUodkY
wvSrf;wufrnf[k &mZoHay;vdkufonf/
e,fcsJUNAdwdoQ AsL½dku&uftpkd;&onf 1920 ausmif;om;rsm;oydwfuJhodkY jzpfoGm;rnfpkd;í ausmif;om;rsm;
vdvk m;csufukd tjrefq;kH vdu k af vsmcJo
h nf/ þodYk ref;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm; qE´jy&m (14) cef;? tdraf wmf&m
Z&yfBuD;rSm aemifwGif OD;ausmfNidrf;? Adkvfcifarmifuav;? OD;vSarmif? OD;odef;azjrifh? OD;odef;atmifwkdY\ EkdifiHa&;
oaE¨wnf&m XmeBuD; wckjzpfcJhonf/
40
udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1930 rS 1931 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif
tcef; (4)
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif;ydik ;f
e,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &; vGwv f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI trsKd ;om;a&;toGif
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1930 rS 1931)
(u) 1930 ckEpS Ef iS hf ¤if;ESprf wkid rf D ausmif;om;rsm;tajctae

1930 rwkdifrD tajctaewGif ausmif;om;trsm;pkonf aumvdyfausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIwGif yg0ifcJhMuaomf
vnf; wuúokdvftmPmydkifrsm;\ tajctaeudk aumif;pGm owdxm;ae&onf/ ausmif;om;topf (z&uf½Sm) rsm;udk
ygarmu©ESifh q&mrsm;\ enf;y&d,m,fudk aumif;pGmem;rvnf? wuúodkvftajctaeudkvnf; oabmraygufaom
aMumifh q&mrsm;ESifh XmerSL;rsm; csay;aomyHkpHxJokdY a&muf½SdMuonfu rsm;\/ ygarmu¨tcsdKUESifh q&mrsm;onf
ausmif;om;rsm;udk pmoifcef;ESifh rnfodkY qGJaqmif&rnfudk aumif;pGmem;vnfMuonf/ ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSmvnf;
q&mrsm;udk twkcdk;í q&mrsm;tay: pdwf0ifpm;MuNyD; ausmif;om;b0udk ydkrdkwyfrufvmMuonf/ q&mwdkY\ xl;
jcm;aom pdwfaepdwfxm;? t,ltq? pOf;pm;yHkpOf;pm;enf;rsm;udk tzGJUrsm; tpkrsm;zGJUí avhvmMuonf/ odkYaomf
ausmif;om;trsm;pkrmS trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;ü Ak'b ¨ momESihf Armh,Ofaus;rI xH;k wrf;pOfvmrsm; xdawGUvmaomaMumifh
wuúov kd af &mufaomtcg trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;rS atmifvmonfjzpfap? rpf½iS [ f u
dk pf ul;ausmif;rsm;rS atmifvmonf
jzpfap? Ak'¨bmomtoif;rsm; zGJUpnf;í Ak'¨bmomESifh vlrIa&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifcJhonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf yHkrSeftm;jzifh
a½Twd*Hkbk&m;odkY oGm;a&mufí wHjrufvSnf;jcif;? 0wfjyKjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfayonf/ ausmif;om;tm;vHk;u xkdvkyfief;udk
wuf<upGm yg0ifcjhJ cif; r[kwaf y/ ausmif;om;tenf;pkrmS ,Ofaus;rIrhJ cJMh uonf/ ¤if;tenf;pkrmS Oa&myEkid if rH sm;wGif
ausmif;aecJo h rl sm;ESihf Oa&mywdu
k o
f m;rsm;? ¤if;wkYd\ rdbrsm;rSm AsL½du
k &uf NrdKUjyt&m½Srd sm;? w½kwEf iS hf Oa&mywdu
k o
f m;
rsm; jzpfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ trSefawmh xdkvlenf;pkrSm ¤if;wkdYonf Oa&mywkdufom;vnf; r[kwf? Armvnf;
r[kwf? ¤if;vlenf;pkrSm ¤if;wkdY txJwGifom ¤if;wkdYauseyfaeMuonf/
(c) wuo zGUJ pnf;jzpf&eftajctae

1930 ckESpf tpydkif;wGif wuúodkvfausmif;om; trsm;pkrSm aysmfyGJ½TifyGJ tm;upm;NydKifyGJrsm;ESifhom wuúodkvf
41
ausmif;om; b0jynfhpHkaeonf[k ,lqaeMuonf/ bGJU'D*&D&NyD;vQif tpdk;&tvkyf 0ifvkyf&efom pdwf0ifpm;Muonf/

odkYaomf trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfrsm;onf wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; twGif;odkY wkdif;jynfrS enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh 0ifa&mufvm
Muonf/ ¤if;wdkYxJrS trsKd;om;a&; pdwf"mwfxufoefaom udkEk? udkApdef? udkav;armifwkdYonf wkdYArmtpnf;t½Hk;
pwif wnfaxmifcJh&mü ocifbaomif; (udkbaomif;) ESifhtwl vnf;aumif;? ArmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&mvli,frsm;tzGJUcsKyf
zGJUpnf;&müvnf;aumif; qufoG,fyg0ifcJhMuNyD; ¤if;wkdYrSm trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf wuúodkvfrS EkdifiHa&;
jyifqifrItaejzifh tzGJUtpnf;wck zGJUpnf;vdkMuonf/
(*) &efuek w
f uúov
dk af usmif;om;or*¾ taqmuftODjzpfay:vmyHk
1926 ckESpftxd &efukefwuúodkvfwGif ausmif;om;or*¾tzGJU r½Sdao;acs/ xdktcsdefu wuúodkvft"dywd
qm[mukwb f wfwvm (Sir Harcourt Butler G.C.I.E., I.C.S) \ arwåm&yfccH sut f & qefuek o f nfEiS hf qefpufyikd f
½Sif OD;ndKonf wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf aiGusyf wodef;ckESpfaomif; (170000) udk 1926
wGif vSL'gef;cJhonf/ 1929 ckESpfwGif or*¾taqmuftODudk pwifaqmifvkyfcJh&m 1930 ckESpf aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&uf
rprD (3) vcefYtvdw k iG f aqmufvyk Nf yD;pD;oGm;onf/ ¤if;taqmuftODBuD;onf aemifwcsdew f iG f e,fcsJUtpd;k & qefYusif
a&;XmecsKyfjzpfcJhvQif e,fcsJUu aqmufcGifhay;rnfr[kwf/ OD;ndKvnf; a'gufwmbGJU r&awmhay/ or*¾taqmuftOD
aqmufvyk Nf yD;pD;aomtcg ausmif;tkyBf uD; rpöwmpavmh (D.J Sloss) onf ,leAD mpDwu D Rrf;bm; tm;upm;½Hak b;em;
½Sd jrufcif;jyifü vufbuf&nfyjJG zif{h nfch NH yD; OD;ndKtm; *kPx
f ;l aqmifa'gufwmbGUJ tyfEiS ;f onfh tcrf;tem;[kajymvdu k f
onf/ OD;ndKrSm aiGt½Sdeft0gjzifh a'gufwmbGJU &oGm;onf/ a'gufwmOD;ndK (K.S.M, L.L.D) jzpfoGm;avonf/
Photo: Kyaw Zaw (OwaY)
1930 ckEpS w
f iG f Ny;D pD;onfU olaX;OD;ndK vSL'ge;f cJah om &efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;or*¾ taqmuftOD
(C) &efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;or*¾ (wuo) pwifjzpfay:vmjcif;
wuúov kd t
f "dywd a'gufwma*spavmhrmS NAdwo
d QMoZm vTr;f rd;k cH&qH;k olwOD;jzpfonf/ ¤if;\oabmxm;rSm
wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; pmoifí bGJU ('D*&D) &NyD;aomtcg NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ Xmetvkyfrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;?
tdEd´,tpkd;&\ Xmetvkyfrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? NAdwdoQtifyg,m\ &JwyfzGJUwGif vnf;aumif;? tdEd´,tpdk;&\
opfawmESifh ynma&;XmewGif vnf;aumif; paom tvkyfrsm;üom 0ifvkyf&ef vdkvm;onf/ odkYaomf xdkae&mrsm;ü
ArmtrsKd;om;rsm; twGuf ae&mtenf;i,fom &½SdNyD; tvkyfvkyf&ef pdwfxufoefaom vli,frsm; NydKifqdkifaeMu
rSwfcsuf- or*¾taqmuftODudk a'gufwmOD;ndK (K.S.M., L.L.D.) u vSL'gef;NyD; 1927 ck? 'DZifbm (5) &ufaeYwGif wuúodkvft"dywd
42 Armjynfbk&ifcH qm[mukwfbwfwvm (G.C.I.E., K.C.S., I.C.S.) u tkwfjrpfcsonf/
&onf/ xdktajctaeaMumifh ArmtrsKd;om;rsm;rSm aus;½Gmrsm;ü q&mtvkyfom&½Sdonf/

xdo k Ykd tajctaersm;ü trsKd;om;a&;pdw"f mwfjyif;xefaom udEk ?k udAk pde?f udak v;armifwYdk \ vIy½f mS ;rIaMumifh
vnf;aumif;? or*¾tzGJUjzpfay:ap&ef or*¾taqmuftODNyD;onfhaemuf 1930 pufwifbmvqef;wGif wuúodkvf
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; tcsif;csif; aqG;aEG;NyD; ausmif;aqmifrsm;ü ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;om;rsm; tpnf;ta0;?
aeYausmif;om;rsm; NrdKUxJwGif tpnf;ta0;usif;yum ¤if;tpnf;ta0;rsm;\ wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfcsuft&
1930 pufwifbmv? (12) &uf? aomMumaeYü udkausmfcif (0dZÆmodyÜH)? udkwifhaqG (0dZÆm)? udkb*srf; (*syfqif) wkdY
onf wuúodkvft"dywdudk,fpm; w&m;olBuD; OD;btm; oGm;a&mufawGUqHkí or*¾zGJUpnf;&ef? zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;a&;
qGJa&; twGuf aumfrwDzGJUcGifh&&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/
xdkYaemuf AmpDwDESifh ,k'oefausmif;om;rsm;pkaygif;NyD; 1930 pufwifbmv (20) &uf? paeaeYwGif
ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;BuD;udk wuúodkvf tm;upm;½HkopfBuD;wGif usif;ycJhonf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;rS &efukef
wuúov dk af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ pnf;rsOf;a&;qGaJ &;aumfrwD zGUJ pnf;cJo h nf/ udak usmfcif (0dZmÆ ody)HÜ u obmywdtjzpf
aqmif½Gufonf/
xdkYaemuf 1930 pufwifbmv (20) &uf? paeaeYwGif ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsuft&-
(1) ausmif;om;xkqE´jzifh trIaqmifaumfrwD a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&ef
(2) wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;Oya'a&;qGJ&ef
(3) trIaqmifaumfrwD a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&efwdkY jzpfonf/
pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDtzGJYrSm
(1) udkausmfcif Ouú|
(2) udkb*srf; twGif;a&;rSL;
(3) udkausmfodef;
(4) udkwifhaqG
(5) udkxGef;wif
(6) udkbodef;
(7) udk&m½Spf
(8) udkarmiftkef;
(9) rpöwm yumqif
(10) udkpHazmfatmif
(11) udkbaz
(12) udkarmifñGefY wdkYyg0ifavonf/
¤if;tzGUJ onf Ek0d ifbmv (24) &ufaeYwiG f pnf;rsO;f a&;qGNJ yD;í tpD&ifcpH mudk ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;odYk
rwifjyrD wuúodkvfaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;xHrS rSwfcsufESifh a0zefcsufrsm; awmif;cHcJhonf/
1930 'DZifbm (17) &ufwGif qmb*srif tdyfcsf [Dvf (Sir Benjamin H. Heald Kt, M.A., I.C.S) u
aumfrwDu, kd pf m;vS,Ef iS hf ausmif;tkyBf uD;rsm;tm; tpnf;ta0;w&yfjyKvkyí f ajymif;vJ&ef wifjyavonf/ wuúov kd f
tmPmydkifrsm;onf or*¾pnf;rsOf;udk atmufpzdkYpf or*¾twkdif; jzpfvdkonf/ 1931 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D (9) &ufwGif
ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;ü udo k ed ;f armif (*syfqif) u obmywdtjzpf aqmif½u G í
f rlMurf;udk oabmwlncD o hJ nf/
¤if;tzGJUtpnf;u (9) OD;ygaom tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUudk a½G;cs,fwifajrmufcJhonf/ ¤if;wkdYrSm-
(1) udkausmfcif
(2) udk&m½Spf
(3) udkxGef;wif
(4) udkbaz
(5) rpöwm yumqif
(6) udkausmf'if
(7) udkodef;armif
(8) udkpHazmfatmif
(9) udkApdef wkdYjzpfonf/
43
¤if;trIaqmifaumfrwDonf or*¾taqmuftODEiS hf yufoufaomudp&ö yfrsm;? or*¾u, kd pf m;aqmif½u G cf iG ?hf

pnf;rsOf;Oya' rlacsma&;qGJa&;ESifh wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef tcGifhtmPm½Sdvmonf/
or*¾ESifhwuúodkvftmPmydkifMum; oabmxm;uGJvGJaom t"dutcsufrSm wuúodkvfausmif;om;a[mif;
rsm;ESihf bJUG &ausmif;om;rsm;tm; or*¾tzGUJ 0iftjzpf vufc&H ef udpjö zpfonf/ wuúov
kd t
f mPmydik f wuúov kd af umifprD S
wifjyaom ¤if;tcsufrmS or*¾pnf;rsOf;Oya'ESihf qefYusifaMumif; or*¾u wifjyaomfvnf; wuúov kd t
f mPmydik rf sm;
u oabmrwlay/ okdYaomf tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm aqG;aEG;í 0wfvHkawmf& OD;pkd;ñGefY (M.A, M.L.C) ESifh wuúodkvf
aumifpD trIaqmifvlBuD;tcsKdU tultnDay;í 'k-t"dywdu vufcHNyD; zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf; tacsmudprö Sm ajyvnfoGm;
avonf/
1931 ckESpf? azazmf0g&D (27) &ufwGif usif;yaom or*¾tvkyftrIaqmifESifh wuúodkvftmPmydkifwdkY
oabmwlncD suf jyifqifcsurf sm;udk vufct H wnfjyKvku
d of nf/ azazmf0g&Dv (28) &uf? eHeuf (11) em&DwiG f pnf;rsO;f
tm; twnfjyKvdkufaomtcg zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;Oya'onf twnfjzpfvmonf/ wuo taqmuftODudk q&mBuD;
ygarmu© OD;azarmifwifu &efukefwuúokdvfausmif;om;or*¾ Ouú| udkausmfcifxH vTJtyfay;vkdufonf/
(i) pnf;rsO;f a&;qGaJ &;tzGUJ \ oabmxm;

pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;tzGJU\ ajymMum;csufrSm-
]ausmif;om;rsm;tay: vHk;0BudK;udkifydkifcGifUonf pnf;rsOf;Oya'\ aomUcsufyifjzpfaMumif;? tem*wf Arm
Ekid if o
H m;wk\
hd ud,
k pf m;vS,jf zpfonfEiS t Uf nD wuúov
dk af usmif;om;rsm;tm; Ekid if aH wmftusK;d xrf;½Guaf p&ef? vGwv
f yfa&;
pdwf"mwf oGif;ay;&efESifh wm0efodpdwf"mwfrsm; zefwD;ay;&ef BudK;yrf;oGm;rnf jzpfaMumif;/
wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tm; vlrIa&;vkyfief;rsm; pDpOfay;jcif;? rdwfqufawGYqHkyGJrsm; pDpOfay;jcif;?
pm;aomufqkdifrsm; xm;½Sdjcif;? upm;ckefpm; pnf;½Hk;jcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifí pnf;½Hk;jcif;? ydkíta&;BuD;aom trsKd;om;a&;
pdw"f mwfoiG ;f ay;jcif;ESiUf vlaY vmu0ifa&mufaomtcg ud, k af &;ud,
k wf mqkid &f m b0wavQmufv;kH twGuf jynfpU akH p&ef
jzpfonf/
or*¾wckonf vGwv f yfpmG awG;awmMuq H jcif;ESiUf vGwvf yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdak &;om;a&;twGuf &yfwnf
aeNyD; ausmif;om;vli,fwkdhonf EkdifiH\tem*wfudk ydkifqkdifaeonfomru ¤if;wdkh\ pdwf"mwfonf trsKd;om;a&;ESifU
rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf tajccHyifjzpfonf} [k yg&Sdonf/
(p) 1931 wuor*¾Zif;

1931 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif EkdifiHa&;vIyf½Sm;rI OD;aqmifyg0ifaom ausmif;om;rsm;OD;aqmifí ]wuúodkvf
ausmif;om;rsm;r*¾Zif;} wapmifxwk af 0cJo
h nf/ xkrd *¾Zif;onf Ekid if aH &;vIy½f mS ;aom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf wku
d yf 0JG if
vufeufaumif; wck jzpfvmonf/
]"m;oGm;xuf? uavmifoGm;xufonf} [laom aqmifyk'fudk trdt&,lí uavmifwkdufyGJ 0ifcJhMuonf/
(q) 1931 ck aemufyikd ;f o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;

1931 ck aemufyikd ;f wGif &efuek wf uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS OD;aqmifí ausmif;aqmifrsm;ü o[m,ESihf
pmzwftoif; a[majymyGJrsm; jyKvkyfvmMuonf/ ¤if;a[majymyGJrsm;ü wdkYArmoDcsif; oDqkd&ef vIHYaqmfvmjcif;ESifh
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf pnf;½Hk;vIHYaqmfrIrsm; jzpfvmMuaomtcg wuúodkvf
ausmif;tkyfBuD;onf xkda[majymyGJrsm;udk ydwfyifvkdonf/
yxrOD;pGm q&mrsm;tm; ausmif;om;rsm;\ tpnf;ta0;ESifh a[majymyGJrsm; rwufa&muf&efESifh 0ifa&muf
a[majymjcif; rjyKvyk &f ef wm;jrpfcohJ nf/ xkt
d cg bmomjyefq&m udb k aomif; (ocifbaomif;) rSm qufvufyg0ifaeí
udbk aomif;udk tcsdeyf ikd ;f enf;jyq&mtjzpf uefx½du k f wESpfjynfhaomtcg q&mtjzpfrS &yfpJvkdufavonf/
44
(Z) udAk pdeEf iS hf wuúov

dk af jrvIy&f mS ;rI
wuúov kd af usmif;om; udAk pdeo
f nf ausmif;pmoifcef;rsm;ü q&mrsm; trnf
ac:vQif ]y&JqifUqm} "Present Sir" [k ausmif;om;tm;vH;k u xl;íaeMuonfukd
udkApdefu xkdodkYrxl;bJ ]a&mufygNyDcifAsm;}[k udkApdefu yxrOD;qHk; xl;cJhonf/
taqmifo[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;wGifvnf; udkApdefonf tjcm;aom udkb
aomif; (enf;jy) wdkYESifh wGJí trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ESifh e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; w&m;
rsm;a[mí &efukefwuúokdvfrS ,k'oefaumvdyfodkY ajymif;a½TUcH&onf/ q&m OD;az
armifwifonf udAk pdeEf iS hf udb k aomif;wkYd \ Ekid if aH &;vIy½f mS ;rIukd tm;ay;cJo
h nf/
odkYaomf udkApdefonf ,k'oefaumvdyfodkY a&mufaomfvnf; q&mpH
awmfvSefa&;ESifh yufoufaom axmufcHcsufrsm;? rSefuefaMumif; aMunmcsufrsm;?
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUtm; qufvufawmfvSef&ef vkyfaqmif&rnf[k aMunmcsufrsm;udk
Photo: Year 1300
jzefYcsdcJhjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? &efukefwuúokdvfrS ajymif;a½TUvdkufaom udkApdef

ocifApdef
udk ,k'oefaumvdyfrS ausmif;xkwfypf vdkufonf/
(ps) &efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;or*¾vyI &f mS ;rIEiS hf wdAYk rmoDcsi;f
wuúokdvfausmif;(enf;jy) ocifbaomif;onf wdkYArmoDcsif;udk wuúodkvfajrwGif ysHUESHY&eftwGufvnf;
aumif;? wuúokdvfajr wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;ESifh ocifvli,frsm; MoZmysHUESHY&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? ocFsmenf;jy (aemif
Oya'? yxrESp)f ausmif;om; udx k eG ;f pde?f oxHak qmifraS usmif;q&m jrefrmpm r[m0dZmÆ bGUJ & OD;ñGeYf ? Oya'ausmif;om;
udkEkwkdYESifh wkdifyifí 1930 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (19) &uf? paeaeYnü oxHkaqmifo[m,ESifh pmzwfcef;ü yxrqHk;
oDqdkMuonf/ yJcl;aqmifrS udkav;armif? yk*HaqmifrS ausmif;om; udkApdefESifh ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;? oxHkaqmifrS
ausmif;om;rsm; cef;vH;k jynfh wufa&mufMuonf/ taqmifrLS ; ygarmu© OD;azarmifwifuvnf; oDqcdk iG jhf yKvdu k o
f nf/
xkdoDcsif; udpjö zpfNyD; rMumrD udkav;armifESifh udkApdefwdkYrSm ausmif;om;b0xJrS yxrOD;qHk;aom ocifbJGUudk cH,loGm;
aom vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI ocifacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfvmonf/ ¤if;wdkYArmoDcsif; wuúodkvfausmif;rS xkwfa0aom
wuúokdvfr*¾Zif;wGif t*FvdyfArm (2) bmomjzifh azmfjycJhonf/ wkdYArmoDcsif;udk 0dkiftrfbDat ocifwifu a&;pyfí
ocifvSabmfESifh ocifbaomif;wkdYu ulnDcJhonf/
wkAhd rmoDcsi;f (0g) wdAhk rmur®0g

waumif;tbd&mZm? 'dkYArm omuDrsKd;[mrdkY rnd§K;*kPfawZm? ,dk;',m;eJY ukvm;udkyg? wkdufcdkufum
atmifcJhwm 'dkYArm? pdefrSefuif;tppf tjzpfBuD;jzpfvsuf xif;wvSnfhMuHK&? xHk;ESifhraoG?
avmu"r®wmay- igwdkYuHac? jzpf&jyefoav? odkYaomf t&if;udkppfvQif Armajy? ig'dkY ig'dkYajy/
aemifO'gef; b,fraMup&m &mZ0ifwifxm;? rsKd;½dk;EG,fvm? urÇmwcGifrSmjzifh Armtxift½Sm;?
'dkYacwfwGifrS nHhMuawmhrSmvm;? 'dkYArm/
'dkYArm r[kwfavovm;/ ('dkhArm? ig'kdUArm) ('dkhArm? ig'kdYArm) ('g-ig'kdYArm) ('g-ig'kdYArm)
(tm; . . . . . vHk; . . . . nDnD? a,musfm;bom; 'kdhArm aemufvmaemufom; &J&JArmyDyD Armajy?
'dkhArmbdkhyg? ocifusifUudkusifUMuyg? ocifrsKd;a[U 'dkhArm? rdk;atmufajrjyifrSm txufwef;pdwfeJh?
Zmr&DaoG; . . . . . 'kdhArm/)
(oHNydKif) urÇmraMu . . . . . ArmwawG ('g 'dkhajy? 'g 'dkhajr? 'g ig'dkhajy)3 ('dkhArm)2 ajy . . . . . udk
wdkif;&if;om; tukeftpif 'dkYajy? 'dkYrSwfxif? 'dkY0wå&m;yif 'dkYArmocif/
trsKd;om;a&; BudK;yrf;Muyg? 'dkYArm a[h 'dkYArm/ aMomftrsKd;om;a&; BudK;yrf;Muyg? 'dkYArma[h 'dkYArm/
ta½SYuae0ef;xGufonfhyrmy- 'kdYacwfudk a&muf&rnfrSm rvGJyg- 'dkYArm-a[h 'kdYArm/ Armjynfw0Srf;
tukef? 'dkYtdrfrSwfyg? wdkY,mrSwfyg? tJ'g 'kdYArm/
(oHNydKif jyefaumuf)
45
(n) &efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ yxrOD;qH;k OuúX udx
k eG ;f pdef
1931 Zefe0g&D (9) &ufaeY ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;\ qHk;jzwfcsuft& ,m,Dor*¾ Ouú|tjzpf
udkausmfcifudk a½G;aumufwifajr§mufí trIaqmifa½G;aumufyGJBuD;Muyf&efESifh ,m,DtrIaqmif tzGJUi,fav;rsm;
zGJYpnf;ay;vkdufonf/ xkdtzGJUi,fav;rsm;onf or*¾pnf;rsOf;Oya'a&;qGJNyD; xkwfa0&efESifh ausmif;om;or*¾
a½G;aumufyGJBuD;Muyf&efyg wm0ef vTJay;vkdufonf/ xdktzGJUav;\ oufwrf;rSm av;vausmfomMumcJhonf/
1931-32 pmoifESpf or*¾tpnf;ta0;rS wuúokdvfocFsmXmerS EkwfxGufí yxrESpf Oya'oifwef;
wufa&muf oifMum;aeaom ausmif;om; udkxGef;pdef\ ajymyHkqdkyHk? owdå½SdyHkrsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm; txifBuD;Mu\/
udkxGef;pdeftm; ausmif;om;or*¾ Ouú| tqifhtwef;ESifh oifhawmfoljzpfí udkApdefu udkxGef;pdeftm; Ouú| tqdk
wifoiG ;f vku
d o
f nf/ tpnf;ta0;wGif a½G;aumufyBJG uD;Muyfa&;aumfrwD Ouú| udak usmfcifu a½G;aumufyJG usif;yrnfh
aeY&ufudk wvcefYcGmí owfrSwfvdkufonf/ a&;qGJNyD;jzpfaom pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;ukd wifBudKa0iSNyD;aemuf
,m,DtrIaqmifaumfrwDonf or*¾taqmuftODü tpnf;ta0; ac:,lcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
(#) udx
k eG ;f pdeEf iS hf trsK;d om;pdwf
udx k eG ;f pderf mS 1924 wGif (10) wef; pmar;yGaJ tmifNyD; &cdik jf ynfe,f oHwNJG rdKUrS
&efukefwuúodkvfodkY ynmoifMum;&ef oabFmjzifhxGufvmonf/ atmufzuf
ukef;ywfwGif wkdif;&if;om;c&D;onfrsm; jynfhESufaeí ]Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;
twGufom} [k a&;xm;aom txufwef;ukef;ywfwGif avaumif;avoefY&&ef
udkxGef;pdef wufoGm;onf/ pdwfxJüvnf; ]vlacsmifwJh txufwef;ukef;ywfrSm
'if;wdkYawGu ZdrfcHNyD; pD;eif;vdkufyg Muw,f/ wkdif;&if;om;awGuawmh atmufrSm
ig;yd? ig;csOfodyfxm;ovkdeJY vkdufyg&w,f}} awmufwcsufacgufNyD;rS ]]'if;wkdh
Armjynfudk tjrwfxkwf½Hkru wdkif;&if;om;awG tñGefhyg csdK;Muao;w,f?
olwdkheJh rwlrwefovdk xm;Muw,f? bm&rvJ 'DoabFmtay:u rsufESmjzLawGudk
Source: Oway Magazines
ightaMumif; jy&ao;wmaygh} ukdxGef;pdefonf Oa&mywkdufom;rsm;om[kqkdaom

ukef;ywfwGif tdyf,mvdyfudk cyfwnfwnfESifh jzefYcif;NyD; vJavsmif;vdkufygvm
onf/ xdktcg rsufESmjzL yxrt&m½Sd (Chief Officer) a&mufvmNyD; ]]rif;wkdY
udxk eG ;f pdef
Armwdkif;&if;om;awG jzpfw,f? rif;rodbl;vm; 'Dae&mu csufjcif; qif;prf;}}[k
udkxGef;pdefudk ESifcsonf/ udkxGef;pdefu ]]Armwkdif;&if;om;awGeJY Oa&mywkdufom;awGu vlawGcsnf; r[kwfvm;?
olwdkY ydkufqHay;pD;ovkd usaemfwkdYvnf; ydkufqH ay;pD;wmyJ}} xdktcgrsufESmjzKu ]]rif;½Snf½Snfa0;a0; ajymraeeJY
rqif;&if 'Duaeiguefcsvdkufr,f}} [k a'golykefxNyD; tdyf,may:vSJaeaom udkxGef;pdefudk nmajcjzifhuef&ef [efjyif
vkud af omtcg udx k eG ;f pdeuf ½kww f &ufrwfwyf&yfNyD; &ifbwfxrJ S (6) vufr armif;cs"m;udk xkwu f m ]]udik ;f rif;uef
wmeJY rif;udik g"m;eJY xk;d r,f? uef&&J if uefMunfah v}} rsufEmS jzLt&m½Sd aMumufvefYpmG xGuo f mG ;NyD; cPMumaomtcg
oabFmuyÜwdef aoewfjzifh vkdufvmonf/
]]rif;rqif;&if aoewfeJYypfr,f/ bmrSwfvdkYvJ ig'DoabFmrSm ypfowfEkdifwJh tmPm½Sdw,f}} xdktcg
udkxGef;pdef u ]]ypfowfEkdifwJh tmPm½Sd&ifvJ ypfav? cifAsm;ypfwmeJY usKyf"m;eJYxkd;r,f? olaoudk,faoaygh? usKyfwkdY
wkdif;&if;om;awGrSm Zmwdrmef½Sdw,f? cifAsm;wdkYqDrSmyJ ½Sdwmr[kwfbl;}} oabFmtxufwef; ukef;ywfwGif qlqlnHnH
jzpfaeí atmufwef;rS wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm; "m;rsm;udik u f m wufvmMuí rsufEmS jzLt&m½Sd (2) OD;rSm vufavQmh
oGm;onf/
ukdxGef;pdefonf 1926 tdkiftufpDpmar;yGJatmifNyD;aomtcg 1926-27 wGif jynfaqmifESifh yk*HaqmifodkY
ajymif;a½TUoGm;onf/ udkxGef;pdefu ocifpkd;tm; t*Fvdyfpmjzifh a&;om;xm;aom EdkifiHa&;pmayrsm;udk oHvsiftdrfrS
,lvmí jcifaxmifxw J iG f twl Ekid if aH &;pmayrsm; avhvmMuonf/ 1928-29 wGif wuúov kd f ocFsmXmerS vufaxmuf
uxdu OD;um\ apwemt& ocsFmXmeenf;jyESifh taqmifenf;jy 0ifvkyfonf/ 1931 ckESpfwGif jynfaqmifESifh
waumif;aqmif a½SUbuf½Sd bDtkdpD tif*sifeD,maumvdyfq&mrsm; tyef;ajzpcef;wGif wuúokdvfocFsmXme ,m,D
ygarmu© rpöwmvl;0pf trdeYf t& ocFsmenf;jyudx k eG ;f pdeEf iS hf rpöwmrwfwYkdonf tif*sief ,
D maumvdyw f iG f enf;jywm0ef
46
xrf;aqmif&ef a&muf½Sdvmonf/ ¤if;tcef;rSm q&mrsm;tyef;ajz tcef;jzpfí vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aexdkifEkdifNyD;

wOD;udkwOD; av;av;pm;pm; ae&may;&ef rvdkay/ uxdu? ygarmu©ESifh ausmif;tkyfBuD;wkdYonf BudKufonfh
tcef;wGiG f BudKufovkd aexdik í f &if;ES;D pGm pum;ajymEkid o f nf/ ¤if;tcef;xJoYkd tif*sief , D mausmif;tkyBf uD; rpöwmcs,&f D
0ifa&mufvmonfudk udkxGef;pdefESifh rpöwmrwfwdkYrSm *½krpdkufbJ pum;qufajymaeMuonf/
xkt d cg rpöwmcs,&f u D ]]rif;wdYk b,fuaumifawGv}J } [k par;aomtcg udx k eG ;f pdeu f ]]usaemfwdkY ,leDAmpDwD
ocFsmXmeuyg? 'DaumvdyfrSm ocFsm tcsdefydkif;enf;jywm0ef xrf;aqmifzdkY ygarmu¨vl;0pf vTwfwmyg}} [k
&nfrGefpGm jyefajymvdkufonf/ xdktcg rsufESmjzL ausmif;tkyfBuD;u ]]rif;wkdY w,f½kdif;wJhaumifawGyJ? ig tif*sifeD,m
aumvdyf ausmif;tkyfBuD;yJ? rpöwmcs,f&Dqdkwm igyJ? 'Davmufawmif½kdif;NyD; t½kdtaoay;&rSef; rodwJhaumifawG
'Dtcef;xJu tckcsufjcif; xGufoGm;Mu}} udkxGef;pdefwkdY ESpfa,muf wkefvIyfroGm;ay/ udkxGef;pdefwdkY ESpfa,muf
rwkefrvIyf xkdifaeonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;udkvnf; t½dktao ray;acs/ xkdtcgausmif;tkyfBuD;onf pdwfqkd;vmNyD;
olYvufESpfzufjzifh q&mESpfa,muf\ tusÐudk *kwfrSqGJudkifNyD; tjyifodkY qGJxkwfaomtcg udkxGef;pdefonf nmvuf
oD;udk uspfuspfygatmif qkwfí ]]'g cifAsm; tarhvifaumvdyf r[kwfbl;? ArmEkdifiHaumvdyf? vmNyD;rapmfum;eJY}} [k
qku d m rpöwmcs,&f \ D em;xifukd xk;d csvu kd o
f nf/ xkt d cg rpöwmcs,&f D csmvywfvnfí tcef;xJrS xGuaf jy;oGm;onf/
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olwt hkd yk cf sKyaf &; vG,rf ,f/ usaemfwhkd udAk pdew f [
hkd m rsK;d csppf w
d "f mwfxufoefwUJ ausmif;om;awG pnf;vH;k nDñw G af tmif
49
jyKvkyfcJUw,f/ EkdifiHa&;pdwf"mwf e,fcsJYqefhusifa&;pdwf"mwf Ekd;Mum;vmatmif pnf;½Hk;cJUw,f/ rpöwmpavmUuodawmU

usaemfwhdk pnf;½H;k rIysuaf tmif olth vdak wmf&ad wGukd ajrm§ ufay;Ny;D a½G;aumufyJG 0ifcidk ;f wmyJ/} vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf
udkxGef;pdefu þokkdYajymMum;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/
udkxGef;pdefESifh ra½S;raESmif;yif olYudkaxmufcHaom trIaqmifaumfrwD0if trsm;tjym; ta½G;cH&onf/
wa,mufESpfa,mufu vGJí tm;vHk;eD;yg;rSm ausmif;tkyfBuD; tvkdawmf&drsm; r[kwfay/
1931 &efukefNrdKUü (10) ESpfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeY usif;y&m ausmif;om;vli,frsm;? q&mrsm;?
0HomEkrsm;? ,leDAmpDwDausmif;om;rsm;? wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS ocifrsm;? udkApdef (ocifApdef)? ocifav;armif? udkxGef;
pdefwkdY pkpnf;í yg0ifcJhonf/
(!) 1931 ckEpS f &efuek w

f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ yxrOD;qH;k trIaqmiftzGUJ
udkxGef;pdef Ouú|
udkb*srf; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
ukdxGef;wif
udkcspfwif
udkApdef
udkOD;wkwf
udkwifarmif
udkxGef;wif
q&mOD;vlaz0if; aiGxdef;
rSwfcsuf- wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;udk a&;om;&mwGif ]]wdkY}} ESifh ]]'dkY}} ESpfrsKd;vHk; oHk;onfudk awGU&onf/ odkYaomf rl&if;wHqdyfESifh
acgif;pD;pmwrf;wGif wdkYArm[k oHk;xm;onf/
ocifAwif\ 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHkrSwfwrf; (jr0wDyHkESdyfwdkuf)? pmrsufESm (15) atmufajcrSwfpkwGif

]]wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; ay:pwGif 'dkYArm[k ra&;om;bJ? wdkYArm[koma&;onf/}} [k azmfjyxm;onf/
,ckpmtkyfwGif wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;udk a&;om;vsif ]]wdkY}} [k oHk;oGm;rnf/ a<u;aMumfoHrsm;udk toHudk ,lí a&;om;ojzifh

a<u;aMumfoHrsm;udk ]]'dkY}} ESifhom a&;om;azmfjyrnf/
ocifAwif\ 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHkrSwfwrf;? pmrsufESm (20) wGif wdkYArmoDcsif;tm; wdkYArmur®0g[k azmfjyxm;onf/
50
wuo jzpfajrmufa&; ,m,DOuú|

OD;ausmcf if B.Sc., B.L. (1930-31)
&efuek wf uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (,m,D) yxrqH;k Ouú|jzpfonf/ &ckid t f rsK;d om; wOD;jzpfí oHwNJG rdKUwGif
zGm;jrifc\ hJ / oHwNJG rdKU tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;wGif owårwef;txd ynmavhvm qnf;yl;cJo h nf/ &efuek Nf rdKU
A[kt d pd;k &txufwef;ausmif;odk ajymif;a½TUynmqnf;yl;NyD;? 1925 ckEpS w f iG f (10) wef; pmar;yGu J kd atmifjrifchJ
onf/ &efuek w f uúov kd w
f iG f qufvuf ynmoifMum;cJo h nf/ 1929 ckEpS wf iG f olaX;OD;ndKu or*¾taqmuftOD
aqmufvyk v f LS 'gef;&m? 1930 ckEpS wf iG f NyD;pD;cJ\
h / or*¾taqmuftOD ½Sad omfvnf; or*¾tzGUJ tpnf; r½Sjd zpfae
ojzifh OD;ausmfcifonf or*¾ jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;rIwiG f acgif;aqmifco hJ l wOD;jzpfonf/
or*¾tzGUJ tpnf; ray:aygufap&ef acsm?h ajr§muf? Ncdr;f ajcmufjcif;udk cHc&hJ \/ wuúov kd af usmif;om; ynmwwf
rsm;\ ]]rufvHk;}} jzpfaom tdEd´, y#dnmOfcH0efxrf; tkdifpDtufpf &mxl;jzifh acsmhjrLjzm;a,mif;jcif; cHcJh&\/
OD;ausmcf ifum; r,dr;f ,dik ?f or*¾jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf acgif;rmpGm BuK;d yrf;cJoh o
l m jzpfonf/ or*¾jzpfajrmufap&ef
&efuek wf uúov kd ½f dS ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf yxrqH;k aqG;aEG;wkid yf ifc\ hJ / xdak qG;aEG;yGw
J iG f OD;ausmfcifonf
obmywdjzpf\/ or*¾pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDzGJUpnf;&ef wuúodkvfudk,fpm; t"dywdESifh aqG;aEG;yGJwGif
ud,k pf m;vS,of ;kH OD;teuf yg0ifow l OD;vnf; jzpfayonf/
or*¾pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDzGJUpnf;aomtcg OD;ausmfcifonf obmywdtjzpf wm0ef,l vkyfaqmif

cJ\
h / or*¾pnf;rsO;f a&;qGNJ yD;aemuf wuúov
kd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;tzGEJ iS hf awGUqHak qG;aEG;yGw
J iG f ud,
k pf m;vS,f tjzpfjzifh
yg0ifcJhonf/ or*¾pnf;rsOf;udk twnfjyKaom 1931 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (9) &ufaeUwGif usif;yonfh
ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;rS? wuotrIaqmif (9) OD; a½G;cs,faomtcg OD;ausmfcifonf wuo Ouú|
jzpfvmcJah yonf/
1931 ckEpS w
f iG f Oya'oifwef;rsm;udk atmifjrifco
hJ nf/ rdrZd mwdNrKd Ujzpfaom oHwNJG rKd UwGif a½SUaetjzpf vkyaf qmif&if;?
jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU0if? jrLeDpDy,fOuú|tjzpf NrdKUjya&;&mrsm;udk aqmif½GufcJhonf/ ppfNyD;acwf 1951 ckwGif
jynfoUl vTwaf wmftrwftjzpf &efatmifrq J Eé,frS a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufjcif; cH&NyD;? qGpZf mvefjynf bef;NrdKUü
usif;yaom urÇmhvTwfawmfrsm; nDvmcHokdY jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUudk acgif;aqmifum wufa&mufcJhzl;
avonf/ OD;ausmfcifonf ,ck &efuek Nf rKdUwGif vTwaf wmfa½SUaetjzpf vkyaf qmifvsuf½adS yonf/
51
yxrqH;k wuoOuú|
OD;xGe;f pdef B.Sc., B.L. (1931-32)
&efuek wf uúov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ yxrOD;qH;k a½G;aumufwifajr§mufc&H aom Ouú|jzpfonf/ &ckid jf ynf

oHwGJNrdKU Zmwd jzpfonf/ 1924 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfwGif pwifynmqnf;yl;í 1928 ckwGif 0dZÆmodyÜH
bGUJ xl;udk qGwcf ;l cJah vonf/ 1931-32 ckEpS w
f iG f Oya'ynmrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;aepOf wuoOuú|tjzpf
a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cHc&hJ oljzpfonf/
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm; bkef;rD;aevawmufyonfh umvjzpfí tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;wGif? a*smhbk&ifrif;jrwf\

bke;f awmfbUJG rsm;udk oDqu
kd m tpnf;ta0; zGiv fh pS cf MhJ u&\/ OD;xGe;f pdef wuoOuú| jzpfvmaomtcg? a*smb
h &k if
bke;f awmfbUJG tpm; wdYk ArmtrsdK;om;oDcsif;jzifh zGiv hf pS cf ahJ vonf/
wuúov kd f bGUJ ESi;f obifcef;ronf jrefrmrqef? w½kwb

f &k m;ausmif;ESihf wlaeí jrefrmtrsK;d om; o½kyaf y:ap&ef
jcaoF½h yk rf sm; xm;&ef awmif;qkcd \
hJ / wuúov kd tf aqmuftODrsm;wGif t*Fvefjynfvyk f oHwcH g;rsm;udk oH;k rnfh
tpm;? jrefrmjynfjzpf opfom;wHcg;rsm;ukd toHk;jyK&efvnf; awmif;qdkcJhonf/
1931 ckEpS w
f iG f trsK;d om;atmifyaJG eU pwifusi;f y&m trsK;d om;atmifyaJG eUwGif a'gif;tvH (cGyaf 'gif;tvHr[kw)f
udk or*¾rS pwiftoH;k jyKcJ\ h / pD;u&ufoydwaf rSmufa&;wGif or*¾onf ArmEdik if v H il ,frsm;tpnf;t½H;k (,ck
Avp r[kwf)? wkdYArmtpnf;t½Hk;wdkYESifh yl;wGJ vkyfaqmifcJhonf/
OD;xGe;f pdeo
f nf or*¾Ouú|tjzpf oufwrf;rukerf D Ekwx
f u
G o
f mG ;cJo
h nf/
wuorS xGufNyD;aemuf ausmif;q&mtjzpf vnf;aumif;? Oya'pmar;yGJ atmifjrifNyD;aemuf a½SUaetjzpf

vnf;aumif; vkyaf qmifco
hJ nf/ *syefacwfwiG f c½dik 0f eftjzpf Ekid if w
hH m0efudk xrf;aqmifc\
hJ / 'kw,d urÇmppftNyD;
t*Fvdyfrsm; jyef0ifvmaomtcg OD;xGefpdeftm; axmif'Pf (25) ESpf tjypfay;cJh\/ (9) v ESifh (4) &uf
tMumwGif vGwaf jrmufcohJ nf/ ,ck &efuek Nf rdKUwGif vTwaf wmfa½SUaeBuD; wOD;tjzpf aqmif½u G vf suf ½So
d nf/
52
udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1932 rS 1935 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsdK;om;a&;toGif
tcef; (5)
udv
e,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &; vGwv f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI trsK;d om;a&;toGif
(1932 rS 1935)
(u) 1932-33 wuúov

1931-32 or*¾rS udkxGef;pdef EkwfxGufoGm;í udkbdk;ul;rSm Ouú|tjzpf ,SOfNydKifolr½SdbJ ta½G;cH&onf/
xdktcsdefu udkvdkeD0g'usifhoHk;aom wuúodkvftmPmydkif rsufESmjzLrsm;onf wuúodkvfynma&;udk wwfEkdiforQ
oabmw&m;e,fy,frmS ydwaf vSmifxm;NyD; vufawGU tvSr;f a0;aponf/ wuúov kd yf nm? wuúov kd q
f &m? wuúov dk f
ausmif;om;rsm;udk wuúov dk yf &0Pfxw
J iG f jzpfEidk o
f rQuefYowfxm;NyD; jyifyvlxEk iS hf uif;Ekid o f rQ tqufjzwfxm;&ef
BudK;pm;ygonf/
wuúokdvfynmwwfrsm;udk vufa½G;pifwpk? rdk;usa½Tudk,ftjzpf zefwD;NyD; jynfoltxuf tjrifhBuD;rSm
xm;&ef &nf½G,fonf/ 1932 rS 1934 txd or*¾ (wuo) Ouú|rsm;onfvnf; wuorS wqifh trsKd;om;a&;
vIy½f mS ;rIrsm; aqmif½uG Ef idk o f nf[k r,HMk unfMubJ ½Sad eMuonf/ udak tmifjrifh (oHw)JG onf ]qm} rxl;í ausmif;xkwf
cH&aom 'kwd,ajrmufausmif;om; jzpfvmonf/ ¤if;onf ¤if;epfemcsufrsm;twGuf a½SUaersm;xH tMuHÓPf oGm;
awmif;í w&m;½H;k rS ausmif;xkwcf &H jcif; epfemrItwGuf &½S&d ef awmif;qkrd I tay:wGiv f nf; NAdwo
d Qe,fcsJU tpd;k &onf
¤if;tm; Oya't& xyfrH0efcHuwd jyKckdif;vdkufavonf/
odYk aomf ausmif;om;trsm;pkEiS hf jynfow l YkdrmS udv
k ekd 0D g'\ tqdyk g wuúov kd yf nma&;ay:vpDukd qefYusií f
wuúodkvfynma&;wGif oabmw&m;ESifh vufawGUaygif;pyfrdatmif vufawGUtoHk;cs&atmif vIHYaqmfawmif;qkdae
Muonf/
q&mpHudk (ao'Pf) BudK;rdefYay;vdkufaomtcg q&mpHawmfvSefa&;udk axmufcHaom &efukefwuúodkvf
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾onf ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;ac:,lNyD; uefYuGufcJhonf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;wGif NAdwdoQ
e,fcsJUtpdkd;&tm; jypfwif½IwfcsNyD; acgif;aqmifBuD;q&mpHtm; (2) rdepf rwfwyf&yfítav;jyKcJhonf/
odkYaomf 1932 ESpfukefydkif;wGif wuúokdvfü trsKd;om;awmfvSefa&; 'Da&usqif;aeonf/ trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;
wGif tdEd´,ESifh wGJa&;cGJa&;jyóemrsm; vTrf;rdk;aeonf/ bdvyfudk rsufESmpHknDtpnf;ta0;wufjcif;jzifh awmfvSef
53
aom vlxkEkdifiHa&;vIyf½Sm;rIudk tpm;xkd;aeonf/ wuúodkvfy&0PfxJwGifvnf; ausmif;om;or*¾udk tvdkawmf&d

ausmif;om;rsm;u acgif;aqmifaeonf/ rsuEf mS jzLtmPmydik rf sm;ESihf twku
d t
f cHjyKaom ausmif;om;rsm;rSm ab;a&muf
aeonf/
(c) udAk pdeEf iS hf wuúov

udkApdef EkdifiHa&;t,ltq ydkrdkjyif;xefvmaomtcg wuowGif 1932-33 ü taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
wm0efxrf;aqmif&onf/
1932-33 wuotrIaqmiftzGJY
1/ udkpHazmfatmif Ouú‘|
2/ udkApdef taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
3/ udkatmifoef;
4/ udkxGef;atmif
5/ udk&m½Spf
6/ udkcspf
7/ udkoufwif (udkodef;armif)
8/ udk[efaomf
9/ udkbwif wkdYjzpfonf/
udkpHazmfatmifESifh udkApdefwkdYonf wuorSaeí e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; pum;&nfvkyGJrsm; jyKvkyfay;onf/
tvdkawmf&d ausmif;om;rsm;xuf udkApdefonf ykdrdkí or*¾vkyfief;rsm;ukd tav;xm;vkyfaqmifcJhonf/ &J&ifhaom
udAk pdeo
f nf e,fcsUJ qefYusiaf &; udprö sm;wGif a½SUokYdwvSr;f NyD; wvSr;f wufvmonf/ wuúov dk f ausmif;tkyq
f &mBuD;\
MoZmrSm BuD;vSonf/ ausmif;om;wa,mufukd woufv;kH aumif;pm;oGm;&ef vkyaf y;Ekid o f nf/ þodYk e,fcsUJ vufuikd f
wkwfrsm; udk;uG,faecsdefwGif xkdtxJü udkApdef rygay/
udkApdefu
]tpOftvmtwkdif; oGm;ae&ifawmU Armjynf[m b,fawmUrQ uRefb0u vGwfrSmr[kwfbl;As}
EkdifiHa&;pdwf"mwf jyif;xefaom udkApdefudk *ED´pdef[k olY&Jabmfrsm;u ac:onf/ udkApdefonf *ED´BuD;udk
av;pm;jrwfEkd;í acgif;ay:rS qHyifudk ajymifatmif ½Sif;vkdufonf/ wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;odkY yxrqHk;0ifa&mufcJhaom
wuúov dk af usmif;om; jzpfNyD; aemif wuúov kd af usmif;om; rSwyf w
kH ifpm&if;üvnf; ocifApde[f k ajymif;vJvu
kd o
f nf/
ausmif;ac:csdef udkApdef tvSnfha&mufaomtcg q&mu ocifApdef[k ac:aomtcg ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;u
0kdif;&,fMuonf/ xkdtcg ocifApdefu ]y&JZifq U m} [k rxl;? ArmoH Arm[efjzifh ]a&mufygNyD cifAsm;} [kcyfus,fus,f
atmfxl;vkdufonf/ ocifApdefudk EkdifiHa&;vIyf½Sm;rIjzifh e,fcsJUpHkaxmufrsm;u vlqdk;pm&if;0ifatmif vkyfxm;NyD;
ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmpavmhonf udkApdefudk &efukefwuúokdvfrS ausmif;xkwfvkdufonf/ wuúokdvfwGif EkdifiHa&;
vIyf½Sm;rIjzifh yxrqHk; ausmif;xkwfcH&aom ausmif;om;wOD; jzpfonf/ taygif;toif;rsm;\ Munfh½IapmifrrIjzifh
,k'oefaumvdyfwGif ausmif;jyefwufcGifh&onf/ 1934 ,k'oefaumvdyfwGif pmoifMum;pOf ynmoifMum;zdkYxuf
vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ0if&ef pdwfvTrf;rdk;aeí ausmif;rS xkwfcH&jyefonf/ q&mpHawmfvSefa&;ESifh ywfoufNyD; udkApdef
ESifhtwl udk&m½SpfvJ wuúokdvfü vlodrsm;cJhonf/
(*) 1933-34 wuo trIaqmiftzGYJ

1/ udkodef;armif Ouú|
2/ ukdausmfxGef; twGif;a&;rSL;
3/ udkOD;wkwf 'k-Ouú|
4/ udkvSarmif or*¾r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwm
5/ udkatmifwif pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
6/ Mr. Zorn Swingh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;rSL;
54
7/ udkvSarmif tm;upm;rSL;
8/ udkarmiftkef;
9/ udkcsrf;jr
10/ udkapmpdefuDG wdkYjzpfonf/
xdck Ek pS rf sm;ü wuúov kd f tvdak wmf&d ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;rS wqifh wuúov dk af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ukd
trsKd;om;awmfvSefa&;ESifh uif;uGmatmif vkyfxm;Ekdifayonf/ urm½Gwfe,fajrudk 'kp½dkufe,fajr[k owfrSwfNyD;
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf (Out of Bound) wm;jrpfe,fajr vkyfxm;onf/ odkYaomftajctaeu wm½SnfwnfwHhí
r&ay/ wkYdArmtpnf;t½H;k \ rD;yGm;onf awmrD;BuD;tjzpf ul;ajymif;vmaomtcg rD;'kwu f ikd f ociftzGUJ tpnf;rSwqifh
vlxktzGJUtpnf;odkY ajymif;vJvmonf/ tdEd´,ESifh cGJa&;wJGa&;? bdvyfrsufESmpHknD EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm; arS;rSdefvmNyD;
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? vlxv k YHI aqmfa&;? vlxpk nf;a0;yG?J vlxqk E´jyyGrJ sm; a½SUa&mufvmonf/ wuúov kd yf &0Pfüvnf;
ocifaygufp? axmifajcmufv ausmif;om;

rD;'kwf ausmif;om;
zsi?f yifeD ausmif;om;
-rsm; ay:xGef;vmonf/ udkatmifqef;? udkausmfNidrf;? udkoD[ef? udkxGef;tkef;? udkvSaz? udkodef;az (odef;az

jrifh) wkdY tvdkawmf&drsm; vTrf;rdk;aeaom ausmif;om;or*¾rS acgif;aqmifrsm;udk qefYusifwdkufcdkufMuonf/ udkausmf
Nidrf;ESifh udkodef;azwdkYrSm ref;OypmaumvdyfrS a&mufvmonf/ udkausmfNidrf;? udkodef;azwdkYonf ref;Oypmaumvdyf
üaepOf ref;Oypmaumvdyf ydwyf pf&ef qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd twlvufwq JG efYusicf o
hJ rl sm; jzpfonf/ ¤if;wkYdEiS t
hf wl udck ifarmif
uav; (aemif 0efBuD;)? udkxGef;tHk? udkvSarmif (aemif oHtrwfBuD;) wkdYvnf; yg0ifonf/
(C) 1934-35 wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ ESihf udak usmNf ird ;f ? udEk ?k uko

d ed ;f az
trsKd;om;a&;Ekd;Mum;rIESifh EkdifiHa&;pdwf"mwf½Sdaom ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfonfh udkausmfNidrf;? ukdoD[ef? udkEk?
udktkef;? ukdodef;azwdkYonf 1934-35 wuo trIaqmifa½G;yGJ0ifa&mufí tvdkawmf&dausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ,SOfNydKif
ta½G;cHonf/ udak usmNf idr;f ESihf udo k ed ;f azEdik í
f udak tmifqef;ESihf udo
k [
D ef½;IH oGm;onf/ udak usmNf idr;f rSm 0g'jzefYcsad &;udik f
í or*¾jyefwrf;udk xkwfa0onf/ usefvlrsm;rSm tvkdawmf&drsm;jzpfonf/ ¤if;or*¾jyefwrf;wGif q&mBuD;trnfjzifh
q&mjzpfoifaumvdyf wDwDpD oifwef;om; udkoef;xGef; (aemif ocifoef;xGef;) onf uavmif0ifa&;onf/ udk
ausmfNidr;f ESihf udo
k ef;xGe;f rSm ausmif;om;b0xJu oduRrf;cifrifNyD; aemufyikd ;f wGif udo k ef;xGe;f ESihf udEk ?k udak tmifqef;
wkdY tuRrf;0ifoGm;onf/
wuoxJwGif ukdausmfNidrf;ESifh udkatmifqef;wkdY twdkuftcHvkyfrIaMumifh vnf;aumif;? trIaqmiftzGJUxJ
tjyif ausmif;om;xkMum;üyg vGefpGmpnf;½Hk;a&; ajcoGufí vnf;aumif;? tvdkawmf&drsm;ESifh udkausmfNidrf;wkdY rsm;pGm
wif;rmvmonf/ 'k-Ouú| udkausmfxGef; tvkyf&í ausmif;xGufoGm;aomtcg udkEkrSm 'k-Ouú|tjzpf ta½G;cH&onf/
udkatmifjrifhESifhudkpdk;jrifhwdkYudk (Sir) rxl;í ausmif;xkwfjcif;udpt ö wGuf uefYuGuf&ef udkEku udkausmfNidrf;udk ausmif;
tkyfBuD;ESifh awGU&efvTwfvkdufonf/
(i) 1934-35 wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ

1/ udkzdk;at; Ouú|
2/ udkausmfxGef; (aemif ukdEk) 'k-Ouú|
3/ udkomxif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
4/ udkodef;az (pmMunfhwkdufrSL;? odef;azjrifh)
5/ udkausmfNidrf; (vlxkqufqHa&;ESifh 0g'jzefYcsda&;)
6/ udkeef;EG,f (t,f'Dwm? or*¾r*¾Zif;)
7/ udkboef; (aiGxdef;)
55
8/ udk0if; (tm;upm;rSL;)
9/ udkodrf;armif (pnf;½Hk;a&;)
(p) 1935 ausmif;om; (11) a,muf ausmif;xkwcf &H onfu

h pd ö
1935 'DZifbm ausmif;ydw&f ufrwdik rf D ausmif;om; (11) a,muf pmar;yGu J sí rpöwmpavmh (ausmif;tkyBf uD;)
u ausmif;xkwfvkdufonf/ r[kwfrcH ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfaom udkEk? udkausmfNidrf;? udkodef;az? udkb½Srf;wkdYu
ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmpavmhESifh oGm;a&mufawGUqHkNyD;? ausmif;om;rsm; pmar;yGJus½HkESifh ausmif;xkwfonfrSm rw&m;
aMumif;? ¤if;wkdYrSm tusifhpm&dwå aumif;rGefí ausmif;pnf;urf; ½kdaoaMumif;? ausmif;tkyfBuD;tm; ausmif;om;rsm;
jyefvnf vufc&H ef ½Sif;jyaomfvnf; ausmif;tkyfBuD;u vufrcHay/ wuotaeESifh ta&;,l&ef BudK;pm;aomfvnf;
udak usmNf idr;f ? udEk ?k udo k ed ;f az (3) a,mufom½SNd yD; uset f rsm;pkrmS tvkad wmf&rd sm;jzpfaeí ratmifjrifay/ udak usmNf idr;f rSm
acgif;iHkYrcHbJ &efukefNrdKU½Sd qmOD;oGifESifh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk a½Twd*HkapwD &ifjyifodkY zdwfac:í ausmif;om;
ta&;ESihf wuúov dk q f &mrsm;\ AsL½du k &uf tusiq hf ;dk rsm;udk bk&m;ukw d idk w
f nf opömqkd ½Si;f jyonf/ wuúov dk tf mPm
ydik rf sm; ausmif;om;rsm;vIy½f mS ;rI tpjyKvmonfukd owdjyKrdí raxhrjhJ rifrjyK&JMuawmhbJ &moufyef ausmif;xkwx f m;
aom (11) a,mufudk (1) ESpo f m y,fí aemifEpS rf sm;wGif ausmif;qufwufciG ahf y;onf/ þonfum; 1936 'kw, d ausmif;
om;oydwf oaE¨wnfjcif; jzpfonf/
wuonf aemufydkif;ü e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; ausmif;om;rsm; vTrf;rdk;oGm;onf/ tjyifu awmfvSefa&;
acgif;aqmifrsm;udk wuúodkvfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awGUxd&ef wuúokdvfor*¾ pifjrifhay:odkY zdwfac:onf/ ocifudk,f
awmfridI ;f udk wuúov kd o f r*¾wiG f a[majym&ef zdwMf um;rnf[k udak usmNf idr;f ? udo k ed ;f azwkYd tqkjd yKaomtcg tvdak wmf&d
ausmif;om;rsm;u uefYuGufMuonf/ OD;Owårudk w&m;a[m&ef zdwfMum;&mwGifvJ tvdkawmf&drsm;u twkduftcH
jyKMuonf/
OD;Owåru
]rif;wkhd wuúov dk yf nma&;u bmtoH;k usvv hdk ?J rD;jcpfqw
H acsmif;? qyfjymwcJ vkyEf idk zf hkd twwfynmay;wJ?h
ArmawG udk,fUtm;udk,fudk;jzpfatmif vkyfay;wJU pepfr[kwfbl;} [k a[majymcJhonf/
þokkdYjzifh EkdifiHa&;Edk;Mum;rI r½Sdaom wuúokdvfausmif;ESifh q&mrsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;ukd oD;oefYy&0PfxJ
aexkdifvdkrIrS trsKd;om;awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfvm&ef udkEk? udkausmfNidrf;? ukdodef;azwkdYu BudK;pm;Mu\/
Armpmayudk tok;H jyKí e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsKd;om;vGwv f yfa&;twGuf 0g'jzefYonf/ ArmpmaywGif e,fcsJUqefUusif
a&;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJrsm; xif[yf&ef BudK;yrf;onf/ wuúokdvfy&d0kPftwGif; wuúodkvfr*¾Zif;? *E¦avmu
pmapmifrsm;jzifh usufpm;½HkrubJ jyifypme,fZif;rsm;wGifyg uavmifjzefYcJhMuonf/ '*kefr*¾Zif;u wuúokdvfu@
w&yfzGifhvSpfay;NyD; jyifyavmuESifh tquftoG,f ausmif;om;rsm;\ wHcg;aygufjzpfvmonf/ us,fjyefYaom
vlxky&dowfESifh &ifqkdifawGUMuHKvm&onf/
þkodkYjzifh wuúokdvfynma&;pepfESifh wuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;onf y&d0Pfudkausmfí jynfolvlxkxH
ta&muf csDwufrnf[k tcsufay;c&m rIwfvkdufjcif;jzpfonf/
56
OD;bdk;ul;
(1931-32)
or*¾Ouú| OD;xGe;f pdef oufwrf;rukerf D Ekwx

f u
G o
f mG ;ojzif?h Ouú|ae&mtwGuf Mum;jzwf a½G;aumufyJG usi;f y
ay;&onf/ Mum;jzwfa½G;aumufyGJwGif OD;bdk;ul;onf ta½G;cHcJh&jcif; jzpf\/
vufyHwef;NrKdU? ewfpifukef;½GmwGif zGm;jrifí ewfpifukef;½Gm bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;? vufyHwef;NrKdU tpdk;&

txufwef;ausmif;? vufyw H ef;NrKdU trsK;d om;ausmif;? oH;k cGNrKdU rufo'pfausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoifMum;cJo h nf/
(10) wef; pmar;yGu
J kd 1927 ckEpS w
f iG f &efuek Nf rKUd ul½iS af usmif;rS ocFsm*kPx
f ;l ESihf atmifjrifco
hJ nf/ wuúov
kd wf iG f
qufvufynmoifMum;&m? Oypmtxufwef;udk wkduf½dkufwufa&muf oifMum;cGifh &½Sdoljzpf\/
1931 ckEpS w
f iG f v,form;olyek af cgif;aqmifBuD; q&mpHtm; NAdwo
d Qtpd;k &u ao'PftrdeYfay;cJ&h m? wuorS
ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;ac:NyD; uefYuu G cf o
hJ nf/ tpnf;ta0;wGif NAdwod Qtpd;k &tm; jypfwif½w
I cf sNyD;? acgif;
aqmifBuD;q&mpHtm; (2) rdepf rwfwwf&yf tav;jyKcJMh uavonf/
tdE,
´d ESihf jrefrm cGaJ &;-wGaJ &;ESihf yufoufí wuorS Ekid if aH &;acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;udk zdwaf c:um pum;&nfvyk JG
usi;f yay;cJ\ h / cGaJ &;bufrS OD;bab? OD;bpD? OD;xGe;f 0if;wdYku ajymí? wGaJ &;bufrS a'gufwmbarmf? a'gufwm
b[ef? OD;ay:xGe;f wdYk u ajymqdk acsyMuavonf/
or*¾Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½GufaepOf OD;bdk;ul;tm; ausmif;xm;vQif aiGaMu;ukefus½Hkomjzpfí ausmif;rS

Ekwo
f ifah Mumif;jzifh wuúov
kd af usmif;tkyBf uD;u OD;bd;k ul;zcifxH pma&;Ncdr;f ajcmufjcif; cHc&hJ \/
OD;bd;k ul;onf wuúov

kd rf x
S u
G Nf yD; wdYkArmtpnf;t½H;k wGif yg0ifaqmif½u
G cf o
hJ nf/ ,ck ppfbufuek pf nf jzefYcsd
a&;Xme trSwf (3) wGif refae*smtjzpf aqmif½Gufvsuf½Sdonf/
rSwfcsuf - 1952 ckESpfxkwf? tkd;a0r*¾Zif; 'órwGJ? trSwf (5) wGif? OD;bkd;ul; Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½GufpOf
t,HktMunfr½Sd tqkdwifoGif;í? OD;xGef;pdef Ouú|tjzpf qufvufaqmif½Gufonf[k azmfjy
xm;jcif;rSm? rSm;,Gi;f vsu½f o dS nf/ 1931-32 ck Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½u G cf o
hJ l um,uH½iS rf sm;ESiw
hf uG
twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfcJhol ocifApdefwdkYtm; awGUqHkar;jref;&m? OD;xGef;pdef EkwfxGufNyD;? OD;bdk;ul;tm;
Ouú|tjzpf ,SOfNydKifolr½Sd a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;om jzpfaMumif;? t,HktMunfr½Sd tqdk
wifoiG ;f jcif; r½Sad Mumif; ajymjyMuygonf/
57
OD;pHazmfatmif M. A., B. L.
(1932-33)
&ckdifjynf? ppfawGNrKdUZmwdjzpfí rdbESpfyg;rSm OD;csefxGef;atmifESifh a':vSjrOD;jzpfonf/ 1924 ckESpfwGif

q,fwef;pmar;yGJatmifjrifí? wuúodkvfwGif ynmqufvufqnf;yl;cJhonf/ wuo pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;
aumfrwD tzGUJ 0ifwOD;jzpfí 1932-33 ckwiG f wuoOuú|tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufc&H jcif; jzpf\/
Ekid if aH &;todynm&ap&efEiS hf ausmif;om;rsm; pdw"f gwfwuf<uvmap&ef Ekid if aH &;acgif;aqmifrsm; a[majymyG?J

pum;&nfvyk rJG sm; usif;ycJ\h /
OD;pHazmfatmifonf pwDb&m;om; 0ifukefxGufukefXme tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; (refae*sm) tjzpf ,ck aqmif½Guf

vsuf ½Sdayonf/
OD;odef;armif B. A., B.L

(1933-34)
atmufcsi;f wGi;f c½dik f rH½k mG NrKUd wGif zGm;jrifonf/ 1929 ckEpS o

f nf wuúov kd yf nm pwif qnf;yl;cJah om ESpjf zpf\/
OD;ode;f armifonf &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ pnf;rsO;f a&;qGaJ &; aumfrwD0if wOD;jzpfonf/ wuo
pnf;rsOf;udk twnfjyKaom ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;wGif obmywdjzpf\/ 1932-33 ckwGif wuo
trIaqmiftjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;cH&í tdrfwGif;upm;ckefpm;Xme wm0efcHtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif
cJo
h nf/ 1933-34 ckwiG f wuoOuú| jzpfonf/ wuúov kd o
f r*¾ taqmuftOD aqmufvyk &f ef a'gufwmOD;ndK
vSL'gef;aomaiG ESpo f ed ;f rS usefaiG 3 aomif;udk ausmif;tkyBf uD; 'Da*spavmhpu f a&ul;uefvyk &f ef pDpOfjcif;udk
uefYuu G cf o
hJ nf/ wuúov kd of r*¾pmMunfch ef;twGuf pmtkyrf sm;0,f&ef wifjyawmif;qdck o hJ nf/
(wzufpmrsufEmS odUk - rSwcf suf)
58
OD;zdk;at;
B. Sc., (Hons/ Rgn.), B. L., (Rgn.), Ph D., (Lond.)
D. I. C., F. R. Met. Soe. (Lond.)
(1934-35)
om,m0wDc½dik f oH;k q,fNrKUd wGif arG;zGm;onf/ yef;waemfNrKUd Ak'b¨ momausmif;rS owÅrwef;pmar;yGJ atmifjrifí
om,m0wDNrKdU atbDtrfausmif;rS (10) wef; atmifjrifcJhonf/ wuúodkvfynm qufvufqnf;yl;í 1931
ckEpS w
f iG f 0dZmÆ odypÜH mar;yGJ ½lyaA'*kPx
f ;l jzifh atmifjrifavonf/
1933-34 ckwiG f Oya'wef; ynmoifMum;vsu½f pdS Of wuotrIaqmiftjzpf a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufjcif;cH&í

1934-35 ckwiG f wuoOuú| jzpfvmonf/
1937 ckEpS w f iG f rk;d av0o ynmawmfoiftjzpf a½G;cs,jf cif;cH&NyD;? vef'ef,el AD mpDwüD ynmoifMum; &onf/
rk;d av0oynm&yfwiG f yg&*lbUJG &½Scd ohJ nf/ oD&yd scH sD a'gufwmzd;k at;onf ,ckr;kd av0oXme ñTeMf um;a&;0ef
tjzpf Ekid if aH wmfwm0efukd xrf;aqmifvsuf½o dS nf/
(OD;ode;f armifr)S
rSwcf su-f xdkaiGrsm;udk 1934-35 ck wuotrIaqmifwOD;jzpfol OD;odef;azjrifhu wuúodkvf"r®m½Hk
aqmuf&mwGif oHk;pGJ&ef tqdkwifoGif;zl;onf[k 1955 ckESpfxkwf aiG&wkobifpmapmif
wGif OD;ode;f azjrifh azmfjyzl;onf/ ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsad &;twGuf [Hom0wDurk P Ü D
ESihf awGUqHak qG;aEG;ajz½Si;f cJ\
h / OD;ode;f armifonf pwD;b&m;om;ukrP
Ü v
D rD w
d ufwiG f xif½mS ;
aom tkycf sKyfa&;rSL;wa,muftjzpf vkyaf qmifvsuf½o dS nf/
59
tcef; (6)
udv
e,fcsUJ qefu
(1935 rS 1936)
(u) udo
k ed ;f az?q&mBu;D ocifu,
kd af wmfriId ;f ESihf wdAYk rmtpnf;t½H;k
1296 ckESpf? waygif;vqkwf (12) &uf? 1935 ck? rwfv (30) &uf
aeYvnf (2) em&Dü a&eHacsmif;NrdKUv,f wefaqmif;BuD;ü usi;f yaom wdYk Armtpnf;
t½H;k uGezf &ifo
h Ykd wuúov
kd af usmif;om; udo
k ed ;f azonf &efuek Nf rdKUrS rpöwmarmifriId ;f
trnfcH rsKd;cspfpma&;q&mBuD; ygarmu©O;D vGe;f tm; yifah qmifvmNyD; ¤if;uGezf &ifüh
ociftrnfcHum wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;0if wOD;tjzpf aMunmvdkufonf/
xdktcsdefrSpí q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;\ tm;ay;rI? vli,frsm;ESifh
udk,fwdkif tyifyef; tqif;&JcHum yg0ifvkyfaqmifrIaMumifh wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;rSm
w[kefxdk; wdk;wufvmNyD; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI t½Sdeft[kef jrifhwufvmonf/
Source: File Photo
(c) 1935-36 wuúov

kd af usmif;om;rsm;tajctae q&mBu;D ocifu,
kd af wmfriId ;f
wuúov kd t f mPmydik rf sm;\ zdEydS rf u
I kd ckc&H ef pl;prf;½SmazG&if; Edik if aH &;abm*aA'tygt0if rmhupf pf mayrsm;udk
wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; awGU½Sdzwf½Ivmjcif;ESifh wuúodkvfe,fajrtwGif; Armjynfpmtkyftoif;? e*g;eDpmtkyf
toif;wdkYrSwqifh awmfvSefa&;pmayrsm; ydkrdk0ifa&mufvmonf/ wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;BuD;tcsKdUonf wdkYArm
tpnf;t½Hk;ESifh ydkrdk&if;ESD;vmonf/
1935-36 ckESpfwGif udkatmifqef;? udkodef;az? udkwifarmifwdkY ocifjzpfvmNyD; 1935-36 wuo
a½G;aumufyüJG udEk k Ouú|tjzpf ta½G;cH&aomtcg ausmif;om;rsm; wdYk Armtpnf;t½H;k ESihf ydrk q kd ufo, G rf rI sm; ½Sv
d mum
ocifrsm;ESihf yd&k if;ES;D vmonf/ NAdwo d Qe,fcsUJ qefYusiaf &;? vGwv f yfa&;BudK;yrf;rI pdw"f mwfrsm;? awmfveS af &; pdw"f mwf
rsm; ydkrdkjrifhrm;vmonf/
60
(*) udEk ?k udak tmifqef;? udak usmNf ird ;f ? udt

k ek ;f ESihf wuo (1935)
Oya'ausmif;om;a[mif; udkEkonf oHk;cG? yef;waemfwGif trsKd;om;ausmif;q&m oGm;vkyf&mrS Oya'wef;
jyefwufcsdefwGif oxHkaqmif usLwm ukdtkef;onf udkausmfNidrf;? udkodef;az? udkatmifqef;wdkY oHk;a,mufudk udkEkESifh
rdwfqufay;NyD; ¤if;tcef;xJwGif EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfMuonf/ udkausmfNidrf;rSm pum;awmfawmf ajymí
t½Tef;tazmufvnf; ygonf/ udkodef;azuvnf; pum;awmfawmf ajymonf/ udkatmifqef;u pum;enf;NyD; olwdkY
oHk;a,mufvHk; ÓPfxufjrufMuonf[k udkEku oHk;oyfrdonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;½Hk;cef;ESifh wudkufavmuftuGm
nbufrsm;wGif ¤if;wdkY ig;OD; rMumcPawGUqHkNyD; EdkifiHa&;tpnf;ta0;rsm; jyKvkyfMuonf/
atmufwb kd m ausmif;ydwcf geD;wGif or*¾ 'k-Ouú| udak usmfxeG ;f ausmif;xGuo f mG ;í Mum;jzwfa½G;aumufyJG
jyKvkyfonf/ ig;OD;tzGJU\ wdkufwGef;csuft& udkEk 'k-Ouú|ae&m 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif&m ,SOfNydKifolr½SdbJ
ta½G;cH&avonf/ 'DZifbm ausmif;ydwcf geD;wGif ausmif;tkyBf uD;vufrw S Ef iS hf ta&;BuD;EdYk wpfwapmif xGuv f monf/
¤if;wGif ,leAD mpDwD aumvdyw f iG f tprf;pmar;yGrJ sm; usif;yrnf/ xkpd mar;yGaJ tmifro S m pmar;yGBJ uD; ajzqdck iG ahf y;rnf[k
yg½Sdonf/ xdkEdkYwpfpm xGufvmaomtcg ausmif;om;rsm; tHk<uvmNyD; or*¾tpnf;ta0;wck ac:ay;&ef awmif;qdk
vmMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpnf;ta0;udk or*¾cef;rwGifjyKvkyfcJhNyD; ausmif;om;rsm;u tprf;pmar;yGJonf
e,fcsJUrsm;\ zdEydS rf t
I & jyKvkyaf Mumif;udk xyfcgwvJvJ ajymqdak qG;aEG;vmMuonf/ xkpd mar;yGu J kd oydwaf rSmuf&rnf
qdak om aqG;aEG;csurf sm; jyif;xefvmonf/ ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u oydwrf arSmufcif ausmif;tkyBf uD;rsm;ESihf oGm;a&muf
aqG;aEG;oifhonf[k tMuHay;í wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú| udkzdk;at;ESifh trIaqmifESpfOD;udk Ouú|u
a½G;cs,fNyD; ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifh aqG;aEG;&efESifh 'DZifbmausmif;rydwfrD xdkudpöESifh ywfoufNyD; ausmif;om;xktpnf;
ta0;wGif tpD&ifc&H ef awmif;qdck o hJ nf/ odYk aomf Ouú|ESihf trIaqmif ESpOf ;D onf ¤if;wdYk \ uwdtwdik ;f raqmif½u G b
f J
wm0efudk a½Smifwdrf;aeí 'k-Ouú| udkEkonf udkausmfNidrf;tm; tprf;pmar;yGJudpötwGuf ausmif;tkyfBuD;
rpöwmpavmhESifh oGm;a&muf aqG;aEG;&ef vTwfvdkufonf/
udkausmfNidrf; jyefa&mufvmaomtcg ]yk*¾dKvfwOD;wa,mufyJjzpfjzpf? tzGJYtpnf;wckyJjzpfjzpf ighudkvm
Ncdrf;ajcmufwm igraMumufbl;/ tprf;pmar;yGJudk igaMunmxm;wJUtwdkif; vkyfr,f} pm;yGJukd vufoD;eJYxkNyD;
ajymonf[k jyefajymonf/ xdktcg udkEkESifh (5) OD;tzGJUonf ¤if;wdkYtjyif usef (4-5) a,mufudk zdwfNyD;
]Ouú|eJh trIaqmif(2) OD;uawmY acgif;a½SmifoGm;NyD? 'DvlawGudk tm;udk;vdkhrjzpfbl;? usaemfudk,fwdkif
acgif;aqmifNyD; wdkufr,f} vdYk udEk u k ajymonf/ xdYk aemuf udEk o k nf ¤if;tpDtpOfukd wifjyí tm;vH;k oabmwlaom
tcg arm&d,ESifh jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmwdkuf (2) wdkufrS udktkef;\ rdwfaqG arm&d,rSt,f'DwmESifh udkEk\rdwfaqG
jrefrmhtvif;rS t,f'DwmwdkYudk tultnDawmif;NyD; ausmif;om;rsm;wdkufyGJ atmifjrif&eftwGuf ausmif;tkyfBuD;u
]jrefrmEdkifiHrSm½SdwJU b,fEdkifiHa&;orm;eJh b,fEdkifiHa&;tzGJYrS raMumufbl;} [k owif;udk ukdEkonf pum;vHk;
jyifí owif;pmxJwGif xnfhvdkufonf/ aemufwaeYwGif ausmif;tkyfBuD;onf
]ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGeJh or*¾udk &nf½G,fNyD;ajymwmyg} vdYk ajz½Si;f csufyYkd aomfvnf; owif;pmrsm;u
rxnfhay;acs/
yxrtqihNf yD;aemuf udEk o k nf jrpf0uRef;ay: yef;waemf? 0g;c,frNrdKUrsm;odYk vnf;aumif;? udo k ed ;f azonf
txufArmjynf rHk½Gm? bkwvifNrdKUrsm;odkY c&D;xGufí ¤if;NrdKUrsm;½Sd todrdwfaqGrsm;\ tultnD&,lum NrdKUtpnf;
ta0; ac:,lí EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;toif;awGudk apmfum;aom ausmif;tkyfBuD;tm; EkwfxGufí ArmjynfrS
tjrefqHk; xGufoGm;ap&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf csMuonf/ &efukefwGif½Sdaom udkatmifqef;ESifh udkausmfNidrf;u ¤if;owif;udk
owif;pmrsm;wGif xnfhay;vdkufonf/ owif;pm (2) apmifu MuufyGJavmuf½Sdaom tpnf;ta0;yGJrsKd; r[kwfbJ
NrdKUvHk;uRwf tpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsuf[k xifvmap&ef udktkef;? udkausmfNidrf;? udkatmifqef;wdkYu rGrf;rHjyifqifMu
onf/ udkEkESifh udkodef;az &efukefodkY jyefa&mufaomtcg NrdKUvHk;uRwftpnf;ta0;udk a½Twd*HkapwDawmf &m[ka'gifh
wefaqmif;ü xyfrHac:,lonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmpavmh wkefvIyfNyD; ¤if;tpnf;ta0;ü 0wfvHkOD;pkd;ñGefYESifh
q&mOD;wifudk apvTwfí ajz½Sif;&ef BudK;pm;aomfvnf; vlxkBuD;u ausmif;tkyfBuD;pavmh tjrefxGufoGm;qdkaom
qHk;jzwfcsuf csvdkufonf/
vlxktpnf;ta0;usif;yNyD; aemufwaeY owif;pmxJüygvmonf/ xdktcg ,leDAmpDwDtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU
ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0; usif;yNyD; tprf;pmar;yGJudk ½kyfodrf;&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcsvdkufonf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;ü udkEkESifh
udkausmfNidrf;tm; ausmif;xkwfypf&ef ausmif;tkyfBuD;u awmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; 0wfvHkawmf& OD;odrf;armifu xdk
61
(2) OD;tm; ausmif;xkwvf Qif ausmif;ü qlyrl rI sm; xyfrjH zpfay:vmrnf[k qdNk yD; ausmif;tkyBf uD; tqdu
k kd uefYuu
G o
f nf/
Mum;jzefajzonfhtaeESifh t"dywd a'gufwmqufonf udkEkESifh udkausmfNidrf;udk qlylvHIYaqmfrI rvkyfygbl;[k 0efcHcsuf
vufrSwfa&;xdk;ckdif;&m udkEkESifh udkausmfNidrf;wdkYu rxdk;ay;ay/
(C) 1935-36 wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ ESihf xdik g;OD;

1935-36 wuotrIaqmifa½G;yGJ udkEkESifh xdk (5) OD;wdkY\ pnf;½Hk;rI? EdkifiHa&;vIyf½Sm;rI toGifoP²mefrsm;
jzpfay:vmí wuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrS vdkvm;aom tvdkawmf&drsm; ½HI;edrfhoGm;NyD; ocifaygufp axmif (6) v
olykefav;rsm; tEdkif&½Sd oGm;onf/
1935-36 wuo trIaqmiftzGJY
1/ udkEk Ouú| (OD;pD;acgif;aqmif[kac:onf) (aemif 0efBuD;csKyf)
2/ udk&m½Spf 'k-Ouú| (aemif 0efBuD;)
3/ udkoD[ef twGif;a&;rSL; (aemif 0efBuD;)
4/ udkatmifqef; tdk;a0pmwnf; t,f'Dwm (aemif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;)
5/ udktkef; aiGxdef; (aemif oHtrwf)
6/ ukdxGef;tkH pmMunfhwdkufrSL; (aemif &effukefjrLeDpDy,frif;BuD;)
7/ udkomvS EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;rSL; (aemif &efukefwuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;)
8/ udkbquf tm;upm;rSL; (aemif EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xme)
9/ udkxGef;wif aygif;oif;qufqHa&;rSL; (aemif vQyfppftkyftzGJUOuú|)
udkEkrSm ,SOfNydKifolr½SdbJ ta½G;cH&avonf/
or*¾pnf;rsOf;udk aocsmpGm rzwfaom udEk o k nf trIaqmifrsm;ESihf jyóem
wufavonf/ wuo oif;vHk;uRwftpnf;ta0; usif;ycsdefü Ouú|rSm usrf;
opöm usdefqdk&onf/ Ouú| 0ifvmaomtcg tm;vHk;u rwfwyf&yfNyD; t½dktao
jyKavonf/ xdktcg udkEkonf acgif;aygif;udk qGJcRwfí pm;yGJay:ypfwifvdkufNyD;
]aemifusaemf tcef;xJ0ifvm&if b,folrSrx&bl;} vdkY ajymvdkufonf/ ¤if;
oif;vHk;uRwf tpnf;ta0;NyD;aemuf trIaqmiftpnf;ta0;csufjcif; ac:,lNyD;
trIaqmifrsm;u ]Ouú|vdkh aMunmvdkuf&if ausmif;om;tm;vHk; rwfwyf&yf&
w,f/ Ouú|xdkifNyD;rS xdkif&w,f/ tJ'g or*¾pnf;rsOf;rSm ygw,f/ udkEkudk
t½dktaoay;wm r[kwfbl;/ Ouú|udk tm;vHk;u t½dktaoay;wm} vdkY ajym
Source: Internet
awmhrS udkEk oabmaygufoGm;onf/

1935-36 wGif udkEkwdkYtkyfpk wuowGif a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcH&aom
Ouú| udkEk
tcsdefwGif EdkifiHa&;vIyf½Sm;rIudk taqmifrsm;wGif ysHUESHYatmif vkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/
xdkESpf or*¾ESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;wGif tpOftvmt& udkEk\ nmzufwGif a'gufwmbarmf? a'gufwmb[ef?
b,fbufwGif OD;babESifh *VKefOD;apm xdkifonf/ xdkaeYu or*¾tpnf;ta0;wGif Ouú| udkEku trsKd;om;a&;
awmif;qdkcsufrsm; aqmif½GufoGm;rnf[k ajymMum;oGm;onf/ atmufpzdkY,leD,H Ouú|rsm;onf aemifwcsdefwGif
0efBuD;csKyfrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/ xdkESpfxJü udkEkwdkY (5) OD;tkyfpkrSm EdkifiHa&;vIyf½Sm; &efom pdwfyg0ifpm;cJhMuonf/
or*¾toif;om;rsm;ESifh or*¾tcGifhta&; ydk&&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ pmMunfhwdkufvnf; wnfaqmufcJhonf/
yef;waemfausmif;om;wOD; e,fjyef&ef ausmif;tkyfBuD;qD cGifhpmoGm;wifaomtcg ausmif;tkyfBuD;u
pmxJwGif ausmif;om; tpfr vufrSwfxdk;xm;NyD; taz? tar vufrSwfrxdk;xm;í cGifhrjyKEdkif[k ajymonf/ xdktcg
udkEkonf ausmif;tkyfBuD;xH oGm;awGU&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/
]atmufpzdkheJh udef;b&pfwuúodkvfrSm ausmif;om;awG&JY pmudk q&mu awmif;MunfU0HUwm r[kwfbl;/ 'g
igwdkh Armjynf vmapmfum;wmyJ} [k awG;NyD;
]usaemf tdrfjyefcsifw,f? cGifUay;yg/}
xdktcg ausmif;tkyfBuD;u ]bmudpöjyefcsifwmvJ}
udkEku ]tdrfu pm&w,f}
62
ausmif;tkyfBuD;u ]at; aumif;NyD? jyefEdkifw,f} vdkYajymvdkuf&m udkEkonf ausmif;tkyfBuD;tm; ai;aMumif

Munfhaerdonf/
aemuf jyóemwck xyfjzpfvmonf/ ppfudkif;aqmif taqmifrSL;onf nbufwGif {nfhonfrsm;jzifh
w&ufjcm;? ESpf&ufjcm; atmf[pfaomif;usef;aeonf/ xdktcg ppfudkif;aqmifrS ausmif;om; udkausmfjrifhonf nbuf
ausmif;om;rsm; pmMunfhaeí qlqlnHnHrvkyf&ef oGm;awmif;yefaomtcg taqmifrSL;u udkausmfjrifhudk atmfvTwf
vdu
k o
f nf/ xdak emuf waeYn taqmifrLS ;udk tHwo k nfth aeESihf oHy;kH rsm; wtm;wD;Muavonf/ xdt k cg taqmifrLS ;
vmMunfhNyD; ausmif;tkyfBuD;udk wdkifvdkufonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;u udkausmfjrifhudk wESpf ausmif;xkwfvdkufonf/
Ouú| udkEk odoGm;aomtcg NrdKUxJrS 0wfvHkwOD;udk ac:NyD; udkausmfjrihfudk ½Hk;awmfrSwqifh ausmif;tkyfBuD;xHodkY
wESpfausmif;xkwfcH&í avsmfaMu;ay;&ef epfemaMu;awmif; EdkYwpfpm wifNyD; ½Hk;awmfodkY avQmufxm;avonf/
ausmif;tkyfBuD; EdkYwpfpm&NyD; aemufwaeYwGif csufjcif; udkausmfjrihfudk ausmif;jyefwufcGifh ay;vdkufonf/
(i) udak tmifqef;\ ausmif;om;b0

udak tmifqef;onf t½dik ;f cGpm ausmif;om;wOD;jzpfonf/ odYk aomf "There
is method in his madness." qdkovdk olYt½dkif;b0onf &nf½G,fcsufESifhjzpf
onf/ a&eHacsmif;trsKd;om;ausmif;wGif ausmif;om;or*¾trIaqmif jzpfcJhonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;tcsif;csif; nDñGwfrI½Sdap&ef trsKd;om;ausmif;0wfpHkudk ol\trI
aqmifrsm;ESihf wdik yf ifum wDxiG cf ohJ nf/ olwx
D iG cf ahJ om trsK;d om;ausmif;0wfprkH mS
a½Tawmify;kd vHjk cnfEiS hf yifet
D usÐteDjzpfonf/ olonf pum;tajymtqdk EIwef nf;
rI? t0wftpm;taetxdik f cGusraI Mumifh ausmif;om;rsm; aemufajymifjcif; cH&aomf
vnf; *½krpdkufay/ t0wftpm;udk jzpfuwwfqef; 0wfavh½Sdonf/ tajymtqdk
Source: Bogoke's Works (Mya Han)
rSm wdusjywfom;onf/ ar;cGef;ajz&mwGif tydktvdkr½Sd/ taMumif;&if; wdkwdkESifh

xdxdrdrdajzwwfonf/ avmuGwfvkyfjcif;udkvnf; rkef;oljzpfonf/ 1931 ckESpf?
t|rwef;wGif ynmoifMum;pOf arv (18) &uf aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufü zcif
OD;zm rusef;rmíuG,fvGefcJhonf/ udkatmifqef;ESihf olYtpfudkudkb0if;wdkY ewf
udak tmifqef;
armufwGif zcifoN*ØK[fNyD;rS a&eHacsmif;odkY jyefckdif;í ausmif;wuf aemufusonf/
ausmif;odkY a&mufaomtcg q&mwa,mufu ]rif;wdkh bmvdkhaemufuswmvJ}
udkatmifqef;u ]tazrrmvdkh}
q&mu ]tck rmoGm;NyDvm;}
udkatmifqef;u ]qHk;NyD} [k wHk;wdwdjyefajzcJhonf/
a&eHacsmif;wGif usif;yaom pum;&nfvkyGJwGifvnf; 0ifa&mufajymavh½Sdonf/
]awmrSmaexdkifjcif;onf NrdKYrSmaexdkifjcif;xuf omvGefaumif;rGefonf} [laomtqdkudk tajctwif
jyKvkyf&m udkatmifqef;onf tqdkbufrS 0ifa&muf ajymqdkcJhonf/ rD;&xm;pwif wDxGifol? oabFmpwif wDxGifol
*sdrf;pf0yf? EdkifiHacgif;aqmif a'gufwmrm'if? tDA&m[ifvifuGef;wdkYonf awmom;rsm;jzpfaMumif; ajymqdkcJhonf/
trsKd;om;ausmif;wGif pmapmifxkwfa0&müvnf; t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif½GufcJhonf/
(p) or*¾ (wuo) r*¾Zif; ESpaf pmif

xdktcsdefwGif &efukefwuúodkvfü r*¾Zif;ESpfapmif½SdcJhonf/ aumvdyfr*¾Zif;ESifh wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;
or*¾r*¾Zif;wdkY jzpfonf/ aumvdyfr*¾Zif;rsm; aiGtm;ydkaumif;NyD; wausmif;vHk;ESifh qdkifovdk jzpfaeum apmifa&
(3000) xkwfa0onf/ t,f'Dwmudk ausmif;tkyfBuD;rpöwmpavmhu a½G;cefYNyD; tvdkawmf&dr*¾Zif;jzpfonf/
wuor*¾Zif;rSm toif;0if½o dS avmufom xkwaf 0NyD; or*¾tzGUJ xJoYkd wausmif;vH;k 0ifavhr½Sad y/ t,f'D
wmudk or*¾trIaqmiftzGJUu cefYtyfonf/ or*¾qdkonfrSm vlqdk;awG? cGpmawG pk½Hk;&mt&yfjzpfonf/ tvdkawmf&d
rsm;u owfrSwfonf/ xdkYaMumifh twdkuftcHtmabmf[k qdkEdkifonf/ ,cifESpfrsm;udk tw¬KyÜwdårsm;udkom wuo
r*¾Zif;wGif OD;pm;ay;xnfhaomfvnf; udkatmifqef; (t,f'Dwm) ESifh udkndKjr (twGif;a&;rSL;) jzpfvmaomtcg
63
wuúokdvfe,fajrrS av;pm;xdkufaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;qdkonfh acgif;pOfjzifh-

(1) jruf&dwfonfh rmvDukvm;BuD;yHk?
(2) or*¾'&0rf OD;odef;yHkawG or*¾pmapmifrSm OD;xdyfxm;xnfhcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh or*¾r*¾Zif;onf
tpdk;&tmrcHaiG awmif;onfh twdkuftcHpme,fZif;pm&if;wGif tjrJyg0ifonf/
(q) udak tmifqef;? udn

k Kd jrESihf td;k a0r*¾Zif;
udkatmifqef; (t,f'Dwm) u ]&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾r*¾Zif;} qdkwm tvGef½SnfwJh emrnfyJ/
emrnftopfay;&ef ausmif;om;rsm;udk zdwaf c:vku d of nf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u emrnftrsKd;rsKd; 0dik ;f NyD;ay;Muaomfvnf;
udak tmifqef; rBudKufay/ aemufq;kH udn k Kd jru ]tdk;a0} [k emrnfay;vdu k af omtcg udak tmifqef; vufcv H u
kd o
f nf/
tdk;a0[laomtrnfESihf ywfoufí udkndKjr½Sif;jyonfrSm-
]]'DrSm udkatmifqef;? rEÅav;rSm usaemfausmif;aewkef;u a'gif;,mOfysHqdkwJh Zmwfrif;orD;wa,mufudk
oabmuszl;w,f? olu usaemfwYkd eYJ ½G,w f al vmufy?J avbmwDrjr&ifvkd trBuD;t½G,rf [kwb f ;l ? tJ'D a'gif;,mOfysH
u oDcsif;qdkwJhtcgrSm
]tdk;a0} ]tdk;a0}
tJ'D tdk;a0udkyJ ckESpfoHajymif;vJNyD; em;axmifvdkY rNiD;bl;? aemiftcgrSm usaemf pme,fZif;avmua&muf&if
tdk;a0qkdwJhemrnfeJY r*¾Zif;xkwfzdkY pdwful;xm;w,f}}
]Armjynfonf Oa'gif;EdkifiH
td;k a0onf Oa'gif;toH}
tJ'DtcsdefupNyD; or*¾r*¾Zif;udk ]tdk;a0r*¾Zif;} [k trnfajymif;vdkufavonf/
(Z) tk;d a0r*¾Zif;yg udak tmifqef;\ t,f'w

D mhtmabmf
]udak tmifqef;\ tEdik rf cHpw

d "f mwf}
ightm; zHk;vTrf;xm;aom vuG,foef;acgif,H ,if;arSmifrdkuf twGif;rSaeí tEdkifrcH?
t½HI;ray;vdkaom ig\pdwfudk zefqif;ay;ol ewf? odMum; wdkhtm; igonf aus;Zl;pum;
qdyk g\/
avmu"Hw&m;\ vufckyfwGif;odkh b,fvdkyif usa&mufapumrl igum; rwkefvIyf?

ridka<u;? uHw&m;\ ½dkufykwfjcif; 'PfcsufaMumifU ig\ OD;acgif;onf aoG;oHwdkhjzifU
&J&JeDae\/ odkhaomf ñTwfum; rñTwf/
avmb? a'gowdkh\ BuD;pdk;&mXme\ tjcm;rJUüum; aojcif;w&m;onf aMumufrufzG,f&m

iHUvifUae\/ odkhyifrl ightm; rwkefrvIyfonfudkom awGY&tHU/ aemifudkvnf; b,fawmUrS
raMumufonfudk awGY&aytHU/
ok*wdoGm;&m wHcg;0onf rnfrQyif usOf;ajrmif;onf jzpfap? ,rrif;\ acG;a&y&ydkufü

ig\tjypfwdkhudk rnfrQyif a&;rSwfxm;onfjzpfap? igum; *½krjyK/
igomvQif ighuH\ t½Sifocifjzpfí igomvQif ighpdwf\ tBuD;tuJjzpfawmU\/
(jynfaxmifpkAdokum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;- wuúodkvfae0if;? pm- 97? 1997^y)
64
(ps) 1936 td;k a0r*¾Zif;yg udak tmifqef;\ ausmif;om;avmu oH;k oyfcsuaf qmif;yg;
uRefynmESifh ocifynm
vlBuD;ESifU vli,f upm; ,ckvuf½Sd wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;rSm emrnf[D;
wdkif;jynfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;wGif vlBuD;? vli,f[lí oavmuf toHr½Sdjzpfaeonfudk awGU&onf/ uREfkyfwdkY
tvkyform; ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;½Sdonf/ vlBuD;wdkYtzdkYrSm aumif; wuúodkvfausmif;om;wdkYonf ,ck&½Sdaeaom uRefynmudk
rGefaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk ñTefjyEdkifonfh pGrf;&nfowåd½Sdap t[k w f B uD ; rS w f x if a eMuí exif a oG ; a&muf N yD ; vQif
&rnf/ vli,fwdkYrSmum; xdkokdYñTefjyonfhvrf;udk wef;wef; ArmwdkYjyKorQ ½HIUcsuJh&JYvdkaompdwf? vGwfvyfaom ocif
ajzmifhajzmifh aMumuf½GHUjcif;uif;odvsuf vdkuf&J&ayrnf/ tvkyfudk *kPfedrfhonfxifaom pdwfwdkYudkarG;jrLxm;ojzifh
,ckArmjynfwGifum; vlBuD;rsm;rSmvnf; pGrf;&nfowdå txufra&muf? atmufrusorm;rsm; jzpfaeMuavonf/
r½Sd? Avmcsnf;jzpfaeonfudk awGU&onf/ vli,fwdkYtm; uREkfyfwdkY wuúodkvfausmif;om;wdkYonf [D&dMowåyÜ
aumif;rGefaom erlemjy&rnfjzpfaom vlBuD;rsm;pGmwdkYonf w&m;uif;rJhvsuf ¤if;w&m;udkyif em;rvnfEdkif ½Sdaeay
uvyfwufjcif;? zJ½dkufjcif;? trsKd;rsKd; uvdrfaphjirf;qif ao;onf/ raMumuf&rnfhae&mwGif aMumufí? r½Suf&rnfh
onfh trIrsKd;om awGU&onf/ odkYjzpf&um; tu,fí aqmif ae&mwGif ½Sufaeonfudk awGU&ayonf/ EdkifiHjcm;om;wdkY
½Gufcsifaom vli,frsm;rSm ñTefjyrnfh tvif;a&mifuif;rJh jrifvQif 'l;wkefcsifonfhpdwf raysmufao;? abmvHk;yGJwGif
vsuf trdkufarSmifxJwGif ajcprf;vufprf;jzifhom tcsdefukef qJcsif? qdkcsif? aomif;usef;csifonfh pdwf"mwfrSmvnf;
&avonf/ txl; ½Sufp&m aumif;avonf/ vGwfvyfaomtvkyfudk
tcsKdUolwdkYu vlBuD;rsm;udk qJ rcifrif? vGwfvyfaomb0udk wefzdk;rod? xdkYaMumifh vGwf
vrf;ñTefrnfU onf [k vli,fwdkYtm; tjypfwif vyfaomb0udk rawmifhw? rMuHq? &atmifrBudK;pm;bJ
Muonf/ odkYaomfvnf; þta&; a½T&nfrGrf;rHxm;aom avSmifcsKdifhxJwGif taysmfBuD; aysmf
vlBuD;½SdvQif þudpörSm vli,fESifhvlBuD; (2) OD; aeMuayonf/
vli,fwdkhonf (2) buf p vH k ; tjypf r uif ; ay/ uREkfyfwdkY wuúodkvfausmif;om;wdkYwGif tvGrf;emorm;
vlBuD;wdkYrSm azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; wdkYum;rsm;vSpGm\/ odkYaomf wvGJvGrf;vGrf;aeonfudk awGU
a½SYodkhwdk;wufí aumif;rGefaom enf;vrf;ñTefjy &yg\/ oem;wwfaomolrsm;udkvnf; awGU&yg\/ odkY
vkyfief;udk jcif;r½Sd? vli,fwdkYrSm vlBuD;wdkY\ aomf wvGJoem;aeMuayonf/ cspfa,mifaqmifí ao
udk,fhtjypfudk jy½HkrSwyg; tjcm;vkyf atmif vGrf;wwfaom &efolwdkYu t½SLt½IdufESifh idkcsif;cs
xGifEdkifrnf jyjcif;r½Sd/ onfudk jrif&aomtcg &ifxJwGif zdkvdIufzdkvdIufESifh 0rf;enf;
jzpfonfUtjyif uREfkyfwdkYtzdkYrlum; tdEd´,jynf onfh pum;oHrsm;udk Mum;&ayonf/ bufwH½dkufawmfol
rS r[wår*E´D? pDtm'uf? rdkwDvm wa,muf armyef;aMuaeí aumif;rGefpGm rupm;Edkifonfh
rdrdwdkhtvSnfU ae½l;? wdvuf tp½SdolwdkY uJhodkY tcg tawmfrodaom vlxkBuD;onf r[mu½kPmawmf
vnf;aumif;? tdkif,mvefrS 'DAuf? teEÅ½SdvSí pkwfwowfowf ajymqdkMuonfudkum; Mum;
usa&mufaomtcg
tDwvDjynfrS *&daAmv'D? rpfZeDwdkY od&ayonf/
acgif;aqmifonfU uJhodkYvnf;aumif;? ususee acgif; odkY&mwGif uRefwGif;epfí &wem? a½T? aiG oHk;yg; ysufpD;
vkyif ef;udk ryifyef;bJ aqmifEdkifí acgif;aqmifrnfh rnf aeaom uREfkyfwdkY\wdkif;jynftwGuf eHeufpmeHeuf? npm
onhfvlBuD;rqdk aemufvdkuftjzpf n ½Smpm;&aom rsm;ajrmifvSpGmaom qif;&Jom;wdkYtwGuf
xrf;aqmifEdkifay vdkufygaqmif½Guf&ef toifh½Sday rlum; oem;jcif; u½kPmw&m;onfum; acgif;yg;vSay
onf/ xdkodkY acgif;aqmif&Jrnfh \/ þodkYvQif uREkfyfwdkY wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;rSm ynm
vdrfUrnf yk*d¾KvfwOD; xGufygav/ apmifhvsuf \ t&dyfta,mifrsm;omjzpfí ynmppf\ tcsuftcsmjzpf
uREfkyfwdkYarQmfrnf/ aom tqdk;taumif;wefzdk;udk ra0zefEdkifbJ½Sdavonf/
emrnfBuD;onfh þwuúodkvfü vrf;ñTefrnfhvlBuD;
½SdvQif vli,fwdkYonf a½SUodkYwdk;wufí vkyfief;udk xGifEdkif uRefynmESifU ocifynm
rnf jzpfonfhjyif rdrdwdkYtvSnfhusa&mufaomtcg acgif; þynmESpfrsKd;udk tcsKdUolwdkYrSm em;rvnfbJ ajymaeMu
aqmifonfhvkyfief;udk ryifyef;bJ xrf;aqmifEdkifayvdrhf onf/ þynmESpfrsKd;udk ½Sif;vif;&efrSm rvG,fulvSay/
rnf/ uREfkyfwdkY vli,fwdkYuvnf; xdktcsdef xdktcgtwGuf usrf;pmapmiftzGJUESifha&;om;rS ½Sif;vif;rnfht&mjzpfonf/
,ckuyif toihfjyifxm;&ayrnf/ BudK;pm;tm;xkwf& t*Fvef? *syef? tar&duef? jyifopf? tDwvD? *smrPD?
ayrnf/ txl;ojzifh uREfkyfwdkY wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; ½k½Swdkif;jynfrsm;wGif oifMum;aeaom ynma&;pepfESifh
onf þta&;wGif tcsuftjcm jzpfavonf/ odkYjzpfvifh tdEd´,jynf? ArmjynfwdkYwGif ay;tyfaom ynma&;pepfrSm
65
rdk;ESifh ajrBuD;rQ uGmjcm;aeonfudk awGU&ayonf/ ynmoif vTwfjcif;udk ñTefjyMu\/ ynmawmfoifapvTwfjcif;onf

Mum;a&;&mwGif toufarG;0rf;ausmif; ynm&yfrsm; tjyif pifppfaumif;rGefaomfvnf; uREfkyfwdkYjynfwGif toHk;jyK&
½dk;½dk;oifMum;&mwGifvnf; pGrf;pGrf;wrH? udk,fh'l;udk,fcRefvdk onfhpepfrSm tvGefnHhzsif;aeonf/ wESpfvQif ynmawmf
onfhpdwfESifh xdkokdYjyKjyifEdkifonfh t&nftcsif;wdkYudk ausmif; oif (12) a,mufru (1000) vTwfapumrl ,ckpepft&
om;vli,frsm; arG;jrLvmEdkifatmif jyKjyifay;onf/ vTwfaomynmoifolwdkYrSm w&mvQifwa,mufrQ jrefrm
tdE´d,jynfESifh Armjynf½Sd vuf½Sdynma&;pepfrSm rlv jynf tusKd;½Sdatmif jyKvkyfEdkifonfh t&nftcsif;½Sdrnf
wef;? tv,fwef;? txufwef;? wuúodkvf þtqifh av; r[kwfay/
ydkif;rQ½Sdonf/ ½Sdaomtqihf av;ydkif;wdkYwGifvnf; aumif;rGef ynmawmfoif apvTwfonfqdkonfrSm bdvyfudk ydkYjcif;
usepGmr½Sd? þrQaomynmudk uREfkyfwdkYtm;ay;&mwGif om udkom qdkvdkonfr[kwf/ wpHkaomtwwfynm xGef;um;
&mpm; rsm;vmapí uRefoabmufpdwfaygufolrsm; ½Sdvm vm&modkY xdktwwfudk tNyD;wdkifwwfajrmufoifvkdoltm;
atmif jzpfapayonf/ þ&nf½G,fcsufrSm t*Fvdyfynmudk apvTwfjcif;jzpfonf/ oMum;vkyfief;oifvkdoltm; oMum;
tdEd´,wGif yxrpxGifol avmh'frufaumav;u vrf; vkyfief; tBuD;tus,fjyKvkyf&mXmeodkYvnf;aumif;? v,f
aMumif;jycJhjcif; jzpfavonf/ tdE´d,jynf½Sdynma&;pepfudk ,mpdkufysKd;a&; twwfoifvdkoltm; xdktwwf jyefYyGm;&m
csKyfEdkiforQcsKyf&rnf[k ajymMum;cJhonf/ taMumif;um; XmeodkYvnf;aumif; tcsKyftjc,fr½Sd apvTwfjcif; jzpfav
tifyg,mcsJUxGifa&;pepfudk wnfwHhcdkifjrJap&ef jzpfav onf/ þum; ½k½S? *syefpaom wdkif;jynfwdkYBuD;yGm;yHkwnf;/
onf/ þum; uRefynmESifh ocifynm cGJMuyHkwnf;/
tifyg,mcsJUxGifa&;pepfonf ta&;BuD;t&mygaom
ud&d,mvufeufBuD;wck jzpfonfudk ¤if;tifyg,m csJUxGif rdbrsm;odkh
a&;udk rBudKufrESpfoufaom t*FvdyfvlrsKd;tcsKdUu twd ynma&;ESifhywfoufNyD; jrefrmjynf½Sd rdbrsm;xHodkY
tvif; a&;om;xm;onf/ ta0;BuD;r½SmbJ teD;uav;jzpf uREfkyf tpD&ifcHvdkonf/ ,ckacwfBuD;u tNydKiftqdkif acwf
aom jrefrmpmñGefYaygif;usrf; tcsD;wGifvnf; tifyg,m BuD;jzpfonfudk ¤if;wdkYod½Sdaumif; od½SdMuygvdrfhrnf/ tNydKif
csJUxGifa&;pepfESifh ynma&;pepf rnfodkYoufqdkifaMumif;udk tqdkifacwfBuD;wGif a[mif;EGrf;aomenf;pepfrsKd;jzifh uREfkyf
t&dyft>ruf jyxm;avonf/ wdkY t½Snfojzifh rwnfwHhEdkifyg/ tpdk;&&mxl;XmewdkYtwGuf
odkYynma&;pepfudk tifyg,mcsJUxGifa&;pepfESifh wHokwf om rdrdwdkYom;orD;ynma&;udk a½S;½IjyKí ñTefMum;jcif;
vdkufnDavatmif jrefrmjynfü ynmroifrae&Oya' rxm; rjyKygvifh? trsKd;ESifhwdkif;jynf tusKd;½Sdaprnfh vkyfief;rsm;
½Sdjcif;? oifMum;&efbmom&yfrsm;rSm tenf;i,fom½Sdí udk rdrdwdkYom;orD;rsm; jyKvkyfjcif;udk wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif;
tukeftcrf;roifay;jcif;? ausmif;ueftoD;oD;wdkYwGifvnf; rjyKbJ tm;ay;Muapvdkygonf/
uav;oli,fwdkYtm; tifyg,mcsJUxGifa&;pepf\ axmufyHh aiGtiftm;jynfhpHkvQif rdrdwdkYom;orD;rsm;ESihf oifhawmf
olrsm;jzpfatmif trsKd;rsKd;jyKvkyfjcif;? wuúodkvfynmudk rnfh wdkif;jynfodkYapvTwfjcif;u þwuúodkvfodkYcsnf; ap
vlwdkif;r,lEdkifatmif ynmwwfenf;atmif trsKd;rsKd; twm; vTwfjcif;xuf ydkrkdaumif;rGefonf[k uREfkyfwdkY ,lqrdav
tqD;tydwftyifrsm; xm;jcif;wkdY jzpfavonf/ onf/ Oyrmqdkaomf *syefjynfonf ,cktcgwGif pufrI
Oyrmwckjy&aomf ,ck uREfkyfwdkY wuúodkvfynma&; ynm tvGefxGef;um;í tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;xuf 50%
pepfrSm (a*sa[mv'def) (um'De,fe,l;rif;) (tb&m[if ydkrdkí *syefjzpfukefypönf;wdkYudk EdkifiHjcm;odkY wifydkYEdkifav
zvufem) (ya&mzufqmZif;ref;) paom yk*¾dKvfBuD;wdkY a&; onf/ tjcm;twwfynmrsm;vnf; *syefjynfwGif xGef;um;
om;csufrsm;ESifh txl;uGmjcm;NyD;vQif twGif;a&;odolwdkY avonf/ odkYjzpf&um; *syefjynfodkY rdrdwdkYom;orD;rsm;udk
onf rnfrQqdk;0g;onfudk odMu&ayonf/ wdkif;jynfaiGESifh ynmoifapvTwfvQif þwuúodkvfwGif ynmoifonfxuf
aqmufí wdkif;jynf½Sd vlrsm;twGuf ausmif;jzpfaomfvnf; tusKd;½Sdrnf[k uREkfkyfwdkY xifavonf/
uREfkyfwdkYwuúodkvf (,k'oefaumvdyf? q&mjzpfoif tm;vHk; uREfkyfwdkYod&oavmufrSm *syefjynfwGif ynmoifMum;
aygif;qdkvdkonf) rSm wdkif;oljynfom;wdkYtm; (uav;udk &onfh p&dwfonfvnf; tvGefqHk; wvvQif 100-150
t&dyfta,mifjywJh bdk;vewfom;) rQomjzpfonf/ usyfrQ usrnfjzpf&m uREfkyfwdkYwuúodkvfwGif ynmoifMum;&
wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;rSm þynma&;wGif bmrQajymqdk onfhp&dwfESifh rsm;pGmruGmay/ xdkYaMumifh rdrdwdkYwoufrQ
ydkifcGifhr½Sday/ wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;u wifajr§mufaom udk,f aumif;pm;onfukd rMunfh½IbJ aemifvmaemufom;rsm;t
pm;vS,f tenf;i,frQ tkyfcsKyfa&;wGifygaomfvnf; wefckd; usKd;udk arQmfudk;í jrefrmjynf½Sd rdbrsm;onf rdrdwdkYom;orD;
tmPmtvsOf;r½Sd? wuúodkvfaumifpD tpnf;ta0;rSm wdkYtm; urÇmBuD;wzufpGef;wGifjzpfapumrl aomuESifh oH
wESpfwGifwcgrQ jyKvkyfí em&D0ufESihf tpnf;ta0; pmwrf; a,mZOfudk ab;csdwfí pGefYpm;apoihfonf/ ynm½Sdapoihf
rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYpDpOfovdk zwfjyNyD;vQif NyD;qHk;oGm;onfu onf/ pD;yGm;½Smapoihfonf/ þonfomvQif ,ckacwfESifh
rsm;avonf[k uREfkyfwdkY Mum;&avonf/ nDaomenf;vrf; jzpfonf/
tcsKdUuArmjynfynma&;pepfwGif ynmawmfoifap atmifqef;
66
(n) q&mBu;D ocifu,

kd af wmfriId ;f \ wuúov
kd o
f r*¾r*¾Zif;ESihf a'gi;f td;k a0r*¾Zif;bJUG tvuFmr*Fvm av;csK;d Bu;D
(aMomf) . . txufe*dku ysufNydKvdkYuscJhwJh
ueufy[kd&fyv’if vufpt<uif;ayxifh?
wuúodkvfobif or*¾toif;qDu
tquforw toif;awGeJY Mwif;? e0if;?
aumif;rsKd;taxGaxG/
(tdkuG,f) . . wufruG twif;a[hvdkY?
tuGufusus eif;eif;NyD;?
cuforQ½Sif;ay;rnfhowif;a'gif;tdk;a0/
(aMomf) . . q&mtxl;Mum;ruGJU?
urÇmOD;w&m;rSmawmh?
Arm tESL;rsm;pGm ay:vm[efESifh?
avsmfpGmrl o@mef urÇmhtoa&xGef;apbdkY?
aomfwm ol&uef (v) (ae) 0ef;wdkYrSmjzifh?
av;uRef;tukef0ifhayrnfh?
,kefESifha'gif;ysH tvH"Z*f ESpfrsKd;qdkwJh?
]r*¢Zdk0f;} bk&if&mZm tvuFmysKdU&,fESifh?
r*FvmwrQKdY&a0 prkwfwGifrS?
y&arO*¾g &0daqGwdkY r½SdayordkYvJ?
owdrajyvdkY rSef;&ygwJh?
a&rk'¨g bdaousrf;awGESifh?
wynfhawGvGrf;p&m pmt½SdjyjyNyD;?
(aMomf) . . orm"deJYyg&rD jznfhaywJh?
q&mu0d&,fuaESm?
owå0g ½Sd½SdorQ uyfurÇmrSm?
t&yf&yf t½Gm½GmESifhwuG?
ewfjA[®mwdkYawmif ajymavmufatmif?
]yvm,dw} Zmwftvm xyfumwavmomy?
aendKndKrSm a½TbdkuvJ armcsdefrdkY?
awm&ü taerSmaemfuG,f?
avmutvdkuf oabmusvQifvJ? BudKufMua&mhvdkY?
a[mjyvdkufay/
(aMomf) . . tkyfcsKyfa&;awGuvJ ½Iyf½IyfaxG;axG; ayxifhaESm?
EkyfEkyfao;ao;wawG rMunfrkef;Mua&mhovm;?
OpöaX; taxGaxG tjynfjynfMuHK;NyD;awmh?
yx0DESpfvHk;u ttDqHk;qdkwJh tqDtwHk;
t&om 0pGm pm;csdefrdkY?
t½kyfuav;awG jynfzHk;csumxm;aomfvJ?
nDwkef; or,tcgrsm;u
urÇmhurÇm<um;cJhwJh
ArmhArmom;awG&JU wdkYArmajr?
wdkYArm tarGayrdkY tEkdifr,laypaumif;?
(tdkuG,f) . . wdkYArmajyrSmjzifh
wdkYomaer,fvdkY? rqdkifolawGarmif;/
67
q&mhtjzpfrSm? b0epfembdkY?
jrefrmhacwf romr,mESifh?
tnmruGm ausmif;rSmxm;jyefordkY?
ausmif;om; oli,f vlrr,f"avhayy?
tarharmif ax&f&[ef;wdkYESifh?
jynfref; pmayoifawmh?
omoemajryv’if toa&vSaywJh?
a½Tjrawmif omwJhwdkufqDu?
(ae) (v) ESpfaqmif ygawmfrlwJh tcdkufudkjzifh?
u'dkuf u½dkuf tjrefjrifvdkufawmh?
rcHcsif rmef0ifwJh tpGrf;&,fESifh?
(aMomf) . . ref;tysufwGifjzifh?
MuiSef; rufvdkufyHku? ykcef;xGufwJhNyD;?
tMurf; zufa&mh r[JhvdkY?
irf;irf;wuf oa&,kdatmif
eef;quftarGudkvJ rSef;rdwJhjyif?
ur®|mef;owdESifh rqifjcif? rjrifcifrSm
ba&mufb&ufESifh?
aemufysufysuf t½l;vdky?
taemufbuful;um awmifpOfpudkif;wGifjzifh?
acsmifjrifwdkif;rSm armif&ifrdIif;BuD;
Adkvf0ifcHvdkYrdkY?
[kdt&if ,ref rufrdonfh orxwrsKd;ayy?
zdkyv’ifysHrSm t*d¾& &uf½SdorQxdk;&mu?
trsKd;bmom omoemiJhayonfh?
wyJhocif ]av;armif} ]Apdef} uav;wdkYESifh?
jrefrmhtcsdefa½G;um atmifajreif;ra[hvdkY?
awmifajctqif;rSm (ae) rapmif;rDy?
a½Ta'gif;]tdk;a0} r*¾Zif;qDu?
tqufruif;wJh oHo&mrSm?
wyJht&if;&JU pHyrm ½G,f&nf½SmwJh?
t,f'Dwm ]armifndKjr} &JUjyif?
(aMomf) . . ArmhtwGuf
r&orQ yGufruGqdkwJh?
or*¾ Ouú| ]armifb*srf;} wdkYudk?
"Z*¾okwft& atmifwzGzGref;&mu?
atmifZ,yef; anmifoajy Ekcsdefrawmh/
aemifjrefrmhpwrf; ]armifa½TEk} &,fvdkY?
atmifaZ,wk >rufrqHk;EdkifrJh jyif
wufzkef;BuD;q&m ]odef;az} uav;wdkYudkjzifh?
,drf;raoG udef;aoa½G;vdkufuJh?
ta&;½SdvQif t&may:Mua&mh?
q&mtausmftarmf a,m*Du0d&,fu?
urÇmrSmaomf ta[m nD\rnD\ awmqDu
Munfhvdkufawmh/
68
jrefrmraemf aumvDrdcsdefrdkY?
aZmf0Dxd wuGufrrSdef arSmifrn§dKUrlí?
aumvD\ jyu©'defrSm ajymif;ordkYomy?
]tdk azarmifwif&JU} atmifrQKdYtvJSY txuf[dk,cifuJhodkY
ueufy[dk&f ajymif;&rSmu?
aemifodkYwuJh? atmifbdkY wyJhawGeJY?
(aMomf) . . armifwdkY&JY wuúodkvf ocifausmif;/
ocifudk,fawmfrIdif; (vufa½G;pifav;csKd;w&m? pm-308? 73? Zlvdkif)
(#) 1936 'kw,

d wuúov
kd af usmif;om;oydwjf zpfymG ;apaom taMumif;&if;rsm;
(1) ukdEka[majymrIrsm;
(91) XmetkyfcsKyfa&;\ enf;y&d,m,fudk wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; &dyfpm;em;vnfvmMuonf/ txl;
ojzifh wuorS wdk;wufaom vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonfh udkEk? udktkef;? udkausmfNidrf;? udkodef;az? udkatmifqef;
wdkYonf wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS wdk;wufaom vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tquftoG,fjyKí vufa0cH ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&
tm; vnf;aumif;? NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtpdk;&tm; vnf;aumif; qefYusifí twdkuftcHjyKaeMuonf/
1936 Zefe0g&D (30) &uf? nae (7) em&DwGif &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;\ aemufqHk;pum;&nfvkyGJ
usif;yavonf/ xdkpum;&nfvkyGJwGif wuoOuú| udkEkonf obmywdvkyfonf/ pum;&nfvkyGJ ed*Hk;csKyfwGif
udkEku wuúodkvf ausmif;q&mtcsKdUonf 0ifa&mufpGufzuf? taESmifht,Sufay;aeMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf
uRefpdwfarG;vmMuvsuf tvdkawmf&d vrf;pOfudk vdkufaeMuonf[k a0zefvdkufonf/
xdYk jyif udEk o
k nf vuf½t dS pd;k &\ oabmxm;udk tpnf;ta0;wckwiG f ½Si;f vif;wifjyavonf/ tpd;k &onf
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾tm; vnf;aumif;? rsKd;cspfpdwf½Sdaom wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tm; vnf;aumif;
tjypfr½Sd tjypf½Sm NzdKcGJvdrhfrnf? wuoESifh ausmif;om;rsm;\ aoG;pnf;nDñGwfa&;udk rvdkvm;? enf;y&d,m,f
trsKd;rsKd;oHk;í NzdKcJGrnfhtEÅ&m,fudk txl;owdjyK&rnf[k a[majymcJhayonf/
xdYk jyif ausmif;tkyBf uD; 'Da*spavmh (D.J Sloss) ESihf tmPmydik rf sm;udv k nf; a0zefcahJ vonf/ ¤if;a0zefaom
udpörsm;rSm pmar;yGJwcgusaom ausmif;om;rsm; pmar;yGJwESpfajzcGifh r&onfhudpö? twef;xJwGif a&mufra&muf
trnfac:onfhtcg "Present" ]a&mufygonf} [k ausmif;om;u ajz&onf/ xdktajzwGif "Sir" ]vlBuD;rif;}
[k xnfhrajzrdojzifh ausmif;om;rSm (udkpdk;jrifh) twef;wufcGifhr& jzpfonfhudpö? ausmif;aqmifwGif uyfxm;aom
ausmif;aMumfjimpm? trdeYf pmukd &ufveG Nf yDxifí ausmif;om;u qkwrf o d jzifh (udak tmifjrih)f ausmif;xkwcf &H onfu
h pd ö
ponfwYkd ukd xpfceJqv kd Qif tjypf'PfEiS hf avsmfnaD tmif tjypfay;jcif; r[kwb f J ocifEiS hf uRefyrm ausmif;tmPmydik f
rsm;u wzufpD;eif; jyKvkyfcJhonf[k udkEku a0zefcJhavonf/ xdkudpörsm;ESifh ywfoufí ausmif;om;avmurSm
rcHcsdrcHom jzpfaeonf/ tvdkawmf&d ausmif;om;rsm;udk tcGifhta&;ay;NyD; ½dk;½dk;rSefrSefaeolrsm; tESdrfcH&? 'Pf½dkufcH&
qdkwJh udprö sKd;awG rcHcsifp&m rMumcP ay:aygufaeavonf/ tjyifavmuwGif ocifaygufp axmif (6) vqdkwJh
zdESdyfrIrsKd;awG awGUaecsdefrSm wuúodkvfe,fajr tmPmydkifrsm;onf wuoudk rsufrkef;usKd; aecsdefjzpfonf/
1936 Zefe0g&Dv? (1) &ufaeY wuo taqmuftODü a[majymyGu J sif;y&m udEk u k ,ckvuf½dS ausmif;om;
rsm;onf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; &½Sdonfh tcGihfta&;ukdomru EdkifiHhvGwfvyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifyg? e,fcsJU
qefYusifa&;wdkufyGJwGifyg yg0ifoihfaMumifh ajymMum;oGm;avonf/ 1935 ckESpf ukefcgeD;wGif wuúodkvfor*¾ESpfywf
vnf tpnf;ta0; usif;y&m ¤if;tcrf;tem;wGif eef;&if;0efBuD;? tcsKdU0wfvHkawmf&ESifh trwfwcsKdUyg wufa&muf
onf/ udkEku xdktcrf;tem;wGif ]rdrdcGifUwifonfUtcsdefwkef;u pmudk ausmif;tkyfBuD;uawmif;vQif ½Hk;cef;rSuefxkwf
ypfrnf} [k rdefYcGef;xJwGif ygoGm;onf/
(2) tdk;a0r*¾Zif;udpöESifU i&JacG;BuD;aqmif;yg;

xdkESpfwGif ausmif;om;r@dKifjzpfaom tdk;a0r*¾Zif; 1936 Zefe0g&Dvxkwf? twGJ-5? trSwf-1 t*Fvdyf
u@wGif azazmf0g&D yxrywfwGif xGufvmonfü "Hell Hound at large" ]i&JacG;BuD;vGwfaeNyD} [laom
aqmif;yg; ygvmonf/
69
The Hell-Hound at Large

Escaped from Awizi, a devil in the form of a balck dog. Had been during his
brief span on earth a base object of Universal odium and execration, - sentenced to
Eternal Damnation for Treachery, Theft, Presumption, Intrague, Pettifogging, Sadism,
Churlishness, Vulgarity, etc. A pimping knave with avuncular pretensions to some
cheap wiggling wenches from a well-known Hostel, he was also a hectic popularity-
hunter, shamming interest in Games, Concerts, Association etc., menacing the public
placed with his unwanted presence though generally welcomed to everywhere as
small-pox. His only distinguishing marks have been the abominable V.D. ulcers on
his neck and buboes due to copulation with his own wife.
Will finder please, kick him back to Hell?
Yamamin
From: "Oway" or The Voice of the Peacock, Voice of the RUSU, Jan. 1936; Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 56.
¤if;aqmif;yg;wGif wuúodkvftmPmydkifwOD;\ csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;? tjypftemtqmrsm;? rw&m;rIrsm;udk

yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif; a0zefa&;om;xm;avonf/ i&JacG;BuD;ESihf EdiI ;f ,SOcf &H aom tmPmydik ef mrnfukd azmfxw k rf xm;apumrl
xdok rl mS rnfojl zpfonfukd ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol? q&m? q&mr odNyD;jzpfonf/ taMumif;rodorl sm;u ar;Muonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;u wuúodkvftmPmydkifwOD;udk oa&mfvdkufonfhtwGuf auseyfaeMuonf/
xdak qmif;yg;½Si\
f &nfñeT ;f csufu 91-Xme tkycf sKyfa&;t&wufaeonfh vuf½ñ dS eG Yf aygif;tpd;k &udk 0g;vH;k
½Snfjzifh odrf;&rf;&if; jynfolw&yfvHk;udk owday;xm;onf/ ,if;aqmif;yg;udk vuf½Sdtpdk;&u qwfqwfcg
emusnf;um ,if;jyóemudk jywfjywfom;om; ta&;,l&ef ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&u &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;tkyfBuD;xH
trdeYf ay;vdu k f onf/ xdt k cg &efuek w
f uúov kd af usmif;tkyBf uD;u &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmifEiS hf
tdk;a0r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwm udkatmifqef;tm; aqmif;yg;½Sifudk azmfxkwf&rnf[k ta&;qdkavonf/ udkatmifqef;u
t,f'Dwm usifh0wf odu©mESifhtnD xdef;odrf;&rnfh 0wå&m;½Sdonfhtwdkif; aqmif;yg;½Siftm; xkwfazmfrajymEdkif?
xdkaqmif;yg;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ta&;,lvQif rdrdtm; ta&;,lEdkifaMumif; ajymonf/ xdkaqmif;yg;½Sifudk udkatmifqef;
yg;pyfrS xkwfazmfrajymrcsif; aqmif;yg;½Siftm; zrf;qD;ta&;,lEdkifjcif; rjyKEdkifay/ xdktcg ausmif;tkyfBuD;pavmhu
udkatmifqef;tm;-
]rif;[m awmfvSefa&;orm;av;bJ} "You are a revolutionary." [k ceJYvdkuf&m?
udkatmifqef;u ]usaemf[m awmfveS af &;orm;vdq hk &kd if usaemfu Nird ;f csr;f a&;vdv
k m;aom awmfveS af &;orm;
jzpfvrd rhf ,f} "I am a peaceful revolutionary." [k pmwapmifa&;í wkefYjyefcJhonf/
udkatmifqef; zGifhrajymbJ a&iHkydwfcJhaom udpu ö dk 1322 vjynfhaeYxkwf tkd;a0*sme,fwGif o0PfvTmwck
ygvmavonf/
¤if;o0PfvTmrSm-
nDav;ndKjr (udkodef;wif)
ausmif;om;b0 "Hell Hound at large" qdkwJh aqmif;yg;wdkav;wckxJeJh wuúodkvfavmurSm
tnMwb0uae ausmfapmcJhwJhb0 rif;a&mufcJhw,f/
yHk
armifEk
1? 10? 60
udkatmifqef; zGifhrajymcJhonfh udpöudk udkEku 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfcsdefrSm tdk;a0r*¾Zif;udk csD;jr§ifhaqmif;yg;jzifh

azmfxkwfcJhavonf/
70
(3) xdkav;a,mufaMumifh oydwfay:aygufyHk

taMumif;&if; (1)- udkEku ausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;udpöwGifru ausmif;wGif;rSm EdkifiHa&; rdefYcGef;awGajym?
jyifyqE´jyyGJawG yg0if&r,f? udkEku 'gvGwfvyfa&; vdkcsifvdkY[k a[majymcJhonfh udpö/
taMumif;&if; (2)- td;k a0r*¾Zif;rSm ]i&JacG;BuD;vGwaf eNyD} aqmif;yg;ygvmonf/ tJ'aD qmif;yg; bmjzpfvYkdyg&vJqNkd yD;
udkEkudk ausmif;xkwf ypfonfhudpö/
taMumif;&if; (3)- aqmif;yg;½Sifudk rpöwmpavmhu tdk;a0wm0efcHt,f'Dwm udkatmifqef;tm; azmfxkwf&rnf[k
ajymaom tcg udkatmifqef;u rajzí udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;xkwf&ef jyifqifjcif;udpö/
taMumif;&if; (4)- udkEk? udkatmifqef;? ausmif;xkwfcH&NyD; udk&m½Spfu Ouú|wm0efcH,lNyD; ausmif;om;xktpnf;
ta0;usif;y? oydwfarSmuf&ef vHIYaqmfNyD; ½Gwf½GwfcRHcRH acgif;aqmifrI ay;cJhonf/
tJ'D (4)a,muf 'kwd,wuúodkvfausmif;om; oydwfBuD;\ vQrf;vQrf;awmuf acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonf/
(0Jr,S m)
Source: Bogoke's Works (Mya Han)
udEk k

Source: Portraits (DTY)
udnk Kd jr
Source: Internet
udak tmifqef;
ud&k m½Spf
(4) tdk;a0r*¾Zif;yg ]i&JacG;BuD;vGwfaeNyD} aqmif;yg; *,ufrsm;

wuúodkvfausmif;ü cyfat;at; pmusuf? pmoif? pdwf&if;aumif;eJY vmolrsm;onf q&mh0wf? wynfh0wf
ausyGefonfh &if;&if;ESD;ESD; arwåmapwemavmursKd; rawGU&bJ ocifESifh uRefyrmqufqHa&;rsm; rarQmfvifhbJ
uoduatmufrsm; awGUMuHKvm&onf/ wuúov kd t f mPmydik t f zGUJ tkycf sKyfa&;aumifpw D iG yf g0ifaom Armrsm;onfvnf;
ajyvnfa&;udk tm;ray;? ud, k t hf rsKd;om; wynfv h il ,frsm;udk &efvyk &f ef? ta&;,l&ef? acsmufweG ;f &ef pdwx f m;rsKd;om
tHMh op&m awGUMuHK&onf/ wuúov kd ef ,fajronf wuúov D m at;&dyo f mrsKd;r[kwb f J zkwNf ydwmå rsm;BuD;pd;k &m wapä½mG ?
Muyf½Gmvdk jzpfvmonf/ a½S;a[mif; *&djynfu jyZmwfa&;q&mBuD; ,l&DyD'D;&JUtqdkrSm ewfa'0grsm;[m olwdkY tvdk
r½Sdolrsm;udk zsufqD;csifaomtcg yxrtqifh taeESifh xdkolrsm;ukd ½l;atmifvkyf\/
wuúov kd f tmPmydik rf sm;udk wefjyefwu dk yf 0JG if&ef udn
k Kd jronf txufyg xd;k ESuef nf;udk owd&í xdak qmif;
yg;udk a&;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ tmPmydkifrsm; a'goxGufNyD; tvGJvGJtacsmfacsmf vkyfrdatmif? tdk;eif;cGufeif; jzpfatmif
cyf½dkif;½dkif; pmayrsKd; tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wGif a&;NyD;xnfh&ef oabmaygufí i&JacG;aqmif;yg; xnfhvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/
i&JacG;aqmif;yg;udk t*Fvdyfvdk a&;xnfhjcif;rSmvnf; taMumif;½Sdonf/
or*¾wiG f yg0ifaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf tjyifavmuwGif ocifawGu e,fcsJUu owfrw S o f nfh *syd;k qef
qef owÅ0gawGvdk txifao;? udkbDat NrdKUtkyfavmif;rsm;om txifBuD;onfhacwfwGif pmar;yGJwzkef;zkef;usol
rsm;om or*¾wGif pka0;NyD; qlvm;ylvm; vkyfwwfw,f xifMuonfholrsm;tm; or*¾tzGJU0ifrsm; t*Fvdyfvdk a&;wwf
ygw,f? r,Hv k Qif ausmif;tkyBf uD;pavmhu, kd w
f ikd f zwfMunfyh gqdo k nfh &nf½, G cf sufEiS hf udn
k Kd jr a&;vdu
k jf cif; jzpfonf/
Zefe0g&DwGif tdk;a0r*¾Zif; yHkESdyfNyD;pD;í or*¾rS trawmfaiG 50d^- ay;&onf/ xdkaiGudk wESpfvHk; zlvHkatmif
oHk;pGJEdkifygonf/ udkatmifqef;ESifh udkndKjrwdkYonf i&JacG;aqmif;yg;yg pmapmifrsm;udk wuúodkvfxJodkY rMumrD
aygufuGJaprnfh rdkif;AHk;rsm;vdk o,faqmifvmNyD; jzefYa0vdkonf/ 1936 aumvdyfoydwfBuD;onf BudKwifMuHpnfjcif;
r½SdbJ taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm jzpfay:vmNyD; pnf;vHk;nDnm? atmifaMumif;jzm qdkouJhodkY nDñGwfpGm &yfwnfrIaMumifh
&mcdkifEIef;jynfh atmifjrifoGm;onfh udpöjzpfonf/
udkndKjronf i&JacG;aqmif;yg;ESifh tmPmydkifrsm; aysmhuGufudk xdk;ESufvdkufaomtcg b,folYudkrS aoazmf
rn§dcJhay/ 'Dudpö[m tEÅ&m,f½SdNyD; ausmif;xkwfcH&&efrsm;í t,f'Dwmudkatmifqef;uvJGNyD; rnfolrQ todray;
cJhacs/
71
udkatmifqef;uvJ ]udk,fUvl at;at;aeyg} vdkY udkndKjrudk wcGef;xJ ajymzl;onf/ &ifqdkifp&mudpö

ausmif;tkyBf uD;eJY qd&k if olwa,mufxJ vkyo f mG ;r,f? udEk u
k vJ ausmif;xkww f m b,foYl rS tultnD rawmif;cJb h ;l ?
u,fyg u,fygvdkY rajymcJhbl;? or*¾jyefMum;a&;Xmeukdvnf; bmrS ta&;,lrcdkif;cJhacs? qE´jy&ef ausmif;om;rsm;udk
rvHIYaqmfcJhacs? NidrfNidrfuav; cH,lcJhayonf/
i&JacG;BuD;vGwfaeNyD aqmif;yg;onf-
(1) npfnrf;csuyf g½adS pumrl vuf½t dS ajctaeESiUf udu
k n f í
D a&;wmenf;ao;onf[k oydwaf rSmuf tif;vsm;olrsm;u
rSwfcsufcsonf/
(2) ¤if;aqmif;yg;udk &efukefESifU rEåav;ausmif;om;rsm;u tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u tEå&m,fuif;*gxm wckvdk usuf
rSwf½GwfqdkcJUolrsm; ½Sdonf/
(3) tJ'Daqmif;yg;yg½Sdaom tdk;a0r*¾Zif;onf apmifa& (500) om xkwfa0cJUonfrSm ravmufriS jzpfcJUonf/
wuúov kd t
f mPmydik rf sm;u xdak qmif;yg;½Si\f usL;vGeyf ukH kd tpd;k &XmetoD;oD;odomMu&ef 0g'jzef&h ef vufEydS f
pufESifU apmifa&rsm;pGm jzefhjzL;cJUonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf yHkESdyfjcif;jzpfí wjynfvHk;odkh jyefhoGm;onf/
(X) oydwpf wifjzpfay:vmjcif;

þodkYjzifh wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;onf udkEka0zefcsufudk rausreyfjzpfaepOf tdk;a0r*¾Zif;yg i&JacG;BuD;
aqmif;yg;ESifh ywfoufí udkatmifqef;u trnfrazmfxkwfojzifh pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&;ESifh ywfoufí ajz½Sif;&ef
ajymaomtcg pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&;aumfrwDonf olYtm; trSm;udkjyKvkyfcJhonf[k xifjrif,lqcJhaomf olonf
trSm;ukd 0efc&H ef toif½h adS Mumif;? odYk aomf i&JacG;aqmif;yg;½Sit f rnfukd razmfxw k Ef ikd [f k pmjyefvu
kd of nf/ pnf;urf;
xdef;odrf;a&;aumfrwDESifh udkatmifqef;oGm;awGUpOf olYtm; >cif;csufr½Sd awmif;yef0efcs&rnf[k wnhfwdk; ajAmifus
ar;cGef; rawmif;qdkcJhay/
1936 azazmf0g&D (21) &ufwGif ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmpavmhonf udkEktm; ausmif;rS xkwfy,fonfhpm
ydkYvdkufonf/ udkEkonf xdktaMumif;ukd rnfolYudkrQ todray;/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;pavmhodkY pmwapmifa&;om;í
jyefvu kd o
f nf/ ¤if;pmwGif udEk u k ausmif;Oya'ynm&yfrsm;ukd qnf;yl;&ef jyefvnfwufa&muf ynmoifMum;aejcif;rSm
Edik if aH &; vky&f mwGif vG,u f al p&eftwGuf jzpfaMumif;? ausmif;rS ,ckuo hJ Ykd xkwv f u kd íf aus;Zl;wif 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
aMumif;? taMumif;um; EdkifiHa&;wGif tcsdefjynfh 0ifa&muf vkyfudkifEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfaMumif;? ArmjynfwGif þvdk
r[kwfrcH raMumufr½GHUyk*¾dKvfrsm;vnf; ½Sdaeao;aMumif;ukd rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh qHkpnf;rdygu rpöwmpavmh ajymjyap
vdkaMumif;jzifh ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmpavmhxH pmwkHYjyefcJhonf/ xdkYjyif ukdEkonf ¤if;\ B.A. bJGUudk ausmif;tkyfBuD;
xH jyeftyfvdkufavonf/
udkausmfNidrf;onf udkEk ausmif;xkwfcH&NyD;aemuf ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmpavmhESifh oGm;a&muf aphpyfaomf
vnf; ausmif;tkyfBuD;u ]rif;wdkhvkyfcsif&mvkyf? igavQmhray;Ekdifbl;} [k ajymí wif;rmrI avsmhroGm;ay/ xdkESpf
or*¾ trIaqmiftzGUJ onf wuúov kd üf jzpfymG ;onfh ta&;tcif;rsm;udk wuúov kd t f mPmydik rf sm;ESihf at;at;csrf;csrf;?
aphpyfajz½Si;f &ef rlcsxm;onf/ xdYkaMumifh udEk k ausmif;xkwcf &H onfh udpu ö kd ol\ud, k af &;ud, k w
f m[k oabmxm;vsuf
ausmif;om;rsm;ukd todray;bJxm;avonf/
azazmf0g&Dv (23) &ufaeY? nae (4) em&DwiG f or*¾Ouú| udEk t k m; ausmif;xkwcf &H onfh udpEö iS yhf wfoufí
or*¾trIaqmiftpnf;ta0; usif;yavonf/ udkEku olYtwGuf usefolrsm; tepfemcH&rnfudk rvdkvm;? olausmif;
xkwfcHrnf[k ajymonf/ udkxGef;tkHu udkEkudk ausmif;xkwfvdkufjcif;onf udkEk wOD;wnf;twGuf r[kwf? or*¾
trIaqmifwzGJUvHk;ESifh ausmif;om;tm;vHk;udpö jzpfonf/ or*¾Ouú|udk ausmif;xkwfjcif;onf or*¾udk apmfum;&m
usonf/ usaemfwdkY oydwfarSmuf (udk,fcsif;pmoydwf) rnf/
udkoD[efu 0ifaxmufcHonf/
xdkYaemuf udkEku wOD;pD oabmxm;rsm; par;onf/
udkatmifqef;u apmifhMunfhcsifao;onf [kajymonf/
udx H udak tmifqef;udk ]cifAsm;udv
k eG ;f tku k nf; (29) &ufaehpmar;yGaJ jzwJaU eh waehrmS cifAsm;udk ausmif;xkww f UJ
taMumif;Mum;pmay;r,fvdkh twdtus odxm;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fU cifAsm;udpöudk xm;yg/ udkEkudk ausmif;xkwfvdkufwmeJh
ywfoufNy;D usaemfwhkd ud, k cf si;f pm oydwv f yk &f r,f} [kajymonf/ xdktcg udkatmifqef; oabmwlonf/ udk&m½SpfESifh
72
udktkef;wdkYuvnf; oabmwlonf/ udkomvS? udkxGef;wif? udkbqufwdkYuvnf; ]trsm;vkyf&if usaemfwdkh vkyfrSm

ayghAsm} [kajymonf/ xdkYaMumifh usef½Sdaom trIaqmif (8) OD;onf ukd,fcsif;pmoydwf vkyf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/
azazmf0g&Dv (25) &uf ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;ü trIaqmiftzGUJ onf pmar;yGrJ ajzbJ oydwaf rSmufrnfjzpfaMumif;
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; today;&efESifh 'k-Ouú| udk&m½Spf obmywdvkyf&ef trIaqmiftzGJUu qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ &efukef
wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJU (8) OD;onf pmar;yGJrajzbJ oydwfarSmuf&ef qHk;jzwfxGufcGmvm&m
1920 'DZifbm? (5) &uf yxraumvdyfoydwf tNyD;ü ordkif;wGif&pfcJhonfh 'kwd,wuúodkvf ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;
pwif jzpfay:vmcJhayonf/
azazmf0g&Dv (24) &ufaeYxkwf jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGif pmvHk;rJBuD;jzifh or*¾Ouú| udkEk ausmif;xkwf
cH&onfhowif; ygvmavonf/ udkatmifqef;udkvnf; i&JacG;BuD; aqmif;yg;aMumifh ausmif;xkwfcH&rnf[k owif;
xGuaf eonf/ wuúov kd af umifpt
D yk cf sKyfa&;tzGUJ u qH;k jzwfcsufcsNyD;NyD[k owif;xGuv f mayonf/ (udak tmifqef;udk
oydwfarSmufNyD; wvMumrSom aMumfjimoifykef;wGif ausmif;xkwfrdefY xkwfjyefcJhavonf/) wausmif;vHk; ajcmufjcm;
oGm;onf/ vIyfvIyf½G½G jzpfvmonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; pk½Hk;pk½Hk;ESifh aqG;aEG;vmMuonf/ ]udkEkudk ausmif;xkwfwm
igwdkh ausmif;om;awGudk apmfum;wmyJ? tEdkifusifUwmyJ? wzufowfusvGef;onf} [k ajymvmMuonf/ ausmif;udk
oydwfarSmufMurnf[k wD;wdk;pum;oHrsm; xGufvmonf/ oydwfarSmuf&ef tcsif;csif; qG,fMuonf/
azazmf0g&Dv (14) &uf aeYcif;ü oxHkausmif;aqmifwGif udkMunf (aemif opfawmrif;BuD;) \ tcef;ü
udkarmifarmif (udkMunf\ tudk)? udkodef;atmif (1300 jynfh ausmif;om;oydwfacgif;aqmif)? udkbaomf (aemif
&efukefjrLeDpDy,f twGif;a&;rSL;a[mif;)? udk0if; (armfvNrdKif)? ukd[kwfuef (ocsFm*kPfxl;)? udkcifarmifuav; (aemif
0efBuD;) wdkYonf udkEkudpöudk aqG;aEG;í oydwfarSmuf&ef pnf;0g;½dkufMuonf/ xdktcsdef ukdxGef;tkHa&mufvmNyD;
azazmf0g&Dv 25 &ufaeYü wifoGif;rnfh tqdk 2 ckudk zwfjyonf/ xdktcg udkcifarmifav;u ]cifAsm;wdhk ajymwJt Y wdik ;f
wuúodkvfOya'udk wdkufzsufzdkh &nf½G,f&if oydwfarSmufrSjzpfrSmaygh/ onfawmU or*¾taeeJh wuúodkvfOya'udk
a[monfvdk? a[monfvdk jyifay;yg? jyifray;&if oydwfarSmufr,fvdkh &mZoHay;&r,f/} udkMunfu ]cifAsm;wdkh
tqkdawGu w,faysmhwmudk? vkyfr,fUvkyf oydwfarSmufzdkh tqdkwifoGif;NyD; wcgwnf; oydwfarSmufvdkuf Muygvm;?
usaemfuawmh oydwfarSmufwJUbufuyJ}
udkxGef;tkH tm;vHk;udkMunfhí 0rf;omoGm;onf/ ukdxGef;tkHu udkcifarmifuav;tm;
]reufjzef (25) &uf tpnf;ta0;rSm cifAsm;pum;ajym&J&JYvm;} [k ar;onf/
]usaemf bmvdkhrajym&J&rSmvJ? bmajym&rSmvJ}} [k jyefar;aomtcg
]tqdkwif&r,f} [k udkxGef;tkHu udkcifarmifuav;tm; pm½Gufay;onf/ xdkYaemuf udkxGef;tkHu ]udkcif
armifuav;? cifAsm;&xm;wJU qif;&Jom;axmufyHUaMu;awmU jyKwfrSmaocsmNyDAsKdY} [kajym&if; tcef;xJrS xGufoGm;
onf/ udkxGef;tkH wm0ef,laom tqdkESpfckudkaxmufcH&ef udkvSaz (aemif Adkvfvusfm)? udkOD;ausmfZH (aemif bDyDtdkif
tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;a[mif;)? udkb[ef (aemif AdkvfrSL;BuD;) wdkYudk a½G;cs,fcJhonf/ udkOD;ausmfZH a½SUwef;rxGufvdkí
udkpdefwdk; (aemif vl0ifvlxGufXme vufaxmifñTefMum;a&;0ef) udk wm0efay;onf/ udkxGef;tkHESifh udkvSazonf
ausmif;aqmifrsm;odkY oGm;í ausmif;om;rsm;tm; or*¾tpnf;ta0;wuf&ef vdkufvHEdI;aqmfavonf/ yJcl;aqmifodkY
a&mufaomtcg rsufEmS jzLujym;onf pum;wvH;k rS rajymbJ udx k eG ;f tku k Mf unfNh yD;vQif ]xG}D ueJ wHaxG;axG;NyD;
H kd pdu
pmqufzwfaeonf/
rsufESmjzLujym;wdkif; r[kwfay/ yk*HaqmifrS [ife&Dprkduf (ac:) udkvSatmif (aemif AdkvfrSL;BuD;vSatmif?
jrefrmEdkifiH ajrwdkif;Xme? ñTefMum;a&;0efESifh &efukef wd&pämefO,smOfBuD;Muyfa&;tzGJU Ouú|)? tif;0ausmif;aqmifrS
udk[m'D (aemif 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;a[mif;)? oxHkausmif;aqmifrS udkwDuvpf (aemif AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;? wyfrawmfav)
wdkYonf rsufESmjzLujym;rsm; jzpfaomfvnf; oydwfarSmufudpw ö Gif wufwuf<u<u yg0if½Hkomru oydwfpcef;rsm;ü
wm0ef,laqmif½GufcJholrsm; jzpfonf/
vlonf ta&;MuHKvmvQif pGefYol? wGefYol? aemufqkwfol? xGufajy;ol? opömazmufol? avSeHESpfzuf
eif;olrsm; ½Sd\/ trSm;udk jrifí trSefzufodkY ul;ajymif;vm&Joludk ynm½Sdol? owådaumif;ol[k uifyGef;wyf&rnf/
oydwfarSmuf&ef vHIYaqmfolrsm; tm;vHk;onf ynm½Sdrsm;? owådaumif;olrsm; jzpfonf/ trsm;rdk;cg;a&aomufí
vdkufaomufolrsm; r[kwf? udk,fhudk,fudk a0zefí todÓPfESifh ydkif;jcm;NyD;rS rdk;cg;a&aomufMuolrsm; jzpfonf/
udkxGef;tkHonf azazmf0g&Dv (25) &ufaeYwGif uefYuGufqE´jy&ef bwfpfum; (30) pD;udk urm½Gwf*wfwJ
teD; jynfvrf;ay:ü toihfpDpOfxm;&ef udkodef;az (odef;azjrifh) tm; wm0efay;xm;onf/ azazmf0g&D (24) &ufaeY
73
nü 1934-35 or*¾trIaqmif udo

k ed ;f aza&;om;aom ]ewft;kd uG}J pmwrf;rSm ausmif;aqmifrsm;ü rd;k usa½Tu,
kd u
f o
hJ Ykd
yvlysH vmayonf/
ewft;kd uGJ
Armqdkwm ocifrsKd;? uRefrsKd;r[kwf

odkYtwGuf ocifusifh usihf? ocifMuH MuH?
'l;rwkefbl;? &ifrckefbl;/
rnfolYtapmfum;rS rcH/
apmfum;wJholudk 'l;eJYwdkufr,f/
udo
k ed ;f az (ode;f azjrif)h
jrif;pD;í txD;rSef; trrSef;rodvQif vltvle[k ac:Muonf/ odkYjzpfvQif igwdkYwawGonf igwdkY oifMum;
aeaom ynmonf ynmwkavm? ynmppfavm[k a0zefrodvQif igwdkYtm; urÇmu vltvleawG[k ac:qdkavrnf/
o[mu Oóz,m;avm? pdefppfavm? vlt? vle? vlnHh? vlYrEl;reyf? vlpdrf;pyf tjzpfrsKd; ra&muf&ef igwdkY
ckoifaeaom ynmvnf; tb,ftajctaeqdkonfudk igwdkY odzdkYvdkavonf/ a½S;u wuúodkvfynmukd uRefynm[k
vnf;aumif;? NrdKUtkyfynm[k vnf;aumif; trsKd;rsKd; ac:Muayonf/ xdkpum;onf igwdkY ckacwfü rrSefawmh/
tck igwdkY ynmonf ewftdk;uGJynmomwnf;? ewftdk;uGJwdkY rnfonf tb,fae&mrQ oHk;í raumif;ay/
ewftdk;uGJynm [kwfyg\avm? rSefyg\avm? uJ jy½kyfxkwfMupdkY/
bDtufpfpD atmifvQif bmvkyfwwfygoenf;/ tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;ü pufbufuqdkygvQif em&D? armfawmfum;?
av,mOfysH ponfwdkYudk vkyfwwfonf/ qyfjym? acgif;vdrf;qDrSpí txnftvdyf? ouúvyf? ydk;? zJ ponfwdkYudk
vkyfEdkifonf/ a<uyef;uef? a<uu&m;rSpí oHxnf? oHtoHk;taqmifrsm; vkyfenf;ü uRrf;Muonf/ igwdkY odyÜHbJGU
yk*¾dKvfausmfBuD;rSmrl em&DwvHk;udkrS ae&mwus wyfjcif;? jzKwfjcif; rjyKwwf? qyfjymwwHk; jzpfatmif rvkyfwwf?
jzpfjyefygvnf; toHk;rus? toHk;r0if? a<uu&m;vkyfzdkY aeaeomom a<u&nfudk yHkroGif;wwfacs/ b,f"mwfESifh
b,f"mwfpyfu bmjzpfvnf;? b,f"mwfudk rD;tylay;vdkufu b,fvdkjzpfoGm;onf? b,f[mudk bmac:vnf;?
b,f'if; bmaMumifh jzpf&onf? b,f[mESifh b,fnmaygif;u b,f[mjzpfonf wdkYudkum; oifyg\/ onf"mwfESifh
onf"mwfaygif;vdkY onf[mjzpfvmwmudk b,fvdkae&m toHk;cs&rnfudkum; roifMum;/ b,f"mwfudk rD;tyl
xdvdkufaomf b,fvdkjzpfoGm;wmyJ/ tJonfawmh b,fvdk toHk;cs&w,fqkdwmudkawmh roif/ OyrmqdkvQifum;
prkefrsKd;ig;yg;? ZmwdyædKvf? qm;ykwfcJ? EG,fcsKd a&maygif;í axmif;u vsufqm;jzpfonfudk oifyg\/ onfvsufqm;udk
acsmif;qdk;vQif vsuf&rnfavm? 0rf;csKyfvQif oHk;&rnfavm? rdef;rvdkcsifawmh aqmif&rnfavm? odkYr[kwf wuúodkvf
ausmif;awmfBuD; tay:qHk;xyfwufawmh rl;vdkY½I&rnfavm ponfrsm;udkrl ay,smvuef 0uGufí csefcJhonf/
pdefESihf oHyk&mazsmfvdkuf[k vl½dkif;wa,mufudk cdkif;\/ 'gbmvkyf&rvJq&m[kqdkvQif rif;aumif;r,f xifovdk
Munfhvkyf[k jyefMum;avu vl½dkif;onf bkrodbrodESifh pdefoHyk&mukd aomufvdkufvQif aozdkYyif ½Sdawmhonf/
igwdkYtm; oifydkYaomynmonfvnf; xdkYtwlyifwnf;/
ocsFm*kPfxl;wef; ausmif;om;rsm;onf tyifyef;BuD;cHí oifMu&yg\/ pmtkyfawG vefcsm;ESpfpD;wdkufrQ
zwf&yg\/ odkYaomf xdkynmrsm;onf avmuESifhbmrQrqdkif? ausmif;om;wdkY oifwdkYonf ynmukdb,fae&m toHk;jyK
Muawmh[k rñTef;acs/
tjcm; tjcm;aom EdkifiHwdkYü wuúodkvfausmif;rsm;ESihf wGJum puf½HkBuD;rsm;? tvkyf½HkBuD;rsm; xm;½Sdonf/
igwdkY Armjynfu wuúodkvfrSm tpdk;&u rsufESmjzLrsm;udkom tdrfaumif;? ,maumif; aqmufí ay;onf/ igwdkYtwGuf
puf½Hktvkyf½Hkrsm; aqmufay;&ef ydkufqHr½Sd[k nmMuonf? jzef;Muonf? ajAmifvdrfonf? tpdk;&onf igwdkYtm;
uwfAm&D acsmuvdwfudk rauR;? awmfzDavmufudkom auR;aeonf/
wzef 0dZÆmwef;awGudk MunfhMuygOD;/ 0dZÆmqdkwm {&mryk*¾dKvfBuD;awG[k ac:prSwfjyKMu\/ 0dZÆmqdkwm
ArmhjynfwGif rnfolESifhrQ rwl? ylZmp ylZmae,smeH? ylaZmfcHxdkufaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;omjzpfonf[k igwdkYu txifBuD;
cJhMuonf/ odkYaomf igwdkY ynmum; usD;tmoD;uJhodkY tay:tqif;om vSí twGif;cH nHhavonf/
t*FvdyfpmwGif ½SdwfpyD;,m;? bdkif½Gef? rpfvwef? *dkvfprpfwdkY oif&yg\/ xdkpmwdkYudk zwf&ojzifh tysKdpm
74
a&;wwfjcif;? tysif;ajy pmzwfwwfjcif;? pdwfEl;nHhí uRefoabm jzpfcsifjcif;rS wyg; tjcm;taMumif;udk rwwfacs/

onfpum;ESifh ywfoufí jrefrmpmñGefYaygif; ed'gef;usrf;wGif
I hope this work will furnish ample materials to write text books in Burmese for use in all
schools and colleges in Burma with a view to inculcating imperial idea as it is intended.
ponfjzifh pmwnf;ua&;cJhonf/ xdkYtwl txufygq&mBuD;rsm; pmudkoifay;aeonfrSm tifyD&D,,f
&xm;BuD; rSefrSefNidrfNidrf armif;Edkif&efjzpfonf/
Political Science udk oif&müvnf; Political Science vdkY bmhaMumifhac:&yHk/ State qdkonfum;
b,fvdkb,f0g? Constitution qdkonfum; onfuJhodkY ponfjzifhom oif&if; tcsdefukefcJhonf/ ,HkrSm OD;csKdr½Sd?
a>rrSm ajcrayguf qdkoavmufom ½SdcJhonf/
odkYjzpfí 0dZÆm? odyÜHynmonf þenf;twdkif;qdkvQif ysm;&nfr½Sdaom ysm;tHk? tqHr½Sdaom opfMum;oD;?
teHYr½Sdaom aygufaygufyef;ESifhom wlbdonf/ K.S.M, A.T.M ponfhbGJUrsm;udk igwdkYausmif;om;rsm;onf uJh&JUcJh
Mu\/ igwdkY B.A, B.Sc. wdkYESifh xdkbGJUrsm;rSm rsm;pGmruGmvSonfudk owdjyKrdyg\avm/ a½S;url xdkpmar;yGJrsm;
atmifvQif tpdk;&xHü tvkyf&ao;\/ olaX;wdkYxHü tvkyf&Muao;\/
,ckrl tpdk;&u tvkyfaemufxyf rcefYonfhtjyif vuf½Sdrsm;udkvnf; jzKwfypfaeacsNyD/ olaX;wdkufrsm;wGif
vnf; B.A, B.Sc., awG B.L., awG nyfaeNyD/ igwdkY ae&mr&Muawmh? acG;ae&mr&awmhonfESifh rjcm;awmhNyD/
Armav;awG arQmfvifhjcif;uif;í xif&mr&rf;Mu&ef I.C.S., B.Sc., tpdk;&ynmoifponfrsm;u ½Sdygao;\/
odkYaomf w&mwa,mufrQ r½Sd&um; aygufyifudk armhMunfhum aygufyGifhudk trJom;rSwfí ajrmfrdrSm;aom acG;yrm
igwdkY 'ku©ESifhawGUzdkYom ½Sdawmhonf/
aemif- onfxuf Armrsm; cufawmhrnf/ wGJzuftpD&ifcHpmwGif igwdkYawGU&onfrSm rD;&xm;? taumuf½Hk;
paom ae&mrsm;udk t*Fvdyfujym;rsm;twGuf tvkyfoD;oefYxm;&ef jzpfojzifh aejrifhav t½l;&ifhav qdkouJhodkY
MumavnHhav jzpfcJhNyD/ abmvHk;uefwwfonfh wdkifatmif taumuf½Hk;ü tvkyf&csifrS &awmhrnf/ igwdkYESifhwuG
igwdkYwrsKd;vHk; epfemacsNyD/ aumif;EdkifMuygao;\avm/
þodkY tESpfr½Sd tumtwdjzpfaom ynm&yfrsm;udkyifvQif igwdkYArmuav;rsm;rSm aiGukef? tcsdefukefcHí
oifMum; aeonfomru ausmif;wGif aeonfhtcgvnf; ausmif;tkyfBuD; paom q&mrsm;\ trsKd;rsKd; csKyfcs,fjcif;udk
uRJ? EGm;rsm;yrm cHMuapvdkao;\/
tdk- ausmif;awmfom;wdkY? igwdkY vlBuD; rdbwdkYonf om;orD;rsm;udk vljzpf&ef þausmif;odkY xm;jcif;
jzpfonf r[kwfygavm/ odkYjzpfvQif b,ftwGuf vlYtcGifhta&;udk em;rvnfoa,mif? aMumifawmifawmif vkyfí
aeMubdoenf;/ rdrdwdkY tcGifhta&;½SdorQ ajyma&;qdkcGifh[lorQwdkYudk ]qdka&;½Sdu qdkwwfpG} qdkouJhodkY ajymMu?
jyMu? vkyfMurS oifhayrnf/ odkYr[kwfygu igwdkYomru wrsKd;vHk;ESihfwuG aemiftqufquf þausmif;odkY a&muf½Sd
rnfh igwdkY\ trsKd;tEG,frsm;\ *kPfusufoa&udkyg xdckdufysufjym;rnfudk ,cku igwdkYu q,fwif&ef 0wå&m;½Sd
ayonf r[kwfwHkavm/ oifwdkY vkyf&nfudkif&nftwGuf aemifvmaemufom;wdkY tusKd;cHpm;&vQif toifwdkY emrnfonf
aemif &mZ0ifwGif O'gef;wGif&pf Muayvdrfhrnf/ toifwdkY\ 0wå&m;ukd toifwdkYraqmif½Gufu aemifvmaemufom;
wdkY\ wHawG;cGufwGif tarmifwdkY emrnfawG yufvufajrmMuvdrfhrnf/
xdkYaMumifh igwdkYab;udk igwdkYumuG,f&efrSm ]rnfolrjyK rdrdrI} qdkouJhodkY igwdkYBudK;pm;um aqmif½GufMu&
vdrfhrnf/ igwdkY 'ku©rsm;rSm þnHhzsif;pkwfcsmaom ynma&;pepfaMumifhjzpfonf/ tdrfa[mif;udk zsufí tdrfopf
aqmufouJhodkY igwdkY ynma&;pepf pkwfBuD;udk zsufí igwdkY tdrfopfaqmufMu ukefthH/ igwdkY ArmvlrsKd;ESihf
wefaom igwdkY&xdkufaom ynmudk&atmif BudK;pm;MuukeftHh/ igwdkYonf 0dZÆm? odyÜHatmifvQif tvkyfvufrJhjzpfapaom
pepfudkrvdk? igwdkYtm; xdkab;rS u,fq,frnfh ynmudk&apygonf/ pdeftppfudkay;rS auseyfMurnf/ Oóz,m;
udkay;rl vm;vm;rQ r,lvdk/
tdk- a½SUa&; aemufa&;udk arQmfawG;wwfMuaom wuúodkvfausmif;om;wdkY? ]vdv k QiMf uq
H enf;vrf;&}? ]BuKd ;pm;u
bk&m;jzpf} ponfwdkYudk a½SUaqmifxm;í nDnDnmnm BudK;pm;Muygukef/
tdrfaqmuf&mü opf½Sm? 0g;ckwf? vTwdkuf? aqmufxGif;? yJcGyfudkif ponfjzifh toD;oD; 0wå&m;½SdorQudk
aqmif½GufMurS igwdkYESifhwuG aemifvmaemufom;rsm; vltjzpf wnfEdkifMurnf jzpfownf;/
odef;az
¤if;pmudk ausmif;om;rsm; atmfBuD;[pfus,f zwfMuonf? oabmawGUMuonf/

1936 azazmf0g&Dv (25) &ufaeY? aeYvnf (2) em&DausmfrSpí wuúodkvfe,fajr vIyfvIyf½G½G jzpfvmonf/
or*¾taqmuftODü ausmif;om;rsm; [dkwpk? 'Dwpk pkpk½Hk;½Hk;jzpfaeonf/ xdkaeYeHeufxkwf jrefrmowif;pmrsm;
75
wGifvnf; ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; nae (4) em&DwGif jyKvkyfrnfhtaMumif; ygvmonf/ udkatmifqef;udkvJ

ausmif;xkwfvdrhfrnf[k owif;xGufaeonf/ xdkowif;aMumifh ausmif;om;rsm; ydkírauseyfMuay/ ]igwhkd tepfemcH
MurS aemifvmrnfU ausmif;om;rsm; aumif;pm;rnf} [k ausmif;om;rsm; oabmaygufvmMuonf/ ,HMk unfvmMuonf/
rcHcsifpdwfrsm; wzGm;zGm; jzpfay:vmonf/ pdwftm;xufoefonfxuf xufoefvmonf/ qE´jya&;xuf oydwf
arSmufa&;yg pdw0f ifpm;vmMuonf/ nae (4) em&D tpnf;ta0; rwdik rf t D csdef oydwo f nf rd;k csKef;ouJo h Ykd jrnf[;D í
ay:vmayonf/
nae (4) em&D? or*¾tpnf;ta0;cef;rBuD;wGif ausmif;om; 700 ausmf½Sdonf/ trmcH ausmif;om;tcsKdU
or*¾a½SU jrufcif;jyifü pk½;kH aeMuonf/ tpnf;ta0;cef;r Ouú|\ ukvm;xdik f aemufausmbufwiG f o&Jatmifvu H dk
tvsm;vdkuf csxm;onf/
Ouú|udEk k 0ifvmaomtcg ausmif;om;tm;vH;k vufcyk f em;uGv J rk wwf wD;Muonf/ ud&k m½Spf 0ifvmaom
tcg yxrenf;wl tm;ay;Muonf/ udkEkonf ausmif;xkwfcH&NyD; ausmif;om;r[kwfawmhí tpnf;ta0; obmywd
rvkyb f J owif;axmufrsm;\ a½SUqH;k tv,fwef;ü xdik o f nf/ udEk \ k nmbufü udak tmifqef;xdik o f nf/ ud&k m½Spu f
obmywd? udkoD[efu twGif;a&;rSL;vkyfonf/ ukd&m½Spfonf tpnf;ta0;ac:&onfh taMumif;&if;udk t*Fvdyfvdk
tus,fw0ifh ½Sif;jyonf/
udk&m½Spfu ]udkEk ausmif;xkwfcH&onfU udpöESifUywfoufí tm;vHk;odNyD;jzpfaMumif;? udkatmifqef;udkvnf;
pmar;yGJrvkyfrD rwfvavmufü ausmif;xkwfrnf[k tcdkiftvHk od½Sdxm;aMumif;? aemif or*¾trIaqmif 3? 4 OD;
udvk nf; ausmif;xkwv f rd rUf nf[k tcdik t f vHk od½x
dS m;aMumif;? xdahk MumifU ¤if;wdhk xkwcf &H onfukd uefu h uG of nft U aeESiUf
rdrdtrIaqmiftzGJYonf pmar;yGJrajzMu&ef qHk;jzwfaMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; wdkufwGef;vdkaMumif;? odkhaomf
þtpnf;ta0;rS qHk;jzwfcsufudk vufcHrnfjzpfaMumif;} ajymMum;oGm;onf/
udkcifarmifuav;u ]ausmif;tkyfBuD;rpöwmpavmh jyKrlcsufrsm;onf tvGefyif emusnf;p&maumif;onf/
usaemfwo hkd nf vlnaUH wGr[kw?f oHrPdrsm;jzpfonf/ oHrPdpw d "f mwf½adS Mumif; ,ckjy&rnf} [kajym&m MobmoHBuD;rsm;
qlnHoGm;onf/
udkpdefwdk;u ]udEk Ek iS Uf udak tmifqef;tm; ausmif;xkwv f u kd o
f nftU wGuf rpöwmpavmUtm; aus;Zl;wifaMumif;}
tqdkwifoGif;onf/ udkoD[efu axmufcHonf/
udkvSazu ]ausmif;tkyfBuD;\ jyKrlcsufrsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;udkomru Armjynfudkyg apmfum;&m
a&mufonf/ ausmif;qufaeí tusK;d r½S?d oydwaf rSmufMuyg} [k tqdkwifoGif;onf/ udkatmifjrifhu axmufcHvdkuf
onf/
]pw½dkuf? pw½dkuf}
]oydwfarSmuf? oydwfarSmuf}
toHrsm; tpnf;ta0;wcef;vHk; qlnHaeonf/
udkausmfNidrf;u ]olonf arQmfvifUcsufrsm;pGm pGefhvTwfí ausmif;rSxGuf&ef qHk;jzwfNyD;jzpfonf/ olhuJUodkh
ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;rSxu G &f ef} tqdkjyKvkdufonf/ udkvSazu axmufcHonf/ tpnf;ta0;wckvHk; oydwfarSmuf?
oydwfarSmuftoHrsm; qlnHvmonf/
udkvSazu ]azazmf0g&Dv (23) &ufaehuyif or*¾trIaqmifrsm;? tzGJY0ifrsm;ESifUtwl pmar;yGJrajzbJ
ukd,fcsif;pmoydwfarSmufrnf[k uwday;xm;NyD;jzpfonf} [kajymonf/
udkomvSu ]olonf tvGefqif;&J\/ olhOD;av;u ausmif;xm;í ausmif;ae&onf/ ausmif;rS axmufyHUMu;
awmif;cHae&onf/ ol\b0&nfrSef;csufudk pGefhvTwfí pmar;yGJudk oloydwfarSmufvdkufNyD} [kajymonf/ udkpdk;jrifh
(rdk;ndK) u ],aeh 'kwd,trsKd;om;aeh} [kajymonf/
xdktcg udkEku ]nDtudk armifErS wd?hk usaemfausmif;xkwcf &H í ,ckuo hJ hkd qlyal eMuonfrmS xef;oD;a<ucdu k f
usD;em;vdkufwJU oabmomjzpfw,f/ tdEd´,u yJpm;wJUukvm;awGvdkh ac:ayr,fh ukvm;rsm;onf bDatbGJYrsm;? tdkif
tufpD&mxl;rsm; jyeftyfMuonf/ usaemfwdkhonf bDatbGJYavmufom jyeftyfEdkifojzifU ½Sufp&maumif;onf/ tdEd´,
bk&ifcHcsKyf armifUavmU'ftm0ifu ]tdEd´,jynfonf uRefouf½Snf½SnfaeoGm;&ef ynma&;Xmeudk tkyfcsKyfa&;XmeuJhodkh
tkyfcsKyf&rnf/ ynmoifMum;a&; p&dwfBuD;BuD;xm;&rnf} [kajymoGm;onf/ 'Dtcsuf (2) csuf½SdaeorQ umvywfvHk;
oydwaf rSmufzhkd wifoiG ;f &rSmyJ} [k udkEku ajymvdkufaomtcg 1930 urÇmhpD;yGm;ysufuyfESifh Armjynf pD;yGm;ysufuyf
usa&mufaecsdef jzpfí wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;u ausmif;vcESifh tjcm;p&dwfrsm;avQmh&ef awmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf;
76
ausmif;tkycf sKyfa&;tzGUJ u vspfvsL½Ico hJ nf/ 1934-35 wGif ausmif;p&dwaf vsmhaygha&;udk xyfraH wmif;qdck ahJ omfvnf;
wuúodkvf tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDu ausmif;om;tcsKdUudk ac:,lESpfodrfhjzm;a,mif;um uwdrwnfrIrsm; jyKcJhavonfrSm
½SdaecJhí tpnf;ta0;cef;onf tkwftkwfusufusufESifh
]oydwfarSmuf? oydwfarSmuf} atmfoHrsm; yJhwifxyfoGm;onf/ tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm; aemufaz;avSum;rS
jyefMu&ef ajy;Muonf/ aemufaz;avSum;ü udkxGef;tkH? udkbqufESifh trmcHausmif;om;wcsKdU½Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYu
]usaemfwu hkd kd eif;Ny;D qif;oGm;yg}[k avSum;xdyfü xdkifcsvdkufonf/ udkodef;azu xdktcsdefwGif vufwdkYí bwfpfum;
rsm;udk urm½Gwf*wfwJteD;rS or*¾taqmuftODa½SUodkY armif;0ifvmaponf/
obmywd udk&m½Spfu oydwfarSmufwifoGif;xm;onfhtqdkudk jyefpOf;pm;&ef (3) Budrfajymonf/
udkcifarmifuav;onf a'gowBuD; xdkif&mrSxNyD; ]a[U &m½Spf? rif;pum; ½kyfodrf;? rMum;csifbl;uG} [kajym&if;
ausmif;om;rsm;bufoYkd vSn&hf if; ]oydwaf rSmuftqdu k kd b,fvokd abmxm;ovJ} [kar;vdu k &f m ausmif;om;rsm;onf
]pw½du k ?f pw½du k ?f oydwaf rSmuf? oydwaf rSmuf} [k jyefatmfMuonf/ udk&m½Spfu oydwfarSmuftqdkudk jyefpOf;pm;&ef
ajymjcif;onf ausmif;om;rsm; pdwfudk qGay;jcif;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; pdwf"mwfjyif;xefvmatmif vHIUaqmf
ay;jcif;jzpfonf/
tpnf;ta0;onf w½ke;f ½ke;f ESihf wa0ga0gjzpfaepOf ausmif;om;wa,mufonf or*¾cef;ra½SUbuf jyLwif;
aygufudk vufn§dK;xdk;í tif;vsm;aqmifrS ausmif;olor*¾udk,fpm;vS,frsm; (15) OD;cefY - rcifjr (aemif uxdu?
ynma&;wuúodkvf)? jcif;Mum;rrBuD; (udkxGef;tkHZeD;)? rtrm (aemif vlxka':trm)? rodef;Munf (ykodrf) wdkYESifh
ausmif;ol (15) a,mufcefY - tm;jyNyD; ]rde;f cav;awGyg&if a,mufsm;av;awG bmowÅad MumifwmvJ? xrde0f wfMua[h?
pw½dkuf pw½dkuf} [k atmfMujyefonf/ ausmif;om;tcsKdUonf udkEktm; ykckH;xrf;í atmufodkY ac:oGm;onf/
udk&m½Spfu ]uJ oydwfarSmufzdkh qHk;jzwfNyD;NyD? or*¾&Jabmfwdkh? vdkufygzdkhawmU rwdkufwGef;vdkygbl;? 'gayr,fU 'DudpörSm
igwdkh wm0ef½Sdw,fvdkh ,lqNyD; trsKd;om; pdwfjyif;xefwJUolawG vdkufygEdkifygw,f? tpnf;ta0; NyD;qHk;aMumif;}
tEdkifEdkifajym&if; ausmif;om;tcsKdUu csKdif;ESpfbufrSr,lí atmufokdY ac:aqmifoGm;Muonf/ tif;vsm;aqmif½Sd
ausmif;olrsm;onfvnf;-
Rightly or Wrongly
My Country is My Country
-[laom aqmifyk'ft& oydwfarSmuf&efxGufvmNyD; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk vufckyfwD;í
BudKqdkMuonf/
oydwf oydwf? arSmuf arSmuf
pavmU pavmU? xGuf xGuf
udkatmifqef;udk ausmif;rxkwfeJh
udkEkudk ausmif;rxkwfeJh
uRefynma&;pepf? zsufypf zsufypf
ocifrsKd;a[U 'dkhArm
a<u;aMumfoHrsm; a<u;aMumfí t"dywdvrf;rS ausmif;tkyfBuD;tdrfodkY vnf;aumif;? ausmif;aq;½Hk a½SUodkY
vnf;aumif;? a½Tw*d akH pwDawmf &m[kaxmifh wefaqmif;BuD;qDoYkd wNrdKUvH;k vSnv hf nfNyD; oydwpf cef;zGi&hf ef xGuv
f m
Muonf/ &efuek w f uúov kd Bf uD;onfum; oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm; xGuv f mNyD;aemuf Nidrof ufajcmufaoGUuse&f pfchJ
onf/ *kPfxl;wef;rS ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;vnf; yg0ifcJhMuonf/ bDat? bDtufpD rufarmívnf;aumif;?
axmuf y H h a Mu; jyKwf r S m aMumuf a om ausmif ; om;tcsKd U rS v G J í 80% ausmf oyd w f a rS m uf M uonf /
xdkausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif aemiftcg 0efBuD;? I. C. S.,? B. C. S.,? oHtrwf? wdkif;rif;BuD;? twGif;0efjzpfMurnfholrsm;
ygvmayonf/ udk,fusKd;udk pGefYoifh pGefYxdkufonfh tcsdefwGif udk,fusKd;pGefY&J0Hhaom ausmif;om;rsm;aMumifh 1936
ck? 'kwd,tBudrfausmif;om;oydwfBuD; jzpfay:vm ayonf/
(!) oydwjf rifuiG ;f

wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYpdwfxufoefpGmjzifh wuúodkvfOya'udk rBudKufESpfoufí jyifqif
&eftwGuf vnf;aumif;? Armjynfausmif;om;rsm;udk vufatmufcHuRefynma&;pepf qGJoGif;onfh ynmoifausmif;
77
BuD;udk rpifykyfuJhodkY ½GH½Smvmí vnf;aumif;? Oya'rsm;udk rkef;wD;½HG½Smvmaompdwfjzifh udk,hfudk,fudk tepfemcHNyD;

vGefcJhaom (15) ESpfu aemifawmfBuD;rsm;\ ajc&mudkeif;í wnDwnmwnf; a<u;aMumfoydwfarSmuf xGufvmjcif;
jzpfonf/ tif;vsm;taqmifol rsm;rSmvnf; rdrdwkdY\ Eki,faomtjzpfukd rawG;rdbJ t0wfwxnf udk,fwckESifh
&JeDrrsm;yDyD vdkufygvmMujcif;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;onf rsufESmjzLtpdk;&\ tcsKyftcs,fcHae&
aomtjzpfrS ½ke;f xGuv f Mkd uonft
h wGuf vGwv f yfa&;&rS at;awmhrnf[al ompdwjf zifh oydwaf rSmufvu kd jf cif; jzpfonf/
xdkoydwfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfrS ausmif;om; 80%? ,k'oefaumvdyfrS ausmif;om; 20% yg0ifonf/
ausmif;om;xkBuD; wcJeuf oydwfarSmufvdkufonfhtwGuf e,fcsJUtpdk;& rsufvHk;jyL;? rsufqHjyL; jzpfoGm;onf/
þoydwf BuD;onf 1938 ck? yxrtaxGaxGoydwfBuD; a½SUajy;ozG,f jzpfvmawmhonf/ oydwfarSmufausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf t&if;½Sife,fcsJU NAdwdoQpepfqdk;\ &ufpufzdESdyf½IwfcsrIudk rsuf0g;xifxif ay:vGifatmif
vlxak ½SUarSmufoYkd wifjyMuonf/ xdt k cg vlxw k &yfv;kH onf t&if;½Sief ,fcsJUpepfukd tjrpfrv
S eS í
f Ekwyf pfvpkd wd rf sm;
wzGm;zGm;ay:vmonf/
&efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; oydwfarSmufxGufvmNyD;aemuf a½Twd*HkapwDawmf ajrmufzufpcef;
Z&yfwGif oydwfarSmufaumifpDukd zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ oydwfarSmufaumifpDrSm-
1/ udk&m½Spf Ouú|
2/ udkausmfNidrf; twGif;a&;rSL;
3/ udktkef;
4/ udkoD[ef
5/ udkvSaz (Adv
k vf ufsm)
6/ udkxGef;tkH
7/ udkxGef;wif
8/ udkwDaubGef;
9/ udkat;csKd
10/ udkndKjr (udkodef;wif)
11/ udkomvS
12/ o&Judkbat;
13/ udkndKxGef;
14/ rtrm (vlxka':trm)
15/ udkpdk;armif
16/ rtkef;
17/ rrrBuD;
18/ rcifjr
19/ udkvSarmif (&rnf;oif;)
20/ udkñGefY
21/ udkvScifarmif
22/ udkodef;az
23/ udkatmifqef;
24/ udkEk
25/ rcifBuD; tygt0if (29) OD;
oydwfarSmufaumifpDtzGJUonf oydwfta&;rwdrf;apmif;ap&ef tcsdef½Sdaeoa½GU aqG;aEG;aeMuonf/
apmifah ½Smufa&;wm0efcrH sm;onfvnf; &efyakH iGtwGuf pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; a&mif;csjcif;? oydwaf rSmuf&yHu k kd ZmwfaMumif;
jyefajymí vlxkxH tvSLcHjcif;? vlxkuvJ rdrdwkdYpm;rnfhxJrS acRwmum? qeftdwftrsm;tjym; ay;ydkYulnDjcif;rsm;
jyKvkyfcJhonf/ wuúodkvfoydwfarSmuf apmifha½Smufa&;tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;cJh&m-
1/ 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd
2/ OD;ausmfjrifh (0wfvHk)
3/ a'gufwmOD;ausmfNidrf;
78
4/ a':ESif;jr wdkY acgif;aqmifyg0ifonf/

wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS ocifrsm;onf vma&muftm;jznfh ulnDMuonf/ a'gufwmOD;ausmfNidrf;onf em;usyf
udkifí ausmif;om;rsm;tajctae vSnfhvnfMunfh½Ionf/ 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdonf oydwfpcef;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYausmif;aqmif
trnfrsm; ay;xm;avonf/
armfvNrdKifZ&yfwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;udk ae&mcsay;onf/ rrBuD; (jcif;Mum;)? rcifjr? r&D&D? rtkef;? rm*&uf
zdk;au (zsmyHk)? rcifBuD;wdkYu OD;aqmifí tif;vsm;aqmifopf[k emrnfay;xm;onf/
jyefMum;a&;tzGJUü udkodef;wifESifh udkxGef;azu acgif;aqmifí ausmif;om;rsm; vdkvm;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk
udk&m½Spfu OD;aqmifa&;qGJavonf/
NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm; tultnDjzifh ausmif;om;rsm; pepfwus wdu
k yf 0JG ifco
hJ nf/ A[ko
d ydwaf pmifah ½Smufa&;tzGUJ wGif
wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS ocifav;armif yg0ifaqmif½Gufí ulnDcJhonf/ owif;pmrsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;ukd vdIufvSJ
ysLiSmpGm todtrSwfjyKNyD;? trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfMuonf/
(¡) oydwft&Sdefwufvmjcif;
ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;xJwGif tdEd́,wdkif;&if;om;rsm;? t*Fvdyfujym;rsm; yg0ifcJhonf/ ajcwzufjywf
[dE´LvlrsKd; ausmif;om;wa,mufvJ ]trsKd;om;jcif; csD;jr§ifUyg} [laom jrefrmpmwrf;udk udkifaqmifvmí oydwfrSm
t½Sed jf rifvh monf/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; pdwx f w J iG f rdrw d YkdoifMum;&ef,x l m;aom bmom&yfrsm;ukd jyefvnfpOf;
pm;&m aemif toufarG;0rf;ausmif;udk rwwfEikd af om bmom&yfrsm;? rdrw d Ydkpw
d f ,Ofaus;odraf rGUatmif rjyKvkyEf ikd af om
bmom&yfrsm;? ZmwdaoG;? Zmwdrmef wazG;azG; wufaprnfhtpm; arG;oaEÿg pdwful;pdwfjrwfrsm;udkyif aysmufuG,f
apEdkifaom bmom&yfrsm;udk ,lxm;rdaMumif; odvmMuonf/ trdArmjynfu ppfrSefaom acgif;aqmifEdkifrnfhol
wOD;udk trSefwu,f vdktyfaeonf? tvsiftjreftvdk½Sdae\/ Armwdkif;twGuf ar;cGef;jzpfae\/ wOD;wa,muf
pdwaf ysmhnrhH aI Mumifh ArmawGukd aumuf½;kd rD;[k rpGypf rJG yd gapESi/hf oifwa,muf aoG;aMumifraI Mumifh Armh*P k f rysufyg
apESifh/ oifwa,muf wudk,faumif;qefrIaMumifh Armqdkwm tpmjyac:&wmyJ[k olrsm;tqdk rcH&ygapESifh/ oif
wa,muf opömysufrI? uwdysufrIaMumifh wrsKd;om;vHk; repfemygapESifh/ oif\ aemufwGefYrI? owdåenf;rI? ZGJaysmh
rIaMumifh aqmif½Gufcsufrsm; raESmifhaES;ygapESifh/ tm;vHk; wnDwnmwnf; aqmif½GufMu&ef ta&;BuD;ayonf/
ausmif;tkycf sKyfa&;wm0efcrH sm;u ausmif;om;rdbrsm;xH rdro d m;orD;rsm;udk oydwpf cef;rS ausmif;odYkjyefyYkd&ef
aMu;eef;½dkuf awmif;yefpnf;½Hk;cJhaomfvnf; rdbrsm;onf wkefYjyefrI rvkyfcJhonfhtjyif ausmif;om;rsm;vkyf&yfudk
axmufcH tm;ay;cJhonf/
]ighom;? rif;rrdkufeJh? q&mBuD;u rif;udkausmif;xkwfNyD; emrnfqdk;ay;vdkuf&if rif;woufvHk; vlñGefhwHk;
oGm;vdrfUr,f/ rif;pOf;pm;aemf? ukefxm;&wJU aiGawGuvnf; renf;bl;? wESpfvHk; aiGukefcH vlyef;NyD; oifxm;&wJU
ynmawG? pmar;yGeJ ;D rS0ifrajzbl;qd&k if t½H;I Bu;D ½H;I rSmyJ? rrdu h m;&,f} [k awmif;yefMuaom rdbrsm;udk ausmif;om;
k ef ihJ go
rsm;u-
]tarwdkh&,f? a*:&if*sDawGudkMunfU? olwdkhrSma½S;wkef;u ohlrif;olhcsif;eJh? &mZ0ifrSm pHwifavmufwJU trsKd;aygh/
aemifvrl sK;d jcm; vufatmufa&mufawmU waehwjcm;ysujf ym;&muae ckawmUZmwdrmefrNUJ y;D olwum&JeY if;jym; jzpfaewm
tarwdkh odwJhtwdkif;yJ/ [dkvlhjrif aMumuf&? 'Dvlhjrif ½Sdcdk;&awmUrvdk? uav;eJhacG;awmif olwdkhudk yrmrcefhbl;/
ArmawG xD;usK;d pnfaygujf zpfNy;D vlrsK;d jcm; vufatmufa&mufwm ESpf (50) ausmNf y/D waehxufwaeh qkw, f wk vf mwm
uae aygah ygq h qaer,fq&kd if a*:&if*sv D kd tajcrvSwb UJ 0 a&mufomG ;r,f/ 'Db0ra&mufcsi&f if tckuae owd0&D , d
a½SxY m;Ny;D trsK;d om;a&;udk BuKd ;pm;&r,f/ 'grS aemifrsK;d qufawG aumif;pm;rSm}[k ausmif;om;rsm;u jyefajymcJhavonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;onf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;vIyf½Sm;rIudk jynfolrsm;ESifhvufwGJNyD; tm;oGefBudK;yrf;Muonf/
jynfow l &yfv;kH cHpm;ae&aom NAdwo d Qe,fcsUJ \ zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf t I 00udk azmfxw k wf ifjy vHUI aqmfMuonf/ e,fcsUJ tpd;k &
ay;rSurf;rS roxma&pmudk t½dk;t&if; udkuf&onfh? pm;cGufvk 91-Xme tkyfcsKyfa&;udk rufrufarmarm
vQmapmif;xd;k í oGm;a& wjrm;jrm;usum atmufajcvGwaf eMuaom vufa[mif;Edik if aH &;orm;BuD;rsm; wefc;kd xGm;NyD;
qif;&Jom;0HomEktzGJUacgif;aqmif a'gufwmbarmf eef;&if;0eftjzpfaqmif½Gufí ñGefYaygif;tpdk;& tkyfcsKyfae
csdefjzpfonf/ a'gufwmbarmfESifh rEÅav;OD;bOD;wdkYonf trsKd;om;wuf<uvIyf½Sm;rI? e,fcsJUqefUusifa&;udprö sm;ukd
ykvyd t f zGUJ ? ppfyv
k yd t
f zGUJ rsm;oH;k um NzdKcG&J onftxd e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk Edik if w H 0Sr;f u *,uf½u kd cf wf
79
atmif tiftm;jyoMuonf/
ArmwEdkifiHvHk;wGif ausmif;om;ta&;? tvkyform;ta&;? v,form;ta&;? ukvm;-Arm t"du½kPf;
ta&;rsm; AGufaygufatmif vIyf½Sm;aecsdefjzpfonf/
oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;onf udk,fhtkyfpkESifhudk,f wm0ef,lí oydwfrarSmufao;aom rpf½Sifausmif;
rsm;ESihf tpd;k &ausmif;rsm;odYk omG ;um oydww f m;Muonf/ oydww f m;aom ausmif;om;pku oydww f m;í oydww f &m;
a[maom ausmif;om;pku oydwt f iftm;jznhw f if;&ef BudK;yrf;Muonf/ a½Tw*d akH pwDawmf oydwpf cef;ü usef&pfaom
ausmif;om;xkrmS vnf; oydwaf rSmufausmif;om; &Jabmfopfrsm;tvmudk 0rf;omtm;& qD;BudKMuonf/ oydwaf rSmuf
umvtwGi;f waeYwmukeq f ;kH onfh tcsdew
f ikd ;f wGif oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;tm; acgif;aqmifrsm;u aoG;pnf;nD
ñGwfa&;? enf;ñTefvrf;jy ynmay;w&m;rsm; a[majymavh½Sdonfudk oydwfarSmufausmif;om;tm;vHk; pdwftm;xuf
oefpmG pka0;em;axmifMuonf/ 1920 wuúov kd f yxrausmif;om;oydwf tawGUtMuHK&cJo h vdk oydwaf rSmufausmif;
om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tzdkYvnf; tawGUtMuHK &ifhusufcJhNyDjzpfonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUenf;y&d,m,fudk 1936 oydwf
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; em;vnfxm;Muonf/
oydwft½Sdefjrifhwufvm&m tifvsm;aqmifrS ausmif;ol (150)? udkodrf;armifacgif;aqmifaom ,leDAmpDwD
*syfqifausmif;om;rsm;yg0ifvmonf/ udkbZHacgif;aqmifaom &cdkiftrsKd;om;rsm;vnf; ygvmonf/ aq;aumvdyf
oydwfudk udkvSa½T (udkvSaznD tmPm½SifudkvSa½T) acgif;aqmifcJhonf/
NrdKUvkH;uRwfausmif;om;rsm;? txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;yg 0ifa&mufvmí oydwft½Sdefjrifhvmonf/
te,fe,ft&yf&yf½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; pGrf;tm;½SdorQ yg0ifulnDí wdkYArmtpnf;t½kH;uvnf; te,fe,f
t&yf&yf½Sd tpnf;t½kH;cGJrsm;odkY ñTefMum;csufrsm;ay;ydkYí yg0ifulnDaponf/ jynfvkH;uRwfausmif;om;oydwfodkY
a&mufcJh&ef axmuful oydwfarSmufay;cJhaom ausmif;rsm;rSm jynf? BudKUyifaumuf? vufyHwef;? okH;q,f? rif;vS?
aysmfbG,f? rEÅav;? rkH½Gm? armfvNrdKif? ajrmif;jr? yJcl;? jrif;jcH? ykodrf? rdw¬Dvm? zsmykH? a½Tbdk? anmifav;yif? yckuúL?
rif;bl;? tif;pdef? awmifBuD;? aygif;wnf? usKdufvwf? [oFmw? awmifil? rk'kHNrdKUrsm;½Sd ausmif;aygif; (45) ausmif;
yg0ifcJhavonf/ oydwform;rsm;pcef;udk *sDpDbDat orwBuD; OD;pdk;odrf;a&mufvmonf/ olonf *sDpDbDatwGif
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; tjyif;xefqkH; acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfum &mxl;r,lbJ tm;vkH;udktwdkuftcHvkyfcJhonf/ ]rif;wdkh
atmifqef;wdkhvdk vkyf&r,f? 'grsKd;rS igwdkhydkaumif;r,f? ydkwdk;wufr,f}[k ajymMum;cJhonf/ udkEk? udk&m½Spf? udktkef;ESifh
tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf NrdKUrsm;odkYoGm;a&mufí awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wifjyum vlxktpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm;
jyKvkyfavonf/
(P) awmif;qdck suf (10) csuf

rdef;uav; (36) a,mufyg vl (700) ausmfESifh (25) &uf? nbufü *syfqifaumvdyfrS vl (20) xyfrH
a&muf½SdvmNyD; oydwfpcef;rSm tiftm;rsm;jym;vmonf/ xdknwGif tcsuf (10) csufyg awmif;qdkcsuf a&;qGJcJhonf/
¤if; (10) csufrSm-
1/ ,leDAmpDwDtufOya'udk jyifay;&ef?
2/ aumvdyfausmif;raeaomfvnf; ,leDAmpDwDu ppfaq;aom pmar;yGJrsm; 0ifa&mufajzqdkcGifhay;&ef?
3/ ausmif;vc? xrif;zdk;ESifhwuG pmar;yGJ0ifcGifhrsm; avsmhcs&ef?
4/ or*¾rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fpm; epfemcsufrsm;udk ajymqdkcGifhESifh ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk
ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;u vufcHajymqdkrnfr[kwfqdkaom qkH;jzwfcsufudk zsufodrf;ay;&ef?
5/ udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;xkwfypfrnfqdkaom trdefYtwnfjzpfvQif xdktrdefYudk y,fzsufí olYtm;
pmar;yGJ0ifcGifhay;&efESifh ausmif;xkwfcHausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyefwufcGifhay;&ef?
6/ ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;\ vufwGif;ü ausmif;om;rsm;udk xkwfy,fEdkifaom tcGifhtmPmudk ½kyfodrf;í
tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUüom xdktmPmxm;½Sd&ef?
7/ tpdk;&ESifh wuúodkvfausmif;u rEÅav;aumvdyfudk rzsufyg[k wm0efcHcsufay;&ef?
8/ ausmif;om;rsm; rdrdwdkYpmar;yGJtajzpmtkyfudk MunfhcGifhay;&ef?
9/ oydwfarSmuf&yfpJaomtcg ausmif;om;rsm; pmusufcsdef&&eftwGuf pmar;yGJudktenf;qkH; wva½TU
qdkif;&ef?
80
10/ oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;tm; wdkuf½kdufjzpfap? oG,f0dkufíjzpfap ppfaMumar;jref;jcif;? tjypfay;

jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfrnfr[kwf[k 0efcHcsufay;&ef?
-ponfwdkYjzpf\/
txufygawmif;qdck surf sm;udk 'dik t
f mcDtpd;k &? ,leAD mpDwaD usmif;tkycf sKyfa&;tzGUJ ponfwYkdukd ay;ydYkawmif;qdk
aomfvnf; ausmif;tkycf sKyfa&;tzGUJ u usi;f yaeMupmar;yGu J okd m tcsed rf eS u
f si;f y&ef pDpOfco
hJ nf/ wuúovkd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;
aumifpDonf azazmf0g&Dv (28) &ufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;udk ta&;,lcH&rnf jzpfaMumif; ajymMum;cJhonf/ xdkpOfu
0efBuD;csKyf (2) OD;jzpfaom OD;babESifh a'gufwmbarmfu wwfEdkiforQ vkyfaqmifay;rnf[kajymaomfvnf; Oya'
aumifpDwGif *VKefOD;apm\ uefYuGufrIjzifh oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm; r&½Sday/
(w) 1936 ref;Oypmaumvdy?f udAk [de;f ESihf ppfuikd ;f 0dik ;f pOfu

1936 &efuek w f uúov kd rf S udEk ?k ud&k m½Sp?f udak tmifqef;wdYk OD;pD;NyD; oydwaf rSmufaomtcg ref;Oypmaumvdyf
ausmif;om;rsm;onf azazmf0g&Dv (27) &ufwGif aemifawmfwuúodkvf ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;udk ulnDonfhtaeESifh
0dkif;0ef; oydwfarSmufMuonf/ 1934 ckwGif ref;Oypmaumvdyfü ausmif;om;or*¾ zGJUpnf;NyD;jzpfonf/ Ouú|rSm
udkA[def;jzpfí? twGif;a&;rSL;rSm udkcifarmifwif jzpfonf/ udkA[def;ESifh udkcifarmifwifwdkYonf ta&;awmfykHtwGif;
rEÅav;NrdKUay:rS ausmif;rsm;odkY vSnfhvnfNyD; oydwfarSmuf&ef vIHYaqmfonf/ oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk Oypm
aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u OD;aqmifí xdef;ay;Muonf/ txufwef;ausmif;rS ausmif;om;aygif; (2000)
ausmf yg0ifcJhonf/ oydwfpcef;rSm ousoD[bk&m;twGif;? taemufawmifaxmifh tkwfZ&yfBuD;jzpfonf/ xdktcsdef
rEÅav;NrdKU ESifh teD;qHk;jzpfaom ppfudkif;txufwef;ausmif;rSm oydwfrarSmufao;ay/ ref;OypmaumvdyfwGif
ppfudkif;rS ausmif; om; (10) OD;cefY½Sdaomfvnf; ppfudkif;ausmif; oydwfarSmuf&ef rBudK;pm;Edkifay/
ppfudkif;ausmif;wGif aeYausmif;om;rsm;rSm (350) cefY? (120) cefYrSm taqmifausmif;om;rsm;jzpfonf/
aeYausmif; om;rsm;om pnf;½Hk;í&ojzifh aeYausmif;om;rsm;u ref;Oypmaumvdyf½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;tultnDESifh
oydwaf rSmufMu onf/ pmar;yGrJ sm;jyKvkyí f rEÅav;wGio f ydww
f m;&m ppfuikd ;f wGivf nf; oydww f m;&ef vdv k mayonf/
xdktcg ref;oydwfodkY tultnDawmif;&m udkA[def;ESifh udkcifarmifwif acgif;aqmifí oydwfausmif;om;
(100) cefYonf ppfudkif;odkY oGm;a&muf oydwfwm;Muonf/ ppfudkif;ausmif;0if;twGif; ydwfqdkY½HkrQrvHkavmufbJ
pmoifcef;rsm; ukdyg ydwfqdkY&ef vdkvmonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ppfudkif;ausmif;0if;rSm oGwfeef;BudK;
av;wef ; umxm;íjzpf o nf / ausmif ; xJ u d k ud k o d e f ; armif (aemif Ad k v f r S L ;od e f ; armif ) ES i f h ud k j rif h u
tvHudkifí0ifoGm;onf/ xdkYaemuf q&mrsm;ESifh pum;ajym&ef udkjrihfESifh udkA[def; ae&mvJvdkufonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;
rpöwma'gif;u udkA[def;wdkYudk oydwfrwm;&efESifh ausmif; ayguf0udk ½Sif;vif;ay;&ef
]rif;wdkh xGufoGm;} [kajymqdkaomtcg udkA[def;u
]usaemfrxGufEdkifaMumif;? oydwfarSmufaumifpD\ trdefht& vma&mufjcif;jzpfygaMumif;? xGufroGm;Edkifyg
cifAsm;? tu,fí usaemfwdkh usL;vGefonfxifygu ykvdyfudk taMumif;Mum;ay;yg} [kajymonf/
xdktcg ausmif;tkyfBuD;u
]ig ykvyd u k }f [kajymNyD; olYnmvufz0g;jzifh udkA[def;yg;udk ½dkufcsvdkuf&m udkA[def;rSm þae&mü
f kd *½krpdu
acGusoGm;onf/ oydwfwm;ausmif;om;rsm; ½kwf½kwfoJoJjzpfaepOf rpöwma'gif;onf tcsdefqGJraebJ ausmif;aqmif
twGif;ü toifhapmifhaeaom ol\tvdkawmf&d abmf'gausmif;om;rsm; bufodkYvSnfhNyD;
]wynfUwdkh? csMua[h? csMua[U} [k xyfrHatmf[pfum trdefYay;vdkufonf/
abmf'gaqmiftwGi;f rS uif;axmuf ausmif;om; (50) cefYonf cavmufww k Bf uD;rsm; qGu
J ikd u
f m ajy;xGuf
vmNyD; oydwfwm;ausmif;om;rsm; tm;vHk;udk odrf;usHK;NyD; ½dkufESufMuonf/ oydwfwm;ausmif;om;rsm;onf oydwf
aumifpD tpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsuft& bmrS jyefrvkyfMuay/ ausmif;om; (12) OD;cefY 'Pf&mtjyif;txef&½SdNyD;?
udAk [de;f tygt0if ausmif;om;trsm;pk 'Pf&m&½SMd uonf/ tjyif;xefq;kH 'Pf&m&olrsm;rSm udw k if (aemif Advk rf LS ;BuD;
wifpdk;) ESifh udkyk (xdkpOfu 0ufpvD,ef ausmif;om;) wdkU jzpfonf/ ppfudkif;aq;½HkwGif aq;0g;uko&m roufomí
rEÅav;aq;½HkodkY ydkYíuko&avonf/ oydwfwm; ref;Oypmaumvdyfausmif;om; udkcifndK (aemif 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;)
rSmvnf; t½dkufcH&ol ausmif;om;rsm;tm; umuG,f&ef vltkyfxJodkY ajy;0ifoGm;í ppfudkif;tpdk;& ausmif;om;
uif;axmufrsm;\ wkwfpmjzpfoGm;onf/
81
(x) oydww
f m;xGuMf ujcif;
ukd&m½Spfacgif;aqmifaom oydwfarSmufausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkYpdwf"mwfrSm tjrifhqHk; a&mufaecsdef
jzpfonf/ oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ pm;0wfaea&;udk acgif;aqmiftoD;oD;u wm0ef,l aqmif½u G f
aeMuonf/ oydwfvkyfief;ay:vpD wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifa&;udpw ö Gif oydwfarSmufaumifpD0if (Inner
Circle) ü tjrJaqG;aEG; wdkifyifaeMuonf/ oydwfarSmufolrsm;xJwGif tvdkawmf&d owif;ay;avmufaumifrsm;
½Sdwef&monf/ rnfolrnf0g[k cGJjcm;odEdkif&ef udkausmfNidrf; acgif;xJwGif axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJUzGJU&ef pdwful;ay:vmNyD;
oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;ESifh aumifpD0ifrsm;tm; udkausmfNidrf;\ axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJUrsm;u ½SJ'dk;vkyfonf/
rwfvpmar;yGJudk wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;u rjzpfjzpfatmif usif;y&ef qHk;jzwfNyD;jzpfonf/ xdkpmar;yGJ
0ifa&mufajzqd&k ef A[kad usmif;aqmifrsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; pkaqmif;aexdik af ponf[k udak usmfNidr;f \ axmufvrS ;f
a&;tzGJUrS oydwfowif; &½Sdonf/ xdktcsdefu ,leDAmpDwDausmif;om; OD;a&rSm (800) ausmf½Sdí aeYausmif;om;OD;a&
(300) ausmf ½Sdonf/ ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;OD;a& (700) ausmf bk&m;ay:odkY a&muf½Sdaeonf/ ,if;tcsdefwGif
rnfonhu f pd Eö iS jhf zpfap oGm;a&mufaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tmPmydik w f Ykd u A[dak usmif;aqmifrsm;twGi;f aeYa&mnyg
ac:xm;onf/udkausmfNidrf; owif;rSm A[dkausmif;aqmifrsm;twGif; a&muf½Sdaeaom pmar;yGJ0ifajzvdkolrsm;qDu
r[kwfay/ bk&m;&ifjyif oydwfpcef;odkY a&mufvmaom olrsm;qDu jzpfonf/
xdkausmif;xJodkY a&mufvmolrsm;udk tmPmydkifrsm;u ppfaq;NyD; ausmif;aqmifwdkYwGif cGJí oD;jcm;xm;&m
pm;a&;? aomufa&; usyfwnf; usOf;ajrmif;aeonf/ ,if;udpEö iS yhf wfoufí oydwaf rSmufaumifp\ D qH;k jzwfcsuft&
pm;a&;? aomufa&; usyfwnf; usOf;ajrmif;olwdkYtwGuf tpm;taomuf aeYpOfoGm;ydkY&ef bk&m;&ifjyifoydwfpcef;odkY
vmvdo k rl sm;tm; nt½kPw f ufcsed f ra&mufcif A[kad usmif;aqmifrsm; 0if;eHab;rS avSum;axmif xGuv f mEdik af p&efwYkd
jyKvkyfay;onf/ udkomvSESifh udkndKxGef;wdkYu tpm;taomuf ydkYMuavonf/ xdktcg ygarmu©rufudkif;u
0if;wHcg;wGif ydwaf pmifah eonf/ oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfí 0ifciG rhf ûy[kajymonf/ udo k mvSEiS hf udn k Kd xGe;f u
tpm;taomuf rsm;udk oHwikd Mf um;rS ausmif;om;rsm; tm;ay;rnf[k ajymaomtcg rpöwmrufuikd ;f u ]rif;wdo hk x d m;zduhk
rif;wdhk oydwaf rSmufwm igt h aeeJh vk;H 0oabmrwlb;l ? 'gayr,fU rif;wd&hk YJ vky&f nfuikd &f nf? pnf;urf;½Srd eI hJ wnfMunfru I kd
csD;usL;w,f} [k ajym&if; udkomvSESifh udkndKxGef; oHwdkifMum;rS tpm;taomufydkYonfudk bmrSrajymay/
wzef 1936 ck? azazmf0g&Dv? 26 &uf? eHeuf (5) em&DwGif wuúodkvfausmif;odkY ausmif;om;tiftm;
(300) cefYonf armfawmfum;jzifh oydwfwm;&ef xGufcJhMuonf/ oydwfaumifpD0if o&Jbat;u acgif;aqmifonf/
wuúodkvfor*¾½kH;ü tpkcGJí ae&mcsavonf/
Source: Unknown
wuúov
kd af usmif;ü oydww
f m;Mu&mwGif tif;0ausmif;aqmif oHwcH g;0ü vJt
S yd af eMuaom oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;
82
(1) tif;0ausmif;aqmif a½SUwHcg;ayguf

(2) tif;vsm;aqmif aemufzufwHcg;ayguf
(3) *syfqifaumvdyfoGm;aom awmifzufvrf;rsm;ay:wGif jzpfonf/ wzufrSvnf; ¤if;aeY oydwfwm;
onfudk wdkif;jynfrS odap&ef at0rf;ac: jrefrmtaqGukrÜPDrS udkwifarmifudk bdkifpukyf½kdufapjcif;? owif;axmuf
rsm;udk "gwfykH½kdufapjcif; jyKvkyfonf/ tif;0ausmif;aqmifzuf ausmif;om;tenf;i,fESifh q&mrsm; acgif;aqmifí
ausmif;wuf&ef xGuv f mMu&m ausmif;om;rsm; txyfxyf ajrBuD;ay: tdyjf cif;? ausmif;rwuf&ef arwåm&yfcjH cif;rsm;
jyKvky&f m aemufq;Hk rnforl Q ausmif;rwuf0ahH wmhbJ jyefomG ;Muonf/ aeYvnf (2) em&Dtcsdew f iG f ausmif;wufrnfo h l
r½Sdaomtcg tm;vkH;or*¾½kH;wGif pk½kH;um a½Twd*kHbk&m;odkY jyefvmMuonf/
ausmif;om;rsm; uwå&map;vrf;ay:wGif vSJtdyfNyD; aeylusJusJü oydwfwm;Mu&m olawmif;pm;ESifh rjcm;
qE´jycJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ausmif;olrsm;xJu rtkH;? rtrm? rcifjr? rrBuD;wdkY yg0ifcJhavonf/ ausmif;olrsm;\
]uRefpdwfarG;wJU wuúodkvfyg? raevdkh xGufcJUwm? wdkhwawG nDnmpk½kH;um? a½Twd*kHay:rSm}
q&mBuD;ocifu, kd af wmfridI ;f uvnf; qdwEf iS ahf cG; taqGcifyeG ;f zGUJ NyD; tpm½SmxGuo
f uJo h Ykd &efuek w
f uúov
kd f
rSm t½kdif;atmifqef;eJY ausmuf½kyfndKjrwdkYawGUNyD; tdk;a0r*¾Zif;vkyf&mu ig;yg;arSmuf (0g) oydwfarSmufukefwmyJ[k
ajymayonf/ þodkY (5) &ufquf oydwfwm;cJh&m rwfv (1) &ufaeYwGif wuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDu pmar;
yGJrsm; udk ZGefv (10) &ufaeYodkY a½TUvdkufonf/
oydwaf rSmufpOfumvtwGi;f ü oydwrf *¾Zif; (The Striken Number) udk xkwaf 0onf/ i&JacG;BuD;vGwf
aeNyD aqmif;yg; ygvmavonf/ udkodef;azonf t*Fvdyftydkif;udk t,f'Dwmvkyfonf/ udkndKxGef;onf jzefYa0a&;
vkyfief;udk vkyfonf/ pmar;yGJa½TUqdkif;vdkufí ausmif;aqmifrsm;rS ausmif;om;tcsKdU tdrfjyefoGm;NyD; oydwfpcef;rS
ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; oydwfpcef;wGif pmusufMuonf/ oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;u oydwfudpöqufvkyfonf/
(') oydwaf rSmufaphpyfjcif;ESihf oydwv

f eS jf cif;
wuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDonf tpnf;ta0;ü OD;apmESifh EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;onf pkHprf;a&;aumfr½Sif
zGUJ pnf;&ef BudK;yrf;cJMh uonf/ {NyDvtxd oydwrf vSeMf uojzifh e,fcsJUtpd;k &onf [du k u f w
k rf S w&m;olBuD; OD;jrbl;udk
Ouú|tjzpf xm;í pkHprf;a&;tzGJU zGJUonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpDü ¤if;tzGJU½kH;xdkifí oydwfarSmufausmif;om;
r[kwfaomolrsm;udk pkHprf;ar;jref;cJhavonf/ eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmbarmfonf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;í
xd k a umf r wD x J w G i f ausmif ; om;rsm; yg0if a pvd k o nf / xd k t csd e f w G i f oyd w f a cgif ; aqmif r sm;onf
[dkufpul;ausmif;om;rsm; tm;vkH; pnf;½kH;apNyD; oydwfarSmufaumifpDwGif ¤if;txufwef;ausmif;om;
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifapavonf/
arvwGif tpd;k &ESihf oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm; aphpyf&m toift h wifo h m ajyvnfonf/ wuúov kd af umif
pDwGif ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyefwufa&;udpöwdkY ajyvnfonf/ oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk tjypfray;&/
pmar;yG0J if&ef pmusufcsdev f aHk vmufpmG &½Sad &;? ref;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;qufwnfjrJa&;udpw ö Ykd ajyvnf\/ odYk aomf
jyifyrS wuúodkvfpmar;yGJ ajzcGifhudk a'gufwmbarmf\ ynma&;Xmeu oabmrwl? ausmif;vc taqmifvcvnf;
ravsmhay;? wuúodkvftufOya'udk jyifqifay;&efudpöudk ½kwfw&uf raqmif½GufEdkifao;í w&m;olBuD; (OD;jrbl;)
BuD;rSL;aom aumfrwDodkY vTJtyfvdkufonf/ xdktcg ajyvnfaom tcsufrsm;tay:rlwnfí oydwfpcef;ü tkyfpk
(2) pk uGoJ mG ;onf/ udt k ek ;f ? ud&k m½Spw
f Ykdu oydwv
f eS &f ef oabmwlnND yD; udv
k aS z? udn
k Kd xGe;f wdYku oydwqf ufvo kd nf/
aemufqkH;oydwf&yf&ef oydwfaumifpDu oabmwlNyD; 1936 ck arv (10) &ufwGif oydwfvSef vdkufonf/
(") oydw\
f tusK;d aus;Zl;rsm;
1/ rwfv tv,fwGif ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmpavmh ae&mwGif ygarmu©OD;azarmifwifudk ausmif;tkyfBuD;
tjzpf cefYvdkufonf/
2/ 1920 jynfh ausmif;om;oydwBf uD;xuf 1936 ck ausmif;om;oydwBf uD;onf ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;Hk \
Edk;Mum;rI pdwf"gwf ododomom xifxif½Sm;½Sm; wdk;wufjynfh0rI ½Sdvmonf/
3/ 1936 ck ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;onf tcsdef,lBudKwifjyifqifí oydwfarSmufvdkufaom oydwfBuD;
83
r[kw/f e,fcsUJ tpd;k &\ ESyd u

f yG vf eG ;f rIaMumifo h m jzpfc&hJ aom oydwBf uD;jzpfí oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;xk
BuD;onf wdkYArmtpnf;t½kH;ESifhwuG e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;twGuf BuD;rm;aom
EdkifiHa&; tiftm;opfBuD;w&yf jzpfay:cJhonf/
4/ aemiftem*wfwGif e,fcsJUudkwGef;vSefí vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rnf[k ocifatmifqef;? ocifEk?
ocifodef;az (odef;azjrifh)? ocifvSaz? ocifA[def;? ocifAaqG? ocifoef;xGef;wdkY ay:vm&onf/
5/ ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;rSm aemufqHk; oydwfvSefcJhaomfvnf; vli,fobm0udk azmfjyo½kyfaqmifaom
jiif;cHkrIrsm; ay:aygufjcif;ESifh t,ltqjyif;xefolwdkYu wuúodkvfudk &moufyefpGefYvTwfoGm;Muonf/
udkEk? udkvSaz? udkodef;az? ukdxGef;tkHESifh ausmif;om;tcsKdU ausmif;jyefrwufMuawmhay/ udkodef;azESifh
udx k eG ;f tko
H nf owif;axmufEiS hf aus;½Gmjyefvnfxal xmifa&; ynmawmfoifq&k aomfvnf; pGeYf vw T Nf yD;
EdkifiHjcm;odkY roGm;cJhacs/
6/ oydwfacgif;aqmifudkEk\ ]NAw d od Qtpd;k &uzGiaUf y;wJU wuúov kd rf sm;[m vcpm;uReu f av;awG arG;xkwf
ay;&ef uRefxkwfukefvkyfief;puf½HkawGjzpfw,f} [laom pum;onf ausmif;om;rsm;pdwfxJwGif pGJusef
&pfcJhonf/
7/ wjynfv;kH ½Sd ausmif;om;xkpnf;½H;k vIy½f mS ;rI ydrk o kd yd of nf;ckid rf mvmNyD; ]ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;
or*¾ (Auo)} "All Burma Students' Union- ABSU" trnfjzifh azmfxw k Ef ikd cf o
hJ nf/ Auoonf
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ordik ;f pOfwiG f yxrOD;qH;k tBudrf zGUJ pnf;vdu k af om wjynfv;kH ausmif;om;tzGUJ csKyfBuD;
jzpfonf/
8/ wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;\MoZm ausmif;om;xktwGif; us,fjyefYpGm xdk;ESuf0ifa&mufoGm;NyD; wdkYArmtpnf;
t½Hk;ESifh ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; ydkrdkcdkifrmpGm yl;aygif;rdvmonf/
9/ 'kwd,tBudrf jynfvHk;uRwf ausmif;om;oydwfwdkufyGJBuD;onf awmif;qdkcsufrsm; vufiif;tm;jzifh
tjynfht0 r&aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;atmifjrifcsufrsm;rSmum; ½HI;edrhf&jcif;rsm;xuf omvGefum ordkif;wGif
&pfrnfh atmifjrifcsufrsm; &½SdcJhonf/
10/ 1920 jynfhwGif tufOya'udk jyifqifcsuf oydwfwdkufyGJrS r&½Sdaom ,leDAmpDwDtufOya'udk 'kwd,
ausmif;om;oydwfu atmifjrifpGmjyifqifEdkifcJhonf/
11/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf a'gufwmbarmf? wuúov kd af umifp0D ifrsm;? Edik if aH &;acgif;aqmifrsm;
ESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG;rIaMumifh todÓPfrsm; zGHUNzdK;vmNyD;? rdrdudk,frdrd ,HkMunfvmum tpkd;&ESifh ygvDref
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; em;vnfvmonf/ Edik if aH &;vIy½f mS ;rI? wGe;f vSerf EI iS Uf awGq Y akH qG;aEG;a&;udk em;vnfvm
onf/ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk rnfodkhuefhowf&rnf? wdk;csJY&rnfudk em;vnfvmonf/ tcsdefuefhowfrI?
vlxak xmufcrH \ I tquftoG,?f ud, k uUf ,
kd uf x
kd ed ;f csKyjf cif;ESihf Nird of ufpmG vdv
k m;csurf sm; qGq J efw
h ifjyEdik yf kH
udk oabmaygufvmayonf/
12/ trsKd;om;wuúodkvf ay:aygufvmayonf/
(e) trsK;d om;wuúov

kd jf zpfay:vmyHk
oydwfudktaMumif;jyKí trsKd;om;wuúodkvfwnfaqmuf&ef udkEktMuHxGufvmonf/ xdkYaemuf udkatmif
qef;? 0wfvOkH ;D odr;f armif? olaX;OD;oGi?f ausmif;tkyBf uD;OD;bvGi?f 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd? 0wfvOkH ;D ausmfjrifw
h Ykd vufcMH uonf/
trsKd;om;wuúodkvf wnfaxmifoifhNyD[k ,HkMunfMuonf/ 1937 wGif ArmEdkifiHudk tdEd´,EdkifiHrS cGJxkwfvdkufonf/
'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;ae&mwGif 91-XmetkyfcsKyfa&; a&mufawmhrnf/ xdktajctaeudk &ifqdkifEdkif&ef Arm ausmif;om;
rsm;onf 0dZmÆ ? odyyHÜ nmrsm;udk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY wwfozd Ykd vvkd monf/ ¤if;ynmrsm;udk Armpmjzifyh Ykd csvQif vsifjrefpmG
wwfp&m½Sdonf/ þodkYajrmfjrifí acgif;aqmifrsm;u trsKd;om;wuúodkvf wnfaxmif&ef MuH½G,fonf/ trsKd;om;
wuúodkvf &HyHkaiG½Sm&mwGif NrdKUrausmif;ü tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyf&m rsKd;cspfyk*¾dKvfrsm; wufa&mufMuonf/
olaX;OD;oGif em,uvkyfNyD; &efyHkaiGOD;OD;zsm;zsm; 1000d^- usyf xnfhonf/ OD;oGiftvSLaiGudk udkatmif
qef;u rauseyfacs/ &efyHkaiG odef;aygif;rsm;pGmvdkonf/ olaX;BuD;wa,muf\ aiGwaxmifrSm qifyg;pyfESrf;yufo
vdkom jzpfonf/ xdkoabmtwdkif; udkatmifqef;u wHk;wdwdajymonf/ tpnf;ta0;rSm a½SUrwdk;? aemufrqkwf
jzpfaeonf/
84
trsKd;om;ynm0efOD;zdk;usm;u xí
]trsKd;om;wuúodkvfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf aiGodef;csD vdkw,fqdkwm rSefygw,f/ odkhayr,fU OD;oGifvdk
yk*¾dKvfBuD;u aiG 1000d^- xnfUwm enf;w,fvdkh rqdkEdkifygbl;/ bmaMumifUvJqdkawmU avmavmq,frSm olhapwem
o'¨gw&m;tavsmuf xnfjU cif;om jzpfw,f/ aemuf wuúov kd f jzpfajrmufwt UJ cg apwemawG ydv k mNy;D xnfv
U rd rUf ,fvhkd
arQmfvifUygw,f/ aemufNyD; 'Davmuftzdk;wefwJU yk*¾dKvfBuD;u wuúodkvfjzpfajrmufa&; tpnf;ta0;ukd tcsdefukef
vlyef;cHNyD; em,uvmaqmif½GufwJUtwGuf wefzdk;[m rqHk;jzwfEdkifatmif BuD;rm;vSygw,f}
xdktcgrS OD;oGif? udkatmifqef;ESifh y&dowfrsm; jyHK;Edkifonf/
Mo*kwfvwGif trsKd;om;wuúodkvf naeydkif;oifwef;rsm;udk NrdKUrausmif;ü zGifhvSpfcJhonf/
xdkoifwef;rsm;ü-
(1) jrefrmhtvif;OD;pdef - owif;pmynm
(2) ol&d,OD;vSaz - abm*aA'
(3) a'gufwmxifatmif - t*FvdyfpmESifh EdkifiHa&;&mZ0if
(4) ygarmu©OD;atmifvS - ocsFm
(5) OD;xGef;ndK - yx0D0if
(6) 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd - udk;cef;ysKdU
(7) ynm0efaxmufa[mif; OD;zdk;pdef - jrefrmo'´g
(8) OD;zdk;usm;ESifh OD;oufwif - &mZ0if
ausmif;pmtkyfrsm;udk OD;zdk;usm; yHkESdyfwdkufrS udk,fydkif½kdufESdyf jzefYa0cJhonf/ OD;zdk;usm;onf aemufydkif;wGif
wdk;wufa&;r*¾Zif;odkY vpOfaqmif;yg;rsm;a&;NyD; ¤if;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk ¤if;yHkESdyfwdkufrS vHk;csif;tjzpf xkwfa0cJh&m
wdkif;jynftESHY tusKd;rsm;cJhonf/
(y) trsK;d om;wuúov

kd zf iG yhf JG qmOD;oGirf ed cYf eG ;f tESpcf sKyf
1/ trsKd;om;wuúodkvfonf rnfonfhwuúodkvfESifhrQ *kPfwk*kPfNydKif ESdrfcsvdkí wnfaxmifjcif;r[kwf?
2/ ,leDAmpDwDü roifMum;Edkifaom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm&yfrsm; oifMum;ay;&efESifh txufwef;ynmrsm;udk
jrefrmbmomjzifh oifMum;ay;&ef?
(jrefrmjynfwGifxGuf½Sdaom ukefMurf;rsm;udk ukefacsmzefwD;ay;onfh (College Industries) rsm; jzpfay:vmap&ef?)
3/ ArmvlrsKd;rsm; MuHqwDxGif vmwwfap&ef?
4/ pufrIvufrIaomfvnf;aumif;? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;aomfvnf;aumif; usepGmvkyfudkifí wdkif;jynftusKd;
aqmif½Gufwwfap&ef?
5/ twwfynm tajccHA[kokw½Sdí ½dk;om;ajzmifhrwfNyD;? 0D&d,vHkYvjzifh ÓPfynm tm;xkwfNyD; vkyfudkifjcif;jzifh
BuD;yGm;wdk;wufap&ef?
6/ Armjynfonf tdE, ´d jynfEiS hf cGcJ mG NyD;aemuf pufrv
I ufrw
I ;kd wufa&;twGuf a&aomufjrpfozG,jf zpfaom trsK;d om;
wuúodkvfBuD; tqifhoifhwnf½Sdap&efESifh wdkif;jynfBuD;yGm;wdk;wuf&eftwGuf trsKd;om;wuúodkvf vdktyfaMumif;?
7/ tm;BudK;rmefwufjzifh trsKd;om;wuúodkvfwnfaxmifí wuf<uap&ef?
8/ trsKd;om;wuúodkvfü-
(u) jrefrmbmom av;wef;rS ckEpS w f ef;txd oifMum;wwfajrmufaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf yxrwef;tqif?h
(c) jrefrmbmom ckEpS w f ef;rS q,fwef;txd oifMum;wwfajrmufaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf 'kw, d wef;tqif?h
(*) jrefrmbmom q,fwef;atmifjrifaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf wwd,wef;tqifhwdkYjzpfonf/
9/ trsKd;om;wuúodkvf\ csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;udkjyKjyifí wdk;wufatmif aqmif½GufoGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;?
10/ ravsmhaomZGJjzifh trsKd;om;wuúodkvfBuD;udk xajrmufatmifjrif&ef BudK;pm;apvdkaMumif;?
11/ trsKd;om;wuúodkvfBuD; wnfwHhcdkifjrJí pufrIvufrI txufwef;ynmrsm;udk vlrsKd;? bmomra½G;? Armjynfom;
tm;vHk; ynmoifMum;Edkif&ef?
12/ wdik ;f jynfEiS Ehf ikd if H tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfxeG ;f aprnfh trsKd;om;wuúov kd Bf uD;udk tm;vH;k u 0dik ;f 0ef;axmufyu
hH n
l rD nf[k
arQmfvifhaMumif;wdkY yg½Sdonf/
85
(z) 1936 yxrtBurd f ArmEdik if v

H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (Auo) nDvmcH
(arv 8 &uf? 1936)

oydwfarSmufumv (3) vMumaomtcg &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; or*¾ (wuo) onf
trsKd;om;a&; us,fjyefYaomvIyf½Sm;rIodkY ajymif;vJa&muf½SdvmNyD; ausmif;om;or*¾onf trsKd;om;vli,frsm;udk
acgif;aqmifvmum tusKd;aus;Zl;taeESifh Auoay:vmayonf/
yxrqHk;tBudrf AuonDvmcHukd 1936 arv (8) &ufaeYwGif oydwf
arSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;yg0ifNyD; *sLAvDa[mü usif;y&m yxrqHk; Ouú|taeESifU
ud&k m½Spu f kd ceft h yfNy;D ? udkatmifqef;udk 'k-Ouú|tjzpf cefYtyfvdkufonf/ udkA[def;
(txufArmjynf ud, k pf m;vS,)f ? udjk yefY (aemif ocifjyefY? ucsifjynfe,f)? udx k eG ;f
½Sed f (aemif Adv k &f efEikd )f ? udAk aqG (aemif 0efBuD;csKy)f ? udv k aS ½T (aemif tmPm½Siv f aS ½T)?
udkodef;atmif (aemif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif)? udkvSarmif? udkxGef;tHkwdkY wuf
a&mufcMhJ uonf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;rS trsKd;om;a&;tzGUJ csKyf tpnf;ta0; us,fjyefY
ap&efESifh trsKd;om;wuúodkvf wnfaxmif&ef? wkdif;&if;om;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
jynfwGif;ae vlrsKd;jcm;ausmif;om;rsm; aoG;pnf;&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcscJhonf/
1936 oydwfumvwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf xifjrifcsuf

rsm; uGjJ ym;onf½adS omfvJ trsm;qEúkd vku d ef mcJMh uonf/ aoG;pnf;nDñw G pf mG jzifh
yxrqH;k Auo
atmif jrifr u
I kd a½S
; ½I
c o
hJ nf / udE
k o
k nf pH
j yacgif ;aqmif wa,muf jzpfc o
hJ nf / ¤if;\
Ouú| ud&k m½Spf Oya'oifwef;rS &½Sad om tawGUtMuHKrsm;jzifh ud, k u f sihwf &m;? tao;pdwaf qG;aEG;
rI? pkpnf;rIrsm; jyKvkyEf ikd cf o hJ nf/ nbufrsm;wGif rdeYfceG ;f ajymMum;&mü oydwaf rSmuf
ausmif;om;rsm; rdrdudk,frdrd ,HkMunfrI½Sdap&efESifh wm0efrsm; ausyGefpGmxrf;aqmif&ef a[majymonf/ ukd&m½Spf?
udkatmif qef;? udkausmfNidrf;? udkxGef;tkHwdkY tjcm;udpörsm; tvkyfrsm;aepOf udkEkonf oydwfpcef;udk aumif;rGefpGm
tkyfcsKyfEdkifonf/ oydwfNyD;aemuf ¤if;wdkYtm;vHk;onf trdajr vGwfvyfa&;twGuf qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifcJhMuonf/
rMumrDumvwGif wuúodkvfajrrS aeí vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tpDtpOfBudK;yrf;rIudk yHkMurf;azmfEdkifchJayonf/
þodYk jzifh Auoonf awmfveS af &;vrf;aMumif; (NAdwo d Qe,fcsUJ vufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufa&;) vrf;aMumif;
odkY csOf;uyfcJhonf/ wuouJhodkY udk,fydkif zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;udk a&;qGJEdkifcJhonf/ e,fcsJUvufa0cH ynma&;ukd
pGefYvTwfí ausmif;om;rsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJxJodkY a&muf½SdcJhMuonf/ 1937 ckESpfwGif ausmif;om; oydwf
acgif;aqmif udkEk? ausmif;q&m udkoef;xGef;wdkYonf jrefrmvGwfvyfa&;twGuf taxmuftul&ap&ef e*g;eD
pmtkyftoif;udk xlaxmifcJhonf/ ¤if;toif;rS udkodef;az\ q&mvGef;tw¦KyÜwÅd? udkEk\ qdk½S,fvpf0g'? NrdKUr
q&m[de\ f bd&k pfta&;awmfykH ponfh pmtkyrf sm; qufwu kd f xkwaf 0cJoh nf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tzdYk xdpk mayrsm;uvnf;
aemufrS aphaqmfcJhonf/ zdESdyfrIawG? vlrIa&; tqifrajyrIawGvnf; wckNyD;wck MuHKawGUae&onf/ e,fcsJUtpdk;&qefY
usifa&; pdwf"mwft[kefonf ydkí <uvmcJhonf/
1936 ck oydwBf uD;onf e,fcsJUrsm;ESihf trsKd;om;a&;tiftm;pkrsm; tMum; tm;NydKifrw I ckjzpfNyD; ordik ;f qdik &f m
,SOfNydKif wdk;wufrIwckjzpfonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vkH; AuotzGJUvufatmufwGif aoG;pnf;nDñGwf pdwfyg0if
pm;pGmjzifh yg0ifvmMuNyD; atmifjrifrIrsm; &½SdcJhonf/ 1936 ck oydwfvSefvdkufonf rSefaomfvnf; ¤if;ausmif;om;
rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY t&nftcsif;rsm;ukd xdef;odrf;EdkifpGrf;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\ tiftm;tajctaeESifh vkyfaqmifcsuf? tusKd;
oufa&mufrIrsm;udk oabmaygufvmMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk; tajccHtxufwef; tygt0if yxrOD;qHk;
AuotzGUJ csKyf atmufwiG f pkpnf;rdMujcif;jzpfonf/ Auorsm;tzGUJ \ pdw"f mwfqikd &f mrsm; jrifrh m;vmNyD;? tiftm;rsm;
wdk;csJUvmEdkifonf/ wuúodkvfBuD;onfvnf; trSefw&m;\ tdrfawmf? trSefw&m; wdkufyGJ0if&mae&m jzpfvmonf/
1920 ESifh 1936 ausmif;om; oydwfrsm;aMumifh wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYpdwfxJrS pnf;pdrfcHcsifaom
om,m ,pfrl;onfh pdwf"mwfrsm;tpm; ¤if;wdkY\ xufjrufaom OD;aESmufjzifh qHk;jzwfí? xkdtcsdefumvESifh
udkufnDaom e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; pdwf"mwfrsm; ajymif;vJcJhonf/
1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwfBuD;onf r&ifhao;aomfvnf; 1936 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;rS ydkí
pnf;½Hk;vmNyD; atmifjrifpGm oydwfvSefEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ wuorsm;tzGJUonf taemufEdkifiHrS or*¾rsm;uJhodkY
86
ausmif;om;vTwfawmf zGJUpnf;EdkifcJhonf/ (7) wef;rS (10) wef;xd tajccHausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; or*¾toif;rsm;

ay:xGe;f vmcJah yonf/ ¤if;wdYk pw
d w
f iG v
f nf; awmfveS af &;pdw"f mwfrsm; pdr0hf ifysUH ESYH vmonf/ e,fcsUJ AsL½du
k a&pD ynma&;
pepfudk Ncdrf; ajcmufvmcJhonf/ AuotzGJUacgif;aqmifrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;? awmifolv,form;rsm;? e,fcsJU
pepfqdk;atmuf 'ku©a&mufaeolrsm;udk aumif;pGmpkpnf;EdkifcJhonf/ Auoacgif;aqmifrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;
rsm; &½Sda&;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;twGuf trsKd;om;a&;vIyf½Sm;rI acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh wGJzufEdkifcJhonf/ ordkif;pmrsufESmopf
zGifhEdkifcJhonf/
(A) e*g;eDpmtkyt
f oif;tp ausmif;om;u
udkEkonf wuúodkvfrSxGufNyD;aemuf 'D;'kwf*sme,fwGif 0ifvkyfavonf/ jrefrmhtvif;
owif;pmudk xkwaf 0cJo
h nf/ udv
k aS zu wnfaxmifco hJ nf/ The New Burma t*Fvyd o f wif;pmudk
aeYpOfxkwfrS wywf (3) Budrfxkwftjzpf ajymif;vJxkwfa0cJhonf/ ¤if;owif;pmudk a'gufwmodef;
armifu ydkifonf/
1937 wGif ¤if;owif;pmrsm;onf trsKd;om;a&;BudK;yrf;rI rvHkavmufí udkEk? udkvSaz?
udkodef;azwdkYonf e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;udk wnfaxmifcJhavonf/ udkxGef;at;u aiGaMu;
ulnDaxmufyHh ay;cJhavonf/
1936 oydwftusKd;taeESifh ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm EdkifiHa&;pmayrsm; avhvm&ef pdwftm;
xufoefvmMuonf/ rmhufpf0g'ESifh vuf0Jpmayrsm; (wuúodkvfwGif r½Sdaom) udk e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;rS
Source: Unknown
avhvmcGihf &vmMuonf/ udb k aomif;ESihf udEk w
k Ykd a&;om;aom 0w¬KESihf jyZmwfrsm;udk ausmif;om;trsm;pk tav;xm;
avhvmzwf½IvmMuonf/ ¤if;pmtkyftoif;rS ausmif;om;rsm;\ wdk;wufrIpGrf;&nfudk ay;vmEdkifavonf/
(b) Auorsm;tzGUJ \ r[mAsL[mESihf enf;AsL[m

Auorsm;tzGUJ onf vlwef;pm;cGjJ cm;jcif; r½Sad om e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; ausmif;om;trsm;pk\ tzGUJ jzpfonf/
Auorsm;tzGJUonf trsKd;om;a&;vIyf½Sm;rIudk qefYusifonfhtzGJUrsm;udk ,SOfjydKifwdkufcdkufrnf jzpfonf/
xdYk twl vlrsKd;ESihf bmoma&; cGjJ cm;rIuv kd nf; &ifqikd w
f u
kd cf u
dk o
f mG ;rnf/ ¤if;qefYusifrrI sm;udk vIy½f mS ;rIrsm;? rdeYf ceG ;f rsm;?
pm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzifh qefYusifoGm;rnf/
aemufvufwbufjzifh vlrsKd;EG,frsm;? vlrsKd;pkrsm; AuotzGJUodkY pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm yg0ifvmEdkifa&;twGuf
aumfrwDrsm;wGif yg0ifvmEdkifa&;twGuf tjrJowdBuD;pGm aqmif½GufoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ ¤if;uJhodkY tiftm;awmifhwif;
aom? xufjrufaom t½Sdeft[kefjzifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;odkY ysHUESHUpGm pdrfh0ifapNyD; ausmif;om;tm;vHk;udk owif;
odap&ef BudK;yrf;aprnf/
ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vH;k yg0ifvm&ap&ef BudK;yrf;NyD; ryg0ifao;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udv k nf; tpnf;ta0;
rsm;udk zdwfMum;NyD; wufa&muf&ef BudK;yrf;rnfjzpfonf/
Auorsm;tzGJUESifh tjcm;or*¾tzGJUrsm; tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGifvnf; Auorsm;tzGJU\ atmifjrifrIrsm;udk
wifjyrnf/ tm;upm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m pnf;a0;yGJrsm;wGifvnf; Auo\ tajctaersm;udk wifjyrnfjzpfonf/
AuotzGUJ onf ausmif;om;trsm;pkqEúkd av;pm;vdu k ef mNyD; ausmif;om;tenf;pkqEúkd tav;xm;um
or*¾cGJrsm;\ qEÉSifh ar;cGef;rsm;udk vsifjrefpGm ajzMum;aqmif½Gufrnf jzpfonf/
AuotzGJUonf 'Drkdua&pDvrf;aMumif;ay:ü tajccHwnfaqmufNyD; ausmif;om;trsm;pkqEúdk vsifjrefpGm
taumiftxnfazmf aqmif½Gufrnfjzpfonf/
tajccHynmESifh wuúodkvfausmif;rsm; tm;vHk;ü ausmif;om;rsm; aeYpOfvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udk acgif;aqmifae&mü
&½Sdap&ef BudK;yrf;oGm;rnf jzpfonf/
ausmif;om;or*¾cGJ toif;tm;vHk;onf toif;tpnf;ta0;udk yHkrSef usif;yaqG;aEG;NyD; aus;vufrsm;txd
pnf;½H;k a&;qif; aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; yHrk eS jf yKvky&f rnf jzpfonf/ ¤if;a'orS ausmif;om;rsm; pdwyf g0ifpm;&efEiS hf vIy½f mS ;rIrsm;
yg0ifvmap&ef BudK;yrf;&rnfjzpfonf/
ausmif;om;or*¾tzGUJ cGJ acgif;aqmifrsm;? NrdKUe,f? aus;½Gm acgif;aqmifrsm;taeESihf tvkyt f rIaqmiftzGUJ \
87
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk yHkrSefowif;vTmrsm; jzefYcsdí ausmif;rsm;wGif vdkufemap&ef aqmif½Guf&rnf/

or*¾a½G;aumufyGJrsm;udk usif;yNyD; AuonDvmcH qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk rvdkufemaom? yg0ifvkyfaqmifrI
r½Sdaom or*¾ tzGJUcGJrsm;udk ta&;,lpdppf&rnf/
Auorsm;tzGJUonf tzGJU0ifwOD;OD;u trsKd;om;a&;vIyf½Sm;rIudk qefYusifvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? or*¾udk
qefYusifvQifaomf vnf;aumif; ¤if;udk vsifjrefpGm pHkprf;ar;jref;í or*¾rS trsm;pkjzifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsum ¤if;udk
or*¾rS xkwfy,fEdkifonf/
-ponfwdkY jzpfonf/
88
OD;Ek
(1935-36)
Source: Internet
jynfaxmifpktzJGUcsKyf Ouú|? EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekyif jzpfonf/ ajrmif;jrc½kdif? 0g;c,frNrKdUwGif arG;zGm;NyD;

zGm;ouú&mZfrSm 1907 ck? arv (25) &uf jzpfonf/ 0g;c,frNrKd h t*Fvdyf-jrefrm ESpfbmomoifausmif;?
trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoifMum;cJhNyD; &efukefNrKdU NrKdUrwkdif;&if;om; txufwef;ausmif;okdY ajymif;a½TU
ynmoifMum;cJ\ h / (10) wef;pmar;yJu G dk NrKdUrwkid ;f &if;om; txufwef;ausmif;rS atmifjrifcNhJ yD;? wuúov dk wf iG f
ynmqufvufoifMum;cJ\ h / 0dZmÆ bGUJ ukd 1939 ckEpS w f iG f qGwcf ;l cJo
h nf/
yef;waemfEiS hf ok;H cGNrKdU trsK;d om;txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;tkyBf uD;tjzpf aqmif½u

G Nf yD;aemuf 1934-
35 wGif Oya'ynmqnf;yl;&ef wuúokdvfokdY jyefvnfa&muf½SdcJh\/ vpfvyfaeaom or*¾Ouú| ae&mwGif
0ifa&muf,OS Nf yKdi&f m tEkid &f ½Scd o
hJ nf/ 1935-36 ckwiG f wuo Ouú|tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;cH&onf/
1936 ck ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykH ay:aygufcJhonf/ OD;Ekonf 1936 ck ta&;awmfykHtrSwftom; jzpf\/
1936 ckEpS uf m; e,fcsUJ orm;wefc;dk xGm;aomESpf jzpfayonf/ e,fcsUJ orm;rsm;onf wkid ;f jynf t½Sio
f ciftjzpfjzifh
b0ifjrifMh uayonf/ t½kt d aoay;rIonf ¤if;wdYktwGuf om,mrufarmzG,f jzpfvm\/ pum;ajymvQif “SIR”
[laom pum;vH;k ukd xnfah jymrS raemcku d ?f oabmBuKud cf o
hJ nf/ wuúov dk af usmif;om; wOD;u pmoifcef;wGif
q&mbOD;tm; “SIR” pum;vkH;rokH;? ikH;wdwd ajymojzifh ta&;,ljcif; cH&avonf/
or*¾onf ta&;,lcH&aom ausmif;om;bufrS &yfwnfcJh\/ or*¾Ouú| udkEkESifh wuúokdvfausmif;tkyfBuD;

rpöwmpavmhwkdY tjyeftvSef pma&;cJhMuonf/ ausmif;om;bufrS &yfwnfum pma&;cJhaom or*¾Ouú|ukd
ausmif;rS xkwyf pfvu
dk o
f nf/
wzef tk;d a0r*¾Zif;wGif ygaom “Hell hound at large” [laom aqmif;yg;ESihf ywfoufí wm0efct H ,f'w
D m
ukdatmifqef; (AkdvfcsKyf) tm; ausmif;xkwfjyefonf/ “Hell hound at large” ]i&JacG;BuD;vGwfaeNyD} [l
aom aqmif;yg;onf wuúokdvftmPmykdifwkdY\*kPfodu©mudk xdckdufonf? aqmif;yg;a&;olukd xkwfazmf&ef
awmif;qko d nf/ wm0efct H ,f'w
D m udak tmifqef;u xkwaf zmfrajymojzifh ausmif;xkwjf cif;jzpf\/ aqmif;yg;
a&;olrSm ukdodef;wif ,ck tkd;a0 OD;nKdjr jzpfonf/
or*¾Ouú|ESifh trIaqmifwOD;tm; ausmif;xkwfojzifh? ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHBuD; ay:aygufvmavonf/

ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHonf wjynfvkH;okd ysHUESHYcJh\/ wuúodkvfrSpí txufwef;ausmif;rsm;txd oydwf
arSmufcJhMuonf/ or*¾Ouú| ukdEku bDat0dZÆmbGJUukd jyeftyf qE´jycJhonf/ ykvdyf½kH;BuD;a½SUwGif t*Fvdyf
,leD,H*suftvHukd rD;½IdUum qE´jycJhonf/
89
oydwpf pkH rf;a&;aumfrwDzUGJ jcif;? qmjrbl; acgif;aqmifaom pkpH rf;a&;aumfrwDzUJG jcif;jzifh oydwt f a&;awmfyu Hk kd
NyD;jywfapcJo h nf/ ta&;awmfyo Hk nf (3) vrQMumcJ\ h / or*¾Ouú| ukEd ok nf ausmif;om;rsm;\ cspMf unfav;pm;
rIudk cH&onf/ ukBd uD;Ek[í l xif½mS ;cJí
h ,ckwikd yf if ac:vsuf ½SMd uao;onf/ or*¾Ouú| oufwrf;ukeq f ;Hk í
wuúov dk rf S xGuo
f mG ;aomfvnf; or*¾wiG f jyóemay:vmonft h cg a½SUaqmifajz½Si;f jcif; jyKcJ&h avonf/
ukdEkonf wuúokdvfrS xGufNyD; wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;okdY 0ifa&mufaqmif½Gufonf/ ppfrjzpfrDu wkdif;jynftm;

ynmay;&mwGif ausmMf um;cJah om e*g;eDpmtkyt
f oif;ukd xlaxmifc\
hJ / t*Fvyd ef ,fcsUJ orm;rsm; zrf;qD;jcif;cH&NyD;?
*syef0ifvmaomtcgrS vGwaf jrmufcahJ vonf/
*syefacwfwiG f tpk;d &tzGYJü Ekid if jH cm;a&;0efBuD;tjzpf wm0efc, H cl o

hJ nf/ ppftNyD;wGif zqyvtzGYJü 'k-Ouú|tjzpf
aqmif½u G cf NhJ yD;? Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;wkYd usqk;H aomtcg zqyv Ouú|ESihf 0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvmcJah vonf/ 1956
ckepf ZGevf wGif 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;rS Ekwx f u
G cf jhJ yD; 1957 ckEpS rf wfvwGif 0efBuD;csKyf jyefjzpfco
hJ nf/
zqyv uGaJ omtcg oefY½iS ;f zqyv Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½u G í f Ekid af wmf0efBuD;csKyfyif jzpfjyefonf/ 1958 ck?
atmufwbdk mvwGif Akv d cf sKyfae0if;tm; tpk;d &tmPm vTaJ jymif;ay;cJjh yD;? 1960 ckEpS w f iG f usi;f yaom taxGaxG
a½G;aumufyBJG uD; jyD;aomtcg Ekid if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf tjzpfyif jyefv
f nfwifajrmufjcif; cH&jyefavonf/ (td;k a0)
1962 ck? rwfv (2) &ufaeY AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; OD;aqmiftmPmodrf;csdef txd EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyftjzpf

aqmif½u G cf o
hJ nf/ Advk cf sKyfBuD;ae0if; OD;aqmiftmPmodr;f cJah om awmfveS af &;aumifpt
D pd;k &rS OD;Ektm; 1966
ckEpS f txd xdr;f odr;f xm;cJonf/ 1968 ckEpS f 'DZifbm (2) &ufaeUwGif awmfveS af &;aumifpu D zJUG aom (33)OD;
jynfwiG ;f nDñw G af &;tMuHay;tzJUG wGif yg0ifonf/
1969 ckESpf xdkif;EdkifiHodkU xGufvmNyD; ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwD xlaxmifNyD; rqvtpdk;&tm; vufeufudkif

awmfveS cf o
hJ nf/ 1980 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v
f (29) &ufwiG f vGwNf idr;f csr;f omcGijhf zifh jrefrmEdik if o
H Ykd jyefomG ;cJo
h nf/
1988 ckEpS ?f pufwifbm (9) &ufaeY 8888 vIy½f mS ;rIumtwGi;f Mum;jzwftpd;k &zGYJ pnf;NyD; Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf
tjzpf aMunmonf/ OD;atmifBuD;ESifh a':atmifqef;pkMunfwdkYtm; ¤if;Mum;jzwftpdk;&wGif yg0if&ef
zdwaf c:cJah omfvnf; uefYuu
G cf í
hJ Mum;jzwftpd;k &zJYG pnf;rI ratmifjrifcahJ y/
1988 pufwifbm (18) &uf ppfwyf (e0w) rS tmPmodr;f tNyD; Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm; zJYGciG ahf y;aomtcg tapmqH;k
wnfaxmifonfh 'Dru kd a&pDEiS Nhf ird ;f csr;f a&;tzJYGcsKyu
f kd OD;pD;wnfaxmifonf/ Mum;jzwftpd;k &zJYGpnf;rIukd jzwford ;f &ef
jiif;qefojzifh OD;Ektm; e0wtpdk;&rS 1989 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (29) &ufaeYwGif tus,fcsKyfcs zrf;qD;cJhonf/
1992 ckEpS ?f {NyDv (23) &ufaeYwiG f aetdrt f us,fcsKyfrS jyefvw T af y;cJo
h nf/
1995 ck? azazmf0g&Dv (14) &ufaeUwGif &efuek Nf rdKUü uG,v

f eG o
f nf/
rSwfcsuf- pmvHk;tapmif;ESifh azmfjycsufrsm;onf aemufqHk;vuf½Sd tajctaetxd qufvufpkaqmif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/

tifwmeuf- 0DuDyD'D,m^ {&m0wDtifwmeufpmrsufESm^ 'DADbDowif;Xme/ OD;Ek\ ig;ESpf&moDArmjynf? 1941-45?
{&m0wDpmaywdkuf/ wyfrawmfordkif;-yÍörwJG? 1962-1974? pm-108/
90
1936 'kw,d ausmif;om;oydwu f mv ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;

0JrS,m- udn
k Kd jr? udEk k (vufnK§d ;axmifí pum;ajymaeol)? udxk eG ;f wif? trnfrod? udxk eG ;f tH?k udb
k at;? udt
k ek ;f ? trnfrod? udn
k Kd xeG ;f
G zufjcrf;wGif xdik af eolrsm; (0Jr,
pm;yJw S m)- udck ifarmifuav;? trnfrod? udv k aS z (Adv
k vf uFsm)
oydwaf rSmufaumifpD twGi;f a&;rSL; oydwaf rSmufaumifp0D if udv

k aS z udck ifarmifuav;
udak usmNf ird ;f (aemif 0efBu;D ) (AdkvfvusFm) (aemif 0efBu;D Adv
k cf ifarmifuav;)
ASO's 50 Years; Portraits (DTY); Portraits (DTY);
Source: Unknown; Portraits (DTY); Unknown;
oydwaf rSmufaumifp0D if rtrm oydwaf rSmufaumifp0D if udt

k ek ;f
(vlxak ':trm) (aemif oHtrwfBu;D )
91
1935-36 td;k a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwD tzJ0YG ifrsm;? a½Sw

Y ef; (0J) rS 'kw,
d - wm0efct D m udak tmifqef;? wwd,- udo
H ,f'w k ed ;f wif (td;k a0OD;ndKjr)
Source: Unknown
1935-36 ckEpS f td;k a0r*¾Zif; wm0efct

H ,f'w
D m udak tmifqef;
92
1936 ck wuúov
kd o
f ydwaf rSmufaumifp0D ifrsm;
wDaubGef; udkxGef;wif OD;xGe;f ndK
udkbat; udak tmifoed ;f udpk ;kd armif
rpöwmAm;rm; udkbquf udktkef;

Source: Unknown
udkvSarmif udkoD[ef udkñGefh

93
a½Tw*d o
kH ydwpf cef;rS tvSLcHxu
G v
f maom ausmif;om;rsm;
a½Tw*d o
kH ydwpf cef;½Icif;rsm;
a½Tw*d kH awmifbufapmif;wef;½Sd wuúov kd o
f ydwpf cef;jzpfaom
armfvNrKd iZf &yfa½Y w
S iG f awG&Y aom ausmif;om;rsm;
aY½w
S ef;- udak usmNf ird ;f ? udn
k Kd jr? udñ
k eG ?hf
aemufwef;- udo k mvS? udck ifarmifuav;? udx k eG ;f tH?k trnfrod xrif;csuw
f m0ef,&l aom td;k olBu;D tzJYG
bk&;ay:ü awG&Y aom oydwaf usmif;olrsm; armfvNrKd iZf &yfü aumfzaD omufcsed f
Source: Unknown
94
1936 ck wuúov kd f oydwaf rSmuf&mwGif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; &efuek Nf rKd w

Y iG ;f ü pDwef;vSnvUf nfMuonf
a½Sq
Y ;kH wef; vuf0b J ufrS yxr trsK;d orD;- rcifjr (aemif ynma&;uxdu)? 'kw, d - rtH;k (aemif ygVd ygarmu©? rEåav;)
1936 ckEpS ?f arv (10) &ufaehnwGif a½Tw*d &kH ifjyifay:ü ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; oydwv
f eS t
f pnf;ta0;usi;f yaeyHk
Source: Unknown; YU History (Diamond Jubilee)
95
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; Source: RU History (Diamond Jubilee)
1936 ck &efuek w
f uúov
kd f
'kw,
d ausmif;oydwf
o½kyaf zmfumwGe;f
96
1936 ck 'kw,
d ausmif;oydwf Ny;D aemuf wuúov
kd rf *¾Zif;ü azmfjycJah om umwGe;f rsm;
97
tcef; (7)
udv
e,fcsUJ qefu
(1937 rS 1938)
(u) &Srf;-Arm aoG;pnf;a&;tp wuo

aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfjcif;onf e,fcsJUwkdY\ enf;y&d,m,fjzpfonf/ ½Srf;? ucsif?
u&if? csif; paom awmifay:om;rsm;ESifh Armrsm;ukd tquftqHrsm;pGm r½Sd&efESifh
wOD;ESiw hf OD; r,kMH unf&ef NAdwo d Qu aoG;cGx J m;onf/ ½Sr;f jynfoYdk ArmjynfrS wkd;
wufaom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; 0ifcGifhrjyK/ ref;Oypmaumvdyfor*¾ ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmif ukAd [de;f ESihf ukad X;NrdKif ('*kew f m&m) wkYd ½Sr;f jynfe,f odENDé rdKUokYdtvnf
vm&m yk'fr (10) jzifh csufcsif;e,fESif vTwfcJhonf/ wuúodkvf a&muf½Sdaeaom
½Srf;ausmif;om;rsm;ukd ygarmu© a'gufwmyD;aumuf tkyfcsKyfaom? tif;0ausmif;
aqmifwGifom aexkdifapí wuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾okdY 0ifcGifhrjyKay? ½Srf;
ausmif;om;rsm; aexkid q f ufqrH w I Ydkudk ausmif;tkyBf uD;u ½Sr;f jynftpk;d &okYd vQKUd 0Suf
Source: Portrait (DTY)
tpD&ifcHpmrsm; tcsdefrSefrSef ay;ykdY&avonf/

]&efuek w
f uúov dk f ½Sr;f jynfausmif;om;toif;} ukd 1936 ckEpS w f iG f wnfaxmif
cJah yonf/ 1936 ausmif;om;oydwBf uD;wGif ukw d if{ tygt0if ½Sr;f ausmif;om;t
ukwd if{ (OD;wifat;- ½Sr;f jynf)
oif; taeESifh wuoESifh qufoG,fjcif; r½Sdao;ay/ ½Srf;jynfausmif;om;toif;
Ouú|u wuoukd qlyla&;orm;tjzpf pGyfpGJykwfcwfvsuf owif;pmwGif aqmif;yg;a&;avonf/ olukd,fwkdifyif
pdwyf gí a&;oavm? tyrSí D a&;oavm rod&ay/ xkt d csdef wuoOuú| uk&d m½Spu f ½Sr;f jynf ausmif;om;Ouú|onf
]rdrd\ aESmifBudK;ukd wyfrufqJ} ½Sdao;aMumif; jyefvnfacsya&;om;avonf/
ukw d if{onf ukAd [de;f ? ukAd aqG? ukad X;NrdKifwYdk EiS hf &if;ES;D vmNyD; aEG&moDausmif;ydw&f ufrsm;wGif ½Sr;f jynfoYdk
jyefa&mufaomtcg pmMunfw h u
dk ?f pmzwftoif;rsm; wnfaxmifziG v hf pS af yonf/ a<u;aMumfot H aejzifh e*g;eDocD si;f ukd
twk,í l tvif;a&mifwefc;dk jzifh trsK;d *kPw f ufaprnf[al om aqmify'k Ef iS t hf nD tvif;a&mifpmMunfw h u dk rf sm; zGiv
hf pS í
f
98
pmtkyaf qG;aEG;yGrJ sm;? pum;&nfvyk rJG sm;? usbrf;pum;ajymyGrJ sm; ? pmayNydKifyrJG sm;? a[majymyGrJ sm; jyKvkyo f nf/ xkt d csed u
f
e*g;eDpmtkyfrsm;udk pmMunfhwkdufwGif ykvdyfrsm;u vma&muf½SmazG&m pmMunfhwkdufrSL;rsm;onf e*g;eDpmtkyfrsm;ukd
vG,t f dwfxx J nfí h pufb;D jzifh vpfc&hJ onf/ xkt d csdeu
f ½Sr;f jynfwiG f e*g;eDpmtkyu f dk vGwv f yfpmG zwfciG rhf &aom
tcsed jf zpfonf/ 1939 'kw, d urÇmppfjzpfaomtcg ½Sr;f jynfwiG f Ekid if aH &;toif;tzGUJ r½Sad o;ay/ wuúov dk af usmif;om;
wpkom wuo acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh vnf;aumif;? wuorS wqifh wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH; acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh vnf;
aumif; &if;ESD;rI½SdNyD; ckdifjrJpGm qufoG,frI½Sdaeavonf/ ppfNyD;*syefrsm; usqkH;í r[mrdwfrsm; jyef0ifvmaomtcg
*syefacwf wGif vGwv f yfpmG pnf;½k;H cGi&hf aom tm½Svil ,frS acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ocifp;dk ? ocifoef;xGe;f ? OD;ode;f azjrif?h
ukAd [de;f wdYk oifMum;ay;aom EdkifiHa&;oifwef;okdY vQKdU0SufpGm wufa&mufoifMum;cGifh &avonf/ ¤if;wkdYonf
zqyvESifh tquftoG,f,l ½Srf;? Arm aoG;pnf;a&;ESifh e,fcsJUvufatmufrS vGwfvyfa&; &,la&;ukd pDpOfnd§EIdif;NyD;
]½Srf;jynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJY} ukd w&m;0if yGifhvif;pGm xlaxmifNyD; EkdifiHa&;ukd pwif vkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/
þokdY 1936 wuúokdvf ½Srf;ausmif;om;tcsKdU tpjyKí pcJhaom aoG;pnf;rIvkyfief;rsm; tusKd;aMumifh
1947 azazmf0g&Dv? (12) &uf ½Srf;jynfe,f yifvkHNrdKUü ]yifvkHpmcsKyfBuD;} ukd csKyfqkdEkdifcJhayonf/
(c) 1936-37 AuoESihf wuo trIaqmiftzJUG

The working committee of the All Burma Students' Union (Auo)
The first working committee 1937-38 ( 1936 May to 1937 April)
1/ ukd&m½Spf &efukefwuúokdvf (&efukef) Ouú|
2/ ukdñGefY &efukefwuúokdvf (ppfukdif;) twGif;a&;rSL;
3/ Mr. T. K. Boon &efukefwuúokdvf (rEÅav;) aiGxdef;
4/ ukdxGef;tkH &efukefwuúokdvf (rEÅav;) trIaqmif
5/ ukdausmfNidrf; &efukefwuúokdvf (uom) arrS pufwifbmtxd
6/ ukdatmifausmf &efukefwuúokdvf (ykodrf)
7/ ukdbpH &efukefwuúokdvf (ppfawG)
8/ ukdtkef; &efukefwuúokdvf (awmifil) arrSpufwifbmtxd
9/ ukdatmifqef; &efukefwuúokdvf (ewfarmuf)
10/ ukdvSarmif *syfqifaumvdyf
11/ ukdA[def; ref;Oypmaumvdyf (rEÅav;)
12/ ukdausmfjrifh &efukefwuúokdvf ( &efukef) (pufwifbmrS {NyD)
13/ ukdvSa½T &efukefwuúokdvf (zsmykH) (pufwifbmrS {NyD)
14/ ukdoD[ef &efukefwuúokdvf (aygif;wnf) (pufwifbmrS rwf)
15/ ukdcifarmifwif ref;Oypmaumvdyf (rEÅav;) (rwfrS {NyD)
1936-37 wuo trIaqmiftzGJY

1/ ukd&m½Spf Ouú|
2/ ukdatmifqef; 'k-Ouú|
3/ ukdvSa½T twGif;a&;rSL;
4/ ukdndKxGef; tkd;a0r*¾Zif; wm0efcH
5/ ukdodef;wif pmMunfhwkdufrSL;
6/ rpöwmwDaubGef; aiGxdef;
7/ ukdndKjr t,f'Dwm vlxkqufqHa&; owif;Xme
8/ ukd0if;armif Indoor Games Officer
9/ ukdcifarmifa*;vf twGif;a&;rSL;
10/ Mr. Varma Editor, Union News
11/ ukdwifarmifMuD; Ouú|? vlrIqufqHa&; aumfrwDcGJ
99
12/ ukdwif pma&; wkdYjzpfonf/

uk&d m½Spo
f nf or*¾ (2) ckpvkH;\ Ouú|jzpfvmNyD;? ukdatmifqef; wuo twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfvmayonf/
¤if;wkdYonf ,leDAmpwDtufOya' jyifqifa&;vkyfief;ukd tvsiftjref jyifqifMu&ef vIHYaqmfcJhMuonf/ aESmifhaES;ae
aom jrbl;aumfrwD aqmif½Gufcsufrsm; vsifjrefvmap&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf/ 1936 oydwfESpfywfvnfaeYwGif
ausmif;om;rsm; xkt d pD&ifcpH m jyifqifrI vsifjref&ef qE´jycJo
h nf/ ukad tmifqef;ESihf uk&d m½Spo
f nf a'gufwmbarmfEiS hf
awGUqkHí jrbl;aumfrwD tpD&ifcHpm vsifjrefap&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf/
Source: Unknown
1937-38 wuo trIaqmiftzGJY ? (0JrS pía&aomf) 'kwd,- udkvSa½T? wwd,- udkatmifqef; (abmifcyfxm;)? pwkw¦- Ouú| udk&m½Spf
(*) twGi;f pnf; ( Inner Circle)

1935 ckESpf aemufykdif;wGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf wuúokdvftmPmykdifrsm;ukd atmifjrifpGm
wGef;vSefNyD;aemuf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vrf;aMumif;ay:okdY a&muf½Sdvmonf/ ukdEk? ukdxGef;tkH? ukdvSazwkdYonf
wuúokdvfokdY jyefrwufMuawmhacs/ ¤if;wkdYonf oydwf\ twGif;pnf;xJü yg0ifcJholrsm;jzpfonf/ AuotzGJU
jzpfay:a&;twGuf wuf<upGm yg0ifaqmif½GufcJhNyD; ¤if;AuotzGJUukd wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;ESifh qufoG,frIrsm; jyKvkyf
ay;cJhonf/ Auoacgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf ukEd k? ukx d eG ;f tkH? ukad usmfNidr;f wkYd u qufo,
G af y;cJo
h nf/ ukEd w
k Ydk twGi;f pnf;
tkypf o
k nf AuozGUJ pnf;&mwGif ryg0ifawmhacs/ ¤if;wkYd onf Auo tpnf;ta0;rsm; usi;f y&ef tMuHay;jcif;? ausmif;
om;rsm;twGuf ta&;wBuD;udpörsm; aqmif½Gufay;jcif;? or*¾Ouú|rsm; (AuoESSifh wuo) taeESifh ¤if;wkdYESifh
wkdifyifNyD;rS qkH;jzwfcsufcsjcif; ponfh AuotzGJU\ vQKdU0SuftwGif;pnf;ü vTrf;rkd;&,lcJhonf/ ¤if;twGif;pnf;rS
wcsKdUonf wuúokdvfwGif wufa&mufaeNyD; wcsKdUonf &efukefNrdKUüaexkdifum vQKdU0Suf tpnf;ta0; usif;y&efESifh
ta&;MuD;udpörsm; vsifjrefpGm aqmif½Guf&ef csdwfqufxm;onf/
¤if;vQKUd 0Sut
f zGUJ onf 1930 ref;Oypmaumvdyrf S pwifcNhJ yD;? trsKd;om;0HomEka&; pdw0f ifpm;aom ausmif;om;
rsm;ESifh csdwfqufxm;onf/ ¤if;tzGJU0ifrsm;onf 1936 ausmif;om;oydwf jzpfyGm;aomtcg t"duacgif;aqmif
rsm;tjzpf yg0ifcNhJ yD; oydwaf umifp\ D tvkyu f pd rö sm;ukd vkyaf qmifcMhJ uonf/ oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;? or*¾
tzGJU0ifrsm;? oydwfarSmuf aumifpD0ifwcsKdU rodMuacs/
oydwNf yD;onfh aemufEpS rf sm;wGif ¤if;tzGUJ onf AuoESihf wuo Ouú|? trIaqmifrsm; a½G;cs,fay;cJo h nf/
trsKd;om;a&; trSefw&m;ESifh ausmif;om;tusKd;twGuf ckdifrmpGm &yfwnfEdkifrIukd pOf;pm;a½G;cs,fcJhonf/
(C) or*¾rsm; (Auo? wuo) ESihf wkAYd rmtpnf;t½k;H qufo,

G rf I
1937 wGif ukdEkonf 'D;'kwf*sme,fodkY a&muf½SdvmNyD; ¤if;rodbJESifh abbD,ef twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfcJhonf/
OD;apm\vufcsuf jzpfonf/ ukdvSazonf umvuwÅm;rS jyefa&mufvmNyD; jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmudk ulnDcJhonf/
100
udok ed ;f azonfvnf; umvuwåm;rS jyefa&mufvmNyD; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf wkYd Armtpnf;t½k;H udk qufo, G f

ay;cJoh nf/ xkEd pS w
f iG f ukv
d aS ½T (ukvd aS znD) onf wuo twGi;f a&;rSL; jzpfvmNyD;? ukAd [de;f onf ref;Oypmaumvdyrf S
&efukefwuúodkvfokdY a&muf½Sdvmonf/
ukAd [de;f onf ocifoef;xGe;f \ enf;ñTerf u I dk cH,cl o
hJ nf/ ocifp;dk ESihf ocifoef;xGe;f \ rmhupf f bmomjyef
rsm;ukd ausmif;om;rsm; zwf½IvmMuonf/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;vIyf½Sm;rIukd tm;us
vmMuonf/ yk*¾dKvfa&;t& ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;wkdY qufqHrI½SdcJhonf/ 1935-36
wGif ocifxdef0if;ESifh ukdxGef;tkHwkdY pwif qufoG,frdcsdefrS pí wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;ESifh wuo qufoG,frdavonf/
ukdxGef;tkHonf or*¾a½G;aumufyGJü yg0if,SOfjydKifcJhonf/ ocifESifh ausmif;om;rsm; twGif;pnf; tpnf;ta0;ü
ukdEk? ukdatmifqef;? ukdodef;az? ukdvSazrS vGJí rnfolrQ rwufa&mufcJhay/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
wkYd Armtpnf;t½k;H rSwqifh qk½d , S v
f pfpmayrsm; avhvmcJNh yD; trsKd;om;a&;tay: tajccHonfh tkid , f mvefawmfveS af &;
(qifzdef;) tzGJUtaMumif; avhvmcJhMuonf/
(i) 'kw,
d tBurd f AuonDvmcH
1936 ck ausmif;om;oydww f iG f udAk [de;f onf ¤if;\ BudK;yrf;rIEiS hf vky&f nfuikd &f nfrsm;aMumifh xif½Sm;vm
ayonf/ 1936 ckwGif Arm[kokH;í 1937 ck tpydkif;ü jrefrm? aemufydkif; 1938 ck aemufydkif;rSpí 1962 cktxd Arm
[kac:onfh ArmEdik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;uGezf &ifu h kd rEÅav;wGif usi;f yonft h cg udAk [de;f onf {nfch aH &; aumfrwD
Ouú| jzpfvmonf/
(i-1) ukdA[def;rS ukdpdefckdokdh ay;ykdhaompm
'kwd,tBudrf
jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;uGefz&ifU{nUfcHaumfrwD
pmeHygwf-
A[kdtrsKd;om;ausmif;? rEÅav;NrdKU
aeYpGJ- 31-3-37
rdwfaqGMuD; ukdpdefckdcifAsm;
ay;pmukd &½Sdygonf/ rdwfaqGMuD;wkdY NrdKUrSukd,fpm;vS,fwOD; apvTwfrnf[kod&ojzifh 0rf;ajrmufyg\/
uGefz&ifhtusdK;taMumif;ESifh ywfoufí {nhfcHaumfrwD\ aMunmpmwrf;ukd yl;wGJxnfhvkdufyg\/ uGefz&ifh
tpDtpOfrsm;ukdvnf; owif;pmwkdufrsm;okdY ykdYxm;ojzifh rdwfaqGBuD;wkdY rMumrD awGUjrifMuygvdrfhrnf/
þpmESifhtwl uGefz&ifh{nfhcHaumfrwD\ aMunmpmwrf;rsm;ukdvnf; wifydkYvkdufygonf/ pdwfxufoefaom
rsKd;cspfausmif;om; vli,ftaygif;wkdYxH a&mufatmif a0iSay;apvkdygonf/ þokdYar;jref;ojzifh aus;Zl;wif
ygaMumif;/
A[def;
{nfUcHaumfrwD cs,f,mrif
101
(i-2) ukdatmifqef;rS ukdpdefckdodkhay;pm
jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾toif;
ALL BURMA STUDENTS UNION
wuúokdvf0if; UNIVERSITY ESTATE

eHygwf --------------- No. ----------------
&efukefNrdKU------------- Rangoon-------1937
tpD&ifcHygonf ukdpdefckdcifAsm;
ay;ykdYaompmukd &yg\/ rEÅav;uGefz&ifhodkY ukd,fpm;vS,fvTwfonf Mum;&í 0rf;omyg\/
rD;&xm;bufrS rEÅav;vmvQif toGm;tjyef rkdif (100) txuf a0;aomc&D;twGuf 1ƒ tcrQom
ay;&ygrnf/ Oyrm 0g;c,frrS rEÅav;okdY rkdif (150) a0;onf qkdygpkdY? xkdc&D;toGm;tjyef ½kd;½kd;twGuf 4d^-
usvQif oufomcGifh&&ef ½kHykdifxHajymvQif 3d^- rQom ay;&ygrnf/ xkdoufomcGifhukd rwfv (23) &ufaeYrSpí
arv (22) &uf txd &Ekdifygonf/ rkdif (100) ESifh (100) xufatmufusaom c&D;twGufum; rkdif (101) c&D;
twGuf usoifhonf pm;p&dwf 1ƒ vkd&ygrnf/ Oyrm 0g;c,frrS rEÅav;okdY rkdif (100) odkYr[kwf rkdif (90) om
a0;onfqkdMuygpkdY? ½kd;½kd;twkdif; toGm;tjyef pm;p&dwf 3d^- usvQif? rkdif (101) c&D;twGuf toGm;tjyef
p&dwfum; 3d^- 4d^- us\/ þokdYjzpfvQif xkdrkdif (100) okdYr[kwf (90) oma0;onfh c&D;toGm;tjyeftwGuf
oufomcGifh&vQif 3d 4J \ 1ƒ om ay;&ygrnf/ okdYjzpfí tp 2d 7J om usygrnf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif rkdif
(100) xufyo dk nfh toGm;tjyef c&D;twGuf ½k;d ½k;d ay;&rnfh tp\ 3^4 omay;&í rdik w f &mESihf w&mxufenf;aom
c&D;toGm;tjyeftwGuf rdkif 101 toGm;tjyefEIef;\ 3^4 om ay;&ygrnf/ odkYjzpfí rdkifw&mxufydkaom c&D;
twGuf oufomcGifh&ygonf/ xkdxufenf;aom c&D;twGuf oufomcGifhrsm;pGm r&/ Tikcet rsm;udk tp
c&D;puyJ Return Ticket yg ygonfh vufrSwfrsm;ukd 0,f&ygvdrfhrnf/
rD;oabFmESifh rEÅav;rS vmvQif toGm;tjyef c&D;p&dwf\ 3^4 avsmhygvdrfhrnf/ Oyrm- 0g;c,frrS
rEÅav;okYd toGm;tjyef rkdif (300) ½Sdí p&dwfNyD; ½kd;½kd;twkdif;usvQif 6^-omay;&ygrnf/ okdYaomf yxrqkH;
aiG 9d^- ½k;kd ½k;d twdik ;f oabFmvufrw S cf o
H nft
h cg ay;&ygvdrrhf nf/ onfvadk iGay;onft h aMumif; ajypmjzwfyidk ;f ukd
awmif;yg/ ¤if;jzwfyidk ;f ESiw hf uG rdwaf qG\ vdypf mtjynft h pkyH g uRefawmfxYdk xH ykYd vu
dk yf g/ xktd cg uRefawmfwYdk u
{&m0wDrD;oabFmukrÜPD refae*smxH axmufcHpma&;vkdufvQif cifAsm;ay;NyD;rS 3d^- ukd jyefí &ygvdrfhrnf/
uGefz&ifhtaMumif;odvkdvQif rEÅav;odkY pkHprf;yg/ ,cktcg ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;vTwfrnfh or*¾toif;
rsm;rSm (30) cefY½Sdí rnfa½GUrnfrQ vTwfrnfrodao;/ xkdYjyif or*¾toif;r[kwfaom tjcm;e,frsm;rS ukd,fpm;
vS,f vTwfrnf Mum;od&ygonf/ xkdaMumifh ausmif;om;aygif;rnfrQudk ukd,fpm;vS,fykdYrnf wyftyfaocsm
rajymEkdifao;yg/
yl;wGJyg uGefz&ihfEId;aqmfpm ykdYvkdufygonf
atmifqef;
102
(i-3) ukdatmifqef;rS ukdpdefckdxHay;pm

eHygwf --------------- No. ----------------
&efukefNrdKU------------- Rangoon-------1937
tpD&ifcHygonf ukdpdefckdcifAsm;-
ay;ykdYvkdufaompmukd &½Sdyg\/ rdwfaqGonf rGwfpvifvlrsKd;jzpfaomfvnf; rsKd;cspfpdwf½dSonfukd od&í
txl;0rf;omyg\/ pifppfaomfum; bmomw&m;ESifh rsKd;cspfpdwfonf tvsOf;roufqkdifaom aiGtodef;toef;
<u,f0í bk&m;wum? ausmif;wum trnfcHvsuf½Sdaom {&mrvlMuD;rsm;yif jzpfvifhupm; rsKd;cspfpdwfr½Sdu
(0g) ukd,faumif;MuHu tcsD;ESD;omwnf;/ rdwfaqGor*¾toif; wnfaxmifcsifonf[k ajymojzifh 0rf;omyg\/
1/ rnfonfhtvkyfrqkd vlenf;onfrsm;onfrSm y"mer[kwf? vlig;a,muf½SdvQif ig;a,mufESifhyif
t&ifpí wnfaxmifyg tvkyfusepGm vkyfjyyg? aemufvlBudKufrsm;vmrnf/
2/ toif;wnfaxmifaomtcg 0g;c,frausmif;om;rsm;toif;[k trnfwyfí wnfaxmifyg/
tjcm;ausmif;rsm;½Sv
d Qif t*Fvyd pf moifausmif;[kwo f nfjzpfap r[kwo f nfjzpfap ¤if;ausmif;rsm;rS pdw½f dS
olrsm;ESifh wkdifyifí toif;wnfaxmifyg/ toif;rSm EkdifiHa&;0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef r[kwf/ ausmif;om;rsm;?
vli,frsm;\ usef;rma&;? ynma&;? ukd,fusifhw&m; aumif;rGefa&; twGufom jzpfonf/ b,fygwDudkrS tm;
ray;ESifh b,fygwDukdrS rcsD;ajrmufESifh trsKd;om;aeY? OD;0dpm&aeYrsm;wGifum; atmifyGJrsm;usif;yEkdifonf/ usif;y
&efvnf; wkdufwGef;onf/ pum;ajyma[myGJ? pum;tacstwifyGJ? owif;pmr*¾Zif;rsm;ukd zwfjcif;? pmtkyfaumif;
rsm;pkaqmif;í zwfjcif;? acRwma&; ausmif;om;rsm; aiGpk&aomtavhtx jzpfapjcif;? wkdif;&if;jzpftxnfrsm;
0wfqifa&;? awma'oA[kow k jzpfz,G &f m t&yfrsm;ukd oGm;a&muf Munf½h rI w
S of m;jcif; tp½So
d nhf vkyif ef;rsm;ukd
aiGtiftm;½Sdovkd Munfhvkyf? aiG&atmif toif;qufaMu;aiGukd trsm;oabmwlEIef;twkdif; aumufcHyg/ t
oif;paxmif&eftwGuf tcsKdUMoZm½Sdaom vlMuD;rsm;ESifhwkdifyifí bk&m;ausmif;Z&yf wckckrSmjzpfap tpnf;ta0;
vkyf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;ukdom trIaqmiftjzpf wifajr§mufí tvkyfqufvkyfygav/ tvkyf
vkyf&eftwGuf t*Fvdyfvkd a&;xm;aom pnf;rsOf;Oya'ukd ykdYvkdufygonf/ tu,fí em;rvnfvQif rdwfaqGwkdY
NrdKUwGif½Sdaom em;vnfolwOD;OD;tm; ar;jref;yg/ toif;axmifí b,folrS tjypfr&ekdif/
,cktcg rdwfaqGwkdYrSmvnf; pmar;yGJeD;vmNyDjzpfí pmar;yGJatmif&efvnf; BudK;pm;Muyg/ atmifygap
[lívnf; qkawmif;onf/
atmifqef;
103
(i-4) ukdjrpdefokdh ukdatmifqef;rSay;pm

eHygwf --------------- No. ----------------
&efukefNrdKU------------- Rangoon, 27th March, 1937
My Dear Ko Mya Sein,

I do not know whether you passed your examination or not. I saw one name which
resembles yours and I hope it is your and no other. In that case, please accept my hearty
congratulation.
I received your letter. Mr. Raschiad also told me that the date you proposed would suit
him. So he and perhaps Ko Kyaw Myint will visit Bassein and they will inform you later of his
coming. As for me I must go back home and do propaganda in the Magwe District. But I do hope
that you and the Bassein Studnet's Union will do all that lies in your power to accord a cordial
welcome to Mr. Raschiad.
With best wishes from,
Yours Sincerely,
Aung San
(i-5) ukdjrpdefokdh ukdatmifqef;ay;pm
ALL BURMA STUDENT'S UNION

eHygwf --------------- No. ----------------
&efukefNrdKU ------------ Rangoon, 20th March, 1937
Dear Ko Mya Sein,

Mr. Raschiad and I propose to visit Bassein about next Sunday. We intend to leave here in
the evening of coming Friday (i.e. 26th March) and halt at Myaung Mya for one day (i.e. Saturday)
and start for your town on the next day. Will this arrangement suit the conveience of the students
of your town? Please reply to us after having consulted with the president or any other member of
the Bassein School's Union. Please reply to me according to this address 20, Parek Lane, Rangoon.
Ko Mya Sein With Kind Regards

C/O U Gone Man Your Sincerely,
Bassein Aung San
104
(i-6) ukdjrpdefokdh ukdatmifqef;rSay;pm
76, Yegyaw Road

Rangoon
My Dear Ko Mya Sein,
It is not my intention to write to you only whose I have business. I had for long contemplated
communication with you, but some how or other I could not do, not overall be honest due to
pressure of work (the work is there and quite a lot, only I don’t take it) but due to my clever
sluggard. Having seen, heard so many things improper in my eyes and, above all, cheap demagogy
most, I feel rather side of life and politics I have been in for a period of mental and physical reaction,
so to speak. I hardly desire to do anything. Why idealism. Whatever amount there is in me, is and
the just want to eat, sleep and do nothing worth while. I have gone so for in this respect that even
a region is were around me, as is the ease with easy great Man, the region of my being a slugged
and glutton. Of course the great man is misunderstand, he simply proves to be a complete to
ordinary man. Anyway, I have now got over my intention a bit and have just started doing things
construction and all that is necessary for post-war period, preparing for a bigger war of offensive
in future.
You know I like not “the but the depth of soul”; I hate cheap demagogy, that playing to the
gallery business with and murder the night and over stones**. I have that so mad of it recently that.
I become completely side of it and even of life and politics, I say as the start. But as is natural with
life, I must have had and must continue to have in future too such sickness a number of times. Well
I won’t grumble over thing I fail an till I reach my destination.
Now to business, because now you must be in a mood to accept me, after all the above little
sweet in the bear Ko Tun Shwe or call him Thakhin Tun Shwe is sent a definite political mission by
the Great Do Bama Asiayone of which I am the general secretary. He is to prepare arrangements
with you for the reception for our Sayagyi Thakin Kodaw Mhaing, our Great pride Thakin Hla Baw
and our Great friend Thakin Hla Pe (Ko Hla Shwe’s brother). When they arrive at bassein. We know
there is that Mya Be Group which is very willing. But we want to go through people procedure. We
have to examine them an charges of high treasure to the Dobama Asiayone before we accept them,
and therefore in there they have been suppressed. Officially there is no Do Bama Asiayone at
Bassein same month ago you talked to me of Ko Hla Mg and all there people trying to form are
Asiayone to the Mya [xxx xxx*] I have not well old fallen, do every thing necessary for whatever
they will tell you, for the Dobama Asiayone for the Nation, for the cause (all in capitals, I am getting
excited you know). As for well this will be enough (it is sufficiently begin to hide my ignorance).
I have learnt from papers of the fate of you going business. Now what so you proper to do?
Came back to college, man and try to complete your course. Get at least actual. Whatever its actual
value, but is means a lot to life and people. Don’t be cap and fanciful. Be a stern realist, like me, the
great man.
With best wishes to all Mya Sein,
Aung San
rSwcf su-f over stones** - pum;toH;k tEIe;f rwdrusyg/ [xxx xxx*] - rl&if;pmom;rsm; ysuaf eonf/
105
(i-7) Auo nDvmcH usif;yjcif; jrifuGif; (arv 9-10 &uf 1937)

rEÅav;uGefz&ifh jzpfajrmuf&ef udkatmifqef;? ukdA[def;? ukdodef;atmifwkdY wESpfausmf MudK;yrf;cJh&avonf/
ukad tmifqef;qkv d Qif twGi;f usus acgif;aqmifyidk ;f taeESihf uGezf &ift
h pDtpOf? rdeYf ceG ;f twkrd sm; n§Ed idI ;f aqG;aEG;vsmxm;
csufrsm;? rEÅav;rS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;eJYnd§í? &efukefa&mufvmwJh e,fausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk
½Sif;jyNyD; pnf;½kH;cJh&onf/ &efukefrvmEkdifaom e,fausmif;om;awGqD pma&;½Sif;csufxkwfjcif;? ar;jref;csufawG
jyefMum;jcif;? pDpOfvsmxm;ykH tMurf;zsif; ay;ykdYjcif;rsm; pmtBudrftBudrf tjyeftvSef qufwkdufvkyfcJh&onf/
rEÅav;uGefz&ifh atmifatmifjrifjrif NyD;ajrmufoGm;jcif;onf {nfhcHaumfrwDxJwGif yg0ifaom rEÅav;
ausmif;om;rsm;\ BudK;yrf;rIESifh ukdatmifqef;? ukdvSaz? ukdodef;atmifwkdY\ tultnD? pnf;½kH;rI? {nfhcHaumfrwD
cs,f,mrif ukdA[def;\ raerem; vkH;yrf;tm;xkwfrI? qufqHa&; acsmarmajyjypfrI? tajymtqkd odrfarGYEl;nHHhrIwkdY
aMumifh te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS vmMuaom ukd,fpm;vS,f tm;vkH;vkdvkdu todtrSwfjyKMuavonf/ ukdA[def;onf
{nfhcHaumfrwD zGJUNyD;NyD;csif; Armjynf tNrdKUNrdKUu ausmif;om;or*¾awGu wuf<uaom ausmif;om; wOD;csif;awGqD
pmtwefwef BudKa&;NyD; pnf;½kH;vIHYaqmfcJhonf/
1937 arv (9) &uf? eHeuf (8) em&D tcsdefrSpí rEÅav;NrdKU? A[kdtrsKd;om;ausmif;0if;BuD; twGif;ü
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;uGefz&ifh 'kwd,tBudrf usif;y\/ xkduGefz&ifhokdY NrdKUay:rS vlBuD;vlaumif;rsm;ESifh
yef'pf*sm0gvmae½l; pum;ajymqkdcsufukd emMum;&efvmaom ukvm;vlrsKd;wkdYrSm rsm;jym;vS\/
tpnf;ta0;rprD eHeuf (9) em&D tcsdefcefYü 0wfvkHawmf& OD;ausmfjrifh? or*¾toif;Ouú|a[mif; ukd&m½Spf?
Ouú|opf ukdatmifqef;? {nfhcHtzGJUcs,f,mrif ukdA[def;wkdYu yef'pf*s0gvmae½l;ESifh ¤if;\orD;tm; tpnf;ta0;
pifjrifhay:okdY ac:aqmifí eHeuf (9) em&Dxkd;onfESifh wNydKifeuf wdkYArmoDcsif;udk wnDwnmwnf; tm;vkH;rwfwyf
&yfí oDqkdMuonf/
ukdA[def;rdefhcGef;
{nfcHaumfrwD ukdA[def;u-
]ausmif;om;rsm;\ ArmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&mtpnf;ta0;BuD;okdh urÇmBuD;w0ef;
vkH;\ csD;rGrf;cH&aom emrnfausmfyk*¾dKvfBuD; yef'pf*s0gvmae½l; <ua&muf
tm;ay; csD;jr§ifUonfUtwGuf twkdif;rodaus;Zl;wifí csD;rGrf;axmremjyKum
0rf;ajrmufvSaMumif;? þokdh ode;f oef;uka#rQaom qif;&Jom;wkdh\ acgi;f aqmifBu;D
onf uREyfk wf dkh\ &Jabmfrsm;Mum;rS rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfí enf;ay;vrf;jy jyKvkyfjcif;
jzifU ArmEkdifiHBuD;twGuf ,ckuJUokdhaom acgif;aqmifBuD;wOD; vkdaeaMumif;
od&í 0rf;enf;rdaMumif;? þuJUokdh *kPf,lzG,faumif;aom rsKd;cspfpdwf½SdonfU
acgif;aqmifBuD;yef'pfuJUokdhaom yk*¾dKvfaMumifU jrefrmEkdifiHausmif;om;wkdhrSm rsKd;cspf
pdwf wkd;wuf&ifUoefapvdrfUrnf[k ,kHMunfaMumif;? &Jabmfrsm; þtBudrfonf

'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf ausmif;om;&Jabmftcsif;csif; awGYqkHpka0;aqG;aEG;jcif; jzpf
aMumif;} ponfjzifh yg½Sdonf/
udAk [de;f
(pmrsufESm (104) wGif t*Fvdyfvdk rl&if;udk MunfUyg/)
xkdYaemuf 1936 wuúokdvfor*¾ Ouú| ukd&m½Spfu 1937 wuoOuú| ukad tmifqef;tm; ¤if;&mxl;vTaJ y;
&í wm0efausyeG v f rd rhf nf[k ajymí ESpcf sKyt
f pD&ifcpH m tjzpftysuu f dk ½Si;f vif;onf/ xkad emuf jrefrmhEidk if aH &;? ynma&;?
jrbl;aumfrwD tpD&ifcpH m? uif;bJvt f pD&ifcpH mwkYdEiS hf ywfoufí aqG;aEG;Muonf/
xkad emuf Ouú|opf udak tmifqef;u yef'pf*s0gvmae½l;tm; uGezf &ifBh uD; zGiv hf pS &f efEiS hf rdeYf ceG ;f ajymMum;&ef
yefMum;ojzifh yef'pf*s0gvmae½l; rdefYcGef;ajymMum;onf/
arv (9) &ufaeY? nae (6) em&Dcw JG iG f wuúov dk o
f r*¾toif; Ouú|topf ukad tmifqef;u obmywd tjzpf
aqmif½u G Nf yD; rdeYf ceG ;f ajymMum;onf/ xkYd aemuf ukad tmifqef;onf jiif;ckzH , G rf ½Sad om atmufygtqku d kd wifoiG ;f onf/
urÇmvk;H qkid &f m ausmif;om;rsm;toif;BuD;ESihf jrefrmEkid if aH usmif;om;rsm;toif;BuD; qufo, G &f ef? ¤if;tqkd
ukd ukdvSa½Tu axmufcHonf/
106
ADDRESS OF THE CHAIRMAN

RECEPTION COMMIITTEE
THE 2ND, ALL BURMA STUDENTS CONFERENCE
(Mandalay 1937)
Mr. President, Pandit Jawarharla Nehru and Comrades,

On behalf of the members of the Reception Committee, I hereby extend a hearty welcome.
Words fail to express our sense of pleasure and gratitude that has won the admiration and
respect of the world like Pandit Jawarharla Nehru should have so thoughtfully attend the conclave
of the all Burma students.
That a leader of millions of poverty-stricken should be standing amidst us and instructing
us, makes us feel depressed for Burma, that is denuded of leader. However, we still remain optimistic
that the noble example of a real patriot like Panditji will stimulate the spirit of sacrifice in the Burma
Students.
Comrades, this is the second occasion that students from various towns of Burma assemble
and deliberate. Excluding minor townships, delegates from all the principal towns have assembled.
Even students of village monastic schools that had suffered suppression and oppression in days
by, are present in this assembly.
From comrades who, due to unfavourable circumstances, are unable to attend this Conference
we have received messages wishing us every success. So at this moment, the attention of our
absent comrades of the districts must be focused on this assemble again spirit. For the successful
discharge by this conference on the onerous duties. Although they could not be present in person,
their high minded wishes will be invaluable aid in our road to success.
Comrades, I do not think that I shall be very much off the mark, if I say, that today is such an
important day as to constitute an epoch in the future chronicle of Burma and in that of the world;
the reason being, the students who constitute the life-blood of the nation and who would eventually
guide the destiny of the nation and the world have met in conclave to deliberate over affairs of the
nation and those of the world. Moreover, we have gathered in this place that we have lost the
supreme lost that people can sustain our freedom for self determination.
It was in this place that the hideous monster of imperialism gripped Burman in its clutches
of slavedom; and it is an irony of fate that this self same place that we students who are the sprouts
and shoots of the nations should have assembled with pick-axe and a hovel to bury this hideous
monster.
Comrades, there is a groups of person who in their anxiety for some reasons or other tend
to thwart and suppress the youth movement that rushes onward with the force of tide. These
people utilize the force and unity and courage of the students in immaterial x matters and endeavor
to dissipate the student’s energy. For instance, they preached that student should not participate
in politics and that students should devote all their attention to school worlds. Now, put their
words to an analytical test; the words themselves are not only wrong but motive behind them
reveals the baseness of their author. When the entire machinery into working order, the repairing of
one single part will achieve nothing. So also, when the entire nation is in a state of collapse, the
students who are the future hope of the nation, cannot rest content with attending to one single
part of the national machinery i.e. Education department. Although, education may be an
indispensable department in a downtrodden country like Burma, it is not a factor which by itself will
107
help bring freedom, prosperity and contentment to nation. Who will give credence to the doctrine
that out of slavish education comes a lordly mentality and freedom. Admitting, for purposes of
argument that exertion in education create a large numbers of educated persons in the country and
that we do not gain say that the country that has a big number of educated persons is more
advanced, yet there comes the problem which is hard of solution - the unemployment problem that
shadows the quantitative regress of education.
To solve this problem, the question of economics must be touched. When we face the
problem of Buma’s economic recovery and a square meal for every body, the alien capitalists who
hold the key positions looms large and grim in the picture, with Burma’s slavedom as a back-
ground. When we realize this, the longing for the attainment of worldly bliss and contentment
freedom is the deciding factor. Therefore, is it not proper that we comrades should participate in
politics? “Politics”, “Economics” and “Education” are three very deluding expressions. Should a
foreigner suggest to a Burman, “Don’t you dabble in politics?”, the Burman would no feel it at all;
but should he be advised; “Don’t you strive to regain your freedom?” It would hard him to the
quick. Therefore, to be brief, let us not pay attention or be misled by words and expressions or
shibboleths. As we are Burmans, let us try for Burma’s advancement. Whoever hinders us in this
endeavour not him as an energy of the nation.
Comrades, the problems that we are said to tackle such as costly but valueless system of
education, illiteracy, the daily growing menace of unemployment. Imperialism, defense against
Fascism, prevention of breach of war, etc. are such problems by the judicious handling of which, I
am confident the status of Burma would be raised by one step.
Comrades, in the earlier part of my address, I have said that our deliberations will have a
salutary effect on the world. I will briefly explain how the world will benefit. That the world is
menaced by war, all of us know. Consuming with the fire of greed, fire of hatred and fire of pride one
nation is growling x with menace at the other. Knowing how terrible and how frightful the last war
was, the people are clamoring for peace. The means of achieving peace is in the hands of the
youths.
There are students association in many parts of the world and they are striving for peace.
We also joining and cooperating with youth movement of the other countries should crush
imperialism and Fascism and bring peace, plenty and prosperity to the world.
xkad emuf tNrdKUNrdKU½Sd ausmif;om;or*¾toif;rsm;onf wuúov dk o

f r*¾toif;BuD;ESihf qufo, G x
f m;NyD; jzpfonfh
twkdif; trIaqmifvlBuD;rsm;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKxm;aMumif;tqkdukd jynfNrdKUrS ukdoef;wifu wifoGif;í a&eHacsmif;
ukdxGef;wifu axmufcHonf/ þtpnf;ta0;MuD; &nf½G,fcsuft& EkdifiHcsJUxGifa&;0g'ukd 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;?
ppfyGJrsm; 0ifa&mufwkdufay;jcif; ponfwkdY rjyKvkyf&eftqkdukd a&eHacsmif; ukdxGef;wifu wifoGif;í? ppfawG ukdom
xGef;atmifu axmufcHonf/
ar (10) &ufaeY? eHeuf (8) em&DwGif tpnf;ta0; qufvufusif;y&m ref;Oypmaumvdyfausmif;BuD;ukd
'D*&Daumvdyfausmif;tjzpf tqifhtwef;jr§ifhay;&ef tpkd;&tm; þtpnf;ta0;u wkdufwGef;aMumif;tqkdukd Oya'
ausmif;om; ukb d ode;f u wifoiG ;f &m ref;Oypmor*¾toif; Ouú| {nfch aH umfrwD cs,, f mrif ukAd [de;f u axmufco H nf/
EkdifiHa&;ESifhywfoufí axmifusaeaom ocif (5) OD;ESifh tvm;wlEkdifiHa&;orm;wkdYukd axmiftwGif;ü
(at) twef;tpm; xm;ap&ef oifah vsmfonf[k þtpnf;a0;BuD;u xifjrifaMumif;tqku d kd jynfNrdKUu ukod ef;wifu
wifoGif;í a½Tbdk ukdoef;armifu axmufcHaMumif;? xkdtqkdESifh ywfoufí ukdxGef;½Sdefu ]]ausmif;om;rsm;onf
ynma&;ESifh oufqkdifojzifh ocifawGuJhokdY EkdifiHa&;orm;awGvkd rpOf;pm;xkdufao;aMumif; xifjrifonf/ usaemfrSm
,aeY ausmif;om;yg? ausmif;rS xGufvsif ocifvkyfrnf pdwful;xm;aomfvnf; ausmif;aepOf EkdifiHa&;ESifhywfoufí
ocifawGtaMumif;? yk*v ¾ "d|mef b,fvrkd Q ratmufarhbJ uefYuuG &f aMumif;}} jzifh ajymqkod nf/ okYdaomf axmufco H u
l
108
jyefvnf ½kwfodrf;í rJrcGJ&awmhay/

Armjynf½Sd ausmif;wkdif; ausmif;wkdif;wkdYwGif ppftwwfynmukd em;vnfMuap&ef? aAmfvH'D,mwyfrsm;
zGJUpnf;ay;&ef tqkdukd ykodrf ukdMunfarmifu wifoGif;í a½Tawmif ukdat;u axmufcHonf/
xkdtqkdü trsKd;orD;rS rwifwif (ae½Sife,f)? Oypmaumvdyf roef;vS? rtwifwkdYu olemjyKwyfrsm;udk
trsKd;orD;rsm;u a,mufsm;rsm;uJhokdY &JtzGJUaqmif½Gufovkd 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifoifhaMumif;? trsKd;orD;olemjyKwyfrsm;
ukd zGifhvSpfoifhaMumif;jzifh jznfhpGufaxmufcHcJhonf/
aeYvnfbufwGif qyfbwf*sufaumfrwDonf Oya'Murf;wckudk aqG;aEG;NyD;aemuf? nae (4) em&DcGJ
tcsdefwdwdü txufArmjynf ausmif;om;rsm;abmvkH;yGJ usif;yonf/
arv (10) &ufaeYwGif Ouú| ukdatmifqef;u or*¾toif;BuD;\ pnf;rsOf;Oya'Murf;udk wifoGif;&m
¤if;Oya'Murf;ü or*¾toif;BuD;okdY qufoG,faMu; (12) usyf &moufyef toif;om;0ifaMu; (25) usyf pDpOfxm;
aMumif;ESifh Ouú| ukdatmifqef;ESifh trIaqmif (9) OD;ukd a½G;cs,fí wifoGif;&m uefYuGufolr½Sd twnfjyKcJhonf/
(p) 'kw,
d tBurd f Auo nDvmcH qk;H jzwfcsurf sm;
(1) jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tcrJhrlvwef; ynmroifrae&aom Oya'jyKvkyf xkwfjyefoifhaMumif; xifjrifoabm&
onfhtwkdif; wkdufwGef;aMumif; tqkdukd ukdñGefYwifu wifoGif;í awmifil ukdxGef;armifu axmufcHonf/
(2) a½Tbkd½Sd txufwef;ae½Sife,fausmif;ESifh tjcm;NrdKUrsm;½Sd ae½Sife,fausmif;rsm;ukd tpkd;& todrSwfjyK&ef
tqkdukd a½Tbkd ukdodef;armifu tqkdwifoGif;í rEÅav; ukdA[def;u axmufcHonf/
(3) jrefrmjynftpk;d & ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESihf pufrv
I ufro I ifausmif;rsm; trsKd;rsKd;zGiahf y;&ef tpnf;ta0;BuD;
u wkdufwGef;aMumif; tqkdudk ukdomxGef;u wifoGif;í ukdausmfpdef (a&eHacsmif;) u axmufcHonf/
(4) jrefrmjynf ausmif;wkdif;ausmif;wkdif;wGif tcgtcGifhMuHKonfh yGJrsm;üjzpfap? trsKd;om;aeYrsm;ü jzpfap?
wkYd ArmoDcsi;f rsm;ukd pdww
f uf<uap&eftwGuf oDq&dk ef wku
d wf eG ;f aMumif; tqku
d dk ukad tmifoed ;f u wifoiG ;f
í ukdjrwfom'Gef;u axmufcHonf/
tqkdrsm; qkH;jzwfjyD;aemuf oydwfarSmufacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfaom ukdEku pum;ajymMum;onf/
arv (11) &ufaeYwGif trsKd;om;wuúokdvf &efykHaiGtwGuf rEÅav;NrdKUay:ü ausmif;om;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;
vSnfhvnfaumufcHMuonf/
(q) 1937-38 AuoESihf wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ

The Working Committee of All Burma Students' Union (1937-38)
Auo trIaqmiftzJGY
(1) ukdatmifqef; Ouú|
(2) ukdvSa½T 'k-Ouú|
(3) ukdjrpdef twGif;a&;rSL;
(4) ukdA[def; tkd;a0t,f'Dwm
(5) ukdodef;[ef aiGxdef;
(6) ukdvSarmif
(7) ukdausmfjrifh
(8) ukdxGef;wif
(9) ukdoef;wif
(10) ukdxGef;pdef pma&;

(11) ukdzkd;tkH
(12) ukdbZH udak tmifqef; pma&;om;
(13) ukdpkd;armif qufo,G cf aUJ om ykord Nf rKd rY S ukjd rpdef
(aemif oHtrwfBu;D )
109
wuo trIaqmiftzGJY
(1) ukdb*srf; Ouú|
(2) ukdvSa½T 'k-Ouú|
(3) ukdvSarmif
(4) ukdat;ausmf pmMunfhwkdufrSL;
(5) ukdndKjr Editors and publicity officer
(6) ukdb½Srf; aiGxdef;
(7) ukdatmifqef; (Ex: Office)
(8) ukdAaqG (Manager away)
(9) ukdwifarmif (t,f'Dwm Union News)
(10) ukdjr½Sdef (Inter University Affairs)
(11) ukdxGef;az (Chairman-social Sub Committee)
(12) ukdA[def;
(13) ukdpkd;armif
(Z) 'kw,
d tBurd f ArmEkid if v
H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ uGezf &ifrh S wwd,uGezf &ifh rwkid rf D tpD&ifcpH m
(Z-1) jrbl;aumfrwD
'kwd,uGefz&ifhu qkH;jzwfvkdufonfhtwkdif; or*¾toif;BuD;\ tvkyftrIaqmifu atmufygyk*¾dKvfrsm;
yg0ifaom wuúokdvftufOya'jyifqifa&;aumfrwD ukd zGJUpnf;cJhonf/
(1) OD;ausmfjrifh 0wfvkHawmf&
(2) a'gufwmxifatmif 0wfvkHawmf&
(3) OD;wifarmif t,f'Dwm? e,l;bm;rm;
(4) OD;xGef;oef; t,f'Dwm? bm;rm;*sme,f
(5) ocifodef;armif wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;
(6) udk&m½Spf (Auotoif;BuD;\ Ouú|a[mif;)
(7) ukdatmifqef; (Auotoif;BuD;\ vuf½Sd Ouú|) (aqmfMool)
txufyg aumfrwDonf jrbl;aumfrwDtpD&ifcHpmukd tao;pdwf pOfpm;aqG;aEG;NyD; wuúokdvftufOya'
jyifqifa&;tpD&ifcHpmukd a&;om;cJhonf/ ¤if;rS-
jrbl;aumfrwD\ tpD&ifcHpmESifU ywfoufí ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾toif;rS

cefhxm;tyfaom wuúokdvfjyifqifa&;aumfrwDrSwfwrf;
jyqkdtyfaomrSwfwrf;rSm ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;toif; tvkyftrIaqmifu rEÅav;NrdKUwGif

arv (10) &ufaeYü usi;f yonfh 'kw, d tBudrf ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;uGezf &ifh qk;H jzwfcsuf trSwf (4)
t& cefYxm;tyfaom wuúov dk tf ufOya'jyifqifa&;aumfrwDu ynma&;zuf jrefrmjynftpk;d &okYd wifoiG ;f aom
rSww f rf;jzpfonf/ tvkyt f rIaqmifrmS ZGev f (17) aeYwiG rf S awGUqkEH idk í f tqkyd gaumfrwDzUJG pnf;&ef txl;usyfwnf;
aeonfudk awGU&ygaMumif;? tcsKUd u aumfrwDwiG f cefYxm;vkad om yk*Kd¾ vBf uD;rsm;rSm e,fwiG ½f adS eí waMumif;? wcsKdUrSm
txl;udprö sm;aeí waMumif;? tvkyt f rIaqmifrmS yk*Kd¾ vBf uD; ( 6) a,mufrQom qkcH NhJ yD; aumfrwDwiG f cefYxm;Ekid af Mumif;?
¤if; (6) a,muf teufrv S nf; (2) OD;aom yk*Kd¾ vfBuD;wkYd rmS rvTrJ uif;omojzifh uREkyf w f Ydk tm; rulnED ikd yf gaMumif;?
okYdjzpf&m useyf *k Kd¾ vBf uD;rsm;jzpfaom 0wfvakH wmf& OD;ausmjf rif?h uk&d m½Sp?f ocifoed ;f armif? OD;wifarmifEiS hf usaemfwYdkonf
(8) &ufwkdifwkdif aeYpOfpOf;pm;í tjrefrSwfwrf;wif&ygaMumif;/
þrSww f rf;ukd tvkyt f rIaqmifu aemufZv l idk f (28) &ufaeY pnf;a0;aomtcg Oya'jyKtzGUJ 0if trwfrif;
wkdYESifh tjcm;jynfolwkdYtm; xkwfa0&ef cGifhjyKvkdufygaMumif;? okdY&mwGif tjcm;tvkyfudpö txl;rsm;í vkyfom;
110
tpkHtvif r½Sdojzifh þrSwfwrf;ukd þrQMumum xkwfa0&jcif; jzpfygaMumif;/

þrSww f rf;um; jrbl;aumfrwD tpD&ifcpH mxuf pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f m jzpfaMumif;? þrSww
f rf;um; tmPm?
ÓPf½Sif? tjriftMum; tawmfyifrsm;olrsm;\ vufpGrf;OmPfpGrf;[k r&rf;qEkdifvifhupm; jrefrmjynf½Sd acwfrD
ÓPfrD yk*¾dKvfwdkY\ oabmxm;ukd jy&ma&mufonf[k ,kHMunf,lqygaMumif;/
atmifqef;
(aqmfMool)
(Z-2) rSwfwrf;
1/ qmjrbl;BuD;rSL;onfh wuúokdvftufOay'jyifqifa&;aumfrwD\ tpD&ifcHpmrSm arv? yxr&uf
owåywfwiG f xGuaf y:vm\/ rEÅav;NrdKUü arv (9) &ufEiS hf (10) &ufaeYwYdkwiG f usi;f yaom 'kw, d tMudrf
jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm; uGefz&ifh0,f þwuúokdvf jyifqifa&;ESifhywfoufí aqmif½Guf&ef
twGuf wuúokdvftufOya' jyifqifa&;aumfrwDwck zGJUpnf;&ef þausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyf tvkyftrIaqmif
wkdYrS ausmif;ydwfaeojzifh ZGefv tv,favmufrSomvQif þtqkdyg wuúokdvfjyifqifa&;aumfrwDukd
cefYxm;&ef pnf;a0;awGUqkEH idk \ f / okYdcefYtyfaom uREyfk w f Ydk wuúov dk tf ufOya'jyifqifa&;aumfrwDtzGUJ onf
cefYNyD; rMumrD awGUqkEH ;DS aESm wkid yf ifMu\/ jrbl;aumfrwDEiS hf ywfoufí wuúov dk af umifpu D v dk nf; Zlvidk v f wGif
usi;f yrnfjzpfí xkad umifpt D wGuf qk;H jzwfcsut f qkrd sm; ay;ydYk Mu&ef ZGev f (30) &ufaeYtxd awmif;xm;\/
tpdk;&uvnf; jrbl;aumfrwDESifh ywfoufí tMuHÓPfrsm;udk ZGefv (30) &ufaeYtxd vufcHrnf[k
aMunmxm;\/ okYd jzpf&um; uREkyf w f Ydk aumfrwDonf aeYwikd ;f xkid í f pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;Mu&\/ jrbl;aumfrwD
tpD&ifcHpm tcsufwYdk udk uREkyf w f Ydk tm;&yg;& rppfaq;Ekid af omfvnf; t"dupnf;rsOf;rsm;wGiu f m; uREkyf w f dkY
tm;vkH; woabmwnf;jzpf\/ uREkfyfwkdY pOf;pm;&orQ tm;vkH;oabmwlnDcsuf &orQcsnf;jzpf\/
2/ uREkfyfwkdY jrbl;aumfrwDtpD&ifcHpmESifh ywfoufí ta&;BuD;aom? t&mygaom tcsufrsm;pGmwkdYwGif
¤if;aumfrwDEiS hf ruku d nf o D nfudk awGU½S&d onf/ okYd &mwGif jrbl;aumfrwDtpD&ifcpH m yg½do S rQ tao;tzGyJ g
tjypfwifa&;om;&ef rvk&d um; ta&;BuD;aom? t&mygaom axmufccH surf sm;ESihf pyfvsO;f í pOf;pm;ygaMumif;/
3/ þjrbl;aumfrwD tpD&ifcpH mESihf ywfoufí wuúov dk af usmif;om;rsm; txl;rausreyf jzpfaeMu\/ tu,f
í uREyfk w f Ydk xifjrifcsurf sm;ukd txl;ojzifh wuúov dk af umifpw D iG f tjyiftyrS wuúov dk t f &m½SEd iS hf tpk;d &t&m½Sd
r[kwfaomol trsm;tjym; yg0if&efta&;ESifh wuúokdvfESifh aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; qufoG,fa&; (2)
&yfEiS hf pyfvsO;f í uREyfk w f Ydk\ xifjrifcsurf sm;ukd wuúodkvftufOya' topfwiG f xnho f iG ;f ygu wkid ;f jynfEiS hf
wuG ausmif;om;rsm;tm; vufcHzG,f&m jzpfvdrfhrnf[k uREkfyfwkdY ,lqygaMumif;/
4/ jrbl;aumfrwDtpD&ifcHpmwGif pmykd'frsm;ESifh axmufcHcsufrsm;udk eHygwf wyfrxm;ojzifh pmñTef;&ef
cufcJonfhtwGuf 0rf;enf;zG,fw&yf jzpfygaMumif;/
5/ &efukefwuúokdvfonf pmppfwuúokdvftjzpfom½Sdoifhonf (okdYr[kwf) ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; pmoif
wuúokdvftjzpfom ½Sdoifhonf[laom jyóemukd uREkfyfwkdY Mum½Snfav;jrifhpGm pOf;pm;MuygaMumif;?
uREkfyfwkdYrlum; emrnfynwfavmufudk *½krxm;vkdyg/ rnfonhf wuúokdvfrqkd ¤if;wnf½Sd&m wkdif;jynf\
tajctaeukd vku d í f jzpfpjrJyifjzpf\/ odYk &mwGif wuúov kd u f kd topfprD t H yk cf sKyfenf; pOf;pm;&mü ¤if;vuf½dS
tajctaeukdvnf; ay,smvuefí rjzpfay/ aocsmpGmppfaq; Munfhygrlum; ,ck&efukefwuúokdvfonf
pmoifausmif;vnf; rrnf? ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; ausmif;[kvnf; rqkdom? ausmif;om;rsm;udk pmoif&m
wGif aumvdyfausmif;rsm;wGifom vkH;0oifMuonfukd awGU&\/ &Hzef&Hcg aumvdyfausmif;tcsKdUwkdYrS
ausmif;om;rsm;ukd acRwma&;? oufaomifhoufoma&;twGufom yl;aygif;oifMum;jyo\/ ¤if;tjyif
rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;rsm;rSmvnf; tdrjf yeftrd pf m; jzpfMu\/ okYd &mwGif qkcd NhJ yD;cJo h nft h wkid ;f uREyfk w f Ydkonf
trnfynwfudk rvkdufvdk? ,ckvuf½Sd tajcaet& wuúokdvfukd a½SUokdY rnfodkYjyKjyifoifhonfukdom
pOf;pm;oGm;rnf jzpfygaMumif;/
6/ a,bk,svu dk v
f Qirf ul m; ,ckvuf½t dS wkid ;f &efuek w
f uúov dk f ½Sad pvk\ d / wwftm;Ekid af om ausmif;om;rsm;
onf ausmif;tdyaf usmif;pm;aevko d nf[k jrbl;aumfrwD\ a&;om;csuu f dk uREyfk w f Ydk oabmwlyg\/ xko d Ydk
raeEkid af om ausmif;om;rsm;tm; paumvm;½Sprf sm;ykrd adk y;&efEiS hf xku d o f ifah om ausmif;q&mrsm;ukd ynma&;
111
Xmeu pwkdifyif axmufyHh&efqkdaom tcsufudkvnf; oabmwlyg\/ ¤if;tjyif tjyifty woD;wjcm;

qif;&JEGrf;yg; xkdufoifhaom qif;&Jaom? ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vkH;twGuf wuúokdvfynm&&eftwGuf
wckwnf;aom enf;vrf;[k uREkyf w f Ydk txl;,kMH unfaom t&mum; aemufq;Hk wuúov dk pf mar;yGaJ tmifNyD;í
aumvdyrf sm;wGiaf eaom pmoifausmif;om;rsm; oifMum;tyfaom tcsdeaf phNyD;aom tcgrsKd;ü tjcm;tvGwf
ausmif;om;rsm;ukd ½k;d ½k;d wuúov dk f pmar;yGt J m;vk;H ukd 0ifa&mufajzqkEd idk &f ef cGijhf yKjcif;yifjzpfygaMumif;? xkad Mumifh
þqkdcJhNyD;aom enf;t&vnf;aumif;? qkdvwåHUaom pnf;urf;rsm;t& vnf;aumif;-
(1) wuúokdvfokdY0ifcGifh&aom ausmif;om;wkdif; Oypmwef;pmar;yGJukd tvGwf0ifcGifh&í wzef 'D*&D pmar;
yGJukd uefYowfaom tcsdefNyD;aemuf 0ifcGifh&&ef?
(2) tpk;d &aq;ausmif;rS vnf;aumif;? tpk;d &pufrv I ufrI ynmoifausmif;rS vnf;aumif;? bDtpdk aD umvdyf
rS vnf;aumif;? vkdifpifvufrSwf&aom Oypmwef;rS vnf;aumif; atmifaomolwkdif; (3) ESpfrQ
q&m0ef (okdYr[kwf) pufq&m? tif*sifeD,mtjzpf jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf trfbDbDtufpf pmar;yGJukd
vnf;aumif;? tif*sifeD,m bDtufpDpmar;yGJukd vnf;aumif;? 0ifcGifhay;&ef (tu,fí þuJhokdY
trfbDbDtufpf atmifaom ausmif;om;rsm; NAdwdoQ aq;bufqkdif&maumifpDu todrSwfrjyKvQif
b,fuJhokdY jyKvkyf vQif todrSwfjyKrnfjzpfaMumif; pkHprf;ajymay;apvkdygaMumif;)/
7/ tqkdyg pnf;urf;csufrsm;tjyif tm;vkH;tvGwf0ifausmif;om;rsm;twGuf jzpfap? tcsKdUtwGufjzpfap
vkdonfhtavsmuf atmufyg pnf;urf;csufrsm;udk xm;EkdifygaMumif;-
(1) avmu"gwf 'D*&DbUJG xl; (okYd r[kw)f 'pfyvkrd mvufrw S t f wGuf twef;tpm;t& vkt d yfaom vufawGU
tvkyu f dk todrw S jf yKtyfaom "gwfc½JG w Hk iG f vkyzf ;l aMumif; oufaocHpm wifjy&ef (okYdr[kw)f xkv d ufawGU
oifMum;&eftwGuf wuúov dk af usmif;wGif tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;ae&aom umvtykid ;f tjcm; w0ufrQ
ae&rnf[k pnf;urf;xm;&ef/
(2) aumvdyfausmif;om; r[kwfaom tvGwfajzolrsm;twGuf &D*spfpwm rSwfykHwifpm&if; wckxm;í
pmar;yGrJ ajzrD ok;H vBudKwifí ¤if;wkYd\ emrnfrsm;ukd rSwyf w Hk if pm&if;oGi;f xm;ap&ef/ þuJo h Ydk pnf;urf;
xm;vQif uREkfyfwkdY\ txufyg tvGwfynmoifwkdYtwGuf xifjrifcsufwkdYrSm rvkyfEkdifbG,f r½Sd[k
,lqygaMumif;/
8/ ¤if;tjyif wuúov dk t f ufOya'wGif &uf*al v;½Si;f eHygwf (9) (tcef;- 6) ESihf tvm;wl owfrw S cf surf sm;ukd
xkwyf ,f&ef uREkyf w f Ydk wu dk w
f eG ;f ygaMumif;? rnfonfah umvdyaf usmif;om;rqkd ¤if;oiftyfaompmukd tcsdef
aphatmif oif,lNyD;onfhaemuf (2) ESpfuszl;onfjzpfap? wESpfuszl;onf jzpfap (okdYr[kwf) vkH;0pmar;yGJ
rajzbl;onfjzpfap tvGwfpmar;yGJ 0ifoifhygaMumif;? þta&;ESifh ywfoufí jrbl;aumfrwDu wESpf
uszl;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tvGwfpmar;yGJ 0ifcGifhay;oifhonf[k axmufcHcsufrSm vkHavmufonf[k
uREkyf w
f Ydk r,lqaMumif;? ausmif;om;wOD;onf rdrad jzqkt d ahH om pmar;yGt J wGuf tcsdeaf phatmif oifNyD;orQ
umvywfvkH; tvGwfpmar;yGJ ajzEkdifatmif wESpfus&OD;rnf qkdonfrSm ,kwådrwefvSay/
9/ tvGwfajzqkdaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk cGifhjyKvkdonfhtaMumif;rsm;rSm (2) &yf[k awG;p&m½SdygaMumif;? yxr
taMumif;um; þuJhokdY tcGifhta&;onf wuúokdvfynm\ twef;tpm; avsmhbG,f&m jzpfonf[laom
t&myif jzpfavonf/ þwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf þuJhodkY xifjrifcsufrsm; txl;rSm;onf[k ,lqygaMumif;?
wuúov dk o f nf rdrt d wef;tpm;udk rdrt d vk½d o dS vdk owfrw S Ef idk af Mumif;? xkYd aMumifh þuJo h Ydk twef;tpm;ukd
&oif&h xku d o f nfrmS txl;xif½mS ; vSygaMumif;? xku d o hJ Ydk wuúov dk pf mar;yJrG sm;\ twef;tpm;rsm;rSm jrifae&
orQ umvywfv;Hk tvGwaf jzqko d rl sm;tm; cGijhf yKojzifh wuúov dk b
f UJG rsm;rSm b,fenf;ESifhrQ twef;tpm;
avsmhí aps;aygoGm;rnf r[kwfay/ tu,fí wuúokdvfq&mrsm;onf tvGwfajzolrsm;tm; pmjzihf jzpf
ap? ¤if;wkYd tm;vyfcsdew f iG f jzpfap? pmoifMum;ygu ¤if;wkYd oifMum;tyfaom wuúov dk f tvky0f wå&m;rsm;
ayghysufp&m taMumif;½SdygaMumif;? xkdokdYoifMum;jcif;udk txl;wm;jrpfygu tvGwfajzqkdolrsm;ukd cGifhjyK
ojzifh b,fykHb,fenf; wuúokdvfynm\ twef;tpm; avsmhoGm;p&m½SdaMumif; awG;awm&ef cJ,Of;vSay
aMumif;? þokdY xifjrif,lqaom olrsm;tm; pum;tykdryg ½Sif;½Sif;wkdwkdESifh taMumif;jyyg&ef uREkfyfwkdYu
ar;jref;vkdygaMumif;/
10/ uREfyk wf Ydk ,cktMuHay;&mwGif ausmif;om;trsm; aumvdyfausmif;okdY rvmrSmvnf; pkd;&drfbG,f&mr½Sday/
tb,faMumifh tcrf;tem;qef;jym;BuD;us,af om ausmif;awmftaqmuftODrsm;? aysmpf &m? yg;p&m? upm;p&m?
112
aep&m? qifp&m tcrf;tem;rsm;um; ausmif;om;wkid ;f ESihf ausmif;om;wkid ;f \ rdbwkYdudk txl; pdwfqGJaqmif

ojzifh wwfEidk af omolwidk ;f aumvdyaf usmif;okYd vmrnfrmS ajrBuD;vufcwf rvGEJ idk [ f k qkEd idk af Mumif;? þokYd
jzpf&um; wuúokdvfrSm tvGwfajzolrsm;tm; cGifhjyKojzifh b,fenf;ESifhrQ qkH;½IH;p&mrjrifay/
11/ þtaMumif;rSty þuJhokdY tvGwfajzqkdolrsm;tm; cGifhjyKjcif;onf tvkyftukdif½Sdí axmufyHhp&m vlrsm;
tpk;d &zufwiG f jzpfap? tjcm;zufwiG f jzpfap? a½SUokYd wk;d wufcsiaf om olrsm;pGmwkYd tm; txufwef;ynmukd
oifvadk ompdwf jzpfz, G &f m ½Syd gaMumif;? þokYd aiGtm; rwwfEidk í f txufwef;ynm&vkad om olrsm;omvQif
tvGwfajzqkdolrsm; jzpfrnfjzpfaMumif;? wuúokdvfpmar;yGJ twef;tpm;onf jrifhjrifh½SdaevQif xkdpmar;yGJ
atmifEidk o f nfh tvGwfajzqkdolrSm omrnvlrsm;xuf t&nftcsif;½Sdolyif jzpfavonf/ þokdY tMuHOmPf
rsm;udk pOf;pm;&mwGif &efukefwuúokdvf wckwnf;om jrefrmjynfwGif½Sdonf [lonfh tcsufukd txl;owd
jyKoifhygaMumif;/
12/ txufujyqkcd o hJ nfth wkid ;f wcrf;wem; wuúov dk wf iG f ae&xkid &f onfuadk xmufí wwfEidk af om ausmif;
om;rsm;onf ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; jzpfMurnf jzpfaMumif;? pifppftm;jzifh &efukefNrdKUwGif rdb½Sdaom
rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;rsm;yif ausmif;tdyaf usmif;pm;tjzpf aevkMd uaMumif;? okYd aomf xku d o hJ Ydk raevkad om
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tb,fuJhokdY xm;rnfenf;/ &efukefNrdKUwGif rdbrsm;ESifh aexkdifaom ausmif;om;
rsm;tm; tdrfjyeftdrfpm;tjzpf vufcHonf rSefaomfvnf; aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;ESifh aexkdifaom ausmif;om;
rsm;tm; &Hzef&Hcg ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; ae&rnf[k twif;tMuyf wkdufwGef;onfudk uREkfyfwkdY awGU½Sd&yg
aMumif;? NrdKUxJwGifaejcif;onf p&dwfoufom acsmifcsdí pm;a&;aomufa&;rSmvnf; aumvdyfausmif;rsm;
xuf rcsKdU,Gif;[k uREkfyfwkdY,kHMunfaMumif;? okdYjzpf&um; &efukefNrdKUwGif rdbrsm;ESifhaexkdifMuaom ausmif;
om;rsm;tjyif bDat? bDtufpD twef;rsm;udk oifMum;Muaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vkH;? ¤if;wkdY\ rdb
(okdYr[kwf) tkyfxdef;olrsm;u pmjzifh taMumif;Mum;u NrdKUxJwGif ae&ef cGifhjyKxkdufaMumif;/
13/ wuúodkvfonf ¤if;aumifpDu? ¤if;aumifpDvlBuD;rsm;xJu jzpfap? okdYr[kwf jyifywkdif;jynfzufwGif
vnf;aumif;? ynma&;zufwiG f vnf;aumif; aqmif½u G af eaom yk*Kd¾ vfrsm;xJu jzpfap? ¤if;t"dywd cseq f ,f
vm vlMuD;udk a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&ef tcGifhta&; &½SdxkdufNyD[k uREkfyfwkdY av;av;eufeuf ,lqaMumif;?
wuúov kd o f nf uk, d yf idk t
f yk cf sKyv
f yk u
f idk &f aom taqmuftODjzpfonft h wkid ;f ¤if;tBuD;trSL; em,utjzpf
wifajr§mufvo dk t
l m; wifajr§mufEidk &f efrmS txl;avsmu f ef oifjh rwfvaS yaMumif;? xko d Ydka½G;aumuf wifajr§muf
cH&aom cseq f ,fvm t"dywdonf bk&ifcx H uf wuúov kd t f a&;rsm;ukd ykrd edk ;D pyfpmG odí pdw0f ifwpm; vku d pf m;
zG,f&m ½SdaMumif;? ¤if;tjyif rnfonfhtcsdefrqkd wuúodkvfESifh vuf½Sdtpkd;&wdkY tjiif;yGm;Muygu xkduJhokdY
a½G;aumufaom t"dywdonf wuúodkvfbufrS txl;ajymay;rnfjzpfaMumif;? bk&ifcHom t"dywdjzpfae
ygu Mum;rSvnf;aumif;? vuf½SdtrwfcsKyf tpkd;&zufrSvnf;aumif; ae&eftaMumif; ½SdayaMumif;/
14/ jrbl;aumfrwDonf wuúodkvfESifh aumvdyfausmif;rsm; qufqHa&;ESifh ywfoufí wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif
tmPm½Sd? r½Sd[laom tcsufudk tpD&ifcHpm eHygwf (13) ESifh (14)? ¤if;aemuf (26) rS (28) wdkYwGif pOf;
pm; aqG;aEG;MuaMumif;? xdkodkYaqG;aEG;&mwGif jrbl;aumfrwDu wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif tmPmr½Sdqdkaom
pum;rSm tajctjrpfususee r½Sd[kqdkaMumif;? þpum;udk axmufjcif;tm;jzifh jrbl;aumfrwD0if
vlBuD;wdkYonf wuúodkvftwGif;a&;udk aumif;pGmrodaMumif; xif½Sm;vSayonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpDonf
tmPmr½S[ d o l nfh tcsufrmS txifrQom r[kw?f wu,f tppftrSeyf if jzpfaMumif;? ,ckvuf½dS t"dywd\
aumufcsufwckt&qdkaomf wuúodkvfaumifpD tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif ¤if;tm; vlBuD;rsm;onf ar;cGef;rsm;
rar;Edik q f akd Mumif;? wzeftjcm;¤if; aumufcsut f &um; wuúov kd af umifp\ D qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;onf qD;edwf
tzGJUESifh wuúodkvfausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrsm;odkY axmufcHcsuftaersKd;jzifhom qD;edwfESifh aumvdyftkyfcsKyf
a&;tzGJUwdkY tay: rnfodkYrQ wm0efrwnfaMumif;? pwufusL (33) ESifh (34) taMumif;wdkYudk txl;ta&;,l
aomf jyxm;í jrbl;aumfrwDyifvQif txifrSm;? tjrifrSm; jzpfaeayaMumif;? þpwufusL (33-34)
t& csxm;tyfaom pnf;rsO;f tpDtpOfrmS wu,fwef; jzpfajrmufEikd &f ef cJ,Of;vSayaMumif;? tpD&ifcpH mwck
wuúov kd af usmif; wausmif;rS awmif;qdEk ikd &f ef wuúov kd af umifpD yxrawGUí aqG;aEG; &OD;rnfjzpfaMumif;?
xdkuJhodkY aqG;aEG;&mwGif tpD&ifcHpmudk awmif;&eftqdkrSm ½IH;aumif; ½IH;EdkifayaMumif;? r½IH;bJ twnfjzpfap
umrl aumvdyfrsm;u vdktyfaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wifoGif;&ef tcsdef,l qGJOD;rnfjzpfaMumif;? xdkYaemuf
wuúodkvfaumifpDu wzefawGUqkHí aqG;aEG;&OD;rnfjzpfaMumif;? xdktpD&ifcHpmt& ta&;,l&eftqdkonf
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yxr ½IH;aumif; ½IH;ayrnf/ r½IH;í twnfjzpfonfhwdkifatmif wuúodkvft"dywd\ oabmwlnDcsuf &½Sd

&OD;rnf jzpfaMumif;/ odkYjzpf&um; {&mrwuúodkvfaumifpDBuD;\ tmPmpufjyif;aom trdefYawmfvTmrSm
qdkif&m aumvdyfwdkYodkY ra&mufcif tcsif;jzpfyGm;aeaom t&mrsm;rSm vufveG Ef iS í hf NyD;NyDjzpfí teEÅo&l , d
trwf owfapaom e&odcrF if;uJo h Ykd jzpfrnfrmS txl;xif½mS ;vSayaMumif;/
15/ wzef wuúodkvfaumifpDvlBuD;rsm;onf pwufusL (33) t& tb,fodkYvQif rdrdwdkY\ tcGifhta&;udk
tokH;csEdkifygrnfenf;/ aumvdyfausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrsm;\ tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;rsm;udk tjyifrnfolrQ
rod&? owif;pmrsm;wGiv f nf; raMunm? aumvdyaf usmif;rsm;taMumif; aumifpv D Bl uD;rsm; b,fyHk b,fenf;
MuHzefí odEikd yf grnfenf;/ ¤if;wdYk odzG,f&mXmerSvGefrS xGufvmaom aumvm[vowif;rsm;om jzpfay
vdrfhrnf/ odkYpOfvsuf jrbl;aumfrwD0iftm;vkH;u wuúodkvfaumifpDonf tmPmtb,f½Sdonf[k ajymqdk
jcif;rSm tHhbG,fyifwum;/ uREkfyfwdkYonf aumvdyfausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrsm;udk wuúodkvftmPmydkif
tzGUJ rsm; tjzpf[k aMunmonf raMunmonfukd tav;rrlay/ uREfyk w f Ykd tvd½k o
dS nfrmS wuúov kd af umif
pDonf pm½Gufay:wGifomr[kwf wu,ftvkyfvkyf&mwGifvnf; tmPm½Sdonfudkom tvdk½SdaMumif;? xkdY
aMumifh aumvdyftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwdkif;\ tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;ESifhwuG tjcm;vdktyfaom pm½Gufpmwrf;
rsm;udkyg tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUtpnf;ta0;NyD;í &ufowåywf ESpfywftwGif; aumifpDvlBuD;rsm;xHodkY ydkY&ef
txl;wdkufwGef; &ayaMumif;? 4if;tjyif pwufusL (33) ESifh (34) wGif csxm;tyfaom pnf;rsOf; tpDt
pOfudkvnf; rnfonfh aumifpDvlBuD;rqdk ta&;,lEdkifatmif jyifqifoifhygaMumif;? xdkodkYta&;,l&ef tqdk
atmifjrifvQif xdq k ;Hk jzwfcsurf mS wnfí aumvdyaf usmif;rsm;u vdu k ef m&rnf jzpfaMumif;? aumvdyaf usmif;
rsm;\ ausmif;tkyfrsm;onf aumifpDvlBuD;rsm; jzpfaMumif;? odkYjzpf&m wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif 4if;tkyfcsKyf
a&;\ tzGJUrsm;\ ,lqykHoabmudk ajymjyEdkifaMumif;? þenf;jzifhomvQif wuúodkvfaumifpDonf tmPm
½Sí
d ¤if;aumvdyrf sm; tay:wGif tkycf sKyfuyG u f EJ ikd rf nf jzpfaMumif;? þodYk r[kwv f Qif þ&,fp&maumif;aom
wuúodkvfaumifpDtmPmudk zsufodrf;í wkdif;jynftm;trSeftwdkif; odaptyfvSNyDjzpfaMumif;/
16/ jrbl;tpD&ifcHpm pmrsufESmeHygwf (26-28) wdkYwGif axmufcHcsufwdkYrSm jyif;jyif;xefxef tjypfqdkxdkuf
vSaMumif;/ pmrsufESmeHygwf (28) wGif jrbl;aumfrwDonf jrefrmeef;&if;0efBuD;onf t"dywdjzpfoifh?
rjzpfoifhta&;ukd aqG;aEG;onfu tu,fí EkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJjrefí 0g'trsKd;rsKd; t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd;
½Sdaom csefq,fvm t"dywdatmufokdY wuúodkvfa&muf&vQif cPcP wuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;rSm wrsKd;NyD;
wrsKd; uGJvGJp&m½Sdojzifh onf;rcHEkdifp&m tajcodkY a&muf½SdzG,f jrifayaMumif;[k qkdxm;yg\/ pmrsufESm
eHygwf (20) wGifvnf; Oya'jyKtzGJUrS wuúokdvfaumifpDokdY ukd,fpm;vS,f vTwfoifh? rvTwfoifh ta&;wGif
tvm;wl rSwcf suu f dk awGU&avonf/ wuúov dk t f yk cf sKyfa&;ukd Ekid if aH &;tajymif;tvJtvku d f r½So
d if[h al om
xifjrifcsufukd uREkfyfwkdYvnf; BudKufyg\/ okdYjzpf&um; pmrsufESmeHygwf (26-28) wkdYwGif ,leDAmpDwD?
aumvdyf? aq;aumvdyf? q&mjzpfoifaumvdyfwkdYonf ¤if;wkdYukd tpkd;&u axmufyHhxm;í tpkd;&tkyfcsKyf
&rnf jzpfaMumif;[k axmufcHxm;onfukd awGU&aomtcg txl;tHhMozG,f&m jzpfygaMumif;? þokYdqkdvQif
tjrJwrf; y#dnmOf (tkdifpDtuf) trIxrf;wkdY\ tMuHay;csufvkdufemum trwfcsKyftzGJU atmufokdY aum
vdyfausmif;rsm; usa&mufojzifh EkdifiHa&;t&dyftwGif; usrnfr[kwfygavm? aumvdyfrsm; þodkYjzpfvQif
wuúov dk v f nf; Ekid if aH &;t&dyrf uif;Ekid af cs? xkYdaMumifh ,k'oefaumvdyu f ohJ Ydk tjcm;aumvdyrf sm;udk rxm;bJ
,k'oefaumvdyfukd wuúokdvfvufatmuf oGif;oifhayaMumif;? wuúokdvfonf aumvdyfausmif;rsm;r½Sd
bJ pmoifMum;jcif;ESifh aea&;xkdifa&;ukd ¤if;ukd,fwkdif aqmif½Gufjcif;tm;jzifh jzpfEkdifaMumif;? okdY&mwGif
wuúov dk rf ½Sb
d J rnfonfah umvdyrf S rjzpfEidk ?f tu,fí aumvdyaf usmif; wausmif;onf þtcsuftvuf
rsm;udk oabmrwlygu wuúokdvftzGJU0if aumvdyftjzpf todrSwfrjyKbJ ¤if;ausmif;rsm;tm; wuúokdvf
pmar;yG0J ifciG u hf dk ray;bJxm;í Oya'jyKtzGUJ vnf; aiGraxmufyb hH J xm;&rnfjzpfaMumif;? xkad Mumifh ,k'oef
aumvdyf tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUukd jyKjyif&ef rjzpfEkdifqkdonfwGif jrbl;aumfrwDESifh uREkfyfwkYd oabmcsif;rwlay/
,k'oefaumvdyfonf þtcsufrsm; rvkdufemvQif wuúokdvfrS xGufoGm;EkdifonhftaMumif;ukd ½Sif;vif;
jywfom;pGm odap&rnf jzpfaMumif;/
17/ ¤if;jyif wuúokdvfaumifpDonf wu,ftmPm½Sdaom aumvdyfausmif;rsm;tay: MoZmtmPmanmif;&ef
twGuf Oya'jyKtzGUJ u ESppf OfEpS w f idk ;f wuúov dk tf wGuf owfrw S af om bwf*sufaiGpm&if;ukd wuúov dk o
f Ydk
om wkduf½kduf ay;apvkdaMumif;? xkdrSwzef aumvdyfrsm;okdY wuúokdvfu a0pkcsay;oifhaMumif;/ þtcsuf
114
rsm;wGif uREkfyfwkdYonf a'gufwm tufpfata&mhzfwf wifjycsufESifh oabmwlnDygaMumif;/

18/ ,ck qkdtyfcJh&NyD;onfh aumvdyftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwkdYukd wuúokdvfuzGJUpnf;í atmufyg a,bk,sZ,m;
twkdif; zGJUpnf;oifhaMumif;/
- tpkd;&t&m½Sd r[kwfaom aumvdyfausmif;q&mvnf;r[kwfaom wuúokdvfaumifpDu wifajr§mufonfh
vlBuD; (7) a,muf?
- qD;edwfynma&;tzGJUrS (1) a,muf
- ausmif;om;rsm;u wifajr§mufaom vlBuD; (1) a,muf
- ausmif;q&mrsm;rS (1) a,muf
- ausmif;tkyfESifh (q&mjzpfoifaumvdyftwGufom) 'kwd,t"dywdESifh ynmrif;BuD;
- (,leDAmpDwDaumvdyftwGufom) tif*sifeD,mygarmu©
- (aq;aumvdyftwGufom ) jrefrmjynfaq;rif;BuD;
- (,k'oefaumvdyftwGufom) tar&duefomoemjyKtoif;rS (3) a,muf
- ausmif;om;rsm;u wifajr§muftyfaom vlBuD;rSm ausmif;om;rSvGJí &D*spfpwm rSwfykHwifpm&if;oGif;NyD;
wuúokdvfbGJUxl;&olrsm;omru tjcm;vlBuD;rsm;xJrSvnf; jzpfoifhaMumif;/
19/ pmrsufESmeHygwf (14) jrbl;tpD&ifcHpmwGif tufOya'yk'fr (C) qkdvdktyfaom o½kyft"dyÜg,f½SdvsufESifh
trIaqmifaumfrwDonf wuúov dk af umifp\ D tzGUJ r[kw[ f k qkxd m;onf/ uREyfk w f Ydkonf þonfudk oabm
rwl/ yk'rf 2 (C) wGif ay;xm;aom o½kyaf zmfjycsurf mS aocsmpGm rSeu f efaMumif;? þxifjrifcsuw f iG f trIaqmif
tzGJUrSm wifajr§muftyfaom vlBuD;rsm;ESifh wuúokdvft&m½Sdrsm;om ½Sdaejcif;u txl;axmufcHvsufyif
½SdayaMumif;? xkdYaMumifh yk'fr 2 (C) ukd rajymif;oifh? ½SdjrJ½Sdapí trIaqmifaumfrwDudkvnf; trIaqmif
aumifpD[k rajymif;vJoifh? trIaqmifaumfrwD tcGifha&;ESifhywfoufí jrbl;aumfrwD okdYavm? okdYavm
awG;awmaep&m rvk?d ½So d rQtm;vk;H tmPmwkYd udk wuúov dk af umifpt
D m;vTí J xkYd aemufrS pwufusLrsm;t&
trIaqmiftzGJUokdY vTJtyfoifhayaMumif;/
20/ qD;edwfukd ynmoifaumifpD[kac:&ef axmufcHcsufudk uREkfyfwkdY uefYuGuf&efrjrif/ þynmoifaumifpD
[lonfh pum;onf qD;edwftzGJU\ &nf½G,fcsufvkyfief;udk ykdrkdxif½Sm;apygvQif bkwf (½kH;) [k wuúokdvf
aumifpD tpm;ay;xm;aom ¤if;\ &nf½G,fcsufvkyfief;udk omíyif rodomaponf[k xifygaMumif;/
xkdYaMumifh wuúokdvfaumifpD[kyif ½Sd&if;pGJemrnfukd xm;oifhaMumif;? okdYr[kwf ynmoifaumifpDrS cGJjcm;
jyovkdrluvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpD[k ajymif;vJapvkdygaMumif;/
21/ pmrsufESm (15) (jrbl;tpD&ifcHpm) wGif 'kwd,t"dywdukd a½G;aumuf&rnf[laom axmufcHcsufudk
MudKufEpS o f ufay\/ okYd &mwGif þuJo h Ydk wuúov dk af umifpu D a½G;aumufwifajr§mufaom 'kw, d t"dywdudk
csefq,fvm t"dywd\ oabmwlncD suf ½Srd nfqo dk nfrmS taMumif;rwefvaS y/ wuúov dk of nf tmPm½Sd
aom tzGJUjzpfoifhonfh twkdif;? ¤if;a½G;aumufwifajr§mufvkdaom 'kwd,t"dywdudk a½G;aumuf xkdufay
onf/ xkdokdY a½G;aumufaom 'kwd,t"dywdudk oabmrusEkdifaom t"dywdukd uREkfyfwkdY awG;í r&acs/
22/ wuúov dk af umifp0D ifvBl uD;rsm;wGif Oya't& jyifyrS tpk;d &t&m½Sv d nf; r[kw?f wuúov dk tf &m½Sv d nf; r[kw?f
aumvdyaf usmif;q&mvnf; r[kwaf om vlBuD;trsm;tjym;yg0if&ef ½So d ifah om awmif;qkcd suu f kd uREyfk w
f Ydk t
xl; axmufcHaMumif;? jrbl;aumfrwDu þawmif;qkdcsufonf tpkd;&drfvGefí awmif;qkdjcif; jzpfonf[k
qk\ d / okYd&mwGif þokYdp;dk &drjf cif;onf tpd;k &wuúov dk f okYdr[kwf aumvdyt f &m½Srd sm;jzpfaom tpk;d &t&m½Srd sm;
tay: MoZmtmPm ysHUESHYaprnfxifí jzpfonfqkd&mü rSm;\/ uREkfyfwkdY pkd;&drfonfhtaMumif;rSm tpkd;&
uRefrsm;omru? jynfa&;jynf&mukd vkdufpm;aom vlBuD;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;ukdyif zkH;vTrf;aeaom
uRefpdwftwGuf pk;d &drjf cif;jzpfayonf/ xku d Repf w
d af Mumifh tpk;d &tvkyf r&&m r&aMumif;? tpk;d & todtrSwf
r&&m? r&aMumif; [k xifaom t&mwkdYwGif þuJhokdY vlrsKd;rsm;rSm rm;rm;rwfrwf wkdif;jynfzufrS rae0Hhay/
23/ ynmoifa&;oufouf tzGJUrsm;wGif q&mrsm;ukd avsmhvkdjcif;ukd jrbl;aumfrwDu txl;aMumufvefYaomf
vnf; uREkyf w f Ydk um; þrQpk;d &drzf ,
G &f mr½S[ d k xifygaMumif;? ynmoifMum;a&; oufouftzGUJ rsm; tay:wGif
tjyifyvltrsm; ½SdoihfaMumif; awmif;qkdcsufrSm r½Sday/
24/ wuúokdvfaumifpD0ifvlBuD;rsm;\ta&twGufukd twnfwusrxm;&efukd jrbl;aumfrwDESifh oabmwl
ygaMumif;? t"dywdcseq f ,fvmESihf wGb J ufcseq f ,fvmwkYd aumifp0D ifvBl uD;rsm; r[kwo f ifq h adk om axmufcH
115
csufukdvnf; uefYuGufp&mr½Sdyg/ okdY&mwGif wGJbufcsefq,fvmonf aumifpDukd rdefYcGef;ajymMum;&ef

t"dywd\ wlnDcsuf&&rnfqkdonfwGif 'kwd,csefq,fvmonf aumifpD\ cs,f,mrifjzpfí ynmrif;
BuD;ESifh aumvdyfausmif;tkyfrsm;onf aumifpD0ifvlBuD;jzpfjcif;udk ruefYuGufyg/
25/ &efuek Nf rdKU½Sd t*Fvyd cf &pf,mef*P dk ;f ESihf ½krd efuufovpf*P dk ;f tkyw
f Ydk tm; aumifp0D ifvBl uD;jzpfjcif;udk oabm
rwlyg/ xkdenf;twkdif; omoemykdiftm; aumifpDvlBuD; (2) OD; wifajr§muf&ef tcGifhta&;udkvnf; oabm
rwlyg/ xkdaMumifh yk'fr 11 (1)(C)(i) ESifh (n) wdkYudk wuúokdvftufrS xkwfy,f&ef tMuHay;ygaMumif;/
26/ þenf;twkdif; yk'fr 11 (1)(c) ESifh yk'fr (1)(¡) wkdYwGif ay;xm;aom omoema&;ESifhqkdifaom toif;rsm;
tm; tcGifha&;ay;jcif;ukd oabmrwlyg/ þyk'frtao;wkdYukd y,fzsufí trsKd;om;ynma&;tzGJU(pDtiftD;)
rS (2) a,muf uk, d pf m;vS,w f ifciG ?hf tjcm; (10) a,mufukd ynma&;ESiq hf idk af om tzGUJ rsm;tm; wzGUJ pDjzpfap?
wGJíjzpfap wifajr§mufcGifhay;&ef wkdufwGef;ygaMumif;/
27/ ynmoifMum;a&;aumifpDrS wuúokdvfaumifpDokdY wifajr§mufxdkufaom OD;a&onf wuúokdvfaumifpDrS
ynmoifMum;aomaumifpDokdY wifaom OD;a&ESifh wlnDrQxm;oifhaMumif;? xkdYaMumifh yk'fr 11 (1)(Z) udk
þenf;twkid ;f jyifapvkyd gaMumif;? okYdr[kwf ,ckvuf½t dS wkid ;f OD;a&xm;vkyd gu atmufygtwkid ;f þyk'rf ukd
jyifapvkdygaMumif;/
]]ygarmu© 5 OD;xufrykdaom ynma&;aumifpD0ifvlBuD; 10 OD; aumifpD0if vlBuD; jzpf&rnf/}}
þtwkdif; jzpfygu yk'fr 14 (1)(i) ukdvnf; ynmoifMum;a&;aumifpDokdY tjyifyrSvlBuD;
(10) a,muf wuúokdvfaumifpDu wifajr§mufEkdifatmif jyifqifay;vkdygaMumif;? yxrtMuHay;csufudk
vufcHygrlum;? pmrsufESmeHygwf (25) jrbl;tpD&ifcHpmwGif axmufcHcsufudk oabmwlygaMumif;/
28/ wuúokdvfaumifpDwGif rSwfykHwifwuúokdvfbGJUxl;rsm;tm; ukd,fpm;vS,fwifajr§mufa&;ESifh ywfoufí
yk'fr 11 (u)(ps) udk jyifqif&ef jrbl;aumfrwDu tMuHay;&mwGif rSwfykHwifwuúokdvfbGJUxl;&ol (50)
vQif wa,mufus aumifpDvlBuD; ½Sd&rnf[kqkdaomtcsufudk oabmwlygaMumif;? okdY&mwGiftenf;qHk;
wuúokdvfbGJUxl;&olrsm; (10) a,muf aumifpDwGif ½Sd&rnfjzpfonfukd oabmwlaomfvnf; (15) a,muf
xufryk&d [kqo dk nfudk oabmrwlyg/ txufoYdk OD;a&rnfrQ uefYowf&ef rxm;oifyh g/ xku d o hJ Ydk wuúov dk f
bGUJ xl;&olrsm; aumifpw D iG f rsm;avaumif;av jzpfygaMumif;? þuJo h Udk jyKojzifh ¤if;wkYd OD;a&rSmvnf; tqrwef
rsm;vm&ef r½Sdyg/ xkdokdY bGJUxl;&olrsm;jzpfaom aumifpD0ifvlBuD;rsm;rSm tenf;qkH; (75) &mckdifEIef;rSm
tjyiftyvlBuD;rsm; jzpfoifyh gaMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm; 'D*&DbUJG xl;rsm;udk &MuonfEiS hf wNydKifeuf rSwyf w Hk if
bGJUxl;&olrsm;tjzpfodkY a&mufoifhygonf/ wuúokdvfbGJUxl;rsm;ukd &½SdNyD;olrsm;onf xkdtcsdef xdktcgwGif
wuúokdvftwGuf Oya'tzGJU0ifvlBuD;? wuúokdvfaumifpD0ifvlBuD;rsm;udk a½G;cs,f&ef pOf;pm; csifhcsdefwwf
aom t½G,fa&mufNyD;[k ,lqoifhygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf ta½G;aumufrcH&[k pnf;urf;xm;vQif
uREkfyfwkdY\ tMuHOmPfudk vufcHEkdifzG,f r½Sdyg/ jrbl;tpD&ifcHpm pmrsufESmeHygwf (19) wGif rSwfykHwif
tcaiG 10d^- jzpfoifhonf[laom axmufcHcsufukd oabmwlygaMumif;/
29/ &efukef? rEÅav;? ppfawG? armfvNrdKifjrLeDpy,frsm;rS aumifpDokdY ukd,fpm;vS,f vTwfjcif;ukd ½SdjrJ½Sdapoifh
ygonf/ xkdxuftvGef jynf? yJcl;? awmifilNrdKUrsm;rS jrLeDpDyg,frsm;udkvnf; ukd,fpm;vS,fwOD;pD wifEkdifcGifh
ay;oifhygonf/ þNrdKUrsm;rSmvnf; NrdKUBuD;rsm;jzpfygonf/ þokdYay;ojzifh ¤if;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh tjcm;
jrLeDpDyg,ftzGJUwkdYtm; ¤if;wkdYt&yfrS wuúokdvf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; aiGaxmufcHpm? tpD&ifcHpm pmrsufESm
(9) wGif tMuHay;onfhtwkdif; jzpfEkdifzG,f&m½SdaMumif;/
30/ wuúokdvfaumifpDwGif Oya'jyKtzGJUrS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; ½Sdoifhayonf/ NAdwdoQygvDrefESifh atmufpzkdY
wuúokdvfwkdY qufoG,fa&;ESifh &efukefwuúokdvfESifh jrefrmjynfvTwfawmf qufoG,fa&;rSm rwlay/
tpD&ifcHpm pmrsufESm (20-21) wkdYwGif jrbl;aumfrwDu aumifpDokdY ukd,fpm;vS,f vTwfcGifh vTwfawmftm;
tifwifwif ay;xm;aomfvnf; pmrsuEf mS (26-28) wGiu f m; aumvdyaf usmif;rsm;udk tkycf sKyf&ef tpk;d &vuf
okdY 0uGufí tyfvkdufayonf/ pifppftm;jzifh vTwfawmfokdY wifajr§mufvkdufaom ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf
Ekid if aH &; t,ltrsK;d rsK;d rS jzpfEidk af yonf/ okY&d mwGif tpk;d &tzGUJ zGUJ NyD;í aqmif½u G v
f Qiu
f m; Ekid if aH &; t,ltjrif
wrsKd;wnf; ½Sdrnfjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh vTwfawmftm; aumifpDukd,fpm;vTwf&ef tcGifhta&;ay;jcif;onf
aumvdyfrsm;udk tpkd;&vuftyfonfxuf pkd;&drfaMumifhMup&m enf;ayonf/ pmrsufESmeHygwf (21) wGif
txufEiS hf atmufvw T af wmfwYdk tm; a0ykcH sxm;aom OD;a&udk oabmrwlyg/ txufvw T af wmfrS aumifpo D Ydk
116
(2) a,muf? atmufvTwfawmfrS aumifpDokdY (8) a,muf vTwfoifhaMumif;? þonfomvQif vTwfawmf

(2) ck OD;a&ESifh tcsKd;usayonf/
31/ aumifpo D Ydk ausmif;om;rsm;u uk, d pf m;vS,w f a,muf wifajrm§ ufoifo h nf[k axmufccH suf (pmrsuEf mS -21) udk
zwf&í 0rf;ajrmufygaMumif;? okYd &mwGif a½G;aumufwifajr§mufc&H aom vlBuD;onf rSwyf w Hk ifbUJG xl;&olrsm;
rSom r[kw?f ausmif;om;r[kwaf om tjcm;vlrsm;rSvnf; jzpfoifyh gonf/ wuúov dk of nf ¤if;\ ausmif;
om;rsm;tm; trSm;ESifhtrSef a0cGJEdkif&ef oifMum;&eftwGuf jzpf\/ xkduJhodkY ynmoifay;onf qkdygu
&efuek wf uúov dk of nf ¤if;ausmif;om;rsm;\ a0zefaompdwu f dk ,kMH unfxu dk \
f / oifah wmfou l o dk m aumif
pDokdY wifajr§mufrnf[k oHo,½Sdp&m r½Sd/ jrbl;aumfrwDu þuJhokdY ausmif;om;ukd,fpm;vS,f xm;jcif;
onf oifhawmfvSonfhtcsuf wuúokdvfvkyfief;w&yf[k rxif[k qkd&mü uREkfyfwkdYum; xkdodkYrMunfh?
ausmif;om;rsm;\ uk, d pf m;vS,o f nf ausmif;om;wkYd tzkYd aumifpw D iG f aps;qpf&efr[kw?f ausmif;om;wkYd \
tmoDotrSef oabmxm; ajymMum;&eftwGuf jzpf\/
32/ tpD&ifcpH meHygwf (21) wGif 'kw, d cseq f ,fvma[mif;wkYdukd aumifp0D if &moufyefvBl uD;rsm; jzpfoifo h nf[k
axmufcHcsufukd oabmrwl? ¤if;trIxrf;ukd tjcm;enf;jzifh todrSwfjyKvkdu jyKEkdif\/
33/ wuúov dk af umifp\ D oufwrf;onf (3) ESpyf if jzpfoifo h nf[k pmrsuEf mS eHygwf (22) wGif axmufccH suu f dk
oabmwlygaMumif;? okdY&mwGif a½G;aumufyGJrSm wBudrfwnf; jzpfapvkdaMumif;? Mum;a½G;aumufyGJwGif
ta½G;cH&olonf umvtykdif;tjcm;twGufom aumifpDvlBuD;jzpfoifhí okH;ESpfwBudrf a½G;aumufyGJBuD;
½SdapvkdaMumif;? þuJhokdYjzpfvQif wuúokdvfta&;ukd ykdrkd vltrsm; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m jzpfygonf/
34/ omreftm;jzifh wuúokdvfaumifpDonf wESpfvQif (2) Budrf pnf;a0;oifhygí tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;
ykYd &müum; (tpD&ifcpH m pmrsufEmS 23) wuúov dk t
f rIaqmiftzGUJ ? qD;edwt f rIaqmiftzGUJ ESihf aumvdyt f yk cf sKyf
a&;tzGJUwkdY\ rSwfwrf;wkdYukd tpnf;ta0;NyD;onfhaemuf (14) &uf twGif; (þrSwfwrf; tykd'f-16
t&) aumifpDvlBuD;rsm;xHokdY ykdYoifhaMumif;? MumrSykdYvQif ta&;,l&ef cJ,Of;rnf jzpfojzifh aumifpDrSm
,ckuJhodkY 'kHY&if;jyefaeOD;rnf jzpfaMumif;/
35/ pmrsufESm (24) wGif aumifpDrSwifajr§mufaom wuúokdvftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifvlBuD; (7) OD; pvkH; tjyifrS
vlBuD;rsm; jzpfoifhaMumif;/
36/ ref;Oypmaumvdyu f dk wuúov dk t f rIaqmiftzGUJ okYd vTt J yf&ef pmrsuEf mS (25) wGif jrbl;aumfrwD\ axmufcH
csufukd pOf;pm;&mwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf Oypmtwef;rsm;ukd ynmrif;BuD;u tkyfcsKyfoifh? rtkyfcsKyfoifhudk
vnf; pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;rdaomfvnf; tcsut f vufpv Hk ifpmG rod½&dS í ,wdjywf qk;H jzwfcsuf rusygaMumif;?
okYd&mwGif pmrsuEf mS (34) wGif jrbl;aumfrwDu Oypmausmif; (3-4) ausmif;cefY tjcm;NrdKUrsm;wGif (1-2) ESpf
twGi;f xm;&ef axmufccH sufudk uREkyf w f Ydk txl;tm;ay;ygaMumif;? tu,fí Oypmwef;rsm;onf wuúov dk f
ynma&; tqift h wef;yif jzpfoifo h nfqydk gvQif uREyfk w f Ydk þrSww f rf;tyk'd f (17) wGif qkcd o hJ nfh tm;avsmpf mG
wuúokdvfu Oypmaumvdyfrsm;ukd tkyfcsKyfjcif;udk oabmwlygonf/ þOypmaumvdyfrsm; ta&;wGif
txl;ojzifh rEÅav;aumvdyfta&;wGif þodkYtkyfcsKyfenf;udk jrbl;aumfrwDonf tb,faMumihf BudKufESpf
ouf&oenf;udk pOf;pm;ír& jzpfygaMumif;? tb,faMumifhqkdaomf pmrsufESm (26? 28) wGifum; tjcm;
wGJbufaumvdyfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí þaxmufcHcsufESifh txl;qefYusifí axmufcHjcif;yifwnf;/ uREkfyfwkdY
tm;vkH; aumvdyfrsm;udk wuúokdvfucsnf; tkyfcsKyf&rnfukd av;eufpGm xyfawmif;qkd vkduf&ayaMumif;/
37/ ref;Oypmaumvdyfta&;ukd pOf;pm;&mwGif jrefrmtpkd;&ESifh Oya'jyKtzGJUodkY rEÅav;aumvdyftm; tcsdef
rqGJbJ 'D*&DaumvdyftjzpfokdY jr§ifhwifyg&ef owday;&ygaMumif;/
38/ ynmoifMum;a&;aumifpD (qD;edwf) wGif wuúokdvfaumifpD ukd,fpm;vS,fOD;a& ig;OD;odkY wifajr§muf&ef
axmufcHcsufukd uREkfyfwkdY rSwfwrf;tykd'f (21) wGif qkdcJhonfhtwkdif; axmufcHygaMumif;/
39/ pmrsufESm (26) jrbl;tpD&ifcHpmwGif wuúokdvftufOya' yk'fr (21)? yk'fri,f (2) ukd jyif&ef axmufcH
csufwGif taMumif;rjrif? tb,faMumifh wuúokdvf0ifcGifhOya' xm;&mwGif bk&ifcHESifhaumifpD oabm
wlnDcsuf ½dS&rnfukd awG;qír&yg/ xkdYaMumifh yk'fr 21 (2) wGif bk&ifcHcsKyfESifh aumifpDtkyfcsKyfjcif;udk
twnfxm;í jyKqkdaom pum;rsm;ukd y,fxkwfapvkdaMumif;/
40/ pmrsufESm (29) wGif ygarmu©rsm;ukdk wuúokdvftrIaqmifu cefYoifhonf[k axmufcHcsufukd oabmwl
ygaMumif;? wuúokdvftrIaqmifonf pwufusLt& wuúokdvftmPmykdiftzGJU wckjzpfoifhonf[k jrbl;
117
aumfrwD\ axmufcHcsuftwkdif; topfwuúokdvf tufOya'wGif xkdokdYjzpfvdrfhrnf[k ,lqaMumif;? xkd

okdYjzpfvQif wuúokdvfaumifpDu trIaqmifu ygarmu©cefYxm;a&;ukd jyefvnfppfaq;cGifh½Sdonf[k ,lq
aMumif; xdkokdYr[kwfygu xdktcsuftvufudk xnfhoGif;apvkdaMumif; qD;edwftrIaqmifESifh wuúokdvftrI
aqmifwYkd tcsif;rsm;MuvQif t"dywdr[kwfbJ wuúokdvfaumifpDxHom tqkH;tjzwfcHoifhygaMumif;/
41/ pmrsufESm (29) wGif yk'rf (23) t& wuúov dk af umifpu D pwufusLrsm; jyKvkyEf idk cf iG hf? y,fzsufcGi?fh jyifqif
cGiEhf iS hf ywfoufí jyKjyif&ef axmufccH suu f dk txl;oabmrusaMumif;? þaxmufccH suu f m; aemufjyefqw k f
jcif; jzpfaMumif;? þyk'frrSm wuúokdvftufOya'wGif ESpfaygif; (13) ESpfrQ½SdNyD jzpfí ,cktxd þyk'frudk
wuúokdvfaumifpDu tvGJokH;pm;rjyKcJhonfukd axmufí tdE´d,wuúokdvfrsm;wGif þyk'frudk ei,ftNrD;
wyfonfudk þwuúov dk u f vnf; vku d wf yfp&m rvkad y/ xkdYaMumifh yk'rf (23) ukd jyifqifjcif;ukd uREkyf w f Ydk
oabmrusay/
42/ pmrsufESm (31) wGif pwufusL (33-34) wkdYukd tmPmcsKyfuGyf&ef jyifqifcsufukd oabmrusonfhtjyif
uREkfyfwkdY þrSwfwrf; (16) tykd'fwGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif; jyifqifapvkdygaMumif;/
43/ pmrsuEf mS (41) wGif aumvdyt f yk cf sKyfa&;tzGUJ rsm;\ Ouú|ESihf 'kOuú| wkYdudk a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufoifo h nf
[k axmufcHcsufukd oabmwlygonf/
44/ pmrsufESm (31) wGif ,leDAmpwDaumvdyfausmif; tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwGif ausmif;om;ukd,fpm;vS,fwOD;
ygxku d o f nf[k axmufccH suu f dk oabmwlygonf/ okYd &mwGif þrSww f rf; (19) wGif azmfjyxm;onft h wkid ;f
ajr§mufwifí vlBuD;rSm ausmif;om;r[kwfonfh wuúokdvfbGJUxl;&olrsm;om r[kwfbJ tjcm;vlMuD;rsm;rS
vnf; ajr§mufEkdifcGifh &apvkdygaMumif;( tykd'f-32 ukdvnf; Munfhyg)/
45/ pmrsufESm (31) wGif ,leDAmpwDaumvdyfausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUokdY ausmif;tkyfMuD;u ajr§mufolonf
ygarmu©csnf; r[kwb f J jzpfEidk o f nf[k jrbl;aumfrwD\ axmufccH sufukd oabmwlvifu h pm; ausmif;tkyf
tm; þokdY wifajr§mufcGifhay;jcif;udk oabmrwlyg/ pmrsufESm (31) xkdtykd'fxJwGif axmufcHxm;onfh
twkdif; tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwGif ausmif;q&m (2) a,muf½Sd&eftpm; þrSwfwrf;tykd'f (19) wGif wifjychJonfh
twkdif; q&mwOD;wnf; ½SdoifhygaMumif;/
46/ wuúokdvf0ifcGifh ta&;ESifhywfoufí [kdufpul;zkdife,fpmar;yGJukd (9) ESpf tcsdeftwGuf owfrSwfygvQif
pmrsufESm (34) yxr axmufcHcsufudk oabmwlygonf/ okdYr[kwf [kdufpul;pmar;yGJESifh wuúokdvf
0ifcGifhpmar;yGJ cGJíppf&ef tMuHay;ygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf (2) ck pvkH;ukdjzpfap? wckwefonfjzpf
ap 0ifEidk cf iG &hf ½Sí
d wuúov dk 0f ifciG hf pmar;yGaJ tmifow l Ydk om wuúov dk pf mar;yGrJ sm;ukd ajzqdck iG &hf xku
d af Mumif;?
yx0DESifh &mZ0ifbmom paomar;cGef;rsm;wGif twlwlar;Ekdif&ef taMumif;½SdaMumif;/
47/ jrbl;aumfrwDonf pmrsuEf mS eHygwf (35) wGif wuúov dk w
f ck jyKvkypf rD yH t
Hk wkid ;f qkv
d Qif ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf
ausmif;q&mrsm; &if;&if;ES;D ES;D r½SMd u[k0efc\ H / okYd &mwGif q&mrsm;ukd az;wD;az;r þuJo h Ykd r&if;ES;D jcif;onf
ausmif;om;rsm;tm;awGU&ef tcsdefr½Sdí qkdjcif;udk uREkfyfwkdY oabmrwlay/ uREkfyfwdkY oabmt&um;
q&mrsm; txl;ojzifh txufwef;q&mBuD;rsm;rSm tcsdefykd vkHavmufpGm &Muonf[k xif\/ ,k'oef
aumvdyfwGif q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; txl;&if;ESD;Mu\/ ,leDAmpwDaumvdyfwGifum; xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
txufwef;q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;rSm tjrJwOD;ukdwOD; apmifvsuf½SdMu\/ þtcsufukd wuúokdvf
onf owdcsyrf ad pvk\ d / þwGif &efuek w f uúov dk o
f r*¾toif;tm; tm;vk;H ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf ausmif;q&m
rsm;onf toif;om;rsm;jzpf&rnf[k Oya'xm;í ausmif;om;rsm; tpki,fzGJUí ¤if;wkdYukd zdwfMum;awGUqkH
ygvQif trSefokdY a&mufvdrfhrnf[k xifygaMumif;/ &efukefwuúokdvfor*¾toif;ukdvnf; vwfwavm
aumvdyfESifh wuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;udpw ö kdYwGif wuúokdvfaumvdyfwkdYukd wifoGif;ajymzkdY cGifhjyKoifhay
aMumif;? ¤if;tjyif or*¾toif;udk Oya'topfwGif pwufusLt&xm;vQif ab;jzpfp&m rjrifygaMumif;/
48/ wuúokdvf wGJbufaumvdyfrsm;twGif; tvkkyfvkyfykHrsm;ESifh ywfoufí pkHprf;a&;aumfr½Sifwck zGJUpnf;&ef
pmrsufESm (36) wGif azmfjyxm;aom qD;edwftzGJU\ awmif;yefcsufudk uREkfyfwdkYruefYuGuf? okdY&mwGif
xkdaumfr½Sifukdapmihfpm;í tufOya'jyifqifa&;ukdum; raESmifhaES;apvdk/
49/ þrSww f rf; ed*;Hk rcsKyfrD uREyfk w f Ydk txl;wku d w f eG ;f vkad omtcsuu f m; wuúov dk of nf jrefrmpmjzifh bmom&yf
rsm;ukd oifMum;&eftwGuf pnf;rsOf;ususee csxm;oifhonf[k xifygaMumif;/ þae&mwGif wuúokdvf
onf tpd;k &ESihf yl;aygif;í vkyu f idk &f rnf jzpfaMumif;/ ,ckupí xkt d a&;twGuf pcef;poifNh yD jzpfaMumif;/
118
pwdwpf aumvm ynmawmfoifrsm;udk ¤if;wkYd jyefvmvQif cefYxm;&rnf[k &nf½, G íf vTwo f ifNh yDjzpfaMumif;?
rMumrDcsufcsif; bmomjyefMum;a&;tzGUJ wckukd aiGtvkt H avmufjzifh cefYxm;í &mZ0if? abm*aA'? avmu
"gwfusrf; trsKd;rsKd;wkdYudk jrefrmbmomwkdY jyefMum;tyfvSNyD jzpfaMumif;/
(wkid ;f jynf\ tñGeYftan§muf tem*wfjrefrmjynf? jrefrmwEkid if v H ;Hk tBuD;qk;H uREyfk w f Ydk\ ausmif;om;toif;ukd
aiGtm;jzifh csD;jr§ifhawmfrlMuyg/)
¤if;tpD&ifcHpmukd jrefrmjynftpkd;& ynma&;XmeokdY ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
toif;\ tvkyftrIaqmifu wifoGif;cJhavonf/ jrefrmjynftESHYtjym;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;xHokdYykdY&m
tNrdKUNrdKU½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;u jrbl;tpD&ifcpH m? or*¾tpD&ifcpH mwkYd ukd aqG;aEG;NyD;aemuf tpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm;
usif;yum atmufygqkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfcJhonf/
(1) jrbl; tpD&ifcpH mwGif azmfjyxm;onfh axmufccH suw f YdkrmS rsm;pGmrausreyfz, G f jzpf½oHk mru tvGew f &m
nhHzsif;vSojzifh þausmif;om;rsm;\ tpnf;ta0;MuD;u tjyif;txef uefYuGufaMumif;?
(2) jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾toif;u cefYtyfaom aumfrwDtm; jrbl;tpD&ifcHpmESifh
ywfoufí pmwrf;½Snf a&;onfhtwGuf txl;yif aus;Zl;yum&wifygaMumif;? ¤if;tjyif tpD&ifcH
pmwGifygonfh tcsufwkdYudk vkH;0OókH axmufcH½kHru ¤if;tpD&ifcHpmESifh ywfoufí vkyf&efudpt ö 00
wkdYukd aqmif½Gufygrnf[k uwdjyKygaMumif;/
(3) wuúokdvfOya'Murf; topf tvsiftjrefwifoGif;jzpfatmif tvsiftjrefta&;,lí atmufvTwf
awmfESifh txufvTwfawmfwGif jyXmef;Muyg&ef Oya'jyKvTwfawmftrwfrsm;tm; awmif;yefygaMumif;/
txufygqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk qkH;jzwf½kHru wuúokdvfOya'Murf;topf wifoGif;jzpfatmif Auotoif;rS
trIaqmifu txl;BudK;yrf;aeMuonf/
(Z-3) 1937-38 Auo\ vkyfaqmifrIrsm;

1/ rEÅav;uGefz&ifh\ qkH;jzwfcsuftwkdif; uGefz&ihfusif;yNyD; aemufaeYwGif rEÅav;NrdKU ae&mtESHYtjym;ü
trsKd;om;wuúov dk f &efyaHk iGtwGuf aumufccH MhJ uonf/ e,ftoD;oD;rS or*¾toif;rsm;uvnf; trsKd;om;
wuúokdvftwGuf aiGaumufcHí &efukefNrdKUtrsKd;om;wuúodkvf tusKd;aqmifaiGxdef;xHokdY ay;ykdYcJhonf/
tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if ukdA[def;onf trsKd;om;wuúokdvf oydwfarSmufacgif;aqmifudkEkESifhtwl txuf
Armjynf tESHYtjym;wGif trsKd;om;wuúokdvftwGuf w&m;a[majymcJhonf/
2/ awmifi?l ppfawG? armfvNrdKif? ajrmif;jr tp½Sad omNrdKUwkYd rS tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm;\ epfemcsufrsm;ukd wkid w
f ef;
csuft& aqmif½Gufay;chJonf/ a&eHacsmif;trsKd;om;ausmif;wGif oydwfarSmufrIjzpf&m udpöNyD;Nidrf;atmif
aqmif½GufcJh\/ tcsKdUausmif;rsm;wGif oydwfarSmufrIrsm;jzpf&m w&uftwGif; NyD;pD;oGm;í tcsKdUrSm
ausmif;tkyfcsKyfolcsif; roifhrwifhjzpfí vnf;aumif;? wkdYrD; ½IdUrD;wkdY\ ya,m*aMumifhaomfvnf;aumif;
jzpfjcif;aMumifh or*¾toif;MuD;u 0ifí rpGufzufcJhay/
3/ uGefz&ifhqkH;jzwfcsuft& ausmif;ydwf&uf½Snfrsm;wGif aus;vufjyKjyifa&; aqmif½GufEkdif&ef pnf;rsOf;ukd
tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if ukdausmfjrifhtm; vTJxm;NyD; ukdausmfjrifhMuD;rSL;onfhtzGJUokdY vTJtyfxm;onf/
e,for*¾toif;rsm;wGif ppfawGNrdKUuvGJí taysmfwrf;wyf[lí rzGJUpnf;&ao;aMumif; awGU&onf/
4/ uGezf &if\
h qk;H jzwfcsut f & ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpnf;ta0;wkid ;f tpnf;ta0;tpESihf tNyD;wGif trsKd;om;
oDcsif;ukd oDqkdMuonf/ ,cktcg wkdYArmoDcsif;\ aemufqkH;tykd'fukd trsKd;om;oDcsif;[k todrSwfjyKxm;
onf/ trsKd;om;oDcsif;ukd pkHprf;&eftwGuf tzGJUi,fwckukd zGJUpnf;xm;NyD;NyD jzpfonf/
5/ atmufygNrKdUrsm;wGif or*¾toif;rsm;ukd zGJYpnf;xm;onf/ &efukef? rEÅav;? jynf? awmifil? ykodrf? jrif;
jcH? ppfawG? MuHcif;? rkH½Gm? aygif;wnf? a&eHacsmif;? aysmfbG,f? rif;vS? a½Tbkd? rvIdif? [omFw? usKdufvwf?
oHvsif? zsmykHwkdY jzpfonf/ tcsKdUor*¾toif;rsm;rSm zGJUpnf;NyD;aomfvnf; &efukefA[kdtzGJUcsKyfMuD;ESifh
rqufoG,f&ao;acs/
6/ uGefz&ifhqkH;jzwfcsuft& rsKd;ñGefYr*¾Zif;udk pufwifbmvrS pwifí xkwfa0aMumif;? wm0efcHt,f'DwmrSm
trIaqmiftzGJU0if ukdA[def;jzpfonf/ rsKd;ñGefYukd okH;vwMudrf xkwfa0&m ESpfMudrf½SdoGm;NyD jzpfonf/
7/ ,cktcg A[kdtoif;csKyfonf acwå,m,Doabmjzifh &efukefwuúokdvfor*¾wGif wnf½Sdae&m tvkyftrI
aqmiftzGJUonf ukd,fykdiftaqmuftOD wckudk &½Sd&ef MudK;pm;vsuf ½Sdonf/ e,for*¾toif;rsm;vnf;
119
qkdif&m toif;½kH;rsm; &½Sd&ef MudK;yrf;aeMuonf/

8/ ArmjynftESHYtjym;wGif a&ab;? avab; qkdufa&mufojzifh vl (1) odef;ausmf tkd;rJhtdrfrJhtxd 'ku©jzpfcJh&m
¤if;wkYd u,fq,fa&;twGuf tNrdKUNrdKUt½Gm½GmrS ausmif;om;rsm;u aiG? ypön;f rsm; aumufccH o Jh nf/ Armjynf
a&ab;? avab;u,fq,fa&;tzGUJ u aumufcaH om u,fq,fa&;&HyaHk iGwiG f w0ufausmfausmfrmS ausmif;
om;rsm; aumufcHay;aomaiG jzpfonf/
9/ rEÅav;ausmif;om;uGefz&ifh qkH;jzwfcsuf trSwf (1) t& urÇmvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;toif;BuD;ESifh
qufoG,fxm;onf/ þtoif;MuD;u MuD;rSL;í 1937 ck? Mo*kwfv (25) &ufaeYrS (28) &ufaeY txd
jyifopfjynf? yg&DNrdKUawmfü usif;yaom urÇmvk;H qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;uGezf &ifo h Ydk Armjynfausmif;om;rsm;
ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf "EkjzLOD;at;armiftm; wufa&mufapcJhonf/ Armjynf\ ukd,fpm;vS,f "EkjzLOD;at;
armifrSm jAL½kdac: A[kdtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUodkYvnf; a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcH&onf/ (tifwmae½Sife,f
,kou f ifrh f (ac:) urÇmvkH;qkdif&m vli,frsm;pka0;&m pcef;odkYvnf; "EkjzLOD;at;armif wufa&mufcJhonf/)
10/ 1291 ck? awmfovif;vqkwf? (2) &ufaeYwGif &efukefaxmifMuD; twGif;ü jyif;xefcsKyfwnf;aom
axmifOya'ukd uefYuGufí (166) &ufvkH; t[m&rrSD0JbJ rdrd\ twåabm tykyfaumifudk pGefYcGmcJhaom
tmZmenf OD;0dpm&\ (8) Mudrfajrmuf txdrf;trSwfukd Auo toif;u BuD;rSL;í ArmjynftESHUtjym;wGif
tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;ycJh\/ OD;0dpm&aeYESifh ywfoufaom pmwrf;ukdvnf; tajrmuftjrm;½kdufum
¤if;aeYwGif a0iSurf;vSrf;cJhonf/
11/ Ekd0ifbmv (1) &ufaeYwGif jrefrmwEkdifiHvkH;wGif tpnf;a0;BuD;rsm; usif;yí atmufyg qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;
csrSwfcJhonf/
11(1)/ rEÅav;uGefz&ifh\ qkH;jzwfcsuf trSwf (5) jzpfaom e,fcsJUppfyGJrsm;wGif ryg0if? e,fcsJUpepfMuD;
wnfw&hH m wnfwahH Mumif; jzpfaom yGv J rf;obifrsm;wGiv f nf; yg0ifjcif; rjyK&ef[al om qk;H jzwfcsuu f kd
xyfrH twnfjyKaMumif;?
11(2)/ ,cktcg e,fcsJUpepfESifh e,fcsJUpepftvm;wl zufqpfpepfwkdYaMumifh ab;'ku©MuD; qkdufa&muf
aeMuaom w½kwfjynfoljynfom;? pydefjynfoljynfom;wkdYtwGuf Armjynfausmif;om;rsm;u txl;
0rf;enf;aMuuGJvsuf ¤if;wkdYESifhwuG ausmif;om;wkdYonf tjrefqkH; ppfEkdifMuygap[k qkawmif;arwÅm
ykdYaMumif;?
11(3)/ qif;&Jjcif;? tvkyv f ufrrhJ sm;jcif;? ppfjzpfjcif; ponfwYduk kd jzpfymG ;aponfh e,fcsUJ pepftwGi;f okYd vGecf ahJ om
(52) ESpu f Armjynf usa&mufjcif;aMumif?h wefaqmifrek ;f vqkw?f (8) &ufaeYudk e,fcsUJ pepf uefYuu G &f maeY
[ktodrw S jf yKum xkad eUwGif e,fcsUJ pepfudk uefYuu G o
f nft
h aejzifh Oykoo f w
D if;apmifh ok;H &ef qk;H jzwfaMumif;?
¤if;aeYwiG f ppfudk igwkYd tvkrd ½S[ d al om pmwrf;ukd a0iSco hJ nf/ wefaqmifrek ;f vqkwf (8) &ufaeYwiG f
e,fcsUJ pepf uefYuu G af omaeUudk Armjynft&yf&yf½dS ausmif;om;rsm; txdr;f trSwt f m;jzifh tpmiwfcMH u&ef
qifx h w
k cf ohJ nfth wkid ;f tNrdKUNrdKU½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;u vku d ef mcJo h nf/ &efuek Nf rdKUwGif wuúov dk o
f r*¾toif;
trIaqmifrsm;? Auotoif;trIaqmifEiS hf tjcm;ausmif;om;wkUd onf ygawmfru l si;f y&modYk oGm;a&mufMuNy;D
Ouú| ukad tmifqef;u e,fcsUJ pepfuefUuGuaf omaeY (ygawmfral eY r[kw)f ukd tb,faMumifh usi;f y&onfudk
½Si;f vif; ajymqkcd o hJ nf/ xkad eYwiG f ]bmvJe,fcsJY0g'} ac: pmwrf;udk a0iSMuonf/
12/ trsKd;om;aeYü tpOftvmt& usif;ycJhonf/ tjcm;tpnf;t½kH;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½Guf&ef qifhpmxkwf
cJhonfhtwkdif; tNrdKUNrdKU½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;u vkdufemcJhonf/ xkdaeYwGif ]igwkdhtrsKd;om;0g'} ac: pmwrf;udk
½kdufESdyf xkwfa0cJhonf/
13/ Auotoif;rS ½kdufESdyfxkwfa0cJhaom pmwrf;rsm;rSm-
(u) Auotoif;\ pnf;rsOf;Oya'
(c) rEÅav;uGefz&ifh\ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;
(*) taqGjyefwrf;trSwf
(C) ausmif;om;rsm; Ekd;Mum;avmh (t*Fvdyfausmif;rsm;twGuf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh ½kdufESdyfonf)
(i) wuúokdvftufOya'jyifqifa&; tpD&ifcHpm
(p) 0wå&m;trGef (OD;0dpm&aeYtwGuf)
(q) e,fcsJUpepfukd igwkdYtvkdr½Sd (Ekd0ifbm? 11 &uftwGuf)
120
(Z) e,fcsJJUpepfudk wkdufckdufMuukefthH ( wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf? 8 &uftwGuf)

(ps) igwdkY trsKd;om;0g' (trsKd;om;aeYtwGuf)
14/ 1297 ckEpS ?f waygif;vqef;? (5) &ufaeYwiG f 'kw,
d oydwMf uD;NyD;aemuf AuotzGUJ ESihf trsKd;om;wuúov
dk f
ay:vmcJhonfhtwGuf xkdaeYukd txdrf;trSwfaeYtjzpf usif;ycJhonf/
(ps) wwd,tBurd f AuouGezf &ifh usi;f y&efjyifqifMujcif;

jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;\ wwd,uGefz&ifh (Auo) ykodrfNrdKUü usif;y&ef pDpOfxm;onf/
Ouú| ukdatmifqef;onf ykodrfNrdKUokdY oGm;a&muf pDpOfcJhonf/ atmufyg {nfhcHaumfrwDrsm;ukd zGJUpnf;xm;avonf/
tpnf;ta0;twGuf wm0efcHtrIaqmifrsm;
ukdatmifausmf em,u
ukdatmifBudKif aiGxdef;
ukdvSarmif tusKd;aqmifpmcsD
ukdcifndK taxGaxGtusKd;aqmifpmcsD
taxGaxGXme
ukdatmifausmf ukdatmifMudKif ukd[efa½T
ukdarmifwif ukdjrpdef rcifñGefY
ukdvSarmif ukdcifndK
aMujimXme
ukdMuD;armif ukdbodef; ukdcsKdvSatmif
{nfUcHa&;Xme tauR;tarG;Xme
ukdausmfodef; ukdoef;armif
ukdarmifoGif ukdarmifarmif
ukdat;armif ukdxifausmf
ukdxGef;xGef; ukdausmf0if;
ukdjrifhpkd;
rdef;uav;rsm; {nfcHXme
rcifñGefY rvSjrifh rjrMunf
rcifoef; rwifwif roef;pdef
rcifapmEk rñGefYñGefYoef; roef;oef;
rwif{ rMunfMunf rcif&D
usef;rma&;Xme
q&m0efOD;bcsdK q&m0ef OD;0ef q&m0ef em,m;
uGezf &ifu
h sif;yjcif;onf Armjynf te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS ausmif;om;rsm; wOD;ESifh wOD; &if;ES;D apjcif;? awGUqkH
&müvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;? qif;&Jom;rsm;ta&;? wkdif;jynfta&;? urÇmMuD;\ta&; ponfhjyóemrsm;ukd
bGif;bGif;BuD; aqG;aEG;&jcif;? NyD;cJhonf vkyfief;rsm;udk okH;oyfqifjcifNyD; oumv a½SUtzkdY rnfonfhtvkkyfrsm;
vkyfaqmifrnf[k t"d|mefcsjcif;? vkyfief;tpDtpOf useaocsmjcif; ponfwkdYonf Auotoif;BuD;\ vkyfief;rsm;
jzpfonf/ uGezf &ifah tmifjrifrrI mS e,ftoD;oD;? NrdKUtoD;oD;rS ausmif;om;rsm;\ uk,
d pf m;vS,f rsuEf mS pkn
H w
D ufa&muf
121
jcif; tay:üwnf&m ,ckusif;yrnfh ykodrfuGefz&ifhokdY NrdKUwkdif;? e,fwkdif;rS ausmif;om;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&muf

apoif\ h / jrefrmjynf NrdKUe,ftoD;oD;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; or*¾rsm; wnfaxmifa&;? jrefrmEkid if t H 0Sr;f ½Sd ausmif;om;
rsm;tm;vkH; waygif;wpnf;wnf; jzpfEkdif&ef usif;yrnfh ykodrfuGefz&ifhwGif ausmif;om;pkHnDpGm wufa&mufap&ef
vIYHaqmfay;jcif; ponfwkdYtwGuf AuotvkyftrIaqmifrsm;ukd vlpkcGJí jrefrmjynftESYH apvTwfxm;onf/ NrdKUe,f
ausmif;om;or*¾ rwnfaxmif&ao;aom NrdKUe,frsm;wGif tjrefraES; or*¾toif;rsm; wnfaxmifcg ykodrfuGefz&ifh
wufa&muf&ef udpöudk zdwfMum;cJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; uGefz&ifhwGif bmawGajymrnf? bmawGvkyfrnf?
bmukad wmif;rnf ponfwYdkukd wifMudKpDrH xm;&rnfjzpfonf/ ykord u f eG zf &ifEh iS hf yl;wGí
J aEG&moDpcef;rsm;ESihf jrefrmEkid if H
vkH;qkdif&m tar;yGJrsm;ukd usif;yvdrfhrnf/
aEG&moDpcef;rsm; usif;y&jcif;rSm
1/ Armjynf½Sd t&yf&yfausmif;om;rsm;onf wa,mufESifhwa,muf ykdrkd&if;ESD;í wkd;wufaumif;rGefpGm
qufqH&ef?
2/ jrefrmjynf½Sd te,fe,fwkdY\ xl;axGaom taMumif;rsm;ukd ykdrkdod½Sdem;vnfEkdif&ef?
3/ ausmif;om;rsm;\EkdifiHa&; rsufpdtjrifus,fap&ef?
4/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh awm½Gmae aoG;&if;om;&if;rsm;jzpfaom trsKd;om;wkdY ykdrkd&if;ESD;ap&ef?
5/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf qif;&Jom;ypönf;rJhrsm;ESifh waoG;wpdwfwnf;½SdaMumif;? ¤if;wkdYESifh yl;aygif;í
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wkdufckdufrnfjzpfaMumif;udk jyo&ef?
-ponf&h nf½, G cf sufrsm; yg½So
d nf/ aEG&moDpcef; atmifjrifap&eftwGuf tvkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ 0if ukAd [de;f
tm; wm0efvTJtyfxm;avonf/
(n) Auo wwd,uGezf &ifo

h Ydk zdwMf um;olrsm;pm&if;
1/ ukdazoef; pvif;NrdKU
2/ ukdaiGvkH a&eHacsmif;NrdKU
3/ ukdbapm [oFmwNrdKU
4/ ukdñGefYodef; rif;bl;NrdKU
5/ udkarmifarmif taemufMudKUukef;? tif;pdef
6/ ukduvufoef; rif;bl;
7/ ukdvIdifOD; [oFmwNrdKU
8/ ukdvSarmif [oFmwNrdKU
9/ ukdom0if &efukefNrdKU? tif;vsm;vrf;
10/ ukdcifndK rEÅav;NrdKU
11/ ukdxGef;vIdif rif;vSNrdKU
12/ ukdausmf0if; rEÅav;NrdKU
13/ ukdwifatmif Akdvfuav;NrdKU
14/ ukdvSaz Akdvfuav;NrdKU
15/ ukdaomif;pdef &efukefNrdKU
16/ ukdvSat; Akdvfuav;NrdKU
17/ ukdat;az ompnfNrdKU
18/ ukdjrEkdif vufyHwef;NrdKU
19/ ukdcifjrifh yef;waemfNrdKU
20/ ukdjrarmif rEÅav;NrdKU
21/ ukdbkef;a<u pOfhukdifNrdKU
22/ ukdarmifMunf rEÅav;NrdKU
23/ ukdbarmif MudKUyifaumufNrdKU
122
24/ ukdusifarmif oxkHNrdKU

25/ ukdwif½Sdef ysOf;rem;NrdKU
26/ ukdtkef;armif aygif;wnfNrdKU
27/ ukdvSjrifh armfvNrdKifNrdKU
28/ ukdwifhaqG rkH½GmNrdKU
29/ ukdusifarmif rdwDÅvmNrdKU
30/ ukdarmifarmifav; (1) jynfNrdKU
31/ ukdomxGef;pdef ppfawGNrdKU
32/ ukdazoef; pvnf;? rif;bl;NrdKU
33/ ukdarmifyg oxkHNrdKU
34/ ukdodef;xGef; oxkHNrdKU
35/ ukdbokduf ppfukdif;NrdKU
36/ ukdarmifaxG; yckuúLNrdKU
37/ ukdarmifukd yckuúLNrdKU
38/ ukd{ukd om,m0wDNrdKU
39/ ukdarmifarmif (1) jrif;jcHNrdKU
40/ ukdatmifMudKif ykodrfNrdKU
41/ ukdpHa½T ppfawGNrdKU
42/ ukdcspfukdvS a&ausmf? &efukefNrdKU
43/ ukdwifOD; rauG;NrdKU
44/ ukdxkdufpH vufyHwef;NrdKU
45/ ukdarmifarmif yckuúLNrdKU
46/ ukdarmifapmjrtkH; oxkH'DpBwdwf
47/ ukdvSaomif; 0g;c,frNrdKU
48/ Swans Business College &efukefNrdKU
49/ A.T Mc Oreath yef;qkd;wef;
50/ E.G Ruller BSQ &efukefNrdKU
51/ jrefrmhtvif; &efukefNrdKU
52/ The Efficiency Press &efukefNrdKU
53/ ol&d, (Sun Press Ltd.,) &efukefNrdKU
54/ e*g;eD Ltd.,
55/ jrefrmjynf pmtkyfjzefYcsda&;Xme &efukefNrdKU
56/ ukdvSarmif ykodrfNrdKU
57/ ukdjrpdef ykodrfNrdKU
58/ ukdpdefaomif; ykodrfNrdKU
59/ ukdwifat; ykodrfNrdKU
60/ ukdodef;armif MudKUyifaumuf
61/ udktpk ppfawGNrdKU
62/ ukdzkd;tkef; aygif;wnfNrdKU
63/ ukdoef;armif ykodrfNrdKU
64/ ukd[efwif pvif;NrdKU
65/ ukdatmifMuD; &efukefNrdKU
66/ ukdat;Munf BuKdUyifaumufNrdKU
67/ ukdbcspf Munfhjrifwkdif
68/ ukdausmf0if;
123
69/ Mr. tDA&m[if xm;0,fNrdKU

70/ ukdtifvkdif; aygif;wnfNrdKU
71/ ukdatmifBuD; aygif;wnfNrdKU
72/ ukdxGef;wif &efukefNrdKU (wkd;wufa&;owif;pm t,f'Dwm)
73/ q&mqkd; iokdif;acsmif;NrdKU
74/ ukdoef;½Sdef ZD;ukef;NrdKU
75/ ukdaua,mfpdef a&eHacsmif;NrdKU
76/ ukdxGef;armif tif;pdef
77/ ukdpHwif zsmykHNrdKU
78/ ukdazwif bkduav;NrdKU
79/ ukdatmifwif rvIdifNrdKU
80/ ukdb MudKUyifaumufNrdKU
81/ ukdwifa½T rkH½GmNrdKU
82/ ukdarmif0g a&eHacsmif;NrdKU
83/ ukdukdMuD; rEÅav;NrdKU (pDeD,m ISC ref;Oypmaumvdyf)
84/ ukdwkd;,SOf rEÅav;NrdKU
85/ ukdaomif;pdef MudKUyifaumufNrdKU
86/ ukdbaumif; ausmufjzLNrdKU
87/ ukdEkdifarmif yif;,aqmif? &efukefNrdKU
88/ ukdjroef; zsmykHNrdKU
89/ ukdbarmif a&eHacsmif;NrdKU
90/ ukdapm tvkH
91/ ukdukdMuD; rEÅav;NrdKU
92/ ukdarmifnGefY a&eHacsmif;NrdKU
93/ ukdarmifarmif &efukefNrdKU
94/ ocifwifjrifh a&eHacsmif;NrdKU
95/ ukdcspfjzL a½TbkdNrdKU
96/ ukdba*;vf ausmif;ukef;NrdKU
97/ ukdtkef;jrifh &efukefNrdKU
98/ ukdarmifarmifpdef rkH½GmNrdKU
99/ ukdarmifpdef jynfNrdKU
100/ ukdvSMudKif Aef;armfNrdKU
101/ ukdatmifaz [omFwNrdKU
102/ ukdarmifarmifvGif armfvNrdKifNrdKU
103/ ukdbabmf aysmfbG,fNrdKU
104/ ukdEkdifarmif usKHrai;NrdKU
(#) wwd,tBurd f AuonDvmcHusi;f yjcif; jrifuiG ;f ({NyD 24-25? 1938)

tpnf;ta0;pwifjyKvkyfonfh {NyDv (24) &uf? reuf (8) em&DwGif ausmif;0if;twGif;ü jrefrmpmoif
ausmif;q&mrsm;\ tpnf;ta0;BuD;uJhokdY yifeDtusÐ0wfqifxm;aom ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;ukd awGU&onf/
(9) em&DwGif tpnf;ta0; paomtcg trsKd;om;ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwDrS vlBuD;rsm;ESifh NrdKUay:rS {nfhonfrsm;rS
wyg; a,mufsm;? rde;f r? vlMuD;vli,ftm;vk;H yifet
D us0Ð wfqifxm;Muonf/ vma&mufowif;,laom pkaH xmufzufrS
(2-3) OD;vnf; yifeDtusÐ0wfqifxm;Muonf/
ausmif;BuD;qif0ifatmufrS pnfawmfBuD;wD;aom (9) em&D? (15) rdepfwGif {nfhcHaumfrwDOuú| ukdvSarmif
124
onf a½SUaqmif q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;? Ouú| ukdatmifqef;? toif;tvkyftrIaqmifrsm;? pma&;rsm; pifjrifh

ay:okdY wufa&mufvmMuonf/ aygif;wnfNrdKUrS ukdzkd;tkef;u xkdifNyD; tm;vkH;rwfwyf&yfí wkdYArmoDcsif;udk pdwftm;
xufoefpGm oDqkdMuonf/ ausmif;BuD;wckvHk; [def;oGm;onfhtjyif MuufoD;arG;nif;xrcef; jzpfoGm;Muonf/
oDcsif;qkdNyD;aemuf ukdvSarmifu ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; EIwfqufí yg0ifulnDoltm;vkH;tm; aus;Zl;wif
pum; ajymMum;NyD;vQif tvkyt f rIaqmifaumfrwDu toif; (Auo) \ Ouú|tjzpf xyfraH ½G;aumufNyD;jzpfaom ukad tmif
qef;tm; em,utjzpf aqmif½u G &f ef ajymMum;&m ukad tmifqef;onf em,uae&m ,lNyD;vQif q&mBuD;ocifu, dk af wmfridI ;f
tm; tpnf;ta0; zGiv hf pS af y;&ef awmif;yefavonf/ q&mBuD;ocifu, dk af wmfridI ;f tzGit hf rSmpum; ajymMum;avonf/
xkdYaemuf em,u ukdatmifqef;u (25) rsufESm½Sd rdefYcGef;ukd zwfMum;NyD; ta&;BuD;aom tcsuftvuf
rsm;ukd xkwfEkwf½Sif;jy&m ausmif;BuD; [def;oGm;atmifyif Mobmay;Muonf/ xkdYaemuf em,utoif;BuD;\ tvkyf
trIaqmifvlBuD; wOD;jzpfol &efukefNrdKUr ausmif;om;a[mif; ukdoef;wif uG,fvGefojzifh 0rf;enf;tqkd wifoGif;&m
y&dowftm;vkH; (2) rdepf rwfwyf&yfí 0rf;enf;aMumif; jyoMuonf/ xkdaemuf tpnf;ta0;ukd acwå &yfem;onf/
aeYvnfyidk ;f tpnf;ta0; jyefvnfpwifaomtcg toif;csKyf 'k-Ouú| ukv d aS ½Tu toif;ESpyf wfvnf tpD&ifcpH m
udk zwfMum;onf/ xkdtpD&ifcHpm zwfMum;NyD;aemuf ukdjrpdefu tdEd́, acgif;aqmifMuD; *s0g[mvmae½l;? tdEd́,EkdifiH
vk;H qkid &f m uGeu f &uftoif;BuD;wGif bkt H ,l0g' BudKufaomtzGUJ ESihf jyifopfjynf? yg&DNrdKU½Sd urÇmvk;H qkid &f mausmif;om;
rsm;toif;csKyf tpnf;ta0;MuD; atmifjrifygap[laom qkawmif;aom pm (3) apmif zwfjyNyD;vQif em,u ukad tmifqef;
u jrefrmjynf ausmif;om;rsm;xHrS ay;ykYdaompmrsm; rsm;jym;vGe;f vSí rzwfEidk af Mumif; ajymqkNd yD;vQi?f &efuek w f uúov dk f
tufOya'Murf;ukd ,cktxd tpkd;&wkdYu bmrQrvkyfao;ojzifh ausmif;om;rsm; vkdvm;aom awmif;qkdcsuft&
pDraH qmif½u G f ray;vQif xkt d csurf sm; r&rae tjyif;txef aqmif½u G &f ef tqku d dk ukad usmjf rifh (bDat) u wifoiG ;f NyD;?
ukdxGef;wifu axmufcHonf/
xkdYaemuf ajrmif;jrNrdKUrS wuúokdvfausmif;om; ukdjr½Sdefu tpkd;&u vkyfray;vQif b,fvdkaqmif½Gufrnfukd
twdtvif; xkwfazmfajym&rnf/ a½S;u oydwfarSmufcJh&m bmrS tusKd;r½Sdjzpfonf[k ajymqkd&m ref;Oypmaumvdyf
ausmif;om; ukdwkd;&ifu rdrdtMuHtpnfrsm; xkwfazmf rajymqkdoifh[k ajymqkdonf/ aemufqkH; em,u ukdatmifqef;
u rdrw d Ykd oydwaf rSmufwidk ;f vk;H 0 ratmifjrifaomfvnf; rdrw d Ykd vkv d m;csuf trsm;tm;jzif&h aMumif;? 1936 oydww f iG f
yxr atmifjrifvmaomfvnf;? rdrdwkdYtm;rSm wjznf;jznf; qkwf,kwfvmojzifh tm;jznfhwif;&ef tdajE´&& ppfukd
qkwcf ahJ Mumif;? ,ckrrd w d Ykd cGet f m;½Sv d mNyD jzpfaMumif;? ,cka½SUESpw f iG f rdrOd uú|tjzpf aqmif½u G &f rnf/ þokYd aqmif½u G f
&mwGif ]atmifqef;aomfvnf;aumif; jyKwf&rnf? tvkyfukdaomfvnf;aumif; atmif&rnf} [k pm;yGJukd vufoD;ESifh
xkNyD; atmf[pfajymqkdvu dk &f m ausmif;BuD;wckv;Hk ? MobmoH? vufcyk o f rH sm; qlno H mG ;onf/ eHygwf (3) tqku d dk ukad tmif
qef;u wifoiG ;f &rnf jzpfojzifh 'k-Ouú| ukv d aS ½Tu em,utjzpf aqmif½u G o f nf/ ukad tmifqef;u Oya' jyifqifcsurf sm;
wckNyD; wck tus,w f 0ifh ½Si;f vif;NyD; tqkw d ifoiG ;f &m? ukxd eG ;f wifu axmufcNH yD; em,uu þtqku d dk oabmwlMu
ygovm;[k ar;jref;&m ausmif;om;rsm;u oabmwlygonf[k atmf[pfajymqko d jzifh em,uu xkt d qku
d dk twnfjyKygNy[ D k
ajymaepOf ajrmif;jrNrdKUrS wuúov dk af usmif;om; ukjd r½Sed u f xvmNyD; uefYuu G v f odk nf [k ajymonf/ xkt d cg em,uu
twnfjyKNy;D aMumif;? ruefYuu G Ef idk af wmh[k ajym&m ukjd r½Sed of nf a'goESihf pifjrifah y:rS qif;í tcef;jyifoYdk xGuo f mG ;aMumif;?
odYkaomf ocifjrbl;u ac:,lxm;avonf/ xkt d cg ukad tmifqef;u tqku d dk uefYuu G &f ef ½S?d r½Sd ar;jref;&ef vko d mG ;aMumif;
aMunmNyD;ojzifh pnf;urf;t& aemufxyf ajymqkEd idk cf iG hf rjyKaMumif; ajymqkí d tqku d dk twnfjyKavonf/
eHygwf (4) tqkdudk wuúokdvfausmif;om; ukdA[def;u a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm; cHpm;aeMu&aom 'ku©rsm;
Mum;&olrsm; rsuf&nfusavmufatmifyif tus,fw0ifah jymqkNd yD; tqkw d ifoiG ;f &m aygif;wnf ukzd ;dk tke;f u axmufcH
onf/ xkdtqkdukd uefYuGuf&ef jyifqif&ef ½Sd? r½Sd ar;jref;&m jyifqifvkdol½Sdojzifh tcsdefrSm nae (4) em&D xkd;aeNyD
jzpfí (25) &ufaeYrSom qufvuf pOf;pm;&ef ajymqkdNyD; tpnf;ta0; tpDtpOf yxraeY &yfqkdif;vkdufonf/
'kwd,aeY 25? 4? 1938 eHeuf (9) em&DwGif tpnf;ta0; qufvufjyKvkyfMu&m eHygwf (4) tqkdudk
wcgwnf; twnfjyKvkyfMuonff/
eHygwf (5) tqku d dk BudKUyifaumuf uko d ef;pdeu f wifoiG ;f í? ZD;uke;f ukx d eG ;f ½Sed u
f axmufco H nf/ ¤if;tqkd
rSm ausmif;om;pmtkyf a½G;cs,af &;tzGUJ wGif ausmif;om;uk, d pf m;vS,f yg½Sad p&efjzpfonf/ tcsKdUu jyifqifcsuf wifoiG ;f
aomfvnf; jyifqifcsufrSm (24) rJ? (38) rJjzifh ½IH;oGm;onf/ xkdaemuf NrdKUrausmif; ukdarmifarmifu ausmif;okH;pmtkyf
a½G;cs,af &;tzGUJ wGif toif;csKyf\ trIaqmiftzGUJ rS uk, d pf m;vS,f yg0ifap&ef[al om pum;udk tqkw d iG f jznfph u G v
f suf
xkdtqkdukd twnfjyKMuavonf/
125
eHygwf (6) tqku d dk a'gifMh u;D ukad zoifu wifoiG ;f í? rvIid f udak tmifwifu axmufco H nf/ wuúov dk af usmif;om;
ukb d av;u jrefrmEkid if w H iG f (tcvGw)f rlvwef; ynmroifrae&[k jznfph u G jf yifqifvsuf twnfjyKonf/
eHygwf (7) tqkdukd rkH½Gm ukdwifaqGu wifoGif;&m Oyrm Oyar,sjzifh wefqmqifvsuf rSwfom;zG,f&m
pum;rsm;jzifh ajymqkdaomfvnf; rdrdrauseyfaom tcsuftwGuf a'gopum;av;rsm;ygojzifh em,u ukdatmifqef;
u cPcP owday;&onf/ xdt k qku d dk a&eHacsmif; ukad usmpf ed u f vnf; pum;ajymaumif;aumif;ESihf axmufccH o hJ nf/
tqkd½Sifu ¤if;tqkdudk raxmufcHvQif trsKd;ESifhpmukd rcspf&musrnf[k ajymoGm;ojzifh rvIdif ukdatmifwifu uefY
uGufaMumif; trsm;yif 0ifa&mufajymqkdNyD;aemuf rJ,laomtcg (4) rJ? (7) rJESifh y,fvkdufonf/
eHygwf (8) tqkdukd &ckdifjynfu ukdbMudKifu wifoGif;í udkpH&ifu axmufcH&m jyifqifjznfhpGuf&ef t
rsm;yif 0ifa&mufajymqkdMuaomfvnf; tqkH;ü rlvtqkdtwkdif; twnfjyKonf/
eHygwf (9) tqkdukd a&eHacsmif; ukdñGefYu tqkdwifoGif;í? a&eHacsmif; ukdausmfpdefu axmufcHavonf/
ukdñGefYrSm vlyifi,faomfvnf; tajymtqkd vGwfvyfyDojcif;? pum;tokH;tEIef; ,Ofaus;jcif;? a&eHacsmif;tpkd;&
ausmif;q&mMuD; OD;[kwv f idI f ajymqkv d yk uf idk cf suw
f YdkrmS anmifO;D u urf;NydKum prÜmem*ku d EGm;aysmufwmeJY bmqkid v f YdkvJ
qkdaom pum;ykHrsm; xnfhoGif;NyD; ajymqkdoGm;onfrSm csD;rGrf;zG,faumif;onf/ xkdYaemuf ausmif;om;ukd,fpm;vS,f
wOD;u a&eHacsmif;tpkd;& ausmif;q&mMuD; OD;[kwfvdIifonf xkdausmif;? ausmif;om;or*¾toif;ESifh ywfoufí
ajymqkdvkyfukdifjyKrlcsufrSm tvGefpufqkwfzG,f jzpfojzifh tm;vkH;y&dwfowfrsm; rwfwwf&yfí ½SufzG,f (3) Budrf
atmfNyD; xkdtqkdukd twnfjyK&ef awmif;yefonfhtwkdif; jyKvkyfNyD; reufykdif; tpDtpOf &yfem;avonf/
aeYvnf (1) em&D qufvufusif;y&m eHygwf (10) tqkdonf 'kwd, ta&;BuD;qkH; tqkd ]ausmif;om;rsm;
Ekid if aH &; 0ifvyk cf iG }Uf jzpfonft h wkid ;f &efuek w f uúov dk f ukAd [de;f ESihf rEÅav;Oypmaumvdyf ukw d ;dk &ifwYdk u tus,fw0Hh
ajymqkNd yD; wifoiG ;f axmufcaH Mumif; ajymNyD;aomtcg? ajrmif;jr ukjd r½Sed u f ausmif;om;rsm; Ekid if aH &;wGif 0ifa&muf vkyu f idk f
cGifh rjyKxkdufqkdNyD; xkdtqkdukd uefYuGufaMumif;ajym&m em,u ukad tmifqef;u xkt d qku
d dk oabmwlorl sm;u ]tkid ;f }
[k ajymMu&ef ajymqko d jzifh y&dowftm;vk;H avmufyif tkid ;f [k atmfí ukad tmifqef;u oabmrwlorl sm; ]Ek;d } [k ajym
Mu&ef ajymaomtcg (2) a,mufom atmfonf/ xkt d cg em,uu tqku d dk twnfjyKaMumif; aMujimvku d o
f nfEiS hf
wNydKifeuf tm;vk;H atmf[pfNyD; Mobmay;vsuf uefUuGuo f tl m; rsKd;zsu[ f k atmfMuaMumif;/ ukad tmifqef;u þuJhokdY
epfematmif rajymqkdxkdufaMumif; ajymqkdNyD;vsif toif;Ouú|a[mif; ukd&m½Spfu t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh tvGefrSwfom;
em,lzG,faumif;aom qkH;rpum;rsm;ESifh jrpfBuD;em;wGif rdru d , dk af wGU tpkd;&u tvGefMuyfwnf;aom Oya'rsm;jzifh
tmPm½SifozG,f tkyfcsKyfykHukd (1) em&DcefY ajymqkdoGm;onf/
NyD;aomtcg em,u ukdatmifqef;\ awmif;yefcsuft& q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;u tav;ryGJwGif
tEkdif&olrsm;ukd qkcsD;jr§ifhonf/ 1939 ck pwkw¬tBudrf Auo tpnf;ta0;udk armfvNrdKifNrdKU ausmif;om;or*¾
Ouú| ukdarmifarmifvGifu armfvNrdKifNrdKUwGif jyKvkyf&ef zdwfac:onfhtwkdif; Ouú| ukdatmifqef;u 0rf;ajrmuf
aus;Zl;wifpGm vufcHNyD;vsif em,u\ tqkH;owf rdefYcGef;ukd jrGufMum;vsuf? tpnf;a0;BuD;ukd wkdYArmoDcsif;qkdNyD;
½kwfodrf;vkdufonf/
25? 4? 1938 ae nwGif ausmif;om; (70) cefYonf [kdif;MuD;oabFmwGif qif;ítdyfNyD; 26? 4? 1938
eHeuf (6) em&DcGJwGif aEG&moDpcef; armfwifpGef;okdY xGufoGm;Muonf/
(X) 1938-39 AuoESihf wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ

All Burma Student's Union (Auo)
1/ ukdatmifqef; Ouú|
2/ ukdA[def; twGif;a&;rSL;
3/ ukdpkd;armif aiGxdef;
4/ ukdvSa½T trIaqmif
5/ ukdMunfarmif trIaqmif
6/ ukdbpH trIaqmif
7/ ukdausmfjrifh trIaqmif
8/ ukdjrpdef trIaqmif
126
9/ ukdcspfat; trIaqmif
10/ ukdarmifarmif trIaqmif
( All Nationalist Members of the House of Representative and of the Senate 12, September 1938)
wuo (Rangoon University Students' Union)
1/ ukdatmifqef; Ouú|
2/ ukdvSa½T 'k-Ouú|
3/ ukdA[def; twGif;a&;rSL;
4/ ukdodef;atmif aiGxdef;
5/ ukdapmpHau; t,f'Dwm (tkd;a0)
6/ ukdatmifwkd; (Business Manager)
7/ ukdboef; pmMunfhwkdufrSL;
8/ ukdxGef;½Sdef (Executive Committee member)
9/ ukdat;ausmf (Executive Committee member)
10/ ukdMunfarmif (Executive Committee member)
11/ ukdaomif;cif (Executive Committee member)
(All National members of the House of Representative and of the sentate)
(!) ykodrfuGefz&ifhrS aEG&moDpcef;

1938 ck? ykord Nf rdKUwGif usi;f yaom wwd,tBudraf jrmuf ausmif;om;rsm;uGezf &ifo h nf ausmif;om;or*¾EiS hf
wkYd Armtpnf;t½k;H wkYd ajymifajymifwif;wif; wGrJ Md uNyDjzpfonf/ wESpx f uf wESpf tm;aumif;vmNyD; ykord u f eG zf &ifw
h iG f
NrdKUe,frsm; ykdpkHvmonf/ ukd,fpm;vS,f OD;a&vnf; ykdrsm;vmonf/ uGefz&ifhtNyD; ykodrfNrdKUrS armfawmf,mOfjzifh
armfwifpGef;ü aEG&moDpcef; zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ aEG&moDpcef;onf uGefz&ifhtNyD;ü yifyef;orQ tem;,ltyef;ajz&ef
twGu[ f k wcsKdUuxifMuonf/ trSerf mS uGezf &ifq h ;Hk jzwfcsufrsm;ESihf a½SUvkyif ef;wm0efrsm;ukd tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;NyD;
e,fausmif;om;uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm; wm0efc&JG ef jzpfonf/ aEG&moDpcef;zGiv hf pS jf cif;twGuf {nfch aH umfrwDOuú| ukjd rpdef
(Auo twGif;a&;rSL;) ESifh ukdodef;aqG (aemifAdkvfodef;aqG) tygt0if 0kdif;awmfom;rsm; BudKwifjyifqifNyD; wufnD
vufnD tuGufaph? axmifhaph vufawGUvkyfukdifMuí uGefz&ifhaEG&moDpcef;rSm atmifjrifcJh&avonf/
xku
d eG zf &if\ h xl;jcm;csufrmS q&mBuD;ocifu, dk af wmfridI ;f ukd ukad tmifqef;? ukAd [de;f ESihf ocifoef;xGe;f wkYd
zdwMf um;awmif;yefí q&muvnf; wufcsi?f [kEd idk if aH &;acgif;aqmifqw dk hJ acG;rom;awG[m wkid ;f jynftwGuf rvkyb f J
ukd,fom;r,m; twGufyJ vkyfaeMuwm ausmif;om;awGeJYrS jzpfrSmyJvkdY q&mMuD;u rzdwfbJESifhukd xkduGefz&ifhukd
wufa&mufcsif aeonf/ ocifoef;xGef; ygvmcJhonf/
armfwifpGef;? {NyD (27) &uf? reufykdif;wGif rlvtpDtpOftwkdif; yifv,furf;pyfwGif ausmif;om;tm;vkH;
pk½kH;NyD; ukdaZmf0dwf? ukdarmifarmifvGif vkyfjyonfhtwkdif; avusifhcef; vkyfMuonf/ 'Dvkdavhusifhcef;vkyfjyjcif;onf
¤if;wkdUNrdKUe,ftoD;oD; jyefa&mufaomtcg wqifhjyefvnf oifMum;ykdYcs acgif;aqmifEkdif&efjzpfonf/ vGwfvyfa&;
wkdufyGJ0ifaomtcg ukd,fum,tm;jzifha&m pdwf"gwftm;jzifhyg pnf;vkH;nDñGwfrI toifhjzpfae&ef BudKwifjyifqif
&nfrSef;csufESifh vkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ tanmif;ajy? tnmajy? ½kd;½kd;usef;rm&eftwGuf r[kwfay/
wcsKdUtpkuav;rsm; teD;tem; ywf0ef;usif vrf;avQmufMuaomtcgwGif ukdatmifqef;? ukdA[def;?
udkjrpdef? ukdvSa½T? ukdoef;xGef;? udkat;ausmf? ukdboef;? ukdMunfarmifESifh ukdausmf&ifwkdY (1937-38? 1938-39
AuoESifh wuo) xJu trIaqmifawG[m tvkyf pMu&onf/ rlvuwnf;u pnf;0g;½kdufxm;onfh twkdif;
uk, d whf m0ef? uk,d t f pkuav;rsm; cGNJ yD;? e,fausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS vufa½G;pifwYdkukd uGezf &ifq h ;Hk jzwfcsurf sm;
taumiftxnfazmf&ef tao;pdwf n§dEIdif;wifjy tMuHOmPf,lMuonf/ NrdKUe,ftvkduf oD;jcm;jyóemrsm;ukd wifjy
aqG;aEG;NyD; tajz½SmMuonf/ wcsKdUonf ocifukd,fawmfrIdif; tem;wGif Mo0g'ESifh ykHjyifrsm; em;axmifMuonf/
q&mBuD;u t&ifEkdifiHa&; tzGJUtpnf;awG? acgif;aqmifawGudk r,kHzkdY ? b,fenf;b,fykH ukd,fusKd;½Smum wpfwpfcGcG
ajymNyD;? &efolukdvnf; txifrao;zdkY owd0D&d,½SdzkYd owday;onf/
ukdatmifqef;? ukdA[def;ESifh ukdoef;xGef;wkdYonf olwkdY rsufpdusaom e,facgif;aqmif vufa½G;pifrsm;ukd
127
wa,mufcsi;f ? ESpaf ,mufcsi;f usdwv f yk Mf uonf/ uk,d Nf rdKUe,frmS b,fybHk ,fenf; vkyu f idk &f rnf/ b,focif acgif;aqmif
ESihf twGi;f usus wkid yf ifnEd§ idI ;f &rnf/ b,ftvkyo f rm;? v,form;acgif;aqmifEiS hf qufo, G &f ef? &efuek Ef iS hf tquf
toG,f rjywf&ef tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;tMuHay;Muonf/
nae xrif;pm;NyD;csdef ukdaZmf0dwfonf udkatmifqef;? ukdA[def;? ukdoef;xGef;ESifh ukdtkef;jrifhwkdY tpkav;
xJvmNyD; reufu ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;woku d Ef iS hf aiGawmifomG ;&if;? xD;csKdi½hf mG uav; a&mufcyhJ ?Hk &ckid ½f mG jzpfayr,fh
ausmif;xkdif q&mawmfrSm Armbkef;BuD;? ½Gmol½Gmom;awG[m A[kokwenf;yg;vSwJh twGuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
rsm;vmNyD; A[kokw jzefYay;&ef? wkdif;jynfrSm jzpfysufwmawG ajymjy&ef zdwfMum;wJhtaMumif;? tjcm;teD;tem;
½GmawGu vlawGukdyg zdwfxm;rnfhtaMumif; ajymonf/ csufcsif; ukkdatmifqef;u ]]ukdaZmf0dwfa& wjcm;b,folrS
todray;eJY? reufav;em&D xGuMf u&atmif? wvrf;vk;H uyfygvmwJh CID awG rsufcsnfjzwf xm;&r,f? pdw½f v dS uf½dS
a[mcsifwmawG a[m&atmifav/}}
(!-1) ZD;csKdifhc&D;
ZD;csKdifhukd 1938 ck? {NyDv 28 &uf? reuf (4) em&DwGif xGufcJhMuonf/ ZD;csKdifha&mufaomtcg q&mawmf
bkef;MuD;auR;aom tpmrsm;pm;NyD; w&m;yGJ pMuonf/ w&m;yGJukd ukdaZmf0dwf um,AvESifh pzGifhonf/ xkdaemuf
ukAd [de;f u ausmif;om;rdbrsm;jzpfaom a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;rsm;taMumif;? ausmif;om;? tvkyo f rm;wGNJ yD; vGwv
f yf
a&; wkduf,l&r,f/ xkdaemuf ocifoef;xGef;u q&mpHolykeftaMumif;? v,form;awGb0ESifh ausmif;om; tvkyfo
rm;vufwGJNyD; vGwfvyfa&; wkduf,l&r,f[k wkdwkd½Sif;½Sif;ajymonf/
ukdatmifqef;u ausmif;om;? tvkkyform;? v,form;ESifh &ckdif? u&if? ½Srf;? csif;? ucsifESifh u&ifeDpwJh
vlrsKd;pk trsKd;om;tm;vkH; vufwGJNyD; vGwfvyfa&;ukd wkduf,l&r,f? awmif;,lvkdY r&bl;? vufeufukdifNyD; olykefxrS
vGwfvyfa&; &r,f? olykefx&r,fvdkY vufoD; vufarmif;wef;NyD; olykefolykef xxvkdY yxr wdkifay;vkdufw,f/
q&mawmf OD;omoeu atmfMu? atmfMuvkdY ajymawmh ½Gmol½Gmom;awG 0kdif;atmfMuonf/ ausmif;om;t½G,f OD;
a& okH;ykH? wykHavmuf ½Sdrnfjzpfonf/ ¤if;ukd Munfhjcif;jzifh ukdatmifqef;onf vufeufukdifwkdufyGJESifh vGwfvyfa&;
&,l&ef yxrqkH; ajAmifa[majymcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ vGwfvyfa&;wkduf,l&ef MuHpnfxm;onfrSm xif½Sm;vSonf/
xkdYaemuf q&mawmfodcsifaom jynfru EkdifiHa&;tajctae? wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;ESifh ausmif;om; vIyf½Sm;rI
rsm;tm; ½Sif;jycJhonf/ armfwifpGef; jyefa&mufawmh pDtkdif'DawG ukdatmifqef;wkdY aysmufoGm;í ausmif;om;rsm;udk
a&½GwfMudrf;armif; vkyfonfukd od&aomtcg udkatmifqef; tm;yg;w& &,fcJhonf/
udak tmifqef;wdEhk iS tUf wl ykord cf &D;vdu k yf gcaUJ om

(0Jr,
S m) wd;k wufa&; ociftek ;f jrifU
,ckpmtkyfa&;om;&mwGif ulnDcJhjcif;twGuf xyfrHzrf;
qD;cH&onf/ ,ckaxmifrv S w G Nf yD; &efuek Nf rdKUwGif aexdik f
vsuf½o dS nf/
ygarmu©O;D ausm&f if (avxD;)
oHwJGZmwd? &cdkiftrsKd;om;jzpfonf/ 1936 wGif &efukef
wuúov kd o f Ykd a&muf½o
dS nf/ wuo? Auo trIaqmif
Source: Memories of Kyaw Yin
wOD;jzpfco hJ nf/ *syefawmfveS af &;wGif yg0ifcNhJ yD; avxD;

wyfzJGU0ifwOD;jzpfonf/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0if
Source: File Photo
wOD; jzpfcJhonf/ rEÅav;wuúodkvf ygarmu©csKyftjzpf

1966 ckESpf uG,fvGefcsdeftxd xrf;aqmifcJhonf/
(¡) wwd,tMudrf ykodrfuGefz&ifhwGif Ouú| ukdatmifqef; ajymMum;aom tzGifhrdefYcGef;

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igwkdY\ &Jabmfa[mif; &Jabmfopf taygif;wkdYonf vmwufMuukef\/ okdY igwkdYnDvmcH obiftcgwGif a½S;a[mif;
aESmif;jzpfukd igwdkYawG;vkdMupjrJjzpfay\/ okdY&mwGif igwkdY\ a½S;a[mif;rSwfwrf;wkdYum; igwkdYtwGuf taumif;csnf;
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128
Source: File Photo
wuoOuúX ukad tmifqef; (1938-39)
129
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aw;oHonf tcgrvyf aumif;uif,HwGif 0Jvsuf? wkd;wufvkdaom jA[®pkd&fw&m;jzifh udef;atmif;vsuf ½Sdaom
olou l udk rdk sm; vlAv
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vlwkdif;ESifh oufqkdif\/ ,cktcgum; a½S;tcguuJhokdY oli,ftvm; ukwfukwfuav; tdrfwGif;ykef; aeívnf;
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130
um; ykdrkdrSefuefaom pOf;pm;OmPf avmu"gwf OmPfwnf;[laom rSwfausmufjzifh ¤if;wkdY rod½SmMuay/ olrsm;ESifh

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a0zefenf; (0g) avmu"gwf ynmenf;ukd vkdayonf/
taMumif;um; þokYd wnf;/ acwfuvnf; ajymif;vm\? jyóemuvnf;ajymif;vm\? igwkYd um; rajymif;
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igwkYd Armjynfum; tESpfig;q,fausmfrQ EkdifiHcsJUxGifa&;0g' vufcsuf'Pfukd cHae&\/ EkdifiHcsJUxGifa&;0g'
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h m;bJ[k igwkUd onf jzpfvmaomtcgü xyfrrH ok;H Mu
&ef owdjyK&monf/
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jyKaeay\/ taMumif;um; trdEkdifiHcsJUxGifa&;0g'rS aygufzGm;tyfaom jyóemrsm;jzpfíaywnf;/ igwkdY vlOD;a&
ukd;q,f&mckdifEIef;rQ aeYaeY? nn wvTm;vTm; ½Smpm;ae&aom igwkYd\ qif;&Jjcif;? pmzwfenf;yg;jcif;? a&m*gxlxyf
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igwkdY rtkyfpkd;olwkdY\ ynma&;0g'um; ¤if;wkdYajymovkd ynma&;0g' tppfr[kwf/ igwkdYArmjynf\ xdyfzsm;wGif
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\/ ¤if;\aemufüum; {&mrNAdwdoQwkdif;MuD;ESifh txl;ta&;ygaom "e½SifMuD;wkdY ½Sday\/ þjytyfaom tcsufum;
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tb,faMumifh ¤if;wkdYomvsif yka&m[dwf jzpfxkdufygoenf;/ tESpf (50) ausmfrQ olwkdYtrsKd;um; igwkdYtm; r[m
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131
bJxm;ygoenf;/ aowrf;pm tvSLaiG paomt&m wkdYudk vSLolYoabmt& jzefYjzL;&aomtcgrSwyg; omreftm;jzifh

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cHpmü qkdxm;ay\/ xkdtpD&ifcHum; Armjynfynma&; yk&mPfusrf;MuD;[k qkdyguvm;/ ,if;okdY a½S;vGefavNyD;aom
tcgwGif avmhumZkq H odk l {&mrvlMuD;u rsO;f jyxm;cJah omynma&;ukd t&m½drS sm;jzifh csKyfcs,af &;pepf vufawGUprf;xm;
jcif;aywnf;/
onfrQomr[kkwf EkdifiHcsJUxGifa&;0g't& ab'y&d,m,f (EGm;uGJvsif usm;udkufEkdifatmif vkyfaom0g')
udk ynma&;pepfwGif okH;xm;\/ xkdtwGuf r[kwfvQif igwkdYynma&;wGif tb,faMumifh t*Fvdyfujym;rsm;ausmif;?
tjcm; t*Fvdyf-wkdif;&if; (2) bmomoifausmif; wjcm;cGJxm;ygovJ/ tb,faMumifh ½Srf;apmfbGm;om;rsm;ausmif;
ponfjzihf woD;wjcm;xm;&ygoenf;/ wkdif;&if;bmomynm? t*Fvdyf-wkdif;&if; (2) bmomynmponfjzifh cGJxm;
csufum; taMumif;rxif cGJjcm;csufyif/ b,fynma&;rqkd xkdynma&;onf xkdwkdif;jynfrSmjzpfí xkdwkdif;jynftwGuf
r[kw?f xko d Ydk jzpfvQif xkyd nma&;onf ynmppfr[kwaf y/ Armjynf½dS þqdt k yfaom wkid ;f &if;bmomynm tp½So d nf
wdkYum; Armhynma&; tppfr[kwfay/
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xkdynma&;pufMuD; ckwfaeykH (0g) ynmoifMum;ykHukd MunfhMuOD;pkdY/
AsL½du k a&pD pufuiG ;f rdaeaom igwkYd ynma&;\ tpyxr tppGmjrifawGU&aom tusKd;um;? uRefpw d af yguf
aom q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;yif jzpf\/ q&mu uRefpdwfaygufaevQif ausmif;om;rSm qkdzG,fr½Sd/ ocifjzpf
Ekdifp&mr½Sd/ xkdokdY ocifapmfreHaom þynma&;pepfum; ynma&;\ &nf½G,fcsufukd vkH;vkH;qkH;½IH; avawmhonf/
xkdaMumifhyifvQif uRefpdwfaygufí uReftvkyfom cifMuaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk igwkdYawGU&\/ xkdokdY uReftvkyfudk
cifvGef;í igwkdYynma&; t&m½SdMuD;rsm;yifvsif olwkdY ESpfvnftpD&ifcHpmrsm;? tcgMuD; tcrf;tem;BuD;rsm;wGif
ajymaom pum;rsm;wGif 0rf;enf;wo ajymae&ay\/ xkdYaMumifh igwkdYynma&;um; {&mrvlpGrf;aumif;awG? yka&m
[dwfawG? avmu"gwfq&mMuD;awG? rSL;rwfBuD;awG xGufay:Ekdifap&ef taMumif;r½Sd/ igwkdYq&mrsm;ESifh bmrQrjcm;/
tjrifrus,f? pdwaf omuvnf; rsm;pGmEk\/ wk;d wufvadk om tñGeYf wvlv½l o dS nfh ausmif;om;wkYd tm; igwkYd Ekid if MH uD;
½Sifrsm;xuf nHhatmif igwkdYq&mrsm; rMumcP csKd;ESdrfcsifMuay\/ þNrdKU½Sd uREkfyf\rdwfaqG {nfhcHtzGJY awGYqkH&ykHudk
azmfjyvkd\/ uREkfyf\ rdwfaqGrsm;onf þNrdKU½Sd q&mMuD;wOD;xHokdY ,ckuGefz&ifhtwGuf ukvm;xkdifrsm; iSm;&ef
awmif;yefMuaomtcg ynmrif;MuD;xH pma&;&ef ajymMum;\/ tawmf owådaumif;vSaom q&mMuD;ygwum;?
tjcm;taMumif;&if; wckvnf; ½Sdao;\/ tjcm;q&mMuD; wOD;rSmvnf; olNrdKU½Sd tpkd;&trIxrf;\ om;wa,muftm;
ol\ausmif;wGif or*¾tvkyfrvkyf&ef ajymay;ap&ef? xkdtrIxrf;\ txufvlMuD;tm; wkdifwrf;\/ þuJhokdY
q&mMuD;rsKd;onf aemifArmjynfjzpfaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ynmoif&efrxkduf/ olwkdYum; q&mryD/ olwdkY\
0wå&m; rausyGef/ þuJhokdY &ifhonf;pGm q&mrsm;tm; rajymvdk/ odkYaomfvnf; trSefukdum; rajymbJrxm;Ekdif/
xkduJhokdY q&mrsKd;um; q&mr[kwf? q&mwkomjzpf\[k uREfkyfqkd\/ jiif;0Hhol½SdvQif xGufygav/
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txufygpum;wkdYonf ausmif;om;rsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? q&mrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? trsm;wumuJhokdY

r[kwfbJ? cRif;csufaeolrsm;ESifh bmrQrqkdif? þuJhokdY yk*¾dKvfrsKd;um; ½SdpjrJyif? olwkdYum; ig0rf;xGufrSefap? olawmf
aumif; jzpfaomoluJhokdY txl;½Sm;aom xl;cRefolrsm;yifwnf;/
b,fynma&;rqkd ynmay;&ma'otvkduf trsKd;tpm;wckckukd &Ekdif&eftwGuf jzpf\/ igwkdYynma&;um;
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zDvmvsuf ½Sd\/ igwkdYtwGuf txl;rvkHavmuf/
twkjzpf&onfhtaMumif;um; Armjynfu r&bJ tjyifbufrS oGif;vmaom t*Fvdyfynma&;pepfonf
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olYbmom? olY"avh? olYtokH;awG ½Sd\/ xdktcsufrsm;tm; MunfhNyD;rSomvsif xkdwkdif;jynf\ trsKd;om;vkyfief;t&yf
&yfudk pDro H if\
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rSmvnf;aumif;? tDwvDjynfrSm vnf;aumif;? olpepfESifh ol½Sd\/ aemufqkH; wkdif;jynfokH;jynfukd azmfjyojzifh
uREkfyfwkdY\ yg&*lyka&m[dwfMuD;awGu yg;pyfrJhaumif; rJhvkdMuayvdrfhrnf/ okdYaomf olwkdY rJhcsifwkdif;rJh? onfwkdif;jynf
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b,foYdkjcm;onf wlonf? taumif;tqk;d a0zef&ef tcsed v f nf;r½S/d rpGr;f vnf; rpGr;f Edik /f þwGijf yvkad om tcsuu f m;
b,fwkdif;jynfrqkd olYtvkduf? olYpepf? olYtaqmuftODESifh jzpfonfqdkaom tcsufyif/
tenf;i,f csJUygOD;tHh/ ,ckausmif;rsm;ESifh aumvdyfrsm;rSm bmom&yfrsm;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh oif\/
ynma&;oabmt&qkv d sif onfuo hJ Ydk vkyjf cif;onf rSm;\/ bmompum;qdo k nfrmS trsm;em;vnf&ef twGujf zpf\/
pmzwfvQif pmausmí f jrifEidk &f efjzpf\/ rdrt d vku d s pdwaf y:&m azmfjyEkid &f eftwGuf jzpf\/ okYd &mwGif ArmjynfrmS ½Sad om
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t*Fvdyfpmudk roif&rqkdkvkd/ oif&rnf jzpf\/ tjcm;bmomjcm; pmrsm;udkvnf; oif&rnf/ odkYaomf t*Fvdyfpmum;
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awGeJY rawmf/
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dk / taMumif;um; þokUd ½Sjd yef\/ oif&aom bmom&yfrsm;rSm
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jzpf\/ okdYaomfvnf; NAdwdoQtifyg,m wckwnf;om urÇmjzpfaeonf r[kwf? NAdwdoQtifyg,m jyifyrSmvnf;
tjcm;ae&m rsm; ½Sdao;\/ xkdtaMumif;rsm;ukd oif&rnf/ oif&efponfhtcgrSmvnf; NAdwdoQuRef;u p&efr[kwf?
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rqkdifouJhodkY ,ckacsmifxkd;xm;cH&\/ onftaMumif;awGukd jzef;umoef;umom oifjy\/ uREfkyfum; a½S;acwfukd
jyefvrG ;f aejcif; r[kw?f ud, k jhf ynfav;ud, k q f ufí apmufreufaom tvkyv f yk cf siíf vnf; r[kw?f a½S;acwftaMumif;
em;vnfvkdí jzpf\/ xkdodkY a½S;ub,fokdY b,fvdk pDrHvQif b,fuJhokdY jzpfaumif;yguvm;[k awG;awmEdkifrnf/
xkdYaMumifh a½S;acwftaMumif;udkom oif&rnfyif/ þenf;yrm Armjynfuav;csnf; zufxm;csifí r[kwfbJ Arm
jynftaMumif;udk oif&rnfjzpf\/ oifaomfvnf; urÇmESifht0Srf; Munfhí oif&ayvdrfhrnf/ Armjynfonfomvsif
Armrsm;tzdkY tBuD;qkH;aom jyóemMuD; jzpf\/ Armjynfukd em;vnf&efvkd\ (0g) ArmjynfqkdonfrSm b,fArmjynf
enf;[k em;axG;rae&ef vkd\/ xkdYtwl t*Fvdyfjynfonfvnf; t*FvdyfawGtzkdY tBuD;qkH;jyóemBuD;yif/ okdYaomf
vnf; igwkdYynma&;um; þjyóemBuD;udk csefvSyfxm;\/ igwkdYtm; oifray;/ xkdaMumifh uREkfyfwkdY qkdjyefonf?
igwkdY ynma&;um; twkrQomwum;/ xkdaMumifh r[kwfavm tdE´d,jynf ynma&;qkdonfh usrf;pmtkyfwGif rpöwm
ar[l; (tdE´d,jynfe,f we,f ynmrif;MuD; jzpfcJhbl;ol) yk*¾dKvfMuD;u tdE´d,wkdif;om; ausmif;om;taMumif;udk
(Armausmif;om;twGufvnf; twlwlyif) þokdYa&;om;owwf/
]ol\ (tdE´d,ausmif;om;qkdvkdonf) tdE´d,jynf&mZ0if todOmPfum;? olhpmar;yGJtwGuf yx0D0ifESifh
t*Fvyd &f mZ0ifwjhdk zifU wGí
J oifMum;apaom jyXmef;csupf mtkyf wtkyrf S ausmv f eG jf cif;r½S/d } okdY&mwGif t*Fvdyfpma&;q&m
MuD;awG taMumif;ESihf ywfoufvQif aeYa&m? emrnfa&m rusef vk;H 0OókH od½w dS wf\/ xkrd Qomru þq&mBuD;rsm;\
usrf;vufprG ;f rsm; taMumif;udk oifxm;tyfaom enf;twkid ;f tud;k tum;awGEiS hf qDqaD vsmfavsmf a&;wwf azmfwwf
\/ t*Fvdyfpma&;q&mBuD; acsmfpmtaMumif;ukd t*FvdyfbmomjzifU pmpDukH;a&;&mü rdrdbmomjzifU rdrdwkdh wkdif;&if;om;
q&mrsm;jzpfaom wku&efESifU bkrd'ufwkdhtaMumif; a&;wwfonfxuf ykdrkdí ola&;wwfavonf/
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,ck ajymqkdaejcif;um; usOf;ajrmif;aomoabm ArmqkdrS ArmqkdonfU tjyif;pGJpGJ oabmt& ajymqkdjcif;

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oabmt& r[kw?f ynma&;oabmt& jzpf\/ Armausmif;om;rsm;\ oabmraem p½ku d f tusit Uf Muu H kd Armq&mrsm;
omvsif odEidk \ f / ynma&;qko d nfrmS OD;acgi;f ESiUf ESv;Hk (2) rsK;d pvk;H Bu;D yGm;vmap&ef oifay;jcif; jzpf\/ b,fvrl sK;d rqkd
olhtavU? olhtac:? olhxl;jcm;csuf ½Sd\/ xdkxl;jcm;csufukd olhvlrsdK;uvGJí tjcm;vl wOD;wa,mufu em;vnf&ef
rpGrf;Ekdif/ Oyrm om"uwckjyygthH/ þom"uum; ESpftawmfMumu zwfzl;aom acwfopf*syefqkdonfh pmtkyfrS
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rsm; cPcP aemufusonfukd awGU&\/ odYk awGU&zefrsm;í waeYaomf qkjd rnf;Budr;f armif;\/ xko d Ydk Budr;f armif;onf
rSm olYrmS rxl;jcm;vSaomfvnf;? tBudr;f tarmif;cH&aom *syefausmif;om;rsm;urlum; txl;cHjyif;vsuf½\ dS / t*Fvyd f
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yif twkjzpfaom ynma&;pepf ArmtrsK;d om;pdw"f gwf? trsK;d om;qE´? trsK;d om;"avhEiS hf ruku d n f aD om ynma&;pepf
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onf yd;k om;½G½u G av; 0wfqifum txl;r[mqefaeMu\/ igwkYd um; a½S;a½S;igwkYd bk;d ab;wkYd \ xufoefp;l ½Saom?
pdwfwuf<uaom tm;rmefcHEkdiftm; owådwkdYjzifh rjynfhpkHawmhNyD/ awm½Gmrsm;wGif aejcif;onf tusKd;½Sdonf rSefap
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igwx hdk uf uHraumif; taMumif;raxmuf½mS aom qif;&Jom;wkt hd m; tMuifemuif;rJpU mG pufqw k af om oabmxm;jzifU
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tcsdef rsm;wGif txl;ojzifh toHus,fus,f atmf[pfajymMum;aom trwfavmif;rsm;uJhokdY uREkfyfqif;&Jom;vlyg[k
rajymEkdifao;? rajym0hHao;/ þom"uukd ½Iygavmh/ uREkfkyfwkdY ynma&;um; twkrQjzpfonfukd odEkdifygvdrfhrnf/
þum; p½kHom½Sdao;\/ igwkYdynma&;pepfonf trsKd;om;pdwfESifh zDvmjzpfykHukd jyygtHh/ onfvkdjzpfykHu
EkdifiHcsJUxGifa&;0g' xkH;wrf;twkdif;yif/ igwkdYoifMum;&aom bmom&yfrsm;wGif olwkdYvkd&m olwkdYcsJUí oifMum;\/
xYadk Mumifh olwYdkwawG\ {&mr pGr;f tm;owåt d aMumif; olwYdkenf;om rSeo f nfqo kd nfh taMumif;? þuJo h Ykd vkcd siof nfh
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rBudKufonfh pmawG rzwf&atmif wcsKdUpmtkyfrsm;ukd ArmjynfwGif rwif&? rydkY&? ra&mif;&? r0,f&? rzwf&? wm;
vku d o f nfrmS ESppf Of ESpw f idk ;f yif/ oifcef;pmjyify ausmif;om;vkyif ef;awGuv kd nf; Ekid if cH sJUxGiaf &;0g' pnf;rsOf;t&om
½Sad p\/ ausmif;awG aumvdyaf wGrmS olwYkd MoZmtmPmawGukd usK;d EG&H ef vkyv f udk f ukid v
f u dk of nfrmS vnf; ajymp&mr½S/d
ausmif;pnf;urf;qko d nfudk ½kad o&rnf qkyd guvm;? pnf;urf;qkí d ½Spd jrJ xk;H pHyif/ okYad omf pnf;urf;um; pnf;xm;½krH Q
jzpfí ausmif;om;awG\ awG;vk?d ajymvk?d vkyv f ?dk wwfvadk om qEúkd rusKd;aptyf/ xko d Ydk um; r[kwb f J bmyJjzpfjzpf
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a&cif;rjyvmvifh[k rdefYawmfrlMu\/ bk&m;rSef;? w&m;rSef;? vlBuD;rSef;? q&mrSef; tvkdufuef;qkd; rodonfh 'dXdawG
qkda&mxifh/
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tMuifokdUaom vlBuD;olr q&morm;wkdYu ay:vpD (ac:) EkdifiHa&;udk a½SmifMu½Sm;Mu
ukef[loa½GU rdefY>rufawmfrlMuowwf/ olwkdYajymonfh ay:vpDqkdonfrSm b,fvkdygvdrfh/ wkdif;&if;jzpf txnf
r0wfygvifh/ trsKd;om;oDcsif;awG rqkdygESifh EkdifiHa&; rajymMum;ESifh tp½SdonfwkdYyif jzpfonf/ þum; EkdifiHa&;
qkyd guvm;/ igwkYd ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí uGejf rLepf bk0H g' oGi;f onf[k aMumufz, G vf efYz, G w f csKdU ajymMum;
ukef\/ txufwef;usaom tcsKdU uREkfyfwkdY vlBuD;awGvnf; ygonf/ tkyfpkd;olawGvnf; ygonf/ Armt&m½Sw d OD;u
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qko d nfrmS ArmjynfwiG f tajcrQrpku d rf ad o;/ uGejf rLepf0g'qkw d m bmygvrd /Uf wcsKdUu bkH0g'qkdwm bmvdkYbkH0g'qkdwm
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rjiif;Ekdif/ bkH0g'q&mMuD; um;vfrmhufpf\ "eqkdonhfusrf;onf tvGefeufeJaom EkdifiHa&;yk&mPfusrf;MuD; jzpf\/
134
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onf/ rjiif;Ekdif/ ArmjynfrSmum; ½k½kjynfrSm vlawGowfaeonf qdkaom raumif;owif;rsm;om Mum;&\/aumif;
aomowif;awG rMum;&/ owif;pmrSma&m a&'D,kdrSma&m b,frSmjzpfjzpf ]qifpm½Spf} u wm;jrpfuG,f0Suf xm;
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135
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vkdvm;&m vGwfvyfa&; &nfrSef;csufudk rarhMuukefvifh/
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0ifcGifh&olrsm;teuf (800) cefYrQ aumvdyfoGm;EkdifMuonfukd &mckdifEIef; zGJYvkdufaomf (40) &mckdifEIef;yif jzpf\/

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137
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138
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139
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aoG;ukd pkyfumtouf½Sif aeMu\/ \/ pydefjynfwGif tkd;rJhtdrfrJh ypönf;rJhwkdYtusKd;ukd aqmif½Guf
aoG;pkyfcH&ol tmPmrJhwkdYuvnf; aoG;pkyfol tmPm tHhaomiSm tpkd;&ESifh "e½SifMuD;rsm;? v,fykdif½SifMuD;rsm;udk
½SifwkdYtm; wGef;vSefNzdKzsuf&ef? w&m;enf;vrf;twkdif; tif olykefwkdYonf tjyif;txef wkdufckdufaecsif;um; om"u
tm;pkMu&m aoG;pkyfol tmPm½SifwkdYonf tvG,fESifh z,f aywnf;/
ray;vkdMubJ t"r®rIrsm; jyKvkyfvmMuukef\/ þuJhokdYtm;jzifh ypöu©urÇmavmuwGif "r®ESifh t"r®
wkYdonf vGefqGJvsuf½Sdaeay\/ ]]a>rrao wkwfrusKd;}} [l
t"r® pepfBuD; aom pum;rSm t"dyÜg,f r½Sdawmh/ a>raomfvnf; ao&rnf
tmPm½Sife,fcsJUorm; "e½Sift"r®orm;wkdY vTrf;rkd;ykHukd wkwf aomfvnf; usKd;&rnf? avSeHESpfzuf eif;í rjzpf/
Munfh? a½S;tcgurl ¤if;wkdY ajcz0g;atmufwGif½SdolwkdYukd
tcsif;csif; roifhrwifhjzpfatmif aoG;cGJay;\/ nHhzsif;vS &Jabmfausmif;om;wkdh
aom ynma&;pepfjzifh pdwf,kwfpdwfnHhrsm; oGif;ay;\/ igwkdYonf vlwkdY\ csrf;omrIukd tvkd½Sd\/ vuf½Sdpepf
bGJUxl; emrxl; wHqdyfvufrSwfrsm;? &mxl;XmeEÅ& paom MuD; wnfwHhaeorQ umvywfvkH; vlwkdY\ csrf;omrIukd
wHpkd;vufaqmifwdkUjzifh vltMunfndKcH&atmif vkyf\/ ray;Ekdif/ vuf½SdpepfMuD;ukd NzdKzsuf&vdrfhrnf/ wurÇmvkH;
þuJhokdY y&d,m,fwaxmif? rm,mwodef;? tyvdef; ausmif;om;wkdYonf qif;&Jom;ypönf;rJhrsm;ESifh aygif;onfh
teEÅwkdYNzifh rdrdwkdY\ tmPmpuf wnfwHhatmif vkyfaomf enf;wl? qif;&Jom;ypönf;rJhrsm;ESifh igwdkYaygif;MuukeftHh/
vnf; vuf½SdpepfMuD;\ 'Pfrsm;udk ryaysmufEkdif? qkd;o wnf&if;pGJpepfMuD;rSm Armjynfwckwnf;om vTrf;rkd;ae
xuf qkd;vmukef\/ jcif; r[kwf&um; wnf&if;pGJpepfMuD;ukd NzdKzsufvdkol rSef
uRefBuD;uRefi,f taygif;wkdYvnf; rdrdwkYd\ csrf;om;rI orQESifh igwkdYyl;aygif; MuukefthH/
twGuf vIyfvIyf½Sm;½Sm; jzpfvmukef\/ tmPm½Sife,fcsJU igwkdYonf "e½SifEdkifiHwkdYwGif vlwef;aphrI? vljzpfusKd;
orm;wkdYvnf; tenf;i,frQ avsmhray;vkd? qif;&Jom; eyfrIwkdYtwGuf tiftm;pkaeMuaom ypönf;rJhwkdYESifh vnf;
ypönf;rJhwkdY\ aoG;ukd pkyfjrJpkyfvkdojzifh Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf; aumif;? uRefoabmufb0rS vGwfajrmufrItwGuf vkH;yef;
&uf&ufpufpuf ESdrfeif;vmMuukef\/ aeMuaom uRefEkdifiH? oabmufEkdifiHwkdYESifh waoG;wpdwf
a½S;uuJhokdYyif qifajcqifvuf w&m;Oya'wkdYukd rokH; wnf; csDwufMuukefthH/
awmh/ ykvdyf? eHygwfwkwf? vSHpGyf? aoewf? axmif? tusOf; okyPÖu
140
(P-2) aoG;pnf;MuavmU (a&;ol- &J&Jawmufoef;wif- NrdKYrausmif; &efukef)
aoG;pnf;MuavmU
Armjynfonf wkdYjynf? ArmhajrwGif wkdYArmawGaeonf[k a<u;aMumfaejcif;ukd tb,fvlrsKd;jcm; wkdif;wyg;onf
uefYuGufEkdifthHenf;/ uefYuGuf0hHthHenf;/ wkdYjynfjzpfí wkdYjynf[ktwdtvif;qkd\/ wkdYajrjzpfí wkdYwawGae\/ wkdYjynf?
wkdYajrwGifaeaom wkdYwawG (0g) wkdUArmawGum; tb,folawGenf;/ ukvm;eufawGavm? ukvm;jzLawGavm? odkYwnf;
r[kwf w½kwfawGavm aocsmpGmprf;ppf xkwfvkdufaomf wkdYwawGum; þolawGr[kwfacs/
wkdYArm? wdkYArm? 'gigwkdYArm[k waMumfaMumf [pfatmf a<u;aMumfaeaom wkdYArmawGum; wkdYjynf? wkdYajrwGifum;
wkdYjynf? wkdYajrwGifyif aygufzGm;í a&ajra'oXme tenf;i,fpDom uGJjym;í rqkdpavmufaom a0g[m&uGJjym;aeaom
(rGef? &ckdif? u&if? csif;? ½Srf;) paom wkdif;&if;om;rsm;omwnf;/ wkdYwkdif;&if;om;awG &ckdif[lí? u&if[lí trnftm;jzifh
uGJjym;aejcif;um; txl;tqef;r[kwf/ tHhMop&m r[kwfacs/ xm;0,fwGifaeí xm;0,fom;? NrdwfwGifaeí Nrdwfom;?
txuftnmwGifaeí tnmom;? atmufwGifaeí atmufom; ponfjzifh ac:Muaom trnfynwfoabmrQyif jzpfay\/
odkYaomf wkdYjynf? wkdYajrukd t"r® rsufESmjzLwkdY odrf;ykduf,lonfrStp ¤if;wkdYpkd;rkd; tkyfcsKyfvmuwnf;u wkdYwkdif;&if;om;
rsm;rSm wOD;ESifh wOD; uGJjym;oGm;&\/ pifppfwkdYwawG pdwfjcif;om uGJjym;oGm;&\/ vlrsKd;rjcm;em;acs/ Armwkdif;&if;om;
wkdif;&if;om;yif? ¤if;wkdYvufatmufcHuRef uRefjcif;yif? ukvm;jzLwkdY\aoG;cGJjcm;rIaMumifhomvQif wkdYwawG (0g) wkdYArm
awG aoG;uGJjym;ae&\/ ,ckvdkaoG;uGJjym;aejcif;onf wkdYwawG\ pdwf&if;azmufjyefrIr[kwf/ rw&m; tpkd;&\ ZGwftwif;
aoG;cGJrIaMumifhjzpf\/ wkdYArmawG ruGJjym;? uGJjym;avatmif aoG;cGJcJholwkdYum; wkdYtcsif;csif; r[kwf/ igwkdYukd tkyfcsKyfvmcJh
aom tpkd;&onf vnf;aumif;? olwkdYbkef;BuD;rsm;vTwfí ¤if;wkdYbmomukd jyefYyGm;atmifjyKNyD;vQif acsmhenf;? ajcmufenf;wkdY
jzifh oG,0f u dk í
f zsm;a,mif;vsuf ¤if;wkYd rpd mä t,luZdk w
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f wif;oGwof iG ;f jcif;jzifh igwkYd widk ;f &if;om;rsm;ukd aoG;cGcJ MhJ uavonf/
þokYd aoG;cGcJ o hJ nfudk vnf;aumif;? aoG;cGaJ eqJjzpfonfudk vnf;aumif;? a½SUokYd vnf; uGo J nfxufuaJG tmif cGOJ ;D rnfwYdk
ukd vnf;aumif; wkdYArmawGonf vpfvsL½Iaernfavm/ r½IEkdif/ uGJaeaomaoG;ukd jyefpnf;&ef (0g) aoG;nDatmif
aoG;ñSd&ef wm0efonf igwkdYwm0efjzpf\/ rlvu nDñGwfaeaom aoG;onf ¤if;wkYduGJatmif cGJEkdifcJhvQif uGJaeaomaoG;ukd
aygif;pnf;rd&ef rjyKvkyfEkdifp&mtaMumif;onf bmrQr½Sd/ pnf;rdEkdif&rnf/ xkduJhokdY jyefvnfpnf;&ef vuf½Sd aoG;pkwfowÅ0g
opömrJh ñGefUaygif;tpkd;&tzGJUukd vnf;aumif;? tjcm;aoG;npf trwftcsKdUudk vnf;aumif; tm;xm;aeí rjzpfEkdif/
¤if;wkdYonf trsKd;ukdykefuefvsuf ukvm;jzLtpkd;&ukd ajrmufxdk;yifhaumf vkyfae\/ rD;avmif&m avyifhqkdouJhokdY wkdYwawG
aoG;uGJonfxuf uGJap&ef? ¤if;wkdYyg ulcGJae\/ ¤if;wkdYom trsKd;ukd rawmfvSefbJ aoG;pnf;vkdvQif tpkd;&tzGJUjzpfonfh
tavsmuf aqmif½GufEkdif&ef vG,ful\/ enf;½Sd\/ wkdif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; vG,fvifhwul? ul;vl;qufqH aoG;ñSdEkdif&ef
&ckdifa'ookdY rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyf&ef BudK;pm;Ekdif\/ okdYygvsuf rjyKvkyf&? yk'fxD;? yk'frwkdYjzifh csKyfcs,fxm;\/
½Srf;a'orS aoG;pnf;olwkdYukd ESifxkwf\/ rdrdwdkYajcjzifh rdrdwkdY raeEkdif? roGm;Ekdif? rdrdwkdY yg;pyfjzifh rdrdwkdY rajymqkdEkdif?
aoG;pnf;rI ratmifjrifatmif? ajcvuf? yg;pyfwkdYudk csKyfcs,fxm;\/ xkdaMumifh ¤if;wkdYukd tm;ukd;aeí rjzpf/ csKyfcs,frI
[lorQwkdYukd ckcHí wkdYvli,fawG tjyif;txef aoG;pnf;Mu&rnf/
vli,fawGvkyfvQif tb,faMumifh ratmifjrifbJ½SdtHhoenf;/ ,ckArmjynf\ ypöKyÜeftajctaeukd MunhfvQif rnfrQ
ododomom xifxif½Sm;½Sm; 'Da&tvm; wkd;wufpjyKaeonfukd awGU&onf/ xkdokdY wkd;wufrIwkdYonf vli,fawGaMumifh
jzpf\/ jyify vli,fvl½G,fawGonf wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;rsm; zGJUpnf;í vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf &J&Jawmuf
tpnf;t½kH;rsm;? ausmif;om;or*¾tzGJUrsm;? ArmjynfvkH;qkdif&mor*¾BuD; zGJUpnf;í vnf;aumif;? wuúokdvfor*¾BuD;onf
vnf;aumif; toD;oD;wk;d wufrI ponfwYdk udk jyKjyifaqmif½u G v
f suf½MdS uonf r[kwyf gavm/ xkYd aMumihf vli,frsm;pGr;f aqmif
uvnf; atmif&rnf/ tem*wfArmjynfMuD;\ta&;onfvnf; ,ckvli,fwkdY\ vufwGif;½Sd\ (0g) Armjynf\ aemifa&;
uHMur®monf qkd;rnf? aumif;rnf þESpfvDukd ,ckvli,fwkdYu zefwD;Ekdif\/ (,aeYvli,frsm;onf aemufwzef
vlBuD;rsm;jzpfawmhrnf/)
Armjynf\ om;ppfvli,fwkdYonf ,ckvuf½Sd om;BuD;rsm;uJhokdY tztm; a&mif;pm;vkdpdwf jrLrIefavmufrQ
r½Sd/ pdwf,kwfpdwfrm uif;rJh\/ xkdaMumifh wkdYArmvli,fawGonf tm;BudK;rmefwuf pGrf;pGrf;wrH aoG;pnf;Mu&rnf/
,ckvli,frsm;onf rdrdwkdYwkdif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; aoG;pnf;a&;xufyif tvSrf;us,f tjrifus,fvGef;um urÇm½Sd qif;&Jom;
rSeforQ vlrsKd;aygif;pkHESifh aoG;pnf;&efukdyif tjypfwifzG,fr½Sd? rGefjrwfvSaomfvnf; ukd,fhwkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;tcsif;csif;yif
aoG;rpnf;&ao;rD tjcm;wkdif;wyg; vlrsKd;jcm;wkdYESifh aoG;pnf&ef[laom (Internationalism) vlrsKd;ra½G;0g' vkdao;rnf
r[kwfyg/ *smrefwkdY vkyf&\/ t*Fvdyf? *syef? tDwvDponfwkdYvnf; rdrdwkdUvlrsKd; MuD;yGm;xGef;um;a&;twGuf rdrdwkdYbmom
MudK;pm;&\/ xkdenf;wl b,fvlrsKd; b,fwkdif;jynfrqkd ukd,fhwkdif;jynftwGuf rdrdwdkYukd,fwkdifjyKvkyf&\/ tD*spf? tkdif,mvef
wkdUonf tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;u vma&muf vkyfay;zkdYr[kwf/ ukd,fhvlrsKd; ukd,fwkdif;jynftwGuf rdrdwkdYbmom MudK;pm;\/
uRefb0rS vGwfajrmuf&\/ wkdYArmawGvnf; uRefwGif;rS vGwfuif;atmif ukd,fhtcsif;csif;aoG;ñSdí ukd,fhbmom pGrf;aqmif
141
rS &ayrnf/
yxrqkH; ausmif;om;b0tajcupí aoG;pnf;enf; ½Sd\/ wuúokdvfwGif vnf;aumif;? ausmif;rsm;wGif vnf;aumif;?
bmtoif;? tb,ftzGJU? Ak'¨bmomtoif;? rlpviftoif;ponfjzifh ausmif;omtoif;rsm; zGJUpnf;vsuf½SdMuonf
r[kwfygavm/ þtrsKd;rsKd;aom toif;tyif;wkdY zGJUpnf;EkdifcJhonf½Sdaomf wuúokdvfwGif vnf;aumif;? ausmif;wkdif;wGif
vnf;aumif;? wkdif;&if;om;ausmif;om;aygif;pkH aoG;pnf;aomtzGJUrsm; rzGJUpnf;Ekdifp&m taMumif;r½Sdacs/ &ckdifausmif;om;yJ?
u&ifausmif;om;yJ[lí rcGJjcm;bJ wkdYArmwkdif;&if;om; ausmif;om;aygif;pkH ]rsKd;ñGefh}tzGJhBuD;rsm; zGJYpnf;EkdifMu\/ ]]rsKd;ñGefY}}
aoG;pnf;tzGJUwkdYwGif w½kwfujym;? ukvm;ujym; (ac:) rlpvifwdkYukdvnf; yg0ifap&rnf/ tb,faMumihf[lrl ¤if;wkdUonf
vnf; tarArmrS aygufzGm;vmMuolrsm; jzpf\/ tar\wkdif;jynfwGif ae\/ tarhwkdif;jynfu aiGawGudk okH;ae\/
tazhwkdif;jynfwGif oGm;aeonfr[kwf/ ¤if;wkdYonf ,ckrlum; trd\ wkdif;jynfrSmaevsuf tzbufygaeMu\/ okdYaomf
¤if;wkdY trdbufygatmif qGJaqmiff&efrSm wkdYArmawG\ wm0efjzpf\/ ¤if;wkdYtm; owday;&rnf/ trdwkdif;jynfwGif
aevQif trdwkdif;jynfukd rawmfvSefESifh? tzbufygvQif tzwkdif;jynf oGm;aeyg/ pifppf tzwkdif;jynfwGif trdwkdif;jynfrSm
uJhokdY apmfum;cHrnfavm a0;pG? a0;pG/ okdYaMumifh ArmjynfrSmaevQif Armpdwf ½Sd&rnf/
vlli,fausmif;om;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;? wkdYArmocif? ocifrtaygif;wkdYonf vnf;aumif;? toG,foG,faomenf;
wkdUjzifh wkdUArm wkdif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; trsKd;rsKd;aoG;pnf;í aoG;nD&ef? tjrefñSdMu&ayrnf/ ]]wkdYArm? wkdYArm 'gigwkdYArm}}
[ka<u;aMumfaeaom wkdYwkdif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; waygif;wnf; aoG;pnf;rdonfhaeYonf wkdYArmwkdY\ vGwfvyfaom
aeYBuD; rkcsjzpf&rnf/ wkdYArmwkdif;jynfBuD;ukd tvkyfvkyfí ukvm;jzLwkdY odrf;oGm;\/ wkdYwawGyJ tvkyfvkyfí jyef,l&rnf/
aoG;ñSdaejcif;jzpf\/ wkdYArmawG aoG;nDonfaeYü wkdYta&;awmfykHBuD; atmifjrifrnfrSm urÇmajrBuD; vufcwfrvGJwnf;/
&J&Jawmuf-oef;wif
(P-3) qif;&Jom;ypönf;rJUrsm;ESifU ausmif;om;rsm;
qif;&Jom;ypönf;rJUrsm;ESifU ausmif;om;rsm;
]]trsKd;om;a&;}} ]]trsKd;om;0g'}} ponfh pum;rsm;ukd rsm;? t*FvdyfbPfwkduf½Sifrsm; tusKd;twGuf tdE´d,jynfESifh
vlwkdif;vkdyif xnfhoGif;okH;pGJMuaomfvnf; vlw&mvQif Armjynfudk wkdufckdufodrf;,ljcif; jzpfavonf/ ,ckArmjynf
ukd;q,fausmfavmufrSm pum;\t"dyÜg,f twdrfteufukd wGif t*Fvdyf"e½SifBuD;rsm; a&mufvmNyD;vQif aiGyifaiG&if;
rawG;bJ ayghayghajym? ayghaygha&;ESifhom NyD;Muavonf/ xlaxmifum jynfwGif;rS tqDtESpfukd pkyfrsKdaeMu\/
,ck ac:a0:tyfaom trsKd;om;a&;qkdwmbmvJ? Arm ArmjynftwGuf tzkd;rjzwfEkdifonfh opfawm? a&eHwGif;?
wrsKd;vkH;ta&;vm;? ola|;ol<u,fv,fykdif½Sif rsufESmBuD; ausmufwiG ;f wkYd udk ¤if;wkYd u vuf0g;MuD;tkyx
f m;NyD;vQif Arm
rsm;\ta&;vm;? okdYr[kwfvQif vlwef;aphatmifrS rae&? jynftpkd;&ukdvnf; olwkdYyif BudK;ukdif xm;Muavonf/
xrif;eyfrSefatmifrS rpm;&onfhtvkyform;? awmol
awmifom;rsm;\ta&;vm; ponfjzifh pOf;pm;&ayvdrfhrnf/ wkdif;&if;om;"e½Sifrsm; qlylvmykH
xkdtcsdefwGif tdE´d,jynfESifh Armjynf½Sd wkdif;&if;om;"e
e,fcsJYa&;pepftp ½Sif aygufpynmwwfrsm;? EkdifiHjcm;"e½Sifrsm;enf;wl tpkd;&
vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; ESpf&mausmfcefYu taemufEkdifiHrsm; twGif; 0ifa&mufcs,fvS,fvkdaomfvnf; tpkd;&u ta&;
wGif pufrIvufrIynmacwfBuD; xGef;um;cJhavonf/ xkdt ray;ojzifh rausreyfjzpfNyD; ]]igwkdYudkvnf; tcGifhta&;
csdefwGif ola|;? ol<u,f? ukefonfBuD;rsm;onf puf½kHBuD;? ay;&r,f}} [k qlylx<uvmMu avonf/
tvkyf½kHBuD;rsm;ukd wnfaqmufcg puf½kHxGufypönf;rsm;ukd ]]trsKd;? bmom? omoem}} [lívnf;aumif;? ]]Armjynf
tajrmuftrsm; vkyfukdifMuavonf/ vufESifhvkyfpOfu onf Armrsm;tzdkY}} [lí vnf;aumif;? ]]ArmvlrsKd;rsm;
waeY ypönf;wckNyD;vQif pufjzifh waeY 20? 25 ckrQ NyD;Ekdif q,ftdrfacgif;utp bk&ifcHxd jzpf&r,f}} ponfjzifh a<u;
avonf/ ¤if;jyif pufolaX;rsm;rSmvnf; wOD;ESifhwOD; aMumfoHtrsKd;rsKd;ukd ArmjynftESYHtjym;Mum;&NyD;vQif xkd"e
tBudwfte,f tNydKiftqkdif vkyfukdifMuojzifh txGufESifh ½Sifaygufprsm;u rdrdwkdYukd,fukd 0HomEktac:cHum qif;&J
tEkwfrrQatmif jzpfvmNyD;vQif puf½kHxGufypönf;rsm; vkyf om;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHjcm;"e½Sifrsm;udk wkdufay;avonf/
ukdif&eftwGuf ukefpdrf;ukefMurf;rsm;½Sd&eftwGuf txl;ta&;
BuD;vmavonf/ xkdtcg "e½SifBuD;rsm;BuD;pkd;aeonfh tpkd;& EkdifiHa&; ay:aygufvmykH
rsm;u "e½Sifrsm;tvkdus wkdif;jynfwGif ykdvQHaeonfh puf½kH þenf;twkdif; tdE´d,jynfESifh ArmjynfwGif EkdifiHa&;
xGuf ypönf; a&mif;cs&efESifh ukefpdrf;ukefMurf;&&ef twGuf vkyfief; pwifay:aygufvmavonf/ ArmjynfwGif Arm
olwyg;wkdif;jynfrsm;udk t"r®wkdufckduf odrf;,lMuavonf/ "e½Sifrsm; tpkd;&twGif; 0ifa&mufcs,fvS,fEkdifzkdY? tkyfcsKyf
txufygenf;twkdif; t*Fvdyftpkd;&u t*Fvdyf"e½Sif a&;tzGJYrsm;wGif Armt&m½Sdrsm;ukd cefYxm;zkdYtwGuf qlyl
142
awmif;qkdMuavonf/ 1919 ckESpfwGif 0kdiftrfbDat qif;&Jom;rsm; tajctae

toif;u MuD;rSL; NyD; (az-yk-½Sdef) wkdYukd t*Fvef? tdE´d, Armt&m½Sdrsm;? Arm"e½Sifrsm;ponhf vufwqkyfrQ
twGi;f 0efBuD; rGeaf w*lxH uk,
d pf m;vS,af pvTwjf cif;rSmvnf; aom vlenf;pkwkdY pnf;pdrfESifh aeEkdifaomfvnf; vlOD;a&wGif
qif;&Jom;tusKd;twGuf r[kwf? Arm"e½Sifynmwwfrsm; (90) ausmf&mEIef;rQ½Sdonfh qif;&Jom;tvkyform;? v,fo
tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif 0ifa&muf cs,fvS,fEkdifcGifh&onfh rm;awGrSm iwfjrJ? jywfjrJyif jzpfaeMuavonf/ qefwef
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143
(w) Auo? wuo Ouú| ukdatmifqef;\ ausmif;ydwf&ufvkyfief;wm0ef vufrSwfygrl

10th September 1938
Dear ----------------------,
As the college is to be closed, would you please held in to get a list of students who would
volunteer to do some work in the districts when they get back there? Further I should be very much
obliged if any student is forth coming to stay out in Rangoon and the help us expedite our work.
The work for volunteers in the districts is not at all heavy. All they have to do is to get
necessary information from us, to explain about our decision to the students and people in their
respective places to help form students union and volunteer corps and guide then with your advice
in consultation with us here while you remain there.
For these who can afford to remain in Rangoon, they will be mostly correspondence,
propanganda and other odd jobs.
Pleas let me know the list of such students by tomorrow so that we may make necessary
arrangements for the Thadingyut Vacation.
Yours Sincerely,
Aung San
President, Rangoon University Student Union
(x) cGyfacgif;tvH teDatmufcH? a&T0ga&mif cGyfa'gif;okH;pGJyHk (1938 twGJ- 7? trSwf- 1 tkd;a0)

Union Flag - Last year flying of the peacock flag was not allowed and the our writes passed a resolution
to the effect that flag, whose design was not approved of by then must be flown. Yet, when
we adopted our present design i.e. a fighting peacock and a red background we were at
a loss of attitude and the part of the authorities who approve that design.
(') 1938 &efukefwuúokdvftufOya' jyifqifcsuf (rlMurf;) udpö

1936 ck ausmif;om;oydwfNyD;aemuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf wuúokdvf tufOya'jyifqif&ef
tjyif;txef aqmif½GufcJhMuonf/ jrbl;aumfwDudk 1936? arv (1) &ufaeYwGif zGJUpnf;NyD;aemuf ¤if;aumfrwDonf
wuúokdvfbGJU&ausmif;om;rsm;? EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh vlxkqE´rsm;udk avhvmpkHprf;chJonf/ ¤if;aumfrwDonf 1937?
azazmf0g&Dv? (24) &ufaeYwGif NyD;pD;cJhonf/ {NyDvwGif tpD&ifcHpm rlMurf;xkwfjyefcJh&m ausmif;om;rsm; rausreyf
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wuúokdvftufOya'jyifqifa&; aumfrwDuvnf; uefYuGufcJhonf/
jrbl;aumfrwD\ xkwfjyefaMunmcsufxJwGif ausmif;om;rsm;awmfvSefa&;rvkyfbJ? NidrfoufpGmawmif;
qkdrIrsm;jyKvkyf&ef yg0ifavonf/ or*¾ (okdUr[kwf) ausmif;om;rsm;onf wuúokdvftkyfcsKyfa&;wGif yg0ifcGifh&vm
Muonf/ vkyyf idk cf iG hf tmPmukv d nf; ausmif;tkyBf uD;rSwqifh wuúov dk \
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1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwfu wuúokdvftufOya'jyifqif&ef awmif;qkdcsuftwkdif; jyifqifay;cJhNyD;jzpfonf[k
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qE´t& jyifqifrI jyKvkyfay;&ef oabmwlcJhonf/
1938 ckESpfonf ausmif;om;trsm;pk\ ta&;BuD;aomESpf jzpfvmonf/ jrbl;tpD&ifcHpmonf NAdwdoQ
144
tifyg,mukd xde;f odr;f apmihaf ½Smufovkjd zpfonf/ xkYd aMumifh AuoESihf wuoonf pdw"f mwfjyif;xefNyD; trsKd;om;a&;
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acgif;aqmifrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;orm; tcsKdUESifh NAdwdoQtmPmykdifwkdY\ zdESdyfrIrsm; awGUMuHKvm&onf/
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145
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tb,faMumifh pGefYy,f&ovJqkdonfh aqmif;yg;ygavonf/
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ausmif;om;rsm;onf (5) em&D rxkd;cif t,kHtMunfr½Sdtqkd axmufcH&atmif tpnf;a0;cef;rxJ a&mufaeMuonf/
tpnf;ta0; yxrykdif;wGif ukdatmifqef;ukd atmf[pfqlyl qefYusifcJhMuonf/
xkdYaemuf ukdvSa½Tu qufvuf½Sif;jyonf/ ]]ukdatmifqef;[m wESpfvkH; jrwfEkd;vmcJhwJh 'DOya'Murf;MuD;
jyifqifrmS ukd ody0f rf;enf;aew,f/ 'gayr,fh a'gufwmbarmftpk;d &u vlraI &;udprö sm;udk OD;wnfaeí wzef,ckvnf;
'DOya'Murf;ukd wifoGif;&ef aqmif½Gufaew,f? a'gufwmbarmf[m tdE´d,wkdif;&if;om;rsm; rJvkdcsifí ukvm;-
Arm t"du½kPf;rSm bufvkdufwmawG ½SdcJhygw,f}}
ukdvSa½T\ajymcsuf? ukdatmifqef;\rdefYcGef;rsm;ukd ukdA[def;u axmufcHajymqkdcJhonf/
xkdYaemuf ukdndKjru ¤if;Oya'Murf;ukd raxmufcHvkdufjcif;rSm ausmif;om;xkw&yfvkH;ukd opömazmuf&m
a&mufjyefonf[k ajymvkdufjyefonf/
ukdat;csKdu qufvufajymjyef&m ]]ukdatmifqef; tjypf½Sdojzifh or*¾rS xkwfy,f&ef}} ajymqkd jyefavonf/
xdktcg udkEkuxajymavonf/
]]usaemf rdeYf ceG ;f ajymzkYd r&nf½, G yf gbl;/ tm;enf;wJh vl&UJ zufu &yfwnfwhJ oabmyg/ a'gufwmbarmf[m
rGwfpvif-Ak'¨bmom t"du½kPf;rSm Ak'¨bmom0ifawG towfcH&atmif vkyfaeygw,f}} pojzifh (10) rdepfcefYMum
½Sif;jyoGm;avonf/
xkdYaemufukdatmifqef;u ¤if;ESifhtrIaqmifrsm; EkwfxGuf&efudpöudk qkH;jzwfcsufcs&ef ajymqkdavonf/
vufn§dK;axmif rJcGJ&ef qkH;jzwfonf/
ukdatmifqef;wkdY trIaqmiftzGJUxGufay;&ef awmif;qkdonfhbufrS (2) rJ (vufnd§K;ESpfacsmif;) om&NyD;
tjywftowf ½IH;edrfhoGm;onf/
atmufwb dk m (1) &ufaeYwiG f udak tmifqef; wuorS Ekwx f u
G Nf yD; 'DZifbm (3) &uf wuo tpnf;ta0;ü
udkvSa½Tu ukdA[def;udk Ouú|ae&m tqkdjyKvkdufonf/ ukdvSa½Tu olaemufqkH;ESpf aq;ausmif;om;jzpfaeí Ouú|
rvkyfEkdifykH ½Sif;jyonf/ ukdA[def;onf wuoESifh Auo Ouú| jzpfvmonf/ ukdAaqGu Auo twGif;a&;rSL;
jzpfvmonf/ ¤if;wuúov dk f jyifqifa&;Oya'udk 1939? rwfv OD;yk eef;&if;0ef jzpfvmaomtcg twnfjyKcJah vonf/
146
(") wuúov
dk f Oya'Murf;udk tb,faMumifh pGeyYf ,fvu
dk &f oenf;
("-1) pufwifbm (5) &ufaehowif;pmrsm;wGif Ouú|ukdatmifqef;\ rsKd;cspftrwfwkdhtm; wkdufwGef;EId;aqmfcsuf
AuoESifh wuo (2) oif; trIaqmifrsm;jzpfaom uRefawmfwkdYonf eufjzef pOf;pm;qkH;jzwfrnf jzpfaom
wuúokdvfOya'Murf;udk y,fcs&ef wkdif;cspftrwftaygif;wkdYtm; wkdufwGef;EId;aqmfvkduf&ygaMumif;/
þwkdufwGef;EId;aqmf&mwGif usaemfwkdYonf (2) ESpfcGJausmf MudK;pm;aqmif½Gufí &½SdvmcJhaom wuúokdvf
Oya'Murf;ukd rBuKdurf ESpo f ufí r[kwb f J xkOd ya'Murf;ukd twnfjzpfvQif Ekid if jH cm;om;rsm;\oabmudk vku d af vsm
aeaom ,ckvuf½Sd ñGefYaygif;tpkd;&ukd MunfndKonf[k jy&ma&mufrnfpdk;ojzifh txl;0rfenf;pGmESifhyif rvkdtyfaom
qkH;jzwfcsufudk xkwfjyefvdkuf&aMumif;/
wuúokdvfOya'Murf;udk pwifwifoGif;aom Mo*kwfv (25) &ufaeYrS pí ,aeYtxd ñGefYaygif;tpkd;&\
ajcvSrf;onf wkdif;jynftm; omíomí epfvmp&m jzpfvmayaMumif;/
uRefawmfwYdk ausmif;om;rsm;onf ñGeUf aygif;tpd;k &\ wnfw&hH m wnfwahH Mumif;jzpfapaom Ekid if jH cm;om;
wkdY\rJukd csdef½G,fí tcsdefqGJxm;onfudk awGU&aMumif;/
,ckwzef rvkv d m;tyfaom ukvm;-Arm½du k yf u
JG pd o
ö nf xyfrjH zpfay:vm&m xko d Ykdjzpf&jcif;twGuf ñGeYfaygif;
tpkd;&\ wm0efruif;[kxifjrifp&m taMumif;rsm;pGm ay:aygufaeonfukd awGU½Sd&ayonf/ wkdif;jynf\ tusKd;ESifh
pmvQif tao;tzGJrQomjzpfaom ausmif;om;rsm;\ tusKd;udkom jzpfxGef;aprnfh wuúokdvfOya'Murf;ukd a½SU½Iaeí
aeygwrlum; uRefawmfwkdY wkdif;jynftm; tusKd;,kwfapaom ñGefYaygif;tpkd;&tm; MunfndKonf[k jy&ma&mufonfh
tjyif wkdif;jynftm; uRefawmfwkdYyg tm;ay;ESdyfpufaeonfESifhtvm; usa&mufrnf jzpfygaMumif;/
okYd jzpfygaomaMumifh uRefawmfwYdk onf tvGeaf MuuGv J pS mG aom pdwEf v
S ;Hk om;jzifh wkid ;f jynf\ tusKd;udo
k m
a½SU½Ií usaemfwkdYtusKd;udk rMunfh½IbJ txufyg rvdkvm;tyfaom qkkH;jzwfcsufudk wkdif;jynftm;od½Sd&ef aMunm
ygaMumif;/
þokdYqkH;jzwf&mwGif ñGefYaygif;0efBuD;csKyftzGJUwGif yg0ifaom rnfoludkrQ yk*¾v"dXmefrxm;bJ "r®"d|mef
tm;jzifhomvQif jyKvkyf&jcif; jzpfayaMumif;/
("-2) AuoESifU wuo trIaqmifwkdh\ jyefwrf;rS aumufEkwfcsuf

1938 ck? pufwifbmv (4) &ufaeY? n (8) em&D tcsdefcefYwGif ta&;wMuD;ac:tyfaom txufyg
toif;trIaqmif (2) zGJU tpnf;ta0;u wuúokdvfjyifqifa&; Oya'Murf;ESifhywfoufí pufwifbm (5) &ufaeY
ol&d,ESifh jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;aMunmonfhtwkdif; qkH;jzwf twnfjyKvkdufaMumif;/ xkdqkH;jzwf
csufjyK&m vGefcJhaom ESpfESpfausmfumvu aqmfMovmcJhorQ taMumif;pkH ,ckvTwfawmftpnf;ta0; rjyKvkyfrDu
pí txufyg qkH;jzwfcsufjyKaom tcsdeftxd Oya'Murf; twnfjzpf&mjzpfaMumif; MudK;pm;vmcJhorQ tjzpfawGukd
uRefawmfwkdYonf aphapha&í pOf;pm;rdygaMumif;/ xkdokdY pOf;pm;rdykHukd o½kyfay:ap&ef tvkdYiSm rusOf;rus,f &mZ0if
cif;í jyygthhH/
&efukefwuúokdvf Oya'ukd 1920 twnfjyKpOfuyif rausreyfjzpfí ausmif;om;trsm; oydwfarSmuf
udpöjzpfcJhonfukd trsm;todyifjzpf\/ xkdodkY trsm;jynfol rMunfjzL rvkdvm;tyfaom Oya'ukd 1924 ckESpfwGif
xyfrH jyifqifcJhaomfvnf; tvGeftajymif;tvJjrefaom þurÇmESifh EIdif;,SOfaomtcg auseyfzG,f r[kwfonfrSm
odom xif½Sm;vmaMumif;/ xkdYaMumifhyif 1936 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv? (25) &ufaeYwGif &efukefwuúodkvfu tpjyKí
wzefausmif;om;rsm; oydwfudpö ay:aygufvmayaMumif;/ xkdoydwfudpö wr[kwfjzpfjcif; taMumif;uav;onf
wuúodkvfor*¾ toif;Ouú|tm; ausmif;xkwfcH&onfrS pí jzpfonf[k tay:,HrQ vlwkdif;od½SdaMumif;? okdY&mwGif
trSefpifppfum; xkdoydwfudpö\ taMumif;&if;onf ,ck\ jyqkdtyfaom taMumif;uav;xuf ydkrkdeufeJay\/
(1) &efuek wf uúov kd o
f r*¾toif;onf wuúov kd pf epf em;vnforl sm;ESiw hf uG trsm;jynfow l Ydkyg od½o
dS nfh
twkdif; &efukefwuúodkvf wausmif;wkdufvkH;wGif ta&;ygt&ma&mufqkH;aom ausmif;om;rsm;toif;
jzpfonfhtaMumif;ukd txl;½Sif;vif;p&m rvkday/ xkdrQ BuD;us,fí ta&;yg t&ma&mufaomtoif;\
Ouú|um; xkpd Oftcgu ukEd k jzpf\/ ukEd k bDatNyD;í ausmif;xGuo f mG ;NyD;aemuf trsKd;om;ausmif;q&m
BuD; tjzpfjzifh okH;cG? yef;waemf tp½Sdaom NrdKUrsm;wGif (5) ESpfrQ tvkyfvkyfukdifcJhol jzpf\/ xkdrSwzef
ausmif;okdY jyefvmí Oya'ynmukd xyfrHoif,l&m touftm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? 0gtm;jzifh vnf;
147
aumif; &ifo h efow l OD; jzpf\/ ta&;ygqk;H aom ausmif;om;rsm;toif;Ouú| jzpfvmonft h cg Armjynf
&mZ0ifwiG f rMuHKzl;atmif ¤if;tm; aemufq;Hk ESpu f ek f toif;tpnf;ta0;wGif ajymtyfaom pum;tcsuf
wkdYaMumifh xkdpOfu ausmif;tkyfMuD; rpöwmpavmhu ausmif;rS ESifxkwfypfvkdufonf/ taMumif;pkHukd
½Si;f aomf ½Snv f sm;rnfjzpf\/ twkcd sKyfaomf ukEd u k m; rsK;d csppf w
d "f mwf xufoefol wOD;jzpfí wuúov kd f
ausmif;wku d f wwku d v
f ;Hk wGif xkt d csde?f xdt k cgxd MuD;pk;d vsuf½adS om rpöwmpavmhEiS hf tazmfyg taemuf
wdkif;om;wkdY cs,fvS,faejcif;? ¤if;wkdY trsKd;yifvQif wwkdif;jynfvkH;tm; vTrf;aejcif;wkdYudk txl;rcH&yf
Ekdifjzpfojzifh tmabmiftm&if; oefoefjzifh qlolylol jzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;tm; tcsuf&NyD[k xif&aom
tcsdeüf ausmif;rS xkwyf pfvu kd jf cif; jzpf\/ xko d Ykd jzpf&jcif;onf ausmif;om;rsm;\ pdww f iG f wuúov kd f
Oya'\ csKdU,Gif;csufaMumifh[k ,lqMu\/ ,lqonfhtwkdif;vnf; 1936 oydwfarSmuf udpöwGif
awmif;qkdcsuf eHygwf (1) um; wuúodkvf Oya'udk jyifqif&ef qdkaom tcsufyifjzpf\/ okdYawmif;qkd
vifhupm; rnDñGwfaom taMumif;rsm;pGmwkdYaMumifh wuúodkvfpkHprf;a&; Oya'aumfrwDudk zGJYpnf;jcif;
rSwyg;? wuúodkvfjyifqifa&;udpöonf a½SUokdY xkdYxufrwkd;bJ ½SdcJhayaMumif;/
(2) xkdokdY rwkd;EkdifbJ½Sdaomfvnf; uRefawmfwkdYonf rqkwfrepfaom vkHYvjzifh ArmEkdifiHvkH;½Sd ausmif;om;
rsm;ukd wvk;H wpnf;wnf; jzpf&ef (2) ESpaf usmf BudK;pm;aqmif½u G cf íhJ uReaf wmfwYdk\qEúkd tcGiMhf uHKwkid ;f
jycJah yaMumif;/ Oyrm txufwiG f azmfjycJah om wuúov kd Of ya'pkpH rf;a&;tzGUJ okYd uRefawmfwYdk \ xifjrif
csufrsm;ukd a&;om;ay;ykdYcJhayaMumif;/ xkdYaemuf xkdtzGJU (jrbl;aumfrwD) tpD&ifcHpm rxGufrD (2)
Mudrfajrmuf rEÅav;uGefz&ifhüvnf; wuúodkvfOya'jyifqif&ef udpEö Sifhywfoufí qkH;jzwfcsuf wck
cscJhaMumif;/ xkdokdYqkH;jzwfcsuf wck cscJhaMumif;/ xdkokdYqkH;jzwfcJhonfhtcg wkdif;jynfbufrS em;&nf
yg;&nf0aom wuúodkvfjyifqifa&;tzGJUi,f wckzGJUí tpD&ifcHpmESifh ywfoufí xifjrifcsuftpkHukd
wkdif;jynfESifh wuG tpkd;&tm; wESpfvkH; wjynfvkH;wGif odomxif½Sm;apcJhaMumif;/
(3) xkrd S wwd,tBudraf jrmuf ykord u f eG zf &ifw
h iG f ,ckEpS f Mo*kwv f vTwaf wmftpnf;ta0;wGif wuúov kd f
Oya'udk tNyD;tjywf jyifqif&ef qk;H jzwfcsucf srw S cf ahJ Mumif;/ csrw S o f nfth wkid ;f aqmif½uG rf nft
h "dXmef
ESifh uRefawmfwdkY onf tNrdKUNrdKU oGm;a&muf vSnhfvnfum w&m;a[mcJhavonf/ xkdYaemuf tpkd;&u
zdwfMum;csuftwkdif; wuúodkvf Oya'jyifqifa&;ESifh ywfoufí usif;ytyfaom tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif
vnf; uReaf wmfwYdk\qEúdk jyEkid o f rQjyí awmif;Ekid o f rQ awmif;cJah Mumif;? xkrd S uReaf wmfwYdk aemufq;Hk
aMunmcsufjyKaom tcsdefxd uRefawmfwkdY aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;onf wkdif;jynfodyif jzpfaMumif;/
("-3) 1938 ck? pufwifbmv? (6) &ufaeh wuúodkvfor*¾"r®m½kHwGif usif;yaom ausmif;om;rsm;tpnf;ta0;wGif

Ouú| udkatmifqef;ajymaom rdefhcGef;
aumif;NyD/ 'gjzifh bmaMumifh onfavmuf vkyfxm;wJh Oya'Murf;ukd rsufpdwrSdwf? vQyfwjyuftwGif;
bmaMumifh y,f&ovJ? usKyfwkdY ñGefYaygif;tpkd;&ukd rauseyfEkdifvGef;vkdY taMumif;jzpfay:vmwmuawmh wjrefaeY
nae (7) em&Davmufu jzpfay:vmwJhtaMumif;u? cifAsm;wkdYvnf; odwJhtwkdif; ukvm;-Arm½dkufyGJ jyefpwm[m
ukvm;&yfuGufu pw,f/ 'gayr,fh Arm&yfuGufrSmom ykvdyfu wm;w,f/ 'Dawmh[m pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ ñGefYaygif;
tpkd;& rvGefvm;vkdY/ vGefwmrvGefwm ta&;rBuD;bl;? onfudpöu onfwifrat;awmhbl; ñGefYaygif;½IdUwJh rD;[m
ñGefYaygif; rEkdifawmh usKyfwkdY 'Dvkd½kdufyGJawGqdkwm tusKd;r½SdbJ? usKyfwkdY&JU wu,ftusKd;½Sd&m tvkyfawG ysuf&w,f/
tu,fíom Armjynf&JU vGwfvyfa&;&r,fqkd&if usKyf[m 0g;udkifNyD; a½SUqkH;u wufNyD; vlowfzdkY rcJ,Of;bl;/
okdY&mwGif 'DvkdtusKd; r½SdwJhtvkyfukd usKyfrvkyfvkdbl;/ onfta&; NyD;apcsifw,f/ 'gayr,fh ñGefYaygif;tpkd;&&JU
rvdr®mrIaMumifh tckjzpfukefMuNyD/ xyfvJ jzpfNyD/ onfrD;at;zkdY&m[m ñGefYaygif;tpdk;& r½SdrS jzpfr,f/
tJonfhawmh onfrSm ar;p&m½Sdw,f/ ñGefYaygif;tpkd;& qkd;wm tckrS odovm;vkdY/ pifppft&yfuvnf;
odw,f/ tvkyform;oydwfudpöawG tp½SdwJhudpöawGrSm odcJhw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'Davmufrqdk;wefbl;vdkY atmufarh
cJJhw,f/ tckawmh usKyfwkdYawGU&w,f/ wckck aumif;wmvkkyfcsif&if qefYiif? qefYiifeJY ukvm;rJ? t*FvdyfrJ Munfhae&
w,f/ 'gwifvm; tckjzpfwJh t"du½kPf;udpörSm ykvdyfawGu e,fawGrSm apmfum;vkdY txl;tjypfwifcH&w,fqkdwm
cifAsm;wkdY todbJ/ usKyfwkdY Oya'Murf; udpörSmawmif w&uf? ESpf&ufwnf;eJY NyD;zkdY tvkyfudk tcsdefykdqGJcJh&wm[m
onft*FvdyftrwfawG vIYHaqmfcsuaf Mumif?h t*Fvyd q f &mawG&UJ MoZmaMumifh jzpfw,f/ onfvjdk zpfwhJ ckeajymwJt
h wkid ;f
ukvm;-Arm ½dkufyGJawG xyfpwm ukvm;&yfuGufrS pNyD;jzpfw,f/ Arm&yfuGufrSmoGm;NyD; ykvdyfwm;&w,f qkdwm[m
148
ñGefYaygiftpkd;&onf wkdif;jynftm; ajceJYuefw,fqdkwm txl;xif½Sm;aeNyD/

onfvt dk pk;d &udk usKyfwYdk umuG,Nf yD; usKyfwYdk &UJ Oya'Murf;av;&atmif ,lr,fqydk gpkYd / usKyfwYdk udk wkid ;f jynf
b,fvkdxifrvJ? tu,fí r&bl;wJh/ b,fvkd vkyfrvJ/ usKyfwkdY oydwfarSmufMuwJhtcg usKyfwkdYajym&vdrfhr,f?
tpkd;&uawmh vkyfay;wmyJvkdY? onfawmh wkdif;jynfu usKyfwkdYudk ajymvdrfhr,f? rif;wdkYu 'Dtpkd;& aumif;w,f
ajymw,f/ igwkYd awmh acgif;jym;atmif teif;cHae&ygvm;qkNd yD; usKyfwYdkukd tMunfnKd ysurf ,f/ aumif;NyD tMunftndK
ysufNyDqydk gawmh usKyfwYdk bmvkyrf vJ/ usKyfwYdk wkid ;f jynfrmS MuD;NyD; wkid ;f jynfudk rS&D w,f/ usKyfwYdk oydwaf rSmufcsif&if
wkid ;f jynfudk tultnDawmif;&w,f/ usKyfwYdk tcktxd Oya'Murf;ukjd zpfatmif vky&f w,f qkw d muvnf; wkid ;f jynfu
tm;ay;w,f qkdwmodzdkY r[kwfvm;/ ukdif; usKyfwkdYu wkdif;jynfrSm tn§Of;cHae&wJhtcgrSm rMunfh&if usKyfwkdY
tvSnfhMuawmh wkdif;jynfu MunfhygtkH;rvm;/ cifAsm;wkdY 'Dausmif;rSm ½SdwJhq&mawG ESdyfpufcsifwkdif; ESdyfpuf?
&ufpufcsifwidk ;f &ufpufvYdk wkid pf &m tm;ud;k p&m ½Smcsifwv hJ Ydk ½S&d if tJonfawmh cifAsm;wkYd b,foo l mG ; tm;uk;d MuvJ/
tJ'gawGudk usKyfwkdY jrifvkdYrkdY? usKyfwkdYonfvdk qkd;wJh ñGefUaygif;tpkd;&ay;wJh Oya'Murf;ukd tpkHrvkdcsifbl;/
wkdif;jynf emaew,fqkdNyD; y,fvkdufw,f/ y,fvkdufawmh b,fES,fhjzpfEkdifovJ/ tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'xkH;wrf;t& tpkd;&
xGufay;&r,f/ uaeY vTwfawmftpnf;ta0; tjypftwkdif;awmh Oya'Murf;udk tpkd;&u rwifoGif;&Jbl;/ Mum;bl;&JU
vm; tcktpk;d &u &mxl;u qif;ray;ao;ayr,fh usKyfwYdku wkid ;f jynfbufu vlr[kwaf wmhb;l / usKyfwYdk Oya'Murf;
½I;H rSmpk;d vkYd roGi;f &Jawmhygbl;vdYk qkv d u
dk Nf y/D rSew f mvky&f if usKyw f Ydk tckcifAsm;wkYdukd ½Si;f jy&Jovk?d awGU&Jovkd olwYkd rawGU&Jb;l ?
'gu ta½SUukd ñGeYf aygif;tpk;d &[m ajymif;vJypf&r,f/ jzKwf&ifvnf; jzKwf&r,f/ onfEpS v f rf; wvrf;yJ ½Sad wmhw,f/
Oya'Murf; taMumif;ukd usKyfqufajymtkH;r,f/ usKyfwkdYvufiif;Oya' r&ayr,fh b,fenf;eJY rqkd
aemuf jyef&Ekid w f ,f/ usKyfwYdk &r,fqv dk Ydk ck&cgeD;aeNyD/ tJovkd usKyfwYkd qEóm½Syd gap/ Oya'ukd &rSmyJ/ ½Si;f jytk;H r,f/
tck ñGefYaygif;tpkd;& jyKwfvkdY aemufwufwJh tpkd;&[m ñGefYaygif;xuf raumif;awmif rqdk;bl;qkdwm usKyfajym
&Jw,f/ onftpkd;&rSmaum bmhaMumifh 'Dxufraumif;awmif onfxuf rqdk;wJh Oya'r&bJ ½Sd&rSmvnf;/ aumif;NyD
ñGefYaygif; rjyKwfbl;qkdygawmh/ ('gujzpfrSm cJ,Of;ygw,f/) bmjzpfovJ/ (Private Member's Bill) woD;yk*v ¾
trwfwkdY Oya'Murf;tjzpf wifEdkifwmyJ/ pifppfvlwkdYvkyfwJh tvkyf[m wkdif;jynfwjynfvkH; aumif;zkdYvkyfwJh tvkyf
jzpfaum/ tu,fí usKyfwkdYvkyfwJhtwkdif; wrsKd;wrnf ajymif;vJNyD; aumif;vm&if wkdif;jynfu usKyfwkdYukdwkd;NyD;
MunfndKNyD;? usKyfwdkY tusKd;½SdzdkYyJ r[kwfvm;/ tJwmawG pOf;pm;apcsifw,f/
("-4) Auo taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ukdA[def;\ xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf

pufwifbmv (4) &ufaeY? naetxd igwkdYonf Oya'Murf; twnfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;vsuf½Sd
Muayao;onf/ okdY&mwGif xkdaeYnaeü ½kwfw&uf a½Smifwcif jzpfay:vmaom ukvm;-Arm t"du½kPf;onf
igwkdY\ pdwfudk wrsKd;wrnf ajymif;vJapcJh\/ igwkdY ESpfESpfausmf vkH;yrf;vmcJh&aom xkdOya'Murf;vkyfief;udk
&yfqkdif;apcJh\/ ñGefYaygif;tpkd;&onf rsufESmjzLESifh ukvm;rJukd jr§Lvkdojzifh Armqif;&Jom;rsm;tm; vnfrsKdn§pfcJh
&onfukd igwkdY tcgcgodchJ awGUcJhMu&\/ okdYaomf igwkdY onf;cHcJhMu\/ EkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJ rnfolrnf0g
tpkd;& jzpfrI? rjzpfrIwkdYrSm igwkdYeJYrqkdif oabmxm;cJh\/ okdYaomf t"du½kPf;udpw ö Gif ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&onf ppfykvdyf
rsm;udk ukvm;rsm;twGufom apmifha½SmufapcJhjcif; jzpfojzifh wkdif;jynfu pGyfpGJaeaom ñGefYaygif;tpkd;& tay:wGif
xm;cJhaom igwkdY\ onf;cHpdwfwkdYrSm wcgwnf; NydKvJawmh\/ ñGefYaygif;tpkd;& rvdr®mrIaMumifh wkdif;jynfwGif ½Sif
vltrsm; toufq;Hk ½I;H &\/ rsufEmS jzLrJudk tm;ud;k touf½iS af e&aom ñGeYf aygif;tpk;d &onf a&eHajr tvkyo f rm;rsm;
oydwu f pd w
ö iG f rsuEf mS jzL bDtpdk b
D ufukd rsuEf mS ajymifajymifxm;um vku
d cf \
hJ / aemufq;Hk ,ckvw T af wmfwiG f qif;&Jom;
rsm;\ touf½SLcGifh&rnfh (Land Alienation Bill, Land Tenancy Bill) v,form;r[kwfol v,frykdifcGifh Oya'
Murf;ESifh v,foD;pm;Oya'Murf;wkdYudk ukvm;rsufESmjzL v,fykdif½SifBuD;rsm;ukd iJh&aomaMumifh &uftuefYtowfr½Sd
a½TUqdkif;vkduf&\/ þArmqif;&Jom;rsm; tay:wGif &ufpufaom ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&onf tb,faMumifh igwkdY
ausmif;om;rsm; tBudKufudk vkdufavsmchJavoenf;/ þar;cGef;ukd igwkdYonf eufeJpGm pOf;pm;aomtcg atmufyg
tajzudk &ayonf/
(1) ausmif;om;tpnf;t½k;H onf vTwaf wmftjyifbufwiG f tckid rf mqk;H ? tqlyq l ;Hk ? ta&;ygqk;H jzpfonfukd
ñGefYaygif;tpdk;& od\/ ausmif;om;rsm; wkdif;jynf\tcspfawmfrsm;jzpfonfudk ñGefYaygif;tpkd;& od\/
pifppftm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;tpnf;t½kH;\ oabmxm;onf ñGefYaygif;tpkd;&tay:wGif wrsKd;wzkH
ajymif;vJp&m ½Sday\/
149
(2) ausmif;om;tpnf;t½kH;udk ñGefYaygif;tpkd;&onf aMumufvefY\/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf r[kwfrcH?

ZGwfw½Gwf vkyfrnfudk taotcsmod\/ ausmif;om;rsm;oydwfarSmufvQif tpkd;&\ wm0efvkH;vkH;
jzpf\/ txl;ojzifh wkdif;jynfwGif rausreyf vIyfvIyf½Sm;½Sm; jzpfaeaomtcgwGif ausmif;om;rsm;
qlylvdkufu ñGefYaygif;tpkd;&wnfwHha&;udk txl;xdckdufrnf jzpf\/ xdkodkY tajzxGufvmaomtcg
igwkdY a½SUarSmufwGif vrf;ESpfoG,fonf wr[kwfcsif; ay:aygufvm\/
(3) igwkYd Oya'Murf;jzifh tom;,lcg Armqif;&Jom;rsm;udk xyfrv H nfrsKñ d pS &f ef MuHaeaom ñGeYf aygif;tpk;d &
bufukd vku d rf nfvm; (0g) ñGeYfaygif;tpk;d &u igwkYdtm; vufuidk w f wk jf yKvkycf g Armqif;&Jom;rsm;tm;
xyfrHn§Of;;qJrnfudk igwkdYonf rsufaphpHkrSdwfum auseyfaernfavm/
(4) okYdr[kwf igwkYdonf Armqif;&Jom;rsm;\ rdwaf qG? Armqif;&Jom;rsm;\ tm;uk;d &mtjzpfukd jyrnfavm
(0g) Armqif;&Jom;rsm;\ &efolñGefYaygif;tpdk;&u vdrfÓPfESifh ay;tyfaom Oya'Murf;udk jiif;qef
y,fcsrnfavm/
igwkYdonf wkid ;f jynf\ vljzpf\/ igwkYdonf igwkYd\ wuk, d af umif;tusK;d ukd arQmu f ;dk um Armqif;&Jom;rsm;
epfemaeonfudk r½IpdrfhEkdif? pifppfaomfum; igwkdY toif;tyif;tpnf;t½kH;rsm; wnfaxmifxm;&onfrSm Armqif;&J
om;rsm;tzdkY jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh igwkdYonf 'kwd,vrf;ukd vkdufcJh\/ xkdodkYvkdufcJhonfrSm tHhMop&m r½Sd? txl;tqef;
r[kwf/
Oya'Murf;udk igwkdYa½SUukd b,fvkd qufí tvkyfvkyfrnfenf;/ ñGefYaygif;tpkd;& odrf;½kyfoGm;aom
Oya'Murf;rSm rjyefvrf;odkY oGm;NyD[k rrSwfMuavESifh Oya'Murf;onf igwkdY\vufxJwGif ½Sd\/ igwdYk qlylwkdufckduf
rIaMumifh Oya'Murf;onf þtajcokdY a&mufcJh&\/ igwkdY qufvufwkdufckdufvsif Oya'Murf;b0rS Oya'tjzpf
rajymif;vJEkdif[k rnfol jiif;qkd0HhtHh oenf;/ wkdif;jynf qif;&Jom;rsm;ukd iJhojzifhom Oya'Murf;udk tcsdeftenf;i,f
a½TUqkid ;f vku
d &f \/ Oya'Murf;udpo ö nf NyD;qk;H cef; rwkid af o;aMumif;udk tpk;d &oabmudk azmfjyaeMujzpfonfh &efuek f
a*;Zwf owif;pm uyif 0efcHxm;&\/
igwkdYonf ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&ukd jzKwfcs&rnfqkd&mü rnfhonfhyk*¾dKvf wOD;wa,mufudkrQ yk*¾v"dXmefpGJ r½Sd?
ukvm;rJ? rsufESmjzLrJwdkYjzifh touf½SLae&aomaMumifhom ArmtusKd;udk tcGifh&oavmuf rpGrf;aqmifEkdifaom ñGefY
aygif;tpkd;&tzGJU wckvkH;tjzpfudk igwkdY ½GHU½Smjcif;jzpfav\/ ArmtrsKd;om;csnf;yg0ifaom tpkd;&tzGJU ay:aygufvm
aom tcgwGifvnf; Armqif;&Jom;tusKd;udk vkH;aphywfaph pGrf;aqmifEkdifrnf[k igwkdYrarQmfudk;/ vuf½Sd uRefArmjynf
tkyfcsKyfa&;t& zGJUpnf;tyfaom rnfonfh tpkd;&tzGJYrQ wkdif;jynfudk pdwfwkdif;usatmif rpGrf;aqmifEkdif? odkYaomf
trsKd;om; tpk;d &onf ukvm; rsufEmS jzL? rJrsm;ukd iJ&h aom tqk;d ½Gm;qk;H ñGeYf aygif;tpk;d & xufum; wkid ;f jynftusKd;ukd
ykdrkdaqmif½GufEkdif vdrfhrnf[kí igwdkY wxpfcs ,kHMunfaMumif;/ pufwifbmv (4) &ufaeY naetxd igwkdYonf
Oya'Murf; twnfjzpfajrmufa&; twGuf BudK;yrf;vsuf ½SMd uayao;onf/ okYd &mwGif wkid ;f jynftusKd;ukd ykrd adk qmif½u G f
Ekdifvdrfhrnf[lí igwdkYwxpfcs ,kHMunfaMumif;/
150
OD;&m½Spf B. Sc., B. L.,

(1936-37)
OD;&m½Spfonf tdEd́,trsKd;om;wOD; jzpfonf/ jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;tjzpf cH,lxm;ol jzpf\/ tdEd́,trsKd;om;

wOD;tm; wuoOuú|tjzpf wifajr§mufjcif;onf or*¾wGif vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;rI r½Sdjcif;? acgif;aqmifEkdifoludk
acgif;aqmifae&m ay;tyfjcif;udk jyojcif; jzpfonf/
OD;&m½Spf\ arG;ouú&mZfrSm 1912 ck Ekd0ifbmv (5) &ufaeY jzpfonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfrS 0dZÆm-odyÜHbGJUESifh

Oya'bGUJ rsm;udk &½Sod nf/ &efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ yxrqH;k twGi;f a&;rSL;jzpf\/ 1935-36
ckEpS w
f iG f 'k-Ouú|jzpf\/ 1936-37 ckwiG f wuoOuú| tjzpf a½G;umufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&avonf/
1936 ck ausmif;om;oydww f iG f a½SUwef;acgif;aqmif wOD; jzpfonf/ 1936 ckEpS wf iG f zGUJ pnf;aom ArmEkid if v
H ;kH
qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ yxrqH;k Ouú|vnf; jzpf\/ yxrqH;k wuoud, k pf m;vS,f aumifpv D Bl uD;tjzpf
wm0ef,l vkyaf qmifco hJ nf/ Adv
k af tmifausmf usq;kH onft
h rIwiG f ausmif;om;rsm; bufrS a½SUaevku d cf ohJ v
l nf;
jzpfonf/
ppfBudKacwfwiG f 0wfvakH wmf& a½SUaewOD; jzpfonf/ tvkyo f rm;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;wGif acgif;aqmif wm0ef,cl \ hJ /
ppfNyD;acwfwGif zqyvwGif yg0ifNyD; jynfolYvTwfawmfwGif? vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmfwGif? trwftjzpf ,aeYtxd
tqufrjywf a½G;wifajr§mufjcif; cH&onf/ Ekid if aH wmftpd;k &tzGUJ rsm;wGif jynfoYl t;kd tdraf qmufvyk af &;? tvkyf
orm;Xme0efBuD;? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0efBuD;? ow¬KwiG ;f Xme0efBuD; ponfjzifh wm0ef,al qmif½u G cf YJb;l onf/
tvkyform;ESifh qufpyfaom bkwftzGJUtoD;oD;? pHkprf;a&;aumfrwD trsKd;rsKd;wGif obmywdtjzpf? jynfyodkY

oGm;a&mufaom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU trsKd;rsKd;wGif acgif;aqmiftjzpf? tzGJU0iftjzpf vkdufygcJYbl;onf/
,ck jynfaxmifptk vkyo f rm;tzGUJ Ouú|ESihf Ekid if aH wmftpd;k &tzGUJ wGif pufrv
I ufr?I ow¬KwGi;f ESihf tvkyo
f rm;
0efBuD;tjzpf wm0efukd xrf;aqmifvsuf½\ dS /
151
(yk*)H OD;b*sr;f B.A., B.L.
(1937-38)
yk*HNrKdUe,f ustdk½Gm Zmwd jzpfonf/ anmif;OD;NrKdU atbDtrfausmif;? yckuúLNrKdU 0ufpvDausmif;wdkYwGif ynm

oifMum;cJhbl;\/ &efukefwuúodkvfESifh *syfqifaumvdyfwdkYwGif qufvufynm oifMum;cJhí 0dZÆmbJGUrsm;udk
&½Scd o
hJ nf/
1930 ckEpS f wuo pnf;rsO;f a&;qJaG &; aumfrwDwiG f twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif½u
G cf NhJ yD;? 1937-38 ckEpS w
f iG f
wuo Ouú| jzpfavonf/
1939 ckEpS rf S pí &efuek Nf rKdUwGif a½SUaevdu

k o
f nf/ *syefacwfwiG f ta½SUtm½Svil ,ftpnf;t½H;k udk wnfaxmif
onf/ tpnf;t½H;k Ouú|jzpf\/ ta½SUtm½Svil ,ftpnf;t½H;k udk ppfNyD;acwfü ArmEdik if v H il ,frsm;tpnf;t½H;k
(Avp) [k trnfajymif;vJcJhonf/ 1952 cktxd Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½Gufonf/
1947 ck Advk cf sKyaf tmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom tpd;k &tzJUG wGif 0efBuD;wpfO;D jzpfí Akv
d cf sKyEf iS w
hf uG 0efBuD;wzGUJ vH;k
udk vkyMf uHowfjzwf&mwGif rao use½f &dS pfol (4) OD;teuf wOD;jzpf\/ ,ck &efuek Nf rKUd wGif vTwaf wmfa½SUaeBuD;
wOD;tjzpf vkyfudkifvsuf½Sdonf/ a½Twd*HkapwDawmf b@mawmfxdef;vlBuD;? urÇmat;apwD b@mawmf
xdef;vlBuD;? Ak'ömoemEk*[ ¾ tzJGU0ifvlBuD;? ESif;qDukef; bdk;bGm;apmifha½Smufa&; tzJGU0ifvlBuD; ponfjzifh
wm0ef,l aqmif½Gufvsuf½Sdonf/ r[moa&pnfolbJGUudkvnf; &½SdcJholjzpfavonf/
152
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef; B. A
(1938-39)
Source: File Photo
ewfarmufNrKdU Zmwdjzpfonf/ tz OD;zm? trda':pkwYkd\ om;axG;jzpfí zGm;ouú&mZfrmS 1915 ck? azazmf0g&Dv

(13) &ufaeY jzpf\/ ewfarmufNrKdU OD;aombdw txufwef;ausmif;? a&eHacsmif;NrKdU trsKd;om;txufwef;
ausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ 1932 ck ZGefvwGif &efukefwuúodkvfodkY a&muf½Sdí 1937 ckESpfwGif
0dZmÆ bJUG xl;udk qGwcf ;l cJ\
h / Oya'oifwef;wGif wESpaf usmfrQ ynmavhvm qnf;yl;cJYao;onf/
1935-36 rS wuo trIaqmiftzJGUwGif? tdk;a0r*¾Zif; wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif½GufcJhonf/

td;k a0r*¾Zif;wGif ygaom (Hell Hound at Large) ]i&JacG;Bu;D vGwaf eNy}D [laom aqmif;yg;ESihf ywfoufí
ausmif;xkwfcH&\/ 1936 ck oydwfta&;awmfyHkwGif jyefMum;a&;Xme wm0efcHjzpf\/ 1936-37 ckESpfwGif
wuo Ouú| jzpfí ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾wGif yxrqHk; twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfavonf/ 1938-
39 ckwGif wuo Ouú| jzpfonf/
ukvm;-Arm t"du½kPf; ay:cJYonf/ or*¾onf t"du½kPf;aMumifh 'ku©a&mufolrsm;tm; u,fq,fa&;

vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif½GufcJhonf/ 1936 ck oydwfta&;awmfyHkwGif zJGUpnf;ay;cJY&aom qmjrbl;aumfrwD
tpD&ifcHpm xGufvmonf/ tpD&ifcHpmukd wuorS uefYuGufcJhonf/ a'gufwmbarmftpdk;& wuúodkvf
tufOya'Murf; jyKvky&f ef pDpOfonfuvkd nf; vufrcHcahJ y/
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf wuo Ouú|tjzpf oufwrf;ukeo f nf txd raecJYay/ atmufwb kd mvwGif ausmif;rS
xGuí f wdYkArmtpnf;t½H;k odYk 0ifa&mufum? Edik if aH &;udk tcsed jf ynfh wm0ef,l vkyaf qmifco
hJ nf/ 1939 ckEpS w
f iG f
wuo udk,fpm;vS,f aumifpDvlBuD;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJh\/
1941 ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&u qkaiG (5) usyfjzifh 0g;&rf;xkwfjcif; cH&NyD;? *syefjynfodkY a&muf½SdoGm;\/
*syef tultnDudk ,lum &JabmfoHk;usdyfudk a½SUaqmifvsuf? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudk xlaxmifcJhonf/
1941 ckEpS w
f iG f t*Fvyd ef ,fcsJUorm;tm; ArmjynfrS armif;ESix
f w
k cf ahJ vonf/
*syefacwfwiG f Armhvw G v
f yfa&;wyfrawmf? ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmfwYkd\ aoemywdtjzpfjzifh vnf;aumif;?
tpd;k &tzJUG 0if ppf0efBuD;tjzpfjzihf vnf;aumif; aqmif½u G cf \
hJ / 1945 ck? rwfv (27) &ufaeUwGif *syefzufqpf
rsm;tm; ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD? jynfo h Ylta&;awmfyykH gwDrsm;ESifh vufwu GJ m awmfveS cf YJonf/ zufqpfqefYusif
a&;? jynfoUl vGwv f yfa&;tzJUG csKyfBuD; (zqyv) udk wnfaxmifol jzpf\/ ppfNyD;acwfwiG f zqyv Ouú|tjzpf
wm0ef,í l ? t*Fvyd ef ,fcsUJ orm;vufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf qufvufwu kd yf 0GJ ifonf/ 1947 ckEpS f
wGif tpd;k &tzJUG ü 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf vufcaH qmif½u G \ f / Armhvw G v
f yfa&;twGuf t*FvefEikd if o H Ykd oGm;a&muf
aqG;aEG; awmif;qdkcJYonf/ 1947 Zlvikd v f ? (19) &ufaehwiG f rormolw\ hkd vufcsujf zifU toufcE¨maMujyKe;f
ysupf ;D cJ&U avonf/
153
jrefrmEdik if H ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
tcef; (8)
udv
e,fcsUJ qefu
(1938 rS 1939)
(u) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (wuo) zGJUpnf;ykHpnf;rsOf;

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE RANGOON UNIVERSITY STUDENT'S UNION, 1931
(As Amended by the Rangoon University Student's Union at in Business Meeting
Held on 5th July 1937)
Rangoon University Student's Union

CHAPTER (I)
Nature of the Organization
1. This organization shall be called “Rangoon University Student’s Union”.
2. The objects of the Union shall be to promote a healthy corporate social life, inculcating a
spirit of independence, and to create a sense of duty and responsibility among the students
of the University.
3. In pursuance of the objects mentioned in Section 2 the Union shall specially.
(1) hold debates,
(2) arrange for and conduct lectures,
(3) maintain a library, reading and writing and indoor games,
(4) discuss and promote the general interests of the students, and
(5) arrange for and hold entertainments.
4. The Union shall not make any dividend, gift division or bonus in money into or between any
of its members.
154
udv
k ekd aD cwfaESmif; - 1938 rS 1938 - e,fcsq
YJ efu
h siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif
CHAPTER (II)
Membership and Subscriptions
1. Only the students, Graduates, Registered Graduates, members of teaching staff of the
University of Rangoon, and past students who have belonged to the University before the
formation of the Union, shall be admitted to membership of the Union except as provided in
section is of this chapter.
Explanation: - Students are those pursuing a course of study in the University with a view to
qualifying themselves for a degree, certificate or diploma in the University of Rangoon.
2. Those members of Union who are not or cease to be student members shall not enjoy the
right (except as provided in chapter VIII)
(1) to hold any office, and
(2) to vote at Business Meetings and elections.
3. Persons who are eligible for membership in the Union may apply to become members by
filling and submitting the membership form (which can be had from the General Secretary or
Hall Secretaries an application) duty proposed and seconded by two members of Union: such
applications shall be accompanied by the entrance fee and subscription mentioned in Section 4.
4. (1) A member who is admitted to the Union shall pay an entrance fee of rupee one.
(2) Student-members shall pay a yearly subscription of rupees two. The subscription shall be
payable in a lump sum at the time of admission.
(3) If a student is admitted to the membership of Union during the period extending from
November to May ( both months inclusive ) we shall pay the full yearly subscription.
(4) Non-Student members shall pay a life membership fee of rupees twenty-four, but it may be
paid in two equal installments, the first at admission and the second within six months
thereafter.
5. Members are liable to be fined, suspended or expelled.
6. Any member may resign from the Union by notifying his intention to the General Secretary
provided that he pays all sums due from him to the Union and provided also that the Executive
Committee accepts the resignation of the member after satisfying itself that all conditions
governing the resignation of membership have been fulfilled.
7. A member who shall resign under Section 6 shall cease to be a member of the Union except as
provided in Section 14.
8. A member who has resigned may be re-admitted to the Union on payment of an entrance fee
and the full subscription of the current year.
9. A member shall be expelled from the membership of the Union if a motion for his expulsion be
carried at a Business Meeting.
10. No motion for the expulsion of a member shall be proposed except by a member of the
Executive Committee and no motion shall be proposed for the expulsion of more than one
member.
11. No motion for the expulsion of a member shall be carried unless at least one-third of the
student members so voting shall have voted upon it and at least two-thirds of the members so
voting shall have voted in favour of it.
12. A member who has been expelled can be re-admitted only after a motion for his re-admission
has been carried at a Business Meeting.
13. The conditions for and restrictions upon the proposal and carrying of motions for re-admission
of a person who has been expelled from membership shall be the same as those imposed in the
155
case for the expulsion of a member by Section 9, 10, and 11 of this Chapter.
14. Any member who has resigned or has been suspended shall be liable to expulsion as if he was
still a member of the Union in respect of acts done while he was a member.
15. Upon re-admission, a member who has been expelled must pay an Entrance fee and the full
subscription for the current year and all sums due from him to the Union at the time of his
expulsion, which remain unpaid.
16. Any member who has resigned or has been suspended or expelled shall be excluded on all
occasions from the premises of the Union until and unless his suspension is removed or he
has been re-admitted.
17. The Executive Committee shall have power, by a majority of two-thirds of those present, to
cancel the membership of any member whom they shall consider not to be eligible for
membership of the Union, and no such member shall be re-admitted without the consent of
the Union at a Business Meeting by a simple majority of those voting. Any member who is the
subject of the such a decision by the Executive Committee shall have returned to him only the
subscription for the current year.
18. Harm any membership of the Union may, by a resolution carried at a Business meeting by a
majority of three-fourths of those voting, be conferred on persons of distinction provided
that at no time shall the member of such member exceed twelve and that in any academic year,
not more than three such members shall be elected.
CHAPTER (III)
The Property and Premises
1. No property of any description, designed for use in the premises of the Union shall be
removed from the premises without the permission of the Executive Committee, and the
penalty for such removal shall be a fine of five rupees and if the property so removed is lost
or damaged a further, liability for the current price of such property shall arise.
2. Any member who shall damage the property of the Union shall pay the expense incurred
on his account by the Union for repair or replacement.
3. The premises of the Union shall not be used for any other than the ordinary purpose of the
Union expect as provided in Chapter XX.
4. No one shall be allowed to play any game on stakes on the premises of the Union.
5. No alcoholic drink shall be stored or drunk on the premise.
6. The Executive Committee shall have power to regulate the admission of members and non-
members to the premise and functions of the Union and it may from time to time frame rules
and issue direction for purpose.
CHAPTER (IV)
Officers of the Union
1. The following shall be the officers of the Union -
(1) The President
(2) The Vice-President
(3) The Treasurer
(4) The General Secretary
(5) The Librarian
(6) The Editor.
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2. (1) Only those members of the Union who have completed one year of membership of the
Union and who are whole time students shall be eligible for election to the offices of the
President, Vice-President, and General Secretary.
(2)(a) A member shall not be eligible for election to the office of the president, unless in
addition to the qualification laid down in Section 1 above, he has been a member of the
Executive Committee, either as an officer or as an ordinary member for at least one
academic year.
(2)(b) Members who have held office for at least one academic year in the Mandalay
Intermediate College Union shall be exempted from the qualification regarding one year's
membership of the Union laid down in sub-Section 1.
3. If any officer is absent from Rangoon for period exceeding one month continuously during
any term excluding the vacations or is unable to carry on his duties for one month continuously,
his office shall become vacant.
4. Any officer may resign his office by notifying his intention to the Executive Committee, but
he shall remain in office until a new officer has been elected in his place.
5. In case of any officer being absent from Rangoon for a period exceeding three days but not
exceeding thirty days (excluding the vacations) a new officer who shall affiliate in his place
during his absence shall be elected by the Executive Committee from among its members.
6. If any officer is censured by a Business Meeting, his office shall become vacant, and shall be
debarred from standing as a candidate for any election within one year thereafter.
7. If any officer shall become prematurely vacant by resignation or otherwise, the vacancy shall
be filled by-election within ten days of its becoming vacant, and the President shall conduct
such by election. Any member of the Union desirous of proposing a candidate for the vacant
office shall not less than two days before the day of election, submit to the president a
nomination paper showing the name of his candidate duty proposed and seconded and
signed by the candidate.
8. (1) Any officer if being elected to any office at any by-election, has to resign his former office.
(2) Any elected member of the Executive Committee if being elected to the office of President,
Vice-President or Treasurer at any by-election shall ipso facto resign his seat as an elected
member of the Executive Committee.
9. The term of office for any officer shall expire after General Election.
CHAPTER (V)
The President
1. The President shall be elected annually.
2. The President shall be Chief Executive Officer of the Union and shall have the general control
of its premise.
3. The President shall be the chairman of all meetings of the Union except sub-committees and
select committees.
4. The President shall be an ex-officio member of all committees and sub- committees.
5. The President after the expiry of his term of office, shall become an ex-officio member of the
Executive Committee for the ensuing year, but as an ex-officio member he shall not have the
power to vote.
6. The President shall after the expiry of his term of office never be eligible for re-election to that
office.
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7. The President shall in case of emergency advise any office, member or servant of the Union
as to Union’s rules and practices and any advice so give shall be reported by him to the
Executive Committee so that they may determine whether it is desirable to make any new rule
or practice upon the matter in question.
8. The President shall in urgent case have power, by giving not less than twenty-four hours
notice call a Special Meeting of the Union or to change the time or the day appointed for any
meeting.
9. The President shall not address the House from the Chair, except in his official capacity.
CHAPTER (VI)
The Vice-President
1. The Vice-President shall be elected annually at the same time as the President.
2. In the absence of the President his duties shall devolve upon the Vice-President, except as
provided in Section 3, 4 and Chapter IV.
3. The Vice-President shall be in the charge of the Executive department.
4. The Vice-President shall examine and sign all bills before they are handed over to the treasurer.
5. The Vice-President shall seven days before the last Business Meeting of each year, place
upon the boards a report for the outgoing term, which shall be read to the Union at the said
meeting and the members present shall have the right to discuss upon the report.
6. The Vice-President, if he is again not elected to any office after his term of office has expired
shall become an ex-officio member of the Executive Committee for the ensuing year, but as an
ex-officio member, he shall not have the power to vote.
CHAPTER (VII)
The Treasurer
1. The Treasurer shall be elected annually at the same time as the President and Vice-president.
2. Only those members of the Union who are graduates of this University and two years standing
as members shall be eligible for election to this office.
3. The treasurer shall supervise the collection of subscriptions fees and fines and be responsible
for the due application of the Union’s revenues in accordance with the Budget provisions.
4. The Treasurer shall at the beginning of each year prepare and submit to the Executive
Committee for consideration and sanction a budget containing a detailed estimate of the
income and expenditure for the year together with a statement of all capital and invented
funds under each head of account. The Treasurer may with the consent of the Executive
Committee make transfers of funds from head of account to another provided that the total
amount of expenditure allotted in the Budget shall not be exceeded. The Treasurer shall after
Budget has been passed by the Executive Committee, place it upon the boards.
5. The Treasurer, may in the case of the late sum for any head of expenditure in the Budget being
insufficient demand additional provision for the head of expenditure and such demand, if
sanctioned by the Executive Committee shall be placed upon the boards by the Treasurer.
6. The Treasurer shall place upon the boards of the Union not less than fourteen days before
the last Business Meeting of each year a statement of all sums received and paid of liabilities
incurred of the balance in credit existing up to the time of the report and his statement shall be
read and considered at the meeting.
7. The Treasurer must not keep more than fifty rupees in his hand at a time as soon as he has
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more than rupees fifty in possession he must at once deposit all sums over and above fifty
rupees in the bank (mentioned in Chapter XI, section I) except as provided in section 9.
8. The Treasurer shall draw any sum in the name of the Union with the sanction of the Executive
Committee for the purpose of the expenditure provided of with Budget, but all withdrawal
forms or cheques must be counter-signed by the Vice- President.
9. The Treasurer shall issue reminders to the members of the Union who have not paid up their
subscriptions fees, fines and other liabilities to the Union within the prescribed period and
inform the General Secretary the names of members, who are liable to be suspended according
to rules.
10. The Treasurer shall account to his successor for all money received and paid by him up to the
time of his leaving office and shall supply his successor with an account of all Union Funds.
CHAPTER (IX)
Hall Secretaries
1. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint one or more secretaries from among the
members of the Union for each Hall and for the day students.
2.(1) A Hall Secretary must be a resident of the Hall for which he is appointed and he shall ipso
facto vacate his office if he goes out of residence in that hall.
(2) A day student secretary must be a day student of the college for which he is appointed and
he shall ipso facto vacate his office, if he closes be a day student or leaves the college.
3. The President may convene meetings of the Hall secretaries and the General Secretary and he
shall be the chairman of such meetings.
4. The Hall Secretaries shall make known to the residents of their Halls the nature and object of
the Union and collect Union subscriptions from them.
5. The Hall Secretaries shall do such other work as may be assigned to them by the President in
connection with the Union in their respective Halls.
CHAPTER (X)
The Executive Committee
1. The Executive Committee shall consist of
(1) The President,
(2) The Vice- President,
(3) The Treasurer,
(4) The Librarian,
(5) The Editor,
(6) Six members elected by the members of the Union including the General Secretary
(7) Ex- Officio members
(8) The Editor and librarian shall be appointed by the Executive Committee either from among
the six elected members of the committee or from among the student members of the Union.
2. The election of the members mentioned in Section I, Clause 6, shall ordinarily take place
annually after the election of officers.
3. Only members of the Union who have been members for at least one year and are still students
of the University, shall be eligible for election to the Executive Committee.
4. (1) The President and the Vice-President of the previous year the Committee for the current year
as provided in Chapter 5 and 6.
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(2) Members who have been members of the Executive Committee of the Mandalay Intermediate
College Union shall be exempted from the qualification regarding one year’s membership of
the Union Laid down in sub-Section 1.
5. The General Secretary shall summon all meetings of the Executive Committee at the direction
of the President who shall be the Chairman of the Committee.
6. The General Secretary shall record the minutes of all meetings of the Committee.
7. The Executive Committee shall appoint all sub-committees as provided and may also appoint
any sub-committee not specifically provided for.
8. The Executive Committee shall consider and pass orders on the budget presented by the
Treasurer as provided in Chapter 7, Section 5and 6.
9. The Executive Committee shall receive all donations endowments and other such moneys as
may be given to the Union.
10. The Executive Committee shall appoint tradesmen to be employed by the union.
11. The Executive Committee shall budget to the control of the whole House at their Business
Meetings, regulate the appointment and dismissal of the Union’s servants and determined
from time to time the salaries and wages of such servants.
12. The Executive Committee shall make such reports to the whole House at their Business
Meetings with regard to the appointment and remuneration of the Union’s servants and with
regard to the tradesmen employed by Union, as the Committee may from time to time determine.
13. The Executive Committee shall, subject to the control of the whole House at their Business
Meetings make rules for the position of fines on members of the Union.
14. The Executive Committee shall subject to the control of the whole House at their Business
Meetings, fix the time and period within which the premises will be open.
15. The Executive Committee shall have power to invite any person or persons not being members
of the Union to speak at any debate or to deliver lectures at Special Meetings.
16. Five members shall from a quorum for any meeting of the committee.
17. No member of the Executive Committee shall vote by pray.
18. Any member of the Executive Committee any ask the president to call a meeting of the
Committee and the president shall convene such meetings as he may deem necessary.
19. The Committee shall meet to consider motions for business to be put before Business meetings.
20. The officer concerned shall present their reports at business Meetings as required by the
provisions of the Constitution.
21. Any elected member of the Executive Committee (other an officer) who goes out of residence
from Rangoon for a period exceeding thirty days during full term of the University or absents
himself from three consecutive meetings of the Committee shall cease to be a member of the
Committee and a new member shall be elected in his place. Members absent from consecutive
meetings of the Committee shall be reminded of their absence by the General Secretary.
22. The Executive Committee may spend a sum not exceeding thirty rupees in any one term for
exceptional purpose, in pursuance of the objects of the Union in addition to the provisions,
made in the budget and the additional grants mentioned in Chapter 7, Section 6.
CHAPTER (XI)
Finance
1. All funds accruing to the Union shall be deposited to the credit of the Union in a bank
appointed by the Executive Committee.
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2. An ordinary fund shall be created in to which shall be paid all sum derived from fees,
subscriptions, fines and other sources allotted to meet the annual expense of the Union.
3. A reserve shall be created, into which shall be paid sum derived from endowments, donations
interest on investments, or other than those mentioned in Section 2 of this chapter. At least
two-thirds of the balance left from the ordinary fund annually shall be transferred to this fund.
4. No part of the reserve fund shall be used for any purpose except for replacements of damaged
or worm out furniture and equipment or except by virtue of a resolution passed at a Business
Meetings.
5. The Executive Committee shall prescribe form or cheque for voluntary subscriptions and
donations towards the Reserve Fund.
6. The Executive Committee shall appoint a qualified auditor annually.
7. The accounts of the income and expenditure of the Union shall every year in July be audited
by the auditor (Section 7) and the audited accounts together with the auditor’s report under
his signature shall be placed upon the boards not less than fourteen days before the first
Business Meeting of the Academic year of the University. The Treasurer shall present his
report at that meeting.
8. The presidency shall check the account and bank books.
(23) The Chairman shall be the sole judge on any point of order and may call any member to order
at any meeting and shall have power to take such action as he may think necessary to enforce
his decisions.
(24) There shall be no voting proxy at any meeting.
(25) A meeting adjourned for lack of quorum shall not require a quorum and the date to which it
has adjourned.
CHAPTER (XII)
Business Meetings
1. At Business Meetings the financial and administrative business of the Union shall be
transacted.
2. At such meetings motions for rejection of any act or resolution of the Executive Committee
which is alleged to be in excess of the powers conferred upon the said Committee by the
constitution may be moved.
3. At such meetings the following motions may be moved;
(1) Motion to amend, add to, or repeal the constitution
(2) Motion for expulsion of any member of the Union.
(3) Motion for re-admission of expelled members.
(4) Motion to censure any office of the Union.
(5) Motion to reverse any decision of the President, under Chapter 5, Section 7.
(6) Motions for appointment of a select Committee for any purpose relating to the Union.
4. Question relating to the working of the Union or affecting the interest of the Union may be
asked.
5. The decision arrived at such meetings shall be final.
6. The procedure at Business Meeting shall be governed by the following rule:-
(1) A Business Meeting shall be held at least once at the end of each University term, the last
meeting taking place in February; but the president shall have the power to convene emergency
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meeting by giving three day’s notice.

(2) The President shall convene Extra-ordinary Business Meetings on presentation of a requisition
signed by not less than an-forth of the student members (or) fifty student-members, whichever
is less, Such requisition shall state in writing the object for which the meeting is to be held.
(3) Except in case of emergency, fourteen days notice of a Business Meeting and the general
nature of the business which the Executive Committee will bring forward to be transacted
there at shall be given under the signature of the President.
(4) One-quarter of the number of student-members of the Union shall Constitute a quorum at a
Business Meeting.
(5) Any student-member who wishes to propose a motion at an ordinary Business Meeting shall
forward a copy of the motion to the president so as to reach him not later than ten days before
the date of the meeting; and the President shall, if such motion be in order, course such
motion to be placed on the agenda paper of the meeting at which it is to be moved.
(6) No motion which has been negative or other wise disposed of at a Business Meeting shall be
moved again within six months from the date of the meeting at which it was disposed of.
(7) The President shall issue not less than seven days before the date of the meeting a list of the
motions he has received to be moved at the meeting.
(8) Notice of amendments to motions of the agenda paper shall be in the hands of the President
not less than four days before the meeting.
(9) The President shall issue three days before the date of the meeting a revised agenda paper
showing all motions in the original agenda paper and motion and amendments of which due
notice has been given.
(10) In the absence of the President or Vice-President, the members present shall elect a Chairman
from among themselves.
(11) A motion for adjournment of the House to discuss an urgent and important matter concerning
the Union may be moved at a Business Meeting but notice for such motion shall reach the
President not less than one hour before the meeting starts and the President shall admit such
motion only if he considers the matter to be important and urgent.
(12) The Chairman, on his own motion or if so directed by a meeting from time to time and from day
to day, but no business shall be transacted at an adjourned meeting other than the business
unfinished at the meeting from which the adjournment took place.
(13) Not more than the first thirty minutes of a meeting shall be devoted to answering questions.
Notice of questions to be asked at a meeting must reach the President not less than three
days before the meeting. The officer concerned shall answer such questions.
(14) The order of business - At a Business Meeting the following shall be the order of Business:-
(a) The election of the Chairman, if necessary.
(b) Questions
(c) Business brought forward by the Executive Committee
(d) Business brought forward by the members of the Union.
(15) The following motions may be move without previous notice:-
(a) Motion to appoint a Chairman,
(b) Motions for adjournment of the House to another date or time if the business is not
expected to be fully disposed of within the time available.
(c) Motions that any question before the meeting be put to the vote forth with.
(d) Motions that the meeting be dissolved for lack of quorum.
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(e) Motions to ask permission to with draw a motion or amendment.

(f) Motions that the House resolve itself into a Committee,
(g) Motions expensing thanks, congratulations or sympathy.
(16) The following amendments may be moved without previous notice:-
(a) Amendments to any motion admitted without previous notice,
(b) Amendments which are in the opinion of the Chairman of urgent and important nature and
or which he considers that the opinion of the House should be taken forth with.
(17) Motions requiring votes of at least one-quarter of members and two-thirds majority of the
votes so registered shall be:-
(a) Motions to amend, add to, or repeal any provision or whole of the constitution,
(b) Motions to expel any member of the Union,
(c) Motions to re-admit expelled members
(d) Motions affecting the Reverse Fund.
(18) Motions to confer Honorary Membership and any person of distinction shall require three-
forth majority of those voting.
(19) The following shall be the procedure on motions:-
(a) Every motion admitted without previous notice shall be moved at a time to be appointed
by the Chairman.
(b) Such motions once disposed of shall not be moved again at that meeting.
(c) Every motion effecting the finances of the Union shall specify the amount affected.
(d) A motion that the House resolve itself into a Committee shall specify item or items of
business to be considered in committee.
(20) The following shall be the procedure amendments:-
(a) Every amendment must be relevant to the motion to which it refers, and must be framed so
as to form there with an intelligible and consistent sentence.
(b) No amendment shall be moved to a motion for adjournment of a meeting except one
appointing a different day or time.
CHAPTER (XIII)
Special Meetings
1. At special Meetings,
(1) Motions affecting the interests of the students of the University shall be moved, or
(2) Lectures or address may be delivered an any subject or topic other than religious, by any
person and the invitation of the Executive Committee.
2. The procedure at special meeting shall be governed by the following rules:-
(1) The president shall fix the day time at which the meeting is to be held and shall gave power to
hold such meeting in place of any data debate.
(2) The Executive Committee shall, and presentation of a requisition of not less than thirty
members of the Union, convene a special meeting. Such requisition shall state in writing the
object for which the meeting is to be called.
(3) The procedure for the satisfaction and submission of motions and amendments shall be the
same as for Business Meeting, but the President shall put before the Executive Committee all
such motions and amendments.
(4) The procedure on motions and amendments shall be governed by the rules prescribed
for Business Meetings except in case of lectures and address.
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(5) No motion shall be moved if a meeting is specially called for the lectures or address.
CHAPTER (XIV)
Debates
1. Meeting for debates shall be held as far as possible every Friday during full term of the
University except as otherwise decided by the president.
2. The Debates may be either in Burmese or in English as decided by the president.
3. The Debates may be any subject other than a religious subject.
4. The selection of motions for debates shall rest solely with the president.
5. Any member may suggest a motion for debate and signify his willingness to move it by a
written intimation to the President in selecting motions for debates the President shall take
into consideration suggestions so made.
6. The President shall be responsible for providing a motion for every debate and he shall
choose at least four principle speakers, i.e. a move and his supporter, and an opposer and his
supporter for each motion.
7. The Chairman, shall if so directed by a meeting, adjourn the meeting from time to time and day
to day, no Business shall be transacted at an adjourned meeting other than the business left
unfinished at the meeting at which the adjournment took place.
8. No motion for adjournment shall be moved for any purpose other than that of continuing the
debate an subsequent day.
9. In the absence of the President, a Chairman of the meeting shall be elected by the members
present from among themselves.
CHAPTER (XV)
Meeting in General
1. Procedure on motions, resolutions, and amendments at meeting of the Union in general shall
be governed by the following rules:
(1) The speaker shall address the chair and may not read their speeches.
(2) Every motion at a meeting shall be seconded, otherwise it shall drop.
(3) Any motion or amendment standing in the name of a member who is absent from the meeting
or who declines to move it may be moved by other another member with the permission of the
chair.
(4) No motion or amendment once moved shall be with drawn without the leave of the House.
(5) No speech on any motion of amendment shall exceed fifteen minutes but the chairman shall
have power to extend this time.
(6) A member who rises with the permission of the chairman to speak an the conclusion of a
speech has the right to be heard. In case of competition, the chairman shall decide who is in
possession of he meeting.
(7) Except as here in after provided, a member having spoken to a motion is not at liberty to speak
again to such motion.
(8) Any member may (even whilst another is spoken) rise to explain any misconception of
expressions used by him but he shall not make a speech.
(9) There shall be no personal reference to any member except in censure motions and than only
provided that such reference is relevant to the subject.
(10) Any member may call the Chairman’s attention to a point of order even whilst another is
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speaking but no speech shall be made on such point of order.

(11) When an amendment to any motion has been proposed, no other amendment shall be proposed,
until the former amendment has been disposed of.
(12) Any member may speak once on a motion and once an each amendment proposed to it, but
no member may speak more than once on any motion or amendment except as provided in
rules (13) and (14).
(13) The propose of any motion may speak an every amendment, and shall have the right of reply
immediately before the final division an his motion. The mover of an amendment has the right
immediately before the division an that amendment.
(14) No member who has spoken on the motion may subsequently move an amendment, but any
member who has only spoken on an amendment may subsequently move and amend.
(15) In the case of amendments which require previous notice, the Chairman shall call on movers
of such amendments one by one to dispose of such amendments, after the mover has moved
the motion.
(16) In the case of censure motions the officer or the member whose conduct is in question shall
have right of speaking again after the mover has replied.
(17) When the Chairman has as certain that no other member who is entitled to address the
meeting desires to speak, he shall ask the propose of the motion to reply upon the whole
debate and after that he shall put the motion to the House.
(18) A motion for the adjournment of the House shall be moved only once at a meeting.
(19) The Chairman has the same right of moving or searching or speaking to a motion or an
amendment as any member but he shall vacate the chair for the whole meeting, and he shall
nominate to the chair a member who has not taken part in the discussion. Without leaving the
chair, the chairman may however at his direction or at the request of any member, explain to
the meeting the scope of any motion or amendment. He may also at the conclusion of a
discussion sum up the discussion if he so desires.
(20) On a division, the Chairman shall appoint tellers to count the House. The manner in which a
division is to be effected shall be determined by the chairman.
(21) The Chairman shall have a casting vote at all divisions where the voting is equal.
(22) All question considered at meetings of the Union shall be decided by a simple majority of
votes of member voting, unless a particular majority is required by the constitution.
(23) The Chairman shall be the sole judge on any point of order and may call any member to order
at any meeting and shall have power to take such action as he may think necessary to enforce
his decisions.
(24) There shall be no voting proxy at any meeting.
(25) A meeting adjourned for lack of quorum shall not require a quorum and the date to which it
has adjourned.
CHAPTER (XVI)
Vacation Officers
1. If not less than three members of the Executive Committee remain in Rangoon during the
vacations, they shall be the vacation officers.
2. If less than three such members remain in Rangoon during the vacations, then the Executive
Committee shall before the beginning of the vacations appoint there vacation officers from
among the members of the Union, who will remain in Rangoon to take charge of the Union
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during the vacation.

3. The Executive Committee shall place upon the boards the names of these vacation officers
immediately after their appointments.
4. The vacation officers shall take over charge the offices assigned to them by the Executive
Committee except the Treasurer’s office.
5. The office of these officers who are leaving Rangoon during the vacations shall be distributed
among the vacation officers.
6. The Treasurer with the approval of the Executive Committee shall appoint a member of the
Union of not less than two year’s standing to take charge of his office if he is absent from
Rangoon during the vacations.
7. After the General Election, the vacation officers shall hand over charge of the offices they
held to the elected officers concerned.
CHAPTER (XVII)
Elections
1. There shall ordinarily be two General Elections annually, one for the officers and the other for
the Executive Committee.
2. The election of the President, Vice-President and Treasurer shall ordinarily be held before the
election of the Executive Committee and not later than the second week of July.
3. The retiring President if present after the summer vacations shall conduct the election of
officers.
4. If the retiring President be not present on Rangoon in time to conduct the election, the
vacation officers shall summon and a Business Meeting not later than first week of July and
this meeting shall elect a Returning officer and four tellers from among the student members
of the Union, who are not standing as contact the election.
5. Every candidate for election shall be nominated on nomination paper (which can be had from
the Returning officer or the President) signed by a propose and a seconder, entitled
to vote, which or the Returning Officer on or before the day fixed for receiving such papers.
6. Every such nomination paper shall be signed by the candidate nominated for election.
7. No member from whom any arrears are due to the Union shall be proposed as a candidate, or
propose or a second candidate or vote at any election.
8. The president or returning officer shall, within two days after the day fixed for receiving
nomination papers, put upon the boards the list of candidates nominated.
9. If nomination paper fails to comply with any one of the requirements of the provisions of the
constitution, the candidate then in nominated, shall be disqualified for that election.
10. A member who is eligible for more than one officer may stand for election for all such offices
but if he is elected two select which office he will accept, and shall resign all other
offices to which he may have been elected and the next candidate on the poll for such office
or offices shall take his place.
11. No member shall be allowed to address the House with reference to the merits or demerits of
any candidate.
12. The newly elected officers shall formally enter upon office at the first debate after the election.
13. The President or the Returning Officers shall give 7day’s notice of the first election to the
members of the Union.
14. The election shall be decided by means of a straight vote.
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15. The President elect shall conduct the election for the Executive Committee not later than two
weeks after his election.
16. If there be more than six candidates for the Executive Committee, the election shall be conducted
by a straight vote. Every member entitled to vote shall have one vote for each seat, but he
shall vote give more than one vote to the same candidate. The six candidates on the top of the
poll shall be declared elected.
17. The counting of votes shall take place on the someday or on the day following the poll in the
presence of the officers, tellers and candidates or their authorized representative and the
results shall be published on the boards and the officer who conducted the election shall call
out the names of the candidate elected at the first meeting of the House following the election.
In the election shall decide the issue by his casting vote.
18. No distinguishing mark shall be placed upon the notice issue against the names of candidate
who have served on the Executive Committee or as officers of the Union before.
19. Every election shall take place by ballot; and the voting papers shall be in such form as the
president or the Returning officer shall direct.
20. No member shall vote by proxy.
21. The nomination or voting papers shall not be published in any case or shall they be
subsequently examined unless a scrutinizing be demanded by a candidate or his propose or
by at least ten members of the Union within three days of the announcement of the results of
the election, when the President, thinks fit shall empower two ex-members or ex-officio members
of the Executive Committee to examine the voting paper; and they shall make a report to the
President, whose decision on the question shall be final.
22. If a requesting signed by fifty or one- fourth of the student members, which ever is less, be
presented to the president within a week after the election, he shall summon a Business
Meeting which shall elect a select- committee of fix members, to investigate any election
called into question by such requesting.
23. If by a majority of two-thirds of the select-committee so appointed it is held proved that any
candidate has spent more than ten rupees to secure his election by canvassing, such election
shall be declared void and he shall not be eligible for election to any officer or the Executive
Committee for one year.
CHAPTER (XVIII)
Library
1. There shall be a Library Sub-Committee consisting of a librarian and six members. The librarian
and the members of the Sub-Committee shall be nominated by the Executive Committee from
among its members or the members of the Union, and the Treasurer shall be an ex-officio
member of the Sub-Committee.
2. The Librarian shall be the chairman of the Sub-Committee.
3. The Librarian shall be in charge of the library and Reading Room; and the key of the
library shall be kept with the librarian who may entrust them to the chief clerk.
4. The library Sub-Committee shall buy such books of general interest to the members as they
may decide from time to time and shall keep such periodicals as they may think fit out of the
sum allotted for the purpose.
5. The library Sub-Committee shall, subject to the control of the whole House at Business
Meetings, make rules relating to the library and Reading Room.
167
6. Any member may borrow any not meant for reference, from the library in accordance with the
library rules.
7. The Executive Committee shall receive all books presented to the Union Library, and hand
them over to the Librarian.
8. The Librarian shall issue motives relating to the library and shall present a report with regard
to the library at the last Business Meeting of the year.
9. The Librarian shall keep a book in the library for suggestions with regard to the library and
Reading Room and a list of books borrowed and a list of all books and equipment belonging
to the library.
10. At any Business Meeting any member may propose the discontinuance of any newspaper or
periodical taken by the Union.
CHAPTER (XIX)
Union Magazine
1. There shall be a Magazine Sub-Committee consist of a Editor, a Manager and five members.
The Editor and members shall be nominated by the Executive Committee from among the
members of the Union and the Treasurer shall be an ex-officio member of the Sub-Committee.
2. The Editor shall be the chairman of the subcommittee and he shall be responsible for the
publication of the Union Magazine.
3. The Editor shall be responsible for the choice of articles for publication in the Magazine.
4. The Manager shall collect and supervise the collection of advertisement and other relative
matters, he shall as sit the Treasurer in the collection of advertisement bills etc and he be
generally responsible for the business side of the Magazine.
5. The Editor shall be the publicity officer of the Union and shall publish all matters handed to
him by the Executive Committee and he shall bring to the notice of the Executive Committee
any criticism or publication effecting the Union or the students of the University.
6. The Magazine Sub-Committee shall with the approval of the Executive Committee fix the time
for the publication of the Magazine.
7. The Sub-Committee shall, subject to the control of the whole House at the Business Meeting
make rules relating to matters concerning the Union Magazine not otherwise provide for in
the constitution.
CHAPTER (XX)
Affiliation of Other Societies
1. Any society of the University or of its constituent colleges may be affiliated to the Union on
application to the Executive Committee who shall have the power of rejecting any application
without assigning any reason.
2. Every society shall, if affiliated, pay an annual affiliation fee of rupees five and the annual
affiliation fee shall become due on the first day of the first term of each Academic year.
3. Every affiliated society shall have the use of the Hall on the sitting or Reading Room once in
every month on a day approved by the Vice-President upon payment of rent at reduced rates
to be fixed by the Executive Committee.
Note- Chapter VIII is missing in the orginal copy of Aung Tun. (Anna*: 4 Pice = 1 Anna, 16 Annas = 1 Rupee)
168
udv
YJ efu
CHAPTER (XXI)
Indoor Games
1. The Executive Committee may subject to the control of the whole House at Business Meetings
arrange for indoor games.
2. Only members of the Union shall be allowed to take part in door games, but members may be
permitted to bring guests in accordance with rules laid down by the Executive Committee for
the purpose.
3. Rules relating to indoor games shall be made by the Executive Committee subject to the whole
House at Business Meeting.
CHAPTER (XXII)
Restaurant
1. The Union Restaurant may be let out to a messing contractor by calling for tenders annually
until such time as the Executive Committee may decide, with the approval of the whole House
at Restaurant otherwise.
2. Tenders for letting the Restaurant shall be called for annually unless the Executive Committee
extends the period of lease of the lessee then in occupation.
3. The Executive Committee shall, subject to the approval of the whole House, formulate the
terms under which the Restaurant is to be let out.
TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
1. Not with standing anything contained in the constitution, the first elections of officers and of
the Executive Committee shall take place on such days as may be fixed and is such manner as
may be prescribed by the students of the University at a mass meeting.
2. Not with standing anything contained in the constitution, candidates for such elections must
have completed at least two years of study in the University.
3. Not with standing anything contained in Section 3, Chapter 11, the first members of the Union
shall be those who being eligible for Membership apply to the president to become members
within one month of the first election of officers, such applications shall be accompanied by
the Entrance Fee and subscription mentioned in Section 4, Chapter 11, but if the activities of
the Union begin in December 1930, the subscription for the remaining period of the Academic
Year shall be rupees three.
SCHEDULE 1
RULES
1. Premises - The Union premises shall be open from 6:00 a.m to 7:30 p.m on week days during
full term and from 6:00 a.m to 9:00 a.m Saturdays and holidays; but on Debate or other meeting
days the premises shall be kept open till the closing of the meetings.
2. Fines – Fines for non-payment of any fee or subscription or of any sum amounting to not less
than three rupees after it is due, shall be imposed, at the rate of annas* two for every fifteen
days, provided such five shall not exceed eight annas*.
3. Suspension of members – If a member does not discharge a liability mentioned in rule 2 within
sixty days after it is due together with the fines, he shall be suspended from the membership
of the Union, such member shall not be released from suspension until his liabilities are
discharge.
169
(c) 1939-40 AuoESifh wuo trIaqmiftzGJU

wuo
1/ udkvSa½T Ouú|
2/ udkausmfjrifh 'k-Ouú|
3/ udkaX;NrdKif twGif;a&;rSL; (pma&;q&m '*kefwm&m)
4/ udkjrwfapm t,f'Dwm
5/ udkbpH
6/ udkodef;armif
7/ udkoufaz
8/ rpöwmatvwpf (Mr. A. Latif)
9/ rpöwmwDyD0rf (Mr. T. P. Wan)
Auo
1/ udkvSa½T Ouú|
3/ udkxGef;½Sdef
4/ udkarmifarmif
5/ udkbuav;
6/ udkjrwfapm
7/ udkoufaz
8/ udkbpH
1940-41 wuo
1/ udkvSarmif Ouú|
2/ udkoef;armif 'k-Ouú|
3/ udkxGef;½Sdef twGif;a&;rSL;
4/ udkjrpdef t,f'Dwm
5/ udkjr (Social)
6/ ukdjrwfapm (Debates)
7/ udkaX;NrdKif
8/ udkarmifarmif (Librarian)
9/ udkvS (Games Officer)
(*) yxrtBudrf ausmif;om;vTwfawmftwGuf jyifqifMujcif;

1939 ck atmufwdkbmvwGif yxrtBudrf ausmif;om;vTwfawmfudk usif;yrnfjzpfonf/ ykodrfuGefz&ifhü
twnfjyKvkdufaom Auo pnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (2)? tyd'k f (3) wGif
]toif;Bu;D onf wkid ;f jynf tkycf sKyaf om Ekid if Ha&;vkyfief;wGif udk,fxdvufa&muf aqmif½Gufjcif; r½Sdap&/
¤if;tjyif rnfonfUEkdifiHa&; *dkPf;*PESifUrQvnf; aygif;pyfjcif; r½Sdap&/}
ykodrfuGefz&ifhtNyD; xGufaom aMunmpmwrf;wGifvnf;
]igwkdh toif;um; wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyfaom EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;wGif udk,fxdvufa&muf aqmif½Gufrnfr[kwf?
rnfonfUEkdifiHa&; *kdPf;*PESifUrQ rqkdif/}
1938 ck? pufwifbmv (6) &ufaeY? n wuúodkvfor*¾toif;½Hk;wGif pnf;a0;aom ausmif;om;rsm;
tpnf;ta0;wGif Ouú| udkatmifqef;u
170
udv
YJ efu
]aumif;NyD wcsKuYd ajymw,f? 'guEkid if aH &;yJ? ausmif;om;tvkyf r[kwb f ;l ajymMuw,f? jyprf;yg b,fEidk if rH mS
b,fausmif;om;awG[m usKyfwkdhvkd rvkyfMubl;vkdh *smrPD? jyifopf? t*Fvef? pydefudkMunfU? w½kwfjynfMunfU
cifAsm;wdvhk dk at;at;aq;aq;awmif raeEkid b f ;l / ppfwu dk af e&w,f/ ukvm;jynfuMkd unf?U tmPmzDqefa&; vkyMf uwke;f u
ausmif;om;awG trsm;BuD; axmifxJrSm a&mufaew,f/ tD*spfjynf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJrSm ausmif;om;awG ygcJUw,f/
olwdkh trsKd;om;tzGJY (0gzf) ygwDzufu aecJUw,f/ tJ'gawGMunfUawmU ausmif;om;awG tvkyfrvkyfbl;vdkh qdkOD;rSmvm;?
usKyfwkdh ckvkyf&wmu pifppf eJeJav;yg/}
udkatmifqef; rdefYcGef;NyD;aemuf ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;toif; tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifwkdYonf ñGefYaygif;
tpkd;&jzKwfcsa&;twGuf vHk;yrf;í vmcJhMuonf/
tu,fí ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk; EkdifiHa&;vkyf&ef qE´½Sdygu
]pnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (2)? tydk'f (3) udk jzKwfypf&ef tcgodkha&mufvmacsNyD}
ykodrfuGefz&ifhu wuúokdvfjyifqifa&; Oya'Murf;udk Mo*kwfv vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif twnfjyK
jzpfajrmuf&ef? rjzpfajrmufygu oifah wmfovkv d yk &f ef tvkyt f rIaqmiftzGUJ tm; tmPmvTcJ \ hJ / wuúov dk Of ya'Murf;
onf vTwfawmfokdY a&mufvm\/ ñGefYaygif;tpkd;& ay;onfudk tvdkr½Sdí y,fcJh\/
uGefz&ifh tmPmzDqef&m a&muf ra&muf tcgajymif;cJhí tmPmzDqefcJhjcif;onf vrf;rSef a&mufNyDxm;OD;?
wuúodkvf tufOya'jyifqifa&;twGuf rnfuJhodkY qufvkyfrnf/ azazmf0g&D vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif wuúodkvf
Oya'jyifqifa&;rnfodkY ½Sdrnf/ ñGefYaygif;tpkd;&vufrSawmh wuúokdvf Oya'jyifqifa&;udkawmh r,l qHk;jzwfcJhNyD;
ñGefYaygif;tpkd;& rjyKwfjyKwfatmif jzKwf&awmhrnf/ ,ck (2) ESpftwGif; rjyKwfvQif 1941 ckESpf a½G;aumufyGJwGif
ausmif;om;rsm;u rdrdwdkY trwfrsm; wif&awmhrnf/
1/ ausmif;om;rsm; udk,fBudKufaomtrwfrsm;wifEkdif? rwifEkdif/
2/ ñGefYaygif;tpdk;& jzKwfcsa&; vHk;yrf;ae&ojzifh-
(u) Armjynfynma&;pepf jyKjyifa&;?
(c) roifrae& ynma&;pepfwDxGifa&;ponfh ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh avmavmq,f oufqdkifaom
jyóemrsm;udk acgufxm;oifh? racgufxm;oifh/
3/ ausmif;om;wdkYonf EkdifiHa&;*dkPf;*PtjzpfESihf wnfEkdif? rwnfEkdif/
4/ igwdYk onf ½SiBf uD;0rf;vnf; 0ifcNhJ yD? ½Siif ,f0rf;vnf; 0ifcNhJ yD? igwkYd tm;ay;cJah om *dPk ;f wkYd onf rnfuo hJ Ykd
*dkPf;rsm;enf;/
(C) yxrtBudrf ausmif;om;vTwfawmf

1936 ck oydwfaemufydkif; tpdk;&u ,leDAmpDwDtufOya'jyifqifa&;? w&m;0efBuD; qmjrbl; acgif;aqmif
aom aumfrwDudk cefYxm;í 1937 ck? 'DZifbmvtwGif;ü tpD&ifcHpmxGuf&m &efukefNrdKUawmfcef;rrS aeí &efukef
ausmif;om;xk uefYuu G ½f rkH u wjynfv;kH te,fe,fuefYuu G Nf yD;aemuf jrbl;aumfrwDtpD&ifcpH m tay: xyfrjH yifqif
a&; tpD&ifcHpm aumfrwD w&yfudk udkatmifqef; tygt0if zGJUpnf;um jrbl;tpD&ifcHpm tay: jyifqif jznfhpGufcsuf
tpD&ifcHpm w&yfudk 17? 12? 37 aeYuyif ynma&;0efBuD;odkY ydkYcJh\/
jrbl;aumfrwDtpD&ifcHpmESifh ausmif;om;tzGJUaumfrwDwdkY\ jyifqifjznfhpGufcsufwdkYtay: tajcwnfí
wuúodkvfOya'Murf; jyifqifcsufukd 1938 ck? Mo*kwfv (25) &ufaeY ygvDref vTwfawmfwGif wifoGif;jyXmef;&ef
ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&onf jyifqifBudK;yrf;cJh\/ odkYaomfta&;ay: tajctaeajymif;vJí ¤if;&ufESifh uyfí (wuo)
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS wuúodkvfOya'Murf;udk pGefYy,faMumif; aMunmvdkufonf/
,if;aMunmcsufü wuúodkvfOya'Murf;udpöwGif ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&tm; tjypfrwifomaomfvnf; qif;&J
om;wdkY\ tusKd;jzpfxGef;aprnfh Oya'Murf;rsm;udkum; usepGmppfaq;NyD;vsufESihfyif ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&\ wnfwHh&m
wnfwahH Mumif; jzpfapaom Edik if jH cm;om;wdYk \ rJuckd sdeí
f tcsdeq f xJG m;onfukd awGU&aMumif;? wdik ;f jynf\ tusKd;ESiphf m
vQif tao;tzGrJ Qjzpfaom ausmif;om;rsm;\ tusKd;udo k m jzpfxeG ;f aprnfh wuúov kd Of ya'Murf;udk a½SU½Iíaeygrlum;
usaemfwdkYonf wdkif;jynftm; tusKd;,kwfapaom ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&tm; MunfndKonf[k jy&m a&mufonfhtjyif
wdkif;jynftm; usaemfwdkYyg tm;ay;ESdyfpufonfhtvm; usa&mufrnfjzpfygaMumif; ajymqdkcJhonf/ ,if;oabmrSm
bmudjk yoenf;qdak omf ausmif;om;wdYk onf 1938 ck? Mo*kwv f twGi;f uyif b,fvrf;udck sDwufawmhrnf[k rD;pdr;f udk
171
jyxm;onfhozG,f jzpfaMumif;/
1938 ck? Ekd0ifbmv yxrywfwGif ausmif;om;vTwfawmfudk wjynfvHk;rS ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,f
(95) OD; wufa&mufNyD; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm-
(1) y,fcscJhaom Oya'Murf;udk tjrefwifvdkaMumif;[laom tqdk?
(2) v,fo;D pm;Oya'Murf;ESifh v,f,majrajymif;vTaJ &; Oya'Murf;udk tjrefwifvakd Mumif;tqdu k dk qH;k jzwf
cJhonf/
xdkvTwfawmfrS a½SUaqmif½Guf&ef tvkyftrIaqmifrS tmPmawmif;NyD;aemuf atmufygtwdkif; aMunmcsuf
w&yfudk twdtvif;aMunmonf/
]]ñGefYaygif;jyKwfusa&;ESifh tjcm;ygwDwck\ [',0w¬KauseyfrIwkdYudk uREkfyfwdkY txl;rjyKayaMumif;?
ñGeYfaygif;tpd;k &onf tvkyo f rm;buf? v,form;buf? ynma&;buf ponfh tzufzufwYkdwiG f wdik ;f jynftm; epfreG ;f
apcJah vNyD/ ñGeYf aygif;i,f touf (2) ESpcf t JG wGi;f v,form;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí a<u;xljcif;? ajrrJjh cif;? vuf½dS ajr
pepft& v,f,majr ajymif;vTJa&; Oya'Murf;? v,foD;pm; Oya'Murf;rsm;wdkYudk axmufí odEdkif\/ ausmif;om;
ynma&; pdwrf auseyfp&mrsm;? csKyfcs,cf surf sm; (wuúov kd Of ya'Murf;rS ty)? rlvwef;ynma&; Oya'Murf;wGiv f nf;
ynma&;tmPmydik w f Ykd tm; xif&mjyKEkid cf iG hf ay;xm;onf/ ukvm;-Arm½du k yf EJG iS hf yufoufí ñGeYf aygif;tay: tjypfwif
p&mrsm;onf wuúokdvfOya'Murf;udk twnfjzpfatmif vkyfEkdif? rvkyfEdkif ar;pOfuvnf; eef;&if;0efonf rdrd\
tajc rcdkifrnfudkom rwifrus ajymcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh Mo*kwfv vTwfawmfwGif uREkfyfwkdYu waMumif;wnf;aom
Oya'Murf;udk pGefYy,frIvrf; vkdufcJhonf/ ñGefYaygif;onf vuf½Sdtajctaersm;udk odomatmif tcsdefwefí rjyKjyif
cJhvQif Oya'Murf;udpöxufyif vGefía½SUodkY wdk;vdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif; yg½Sdygonf/
,if;um; 1938 ck? 'DZifbmvrS pí jzpfvmcJhaom 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk\ tvm;tvm yPmr
1938 ck? Edk0ifbmvuyif ausmif;om;wdkY EkdifiHa&;tvH csKd;jycJhjcif;yif jzpfonf/
yxrtBudrfajrmuf ArmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;vTwfawmf Ouú| udkA[def;\ rdefhcGef;

&JabmfwdkY-
,ck vwfwavmtcsdeo f nfum; igwdYk ausmif;om;awGtwGuf tawmfta&;BuD;aeaom tcsdejf zpfayonf/
vsifjrefpGm ajymif;vJaeaom urÇmESifh vdkufavsmnDpGm ArmjynfwGifvnf; arQmfvifhzkdY tcsdefr&avmufatmif tjzpf
tysufwkdYjzifh jzpfysuf ajymif;vJae&m Armhta&;wGif wpdwfwa'ojzpfaom igwdkYausmif;om;rsm; ta&;onfvnf;
acwf\ ajymif;vJrIwdkYudk rsufESmrlvsuf c&D;pOfudkMunfhum ajcvSrf;trsKd;rsKd;jyif&if; wdk;wufrIbufodkY vSrf;wufcJh&
avNyD/ þtcsdefwGif ta&;wBuD; ajymif;vJvmaom Armjynf EkdifiHa&;tajctaeudk Munfhum igwkdYausmif;om;
taygif;tm; wESpcf w JG ikd f a½SUaqmifvmcJah om udak tmifqef;onf rjrifEidk af om ab;'kut © aygif;wkYd EiS hf a&m>yef;aeaom
ArmhEidk if aH &; ppfajrwvif;odYk xGucf mG oGm;NyDjzpf&um; ppfo&l aJ umif; ½Sm;yg;aeaom ArmjynftwGuf txl; tm;wuf
zG,f jzpfaomfvnf; tcsdefMumjrifhpGmuyif vufyGef;wwD;aecJhMuum ausmif;om;ta&;wdkYwGifvnf; vkyfazmfudkifzuf
a½SUaqmifa½SU½Gufjzpfol wOD;onf aemiftcgwGif igwdkY txJü½Sdawmhrnf r[kwf[laom todOmPfonfum; igwkdY
pdwu f kd rxdcu kd b
f J raeEkid cf ahJ cswum;/ udak tmifqef;\ Ekwx f uG pf mudk 0rf;enf;pGm vufcvH u
dk &f aom trIaqmiftzGUJ 0if
wkYd onf ightay:wGif r,dr;f r,kid f ,HMk unfpw d cf sonfh tavQmuf þBuD;av;vSaom Ouú|wm0efukd udak tmifqef;\
ycHk;xufrS ightay:odkY vJTajymif;vkdufMu\/ igESifh vkyfazmfudkifzuf &JabmfcspfaqGwdkYonf ighudkworwfwnf; ,Hk
MunfMuonf[k od&ojzifh 0rf;rajrmufbJ raeEkid af omfvnf;? Armwjynfv;kH ½Sd ausmif;om;taygif;wdYk \ uHMur®mudk
apmifha½Smuf xdrf;odrf;ay;&onf/ þrQ BuD;av;aomwm0efudk vJTtyfonfhtwGufudkum; olwdkYtm; aus;Zl;wif
aMumif; ajymzkdY EIwfav;aerd\/
igwkdY Armausmif;om;rsm; or*¾toif;BuD; ay:aygufvmonfrSpí (2) ESpfcGJrQMumanmif;vmaom tcsdef
umvtwGif; igwdkY &nfrSef;NyD;oGm;&m vrf;aMumif;wGif½Sdaom ql;ajimifhcvkwfwdkYudk okwfoifz,f½Sm;&mü igwkdY\
&efolrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&mü atmifjrifonfh tBudrfESifhtrQ aemufqkwf t½IH;ay;cJh&aomtBudrfwdkYudkvnf; igwkdY
&ifqdkifcJhMu&\/ þodkY½IH;ojzifh tn§Of;tyef; tESdyfpufcH&jcif; wkdYonfum; igwdkY\pdwfudk oHrPduJhokdY wif;rm
apNyD;vQif qHk;cef;rwdkifoí ravsmYaomZGJudk cdkifjrJapcJhavonf/ (2) ESpfcGJ vGefajrmufNyD;aom ,cktcsdefwGif igwdkY
toif;BuD;rSm c&D;vrf;qHw k iG f a&mufvsuf½adS csonf/ &nf½, G cf suf wckwnf;udk wpdww f nf;jzifh wdu k cf ukd af eMuaom
Armjynf te,fe,frS ausmif;om;taygif;wkdYonf ,ck yxrtBudrf usif;ytyfaom ausmif;om;vTwfawmf twGif;
172
udv
YJ efu
vma&muf awGUqHkMu&ayNyD/ ,ckavmavmq,f igwkdY a½SUarSmufü ajz½Sif;&ef apmifhqdkif;aeMuaom jyóemrsm;onf

um; raumufrauGU ajzmifhwef;pGmoGm;&rnfh igwkdY\c&D;vrf;aMumif; ½SmazGa&;ESifh igwkdYoGm;&m vrf;aMumif;udk
wnfhrwfay;rnfh rD;½I;wkdifESifhwlaom 0g'ukd pdppfa&;ponfwkdYyif jzpfayonf/ þjyóemrsm;udk rajzrD ausmif;om;
ta&;\ ausmaxmufaemufcHjzpfaom uRefArmjynf ynma&;pepfudk twdkcsHK;í qef;ppfMunfh&efvdkayonf/ vlESifh
urÇmum; wckESifh wck tjyeftvSef aumif;usKd;jyKvsuf ½SdMuayonf/ vlonf urÇmudk jyKjyifouJhodkY a½SUodkY
wjznf;jznf; jyif;xefaom t½Sdefjzifh wdk;wufvsuf½Sdaom urÇmonfvnf; vludka½SYwef;odkY qGJwifcJhavonf/
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173
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174
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ypönf; toHk;aqmifb0odkY usa&mufaeMu&ayonf/
xdYkaMumifyh if obm0w&m;tm;jzifh igwkYdom oH;k aqmifcpH m;Ekid cf iG ½hf adS om Armjynf\ ajrqDMoZm[lorQwYdkukd
wdkif;wyg; "e½SifwdkY\ vuf0g;BuD;tkyfum odrf;ydkuf ,liifxm;rIaMumifh igwkdYwawGrSm Arm&mZ0ifwGif b,ftcgrQ
rMuHKbl;cJah om qif;&J iwfrw G jf cif;ab;? a&m*gxlajymjcif;ab;? vljzpfvmMu&vsuf vlwef;aph raeEkid o f nfh ab;qd;k ?
uyfqkd;wdkY\ n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufcsufudk tjrJwap cHae&avonf/ ArmjynfrSm tcsKyftm;jzifh v,form;wdkif;jynfjzpf&m
e,fcsJUpepf\ tn§O;f cH&qH;k aom olrsm;rSm v,form; jzpfayonf/ v,form;awGrmS rd;k ½Gm aeylra½Smif? aexGuu f ae
175
ae0iftxd EGm;ESifhtwl NydKifí ½kef;um toufarG;Muvsufyif avSmf&if;epf qdkouJhodkY a<u;NrDxlxyfjcif;? v,fajr

qHk;½IH;jcif;wdkYudk rsufESmcsif;qkdifMu&avonf/
Armjynf\ ajrqDMoZmrsm;udk pepfusus xkwf,lEkdif&eftwGuf "e½Sifrsm;onf ArmjynfrSmyif t&if;aiGudk
jr§Kyfum puf½rkH sm;ukd wnfaxmifav&m a<u;wifí v,fajr vufvw G jf zpfMu&aom v,form;wdYkrmS NrdKUodYk wufa&muf
cg "e½Sifrsm;\ puf½Hkrsm;wGif tvkyform;b0tjzpf "e½Sifpepf\ aoG;pkyfrIudk qufvufcHMu&avonf/
e,fcsUJ pepf\ zdEydS cf suf tjrJwap cHae&aom v,form;? tvkyo f rm;wdYkrmS e,fcsUJ pepf wku d zf su&f eftwGuf
vIyf½Sm; qlylMuavNyD/ olwdkYonf igwdkYausmif;om;rsm;tm; vuf,yfum ppfulac:vsuf ½SdavNyD/ e,fcsJUpepf
wku d zf suaf &;twGuf igwdYk &Jabmf? &Jbufrsm;um; v,form;ESihf tvkyo f rm;awGyifwnf;/ rMumjrifv h aS omwaeYwiG f
um; v,form;? tvkyo f rm;wdYk onf igwdYk EiS hf ykc;kH csi;f ,SOv f suf vGwv f yfa&; ppfajrjyifwiG f &ifajruwkwf jyKvkyu f m
wdu k cf u
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jcif;? y#doaE©pw d u f dk [efYwm; csKyfaESmifxm;ojzifh e,fcsJUpepfukd wku d zf suf&mü igwkYd onf ArmjynftwGuf uGuu f u G f
uav;\ aumif;usdK;ukd aqmif½Hkomru urÇm½Sdvlowå0gtm;vHk;\tusKd;udk aqmif½Gufvsuf½Sdayonf/ xdkYtjyif
wdk;wufrI\ oHaESmifBudK;rsm;ESifh wlaom e,fcsJUpepf? "e½Sifpepf? zufqpfpepf ponfwkdYudk igwdkYcsnf;om wdkufzsuf
ae&onf r[kwf? urÇmESifht0Srf; vlom;awG\ Nidrf;csrf;rI? wdk;wufrI? vGwfvyfrIwdkYudk vdkvm;olwdkif; rdrdtoufESifh
pnf;pdru f ykd if pGeYf vwT u f m þacwfaemufjyefqJG pepfrsm;udk wku d zf sufaeMuayonf/ ,cka[majymonfh tcsdet f wGi;f
rSmyif pydejf ynfol jynfom; rde;f r? a,mufsm;rsm; rdrw d Ykd aoG;jzifh vl\ vGwv f yfciG ?hf urÇmYNidr;f csr;f rIwYdkukd zsuq f ;D aeaom
zufqpf0g'udk ckcHwkdufcdkuf ae½SmMuayonf/ w½kwfjynfol jynfom;wkdYonfvnf; vlawG ,Ofaus;vmjcif;\
txdrf;trSwfjzpfaom ausmif;taqmuftOD? aq;½HkponfwkdYudk AHk;MuJzsufqD;um e,fcsJUaeaom *syefe,fcsJUpepfukd
½SdorQtm;jzifh ravQmhwef; ckcHumuG,faeMu½Smayonf/ olwdkYwawGum; vlowÅ0gawG tusKd;twGuf tajrmuf?
aoewf? AHk;qHwdkYa½SUwGif udk,fhtoufudk &uf&ufa&ma&m pGefYvTwfaeMuayonf/ olwdkYwawGum; igwdkYESifh wavSxJ
pD;NyD; wc&D;xJoGm; &Jabmf&Jbufrsm; jzpfMuí olwdkYtwGuf tultnDjzifh e,fcsJUpepfudk igwkdY okwfoif ½Sif;vif;&
rnfudk rarhMuukefvifh/
&JabmfwYkd e,fcsJUpepf okwo f ifa&;udk aemufq;kH t"du&nf½, G cf sufxm;í igwkYd aeYpOfEiS t hf rQ vkyMf u&rnfh
vkyfief;um; or*¾pnf;½Hk;a&;? tiftm;pka&;wdkYyifjzpfonf/ tvkyform;? v,form;wdkYonf puf½Hk? v,fuGif;jyif?
ppfwvif;wdkYwGif ppfa&;usifhMuouJhodkY igwdkY ausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; vuf½Sde,fcsJUpepf tajccdkifjrJ&m pmoif
ausmif; ppfwvif;wdkYwGif tm;pkMu ukefthH? pnf;½Hk;Mu ukeftHh/
e,fcsUJ pepfudk wdu k zf suaf &;wGif igwkYdausmif;om;rsm;\ ,aeUwm0efrmS e,fcsUJ ynma&;pepfukd wdu k zf suaf &;
yif jzpfavonf/ ausmif;vc avsmha&;? ynmtaxmuftyhH wd;k a&;? ausmif;ydrk kd wnfaxmifa&;? pmar;yGJ atmifpm&if;
wdk;a&;ponfh ao;zGJonhf jyKjyifrIav;awGudk t&if;cHum avhusifhMuNyD;aemuf ynma&;pepf tygt0if jzpfaom
vlwdkif;\aexdkifrIpepfudk tjrpfrSaeí awmfvSef ajymif;vJMuukeftHh/
acwfaemufjyefqaJG eaom pepfwYkd ukd okwo f ifz,f½mS ;NyD;í vlwikd ;f vlwef;aph aexdik cf iG ahf y;aom tcsdet f cg
a&mufrS igwdkYwawG arQmfrSef;&m ynma&;pepfudk &Ekdifrnfjzpfí xdktcsdef xdkumv ra&mufao;orQ umvywfvHk;
wpdwfwnf;? wqE´wnf;? &nf½G,fcsuf wckwnf;jzifh igwdkY ausmif;om;awG csDwufMu&ayrnf/ þtcsdefumv
twGif; igwkdYa½SUoGm; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf wa,mufNyD; wa,muf 0ifxGuf vJvS,faeMuayrnf/ igwkdYESifh vkyfazmf
vkyzf uf cspfaqG&aJ bmfwYkd onf tcsdet f cg rwdik rf yD if igwkYd tm; cGcJ mG oGm;Muayrnf/ odYk &mwGif igwkYd wawG toufay;
um arQmfreS ;f &nfp;l xm;aom &nf½, G cf suf qH;k cef;wkid f ra&mufao;orQrlum; igwdYk \e,fcsJUpepfwu dk yf JG rD;½ª;wkid o
f nf
&J&J awmufxed v f suf ½Sad yrnf/ vGwv f yfaom ArmjynftwGuf igwdYk wawGrmS terw*¾ rsm;vSaom 'kut © aygif;wkYd ukd
&ifqdkifMu&OD;rnf/ 'dkYtoufpnf;pdrfudk pGefYvTwfMu&OD;rnf/ igwdkY arQmfrSef;aom c&D;um; tawmf tvSrf;a0;csifu
a0;ayvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif ra&wGufEkdifatmif rsm;jym;vSaom 'ku©trsdK;rsdK;? pdwfnpfp&m toG,foG,fwdkYudk atmifEdkif
cJhaom igwkdY\ arQmfrSef;csuf tjr§Kawpdwf"gwfudkum; tb,folonf igwkdYxHrS o,faqmifoGm;Ekdif ygthhHoenf;/
(i) 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHkESifh ausmif;om;rsm;

ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfMuaom udEk ?k udak tmifqef;? udAk [de;f wdYkrmS wkYdArmtpnf;t½H;k odYk ajAmif0ifNyD;
ociftrnfcHum ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHk? tvkyform;ta&;awmfyHkwdkYü 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif aeMuNyDjzpfonf/ 1300
176
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jynfh oydwpf cef;wGif ocifxeG ;f cifEiS hf ocifcifarmifnKd wdYk u oydwpf cef; oydwo f m;rsm;tm; oydwu f pd ö t&yf&yfukd
½Sif;vif; a[mMum;NyD;aemuf n (10) em&DwGif ,if;wkdYESpfOD;tm; ta&;ydkiftrdefYjzifh yk'fr (107) ESifh zrf;qD;í
axmifcs vdkufavonf/ xdknwGif;csif;yif oydwfpcef;rS ocifausmf'if? OD;"r®? ocifodef;armif? ocifrmwdkY tcsKyf
axmif twGif;odkY a&mufvmNyD; rauG;NrdKUwGif vlrsm;pka0;jcif; rjyK&? yk'fr (144) udkvnf; aMunmonf/ aemufwaeY
reufwGif ocifvGifonf a&eHajrrS a&mufvmNyD; csufcsif; tzrf;cH&onf/
þuJhodkY &efukefNrdKUodkY OD;wnfcsDwufvmaom a&eHajr oydwfwyfBuD;onf 4? 12? 38 &uf? eHeuf (11)
em&DwGif rauG;NrdKUodkY a&muf½Sdvmavonf/ a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; &yfem;cGifhr&rD acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom OD;0g,r?
OD;aZmwdu? OD;£E´? ODeE´? ocifz;kd vSBuD;? ocifbwif? ocifbarmif? ocifoed ;f azBuD;wdYk ukd e,fcsJUvufyg;aprsm;u
zrf;qD; vdu
k af vonf/ xdt k cg A[dk wdYk Armtpnf;t½H;k ½Sd ocifoef;xGe;f onf a&eHajroydww f yf\ rauG;NrdKUjzpfysuyf kH
tajctaepHkudk owif;,l&ef ocifxGef;cifudk vQKdU0SufpGm ydkYvdkufavonf/
ocifxGef;cif\ owif;ay;csuft& ocifazoef;? ocifpkd;? ocifxdef0if;ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;
jzpfaom udkA[def;ESifh udkAaqGwkdYudk rauG;NrdKUodkY oGm;a&muf&ef a½G;cs,fapvTwfvdkufonf/ ausmif;om;wdkYonf
yPmrtvHcsdK;jyonfhtwdkif; 1938 ck 'DZifbmv (7) &ufaeY a&eHajrtvkyform; (2000) cefYESifh v,form; (2)
aomif;ausmfudk &efukefodkY csDwufvmrnfhta&; BudKqdk{nfhcHjyifqifa&;twGuf EkdifiHa&;*dkPf;aygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;BuD;
w&yfukd a½Tw*d akH jc&if; OD;b&DZ&yfwiG f ac:qduk sif;ycJ&h modYk &J&aJ wmuf udo
k ef;wif? udAk aqGwYkd wufa&mufí wm0ef
,lcJhMuonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif em,u ODZ#dv? Ouú| ocifxdyfwifudk,fawmfBuD;? twGif;a&;rSL; ocifpHxGef;
vSESifh ocifoef;xGef;wdkY aqmif½GufMu&m a&eHajrtvkyform;ESifh v,form;rsm;tm; BudKqdka&;? jyifqifrIpDpOf
wm0efcGJa0&mü BudKqdka&;aumfrwDwGif udkAaqG (or*¾) onfvnf;aumif;? auR;arG;a&;ESifh b@ma&;wdkYwGif NrdKUr
&J&Jawmuf udkoef;wifonfvnf;aumif;? yg0ifxrf;½Guf&ef wm0ef,lMuawmhonf/
8? 12? 38 &ufwGif Auo tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJYrS aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefawmhonf/
&Jabmfw-hkd
igwdkY\ aoG;csif;om;csif;rsm;jzpfaom a&eHajroydwfarSmuf tvkyform;rsm;tm; vnf;aumif;? yJcl;?
a0gtp½Sdaom e,frSv,form;rsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkYepfemcsufrsm;? vdkvm;csufrsm;udk awmif;qdk&ef?
rdrdwdkY qE´tiftm;jy&ef ,cktcg rdrdwdkYqdkif&m e,ftoD;oD;rS csDwuf vmMuukefavNyD/
odYk vQif tqif;&J tepfemcHum ½G½H mS rke;f wD;zG,af umif;vSaom Ekid if cH sJUpepf? aoG;pky"f e½Sirf sm;udk &J&&J if&h ifh
wGe;f vSeNf zdKzsuf&ef csDwufvmMuukeaf om igwdYk \ol&aJ umif; &JabmfwYkd tm; igwdYk Auotoif;rsm;u csDwuf&m
vrf;c&D;wGif½Sdaom -
(u) c&D;OD;BudKjyKjcif;?
(c) tpm;taomuftwGuf aqmif½Gufjcif;?
(*) ae&mxdkifcif;rsm;twGuf wwfpGrf;oavmuf tultnDay;Mu&ef igwkdY wdkufwGef;\/
xdu k pd t
ö &yf&yfwYkdukd atmifjrifxajrmuf&ef igwkYd tpnf;t½H;k \ e,for*¾toif;rsm;u rdrw d Ukd qkid &f mwGif
OD;pD;ívnf;aumif;? rdrw d Ykdqidk &f m NrdKUrsm;wGif zGUJ pnf;xm;aom apmifah ½Smufa&;tzGUJ rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;í vnf;aumif;?
ulnDaqmif½GufMu&ef igwdkY A[dkor*¾toif;BuD;u xkwfqifh taMumif;Mum; vkduf&ygaMumif;/
AaqG
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ArmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾toif;
udkA[def;ESifh udkAaqGwdkY yg0if&jcif;rSmvnf; ocifvSazESifh ocifxdef0if;wkdYonf udkA[def;wkdYudk wdkYArm

tpnf;t½Hk;odkY zdwfMum;í ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tvkyform;qE´jyyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifulnD&ef zdwfMum;cJhonf/
ausmif;om;ESifh tvkyform; aoG;pnf;nDñGwfa&;rS wqifh vlxkvIyf½Sm;rIqDodkY OD;wnfap&ef wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;
acgif;aqmifrsm;u ajymMum;cJo h nf/ 'DZifbmv (8) &ufaeUwGif wdYk Armtpnf;t½H;k rS apvTwv f u kd af om ocifazoef;?
ocifpdk;? ocifxdef 0if;wdkY rauG;odkYa&muf½dSvmonf/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkA[def;ESifh udkAaqGygvmavonf/
udAk [de;f ESihf udAk aqGwUkd onf a&eHacsmif;NrdKU ausmif;om;rsm;qE´jyyGEJ iS hf ausmk if;om;rsm;y#dyu©ukd ajz½Si;f &ef taMumif;jyK
177
í xGufcGmvmNyD; a&eHacsmif;wGifacwå0ifum rauG;odkYa&mufvmMuonf/ udkA[def;rSm wuoOuú|jzpfí udkAaqGrSm

twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfonf/
rauG;wGif aomifwifvsuf½adS om a&eHwyfBuD;tm; a½SUaqmifcsDwuf&eftwGuf yxrqH;k XmecsKyfrS apvTwf
vdkufol wm0efcHyk*d¾Kvfrsm;\uwdcH0efcsufrSm-
1/ igwdkhonf a&eHoydwfwyf wckwnf;udkjzpfap? v,form;wyfBuD; wckwnf;udkjzpfap (odkhr[kwf) ESpfwyf

pvHk;udkjzpfap &efukefodkh ta&mufwm0efcHBuD;rSL;í ac:aqmifcJUygtHU/
2/ igwdkh\wm0efonf &efukefNrdKY ü tvkyform;tpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm;? v,form;tpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm; NyD;pD;í
vlpkuGJonfUtcgrS NyD;qHk;onf[k ,HkMunfygaMumif;/
3/ wm0efNyD;qHk;onhf pcef;odkh ra&mufrcsif; rnfuJUodkh taESmifUt,Sufrsm;ESifU MuHKawGYapumrl rwGefhrqkwfbJ
a½SYodkhom wkd;í wufcJUygtHU/
4/ vlpkuGJapwwfaom vkyfief;rsm;udk b,ftcgrQ rvkyfyg? tusKd;vdka&mif ½lyaqmifí aoG;cGJjcif;? vlpkcGJjcif;
ponfU y&d,m,fwdkhudk tpGrf;ukef a½Smifwdrf;ygownf;/
wm0efcHAdkvfrsm;rSm
1/ ocifxGef;cif
2/ ocifazoef;
3/ ocifpdk;
4/ ocifxdef0if;
5/ udkA[def; (ausmif;om;or*¾)
6/ udkAaqG (ausmif;om;or*¾) wdkYjzpfonf/
'DZifbmv (8) &ufaeYwiG f &efuek f A[dXk mecsKyfrS a&muf½v dS mMuaom ocifazoef;? ocifp;kd ? ocifxed 0f if;
ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkA[def;? udkAaqGwdkYonf rJxD;ausmif;wkduf oydwfpcef;twGif; ajcvsif oHrPdoydwf
wyfrsm;ESifh twl pwnf;csvsuf oydwfwyfrsm; pdwf"gwfMuHUckdifa&;udk tpGrf;ukefBudK;yrf;Muonf/ pnf;urf;ao0yf
a&;ESifh usef;rma&;ukdk ydkrdkaumif;rGefvm&ef pDpOfMuonf/ rauG;½Sd ausmif;om;or*¾ acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh qufí
NrdKUvlxk? e,fvlxkwdkYudk oydwfrsm;tm; ulnDaxmufyHh&ef vIHYaqmfpnf;½Hk;Muonf/
udAk [de;f wdYk rauG;odYk a&mufNyD; csufcsif;vdyk if rauG;NrdKU tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;wGif usif;yaom ausmif;
om;rsm; tpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&mufcJhMuonf/ rauG;ausmif;om; or*¾Ouú|rSm udw k ifO;D jzpfí udw
k ifO;D ESihf tjcm;
or*¾ acgif;aqmifrsm;pGmwdYkonf ocifpw d ?f rsK;d csppf w
d f vGepf mG jyif;xefMuonft h wdik ;f wkYdArmtpnf;t½H;k odYk r0ifMuap
umrl rdrdwdkYudk,fudk rdrdwdkYbmom ocif trnfwyfí ac:vsuf½Sdonf/ ocifazoef;? udkA[def;? udkAaqGwdkYu
a&eHajr oydww f yfBuD;onf rlv&nf½, G cf sut f wdik ;f &efuek o f Ykdta&muf csw D ufrnf/ rnfou l rnfoYkd wm;qD;apumrl
csw
D ufvmMuaom tvkyo f yfBu;D tm; anmifvpS ma&;wef;ESiUf pwdak 'gi½Uf mG t0ifrS &Jrsm;uzrf;qD;&ef vrf;ydwaf pmifMU uonf
f rm;oydww Source: Year 1300 (Vol-2)
178
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a&eHwyfom;rsm;u *½kpdkufrnfr[kwf/ yk'fr (144) xkwfjyefjcif;onf rw&m;wm;qD; xkwfjyefjcif; jzpfonf/ oydwf

orm;rsm;onf xdkrw&m;rIudk iHkUírcH? tjyif;txef wGef;vSefí w&uf? ESpf&uftwGif; rauG;rS xGufMurnf/ &efukef
A[dXk mersm;rS apvTwv f u
kd af om rdrwd Ykd onf a&eHwyfBuD;udk a½SUaqmifrnfjzpfonf/ rdrw d Ykd ukd jynfth apcHrsm;u a&eH
wyfBuD;udk acgif;raqmifEkdif&ef zrf;qD;csif zrf;qD;vdrfhrnf/ zrf;qD;vQifvnf; wAdkvfwuf wAdkvfqif;pepfjzifh a&eH
wyfBuD; qufvufcsDwufrnf {uefjzpfonf/ a&eHwyfom;rsm;\ ta&;udk rdrdwdkYuJhodkYyif rauG;½Sd ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;? NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;tm; 0dkif;0ef;ulnDMu&ef arwåm&yfcHcJhygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh wuG NrdKUvlxkuyg
ulnDvQif rauG;NrdKUrS a&eHwyf xGufcGma&;rSm atmifjrifrnf rkcsjzpfaMumif; a[majymonf/ wufa&mufvmMuaom
ausmif;om;ausmif;ol (200) ausmfwkdYuvnf; a&eHwyfom;rsm;ta&;udk tpGrf;ukef ulnDrnfjzpfaMumif; uwday;
qH;k jzwfonf/ 'DZifbm (12) &ufaeY naewGif rJx;D ausmif;wku d f oydwpf cef;wGif tpnf;ta0;BuD; w&yfusif;yonf/
xdt k pnf;ta0;ü ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol? vlxrk sm;pGm wufa&mufMuonf/ xdt k pnf;ta0;wGif ocifxed 0f if;? udAk [de;f
wdkY a[majymonf/ ocifpdk;ESifh ocifazoef;rS 11? 12? 38 &uf nae (6) em&D (5) rdepf tpnf;ta0;ü a[majym
rIjzihf &Jrsm;u zrf;qD;oGm;avonf/
udkA[def;u
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A[def;? udkAaqG? ocifpdk;? ocifxdef0if;? ocifazoef;ESihf (5) OD;udk zrf;qD;vdkufavonf/
Auoonf ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;udk t"duxm;í vIy½f mS ;aepOf ,if;\ wk;d wufjzpfay:rI tvm;tvmudk
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rvmEkdif&ef Oya'yk'frtrsKd;rsKd; xkwfí BudKwif[efYwm;jcif;? csDwufvmMuonfh tvkyform;rsm;udk rw&m;wm;qD;
½Hrk u acgif;aqmifrsm;udyk g wa,mufNyD; wa,muf NzdKcGaJ ejcif;wkYdukd rsu0f g;xifxif awGUjrifae&aom ausmif;om;rsm;
onf rw&m; tzdEydS cf &H vsuf&adS om awmifov l ,form;wdYk EiS fh tvkyo f rm;wkYd bufrS ud, k cf sif;pmvsuf rsm;pGmMuifem
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(p) wwd,ausmif;om;oydwftwGuf jyifqifMujcif;

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vmjyefonf/
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f uúov kd af usmif;om;or*¾rS BuD;rSL;í txl; tpnf;ta0;udk
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179
oHCmawmfrsm;yg wufa&mufí toif;wdkuf twGif;? tjyif aep&mr½Sdatmif jynfhvQHí oGm;ayonf/ ausmif;om;

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f jzifh "e½Sirf sm;xH
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wHk;wkdufwkduf urf;wdkufwkduf EkdifiHa&;odkh ajcpHkypfí 0ifvkdufNyDjzpfaMumif;? ,ckta&;rSm qif;&Jom;rsm;u qif;&Jom;
rsm;bufu ae&rnfjzpfaMumif;?} aMunmí -
1/ NrdKUrudo k ef;wifu rEÅav;NrdKUwGif jynfow l Ykd tm; rw&m;csKyfcs,fxm;onfh yk'rf 23 (7) ESihf &efuek Nf rdKUodYk
csDwufvmaom a&eHajroydwftvkyform;rsm;ESifh awmifolv,form;wkdYtm; yk'fr (144) ESifh &efukef'DpBwdwfw&m;
olBuD;u wm;jrpfxm;jcif;? &efuek Nf rdKUwGif wifBudKxkwx f m;aom trdeUf ESihf tjcm;NrdKUrsm;wGif zdEydS x f m;aomOya'rsm;udk
tvQiftjref ½kyfodrf;ypf&ef tqdkwifoGif;ajymqdk&m ukdvSñGefU (vrf;rawmfjrLausmif;) ESifh (ykZGefawmif jrLausmif;)
udkatmifpdefwkdYu axmufcHtwnfjyKvdkufonf/
2/ wuúov kd o
f r*¾ Ouú| udAk [de;f ESifh twGi;f a&;rSL; udAk aqGwYkdtm; tjrefvw T &f eftqdu k kd uefYuu
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rvTwfvQif ausmif;om;rsm;udk apmfum;&ma&mufí a½SUodkYwqifhwkd;í ausmif;om;rsm;u tMurf;zufMuvQif ausmif;
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JG wGuf wku kd yf 0JG if&ef &J&aJ wmuf pm&if;
aumuf&m ,cktcg (111) a,muf ½SdNyDjzpfaMumif;? ¤if;wkdYrS pwif&efpojzifh Ouú|ESifh tusKd;aqmifudk vTwfjzpfonf
jzpfap? rvTwfjzpfonfjzpfap rNidrfEdkifaMumif;? odkUjzpfí wuúodkvfor*¾ESifh Auotoif; trIaqmifrsm;u pwifí
(3) &ufMum oydwfarSmufMu&ef jzpfaMumif;ESifh ed*Hk;csKyf pum;ajymMum;í tpnf;ta0;ukd ½kyfodrf; vkdufavonf/
udkvSa½T? udkodef;atmifwdkYrSm tjynfht0 BuD;MuyfrIay;EkdifcJhonf/ Ouú|ae&mudk ESpfBudrfwdwd jiif;qdkcJhaom
udvk aS ½TrmS ydrk kd xif½mS ;vmavonf/ udv k aS ½TrS or*¾twGi;f pnf;rS yk*Kd¾ vfrsm;taeESihf vQKUd 0Supf mG aqG;aEG;NyD; ausmif;om;
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BudKqkd&ef jyifqifcJhMuonf/
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ta0;BuD;udk a½Twd*Hkü usif;y\/ barmf-bOD; tpdk;&tzGJU0if b@ma&;0efBuD; OD;xGef;atmifausmfuvnf; xdktpnf;
ta0;odkY wufa&mufNyD; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; qHk;rpum; tenf;i,fajymMum;vkdaMumif;? tpnf;ta0; obmywdxH
awmif;qdkaomfvnf; obmywdu jiif;y,fonhftjyif ausmif;om;uav;rsm;onf ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&tzGJU0if 0efBuD;
rsm;avmuf rrdkufí qHk;rpum;ajym&ef rvdkaMumif;? ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&tzGJU0ifwkdY\ rsufESmudk rMunfhvdkaMumif;?
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'DZifbmv (15) &ufaeY? nae (4) em&Dcw JG iG f a½Tw*d akH pwDawmfBuD;\ &m[kaxmifh &ifjyifawmfü &efuek Nf rdKU
vHk;qkdif&m ausmif;aygif;pHk wdk;csJUtxl;tpnf;ta0;BuD; w&yf qufvuf usif;yMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; omru
vlxkrsm;yg wufa&mufcJhNyD; &[ef;ysKdtzGJUrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? trsKd;orD;tzGJUrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg wufa&muf
Muonf/
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acwfopf aemfraH usmif;? uefawmfav; jrLeDpyD ,ftxufwef;ausmif;? rufo'pfausmif;? yJc;l u&if tv,fwef;ausmif;?
ul½Sifausmif;? pdef*Ref;ausmif;? &efukefwuúodkvf? ,k'oefaumvdyf? tpdk;&[kdufpul;ausmif;? aq;ausmif;rS ausmif;
om;? ausmif;olrsm;omru trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;rsm;? ocif? ocifrrsm;? A[kdtcGefxrf;tzGJUrS trIaqmifrsm;?
bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;yg tpnf;ta0; rprDuyif BudKwif a&muf½SdMu&m y&dwfowf waomif;ausmf &m[kaxmifh &ifjyif
wGifru teD;em;½Sd Z&yfrsm;yg jynfhESufí oGm;avonf/
xdkaeY wufa&mufMuaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;rSm pdwftm; wuf<uvGef;ojzifh a[majymolwdkY\
rdefYcGef;NyD;wkdif; vdkvdkyif Mum;jzwfí-
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jc,f wl? wHpOf tvHBuD;ESifh ol&JBuD;atmifvHawmfBuD;udk pkdufxlvTifhwifMuNyD;vQif wkdYArmoDcsif;ESifh tmZmenfoDcsif;
wdkYudk oHNydKifnDnmpGm oDqdkMuonf/
tpnf;ta0;udk Auo 'k-Ouú| udkvSa½Tu obmywdtjzpf vnf;aumif;? wuúodkvfor*¾twGif;a&;rSL;
udkat;ausmfu tusKd;aqmiftjzpf aqmif½Gufavonf/ wuúodkvfor*¾ trIaqmifwOD;jzpfol udkodef;atmifu -
]],aeYausmif;om;aygif;pHk pnf;a0;Mujcif;rSm aoG;pnf;&ef jzpfaMumif;? wuúodkvfor*¾ toif;ü ,refaeY
u &Jabmfrsm; aoG;pnf;cJhjcif;rSm "e½Sifrsm;ESifh qif;&Jom;rsm; wdkufyGJBuD;jzpfaeonfh twGufjzpf&m ,cktcsdefrSm
qif;&Jom; awmifolv,form;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;zufrS ausmif;om;rsm;u ulnD&eftcsdef a&mufvmojzifh
½Gyf½GyfcRHcRH udk,fxdvufa&muf 0ifa&muf aqmif½GufMu&efjzpfaMumif;? ,ckpnf;a0;jcif;rSm tm;,l½HkrQom½Sdao;í
aemifudk wHk;wkdufwkduf? urf;wkdufwkduf tumtuG,fr½SdbJ ZGwfwdk;vkyf&ef &uftydkif;tjcm;rQom vkdawmhojzifh
&ifqidk rf vGaJ wGU&rnf jzpfaMumif;? rdrw d Ykd ausmif;om;rsm;rSm Ekid if aH &;e,fxoJ Ykd raeYupNyD; ajcpHyk pf0ifaeNyDjzpfaMumif;?
,ckuJhodkY EkdifiHa&; ajcvSrf;rsKd; vSrf;&jcif;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;u qwfaqmhNyD; pwif vSrf;cJhjcif;r[kwfbJ EkdifiHa&;xJ
a&mufatmif tpdk;&ESifh atmufaus;uRefrsm;u pcJhjcif;udk trsm;yif od½SdMuaMumif;? Ouú| udkA[def;ESifh twGif;a&;rSL;
181
udAk aqGrmS ausmif;om;rsm; udpEö iS hf rauG;NrdKUoGm;pOf a&eHoydwo f rm;rsm;rSm "e½Siof mru "e½Siu f kd tm;ay;aeonfh
tpkd;&\ tESdyfpufcHaeMu&onfudk awGU&ojzifh trsKd;twGuf w&m;a[majymrd&m rauG;ykvdyfwdkYu tjcm;yk'fr?
yk'fxD; ½SmrawGUojzifh vlqdk;vlawrsm; zrf;onfh &mZ0wfusifhxHk; udk"Oya' (107) t& zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifxm;vkduf
aMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;\ rScD t kd m;xm;&m ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif ESpOf ;D udk rw&m;zrf;qD;jcif;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;udk
yxrtBudrf &efpjcif;omjzpfaMumif;? ,cktcg wkdif;jynfwckvHk;rSm epfemí vGwfvyfrI r½Sdonhftjyif pm;rI? aerI?
xkdifrI? oGm;rI? vmrIwdkYüvnf; usD;vefYpmpm;&ouJhodkY jzpfaevQif rnfonfh EkdifiHrqdk ausmif;om;rsm; EkdifiHa&;xJokdY
0ifa&muf&jcif; jzpfaMumif;? xdkYtwl rdrdwdkYvnf; rvGJra½Smifom 0ifa&mufMu&jcif;jzpfaMumif;}} wdkYudk tus,fw0ifh
½Sif;vif; wifjyonf/
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onf tcsif;csif; aoG;pnf;nDñw G Mf uNyD; "e½Si0f g'ysufp;D rIEiS hf "e½Siu f tkd m;ay;aeonfh tpd;k & ysufp;D atmif MuHaqmif
BudK;pm;Mu&rnf jzpfaMumif;? awmifoal wmifom; v,form;rsm; rcsrf;omvQif ausmif;om;rsm; rcsrf;omEkid af Mumif;?
"e½Sifpepfudk ulnDtm;ay;NyD; jynfolwkdYudk n§yfyl;n§yfydwf vkyfaeonfh tpdk;&tzGJUudk tjrefjzKwfcs&rnf jzpfaMumif;}}
ponfjzifh a[majymonf/
xdkYaemuf atmufygtqdkrsm;udk uefYuGufrIr½Sd oHNydKif[pfa<u;í twnfjyK qHk;jzwfvkdufMuonf/
1/ (u) rEÅav;wGif jynfol? jynfom;wkdYtm; rw&m;ojzifh xkwfjyefxm;aom 1932 ckESpf jyifqifcsuf
Oya' (23)? tydk'f (7)?
(c) &efukefodkY csDwufvmMuaom tvkyform;wyfBuD;tm; rw&m;ojzifhcsKyfcs,f&ef xkwfxm;aom yk'fr
(144)?
(*) &efukefwGif jynfoljynfom;wdkYtm; rw&m;ojzifh csKyfcs,f&ef xkwfxm;aomyk'fr (144)?
(C) tjcm;NrdKUrsm;wGif wdik ;f oljynfom;wkYd tm; rw&m;ojzifh csKyfcs,f&ef xkwjf yefxm;aom yk'rf trsKd;rsKd;wdYk
twGuf jynfykdiftpdk;&tm; ½IwfcsaMumif;?
(i) þtcsufrsm;rSm jynfolYvGwfvyfrIESifh qefYusifojzifh tjref½kyfodrf;&eftjyif rw&m;zrf;qD;jcif;cH&
aom jynfol? jynfom;wkdYtm; tjrefvTwfay;&ef þtpnf;ta0;BuD;u qkdif&mtpdk;&tm; av;eufpGm
awmif;qdkaMumif;?
2/ aemifjynfolwdkY\ vGwfvyfrIrsm;udk wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif; rjyK&ef qkdif&mtpdk;&tm; þtpnf;ta0;BuD;u
av;eufpGm owday;aMumif;?
3/ rauG;odkY ausmif;om;rsm;udpEö Sifh ywfoufí vdkufygoGm;&aom AuoESifh wuo Ouú| ukdA[def; tjyif
ArmjynfvHk;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;toif;csKyf twGif;a&;rSL; udkAaqGwdkYudk a&eHajr tvkyform;wyf
tm; qlyljcif;iSm vIHUaqmf&efvmonf txifESifh &mZ0wfusifhxHk; udk"Oya' (107) t& rw&m; zrf;qD;csKyf
aESmifxm;onfukd csufjcif;vTwfypf&ef qdkif&mwdkYtm; tjyif;txef awmif;qdkaMumif;?
4/ þtjyKtrlonf Armjynf½Sd ausmif;om;wkdif; ausmif;om;wkdif;tm; ajymifajymifapmfum;&m a&mufaMumif;?
qkdif&mu txufyg awmif;qkdcsuftwdkif; rvkdufemí ausmif;om;rsm; rcHr&yfEkdifjzpfum jzpfcsif&mjzpf
jyKvkycf ahJ omf ausmif;om;rsm;\ tjypfr[kwaf Mumif;udk þtpnf;ta0;BuD;u twdtvif;aMunmaMumif;/
5/ a½SUtzdkY vkyfaqmif&rnfhta&;rsm;udk atmufygausmif;toD;oD;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; Auotoif;csKyf
tvkyftrIaqmifrsm;ESifh wkdifyifí qufvufaqmif&Guf&ef þtpnf;ta0;BuD;u wm0efvTJtyfaMumif;/
udkaomif;pdef pdef*Ref;
udkwifarmif? udkcspf? udkvS rufo'pf
udkñGefUarmif uefawmfav;
&J&Jawmuf udkoef;wif NrdKUr
udkvSa½T tpdk;&[kdufpul;
udkusifpDG ykZGefawmifjrLeDpDy,f
udkwifat; vrf;rawmf
udkvSñGefY acwfopfaemfref
udkat; OD;nDykausmif;
udkvS[ef at;ausmif; wkdYjzpfonf/
182
udv
YJ efu
tpnf;ta0;udk nae (6) em&DwGifatmifjrifpGm½kyfodrf;vkdufonf? þ

uJo h Ykd vufawGUtm;jzifh ñGeYf aygif;tpk;d &\ yk'rf (144) udk tmPmzDqefwu kd zf suf
Mujcif;jzpfonf/ pdwf"gwfwuf<uum pnf;vHk;nDñGwfvsuf½Sdaom ausmif;om;
rsm;onf rdrt d a&;qdck sufrsm;udk 'DZifbmv (19) &ufaeY naerwdik rf D ta&;,ljyef
Mum;&efESifh xdkodkYrjyefMum;ygu aemufwqifhxyfrHí jyif;xefaom ajcvSrf;vSrf;
rnf[k ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&tm; taMumif;Mum;&mZoHay;cJhavonf/ okdY&mwGif ñGefY
aygif;tpk;d &taeESihf ta&;,lrrI ½Scd ahJ y/ ausmif;aygif;pHt k pnf;ta0;\ qH;k jzwfcsuf
t& 'DZifbm (15) &uf? nae (4) em&DwiG f NrdKUrtxufwef;ausmif;ü ausmif;om;
aygif; (7000) ausmfonf pka0;vsuf AuoOuú| udv k aS ½Tu qE´jya&;tpDtpOf
udk twdck sK;H ajymoGm;\/ ArmhEidk if aH &;vIy½f mS ;rIordik ;f ü rMuHKbl;ao;aom tpk;d &xkwf
Source: 50 Years
jyefxm;onfh yk'fr (144) udk csKd;azmufaomtm;jzifh NrdKUrrS a*:'Gifvrf;? aumfr½Sif
emvrf;? armif*rkd m&Dvrf;? a&ausmt f rd Bf uD;vrf;? ykZeG af wmift;kd bkt
d xd pDwef;cswD uf a'guw
f mbarmf
vrf;avQmufvsuf tmPmzDqefyGJ (Civil Disobidient) udk jyKvkyfMuonf/
a<u;aMumfoHrsm;rSm-
]ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG tjrefvTwf}
]a'gufwmbarmf aoygap}
]qmay:xGef; aoygap}
]ñGefhaygif;tpkd;& aoG;tHygap}
]yk'fr 144 tvkdr½Sd}
]ta&;awmfyHk atmif&rnf}
wdkYArmoHk;a&mif wl? wHpOftvHESifh ol&JBuD;atmifvHawmfudk vTifhxlum-
]ausmif;om;? ausmif;om; rdkufrdkuf}
]awmifolv,form;rsm;ESifU ausmif;om; aoG;pnf;Mu}
]tvkyform;rsm;ESifU ausmif;om; aoG;pnf;Mu}
tmPmzDqefyGJukd vdyfuefyef;jcHwGif atmifjrifpGm vlcGJvdkufonf/
'DZifbm (18) &ufwGif &[ef;ysKdtzGJUonf rEÅav;ü atmifajreif;um tmPmzDqefa&;ESifh qE´jyyGJrsm;
jyKvkyfcJhonf/ [oFmwNrdKUwGifvnf;aumif;? a&eHacsmif;rS ausmif;om;rsm;oydwfonf rauG;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
yl;aygif;í 'DZifbm (19) &ufaeYwGif tmPmzDqefyGJrsm; jyKvkyfum udkA[def;ESifh udkAaqGudk jyefvTwf&ef awmif;qkd
cJhavonf/
(Z) wwd,ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;
ausmif;om;wkYdwiG f aemufwqifw h u
dk yf 0JG if&ef tpDtpOfrsm;½So
d nf/ odYk&mwGif xdt k pDtpOfrsm;udrk l usyw f nf;
pGm vQKdU0Sufxm;Muojzifh rnfolrQ rodMuay/ 'DZifbmv (19) &ufaeYwGif tpdk;&xHrS jyefMum;csuf r&ygu
aemufwaeY (odYk) w&uf? ESp&f uftwGi;f ausmif;om;wkYdonf NrdKUwGi;f ü pDwef;vSnv hf nfí yk'rf (144) udk csK;d azmufum
tmPmzDqefMuvdrfhrnf[k cefYrSef;Muonf/ ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIonf a&eHajr tvkyform;ta&;ESifh ywfoufí
qufpyfvsuf½Sdonf/ a&eHajr tvkyform;ta&;ESifh a0gawmifolv,form;ta&;rSm wdkYArmocifrsm;u vrf;ñTef
a½SUaqmifvsuf½Sdonf/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifESifh wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; acgif;aqmifrSm wpdwfw0rf;wnf; qufpyf
vsuf½Sdonf/ xdktcsdefu tvkyform;ta&;? awmifolv,form;ta&;? ausmif;om;ta&;wkdYudk wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;
ocifrsm;rSwyg; ygvDreftwGif; tmPm& ñGefYaygif;tzGJU taeESifhvnf;aumif;? tmPmrJh twkduftcH ig;yGifhqkdif?
rsKd;cspfponfh EkdifiHa&;tzGJUrsm; taeESifhaomfvnf;aumif; pdwfyg0ifpm;rIr½Sd? odkY&mwGif OD;apmonf vlyg;vleyf
wa,muf jzpfonht f wkid ;f ¤if;tiftm;pkrsm;udk rDí
S (odYk ) ta,mifjyí ñGeUf aygif;tpk;d &udk jzKwfcsum ygvDrefenf;t&
tmPm,l&ef pwifpidk ;f jyif;avonf/ odYk aomf OD;apm\ tmPmzDqefa&;wku d yf rJG mS vlwpkwu dk yf o
JG mjzpfí ausmif;om;
xk\ tmPmzDqefa&;wdkufyGJrSm vlxkwkdufyGJom jzpfavonf/
udkvSa½Tonf awmufavQmuf ausmif;om;rsm; pdwftm;xufoefrIESihf nDñGwfrI½Sd&ef ½Sif;vif; ajymMum;
183
cJah vonf/ udv k aS ½Tonf aemuf&ufrsm;wGif tpd;k & tmPmzDqefa&; udpjö r§iw hf ifa&;ü wduspGm acgif;aqmif Ekid cf ahJ v
onf/ aemufqHk; tqifhtxd or*¾ tajctaersm;udk aqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/ NrdKUjyOya' tmPmzDqefa&; vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;
jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ nbufwGif ocifEkESifh ocifodef;azwkdY rdefYcGef;ajymMum;cJhonf/ ocifEku ausmif;om;? tvkyf
orm;? v,form;rsm; aoG;pnf;í EkdifiHa&;vIyf½Sm;rI wcktjzpf a&muf½SdoGm;&ef BudK;yrf;MuzkdY vkdtyfaMumif; ajymMum;
oGm;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; BuD;rm;aom pGeYf vw T rf rI sm; jyKvky&f ef ajymMum;oGm;avonf/ tD*spfjynfwiG f ausmif;
om; (4) a,muf aoqHk;ygu? ausmif;om; (40) a½SUodkY wdk;wufvmaMumif; ajymMum;avonf/
rnfonfh EkdifiHyifrqdk wkdif;jynfwjynf\ txG#fa&muf½Sda&;? vGwfvyfpGm wnfwHhckdifjrJa&;? zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf
a&; ponfrsm;ESifh wkdif;jynfta&; MuHKvmvQif ausmif;om;rsm;\ wuf<uaom pdwf"gwftiftm;ESifh aygif;pnf;
nDnw G rf ?I vIy½f mS ; BudK;yrf;rIrsm;onf wkid ;f jynftwGuf oufvakH umif;aom vufeufaumif;BuD;ozG,f jzpfvmonfukd
0efcHMu&rnf jzpfonf/
udv
k aS ½T wufvmonft h csed rf mS ausmif;om;vIy½f mS ;rI tjrifq h ;kH 'D*&DoYkd a&mufaeNyD[k qd&k ayrnf/ taMumif;
um; xdktcsdeftcgonf ausmif;toD;oD;ü or*¾rsm; wnfaxmifum wpnf;w½Hk;wnf; &efukefausmif;aygif;pHk?
ArmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&mausmif;aygif;pHkwdkYonf Ouú| udkvSa½TESifh trIaqmifwkdY\ enf;vrf; ñTefMum;&mudk waoG;woH
wrdefYjzifh vdkufemum wkdif;jynf wkefvIyfaponfh ajcvSrf;rsm;udk vSrf;vsuf½Sdonf/
1938 ck? 'DZifbmv (20) &uf? eHeufcif;wGif wuo taqmuftODodkY ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;
a&muf½SdvmMuonf/ t"dywd vrf;ray:wGif bwfpfum; (26) pD; &yfxm;onf/ eHeuf 8em&D (15) rdepf ½SdavNyD/
tpnf;ta0;wGif obmywdudkvSa½Tu ]&Jabmfwdkh cifAsm;wkdh rsufESmawGY jrif&wm ZmwdaoG;? ZmwdrmefawG vQHwuf
aew,f? 'Daeh Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf qdk&if axmifusus? pufaoewfeJh ypfypf? aemufqHk; toufaoao?
pGefhr,fqkdwJU ckdifrmwJU &J&Jawmuf oH"d|mefcsxm;NyDqdkwm uRefawmf ,HkMunfw,f? 'Daeh ajcvSrf;usJusJeJh tmPmzD
qefMu&r,f vufeufqkd bmwckrQ roHk;&bl;/ tyfwkd wacsmif;awmif r,lcJUMueJh}
ausmif;om;xkBuD;onf vIyfvIyf½Sm;½Sm;jzpfoGm;um ]oGm;r,f? oGm;r,f? ckomG ;r,f} toH½iS u f m; udak tmif
ausmfyif jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf bwfpfum;rsm;ESifh ukuúdKif;vrf;wavQmuf xdkrSwd&pämef½Hkvrf;rS jzwfum
uefawmfuav; OD;armifarmiftek ;f ckid v f rf;? pawmh*w d vf rf;? armif*rkd m&Dvrf;wdYkukd jzwfum pygwfvrf; (,ck Adv k af tmif
ausmfvrf;) pdefaygbk&m;½Sdcdk;ausmif; a½SU½Sd a'gufwmbarmf\ tzGJU½Hk;ESifh oHCMo0g'cH qif;&Jom;tzGJUcsKyf½Hk;a½SUwGif
tm;vHk; pk½Hk;Muonf/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol (8000) cefY½Sdavonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;onf yxrwGif b,fomG ;&rnf? bmvky&f rnfudk rod&ao;ay/ aemufro S &d onf/ od&onfh
tcsdefum; twGif;0ef½Hk;udk ywfvnfydwfqkdUaom tcsdefjzpfonf/ trIaqmiftzGJUonf todray;bJ vQKdU0SufpGmtvkyf
vkyfonfhtwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;\ ajcvSrf;udk t&yfom;rajymESifh ausmif;om;rsm;yif roday/ ,ckvnf; twGif;0ef
½H;k 0dik ;f umrS trIaqmiftzGUJ \ vQKdU0Sucf sufukd od&avonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf bwfpu f m;rsm;jzifh NrdKUxJvmMu&m
20? 12? 38 &ufaehu

twGi;f 0ef½;kH a½SY *dwaf yguf
Source: Bo Aung Kyaw Report
t0if0wckwiG f ydwq f í
hkd
oydwaf rSmufaeMuaom
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;
184
udv
YJ efu
um;rsm;onf wpkwa0;wnf; roGm;MubJ tcsKdUu wuúov kd &f yd o

f mvrf; twkid ;f oGm;Mu\/ udv k aS ½TEiS hf acgif;aqmif
tcsKdUu um;i,fav;wpif;jzifh xGufoGm;\/ or*¾taqmuftODa½SUrS pHkaxmufrsm; b,fbufodkY vdkuf&rSef;rod
usef&pfcJh\/
]a'gufwmbarmf tvkdr½Sd}
]ñGefhaygif;tpdk;& tvdkr½Sd}
]qif;&Jom;qkdif;bkwf jzKwfcs}
pojzifh ajrjyiftufrQ wcJeuf [pfatmfa<u;aMumfMuonf/ xkdYaemuf av;a,mufwGJ pepfwuswGJí
pDwef;um puúax&D,uf (ac:) twGif;0ef½Hk;BuD;udk 0kdif;vkdufMuonf/ xdkYaemuf (1000) tpk? (500) tpk? (300)
tpk tp½Sdojzifh vlpkcGJum twGif;0ef½Hk; t0ifwHcg;rsm; a½SUwGifydwfqdkYum twGif;odkY0if&mvrf;rrsm;ü ajrBuD;ay:wGif
tm;vHk; pk½Hk;xkdifMuNyD; ausmif;ol trsKd;orD;av;rsm;u a½SUu½Sdavonf/ xdktcsdef ½Hk;BuD;t0if av;zufav;rsufESm½Sd
wHcg;tm;vH;k ydwq f Ykd xm;NyD;jzpf&m 0ifí xGuí f r&awmhay/ ¤if;rSm NAdwo d Qtpd;k & A[dt k pd;k & ½H;k pdu
k &f m ae&mjzpfonf/
(15) rdepftwGif; ykvdyfrsm;? ppfwyfrsm;? jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm; a&muf½SdvmMuonf/ ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;
rsm;onf twGif;0ef½Hk;udk 0kdif;&ef qHk;jzwf&jcif;rSm xda&mufpGm e,fcsJUNAdwdoQtm; qefUusif uefYuGufEkdif&ef jzpf\/
twGif;0ef½Hk; 0kdif;&onfrSm vG,fulvSonf r[kwfay/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJU bDvl;\ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfpGmaom zdESdyfrIrsm;
urf;ukefcJhonfrSmvnf; rauG;NrdKU a&eHajr tvkyform;rsm; zdESdyfrIu xif½Sm;pGm oufaoxlvsuf ½Sdonf/
odkYaomf jynfhZmenf? rsKd;cspf om;ysKdorD;ysKdwkdYu jynfolUvGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ taMumif;w&m;twGuf rdrd
wdYk toufcE¨mwkYd ukd pGeYf vw T &f ef qyfuyfyal Zmf vSL'gef;&ef qH;k jzwfcsufcsNyD;olrsm; jzpf\/ xkYd aMumifh toufuykd "me
rxm;bJ taocHwu dk yf 0JG ifrnfh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;um; tajrmuftjrm;yifjzpf\/ wurÇmvH;k wkev f yI ½f u
kd cf wf
oGm;atmif NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;udk tefwkrnfh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;u 'kESifha';yif jzpf\/ ausmif;om;wkdYonf
rdrdwdkY acgif;aqmifrsm;\ trdefYñTefMum;csufrsm;udk wduspGm vkdufemcJhMu\/ tdajE´&&? pnf;urf;wus av;a,muf
wwGJpDwef;pDí twGif;0efrsm; ½Hk;udk 0dkif;xm;MuonfrSmvnf; ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ pnf;urf;ao0yfrIudk
jyovsuf oufaoxlaeonf/
twGif;0ef½Hk;BuD;tm; txJtjyif 0ifxGufír&atmif ydwfqkdY 0kdif;&HvkdufonfESifh wNydKifeuf tpdk;& ykvdyf
ppfwyfrsm;? jrif;pD; ykvyd rf sm;onf rsufv;kH jyL; rsufqH jyL;jyL;jymjymjzifh twGi;f 0ef½;kH w0ku d üf ysm;yef;cwfrQ ajccsif;½Iyf
vIyf½Sm;oGm;Muonf/ xkdYaemuf &efukefykvdyfrif;BuD; rpöwmy&ufpawmh? ykvdyfrif;BuD; rpöwma&;Edk;? &mZ0wf0ef
vkyf'g;? OD;xGef;tHk? rpöwmbD(pf) wkdYuvnf; csufcsif; qkdufa&mufvm Muonf/
ol&d, owif;pmwkduf teD;½Sd wHcg;rBuD;rSm t&ma&mufqHk; wHcg;rBuD;jzpfí ausmif;om;rsm; vufrOD;rD
rsufESmjzL a*:&mykvdyfrsm; t&ifa&mufESihfNyD; pDwef; ydwfqdkYxm;Muojzifh ¤if;wdkYa½SUwGif ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol
(400) cefYu wHcg;rBuD;udk ydwfqdkYvkdufavonf/
udkatmifausmfonf ¤if;wm0efusaeaom ol&d, owif;pmwkduf teD;½Sd 0ifaygufü pnf;urf;wus
wm0ef,l uGyfuJvsuf½Sd\/
]rD;wkwf? rD;wkwf ½IdY ½IdY}
]ocifrsKd;a[U 'dkhArm}
a<u;aMumfoHrsm;um; wuf<uvsuf½Sd\/ AD*if'wfvrf;? pywfvrf;? 'gv[kdZDvrf;? *sm'gtDpu,fvrf;wkdY
um; ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh jynfhESufae\/ ylavmifaom aea&mifatmufwGif ausmif;om;rsm; pk½Hk;vsuf½Sd\/ ykvdyfrif;
BuD;wkYd trdefYay;vdu k o f nfEiS hf wNydKifeuf a*:&mykvyd t f csKdUu ausmif;ol tysKd½, G af v;rsm;udk ajcaxmuf (2) bufrS
udik í
f ajrjyifwiG f w½Gww f udk f &uf&ufpufpuf qGaJ c:oGm;&m wawmifqpf? vufwYdk wiG f yGe;f yJu h ek of nf/ xkid af eaom
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; a*:&mykvyd rf sm;u bdeyfrsm;jzifh uefjcif;? wufeif;jcif;rsK;d jzifh ausmif;om;xkrsm;udk pwifNzdKcGaJ wmh
onf/ vlrqefaom jyKrlaqmif½u G rf rI sm;aMumifh tuGu
J jJG yJjyJ a0'empGu J yf? aoG;&J&u J satmif cHpm;&ojzifh ausmif;om;rsm;
vIyf½Sm;qlyGufvmonfwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ ]&efrvkyef }hJ ]onf;cHMu} [laom toHrsm; tqufrjywf
xGufvmojzifh NidrfcHae&onfrS wyg; acgif;aqmifrsm; pum;udkrvGefqefMu/ ausmif;om;rsm; pnf;urf;wusom
qE´jyjrJjyMu\/ xdkodkY vIyfvIyf½Sm;½Sm;jzpfaepOf NrdKUrausmif;rS tiftm; (1000) cefY½Sdaom ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol
wyfBuD;rSm ajcusnDnDvSrf;í csDwufa&muf½SdvmNyD; ]'dAhk rm? 'dAhk rm} [k wzufESifhwzuf yJhwif½dkufrQ wefjyefatmf[pf
&if; tpkvkdufcGJum wHcg;½SdorQudk xyfqifhydwf aevdkufMuonf/
185
ykvdyfESifh ausmif;om;wkdY\ yGJBuD;yGJaumif; pavNyD/ ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifxJrS tqGJcH&olvnf; cH&NyD;

tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif; vlrsm;vnf; ysm;yef;cwfrQ a,muf,ufcwf vrf;ovm; aeMuonf/ rsufESmjzL? rsufESmjzLrrsm;
uvnf; um;BuD;? um;i,frsm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;udk vmMunfhMuonf/ ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifwkdYonf þae&m
wGif r[wår*E´DBuD;\ t[doopör*¾enf;udk toHk;jyK[ef½Sdonf/
]cifAsm; vufawG[m odyfNyD;jrifUjrwfvSw,f? cifAsm;vufeJh e,fcsJYvufyg;apawGudk rxdxdkufygbl;}
þenf;ESifh acgif;aqmifrsm;um; y&d,m,foHk;vsuf ausmif;om;rsm;bufrS tMurf;zufrI rygatmif owd
ay;av\/ eHeuf (9) em&DwGif tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm; ½Hk;wuf&ef a&muf½SdvmMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u *dwfwHcg;
ayguf0wGif r0ifEkdif&ef oydwfwm;Muavonf/ rMumrD t&m½Sdrsm; a&muf½SdvmNyD; *dwfaygufrS z,fay;&ef ajymqkd
cJah vonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; oydwaf rSmufjrJ arSmufvsuf ½Sad vonf/ (10) em&DcefYwiG f jrif;pD;ykvyd rf sm; a&muf½v dS mNyD;
aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;udk xyfrH 0kdif;xm;vkdufonf/
eHeuf (11) em&DwGif ta&;ydkif OD;bdk;p a&mufvmNyD; ykvdyfrsm;? ppfykvdyfrsm;? jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm;tm; ½kyfodrf;
oGm;ojzifh em&D0uftwGif; r½Sdawmhacs/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf a<u;aMumfoHrsm; a<u;aMumfíaeMuonf/ ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmif udkvSa½Tu ausmif;om;rsm; pnf;urf;½SdyHkESifh trdefYemcHwwfyHkudk *kPf,lpGm ajymMum;avonf/
rdbjynfolrsm;u apwemxufoefpGm vdar®mfoD;rsm;? tpm;taomufrsm;udk auR;arG;Muonf/ aetyludk
xD;rsm;? ,if;vdyrf sm;jzifh umay;olwYkd u umay;avonf/ eHeuf (11) em&DausmfwiG f aeylusJusJü xkid í f twGi;f 0ef½;kH ü
oydwfwm;vsuf½SdaMumif; owif;Mum;od&aomtcgwGif AdkvfwaxmifESihf a&ausmfw0kdufrS vlxkBuD;vma&muf
tm;ay;Muavonf/ xkdYaemuf ½Hk;rsm;ydwfí e,fcsJUwdkY\ puf,EÅ&m; &yfoGm;onfh tjzpfukd auseyfESpfodrfh&if;
ausmif;om;rsm;jyef&ef vlpMk u\/ twGi;f 0ef½;kH wHcg; toD;oD;wGif ½Sad om ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm; pywfvrf;
bufrS vuf0J&pf vSnfhí pkpnf;um wyfacguf jyefMu\/
pywfvrf;rS awmifbuf 'gv[kdZDvrf;odkY vnf;aumif;? xkdYaemuf *sLtDpu,fvrf;rS taemufbufcsKd;í
bD*ef'wfvrf;odkY vnf;aumif; jyefvSnfhvmMu\/ bD*ef'wfvrf;ESifh pywfvrf;a'gifh ol&d,owif;pmwkdufESifh
rsuaf pmif;xk;d odYk a&mufvmav\/ ol&, d owif;pmwku d f teD;odYk a&mufaomtcg pywfvrf;xJwiG f jrif;pD;ykvyd rf sm;?
ajcvsif ukvm;ykvdyfwyf? ppfykvdyfrsm; txyfxyf &ifqkdifawGU&\/ yxrOD;pGm jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm;u wm;onf/
ausmif;om;rsm;u 'gv[kZd v D rf;rS jyefvn S rhf nf jzpfonf/ odYk aomf pywfvrf;rS 0ifNyD; a½SUodYk oGm;rnf ajymaomfvnf;
ppfykvdyfrsm;u oabmwl cGifhrjyK twif;tusyf wm;qD;MuonfwGif tajctaerSm wzufESifh wzuf wif;rmvm&m
a½SUqH;k rS ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;u twif;xd;k xGuf csw D uf\/ ausmif;om; wyfO;D ESihf ykvyd w f yfrsm;um; vufwurf;
om vkdawmh\/ udkatmifausmfonf ausmif;om;wyfOD;rS ausmif;om;rsm; uGyfuJum a<u;aMumfoH wkdifvsuf½Sd\/
ausmif;om;xkonf a½SUrSydwfaeaom ykvdyfwyftm; xkd;azmuf&ef [efjyifvsuf½Sd\/
jrif;pD;ykvyd w
f Ykdu a½SUodYkw;kd vm\/ ausmif;om;rsm;u aemufrqkwMf u? a½SUodYkom csw D ufMu\/ vQyw f ysuf
twGi;f ,kwrf maom tMuHEiS hf apmifq h idk ;f aeaom ukvm;ykvyd w f yf? t*Fvyd yf v
k yd wf yfwYdk onf ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol
rsm;tm; eHygwfwkwfrsm;jzifh twif;vkdufí ½kduf\/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;rSm wpHkw&m ckcHrIrjyK? nDnDnmnm
csDwufaeaom ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; z½kzd &J tNydKNydKtuGu J JG tvJvjJ zpfuek \f / tvHuikd x f m;aom udMk unfarmif
vJusí udkatmifausmfu tvHudk udkifí a½SYodkh csDwufoGm;\/
20? 12? 38 &ufaehu twGi;f 0ef½;kH udk 0dik ;f í qE´jyMuaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk ppfyv
k yd rf sm;u vdu
k v
f ½H u
kd Ef u
S f NzKd caGJ epOf
186
udv
YJ efu
ausmif;om;rsm;ukd ykvyd rf sm; qJ,G rf;½du

k Ef uS af ejcif;? jrif;rsm;jzifh twif;0ifa&mufeif;onfukd ab;rS &yfMunfh
aeaom vlxBk uD;onf rcHr&yfEidk jf zpfum ykvyd rf sm;udk atmf[pfqq J kd Budr;f armif;Muonf/ jynfow l Ykd \ a'grmeftoHrsm;
um; twGif0ef½Hk;BuD; ywf0ef;usif w0kdufwGif yJhwifxyfrQ jzpfcJhMu&\/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk xkaxmif;NzdKcGif; zdESdyfí
tm;r&ao;bJ jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm;onf vlxkBuD;udkygjrif;rsm;jzifh 0kdif;í vdkufvHwkdufcdkuf wufeif;cJhMuao;\/ ausmif;
om;? ausmif;olrsm;onf vlrqefatmif t½dkufcHvmMu&m eHygwfwkwf 'PfaMumifh rcsdrqefY jzpfum t½kyfBudK;jywf
vJusonf/ r½I&uf rjrif&ufEidk af om ausmif;om;rsm;u ausmif;olrsm; a½SUrS umuG,&f if; ud, k pf m; t½du k cf MH u&onf/
odYkaomf ausmif;olrsm;rSmvnf; jrif;pD;a*:&m qm*sirf sm;xHrS a0;&modYk rajy;Ekid af y/ jrif;ESiv hf ukd í f wku d v
f nf;wku d ?f ½du
k f
vnf;½dkufonf omru aoG;½l;aoG;wrf; xajy;aeaom ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;udkyif tn§mray;/ qifhuJqifhuJ
½du
k Mf uojzifh vrf;wavQmufv;kH aoG;csif;csif; &Jvsuf waxG;BuD;vJaeaom ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ &ifemp&m
aMuuGzJ ,G jf zpftifrmS r½I&uf? rjrif&ufp&m aumif;vSayonf/ aoG;tkid x f üJ vJusaeaom Adv k af tmifausmfukd ocifvS
az ayGUíxm;\/ udkatmifausmfrSm owdarh aeNyD/ wudk,fvHk; 'Pf&mrsm; jynfhESufum aoG;rsm; pD;usvsuf½Sd\/
,if;odYkaoG;xGuo f ,H ?kd temw& 'Pf&mrGjzifh vJuaJG eMuaom ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;udk ab;rS &yfrMunfh
&ufaom t&yfom;rsm;ESifh ol&d,owif;pmwkduf tay:½Sd NrdKUawmf0ef OD;buav;? atmufvTwfawmftrwf OD;xGef;
atmif? OD;tdr?f rEÅav; ol&, d OD;xGe;f &if? rEÅav; OD;pHvaS bmf? ykord t f rwf OD;btke;f wkYdu wG, J x l rf;yd;k í ol&, d wku d af y:
odYk wa,mufNyD; wa,mufwif&m ol&, d wku d t
f yk f OD;buav;tcef;ESifh t,f'w D mcsKyf *VKefO;D apm tcef;rsm;rSm vlem
ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;jzifh jynfhESufvsuf ½Sdaeonf/ trsKd;om;olemjyKwyfrsm;ESifh ol&d,wyfrsm;u aq;0g;
xnfhay;Muonf/ 'Pf&m jyif;xefaom udkatmifausmfESifh wuG ykZGefawmif jrLeDpDy,fausmif;rS udktkef;az? NrdKUrrS
udkoef;atmif? *syfqifaumvdyfrS udkbvIdifwkdY tygt0if vlemwifum;jzifh aq;½HkokdY wokwfNyD; wokwf wifydkYay;
vdkufMuonf/
(ps) wwd,ausmif;om;oydwf*,uf
trsKd;om;olemjyKwyf? NrdKUrolemjyKwyf? rD;owfvlemwifum;rsm;u 'Pf&m&aom ausmif;om;? ausmif;
olrsm;ukd BudK;pm;*½kpdkuf o,f,lydkYaqmifjcif;aMumifh vlem[lorQ aq;½HkodkY csufcsif;a&mufMu&onf/ aq;½Hk
q&m0efrsm;onfvnf; Muifem,k,pGm jyKpkMuavonf/ 'Pf&m&olrsm;\ rcsdrqefYa0'emcHpm; nOf;nL atmf[pfoH
rsm;rSm t0dpDi&Jcef; MunfhjrifMum;od ae&ouJhodkY jzpfaeonf/ ausmif;om;rdb nDtudkarmifESrrsm; vma&mufMuí
atmf[pfidka<u; jrnfwrf;aeyHkrSm Mum;&uf Munfh&ufp&m r½Sday/
ausmif;om;? ausmif;oltm;vkH;udk ykvdyfrsm;u ½kdufESuf owfjzwfukefNyD? 'Pf&m&oltm;vHk; twHk;t½Hk;
aq;½Hak &mufuek Mf uNyD qkad om owif;rSm vQifjrefpmG ysHUESYH í y&dwo f wfBuD;rsm; 'Da&tvm; aq;½HBk uD;twGi;f w½Sed x f ;dk
rsm;jym;vmMuonf/ ½kwjf cnf;qko d vkd 'kw, d ta&;ydik af [mif; rpöwmwdwq f o
kd El iS hf ppfyv
k yd rf sm; a&mufvmNyD; ajcmuf
vSeUf ESix
f w
k uf m aq;½H0k if;twGi;f rnforl Q r0if&ef wm;jrpfcv H u dk Mf u&onf/ jynforl sm; rausreyfjzpfvm&m NAdwo d Qyikd f
tmtD;wD armfawmfum; wpif;udk rGraG Muatmif zsufq;D ypfvu dk Mf uonf[al om owif;ESit hf wl odrBf uD;aps; waps;
vHk;rSm yGwfavm½kdufNyD; upOfhuvsm; jzpfum wkefvIyfajcmufjcm; oGm;onf/ 'Pf&m& ausmif;om;rsm;tm; trwf
OD;xGef;atmif? *VKefOD;apm? OD;yk? OD;vSabmf? rEÅav;OD;xGef;&if? rEÅav;OD;xGef;ndK? 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK? OD;jrifhodef;? OD;
tdrf? OD;btkef;? ykodrfOD;jrwkdY vma&muf Munfh½Itm;ay;orI jyKaecsdefwGif eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmbarmf 'Pf&m&
ausmif;om; rsm; rnfrQ rsm;jym;onfudk odvkdí ar;jref;&m 'Pf&m&olrsm;rSm-
*syfqifaumvdyfrS
(1) udkatmifausmf tkdifat txufwef; (Adv k af tmifausmf)
(2) udkxGef;½Sdef tkdifat txufwef;
&efukefwuúokdvfrS
(3) udka½Tarmif tkdifat txufwef;
(4) udkodef;vIdif tkdifat txufwef;
(5) udkwifarmif tkdifat txufwef;
(6) udkwifarmif (2) bDat txufwef;
187
(7) udkboef; tkdifat txufwef;

(8) rcifoef; tkdifat txufwef;
(9) rwifñGefY tdkifat txufwef;
wkdYrSm 'Pf&mjyif;xefí twGif;vlemtjzpf Muyfrwfukoae&onf/
NrdKYrausmif;rS
(10) armifboef; (22ESp)f
(11) armifbdk;OD; (18ESp)f
(12) armifvSarmif (21ESpf)
(13) armifxGef;pdef (18ESp)f
(14) armifpdk;vGif (10ESp)f
(15) armifoef;jrifh (17ESp)f
(16) armifarmif (16ESp)f
(17) atmifoef;jrifh (23 ESpf)
(18) armifausmfcif (20 ESpf) twGif;vlem
(19) armifodef;a½T (16 ESpf) twGif;vlem
(20) armifvSaz (17 ESpf)
ausmif;aygif;pHkrS
(21) armifboef; (22 ESpf) &Gmopf urm½Gwf
(22) armif[ef (22 ESpf) ppfudkif;ausmif;aqmif
(23) armifoef; (16 ESpf) [kdufpul;ausmif;
(24) armifausmfpdef (20 ESpf) 12? 24 vrf;
(25) armifb (28 ESpf) 119? 94 vrf;
(26) armifwifoef; (17 ESpf) pdef*Ref;
(27) armifvSarmif (18 ESpf) a&ausmf
(28) armifarmifBuD; (18 ESpf) 111? 42 vrf;
(29) armifodef;vIdif (19 ESpf) trSwf 93? a&Tawmifwef;
(30) armifausmfarmif (20 ESpf) a&ausmf
(31) armifatmifpdef (25 ESpf) 17? vefupfpwmvrf;
(32) armif<u,f (14 ESpf) pdef*Ref;
(33) atmifudk (19 ESpf) 115? ppfudkif;ausmif;aqmif
(34) armifxGef;wif (20 ESpf) pyg,f½S,faemfrefausmif;
(35) pdefatmifvif; (14 ESpf) rufo'pfausmif;
(36) armifatmifoGif (22 ESpf) armif*dkrm&Dvrf;
(37) armifpHvS (20 ESpf) rufo'pf
(38) armifoef; (20 ESpf) xD;wef;? Munfhjrifwdkif
(39) pkd;armif (24 ESpf) 17? yk*Haqmif
(40) armifwifarmif (18 ESpf) pdef*Ref;
(41) armifodef;vIdif (18 ESpf) yif;,aqmif
(42) armif½Sdef (18 ESpf) pdef*Ref;
(43) armifusif (25 ESpf) 74? armfwifvrf;
(44) cifarmifMunf (18 ESpf) pdef*Ref;
(45) ocifboef; (28 ESpf) 227? yef;qdk;wef;vrf;
(46) ukdxGef;az (38 ESpf) 59? prf;acsmif;
188
udv
YJ efu
(47) armifausmfñGefY (19 ESpf) 27? yk*Haqmif

(48) armifudkav; (21 ESpf) 9? yk*Haqmif
(49) armifwifarmif (21 ESpf) 10? yk*Haqmif
(50) udkbvIdif (20 ESpf) *syfqifaumvdyf
(51) armifausmftHk; (17 ESpf) ykZGefawmifjrLeDpDy,fausmif;
(52) armifpHodkuf (20 ESpf) vrf;rawmfjrLeDpDy,fausmif;
(53) armifausmf (20 ESpf) ykZGefawmif
(54) armiftkef;az (20 ESpf) ykZGefawmif
(55) armifbñGefY (19 ESpf) tpkd;&[dkufpul;
(56) armifcspf (25 ESpf) ausmif;q&m? ykZGefawmifuGufopf
(57) cspfudkvS (18 ESpf) rufo'pf
(58) armifuef (22 ESpf) ,leDAmpDwD (twGif;vlem)
(59) armifbaX; (16 ESpf) ykZGefawmifjrLeDpDy,f (twGif;vlem)
(60) armifwifarmif (20 ESpf) pdef*Ref; (twGif;vlem)
(61) armifausmf (30 ESpf) 286? pufqef; (twGif;vlem)
(62) armifxGef;wif (26 ESpf) pyg,f½S,faemfrefausmif; (twGif;vlem)
(63) armifbvIdif (20 ESpf) *syfqifaumvdyf (twGif;vlem)
(64) armifausmf (20 ESpf) armfwifvrf; (twGif;vlem)
(65) ocifatmifwif (23 ESpf) 63? 7vrf;
(66) armifodef;atmif (24 ESpf) oxHkaqmif
(67) udkxGef;½Sdef (20 ESpf) oxHkaqmif
(68) armifwifarmif (19 ESpf) rufo'pfausmif;
(69) rjrjr (17 ESpf) 156? 48vrf;? ykZGefawmifjrLeDpyg,f
(70) rapm&D (18 ESpf) bHkabbm;rm;opfpuf
(71) rpdefpdef (16 ESpf) bHkabbm;rm;opfpuf
(72) armifpdef (25 ESpf) trsKd;om;olemjyKwyfzGJU
(73) udkausmfpdef (26 ESpf) owif;vTmt,f'Dwm (twGif;vlem)
(74) OD;xGef;az (38 ESpf) Oya'jyKvTwfawmf
vufa&;wkd pma&; (3) OD;rSm OD;acgif;a&m vufyg 'Pf&mtBuD;tus,f &½SdNyD; twGif;vlemtjzpf ukoxm;
&onf/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwkdYrSm 'Pf&m&½Hkomru tzrf;tqD;udk 'Pf&mudk,fpDESifh cHcJhMu&ao;onf/ or*¾
trIaqmifrsm;jzpfaom udx k eG ;f ½Sed ?f udwk ifarmif? udo k rd ;f atmif? udck ifarmifwif? udo k ef;ESifh udv k aS zwkYd rmS 'Pf&mrsm;jzifh
tzrf;cH&NyD; ol&, d t,f'w D mrsm;\ tmrcHcsufjzifh aq;½Ho k Ykd wifyYkd vukd Mf u&\/ aemufwaeYxw k f owif;pmrsm;wGif
pmvHk;rJBuD;rsm;jzifh-
]odrfarGYaom ausmif;oluav;rsm;ukd Murf;wrf;pGm ESdyfuGyfjcif;}
]&efukefNrdKY u B D;ü ykvdyfwkwfpGrf; jyjyefNyD}
]a'gufwmbarmf Zmwd½kyfay:NyD}
e,fcsUJ vufuikd w f w k f ñGeYf aygif;tpk;d &onf ajz½Si;f csuw f &yfukd xkwu f m ausmif;om;rsm;u tMurf;zufvm
í xdef;odrf;&jcif;jzpfaMumif;? &½Sdaom'Pf&mrsm;rSm rajymyavmufaMumif; vdrfnmvsuf½Sd\/ rdrdwdkY\ BuD;rm;aom
trJuGufjypfrIBuD;udk ausmif;om;rsm;tay: yHkcsae\/ udkatmifausmfrSm wuúokdvfaq;½HkwGif Muyfrwfukoaeaomf
vnf; owdr&wcsuf &wcsufjzpfae\/ 'Pf&mjyif;xefvo S jzifh owd&vmonft h cg jyif;xefpmG cHpm;ae&\/ ol\
EIwrf v S nf; ]uReaf wmfwhkd wkid ;f jynftwGuf toufpeG w hf ,f? aocsiaf oyap? uReaf wmf aoaysmNf y}D wZGwx f ;kd ajymvsuf½\ dS /
teD;rS ausmif;om;&JabmfwOD;rS pum;rajym&ef wm;aomfvnf; r&ay/ ]udv k aS ½T b,fE, S v
hf ?J ausmif;om;awG vGwv f yfa&;
eD;Ny?D ta&;awmfykH atmif&r,f? atmif&r,f} udak tmifausmrf mS owdvpfomG ;jyefonf/ owd&vmaomtcg pum;rajymEkid f
bJ taMumifom;Munfah eonf/ q&m0eftMuHay;csuft& wuúov kd af q;½Hrk S aq;½HBk uD;odYk ajymif;a½TUuko&\/ odYkaomf
roufom? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf udkatmifausmfhtjzpfudkMunfhum e,fcsJUvufudkifwkwf barmf? bOD;
189
ñGeYf aygif;tpd;k &\ ,kwrf mrIu&kd ifemvsu½f MdS u\/ þodYkjzifh wwd,ajrmufaeU
wGif 'DZifbm (22) &uf Mumoyaw;aeY? aeYvnf (1) em&D (25) rdepfwiG f OD;
acgif;wGif eHygwfww k 'f Pf&m (3) csufawGUí OD;acgif;cGu H oJG mG ;av\/ or*¾
taqmuftODtvHwikd rf S tvHonf wkid w f 0ufoYkd wjznf;jznf; avsmu h savNyD?
tmZmenf Adv k af tmifausmf uG,v f eG af vNyD/
vufeufryg? tMurf;rzuf tEkoufoufjzifh tvGew f &mEke,fonfh
ausmif;om;? ausmif;oluav;rsm;\qE´jyrIukd a'gufwmbarmf ñGeUf aygif;tpd;k &
AsL½du
k &ufjynft h apcHyv k yd wf Yku
d rn§mrwm &ufpuf½idk ;f jyrIaMumifh &efuek w
f NrKd UvH;k
NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;onf jyif;xefpmG ,lMuHK;r& 0rf;enf;Muvsuf tcsi;f csi;f owif;
ar;oluar;? aq;½Ho k Ydkajy;oluajy;jzpfMuavonf/ rsujf rifawGU½SdMuonfh vef
csm;ukvm;rsm;? bwfpfum;orm;rsm;ESifh jrif;vSnf;orm;rsm;vnf; tvkyf&yf
tmZmenf Adv
k af tmifausmf qkid ;f vduk Mf uonf/ uDvv D rf;ESihf xD;wef;vrf;½Sd Armopfqidk rf sm;onf 0rf;enf;
onfh txdr;f trSwjf zihf qkid yf w d v f ukd Mf uonf/ n (9) em&DwiG f ausmif;om;owif; wjynfv;kH odYkjzefUrnfp;kd í &efuek yf v k yd f
tzGUJ onf ol&, d owif;pmwku d tf m;0kid ;f í owif;"gwfyHkrsm;? bavmufrsm;? ½kdufNyD;pmazmifrsm;udk odrf;vdkufMuonf/
6? 2? 39 aeYxkwf? q,foef;owif;pmwGif ausmif;om; Ouú| udkA[def;onf udkatmifausmf aoqHk;&aom
udpEö iS hf yufoufí owif;"gwfykH wckEiS t hf wl aMunmcsuf wck xkwcf ahJ vonf/ owif;"gwfyrkH mS ausmif;om;rsm;udk
ykvdyfrsm; ½dkufaepOf ½dkuful;xm;aom yHkjzpfonf/ xdkyHkwGif toufraobJ usef&pfcJhygu tjrefqHk; oufaocHpm&if;
oGif;&ef EdI;aqmfwyfvSefY xm;avonf/ xdktcsdefrSm AdkvfatmifausmfaoqHk;rIESifh ywfoufí &efukefNrdKU txl;&mZ0wf
w&m;olBuD; OD;pdecf ikd f ½H;k wGif trIziG phf pfaq;vsu½f adS yonf/ atmuf½;kH w&m;olBuD;url Adv k af tmifausmf aoqH;k &jcif;rSm
ykvdyfESifh ausmif;om;rsm; ½kef;&if;qefcwfjzpf&mrS rawmfwqjzpfonf[k qHk;jzwfxm;onf/
7? 2? 39 aeYxkwf owif;pm pmrsufESm (14) wGif-
]atmifausmfudk ½kdufaom wkwfavm}
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eHygwfwkwfjzpfaMumif;} ajymoGm;avonf/
tpk;d &cefYxm;aom pHpk rf;a&;aumfrwDa½SUwGif udak tmifausmf toufq;kH ½H;I &um ausmif;om;aygif; (200)
ausmfwdkY\aoG; ajrodkYusapcJhonfh w&m;cHtppfrsm;udk azmfxkwfjy&ef igwdkYwm0efjzpfonf/
xdYkaMumifh eHygwfwwk tf usK;d udk ol&,
d owif;pmwku d of Ykd ay;tyfcahJ omolonf tjrefq;kH or*¾toif;csKyf
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þodkY udkatmifausmfudk owfaom w&m;cHudk azmfxkwfEkdif&ef BudK;pm;Muonf/ rEÅav;NrdKU tmZmenf (17)

OD; onfvnf; ykvyd v f ufcsufjzifh aoqH;k cJ&h jyefavonf/ udak tmifausmf aoqH;k rIEiS hf yufoufí wdYk Armtpnf;t½H;k ?
ud,k rhf if;ud,
k chf si;f tzGUJ 0if atmufvw T af wmftrwf ocifjrESifh ociftBhH uD;wkYdonf Armjynfb&k ifcx H oH Ydk uefYuu G pf mESihf
twl ygvDreftrwftjzpfrS EkwfxGufpmyg wifvkdufonf/ xkdYtwl tpdk;&u wifajr§mufxm;aom txufvTwfawmf
trwf NrdKUrausmif;tkyBf uD; OD;bvGio f nfvnf; ausmif;om;ykvyd t f a&;wGif tpd;k &jyKrlyu
kH kd vH;k 0uefYuuG ½f rkH Qru trwf
tjzpfyg Ekwx f u G af Mumif;? rdrt d m; ay;tyfxm;aom (autdik t f wd cf s)f KIH bGUJ xl;udv
k nf; jyefítyfaMumif;? bk&ifcEH iS fh
jynfxaJ &;XmeodYk pmydYk vu kd af vonf/ tif;pdeaf xmif bDatwef;wGif a&muf½adS eaom ocifav;armif? OD;tmp&d,ESihf
190
udv
YJ efu
ukvm;? jrefrm (17) a,mufonf vnf;aumif;? aemufxyf a&mufvmaom udAk [de;f wdYk (5) OD;onf vnf;aumif;?
ausmif;om;xk aoG;ajruscJ&h jcif;ESihf ywfoufí tpmiwfcH qE´jyMuonf/ rauG;axmif½dS Ekid if aH &;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf
oydwf acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; tvm;wl tpmiwfcHqE´jyMuonf/
(n) udkatmifausmfpmay
vli,f
þaeYum; jrefrmjynf uRefouf (53) ESpf wif;wif;jynfhaom aeYaywnf;/ tcsdefum; (9) em&DcefY ½Sdayrnf/ rdk;um;
wzGJzGJESifh ½Gmvsuf½Sd\/ touf (16) ESpfcefY½Sdaom vli,fwa,mufonf taqmif;vnf;ryg? rdk;½Gmonfudkvnf; *½kpkduf[ef
rwl? wa,mufwnf; cyfjznf;jznf;yif or*¾½Hk;odkY a&mufvmayNyD/ wHcg;0odkYa&mufaomtcgaemufodkYwcsufiJhí Munfh
vdkuf\/ xdkYaemuf cHkbdeyfudk cRwfvkduf\/ ukwftusÐudk puúefYtenf;i,frQ pkdufMunfhae\/ Munfh&if;rsufESmü oabm
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qif;oGm;av\/ a'gif;tvHBuD;u rdk;a&xJwGif wkdifw0ufü wnfvsuf½Sd\/ ajcudkpHk&yfí acgif;iHkUvsuf (2) rdepfcefY
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toif;½Hk; xJokdY0ifum cRwfxm;aom tusÐESifh bdeyfudk 0wfvsuf tay:xyfodkY wufoGm;av\/
wzufcef;üum; b,folrQr½Sday? vli,fonf tcef;xJodkY0ifum [kd[kdonfonf avQmufíMunfhav\/ vli,f\
rsufvHk;wkdYonf tvif;owif;pmqDokdY a&mufoGm;\/ rsufvHk;ESifh twlwlygoGm;NyD;vQif owif;pmudk,lvsuf ukvm;xkdif
wvHk;wGif0ifí xkdifvdkuf\/ pm½Gufw½GufNyD; w½GufavQmufí vSefvm&m tv,fem;odkY a&mufívmawmh\/ pm&Gufu
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tcef;ab;½Sd trIaqmifa[mif;rsm;\ yHkwdkYonf olYtm;pkdufMunfhvsuf½Sd\/ rsufawmifum; tenf;i,frQ rcwf?
a½SUwGif½Sdaom owif;pmukd 0g;pm;rwwfpkdufí Munfhaeav\/ Munfh&if;Munfh&if; rsufESmrSm ajymif;í vmawmh\/
wjznf;jznf; a'goa&mifvTrf;í vmawmh\/ rsufvHk;onf us,fíus,fí vmawmh\/ vlvnf;a½SUodkY udkif;ívmay\/
xdkYaemuf ]]awmuf}}[k cyfjyif;jyif;acgufcg ae&mrSxvdkuf\/ xNyD;aemuf ab;ywfvnfudk Munfhvdkuf\/ trsKd;om;aeY
wGif udkif&ef? avQmuf&ef pmwrf;rsm;rSm tkwfrsm;ESifhuyfvsuf eH&HwGifaxmifíxm;ayonf/ pmwrf;wckonf olYtm;a½S;OD;pGm
qD;íEIwfqufavonf/ vlum;awGvnf; ½Sday\/ e*kdu a'goa&mifvTrf;aom rsufESmonf ydkíwif;rmvmay\/
rsufvHk;rsm;rSm xdkpmwrf;udk pkdufMunfhae&mrS owif;pmbufodkY wzefjyefí a&mufvmjyefonf/ owif;pmxJ½Sd
"gwfyHkwdkYonf ol\a½SUwGif rvIyfr,Suf wnfvsuf½Sdae\/ rsufvHk;xJrS rsuf&nfwkdYonf rsufawmifESpfcsuf tcwfü
owif;pmay:odkY usum "gwfyHkrsm;ukd oGm;íuefawmhMuav\/ acgif;onf wzefjyefí axmifvmjyef\/ rsufvHk;wdkYum;
ae&majymif;í usufpm;aeMujyefav\/ vlwudk,fvHk; acgif;ESifh rsufvHk;rsm;om vIyfvsuf ½Sday\/
]onf;nnf;cHvQif olhuRefjzpf}
[laompmwrf;onf ol\rsufvHk;udkqD;í {nfhcHjyef\/ vli,f\pdwfESifhpmwrf;onf oabmcsif; wkduf[efwl\/
rsufvHk;wdkYonf ydkrdkípl;pkdufvm\/ rsufESmrSmydkrdkí cufxefvmay\/ tHoGm;wkdYudk uGJoGm;rwwfBudwfvdkuf\/ uspfuspf
ygatmif qkwfxm;aomvufrSm txufodkY tenf;i,fajrmufvm\/ rsufaphum; ... owif;pmodkY vnfjyefav\/
ra½S;raESmif;yif ]][if;}} [k oufrudkcsvdkuf\/ owif;pmxJ½Sd"gwfyHkwdkYrSm ,ciftwdkif;yif½Sdao;\/ pmrsm;um;
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pmwrf;qDodkY rsufrSef;wrf;í oGm;av\/ oli,frsufESmonf tenf;i,f NyHK;a,mifa,mif&SdvmNyD;aemuf rsufaphudk
ae&ma&TU oGm;jyefav\/ ]aoG;pkyfaumifawG owfypf} tp½Sdojzifh a&;xm;onfhpmwrf;BuD;tm; aygufíoGm;rwwf
pkdufí Munfhaejyefav\/ olYrsufESmonf arSmifrJívmum vlvnf;tenf;i,f wkefvmay\/ rsufESmum; bDvl;0ifouJhodkU
xif&\/ wzefowif;pmudk pl;pkdufMunfh aejyefav\/ MunfhavMunfhav ydkí aMumufp&m aumif;vmayawmh\/
ra½S;raESmif;yif ]]'Hk;}} [k pm;yGJudk vufoD;ESifhxkvsuf ]½kid ;f vku
d af vuGm} [kqkdum tcef;wGif;rS ½kwfw&uf xGufoGm;awmh\/
tcef;wGif;um; ydkrdkwdwfqdwfvsuf usef&pfav\/ pmtkyfrsm;rSm zwfoludk arQmfvsuf ½SdMuukef\/ trIaqmifrsm;\
"gwfyHkrsm;um; eH&Hay:wGif rvIyfr,Suf wnfjrJwnfvsuf aeay\/
]trsKd;twGuf toufpGefhavmU} [laompmwrf;av;rSm avwkdufojzifh tenf;i,fvIyfíoGm;ayawmh\/ tjyifwGif
rdk;um;½Gmvsufyif/
udkatmifausmf
191
udkodef;atmif / / a[h bkd;atmifqef;? cifAsm;tm;usNyD; uwHk;Adkvfau xm;wJhvl (2) a,mufawmh ½SdNyD? udkvSa½T
&,f? udkatmifausmf&,fav/
udkatmifqef; / / vGwv f yfwAhJ rmjynfBuD;rSm uReaf wmftmPm½Sijf zpf&iftukev
f ;kH uwH;k Adv
k af uxm;zkYd trdeUf ay;r,f/
udkatmifausmf / / uwHk;Adkvfauu xm;wmcsif;wlayr,fh ½l;wmcsif;awmh udkatmifqef;u omw,f/
udkatmifqef; / / rdkufrJwJhae&musawmh cifAsm;u omygw,f/ cifAsm; ½kyfudku rIefukwfukwf? ykuGuGeJY/
(#) udkatmifausmfpsmye
udak tmifausmpf smyeukd wkYdArmtpnf;t½H;k rS a½SUaqmifí &efuek pf &D ifpk wkYdArmtpnf;t½H;k ? ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? wuotrIaqmifrsm;tjyif &efukefausmif;om;rsm; tzGJUtpnf; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? oHCm
awmfrsm;ESihf NrdKUrdNrdKzrsm; yl;aygif;í psmyeaumfrwDzUJG pnf;MuNyD; BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm usif;yonf/ xdt k wGi;f &efuek Nf rdKU
twGif;½Sd wuúodkvfESifh txufwef;ausmif;rsm;onf oydwf qufvufarSmufvsuf ½SdMuNyD; NrdKUrausmif;wGif oydwf
pcef;tjzpf xm;½Sdavonf/
'DZifbmv (24) &ufwiG f psmyeaumfrwDonf udak tmifausmf\tavmif;udk aq;½HBk uD; a&cJwu kd rf S wuo
toif;wkdufodkY ydkY&ef xkwf,lMuonf/ xkdodkY xkwf,laepOf ocifpHxGef;vStm; bk&ifcH\ ta&;wBuD;Oya't&
zrf;qD;xm;Muonf/ 'DZifbm (27) &ufaeYwGif udkatmifausmfpsmyeudk MuHawmokóefodkY ydkYaqmifMu&ef psmye
aumfrwDu pDpOfNyD; udkatmifausmftm; ol&Jaumif; tmZmenftjzpf ]aersKd;oD[ol& Adkvfatmifausmf} bGJUudk ay;
tyf Muonf/ Adv k af tmifausm\ f psmyetcrf;tem;wGif zwfMum;&eftwGuf udAk [de;f ? udAk aqG? ocifxed 0f if;? ocifp;kd ?
ocifvSarmifponfh &Jabmfrsm;u t"d|mef pmwrf;wapmif ay;ydkY\/
aeYvnf (2) em&DwGif wuúodkvfor*¾toif;a½SUwGif ,leDazmif;0wf wyfom;rsm;u aMuuGJzG,f&m aumif;
avmufatmif c&moHrsm;ESifh udak tmifausmftm; t½kt d aojyKNyD;aemuf ½kyu f vmyfukd o,faqmifum ,mOfonf pwif
xGucf mG vmonf/ a½SUqH;k rS oHCmawmfrsm;tzGUJ ? oDv½Sirf sm;? avmu"HtzGUJ rsm;? Armhvuf½;kH wyf? &Jwyf? pnf;umuG,f
a&;wyfom;rsm;? trsKd;orD;tzGJUrsm;? 0wftoif;rsm;? owif;pmwkdufom;rsm;? ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;? EkdifiHa&;
Source: ASO
tzGJUrsm; yg0ifMuonf/ tzGJUtpnf;toD;oD;wkdYu 0rf;enf;aom txdrf;trSwftjzpf 'dkYArmtrsKd;om;tvHESihf a'gif;
tvHrsm;? tvHeufBuD;rsm;udk w0ufvTifhxlum vkdufygvmMu\/
tvHrsm;ay:wGif ]tmZmenfAdkvfatmifausmf igwkdhrarUEkdif}
ponfjzifh pmwrf;rsm; a&;om;xm;Muonf/ jrif;NydKifuGif;rS a*smfuDrsm;yifvQif jrif;pD;t0wftpm;rsm;ESifh
vkud yf gydYk aqmifMuonf/ MuHawmokóefwiG f oHCmawmfrsm;a&mufEiS hf aeMuaomfvnf; vku d yf gydYk aqmifaom toif;
tzGUJ rsm;ESihf ausmif;om;? ausmif;oly&dowfrsm;rSm wuúov kd o
f r*¾rS xGuí
f rqH;k ao;ay/ 0J,mwGiv f nf; Munf½h o I nfh
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onf aemufqHk; t½dktaojyKMuonf/ ]tmZmenf Adv k af tmifausm}f [k oH;k Burd w
f idk f a<u;aMumf&m okóefBu;D wckv;kH
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ykvdyfwkdYu ½kdufESufí aoqHk;&jcif;udk wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;ESifh oHCmawmfrsm;uyif
rcHr&yfEkdifatmif jzpfysufyHkudk axmuf½IygvQif wynfhawmf? wynfhawmfrvdk udk;v
vG,f q,fvzGm; ,k,cJh&aom rdcif? zcifwkdYtwGuf ajymzG,f&m r½Sdawmhygbk&m;}}
AuoOuú| udv k aS ½Tu ]]'Pf&mrsm;&vsuf ol&, d owif;pmwku d f tay:rSm
acgif;csif;,SOfNyD; vJaeMupOfu igwkdY trsKd;twGuftaocHr,f? Ouú|udk rxdMuapeJY
vdkY &J&JawmufajymoHawG? aq;½Hkudk igvma&mufpOfuvnf; udkvSa½T uRefawmfwkdY
a½SUqufwdkufMu&r,f qkdNyD; ua,mifuwrf;ESifh pGJvrf;pGm ajymaewmawG? yxr
Source: Unknown
tBudrf tmPmzDqefwkef;u uRefawmfa½SUqHk;u taocHNyD; tvHudkifyg&apvdkY ajymcJh

wmawGudk ighem;xJrSm Mum;a,mif? jrifa,mif aeao;w,f? udkatmifausmf &Jabmf\
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azmfjyonf/ (jrefrmowif;qufoG,fa&;enf;ynm tifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif azmfjyxm;csufjzifh wdkufqdkifppfaq;onf/)
udv
YJ efu
1938 ck? 'DZifbmv (27) &ufaehwiG f MuaH wmokóefü jyKvyk cf aUJ om Adv
k af tmifausmf psmyetcrf;tem;
NrdKUrq&modef;u psmyeaumfrwDudk,fpm; t"d|mefjyK csD;usL;pmwrf;udk zwfMum;onf/
]]td-k tmZmenf &Jabmfuakd tmifausm?f toifum; vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf w
JG iG f wyfO;D Adv
k rf LS ;tjzpfjzifh igwkYd onf
,aeYupí urÇmwGif ArmwnfaeorQ umvywfvHk; pdwfESvHk;wGif aemufqHk; rSwfpGJwnfjrJapawmh\/ tdk tmZmenf
&Jabmfudkatmifausmf toiftm; rn§mrwm ½dkufESuftyfaom jynfhtapcHykvdyfwdkY\oHwkwfonf igwkdYem;xJü
vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJwGif yg0ifqifEJTMu&ef w&Hrjcm; vIHUaqmfouJhodkY tjrJMum;a,mifapvdrfhtHh/
tdk- tmZmenf&Jabmfudkatmifausmf toif\xkxnfBuD;rm;aom cEÅDw&m;onf toifhtm; r&PEkdifiHokdY
ydkYaqmifouJhodkY igwkdYArmvlrsdK;wkdY\ tem*wfvkyfief;onf ArmjynfBuD;tm; udk,fhrif;ukd,fhcsif; tjzpfodkY
a&mufatmifydkYaqmif ay;vdrfhtHh/
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wkdufzsuf&mü toif\rGefjrwfvSaom aojcif;onf jrefrmjynf\ESvHk; vGwfvyfa&;yef;wkdifokdY ydkYaqmifrnfh
a½SUajy;erdwfjzpfapvdrfhtHh/
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udk,fusKd;rzufaom oabm? toufpGefUpm;aom t&nftcsif;wdkYrS ul;pufavmifNrdKuftyfaom rD;awmufrD;vQH
BuD;onf igwkdYArmwrsdK;om;vHk;\ pdwfESvHk; twGif;0,f tpOfrjywf w[l;[l;w[kef;[kef; awmufavmifapvdrfh
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[k ed*Hk;owfMum;um c&moHrsm;jzifh psmyetcrf;tem;udk tqHk;owfvdkufonf/ Adkvfatmifausmf
usqHk;aMumif; owif;onf wr[kwfcsif; jynfvHk;uRwfysHUESYHum a&eHoydwfBuD; jynfNrdKUodkY qkdufa&mufcsdefESifh
wdkufqkdifonfh tavsmuf xdkjynfNrdKU½Sd oydwfwyfzGJYwckvHk; 0rf;enf;aMuuGJ txdrf;trSwfjzifh (1)&ufrQ csDwufyGJudk
&yfem;um tpmiwfcHqE´jyMuonf/
193
Adkvfatmifausmf ewfoH
pmtkyfu,frS uavmifav - -
odyÜHtaygif;? 0duúmatmif;onfh
ausmif;rsm;acgifu
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ausmfwqifhESifh? rif;rifhaemifnD/
ig - - Zmenfudk? vmNyDBudKMu/
oajyyef;ESifh a&csrf;aqmifum
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Mum;cJhw,f/ /
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MudK;pm&mwGif? Mur®mighuH/
wvlYb0?½IrvSatmif
ighudk,fcHí? &efolvufeuf
qHwdkqHawmif;? bmraqmif;onhf
ighacgif;xufrSm? qufumqufum
0if;0if;vQHawmuf? rl;armfaemufatmif
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bk&m;u,fyg? atmfjrnfygvnf;
uGmowdESifh? igrd&ifcGif
þajrjyifwGif? igvQifvJí
atmifyGJcHonf? EkdifiHomaMumif;
igqkawmif;rnf aomif;odef;oef;ausmf
wdkY&JabmfwdkY / /
rif;ok0Pf
194
udv
YJ efu
(X) 'dkhausmif;om;oDcsif;
pma&;ol- a½TwdkifñGefh
1/ ( w&m;vrf;aMumif; aumif;wmudk&nf rSef&moabmeJh ajymyg&ap? ausmif;om;csif; toif;awmf
udkwnf MuHaqmiforQawG atmif&rnf )2
uRefynmy,fzsufrnf? wu,frrufonf? y,fzsufrnf? onfynm 'dkYrvdkNyD tydkbJ xifawmhonf?
ocifynm½SmpdkYtwnf igwdkYjynf? ½SmpdkYtwnf vkyfudkifumpm;Ekdifonf? xift½Sm;wufvrf;rSD?
odkYrSomyiftwnf? om;auR;rI? r,m;auR;rI wckynm udk,fpDygEkdifrnf/
(oHNydKif) ( urÇmrSm omwnf? wufvlrsm;pGefhpm;NyD; ArmtmZmenf? ausmif;om;awG aqmif½Gufrnf )2
( ckaetcgrSm 'dkhArmjynf? ta&;BuD;vmaygh twnf )2 atmf - - aoG;pnf;ygawmhrnf - or*¾
a½SUaqmifcsufudk rysufatmifMuHpnf ( nDap-nDr,f )2 wu,fhwu,fwef;nD ( wdkhausmif;om; )2
wdkYausmif;olrsm; pGefYpm;zdkYawmfNyD/
2/ wdkif;jynfta&; aqG;aEG;rnf? at;at;awmhjzifh raeEkdifonf? wdkYArmtaygif; aumif;pm;rnf?
ausmif;om;rsm;u aqmif½GufNyD ( owÅdcJrdkh ETJrnf? wdkh&JabmfyDyD )2
[ a[h ] toufudkvJ pGefY0Hhonf trsKd;bmom? omoemtwGuf udk&nf - - /
(oHNydKif) urÇmrSmomtwnf - - ( wdkYausmif;om; )3 rsm; pGefYpm;bdkYawmfNyD/
3/ ( vGwfvyfap&ef {uefrvGJNyD? ZGJoef&rnf? ausmif;om;MuH&if cHEkdif½kd;vm;? BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrnf )
tjrJaemfaumif;bkdYom ,HkMunf? &Jabmftaygif;wkdYyg pHknD? *kPfwufatmif MuHaqmifrnf?
ausmif;om;rsm; pdwfxm;nD? tm;xkwfMuawmhonf? rkcsyif atmifEkdifrnf/
À
'dkhausmif;om;oDjcif;
pma&;ol- a½Tnmarmif
(1) 'kdYArmjynf0,f . . qefa&pyg;&,fausmufoHywåjrm;&,f . . aygrsm;ygvsuf? vGwfvyfa&;eJYa0;cJhavw,f .
. rGefjrefrmrsm;r,f? vGefpGm½Sm;w,f . . rcsrf;omEkdifawmhw,f/ rdbrsm; . . qif;&J,ifuG,f? 'kdYausmif;om;awG
vlwef;aphatmif raeEkid Mf uzG,/f uRefynmoif&,ifjzif?h ausmif;xGu, f if tvkyrf rhJ ,f? 'dYk ArmawG xrif;0atmif
rpGrf;aqmifEkdifbl;wu,f? ocifynm&atmif 'dkYArmrsm; BudK;pm;MuapzG,f/
(0dik ;f qd)k ausmif;om;or*¾toif;BuD;&,f? 'dYk ausmif;om;rsm;&JU? pnf;½H;k &m pka0;&m tm;pk&m atmifajr rSeaf yw,f
(ausmif;om;rsm;wdkh&,f)2 ocifynm&atmif or*¾a½SUaqmifcsufudkry,f . . nDñGwfpGm trSefwu,f ra½Smifwrf;
atmifyef;qGwfzdkY½G,f/
(2) 'kdYausmif;om;&Jabmf . . AdkvfatmifausmfeJY &wemyHka½Tref;NrdKU&,fu tmZmenfrsm;

(ta&;awmfyHkBuD;0,f - wyfOD;u usqHk;cJUw,f)2 'dkYausmif;om;rsm;&,f? trsKd;twGuf wu,f - 'dkYtoufudk
zuf½Gufavmufyif rrIcJhygawmhw,f . . /
(3) &JabmfwkdY . . ta&;BuD;avNyD - aoG;pnf;MuygpdkY . . tcsufus ÓPfajrmfaxmufzG,f - or*¾

tvHawmfatmuf0,f - Armhvw G vf yfa&;udk 'kYd aoG;cJeYJ wnfaqmufr,f/ MuHMh uHch idk cf idk ?f r,dik rf ,dr;f bJ 'dYk pw
d Zf &JG ,f
- ocifynmudk-ocifynmudk - r&vQif - r&vQif - &atmif,lpkdYuG,f/
À
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u wuúodkvfor*¾ü *Dwya'omuyGJwckusif;yí 'dkYausmif;om;oDcsif; (2)
yk'fudk tqdkygyGJwGif oDqdkjyMuyg&ef pDpOfMuonf/ xdkoDcsif;teuf a½TwdkifñGefYonf wD;0kdif;tpHkESifhvmaomfvnf;
a½TnmarmifocD sif;udrk l udak X;NrdKif ('*kew
f m&m) u pE´,m;wD;í? udo
k ck ('g½du
k w
f m OD;okc) u pnf;vku
d w
f ;D ay;onf
rSwcf su-f a½Tnmarmif\ ]'dkhausmif;oDjcif;}udk (wuúodkvfausmif;om;a[mif; a½Tnmarmifa&;onfh ]]wuúodkvfrS aw;wyk'f}}?
&efukefwuúodkvfESpf 50 jynfh? 1970? pm-118? 199) rS jyefvnfwdkufqdkifppfaq;NyD; rl&if;twdkif;azmfjyonf/ 195
oDcsif;qdkyGJNyD;aomtcg ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; csufjcif; tpnf;ta0; xkdifMuonf/ oDcsif; (2) yk'fpvHk;udk

'dkYausmif;om; oDcsif;tjzpf vufcHvkdufonf/
(!) ref;tmZmenf (17) OD; ta&;awmfyHk

1938 wGif ref;Oypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;onf &efukefwuúodkvfrS ausmif;om;tmPm½Sif udkvSa½T?
ref;OypmaumvdyfrS pmar;yGJatmifoGm;í &efukefwuúodkvfwGif qufvuf ynmoifMum;aeaom udkodef;atmifwkdY
acgif;aqmifí ausmif;om;oydwBf uD;udk ulno D nft h aeESihf oydwaf rSmufjyefonf/ rEÅav;NrdKUwGif xkwx f m;aomyk'rf
(144) wdkufzsuf&ef pdkif;jyif;aeMuonf/ e,fcsJUqefYusif awmfvSefa&;yk'fr (144) wkdufzsufa&;t& rEÅav;pD&ifpk
wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;onf vQdKU0SufpGm pDpOfaeavonf/ yk'fr (144) wkdufzsufa&;wGif rEÅav;NrdKU vlxkBuD;w&yfvHk;
yl;aygif;yg0ifvm&ef &[ef;ysKdtzGJYBuD;uvnf; tm;oGefBudK;yrf;vsuf ½Sdonf/ yk'fr (144) t"dyÜg,frSm qlylvIyf½Sm;rI?
t"du½kPf;jzpfrI ponfwkdYudk ray:ayguf rjzpfyGm;ap&ef BudKwifwm;qD;xm; aom Oya'jzpfonf/
ref;Oypmaumvdyfor*¾ udkatmif? udkcifndKESifh udkMunfarmif (aemif 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD; jrifhatmif) wkdYyg0if
aom oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾onf &[ef;ysKdtzGJUtm; acgif;aqmifay;&ef ½dkaopGmavQmufxm; yefMum;NyD;
aemuf wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; ocif? ocifrrsm;ESifhvnf; NrdKUvlxktm; odrf;oGif;pnf;½Hk;vsuf ½Sdonf/ NrdKUvkH;uRwf
vlxq k E´jyyGBJ uD; usif;y&efEiS hf ausmif;om;rsm; tpnf;ta0;ESihf qE´jyyGu J kd tultnDay;&eftwGuf &efuek w f uúov kd rf S
udkausmfNidrf;udk apvTwfvdkufaomfvnf; udkausmfNidrf;rSm rEÅav;NrdKUa&mufNyD;umrS &efukefwGif udpaö y:í tvQiftjref
jyefomG ;&ojzifh &efuek w f uúov kd f ausmif;om;tzGUJ rS udv
k aS rmif (Akv
d af Z,s? &Jabmfo;kH udsyf) udk xyfraH pvTwcf o hJ nf/
udvk aS rmifrmS ref;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm; OD;pD;aom rEÅav;ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm;ESihf vufww JG udk yf 0JG ifco hJ nf/
rEÅav;NrdKUBuD;onf NidrfoufaeNyD[k trsm;atmufarhaeMuonfh tawmtwGif; tmPm½SifudkvSa½T\
atmufyg trdefYxGufvmaomtcg vIyfvIyf½G½Gjzpfvmonf/
ArmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf
(trSwf 36)
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
txufyg trdefYaMunmpmudk MunfhvQif ae&mvyfudkom vlwdkif;rsufpdwGif jrifMu&\/ odkY&mwGif tdajE´

raqmifEkdifatmif MuufoD;arG;nif;xaeonfh ykvdyfawmfrif;wkdY\ tEÅ&m,fjyKap&ef xkwfaomtrdefY[k jrifvm
[efwlojzifh-
(1) "gwfpuf½HkESifh "gwf&xm;rsm;ydwfapjcif;?
(2) t*FvdyftvkyfwkdufawG ydwfapjcif;?
(3) blwm½Hkudk ppfwyftapmifh xm;jcif;?
(4) bPfwkdufrsm;udk ydwfapjcif;?
(5) *gwfawGudk tapmifhppfwyf xm;jcif;?
(6) eef;awmfBuD;twGif; jrefrm r0if&jcif;?
(7) vufeufa&mif;aom wdkufudk a½TUapjcif;?
ponfh pDrHcsuf ykvdyfawmfrif;rsm;\tjrifus,faom rSefbDvl;rsufvHk;rsm;aMumifh azaz:0g&Dv (8) &uf
aeYu NrdKU&Gm xdwfvefY ajcmufjcm;&onfomru ausmif;om;ESifh &[ef;awmfrsm;udk zrf;qD;&eftwGuf t*Fvdyf ppf
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;? ppfAdkvfuav;? ukvm;ppfAdkvf? ucsifppfAdkvf? ujym;ppfAdkvf vlrsKd;pHkyg0ifaom ppfonfawmfrsm;pGmudk
rEÅav;NrdKUü csxm;avonf/ ¤if;tjyif-
(1) tdrfomêud tdrfomMum;u acsmif;ajrmif; Munfhí jriforQudk tpD&ifcHjcif;?
(2) refusnf;yifay:rS nOfheufoef;acgif acsmif;ajrmif;í idkufjrnf;NyD;vQif tpD&ifcHjcif;?
196
udv
YJ efu
(3) vufbuf&nfqidk ?f umzDqidk rf sm;wGif *syd;k xd;k [ef xkid Nf yD; ykvyd rf eS ;f odoul kd ajcmufv;kH ? vSeYf v;kH rsm;ay;í
owif;rSef[k pHkaxmufwkdYu xifí tpD&ifcHjcif;?
(4) uav;oli,f vlrr,fwkdYudk ar;jref;í uav;rsm; ajymorQudk tpD&ifcHjcif;?
(5) waeYwrl;ay;í wpfrl;wef pHkaxmufwkdY ajymorQudk tpD&ifcHjcif;?
(6) rdef;rxdef;u tEÅ&m,fuif;&ef tvdkYiSm avmuGwfacsmfí ay;aom owif;udk tpD&ifcHjcif;?
ponfjzifh rzG,fr&m tkef;oD;a<uoHudk ajrNydK[efvkyfí ay;onfh owif;aMumifh NrdKU½Gmajcmufjcm;í tqr
wef aiGukef&acsonf/
xdktcsdef rEÅav;ta&;ydkif rpöwmvuf? &mZ0wf0ef rpöwma&;wdkYonf &efukefNrdKU? jynfxJa&;Xme wm0efcH
rsm;ESihf wku
d ½f u
dk f qufo, G u
f m rEÅav; Ekid if aH &;tajctaeudk aeYpOf tpD&ifcaH eMu&onf/ 1300 jynf?h wydYkwv JG qkwf
(5) &uf (8? 2? 39) wGif ausmif;om;wdYk oydwXf mecsKyf vkyx f m;aom rEÅav;NrdKU? A[kt d rsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;udk
ppfwyfjzifh0kdif;NyD; oydwfarSmufausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom-
1/ udkcsefxGef; (A[dktrsKd;om; txufwef;ausmif;)?
2/ udkMunf (aygufNrdKifausmif;om;)?
3/ udu k akd v; (0ufpvD ausmif;om;) wkYd tm; zrf;qD;oGm;avonf/ wcsdew f nf;rSmyif &[ef;ysKdacgif;aqmif
rsm; jzpfaom eef;OD;wdkufrS a½TrsufrSef OD;MobmoESifh tmZmenfOD;okre wkdYudkvnf; zrf;qD;vdkufMuonf/
wydkYwGJvjynfhausmf (6) &ufaeYxJu trsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;wGifvnf;aumif;? tdrfawmf&mapwD
&ifjyifay:½Sd (14) cef; Z&yfwGifvnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;? ocifacgif;aqmifrsm;onf &[ef;ysKdtzGJU
trIaqmifq&mawmftcsKdUESifh vQKdU0SufaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; nvHk;aygufusif;ycJhonf/ pHkaxmufrsm;onf tdrfawmf&mapwD
&ifjyifodkY rvm0HhMubJ ajrmufzufaygufESifh ta½SUzuf taygufrsm;rS apmif;yg;&dyfacs tuJcwfaeMuonf/ odkY&mwGif
rEÅav;NrdKU av;jyif? av;&yfwiG u f m; wdYk Armtpnf;t½H;k 0if ocifrsm;? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u &yfuu G w f m0efcH
wkdYudk reufjzef eHeuf (8) em&DwGif tdrfawmf&mapwD &ifjyif½Sd (14) cef; Z&yftwGif; vlpkum yk'fr (144) tmPm
zDqefa&; vrf;avQmuf csDwufqE´jyrnf jzpfaMumif; owif;aumif;yg;&if; pnf;½Hk;jcif; jyKMuonf/ &[ef;ysKdtzGJUrS
xkwfa0aom aMunmcsufrsm; yvlysHatmif a0iSMuonf/
1300 jynf?h wydYk wv JG jynfah usmf (6) &ufaeY? (1) em&DcefY tcsed w f iG f rEÅav;NrdKU r[mavmu&HoD tdraf wmf&m
bk&m;twGif; (14) cef;Z&yfBuD;ü rEÅav;NrdKU ausmif;om;rdbrsm;ESifh NrdKUvkH;uRwftpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm-
txl;tqdk (1)
(u) Ak'b ¨ mom ArmwdYk\ pdwEf v S ;kH udk ,lMuHK;r& xdcu
kd ef musiv
f MS uygí Ak'b
¨ mom0ifwYdk\ 0wåuajrtwGi;f ü
rnfonfh vlrsKd;rqdk rnfonfhudpEö SifhrQ tcgra½G; bdeyfpD;í rwuf&efOya'udk jynfydkiftpdk;&wkdYu twnfjyKvkyf
ay;&ef tqdkudk aejynfawmfcspf &[ef;ysKdtzGJU OD;ukrm&u tqdkwifoGif;í cifruefwdkuf OD;ar@u axmufcH
aMumif;? uefYuGufolr½Sd twnfjyKaMumif;?
(c) azazmf0g&Dv (8) &uf eHeuf (4) em&DtcsdefwGif pHausmif;wkduf tmZmenfOD;okre toQifjrwfudk zrf;qD;
pOfu pHkaxmuftifpywfawmf a';Apfonf ykvdyfbdeyf pD;eif;í tdrfxJodkY 0ifa&mufjcif;udk tpdk;&u av;av;
eufeuf ta&;,lap&ef tqdkudk eef;OD;wkduf OD;nmedaE´mbmo (oHvufoD;) u wifoGif;í bk&m;BuD;wkduf
apmifha½Smufa&; &[ef;ysKdtzGJY OD;ukrm&u axmufcHí twnfjyKaMumif;?
Auotoif;csKyfBuD;rS awmif;qkx d m;aom tqdrk sm;udk xyfawmif;í (Armjynfv;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;
vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;BuD; enf;wl) þrEÅav;NrdKUvHk;uRwf tpnf;ta0;u wnDwnmwnf;? woHwnf;
awmif;qdkaMumif;/
tqdk (2)
(u) vGefcJhaom 'DZifbm (20) &ufaeY eHeufwGif &efukefNrdKUü udkatmifausmfESihf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;
'Pf&m&í tmZmenf Adkvfatmifausmf aoqHk;cJh&jcif;twGuf pHkprf;a&;cHkorm"dtzGJUwckudk &ufrqGJbJ tjrefac:
ay;&ef Armjynfv;kH qkid &f m ausmif;om;rsm; vTwaf wmftpnf;ta0;BuD; enf;wl þNrdKUvH;k uRwf tpnf;ta0;BuD;u
awmif;qdkaMumif;?
197
(c) ArmjynfvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;vTwfawmfu awmif;qdkonfudk þrEÅav;NrdKUvHk;uRwf tpnf;

ta0;BuD;u awmif;qdkaMumif;?
(8) txufyg awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk tus,fw0ifh a&;om;½Sif;vif;í e,for*¾toD;oD;u yHkESdyfí awma&m
NrdKUygrusef urf;vSrf;a0iS&ef oabmwlnDaMumif;/
tqdk (3)
þNrdKUvHk;uRwf tpnf;ta0;BuD;tNyD;wGif pnf;urf;ao0yfpGm vrf;avQmufMu&ef tqdkwifoGif;aMumif;/
tqdk (4)
,ckt*Fvdyftpkd;&wdkYu Armjynftm; ay;tyfxm;onfh tkyfcsKyfa&;topfrSm tESpfryg tumtwdjzpfNyD;
Armjynf½dS tvkyo f rm;? v,form;? qif;&Jom;wdYk \ aumif;usKd;udk zefw;D ray;Ekid ½f rkH Qru ArmvlrsKd; tcsif;csif;
aoG;uGoJ nfxuf uGaJ prnfh pepfq;dk rsm; ½Sad eonfukd þNrdKUvH;k uRwf tpnf;ta0;BuD;u vH;k 0 axmufcyH gaMumif;?
vuf½ñdS eG Yf aygif;tpd;k & rwnfw&hH eftwGuaf omfvnf;aumif;? Ekwx
f u
G o
f mG ;&eftwGuaf omfvnf;aumif;?
twkduftcHrS t,HktMunfr½Sd tqdkwifoGif;í ñGefYaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfusa&;udkaomfvnf;aumif; tjrefqHk;
BudK;pm;Mu&ef/
tqdk (5)
t*FvdyfwdkY Armjynfudk vma&muf odrf;ydkufpOfuwnf;u Armjynf½SdtdrfwGif; pufrIvufrI trsKd;rsKd;wdkY
wdrfaum yaysmufoGm;onfrSm ,aeYwkdifatmifyif jzpfí ,cktcg Armjynf½Sd awmifolv,form; qif;&Jom;rS
pí? ypönf;OpömckdifvHkaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;txd EkdifiHjcm;rS wifoGif;aom ukefacsmrsm; oHk;pGJaeMujcif;aMumifh Armjynf
aiGrsm; waeYxufwaeY EkdifiHjcm;odkY avsmhqif;onfudk awGU&aMumif;/ þt"du csdKU,Gif;csufudk umuG,f&ef
ArmvlrsKd; rSeforQ-
1/ ArmtrsKd;om;qkdifrsm;udk tm;ay;&ef?
2/ wdkif;&if;jzpfukefypönf;rsm;udkom tm;ay;&ef?
3/ EkdifiHjcm;jzpf roHk;vQifaeEkdifonfh ypönf;rsm;udk wjynfvHk;u oydwfarSmufatmif ausmif;om;rsm;
aqmif½Guf&ef þNrdKUvHk;uRwf tpnf;ta0;BuD;u oabmwlnDaMumif;?
4/ trSwf (3) tqdEk iS f yh ufoufí oydwaf rSmuf&rnfh ukeyf pön;f pm&if; a&;qG&J ef Auo trIaqmiftzGUJ odYk
vHk;0tmPm vTJtyf&ef þNrdKUvHk;uRwf tpnf;ta0;BuD;u oabmwlnDaMumif;?
5/ txufyg qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; xdxad &mufa&muf aqmif½u G Ef idk &f ef rEÅav;NrdKUvH;k uRwf tpnf;ta0;BuD;u
wuoESifh AuotrIaqmif (2) zGJUtm; tmPmukef vTJtyfaMumif;?
pDwef;vrf;avQmuf&ef tcsdefr½Sdawmh ojzifh reufjzef eHeuf (11) em&Dxdk; a½TUqdkif;vkdufonf/
rEÅav;vlxo k nf yxraomf yk'rf (144) tmPmzDqefa&; tpDtpOfrmS vQKdU0Supf mG usdwí f MuHcahJ omfvnf;
pdwfcs&aom tcsdefa&mufonfESifh wNydKifeuf ajymifajymifwif;wif; vIyf½Sm;vmMuonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmydkifrsm;
uvnf; pepfwus wm0efcGJa0í BudKwifjyKjyifoifhonfrsm;udk pDrHxm;Muonf/ rEÅav;aq;½HkBuD;wGif vlemwif
ukwifrsm; toifhjyifxm;onf/ ppfykvdyftzGJUxHrS ,HkMunfpdwfcs&qHk;aom wyfom;rsm;udk a½G;cs,fvsuf tqifoifh
,leDazmif;0wfum trdefYvdkufem&ef (24) em&D wm0efcsxm;onf/
1300 jynfh? wydkYwGJvqef; (7) &ufaeYwGif y&0PftwGif;ü vl (2) odef;ausmf pkrdaeMuNyD/ tdrfawmf&m
apwDwHwkdif;twGif; aemufxyfr0ifEkdifatmif jynfhMuyfvsuf½Sdonf/
&[ef;ysKdtzGJU Ouú| q&mawmf OD;uvsmPonf &[ef;yk*¾dKvf? vlyk*¾dKvfwdkYtm; rJcsí tpDtpOfwus
xm;avonf/ taMumif;rSm e,fcsJUtpdk;& ppfwyfESifh &ifqkdif&ef olYxufiga½SUqHk;u csDwufaecsifMuí jzpfonf/
tzGUJ tpnf;wkid ;f u a½SUqk;H rS csw
D ufvo
kd nf? raMumufr½GUH aemufrwGeYfaom ZGo
J wåEd iS hf Armhpw
d "f mwf &ifu
h sucf ikd rf mrIudk
e,fcsJUNAdwo
d Qtm; tNydKiftqkid f jyovdo k nf/ yk'rf (144) tmPmzDqefa&; vrf;avQmuf csDwuf&mü &[ef;tzGJU0if
(6) yg; a½SUqHk;rS csDwuf&ef rJusonf/ 'kwd, &[ef;tzGJY0if (10) yg;? wwd, ausmif;om;or*¾? pwkw¬ wdYk Arm
198
udv
YJ efu
Source: Aung Tun's Original Copy
199
200
udv
YJ efu
tpnf;t½H;k tzGJU0if ocif? ocifrrsm;? yÍör &yfuu G v f x

l tk zGUJ tpnf;? qXr tvkyo f rm;tzGUJ ? owår v,form;tzGJU?
t|r aps;olaps;om;tzGJU ponfjzifhrJusonf/ a½SUqkH; &[ef;awmfrsm;onf okH;a&mifjc,ftvHudk udkifum (26)
bDvrf;ay:odkY a&mufvQif ta½SUpl;pl; vrf;rBuD;twkdif; a<u;aMumfoHrsm; qlnHpGm a<u;aMumfcsDwufvm Muonf/
]"e½Siftpdk;& - ysufpD;ygap}
]zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frI yk'fr (144) tvdkr½Sd}
]rD;wkwf? rD;wkwf - ½IdY ? ½IdY}
]ocifrsKd;a[U - 'dkhArm}
wyfOD;rS &[ef;awmf (6) yg;onf tvHawmfESifhtwl (81) vrf;udk jzwfí aMu;eef;½Hk; awmifbufESifh
,ck a½Twdkuf½kyf½Sif½Hk ajrmufbufMum; a&mufaomtcg ajcvSrf;qHk; &yfvdkufonf/ taMumif;rSm 0g;&if;wkwfudkif
yefcsmyDwyf a½SUrS ta&;ydkifvuf (Mr. H.N. Lett) ESifh &mZ0wf0efa&; (Mr. C. H. Raynes) wdkYu jyefqkwf&ef
t*Fvyd bf momjzifh wa,mufwvSnhf trdeYf ay;um Budrw f wk u
f av; ud, k pf u
D ikd v f suf w&rf;&rf; vkyaf eMuaomaMumifh
yifjzpfonf/
wyfOD;acgif;aqmif &[ef;ysKdwpfyg;uvnf;
]]igwkYd rmS bmvufeufrS rygbl;/ igwkYd ukd zdEydS cf sKyfcs,fNyD; rw&m;xkwx f m;wJh yk'rf (144) jyef½yk o
f rd ;f ay;zdYk
qE´jyw,f/ igwkdY Ouú| q&mawmftrdefYt& pnf;urf; aoao0yf0yfeJY pDwef;vrf;avQmufw,f? igwdkY rif;wdkYudk
&efrrlbl;}}
ta&;ydkifvufu
]]'Dvrf;udk rvmygeJY a½SUudk rwdk;&bl;? jyefqkwfoGm;yg}}
wyfOD; &[ef;ysKdu
]]a½SUwdk;zdkY rwdk;zdkY igwdkYOuú|xH trdefYcHOD;r,f}}
&mZ0wf0efa&;u
]]aemufrqkwf&if aoewfESifh ypf&vdrfhr,f}}
t*FvdyfrsufESmjzL ta&;ydkifESifh &mZ0wf0efwdkYonf (1) rdepfcefY tcsif;csif;&yfí pum;ajymavonf/ xdkY
aemuf yefcsmyDwyfa½SUrS [kdbufonfbuf ul;ajymif; avQmufaeMuonf/ olonf wyfOD;acgif;aqmif &[ef;ysdK
ajymjcif;udk em;vnfonf? em;rvnfonfrl rod? wyfOD;acgif;aqmif &[ef;ysKdtzGJU &yfaomae&mESifh ta&;ydkifvufwdkY
cGJxm;aom ae&mrSm jyw0ufcefYyJ a0;onf/
ta&;ydkifvufrS
]]aemufjyefqkwfoGm;yg? aemufrqkwf&if aoewfeJYypfNyD; vlpkcGJ&vdrfhr,f}}
wyfOD;&[ef;ysKdu
]]igwdkY Ouú|xH oGm;NyD; trdefYemcH&OD;r,f/}}
xdkpOf ta&;ydkifbufrS 0g;&if;wkwfudkif yefcsmyDwyfonf aemufqkwfoGm;NyD; ½dkifz,faoewfwyf ae&m,l
onf/ oydwfwyfzGJUrsm;onf pdwftm;wuf<upGmESifh a<u;aMumfoHrsm;udk oHukef[pfvsuf qlyGufaeMuonf/ wyfOD;rS
&[ef;awmfonf tdrfawmf&mapwD twGif;ü tpDtpOf ae&mcsxm;ay;aeaom Ouú| q&mawmfOD;uvsmPxH trdefY
emcH&ef tvsiftjref xGufvmcJhonf/ xkdtcsdefrSmyif ½kdifz,faoewfoHrsm; xGufvmonf/
&[ef;awmf (7) yg; ajray:odkY vJusoGm;awmfrlonf/ odkY&mwGif tvHudkif &[ef;awmfrSm aoewfxdrSefí
ajray:odYk vJusomG ;aomfvnf; tvHwidk u f m; ajrodYk rcacs/ tvHwidk u f kd ycH;k ESihf az;rvsuf rwfrwfaxmif aeaponf/
rdrdudk,fwGif aoewfxdrSefvsuf a0'emcHpm;ae&ygvsuf rmefravsmhaom 0D&d,? ZGJwdkYjzifh awmfvSefa&;tvH ajrrc
atmif xdef;odrf;awmfrlEkdifjcif;rSm Armhordkif;wGif armfuGef;wifxkdufonfh tmZmenfol&Jaumif; r[kwfygavm/
wyfOD;rS &[ef;awmf (7) yg; ajray:odkY vJusoGm;onfESifh wNydKifeuf tawGUtMuHKr½Sdaom vlxkrSm
½kwf½kwfoJoJjzpfum aemufodkY ½SJoGm;avonf/ ausmif;om;? t&yfom; (5) a,mufaoewf xdrSefjyefavonf?
vltkyfxJrS ausmif;om;? tvkyform;? v,form; (4) OD; 'Pf&m&onf/ vltkyfxJrS ukefonfBuD; OD;bvGef;rSm
ae&mwGif yGJcsif;NyD; aoqHk;oGm;cJhonf/ &[ef;awmf (7) yg;udk zrf;qD;cHvkduf&onf/
zrf;qD;cHvkduf&aom &[ef;awmf (7) yg;
(1) OD;em&' - rpdk;&drfwdkuf
201
(2) OD;Mobmo - rdk;aumif;wkduf

(3) OD;aumae,s - cifruefwkduf
(4) OD;awb0EÅ - qDrD;xGef;ausmif;wkduf
(5) OD;nmedaE´mbmo (oHvufoD;udk,fawmf) - Aef;armfwkduf
(6) OD;ukrm& - ta½SUjyif
(7) OD;OyÜEé - r[mtmZmenftzGJU
rSm 'Pf&mr&½SdbJ tzrf;qD;cH&avonf/
aoqHk;olrsm;rSm (Adkvf 17OD;)

(1) OD;y@dw - ukodEém½Hkwdkuf
(2) OD;ynmaZmw - a*G;csKdwdkuf
(3) OD;a0ykv’ - wlarmif;wdkuf? tr&yl&
(4) OD;Zedw - pukwkduf
(5) OD;tmavmu - aiGawmifwkduf
(6) OD;auvm - cifruefwdkuf
(7) OD;auwk - qifwJwkduf
(8) AdkvfbaX; - 0ufpvD[kdufpul;ausmif;om;
(9) AdkvfvSarmif - edAÁmeausmif; ausmif;om;
(10) Adkvfwifatmif - trsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;om;
(11) Adkvfrl - cHkawmfrif;0if;? aMu;eef;½Hk;ajrmufbuf
(12) AdkvfxGef;atmif - qkdif;wef;
(13) Adkvfatmifxl; - 'ud©P0ef rvGefausmif; ausmif;om;
(14) Adkvfcifarmif - omoedu,k0toif;om;
(15) AdkvfxGef;td - r&rf;jcH? ukefonf
(16) AdkvfbvGef; - o&ufwyif½Gm
(17) Adkvfcifarmif (ac:) a½T½dk; - w½kyfwef;&yf? ausmif;om;
(aq;½HkwGif 8 &uftMumrS aoqHk;oGm;onf/)
'Pf&m&olrsm;rSm
aoewfypfc&H ojzifh 'Pf&mtBuD;tus,&f ½So
d rl sm;? aq;½Hw
k ufa&mufae&m 'Pf&maysmufuif;ol atmufyg
(4) OD;tm; rEÅav;axmifBuD;odkY ,laqmifoGm;avonf/
1/ OD;EJGUBuD; - xD;0if;
2/ umumqif (ac:) armifboef; - uJvD
3/ armifatmifodef; - aygufNrdKif
4/ armifvSjrifh - trsKd;om;ausmif;
aq;½HkwGif usef&Sdolrsm;rSm
1/ udkvSarmif - &efukefor*¾udk,fpm;vS,f
2/ ocifa½T (ac:) *VKefa½T - qkdif;wef;
3/ OD;bapm - aq;q&m? pdefyef;
4/ armifaX; (ac:) armifaz - r*Fvmaps;
5/ OD;Owår - eef;OD;wkduf
6/ OD;aumov’ - awmiforefwkduf
7/ OD;wdavmu - qDrD;xGef;wkduf
8/ armifcifarmif - xD;0if;
202
udv
YJ efu
9/ armifoef; - aumvdyfwdkYjzpfonf/
aemufaeY azazmf0g&Dv (11) &uf (12) &ufaeYwGif &[ef;ysKdtzGJU Ouú| q&mawmf OD;uvsmP? rEÅav;NrdKU
ausmif;om;or*¾ Ouú| udkatmif? A[kdtrsKd;om;ausmif;rS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkausmf0if;ESifh tcsKdUtm; zrf;
qD; vkdufonf/
(1) udkcsefxGef; (ocifcsefxGef;) - A[kdtrsKd;om;ausmif;
(2) udkatmifausmf0if; (ocifausmf0if;) - A[kdtrsKd;om;ausmif;
(3) udkMunf - aygufNrdKifausmif;
(4) udkudkav; - 0ufpvDausmif;
(5) a½TrsufrSef OD;Mobmo - &[ef;ysKdtzGJY
(6) tmZmenfOD;okre - &[ef;ysKdtzGJY
wdkUtm; axmif (1) ESpfpDvnf;aumif;? q&mawmfOD;uvsmPESifh ukdatmifwkdYtm; axmif (2) ESpfpD tjypf
ay;vkdufonf/
(¡) ref;tmZmenf (17) OD; psmyetcrf;tem;
armfuGef;0ifoDcsif;
oem;p&m? trsm;wumaumif;bkdY&nf? ZmwdrmefpGrf;wJh ref;NrdKU&wemyHkjynf? vGwfvyfapaMumif;
udk&nf - toufudkpGefYMuavonf - - - ArmjynfwGif owif;ESYHavNyD? tmZmenfpdwfrmefxm;um yGm;í
vmonf - - - rsm;ívmonf - - - oGm;avolMunfjzL aZmeJY? w&m;raoG&ygap - - - trQ - - trQ
- - trQ a0ygonf/
aMomf - - - vufeufryg - - - Avmoufouf? onf;cH&ufueJY - - EkdifhxufpD;eif;? igomrif;[k
- xefjyif;pdwfrSm tbdu©emw&m;? vGefjyefYyGm;vdkY trSm;ra½Smif - - - om;aumifozG,f - - acs - -
'&,fodkY rn§moufouf - - cE¨mysufatmif - - - &ufpufavwm? tmZmenfrsKd;cspfrsm;udkwJhrS - -
oem;rn§m - - (od*FgoH)/
a'goa½SUxm; - - oem;rn§mwwfwJh tmPmwnf - - - ew&m;obm0eJY - - - t&m&mrnD
tvum;tmPmjywJh Armjynf? c&D;t½Snf &efrrsm;&atmif tjrJpdwfxm; - - - jynfhtapcHrsm;u
wu,fhudk rw&m;trsm;nDNydKifpHa½G;um - - - woufvHk;jrifbdkY EkdifiHa&;rSm rsufvHk;yGifhMuNyD/
aMomf - - - ref;NrdKUXmeD? tmZmenfaygif; axmifaomif;ru wuf<updwfoef - - Zmwdrmefjzihf
MuHzefarQmfawG;? vGwfvyfa&;udk at;csrf;om,m? &apiSm[k ynmOmPf(3)yg;udk ESvHk;MuH&nf? 'dkYbkef;rax&f
oHCmawmf½Sif? vli,frsm;ESihf ausmif;awmfol ausmif;awmfom;wkdYyg pGefYpm;Muawmhonf? vGwfvyfa&;udkwJh
awG;arQmf&nf? toufygcE¨m½Sif;atmif? ESifcJhNyDwJhrS ESifcJhNyD - - - (od*FgoH)/
xm;umrlvnf; - - - a<uvkrnf;qkdif rwwfEkdifygbJ? olEkdifign§if; - - - rif;jyKawmhonf?
twif;t"r®ESdrfoy - - - rif;tpu rcsdefq - - twif;t"r®ESdrfoy? ArmjynftwGuf ajyMuiSef;&u - -
- - taojref;&wJh a½Tref;NrdKU tmZmenfrsm;udk oem;rdawmhonf/
À
azazmf0g&Dv (17) &ufaeY? tmZmenf (17) OD; tcrf;tem;odkY-
1/ omoema0ykv’ &[ef;ysKdtzGJY
2/ r[mor*¾ &[ef;ysKdtzGJY
3/ 0Hom[dwum&D &[ef;ysKdtzGJY
4/ A[kdomoemhrmru &[ef;ysKdtzGJY
5/ ZvGef&[ef;ysKdtzGJY
6/ a½Twd*HkapwDawmf a&Munfawmf0wftoif;
7/ &efukefNrdKU? wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;XmecsKyf
203
8/ &efukefoydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;XmecsKyf
9/ &efukefNrdKUowif;pmq&mrsm;tzGJY
10/ ArmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m vGwfvyfa&;trsKd;orD;rsm;tzGJY
11/ a&TbdkNrdKUrS &[ef;ysKdtzGJUwdkY tjyif
rEÅav;&[ef;ysKdtzGUJ rS tkycf sKyfonft h zGUJ (3) zGUJ tjyif jrLeDpyD ,f½;kH ol½;kH om;rsm;? rEÅav;a*smfurD sm;? rEÅav;
pD&ifpk wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;? rEÅav;NrdKU Ak'¨bmomw½kwfvlrsKd;rsm;toif;? qHyifn§yfqdkifrsm;toif;? [dE´LvlrsKd;rsm;
toif;ESihf at0rf;½ky½f iS t f zGYJ wYdk vdu
k yf gydYk aqmifonf/ psmyetcrf;tem;odYk &efuek rf S Armjynfvw G vf yfa&; trsKd;orD;
rsm;tzGJU? &efukefowif;pm udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tzGJU? &efukefpma&;q&mrsm; udk,fpm;vS,f? &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;
om;or*¾ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufMuonf/
tmZmenf (17) OD;udk ]aersKd;r[moD[ol&bGJY} csD;jr§ifUavonf/
trsKd;orD;rsm;u uBudK;wyfqGJ tacgif;rsm;udk qGJavonf? tzGJUaygif; (42) zJGU yg0ifavonf/ olemjyKwyf
rsm;u vkdufvHí psmyetcrf;tem;odkY a&mufvmolrsm;udk vdkufvHapmifha½Smuf tultnDay;Muonf/ &wemyHk
av;jyif? av;&yfvHk;qkdif&m &[ef;ysKdtzGJU Ouú| q&mawmfO;D uvsmPu trdeYf jyefwrf;ESifh trQa0pmwrf;udk xkwjf yef
&mwGif
]]tdk nDawmfwkdY oifwkdYonf pnf;urf;ao0yfpGm vufeufwpHkw&m ryg Avmudk,fcsnf;om? rdrdwkdY\
vdkvm;csufrsm;udk tpdk;&wkdYtm; azmfjywkkdifwef;vdkMuojzifh pDwef;vSnfhvnfyGJodkY 0ifETJvkdufygMuukef\/
tpd;k &onf igwkYd tay: ,kw, då w k må uif;rJph mG olwYkd tapcHrsm; ay;qufMuaom wzufouf tpD&ifcpH mrsm;
udk tm;udk;wck tajcjyKí twGif;ya,m*rsm; yl;0ifaESmifh,SufMuNyD;vQif igwdkYudk olykef[k pGyfpGJxifrSwfMuvsuf
&uf&ufpufpuf iJhuGufn§mwmjcif; vHk;0r½SdbJ ta&;ydkif rpöwmvufu BuD;rª;uGyfuJí ol\trdefYjzifh ppfyGJrsm;rSmom
toHk;jyKaom aoewfrsm;jzifh vufyg;ap ppfom;wdkYu 'vMurf; tBudrfBudrf ypfcwfap\/
þuJhokdY NAdwdoQtpkd;&\ ,Ofaus;rIudk urÇmuodatmif azmfjyvkdufojzifh olwdkY\ ,Ofaus;rIudk igwkdY
oifcef;pm w&yftaejzifh pdwf0,fjcm;em; rSwfom;&ayNyD/ igwdkY\ tMurf;rzuf? tEkoufoufqkdaom 0g'pnf;rsOf;
udkvnf; tajymr[kwf? igwkdY tvkyfjzifh wydkYwGJvqkwf (7) &ufaeYu olwkdY xif½Sm;ydkifydkif odjrifMuayNyD/
xku d ohJ Ykd tMurf;ppfy?JG tEkppfyJG ,SOw f NJG ydKifqidk í
f olEidk f igEkid f tcsufyikd yf ikd f (2) OD; &ifqidk f wku d cf u
kd Mf u&mwGif
olwYkdonf tMurf;enf;jzifh atmifjrifMuukeí f igwdYk vnf; tEkenf;jzifh olwYkdukd tjywftowf evefrxl? tvHrjzLEkid f
atmif Ekid v f ukd f Muuke\ f / vufeufryg ,Ofaus;odraf rGUpGmjzifh ppfatmifMuonft h wGuf igwkYd u oifwYdk ukd ppfatmif
aom AdkvfcsLyfBuD;wdkY[lí csD;usL;0rf;ajrmufMu&ayukef\/
odYk &mwGif tpd;k &\ aoewf'Pfcsufjzifh toufq;kH ½H;I jcif;cH&aom oifwYdk ukd 'DaeY? 'D&uf? 'Dtcdsef? 'Dae&mrSm
yif tNyD;wkdif oN*KØ[f&awmhrnfjzpf&mum; igwkdY\ tl? tonf;udk xkwf,lqGJiifonhfyrm vGefpGmylyif ikdyGJqifí
usqif;aom rsuf&nfwdkYrSm oifwkYd\ cE¨mudk,ftwGif;rS aoewf'PfcsufaMumifh ,dkxGufusqif;aom aoG;rsm;ESihf
EdIif;pmaomf tb,frSm usifhxHk;rDp&menf;vnf; jyp&m½SdawmhtHhoenf;/
igwdkY &[ef;awmfrsm;onf Arm&mZ0if tpOftquf jrefrmrif;wkdY\ vufxufrSm rif;q&m &mZ*k½krsm;
jzpfí Armbk&ifrsm;u igwdkYudk (oH) ESihf pyfí tyfEiS rhf Qyif r&G,cf b hJ ;l onf rSeaf omfjim;vnf;? NAdw d od QvlrsKd;S wkYd tkypf ;kd
í uReftjzpf a&mufaeMu&onfh ,cktcg &[ef;awmfrsm;udk aoewfjzifh ypfowfjcif;cHMu&onfh twGuf NAdwdoQ
vlrsK;d wkYd pdw0f ,f aoacG pGjJ rJaeaom tBudwt f cJrsm;onf urÇmaMuaomfvnf; aMuaysmufuek q f ;kH jcif;odYk a&mufEidk Mf u
rnf r[kwfay/
igwdkY rsufpdtm½Hk jzpfMuukefaom vlwkdif; vlwdkif;wdkYrSm NrdKUwGif;ü pDwef;vSnfhvnfonfhtcg vufeuf
rygonfh tjzpfukd igwdYk odMuaomfjim;vnf; olwYkd rsupf rd mS igwdYk tay:ü vS"H g; wajymifajymif udik af qmifvmonf[k
jrifMujcif;rSm rdrw d Ykd xifovkd vGeu f sL;ypfrmS ;aom tjypfrsm;udk ydwq f YkdumuG,tf ahH omiSm? ud, k yf ikd Of mPfukd toH;k jyKjcif;
avm? odkYr[kwf aoG;½ll; aoG;ief; tjyif;zrf;qD;NyD; aMumufpdwfrTefí t&rf;jyKvkyfMujcif;avm[k w&mhajcmufq,f
(au) usrf;jyKbG,f&mom jzpfayawmh\/
nDawmfwYdk onf þb0rSm pkawrae? aovGeMf u&ukeaf omfvnf; trsKd;? bmom? omoemudk tjyif;txef
cspfcifvpS mG aom pdw"f gwfwYkd ukd ,kid v f NJ ydKuJjJG cif; r½SMd uaprlí Ekid af tmif xde;f csKyfMuukev f suf a&muf&mb0rS igwdYk tm;
tultnD ay;Muukefavmh/
igwkYdonf oifwkdYtm; &nfpl;í oHCmawmf (150) wdkYtm; yifhí a',s"r®? 'guAÁ0wåK tpkpkwkdYjzifh vSL'gef;
204
udv
YJ efu
ylaZmfMuygukef\/ igwkdY\ aumif;rItzdkYudk oifwkdYtm; trQay;a0ygukef\/ trQ&Muí oifwdkYtpk csrf;omMuygap

ukefownf;/}}
rEåav;or*¾acgif;aqmif udkarmifudkrdefhcGef;
&Jabmfw-hkd
,aeY,cktcsdefwGif igonf þae&modkY 0rf;om0rf;enf; a0cGJí r&Ekdifaom pdwfrsKd;jzifh wufvmyg\/
igwdkY wkdif;jynfESifh igwdkYtrsKd; aumif;pm;a&;twGuf toufudk y"merxm; &uf&ufa&ma&m wyfOD;rS pGefYpm;&if;
usqHk;oGm;Muayaom &JabmfwdkY\ ol&owåd*kPfudk csD;usL;pum; aus;Zl;qdk&awmhrnf jzpfí ig0rf;ajrmufrd\? ig
0rf;omrd\? igvufyrf;ayguf cwfrd\/ taqG&Jabmf yk*¾dKvfxl;rsm;onf igtm; aemufqHk;tBudrf avmutv,f
wGif zG,fcGma½SmifuGif;í rjyefvrf;udk jref;MuavNyD/
igrlum; ESajrmwo ,lMuHK;r& oifwkdYtwGuf ig\ tonf;ESvHk;wdkYrSm rD;[kef;[kef;awmufí aeavNyD/
tkd &Jabmfudkwifatmif-
oifonf ig\ rsupf ad tmuf igh\ vufay:wGiyf if BuD;jyif;vmcJ\ h / toifum; i,f½, G vf \ S / Eki,fvsuf
toufqkdí (12) ESpfrQom ½Sdao;ygvsuf toufESifhrrQ? t½G,fESifh rvkdufatmif a½SUrS vrf;jyoGm;cJhavNyD/ tm;ESifh
rwefaom av;vHaom 0efBuD;udk ½Guaf qmifaom toif&&J aJ wmuf tmZmenfuav;tm; þae&mrS igtav;jyKyg\/
igOD;ñTwyf g\/ toifuo hJ Ykdaom a,muFsm;aumif; a,muFsm;jrwfukd arG;zGm;ay;aom &Jabmf\ aus;Zl;½Sif rdbESpyf g;udk
igwdYk txl;½kad oyg\? udik ;f ½diI ;f OD;ñTwyf g\/ wkid ;f jynfEiS hf trsKd;twGuf toufpeG Yf vu kd jf cif;jzifh &Jabmfonf &Jabmf\
rdbESpfyg; arG;aus;Zl;udk qyfvdkuf&ayNyD/ &Jabmfonf igwkdYtm; aemufqHk;tBudrf pGefYcGmcgeD;ü ]]rdkufawmhr,f
ta&;awmfyHk atmifygap}} ]]pnf;urf;ao0yfMuyg? nDñGwfMuyg}} [k a&;om; rSmMum;cJhonfudk igESifhwuG &Jabmf
taygif;wdYk tb,frmS arhaysmufEidk af wmhto hH enf;/ &Jabmf\ rSmwrf;udv k nf; igwdYk wawG waoGrwdr;f vdu k ef mygtH/h
use&f pfcahJ om igwkYdwawGonf tb,f tb,faMumifh &Jabmf\ ajc&mudk reif;Ekid b f J ½S&d tHo
h enf;/ vlUjynf
wGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aeEkdifygao;aomfvnf; wdkif;jynfESifhtrsKd; vGwv f yfa&;twGuf a½SUrS vrf;ñTejf yygvsuf igwdYk
wawG aemufrS tb,faMumifh xyfMuyfrvku d Ef idk b
f J ½S&d tHo
h enf;/ igwkYd onfvnf; igwkYd \ rdbarG;aus;Zl; qyfawmh
tH/h wkid ;f jynf\ vGwv f yfa&;udk toifuo hJ Ydkyif ,ljyygtH/h vljzpfusK;d eyfatmif jyMuukeyf gtH[ h k t"dXmefjyKNyD;aMumif;udk
&Jabmftm; ig þae&mrS uwdqdkyg\/
tkd &JabmfudkvSarmif-
&Jabmfu ysKdrspfEke,f i,f½G,fvifhupm; &cJvSpGmaom rEkowå vlYb0udkyif &uf&ufa&ma&m pGefYcGmoGm;
ayNyD/ Murf;wrf; &ufpufaom vlowftmPmom; tpkd;&wdkYonf riJhrn§m &Jabmf\udk,fcE¨mrS &Jabmf\toufudk
xkwaf qmifomG ;acsNyD/ &Jabmfonf ypfcwfvu dk af om aoewf'Pf&m &½Sv d suEf iS yfh if 'Pf&mudk vufEiS zhf u d m (wkid ;f jynf
ESihf vlrsK;d twGuf a½SUodYk w;kd Muyg? aemufrqkwMf uygESi)hf [lí ArmhaoG;yDyD &J&ifph mG a<u;aMumfoo H nf igwkYd \em;wGi;f rS
rxGuaf wmhNyD/ vGwv f yfa&; wku d yf q
JG ;kH cef;odYk ra&mufrcsi;f &Jabmf\ owday;EI;d aqmfoo H nf ig\em;0wGif tjrJrjywf
Mum;a,mif aeayawmhrnf/
tdk &JabmfudkbaX;-
&Jabmfonf rGejf rwfaom aojcif;qkukd vufco H mG ;Ekid af yonfh yk*Kd¾ vfx;l tmZmenf wOD;jzpfojzihf 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;om aemufq;kH EIwcf eG ;f qufoyg\/ &Jabmf\ol&owåd pHerlemudk ,lí igwkYd qufvuf aqmif½u G Mf uygtH?h pGeYfpm;
MuygtHh/
igwkdYonf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ rNyD;rcsif; &JabmfuJhokdYyif toufpGefYí BudK;pm;aqmif½GufygtHh[k þtcsdef
þae&mrS iguwdjyK\/ opömqdkyg\/ igwdkY\opömwnfMunfrIudk jzpf&mb0uaeí 0rf;ajrmufMunfEl;jcif; jzpfyg
apownf;/
tkd oGm;avol tmZmenf&JabmfwdkY oifwkdYuJhodkY tmZmenfyk*d¾KvfcRef yk*d¾KvfrGefwdkYudk arG;zGm;Muonfh rdcif?
zcif? aus;Zl;½Sifrsm;udk igwkdY uefawmhyg\/ ½dkusKd;yg\/ ½Sdcdk;yg\/ oifwkdY\ rGefjrwfaom aojcif;udk igtm;us
awmh\/ rSef;q wrf;wrdawmh\/ taoapmMuavpGwum;/ ½IMuOD;avmh? toifwkdY\ jyif;pGmaom ZmwdaoG;?
Zmwdrmef &ifhoefjcif; t[kefaMumifh oifwkdY\ toufudk xkwfaqmifoGm;avaom &ufpufvSonfh "e½Sif yg;uGuf
tmPmom; tpk;d &onf rwnfr&yfEidk ?f ,dr;f ,dik v f suf pkypf jrKyfp ½Supf zG,f jyKwfus&avNyD/ þonfvQif toifwYkd\
205
aus;Zl;*kPfrsm;[k igwkdY ,llqMuygukef\/

use&f pfaom igwdYkwawGonfvnf; tmZmenf wpkuo hJ Ydkyif vGwv
f yfa&; yef;wkid o
f Ykd a&mufatmif igwdYkonf
&Jabmf tmZmenfwYkd enf;wl toufEiS v
hf u
J m ,aeYrpS í igonf þatmifajrrS aeí t"dXmefjyKyg\/ opömqkMd uyg\/
AuoOuú|rdefhcGef;
(udkodef;atmif zwfMum;jcif;)
&Jabmfw-hkd
rw&m;vGef;aom t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ vufatmufodkY Armjynfusa&mufaom tcsdeftcgrS pí ,ck tcdsef
avmuf ArmvlrsKd; wrsKd;vHk;\ pdwfonf rylyifcJh&acs/ ,ck tcsdefavmuf tzdtpD; tESdyftpuf rcHcJh&bl;acs/
,ck tcsdefavmuf remMunf;cJh&bl;ay/
vlrsKd;jcm; tpdk;&\ zdpD;ESdyfpufjcif;cH&aom rnfonfh uRefwdkif;jynf? rnfonhf uRefvlrsKd; rqkd uReftjzpfrS
vGwfajrmuf&ef BudK;pm;Mu&mwGif omrefrw&m;aom zdESdyfjcif;wkdYxuf xl;uJaom zdESdyfjcif;wdkYonfum; awGU&jrJ
tpOftvm yifjzpf\/ rvGwfvyfaom olYuRefb0rS vGwfajrmufvkdí rsm;rsm; BudK;pm;avav? zdESdyfn§if;qJjcif;
rsm;rsm; cH&avavyif jzpf\/
'Pfwyf½kdufjcif;? w&m;pGJjcif;? axmifoGif;cH&jcif;? e,fjcm;ydkYcH&jcif;? wkwf½kdufcH&jcif;? vSHpGyfxdk; cH&jcif;
rsm;ESifh towfc&H jcif; wkUd um; vGwv f yfa&; wkud yf 0JG ifow
l ikd ;f okYd csD;jr§iahf om qkvmbfrsm;jzpfonfukd &Jabmftm;vH;k wdYk
rsuf0g;xifxif jrifNyD;om; jzpf\/ vlwkdif;vlwdkif;onf omrefqif;&Jjcif;rsKd;udk cHEkdif\/ omref n§Of;qJjcif;rsKd;udk
cHEkdif\/ omref pGefYpm;jcif;rsKd;udk jyKEkdif\/ rxl;qef;vSay/
odkY&mwGif ,cktcsdefüum; igwdkY &Jabmfausmif;om; wpkonf omref qif;&Jjcif;? omref pGefYpm;jcif;rsKd;udk
ao;i,fonf[k ,lqMuNyD;jzpfaMumif;udk wkdif;oljynfom; &[ef;½SifvlwdkY od½SdMuNyD;jzpfonhf tjyif &JabmfwdkY\
½kyftavmif;rsm;onf oufaotjzpf wnfvsuf½SdacsNyD/ ArmvlrsKd;onf rnfonfhtcgurQ uReftjzpfudk rkef;wD;
½G½H mS aom pdwxf m;? ocifjzpfvadk om pdwx f m;onf ,cktcsdeaf vmuf ryGm;rsm;cJb h ;l ay/ ,ckuo hJ Ydk aom tajcodYk a&muf
atmif zefwD;vkyfaqmifvmcJhonfh ta&;wGif oifwdkYwawG toufpGefYí wkdif;jynfwm0efudk aqmif½GufoGm;jcif;onf
wkdif;jynftm; rnfrQ cspfaMumif;? qif;&Jom;wdkY tusKd;twGuf rnfrQ tepfemcHí umuG,fapmifha½SmufvdkaMumif;udk
&mZ0ifwGif pmwif&rnfjzpfaom oufaotaxmuftxm; jzpfcJhavNyDwum;/
&Jabmf udkwifatmif? udkvSarmif? udkbaX;wdkh-
uRefausmif;om;? ausmif;olwYkd \ r[kwrf cHvakd ompdw?f wkid ;f jynfukd cspfcifaom pdww f Ykd ukd toufEiS v
hf í
J
oifwkdYonf toa& qnfcJhNyD? armfuGef;wif&pfatmif igwdkY udk,fpm; oifwkdY a½SUrSaeí wkdufcJhNyD/ ausmif;om;?
ausmif;olwdkY\ tqifhtwef;udk jr§ifhcJhNyD/
tdk &JabmfwYdk oifwYdk wawGonf Armjynf½dS ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwYkd \ ud, k pf m; wkid ;f jynftwGuf touf
pGefYum trIawmfxrf;cJhonfrsm;udk igwkdY rarhawmhNyD/ igwkYd 0rf;rajrmufbJ raeEkdifawmhNyD/ igwdkY rcsD;usL;bJ rae
EkdifawmhNyD/ aus;Zl;rqyfbJ raeEkdifawmhNyD/
]]olyek af cwf}} [k ac:qk&d rnfjzpfaom ,cktcsdew f iG f tjcm;wkid ;f jynf½v dS rl sm;ESihf tqift h wef;wlatmif Arm
jynftm; zefw;D ay;aom olyek af usmif;om;wdYkum; oifwYkdwawGyif jzpf\/ tdyaf rmusvsu½f adS om Armjynfom;wdYktm;
Ekd;atmif EId;ay;aom olrsm;um; oifwkdYyif jzpf\/ vGwfvyfa&; yef;wkdifodkY aES;auG;pGm oGm;vsuf½Sdaom ArmjynfBuD;
udk t½Sdefjyif;pGm oGm;atmif jyKjyifay;olrsm;rSmvnf; oifwkdYyif jzpfawmh\/
tkd &JabmfwdkY aoewfypfí towfcH&rnfhaeYu vSnfhvnfMu&mwGif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; a½SUrSaeí
oifwkdYwawG rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfvsuf ½SdMuonfudk igawG;í jrifrdygNyD? vSHpGyfwyfxm;aom aoewfBuD;rsm;jzifh
&ifqkdifawGUMuvsufyif tmZmenfyDyD 'l;wkefjcif;? &ifckefjcif; vHk;0uif;rJhvsuf Armausmif;om;wdkY\ owådudk jyvsuf
½Sad om oifwYkd &Jabmf (3) OD;tm; rSe;f qí jrifryd g\/ jyif;xefvaS om aoewf'Pf&mjzifh aoG;tjzmjzm pD;qif;NyD;vQif
rcsdrqefYjzpfcg rvGwfvyfaom Armjynfudk tjrefvGwfvyfatmif jyKvkyf&ef BudK;pm;&pfMuyg[k rSmMum;onfh tvm;
&Jabmfausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkYtm; rvGJrz,fomí emMunf;pGm cGJcGmoGm;onfh &Jabmf (3) OD;wkdY\ jzpftifudk
awGUvkdufwdkif; igwkdY 0rf;enf;Mu&\/ igwkYd rsuf&nfrqnfEkdifatmif jzpf&\/
tdk &Jabmf (3) OD;wkYd rvGwfvyfaom Armjynfudk vGwfvyfatmif jyKvkyf&efwm0efudk igwdkY xrf;aqmif&pf
206
udv
YJ efu
ygrnf/ oifwkdY toufpGefYoGm;ovdk igwkdYvnf; aemufuvkdufí taES;ESifh tjref toufpGefYí oifwkdY tavmif;½Sd&m
t&yfrSaeí t"d|mefjyKyg\/
vufeufwpHw k &m rygonf omru &efrpl w d xf m; vH;k 0r½Sad om oifwYdk wawGtm; Muuf? iSu?f wd&pämefrsm;
ypfowfovdk? &ufpufMurf;MuKwfpGm ypfowfMuojzifh oifwdkYum; igwkdYESifh uif;a0;Mu&NyDjzpfaomfvnf; oifwkdY\
tmZmenfpdwf"gwfonf igwdkYtm; tpOfwpkduf a½SUaqmifvsuf½SdavNyD/ oifwkdY\ pdwf"gwfudk igwkdY\ udk,fwGif;odkY
oGwo f iG ;f í oifwYdk \ vufiw k jf zpfaom wdu
k yf u
JG kd NyD;Nidr;f atmif tpOfrjywf toifwYkd ukd aus;Zl;qyfaomoabmjzifh
uwday;yg\/
tkd &JabmfwdkY oifwkdY\ pdwf"gwfudk aemufqHk;tBudrf t½dktaojyK&ef ArmjynfvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾
trIaqmifrsm;ESihf tjcm;NrdKUrsm;½Sd ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; rvma&mufEidk o f nfukd cGijhf yK&ef awmif;yefyg\/ Armjynf
aESmifBudK;udk ajyatmif BudK;pm;vkyfaqmifygrnf[k ¤if;wdYk\udk,fpm; igwkYd udk,fpm;vS,f (3) OD;onf oifwkdY\
½kyftavmif;rsm;udk OD;ckdufí opömjyKyg\/
þuJhokdY tmZmenfrsm;\ &J&ifhajymifajrmufpGm toufpGefYoGm;rIudk *kPfjyKcsD;usL; ajymMum;NyD;aemuf
tmZmenf (17) OD; ½kyftavmif;udk tkwf*loGif;NyD; trQtwef;a0um oN*ØKvfyGJtcrf;tem;udk atmifjrifpGm ½kyfodrf;
vkduf\/
(P) tmZmenfrsm;aeY t"d|mefjyKpmwrf;

tmZmenfo&l aJ umif;taygif;wkYd taqGwYkd um; vGwv f yfa&;wefz;kd udk aumif;pGm odem;vnfMuNyD; jzpfMuay
\/ ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf pnf;pdrftoufwdkYukd &uf&ufa&ma&mpGefYum Armhowådukd &mZ0ifwGif xif½Sm;atmif
jyoEkdifMuay\/ waeYonfum; taqGwdkY\ jrifhrdk&fr@dKifozG,f cdkifjrJvSaom wdkif;cspfpdwf? r[myx0DajrBuD;uJhodkY
xkxnfBuD;rm;vSaom rsKd;cspfpdwf? 0&ZdefuJhodkY xufjrufvSaom owåd? udk,fusKd;pGefY &ufa&maomoabm ponfh
jrifjh rwfwnfMunf tmZmenfyo D aom t&nftcsi;f wdYk ukd cs;D usL;Mobm axmufcaH om igwkYd onf þae&m? þXmeodYk
,aeY eHeuf pka0;a&mufMuukef\/
igwdkY Armjynfum; rlvueOD;uyif vGwfvyfaom ocifEkdifiH jzpfcJh\/ a½S;ESpfaygif; 3000 cefYuwnf;u
ousomuD r[mqD? r[maoG;wkYd rS ½d;k &mrysuf qif;oufE, G vf m rif;&mZmwdYk onf xdex f ed af jymifajymif a½Teef;aqmif
wkYd jzifh ueufx;D jzLpduk xf l jzefYr;kd vsuf tkycf sKyfp;kd rd;k cJah om ud, k fhrif;ud,
k fhcsif;Edik if H jzpfc\ hJ / þuJo h Ykd urÇmay:wGif
woD;wjcm; crf;em;pGm ocifwikd ;f jynftjzpf wnf½cdS &hJ mwGif igwdYk \ bd;k bGm;tp&Sad om tmZmenf ol&aJ umif;BuD;rsm;
onf toufaoG;cJukd ESajrmwGeYf wjkd cif; tvsif;r½Sb d J Armhvw G v f yfa&;twGuf Ekid if cH sJUorm;wdYk \ ab;&efukd wGe;f vSef
NzdKzsufcJhonfh taxmuftxm;rsm;onfvnf; &mZ0ifü txift½Sm; ½SdcJhayonf/
igwkYdacwf? igwdkYrSmvnf; uHraumif; taMumif;rvSojzifh wyg;olvufatmufwGif uRefoabmufjzpfcJh
onfh vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygif; 100 ausmu f pí ,aeYwikd f trdro hJ m; a&enf;ig;odYk wjznf;jznf;jcif; tajctae qkw, f w
k f
ysufjym;jcif;? ynma&;tajctae avsmhyg;wdraf umjcif;? usef;rma&;tajctae ,d, k iG ;f vmjcif;? wOD;ESiw hf OD; pnf;vH;k
rIr½Sd tuGJuGJtjym;jym; jzpfaejcif;paom ab;tEÅ&m,f trsKd;rsKd;ESifh &ifqkdifMuvsuf tppt&m&mwGif nd§K;i,fpGm
½SdaeMu&avNyD/ xdkrSwyg; b0qdk;aom uRefvlrsKd;jzpfonfESifhtnD pum;udkyif vGwfvyfpGm rajymqdk&? a&;om;rIudk
vnf; vGwv f yfpmG rjyK&? oGm;vmaexkid rf w I iG v
f nf; vGwv f yfjcif;r½Sb d J "e½Sief ,fcsUJ orm;wdYk\ trsKd;rsKd;aom tkycf sKyf
aESmifBudK;jzifh ArmvlrsK;d taygif;wdYk rmS wif;MuyfpmG csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;cHae&um; tqdyk g tcsKyftcs,f twm;tqD;wkYd ukd
uREkfyfwdkYonf w&m;ojzifh vGwfajrmufatmif uefYuGuf½kef;uef&m EkdifiHcsJUpepft& tckzGJUxm;aom tpdk;&tzGJUonf
ArmtrsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; axmifwef;? aESmiftdrfodkY ydkYaqmifum csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;udk cHaeMu&ayNyD/
pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;wdkYaMumifh uRefvlrsKd;tcsif;csif; arwåmuif;Muvsuf t"du½kPf;BuD;rsm; jzpfyGm;
aomaMumifh rsm;pGmaom ArmvlrsKd;rsm;\ toufrsm;vnf; aoaMuysufpD;cJhavNyD/ iwfrGwfrGJaw tajcrvSojzifh
ao&onfu uHaumif;ao;onf[k oabmydkufum x<uMuaom olwdkYtm; ½kdifz,faoewf? pufaoewfpaom
aorif; wrefrsm;jzifh ESrd ef if; zdEydS jf cif;aMumifh om,m0wDe,fü 2000 cefYaom Armqif;&Jom;? v,form;? tvkyo f rm;
taygif;wkdYrSm axmif;axmif; nufaMu toufaocJh&avNyD/
omoema&;ESifh ywfoufí csKyfcs,frIrsm;aMumifh &efukefaxmiftwGif;ü (166) &ufwkdifwkdif tpma&pm
oHk;aqmifjcif; rjyKbJ uefYuGufjcif;jzifh OD;0dpm& t½Sifoljrwfonf tmZmenfyDyD toufaoG;cJudk pGefYíoGm;½SmavNyD/
207
rEÅav;ûrdYü jynfhtapcHwdkY\ aoewf'Pfcsufjzifh OD;pE´drm t½Sifoljrwfonfvnf; r&PEkdifiHodkY vdkufyg&½SmavNyD/

þokYd uRefvrl sKd;tjzpfjzifh awGUMuHKae&aom aMuuGzJ , G &f m tjzpftysufrsm;udk igwkYd onf tb,frmS vQif arhaysmufEidk f
ygawmhtHhenf;/
,refESpfuvnf; Armjynfol? jynfom;taygif;wdkY\ vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkda&;om; oGm;vmaexkdifrIwdkYudk
"e½SiEf idk if cH sJUtpk;d &onf Oya'yk'rf trsKd;rsKd;wdYk jzifh csKyfcs,fwm;qD;jcif;udjk yK&m ausmif;om;t½G,f vlrr,fuav;rsm;
yif tdraf ½SUyl? tdraf emuf rcsrf;om[laom pum;uJo h Ydk rdrMd um;raeEkid f MuawmhbJ ausmif;aygif;pHrk S ajrmufjrm;pGmaom
ausmif;om;? ausmif;oluav;rsm;onf tqdkyg csKyfcs,faom Oya'yk'frwkdYudk uefYuGuf&mwGif tMurf;rzuf tEk
oufoufenf;jzifh &efukefNrdKUtwGif; jycJhMuonfrSm vGefcJhonfh 1300 jynfhESpf þaeY? þ&uf? þtcsdeftcgyifjzpf
ayonf/
xdo
k Ykd twGi;f 0efBuD;rsm;½H;k udk 0kid ;f í rdrw
d Ykd \ qEújkd yMuNyD;aemuf ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol uav;rsm;onf
rdrdwdkY\ acgif;aqmifpum;udk ajr0,frus em;axmifum aeYvnf (12) em&D tcsdefavmufwGif jyefvnf ½kyfodrf;cJh&m
"e½SiEf idk if cH sJUtpk;d &\ vufyg;aprsm;jzpfaom &efuek yf v k yd tf zGUJ rS a*:&mpmoifrsm;ESihf ukvm;ykvyd rf sm;onf vufeuf
[lí tyfwacsmif;rQrygaom uav;oli,fvlrr,fwdkYtm; AsufwvufrcGJ½Sdaom opfom;wkwfBuD;rsm;jzifh wajAmif;
ajAmif; usKd;atmif qifu h mqifu h m? rn§mrwm &ufpufpmG vdu k v f ½H u
kd Ef u
S jf cif;? jrif;wdYk jzifh vku d v f w H u dk cf u
dk jf cif;paom
Murf;MuKwfrIwdkYaMumifh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wdkY\ aoG;pdrf;½Sif½SifwdkYrSm pywfvrf; ajrjyifwGif woGifoGipf ;D usum
tkid x
f eG ;f cJo h nfudk vnf;aumif;? touf (22) ESpf t&G,rf Q½Sad o;aom tvkyt f rIaqmifwOD;jzpfaom &Jabmf aumvdyf
ausmif;om; Auotoif;om; udak tmifausmrf mS xdak eYu &½Scd ahJ om ykvyd rf sm;\ ½ku d Ef uS rf aI Mumifh ,refEpS f jymodv k qef;
(2) &ufaeYu þavmuBuD;rS pGeYfcmG oGm;&½SmonfwYkdukd vnf;aumif;? igwdYkonf rnfonfh enf;ESihf arhEidk af wmhtehH nf;/
xkdaeUu vlpdwfuif;Muukefaom jynfhtapcH vufyg;apwdkY\ &ufpufrIudk rsuf0g;xifxif ½IjrifMu&ukef
aom vlpw d ½f o dS tl aygif;wdYk onf vnf;aumif;? owif;pum; Mum;odMuukeaf om ArmjynfbmG ; trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;
rsm;onfvnf;aumif; ]]þavmuBuD;\w&m;ajzmifrh eS jf cif; uif;cJah csNyDwum;? uRefb0jzifah e&aom vlrsKd;rSm þodYk
&uf&ufpufpuf n§i;f yef;ESyd pf ufjcif;udk cH&ygwum;}} [k ,lMuHK;r& ESv;kH tdrrf S pdr, hf í
kd xGuaf om aoG;uJo h Ykd eDjref;onfh
rsuf&nfayguf BuD;i,fwdkYonf ArmajrjyifwGif woGifoGif pD;uscJhonfudk igwdkYonf rarhEkdifawmhacs/
þta&;upí wwdik ;f wjynfv;kH rD;[ke;f [ke;f awmufum qlyv l yI ½f mS ;rIwYdk jzpfay:vmNyD;vQif atmifvNH rdKUrS
Adv
k b f zd;k rSmvnf; jynft h apcHwYdk \ &ufpufvaS om aoewf'Pf&mjzifh toufpeG Yf omG ;&½Smonft h jyif ,refEpS w f ydYk wJG
vjynfhausmf (7) &ufaeYuvnf; rdrdwdkY vGwfvyfvkdaom qEúdk pDwef;vrf;avQmufjcif;jzifh jyoMuaom rEÅav;NrdKU
awmf½Sd &[ef;oHCmawmfrS pí ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;? NrdKUolNrdKUom; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdkYtm; jynfhtapcHrsm;onf
qifjcifww kH &m; tenf;i,frQ rxm;bJ Muuf? iSu?f wd&pämefwYkdukd &ufpufpmG ypfowfbo d uJo h Ykd ½kid zf ,faoewfrsm;jzifh
rn§mraxmuf ypfazmuf ESdyfuGyfjcif;udk jyKojzifh NrdKUolNrdKUom; (40) ausmfcefY 'Pf&m&½Sdonfh teuf &[ef;awmf
(7) yg;ESihf ausmif;om;t&yfom; (10) OD;wkYd &½St d yfaom aoewf'Pf&maMumifh r&PEkid if o H Ykd vdu k yf g&½Smonfuv kd nf;
igwkdYonf ,aeYwdkif rarhEkdifawmhacs/
igwdkYonf vlYb0udk &onfupí obm0"r®tm;jzifh vGwfvyfaom rEkóvlom;rsm; jzpfMuukef\/
vGwfvyfaom b0udk igwdkY rEkóvlom;rsm;om r[kwfao;? awmaewd&pämef t½kdif;tpkdif;wdkYyifvQif av;jrwf
ESpfouf MunfjzLMuukef\/ vGwfvyfa&;onf avmu"r®wmt& rnfolrqdk tarGcHxdkufaom jrifhjrwfonfh b0
jzpfaMumif;udk igwkdY od½Sdem;vnfvmMuayNyD/
vGwfvyfa&;atmifyef;\ wnf&mc&D;vrf;onfum; tvGefw&m ajymifacsm ajzmifhwef;aom uwå&map;
vrf;rBuD; r[kwfay/ vGwfvyfa&; c&D;vrf;BuD;onfum; tqif;&JcH&jcif;? tESdyfpufcH&jcif;? ypönf;Opöm tqHk;t½IH;
cH&jcif;? axmifwef; tusc&H jcif;? touftaocH&jcif;wnf;[laom ql;ajimifu h efoif;? csKid w hf iG ;f url taumuftauGY
wdkYjzifh wefqmqiftyfaom c&D;vrf;Murf;BuD;yifwnf;/
xdkYaMumifh w½kwfvlrsKd;wdkYonf vnf;aumif;? ykdvefvlrsKd;wdkYonf vnf;aumif;? zifvefvlrsKd;wkdYonf
vnf;aumif; rdrdwdkY\ vGwfvyfa&;udk ra&rwGufEdkifaom pnf;pdrftoufwkdYjzifh zvS,fum &efoltaygif;wdkYtm;
wGef;vSefNzdKzsufaeonfukd ,cktcg igwkYd rsufarSmufwGif awGYMuHKaeMu&NyD r[kwfavm/ igwdkYtm; vTrf;rdk;tkyfpkd;ae
onfh t*FvdyfvlrsKdS;onfyif rdrdwdkY vGwfvyfa&;udk waeYaeYwGif xdcdkufvmrnfudk od½Sd&dyfrdojzifh wkdif;i,f jynfi,f
uav;rsm;\ vGwfvyfa&;udk ckcHumuG,f ae&ygonf[k taMumif;vSvS urÇmudkjyNyD; *smrPDemZD&efukd pnf;pdrf
touf ajrmufrsm;pGm tqHk;t½HI;cHí ppfaMunmum NzdKzsufokwfoifaeonfukd igwkdY rsuf0g;xifxif ½IjrifaeMu&NyD
208
udv
YJ efu
r[kwfavm/
odkYjzpf&m vGwfvyfa&;\ wefzkd;onf tqHk;tp r½Sdonfhtwkdif; vGwfvyfa&;udk t&,l&ef BudK;yrf;tm;
xkw&f mü pnf;pdrf toufwYkd ukd pGeYf Mu&jrJjzpfonfrmS urÇmY"r®wmjzpfonfudk taxmifaom urÇmY&mZ0ifrsm;uvnf;
axmufcv H suf ½Sad eayonf/ igwdYkonfvnf; þ"r®wmobm0udk vGeq f efum tb,frmS vQif vGwv f yfa&;udk t&,l&ef
jzpfEkdiftHhenf;/ toufpGefYoGm;Muukefaom tmZmenfol&Jaumif;wkdYonf igwdkYtm; vGwfvyfa&; vrf;rSefudk xifxif
½Sm;½Sm; jycJhMuayNyD/ xdktmZmenfol&Jaumif;wkdY\ ajc&mudk waeYaeYwGif igwkdY eif;&awmhrnfrSm rvGJra½Smifomaom
wm0ef0wå&m;yif jzpf\/ vGwv f yfa&;atmifyef;udk qGwcf ;l vko d rl sm;um; tiftm;csed YJ ,dr;f EGUJ aeaom rde;f rvsm? vlrrm
wdkY\ t&mr[kwf/ owåd? AswådESifh jynfhpHkaom &J&Jawmuf tmZmenfol&Jaumif;wdkY\ t&momvQifjzpfay\/ usm;udk
cvkwf? opfikwfudk oifjzL;? ql;udk arGY&mozG,f oabmxm;um tcsKyftcs,f? taESmifht,Suf? tqD;twm;[lorQ
wdYk ukd ydik ;f jzwf y,f½iS ;f csO;f eif; okwo f ifvsuf &J0phH mG ? iga,musmF ;[k BudK;pm;tHcJ ZGeJ bJBuD;olwYdkomvQif vGwv f yfa&;
atmifyef;udk qifjref;&rnf jzpfownf;/
tdk tmZmenftaygif; ol&Jaumif;wkdY? taqGwdkY\ jyif;xefvSaom xGufoufwkdYonf? pdwf"mwfrsm;onf
igwdkY\ udk,fcE¨mü wnfaeudef;atmif; ygapownf;/
taqGwYkdonfum; vlwYkd\ oufwrf;wGif xrf;aqmif&rnfh rdrw d Ykd wm0ef0wå&m;udk toufpeG Yfí xrf;aqmif
oGm;Muojzifh &mZ0ifajymifum *kPfarmufMuay\/ taqGwdkYonf trsKd;\ *kPfukd aqmifoGm;EkdifMuouJhokdY igwkdY
vnf; aqmifEkdifatmif tcsdeftcg aumif;onf rMumrwif qkdufa&muf ygapownf;/
tdk tmZmenftaygif; ol&aJ umif;wkYd taqGwYkd \ xufoefvaS om ZG?J jrJpcJG idk rf mvSaom rsKd;cspfpw d ?f xdyx
f yd f
MuJ wcJeufaom owådponfh rGefjrwfonfh t&nftcsif;wkdYudk igwdkYonf pdwftm;xufoefpGm csD;usL;Mobm
axmyem jyKMuyguke\ f / taqGwYkd\ 0dnmOfpw d "f gwfrsm;onf vGwv f yfa&; yef;wdik o
f Ydk a½S;½IomG ;aeMuaom igwdYk tm;
rD;½I;wefaqmifBuD;ozG,f OmPftvif;a&mifudk ay;vsuf½SdacsNyD/
tdk tmZmenftaygif; ol&Jaumif;wkdY igwdkYonf taqGwdkYtm; igwkdY jyKorQ 'geukokdvf tzdkYzdkYudk trQ?
trQ? trQ ay;a0Muygukef\/ taqGwdkYonf Mum;onfhae&mu om"k tEkarm'em jyKEkdifMuonfjzpfí vGwfvyfaom
ok*wdb0wGif vGwfvyfaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;tjzpfjzifh vGwfvyfa&;\ t&omudk aumif;pGm cHEkdifMuygapownf;/
ArmjynfzGm; wkdif;&if;om;taygif;wdkY igwdkYonf ,aeYupí igwkdY wrsKd;om;vHk; OruGJodkufrysuf pnf;vHk;
nDñGwfa&;udk &atmif aeYnrtm; aqmif&GufBudK;yrf;MuygukeftHh/
oef;aygif; rsm;pGmaom ArmvlrsKd;wkYd onf rdrw d Ykd wdik ;f jynfBuD;udk vH;k 0vGwvf yfa&; ay;rSomvQif auseyfEikd f
rnf[laom jyif;xefonfh pdwfqEúdk jyMuukeftHh/
igwkYd ArmvlrsdK;wkYd \ pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;? usef;rma&;? omoem bmoma&;? vlrsdK; wk;d wufzYHG NzdK;a&;paom
BuD;yGm;rI trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudkvnf; igwdkYonf toufaoG;cJ wnfaeorQ umvywfvHk; pGrf;aqmif tm;xkwfMuukeftHh/
igwkdY Armwdkif;? Armwkdif; vGwfvyfa&;udk wu,fvkdvm;aom pdwf"gwfrsm; udef;atmifaeorQ umvywf
vHk; ArmjynfBuD;onf wu,fyif vGwfvyfa&; &rnfrSm rvGJaom taMumif;yif jzpf\/
tkd tcsif;wkYd &J&ifw
h nfMunf ArmyDoolwYkd omvQif Armjynfü vGwv f yfa&; a&mifjcnfoef;vmNyD[k xif½mS ;
pGm awGUjrifEkdifrnfjzpfownf;/
ta&;awmfykHatmifygap
1301 ckESpf?
&efukefNrdKY? tmZmenfaehaumfrwDtzGJY
209
OD;A[de;f
(1938-39)
wuo Ouú| udak tmifqef; (Adv k cf sKyf) Ekwx

f u
G o
f mG ;ojzif?h Ouú|tjzpf qufvufwm0ef,&l jcif; jzpfonf/
1279 ck? 0gqdkvqef; (10) &uf? Ak'¨[l;aeY? eHeuf (7) em&D tcsdefwGif tif;0NrKdU udkif;wef;&yfü zGm;jrifonf/
tz OD;rSi?f trd a':OD;wdYk \ yÍörajrmufom;jzpfonf/
rEÅav;NrKdU atbDtrf rdef;uav;ausmif;? ousoD[bk&m; teD; q&midkausmif;? rEÅav;NrKdU A[dktrsdK;om;

txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif ynmqnf;yl;cJ\ h / 1934 ckEpS w f iG f rEÅav;Oypmaumvdyüf pwif ynmoifMum;
cJo
h nf/ 1935-36 ckEpS w f iG f rEÅav;Oypmaumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmifjzpf\/ 1936 ck ausmif;om;
oydww f iG f ppfuikd ;f tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;odYk oydwo f mG ;wm;&m ausmif;tkyBf uD; rpöwma'gif;ESihf paumuf
rsm;u 0dik ;f ½du
k o
f jzifh 'Pf&m&½Scd ohJ nf/ 1936-37 ckEpS w
f iG f rEÅav;Oypmaumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú|
tjzpf aqmif½u G cf í
hJ Oypm txufwef;udk ygVdbmom *kPx f ;l jzifh atmifjrifcahJ vonf/
&efuek wf uúovkd w
f iG f qufvufynmqnf;yl;í 1938-39 ckwiG f wuo trIaqmiftjzpf a½G;cs,w f ifajr§muf
cH&onf/ wuo Ouú| udak tmifqef; Ekwx f u G of mG ;aomtcg Ouú|tjzpf wm0ef,&l jcif; jzpfonf/ 1938-
39 ckEpS f Auo Ouú|vnf; jzpfonf/ udAk [de;f udk wuo Ouú|tjzpfxuf Auo Ouú|tjzpf vlord sm;cJo h nf/
1938 ckESpfü a&eHajroydwf ay:aygufcJhonf/ a&eHajroydwform;rsm;onf &efukefNrKdUodkY csDwufqE´jy&ef?

a&eH acsmif;NrKdUrS xGucf MhJ uonf/ Ouú| udAk [de;f ESihf udAk aqGwYkdonf a&eHacsmif;NrKdUwGif ay:aygufvsu½f adS om
ausmif;om;oydwt f a&;ESihf a&eHajrrS csDwufvmaom oydwo f rm;rsm;ta&;udk pHpk rf;&ef c&D;xGucf MhJ uonf/
rauG;NrKUd ü a&eHajrrS csw
D ufvmaom oydwo f rm;rsm;tm; w&m;a[maepOf tzrf;cHc&hJ avonf/ or*¾ Ouú|ESihf
twGi;f a&;rSL;tm; zrf;qD;ojzifh ausmif;om;oydwf ay:aygufcahJ vonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;onf twGi;f 0efrsm;½H;k odYk csw

D ufqE´jyMu&m? a*:&mpmoifrsm;u jrif;ESihf wdu k ?f eHygwfwwk Ef iS hf
½du
k of jzifh *syq
f ifaumvdyrf S udak tmifausmf usq;kH cJo
h nf/ ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; 'Pf&m &cJMh u\/ ausmif;
om;? tvkyo f rm;? v,form;oydwf aygif;pHpk pk nf;rdum? 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfy[ kH k ordik ;f 0if rSww
f rf;wif
cJhMuonf/ ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; NrKdUroydwfpcef;wGif tpmtiwfcH qE´jycJhMuonf/ a'gufwmbarmf
tpdk;&jyKwfusí OD;yktpdk;&wufNyD;? ausmif;om;oydwf NyD;qHk;cJhonf/
udAk [de;f onf 1939 ckEpS w f iG f wuúov

kd rf S xGuí
f wdYk Armtpnf;t½H;k odYk 0ifa&muf vkyaf qmifco
hJ nf/ 1940
ckESpfwGif zrf;qD;cH&NyD;? *syefacwf a'gufwmbarmf tpdk;&vufxufwGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xme twGif;0eftjzpf
aqmif½u G cf \
hJ / 1945 ck *syefawmfveS af &;wGif awmificl ½dik w
f iG f wm0ef,cl o
hJ nf/
(wpfzufpmrsuEf mS od-Yk )
210
udv
YJ efu
a'guw
f mvSa½T M.B.B.S
(1939-40)
1300jynfh ta&;awmfwiG f tmPm½Siv

f aS ½T[k ausmMf um;cJo
h jl zpfonf/ udv
k aS ½Tonf 1300jynfh ta&;awmf\
trSwtf om;jzpfonf/
ysOf;rem;NrKdUü 1276 ck? e,kev

f jynfah usmf (12) &ufaeYwiG f zGm;jrifí zsmyHNk rKdUü BuD;jyif;cJ&h \/ 1931 ckEpS w
f iG f
&efukefwuúodkvfü pwifynmoifMum;í aq;twwfynmudk qufvufoif,lcJhonf/ 1936-37 ckESpfwGif
wuo twGi;f a&;rSL;? 1938-39 ckwiG f wuo 'k-Ouú|tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcí hJ 1939-40 ckwiG f wuo
Ouú|tjzpf a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufjcif;cH&onf/
1938-1939 ckESpf 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHkBuD;wGif or*¾ Ouú| udkA[def; zrf;cH&NyD;aemuf udkvSa½Tonf
ta&;awmfyHkBuD;udk qufvufacgif;aqmifum wdkufyJG0ifcJhonf/ tmPm½SifudkvSa½T[lí wdkif;jynfu od½Sd
cJMh uonf/ 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyu
kH kd qufvufacgif;aqmif&if; tzrf;cHc&hJ onf/
1939 ckEpS wf iG f wuorS BuD;rSL;um Adv

k af tmifausmu
f sq;kH aomaeYukd tmZmenfaeY[k owfrw
S u
f m yxrqH;k
usif;ycJMh uonf/
udkvSa½Tonf q&m0efbJGUudk 1940-41 ckESpfwGif qGwfcl;NyD;aemuf? aq;ynmjzifh toufarG;um {csrf;pGm

aecJo
h nf/ 'kw,
d urÇmppfBuD;tNyD; aq;ynm qufvufqnf;yl;&ef t*FvefEikd if o H YkdtoGm; 1947 ckEpS f Mo*kwv
f
(23) &ufaeYwiG f yg½Se;f yifv,fauGY? ab;&de;f uRef; teD;wGif av,mOfysufusí tedpaö &mufcahJ vonf/
udkA[def;rS tquf-
udkA[def;onf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk pwifxlaxmifol wOD;jzpfNyD;? 1946 ck uGefjrLepfygwD ajAmifxl
axmifaomtcgwGif A[dak umfrwD0ifjzpfco hJ nf/ aemifwiG f ay:vpfAsL½dt
k zJUG 0ifjzpfí Armjynftvkyof rm;or*¾
(A.B.T.U.C) \ Ouú|jzpfonf/ 1946 ck? Edk0ifbmv (20) &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;aq;½HkBuD;wGif uG,fvGef
tedpaö &mufco hJ nf/ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf\ vGwvf yfa&;armfueG ;f 0if pm&if;wGif yxrqifrh S aMunmay;
jcif; cHc&hJ oljzpfavonf/
211
Source: File Photo
udak tmifausmEf iS t
Uf wl t½du
k cf &H aom
udMk unfarmif (aemif Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D
Munfarmif)

rauG;NrKd w
Y iG f udAk [de;f ESit
Uf wl
tzrf;cH&aom
wuotwGi;f a&;rSL; udAk aqG
212
jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm t,f'w
D m OD;cspaf rmif (*sme,fausm)f u ay;tyfcahJ om vGwv
f yfa&;wdu
k yf 0GJ if *kPx
f ;l aqmifvufrw
S f erlemyHpk H (1)
213
jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm t,f'w
D m OD;cspaf rmif (*sme,fausm)f u ay;tyfcahJ om vGwv
f yfa&;wdu
k yf 0GJ if *kPx
f ;l aqmifvufrw
S f erlemyHpk H (2)
wdAhk rmtpnf;t½H;k wHqyd f
wdAhk rm - owif;pOfrw
S w
f rf; acgi;f pD;trSwt
f om;
Adv
k af tmifausmf tygt0if wuúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm; &efuek f twGi;f 0ef½;kH udk 0dik ;f aepOf
Source: Doh Bamar
214
1300 jynfh ta&;awmfykH zrf;qD;axmifcsc&H onfh rEåav;oydwaf cgi;f aqmifrsm;
rEåav;oydwfacgif;aqmif
Ouú|q&mawmf OD;uvsmPESifh
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
Ouú|q&mawmf OD;uvsmP udak tmif - tdik t
f ufpD txufwef; udkatmifwdkhtm; axmif'Pf (2)
av;jyifav;&yfv;kH qdik &f m&[ef;ysKt
d zJcYG sKy?f (rEåav;ausmif;om;rsm;tzJaYG cgi;f aqmif) ESpfpD toD;oD;csrSwfcHcJh&onf/
a0,efbo kH mwdu k f
axmif'Pf (1) ESpfpD csrSwfcH&aom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif (4) OD;
udak tmifausm0f if; (10 wef;? A[dt

k rsK;d om;ausmif;) udak rmifMunf (ayguNf rKd iw
f u
kd )f acgi;f aqmif udo
k ed ;f atmif
wydw
hk v
GJ qkwf (12) &ufwiG f trdechf sonf/ wydw
hk v
GJ qkwf (10) &ufwiG f trdechf sonf/
udck sex f eG ;f (10 wef;? A[dt

k rsK;d om;ausmif;) udu
k akd v; (10 wef;? 0ufpvD,aH usmif;) rEåav;or*¾acgi;f aqmif udak rmifukd
wydw hk vGJ qkwf (12) &ufwiG f trdechf sonf/ wydw
hk vGJ qkwf (12) &ufwiG f trdechf sonf/ 215
216
217
rEåav;oydww
f iG f usq;kH cJah om tmZmenf (16) OD;\ psmyeyJG
Adv
k f (16) OD;\ psmyetcrf;tem; aps;csKad wmf ta½Sb
Y ufwiG f jrif&yHk
218
rEåav;oydww
f iG f usq;kH cJah om tmZmenf (16) OD;\ psmyeyJG
em&DpifauGw
Y iG f ausmif;olrsm;\ ppf&xm;,mOf vGeaf jrmufNy;D aemuf e*g;eDtrsK;d orD; aq;vdycf t
kH zJu
YG kd jrifEikd \
f
219
ref;tmZmenf (17) OD;
(1) (2)
OD;y@dw OD;ynmaZmw
ukoEd mé ½Hw
k u
kd f a*G;csKw
d u
kd f
toufawmf - 28 toufawmf - 25
0gawmf - 0gawmf -
crnf;awmf - OD;pH crnf;awmf - OD;atmifb
r,fawmf - a':zD r,fawmf - a':zmG ;cspf
aumhp&Gm? oxH'k pD Bww
d f qumBu;D NrKd ?Y rtlyif'pD Bww
d f
(3) (4)
OD;a0ykvÈ OD;Zedw
wl;armif;wdu k ?f tr&yl& pukwu kd f
toufawmf - 27 toufawmf - 35
0gawmf - crnf;awmf? r,fawmfwrhkd mS
crnf;awmf - OD;xGe;f vS uG,vf eG Nf y;D ? arG;pm;
r,fawmf - a':v'S eG ;f r,fawmfrmS yckuLú wGi&f dS
jrpfusK;d pmwdu
k ?f yJc;l 'DpBww
d f yckuLú 'DpBww d f
(5) (6) OD;auvm (cifruefwdkuf)

OD;tmavmu toufawmf - 25? 0gawmf - 5
aiGawmifwu kd f OD;eE´0o
H av;xyfausmif;ae? ESycf sK½d mG ? jrpfBu;D em;'DpBww
d /f
toufawmf - 30 (7) OD;auwk (qifwJwdkuf)
0gawmf - 10 toufawmf - 41? 0gawmf - 16
crnf;awmf - OD;Edik f r,fawmf - a':bmG ;? carmufx-k cGq½kH mG ? &aoUawmif tydik ?f
r,fawmf - a':quf ppfawG'pD Bww
d /f
OoQpuf ek ;f ½Gm? a&eHacsmif;tydik f
rauG;'DpBww d f (8) AdkvfbaX; (0ufpvD [dkufpul;ausmif;om;)
(9) (10)
AdkvfvSarmif Adkvfwifatmif
OD;edAmÁ eausmif; A[dak e&Sief ,fausmif;
touf - 15 touf - 15
owÅrwef; owÅrwef;
tb - OD;ul; tb - OD;xGe;f vS
trd - a':&if trd - a':oed ;f ñGehf
a[rmZv? rEåav;NrKd Y w½kww f ef;? rEåav;NrKd Y
(11) (12)
Adkvfrl AdkvfxGef;atmif
touf - 29? vlysKd (owif;pma&mif;í
(rif;rsK;d rif;EG,)f trdtm;vkyaf uR;aeol)
tb - OD;qd;k touf - 18
trd - a':jrif tb - OD;vS (uG,fvGef)
ola|;wef;? rEåav;NrKd Y trd - a':prd hf
qdik ;f wef;? rEåav;NrKd Y
220
(13) (14)
Adkvfatmifxl; Adkvfcifarmif
'udP© 0ef rvGeaf usmif;
touf - 21 touf - 19
tb - OD;pHaumif; tb - q&matmif
trd - a':apmcif trd - a':oufcikd f
'udP
© 0ef? rEåav;NrKd Y O,smOf0if;? rEåav;NrKd Y
(15) (16) AdkvfbvGef;

AdkvfxGef;td touf - 33? tb - OD;pHcsed ?f trd - a':nrd ;f ?
ukeo
f nf o&ufwyif&mG ? rEåav;'DpBww
d f
touf - 53
tb - OD;a½TyiG Uf
trd - a':rif;csKH
r&rf;jc?H rEåav;NrKd Y
(17)
Adkvfa&T½dk; (ac:) Adkvfcifarmif
Adv
k af &T½;kd onf touf 16 ESprf Qom&Sad o;í rEåav;NrKd ?Y w½kww f ef;&yf? tb- t0de½f yI ?f trd- rBu;D wduhk arG;zGm;aom
w½kwu f jym; Ak'b¨ momjzpfí? 0HomEkpw d x
f ufoefojl zpf&m rMumrDu a&eHoydww f yf &efyakH iG aumufcaH &;wGif
tm;BuKd ;rmefwuf aqmif½u G cf o
UJ jl zpfaMumif;/
¤if;rSm w½kww f ef;? omoedu,k0toif;ESiUf vdu k yf gNy;D vQif ausmif;om;rsm;a&SrY S wufí aoewf'Pf&m &&SNd y;D vQif aq;½Hw
k iG f
(*) &ufMumrS aoqH;k oGm;&SmaMumif;? aq;½Hük ukopOf rdbrsm; tm;wuf&ef pum;rsm;om ajymMum;oGm;aMumif;/
1300 jynf?U waygi;f vqef; (10) &ufaehwiG f oN*KØ [\ f /
Adv
k cf ifarmif\ tavmif;udk ol<u,fpk okóefwiG f ,laqmifvmyHk
221
twGi;f 0ef½;kH ü jzpfygG ;cJah om t"du½kP;f ESifh ywfoufí pHpk rf;a&;aumfrwD tpD&ifcpH m
Resolution on the Report of the Secretariat Incident Enquiry Committee
(,ck r[mAE¨Kvvrf;)
(,ck Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;)
(,ck taemf&xmvrf;)
(,ck odrfjzLvrf;)
twGif;0ef½Hk;ajryHk
Source: Ko Aung Kyaw Report
222
-0-
twGi;f 0ef½;kH ü jzpfygG ;cJah om t"du½kP;f ESifh ywfoufí pHpk rf;a&;aumfrwD tpD&ifcpH m
-1-
some on foot. On arrival there each gate was blocked by a group consisting of both boy and girl
students. The ages of the girl students ranged between 13 and a little over 20. These activities of
- 2 -
bring them round to the Sun Press. The students were to be formed into letter "L" and
- 3 -
standing about there waiting for the barriers to arrive before they were put up on the spet.
There was a very large and unruly crowd and we decided to driven them a bit further away
from the corner. As the police party advanced the crowd fell back
- 4 -
than turned around the Sacretariet and when they were about to reach the corner of
Sparks Street and Bigandet Street I saw police force headed two or three mounted
- 5 -
The other members of the House of Representatives, U Ain, U Ba On and U Tun Aung
speak more or less in a similar strain.
- 6 -
of Police. As the police rushed forward to rescue this sergeant we were very heavily
- 7 -
(4) If they had, whether the police asked the students to disperse before force was used
again against them;
- 8 -
the procession was likely to cause a breach of the peace. That brings us to section 128 of the
- 9 -
Sparks Steet was about 30 or 40. Most of them will girls, some of whom were even not older than
13 or 14. We want this aspect of the case to be kept steadily in view because of what we propose
to say in the letter part of our report.
- 10 -
- 11 -
- 12 -
- 13 -
- 14 -
- 15 -
- 16 -
- 17 -
- 18 -
- 19 -
- 20 -
- 21 -
- 22 -
- 23 -
- 24 -
- 25 -
- 26 -
- 27 -
- 28 -
- 29 -
- 30 -
- 31 -
- 32 -
- 33 -
- 34 -
- 35 -
- 36 -
- 37 -
Exhibit A
yHk (u)
Exhibit B
yHk (c)
Exhibit C
Source: ASO/ Bo Aung Kyaw Report
yHk (*)
vJusaeolrSm
udkMunfarmif
- 38 -
Exhibit D
yHk (C)
Exhibit E
yHk (i)
Source: ASO/ Bo Aung Kyaw Report
Exhibit G
yHk (q)
- 39 -
Exhibit H
yHk (Z)
Exhibit I
yHk (ps) Source: ASO/ Bo Aung Kyaw Report
Exhibit O
yHk (")
- 40 -
Exhibit M
yHk (¡)
Source: ASO Bo Aung Kyaw Report
Exhibit Q
yHk (r)
- 41 -
tcef; (9)
udv
e,fcsUJ qefu
(1939 rS 1940)
(u) 1300 jynfh taxGaxGoydwf aemufyikd ;f umv

a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;tm; vrf;rawmf? a*:'Gifvrf;? NrdKUrausmif;a½SUwGif oydwfarSmufausmif;om;
ajrmufjrm; pGmwdYk u a<u;aMumf BudKqdck MhJ uonf/ oydww f yfBuD;ESihf ausmif;om;oydwf tjyeftvSef a<u;aMumfaeaom
toHBuD; onf tcsdeftawmfrQ jrnf[D;aecJhonf/
xdYk aeYu &efuek Nf rdKUtm; wyftoD;oD;ESihf jynfow l Ykd u odr;f ydu
k xf m;aomaeU jzpfonf[k ac:qdEk ikd af yonf/
tmvHNrdKUwGif t*Fvdyft&if;½SifwdkYydkif pwD;b&m;om;ukrÜPD qDpufESifh 0gpufrS tvkyform; (2000)
ausmfwdkYonf t&if;½SifwdkY\ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIudk rcHEdkifí oydwfarSmuf qE´jycJhonf/ pwD;b&m;om;ESifh ra½S;raESmif;
rSmyif Adkvfatmifausmf usqkH;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí ausmif;om;rsm;oydwf jzpfay:vmonf/
tmvHNrdKU? wdYk Armtpnf;t½k;H onf pwD;puf tvkyo f rm;oydwu f okd mru ausmif;om;oydwu f ykd g tifwu
kd f
tm;wdkuf ulnDcJhonf/
wdYk Armtpnf;t½k;H acgif;aqmif bpH tzrf;cH&rIEiS hf ywfoufí ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf vlxw k Ykd onf tmvH*wf
udk csDwuf0dkif;&Hum]'dkhacgif;aqmifvTwf} [k *dwu f kd 0dkif;avawmhonf/
vltyk Bf uD;onf ykvyd w f Ykdukd cJrsm;jzifyh pfonf/ trsK;d orD;rsm;uvnf; 0wfvmaom xrDrS tay:0wfvcHk snfukd
cRwfí ykvdyfrsm;acgif;ay:odkY vTwfwifypfaygufMuonf/
ykvdyfu½dkuf? vltkyfu cJESifhypfESifh? olwjyef igwjyefjzpfaeonf/ &mZ0wf0ef rpöwmpDyDatmonf zrf;xm;
aom acgif;aqmifrsm;udk rMumrDvTwfay;rnf[k atmfajymonf/ vlxku aemufrqkwf? atmfjrJatmfaeonf/
xdktcg &mZ0wf0efonf tmvHta&;ydkifOD;azESifh wdkifyifí vlxkESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; eHygwfwkwfrsm;ESifh
vlpkcGJ ½kdufESufawmhavonf/ vl (60) ausmf 'Pf&m&½Sdavonf/ zrf;qD;xm;aom ocifbpH tygt0if (16)
a,mufudk tmvHe,fydkif 0efaxmufu wa,mufpDac:NyD; axmif'PfESifh tvkyfMurf; (3) vpD csufcsif;tjypfay;vdkuf
onf/
264
(c) udak tmifausmu

f sq;Hk Ny;D aemuf ausmif;om;oydwt
f &Sed jf ri§ w
hf ufvmjcif;ESihf taxGaxGoydwf
1939 azazmf0g&D (7) &uf? eHeufrpS í NrdKUrausmif;wGif pcef;csvsu½f adS om ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;onf
rdrdwdkY awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk qdkif&mrSray;bJ vspfvsL½Ií wdkif;jynftusdK;udk toufESifhvJí aqmif½GufMurnf[k
oEdé|mefcsum tpmiwfcH qE´jyMuonf/ tpmiwfcHvsuf½Sdaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wdkYrSm (1000) ausmf½Sdonf/
xdkowif;Mum;&aomtcg wEdkifiHvkH;wkefvIyfíoGm;avonf/ i,f½G,fEke,fol wufopfp ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om; uav;i,frsm; tEÅ&m,fjzpfrnfudk rsm;pGmpdk;&drfMuonf/ ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&udk ydkrdkrkef;wD;vmMuonf/
&efuek Nf rdKU½Sd ausmif;om;rdbrsm;u xdak eYwiG yf if ta&;ay: txl;tpnf;ta0;w&yf usif;yum ausmif;om;
rsm; awmif;qdkcsufudk tpdk;&tjrefqkH;vdkufavsm&efESifh ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; tpmiwfcHqE´jyjcif; &yfpJMu&ef
ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufwdkYudk ausmif;om;rdbrsm; udk,fwdkif a½SUwef;u wdkufyGJ0if awmif;qdkMu&ef qkH;jzwf
vdkufonf/
xdkUtwl ocifrsm;ESifh OD;bpdefacgif;aqmifaom NrdKUrdNrdKUz txl;tpnf;ta0;u? ¤if;ausmif;om;rsm; tpm
iwfcHqE´jyjcif;ESifh ywfoufí tpdk;&tm; jyif;xefpGm uefYuGuf½Iwfcsí tpmiwfcHjcif;udk &yfpJ&ef ausmif;om;rsm;
xHodkY udk,fpm;vS,f apvTwfí arwåm&yfcHMuonf/
aemufqkH; azazmf0g&Dv (8) &ufaeY? naewGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkvSa½T? udkoef;wifwdkYonf
NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;jzpfaom OD;oGi?f ODb;kd aysmh? ol&,
d OD;buav;? OD;oif;armif? NAdwo d Qbm;rm;OD;ñGeYf ? *VKefO;D apm polwYkd EiS hf
awGUqkHaqG;aEG;Muum ausmif;om;rsm;\ udpöudk vlBuD;rsm; Mum;0ifapYpyf wm0ef,lrnfjzpfonf/
Adv
k af tmifausmf usqk;H NyD;aemuf or*¾ü tpnf;ta0; xyfrjH yKvkyNf yD; udv k aS ½Tacgif;aqmifaom ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf xdcdkuf'Pf&m&aom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf pDrHjyKvkyfNyD;aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;onf aemuf
wBudrf tmPmzDqefrI jyKvkyf&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf/
NAdwdoQtpdk;&uvnf; 21? 12? 1938 aeYxkwf owif;pmrsm;wGif twGif;0ef½kH;a½SUü t½kdufcH&aom
owif;"gwfykHrsm; rxnfhEdkif&ef &efukefykvdyfrif;BuD;\ trdefYt& owif;pmwdkufrsm;udk nwGif;csif; 0ifa&mufzsufpD;
vdkufMuonf/
,if;tjzpfudk ausmif;om;or*¾ tvkyftrIaqmifwdkYu rcHbJ xdkacwf xkwfa0aeaom owif;pmtrsm;pkü
t½Guf (8) rsufEmS yg ,if;tjzpftysuf "gwfyrHk sm;ukad zmfjyvsuf ]ausmif;om;rsm; aoG;ajrus} pmwrf;BuD;udk 21? 12?
38 aeY? nwGif;csif; tNyD;½dkufESdyfí wuúodkvfor*¾toif;wdkufESifh &efukefausmif;aygif;pkHwyfpcef; NrdKUrausmif;wGif
vnf;aumif;? nwGif;csif; e,fxGuftaocH pnf;½kH;a&;qif; ausmif;om;Adkvfrsm; tylwjyif;a½G;cs,f oifwef;ay;um
22? 12? 38 wGif wjynfv;Hk odYk vQKd U0Supf mG jyefvw T vf u
kd o f nf/ ausmif;om;wdYk\ taxGaxGoydwBf uD;arSmufNyD[k aMunm
vdu k of nft h wdik ;f NrdKUrwyfpcef;wGif ausmif;aygif;pkrH S nOft
h yd ?f nOfah e pcef;csaevkad om ausmif;aygif;pkrH S ausmif;om;?
ausmif;olrsm;twGuf 14? 12? 38 aeYxkwf owif;pmwGif zdwfac:um xkwfjyefvdkufonf/ ,if;rSm-
]]tdk taqG&JabmfwdkY igwdkYoydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;onf NrdKUrausmif;awmfBuD;ü wyfpcef;csaeayNyD?

igwdkY pm;a&; aomufa&;rS pí tppt&m&m vdkavao;r½Sd? wdkif;jynfu igwdkYtm; ypfrxm;yg? r[mu½kPm
½SdMuojzifh apmifrMunfh½IMuavNyD/ igwdkY pdwftm;i,fp&m r[kwfacs/
tdk &Jabmfol? &Jabmfom;wdkY igwdkY wyfpcef;cs&modkY vmvSnfhukefavm? oifwdkYtwGuf toufudk pGefY&ef
tqifoifhyif? igwdkU nDñGwfrIudk jyMuukefavm/
oef;wif
NrdKYrwyfpcef;wm0efcH
&efukefoydwfausmif;olâusmif;om;rsm;pcef;
Auorsm;tvkyftrIaqmifzGJU Ouú| udkvSa½T 23? 12? 1938 wGif owif;pmrsm;wGif atmufygtwdkif;

xkwfjyefvdkufonf/
265
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm-
(1) a&eHajr tvkyo f rm;csDwufvma&;ESihf Armwjynfv;Hk ½Sd ausmif;om;rsm; tmPmzDqef qlyjl cif;rsm;ESihf
ywfoufJí w&m;pGJcH&ol? tzrf;cH&ol? axmifcscH&ol tm;vkH;udk csufcsif;vTwfypf&ef tpdk;&tm;
awmif;qdkaMumif;?
(2) jynfoYl vw G v
f yfrrI sm; csKyfcs,x
f m;aom Oya'rsm;ESihf a½Smifwcifxw
k jf yefaom bk&ifc\
H wcsuv
f wT f
Oya'rsm;udk ½kwfodrf;&ef tpdk;&tm; awmif;qdkaMumif;?
(3) ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufudpöESifhywfoufí rnfonfhausmif;om;? ausmif;oludkrqdk qdkif&m
t&m½SdwdkYu ta&;r,l&ef?
(*) 'kw,
d tBurd f ausmif;om;vTwaf wmf
oydwftwGif; ac:,lonfh ausmif;om;vTwfawmfudk &efukefNrdKUrausmif;aygif;pkH oydwfpcef;? NrdKUrcef;r
BuD;wGif 30? 1? 1939 eHeuf (10) em&DrS pwifí usif;yonf/ xdkvTwfawmfü qkH;jzwfMuaom tqdkrsm;rSm-
(1) a&eHajrwyfcsDwuf&mwGif yg0ifvyI ½f mS ; zrf;qD;ta&;,lxm;rI rSeo f rQudk vTwyf pf&ef? zdEydS cf sKyfcs,faom
Oya'rsm;udk ½kwfodrf;&ef?
(2) ausmif;om;oydwfESifh ywfouforQaom ausmif;om;rsm;? q&mq&mrrsm;udk ta&;r,l&ef?
(3) 20? 12? 1938 twGif;0ef½kH; ykvdyf½dkufyGJ jynfolwdkYyg0ifaom pkHprf;ppfaq;rI ckHtzGJU zGJUay;&ef?
(4) þawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wjynfvkH;? awma&mNrdKUyg awmBudKtkHMum;rusef jyefESHYjyKvkyfay;&ef? tNrdKUNrdKU
te,fe,fü uefYuGufyGJrsm; jyKvkyf&ef?
91-XmetkyfcsKyfa&; wdkufzsuf&mwGif atmufygenf;rsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm;u axmufcHaMumif;tqdk ¤if;rSm-
(u) ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&rjyKwfjyKwfatmifjzKwfcs&ef
(c) ¤if;ñGefYaygif; jyKwfNyD;aemuf tm;vkH;&mxl; vufrcH0hHbJ tkyfcsKyfa&;udk zsuf&eftqdkESifh aemufqkH;
wdkif;&if;jzpfrsm;om 0wfqifMu&efESifh
(8) ñGeYf aygif;tpd;k &\ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfpmG aom zdEySd rf w
I Ykdukd uefYuuG ½f w
I cf saomtm;jzifh ArmEdik if t H wGi;f
½Sd a'oEÅ&tzGJUrsm;? jrLeDpDy,f 'DpBwdwfaumifpDrS jynfcspfacgif;aqmifrsm;qdkif&m tzGJUrsm;rS csufjcif;
EkwfxGufqE´jy&ef yefMum;avonf/
(C) ausmif;om;rsm; tpmiwfcq

H E´jyjcif;
,if;oydwftwGif; ausmif;om;vTwfawmfusif;yqJrSmyif udkvSa½T axmifrS tmrcHESifh xGufvmNyD;aemuf
¤if;axmiftwGif;½SdpOfu ñTefMum;cJhaom ajcvSrf;ESpfvSrf; wckck? cifAsm;wdkYBudKuf&m wckckawmh vSrf;rSjzpfrnf?
odYk r[kwuf usKyfaxmifxJ jyef0if½o
Hk m½So
d nf[k tMuyfuikd w f ifjy&m tvkyt f rIaqmifwiG f ¤if;ajcvSr;f ESpv f rS ;f teuf
rlvuyif udkoef;wifonf azaz:0g&Dvqef; (1) &ufaeYü (Currency Office) aiGwdkuf oydwfum&ef qdkonfudk
oabmwlaMumif;? tvkyt f rIaqmifrsm;u wifjycJ&h m udo k ed ;f atmifwYkdu (Wholesale Massacre) tpkvu kd f tjyHKvkud f
aoukefMurnf[kqdkum oabmrwlcJhaMumif;? ,ckrSm wjynfvkH; vcxkwf&ufrSmvnf; vGefcJhNyDjzpfí (2) &uf
tpmiwfcH&ef ajcvSrf;udk vufcH&ef½SdawmhaMumif;? 'DajcvSrf;udkvnf; oabmwlaMumif;? udkvSa½T\ cyfjyif;jyif;
vIyf½Sm;rIudkom tMuyfudkifawmif;qdkcsufudk axmufcHajymqdkMu&m 7? 2? 1939 wGif NrdKUrwyfpcef;ü raeomawmhbJ
wNrdKUvkH; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; qifhqdkum xdkajcvSrf;udk vSrf;Mu&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufMuaMumif;/
azazmf0g&Dv (8) &ufaeYrS pí tpmiwfcHwdkufyJG0ifcJh&m rlvu (3) &uf (6) eyftxd tenf;qkH; tpm
iwfcH oydwaf rSmufxm;rnf[k owfrw S cf ahJ omfvnf; tpmiwfcH wwd,aeYü (38) OD; aumfrwD &efuek af usmif;om;xk
rdbrsm;u NrdKUrwyfpcef;odkY vma&mufí om;orD; ausmif;om;wdkYtm; arwåm&yfcHonf/
xdkpOfu rdbrsm;\pum;udkem,lí tpmiwfcH oydwfvSefrI vQKdU0SufpGm tpDtpOfjyKvkyfxm;aomfvnf;
8? 1? 1939 wGif ausmif;om; tvkyftrIaqmifjzpfaom ukdvSa½TrStp udkoef;wifyg yef;qdk;wef; jrefrmukefwdkufBuD;
wGif Mum;0ifaphpyfwm0ef,al om vlBuD;rsm;ESihf em;vnfr, I Nl yD; udo
k ef;wifrmS xdt
k aMumif;udk zGirhf ajymomí zGirhf ajym
266
bJ eufjzefrS pvSef&efudkum; oabmrwlEdkifao;aMumif; wOD;wnf; trItjzpf tvdkrwlqEúdk ay;cJh\/ xdkpOfu

ausmif;om;r[kwf jyifytultnD twdik t f yifct
H jzpf &yfwnfaeaom udEk v k nf; ajymydik cf iG rhf ½S/d odYk aomf ,ckvkd ½kwf
csnf; tpmiwfcH oydwfvSefypfvdkufrnfudk oabmrusaMumif; ajymao;\/ aemufqkH; trsm;ESifhwa,muf tqkH;
tjzwf vufcHvdkuf&m OD;apmu ]'gjzifU OD;owif;pmrSmawmh reufjzefxkwfrSm 'Dnudk xnfUr½dkufygeJhOD;} [k uwd
wvkH;awmif;&m ay;ygonf/
odkYaomf 9? 2? 1939 aeY? eHeuf tpmiwfcHwyfom;tm;vkH; tdyf&mrSrx&ao;rD xdkaeYeHeufxkwf ol&d,
owif;pmü ]ausmif;om;rsm; ,aeheeH uf tpmpm;Ny}D [k owif;yg wygwnf; xifxif½Sm;½Sm; ygvmav\/ NAdwdoQ
bm;rm;refae*sm 'g½du k wf mOD;ñGeYf 'g,umjyKaom qefjyKwf vSn;f td;k BuD;rSmvnf; NrdKUrwyfpcef; wHcg;0odYk eHeufapm
apmpD;pD; a&mufvmavonf/
þwGif oydwfarSmufausmif;om;wdkYrSm rauseyfMu qlyGufí ]tpmiwfcH oydwfrvSefbl;} tpmrpm;bl;
ZGwfjiif;Muaomfvnf; ausmif;om;xktm; tawmfpdwfusatmifudkvSa½TwvSnfh? udkoef;wifwvSnfh a[majymem;csrS
rtDrom em,lcg tpmiwfcHoydwfvSefvdkufonf/
(i) qifq
h jkd cif; (2) &yf
tpmiwfcH oydwfvSefNyD;aemuf wyfpcef;rS oydwfvSefí tdrfjyef tem;,lvdkaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
jyefcGifhjyKvdkufonf/ t*Fvdyfausmif;rsm; zGifhrnf pmar;yGJppfrnfh tpDtpOf vQdKU0Sufod&ojzifh 15? 2? 1939 xGuf
owif;pmrsm;wGif atmufygtwdkif; ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm; ac:qdk&ygonf/
&Jabmfw-hkd
igwdkYonf tpmt[m&ysufcHaom ajcvSrf;udk oydwfpcef;BuD;wGif pk½kH;vSrf;NyD;aemuf &JabmfwdkYtm;
rdbrsm;ESiahf wGU&ef tdrrf sm;odYk jyefciG jhf yKvduk af yonf/ &JabmfwYkd onf tdrrf sm;wGif tm;vyfciG , hf vl suf (3) &ufcefY
tem;&ayNyD/ txl;ojzifh 15? 2? 39 rS pí oifwdkYESifh wdkuf½dkufoufqdkifaom vkyfief;rsm; vkyf&ef½SdavNyD/
&JabmfwYkdonf tjrJtvkyv f yk af e&ef pdw½f o dS nft h wdik ;f nDñwG pf mG vltiftm;jzifh igwdYktvkypf cef;rsm;udk xajrmufpmG
vSrf;Mu? vkyfaqmifMu&ef oydwfpcef;rsm;odkY rysufruGuf eHeuf (7) em&DcGJ ta&mufvmMuygukef/
oef;wif
Ouú|
&efukefausmif;om;rsm;oydwfpcef;
þtwGif; ausmif;om;oydwftiftm;rSm wufíom aeav\? &efukef tdEd́,om; ukvm;ausmif;jzpfaom

bifa*gtu,f'rD? 'DatbD yefcsmyDausmif;ESihf a&'D,m;aumvdyaf c: ukvm;ausmif;rsm; yg0ifvmMuonf? acgif;aqmif
wdkYrSm rpöwmwdk½SDbDa*gqifESifh rpöwmtm&D&mwdkY jzpfonf/
&efukefNrdKUü wdkif;&if;om;bmomoifausmif; (31) ausmif;ESifh t*Fvdyf-jrefrm (2) bmomoifausmif;
(22) ausmif;? 53 ausmif;½Sdonfh teuf wdkif;&if;om;bmomoifausmif;rsm; vkH;0zGifhvSpfí rjzpfawmhbJ (2) bm
omoifausmif; (6) ausmif;rSmvnf; zGifhvSpfonf qdk½kHrQ zGifhvSpfxm;onf/ ausmif;wufaom ausmif;om;OD;a&rSm
w0ufyif r½Sdacs/ tcsKdU av;ig;ausmif;avmufrQom qdkif&mu aoG;aqmifívnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rdbrsm;xH
vdkufvHí ausmif;um;rsm;jzifh ac:jcif;aMumifh ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol 1^3 ausmf 2^3 eD;yg; wufa&mufaeonf/
xdkodkYaom ausmif;rsm;udk cGJí tvSnfhus oydwfwm;avonf/
14? 2? 1939 wGif oydwfwm;&aom ausmif;rsm;rSm-
(1) rufo'pfa,musFm;av;ausmif; (5) vrf;rawmf bufywpfausmif;
(2) rufo'pfrdef;uav;ausmif; (6) pdefAifhqifausmif;
(3) q&mjzpfoifausmif; (7) 0dwdk&d,ausmif;
(4) pdefar&D (vrf;rawmfausmif;)
þausmif;rsm;udk oydwfwm;&m atmifjrifavonf/
267
(p) a'guw
f mbarmfjyKwu
f sjcif;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;aphpyfjcif;
a'gufwmbarmfonf oHCmawmfrsm;rS wqifh aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfcJhaomfvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;u rEkwf
rxGufcsif; aphpyfrI rjyKvkyf[k ajymqdkavonf/ udkvSa½Tu a'gufwmbarmf EkwfxGuf&efom awmif;qdkavonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;u 1935 tufOa'udk zsuf&efom ajymqdkavonf/
1939 azazmf0g&D (16) &uf vTwaf wmftpnf;ta0;wGif ñGeYf aygif;tpd;k &jzKwfcsa&; t,kt H Munfr½St
d qdu
k kd
axmufcHol (70)? uefYuGufol (37) a,muf? Mum;ae (11) a,mufjzifh tqdktEdkif&½Sdí ñGefYaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfus
oGm;onf/ xdYk aeY rwdik rf D 15? 2? 39 wGif 91-XmetkyfcsKyfa&; romcsyGJrsm; &efukefwNrdKUvkH;wGif usif;yonf/
wdkYArmtpnf;t½kH;onf aemufxyftpdk;& rzGJUbJ (&mxl; vufrcHMubJ) tkyfcsKyfa&;opfudk vTwfawmfwGif;?
vTwfawmfy wdkufzsufMu&ef vIHYaqmfavonf/ xdkvIHYaqmfrIwGif 20? 2? 39 wGif NrdKUawmfcef;rü vlxktpnf;ta0;
usif;yavonf? &mxl;vufrcH&ef qkH;jzwfavonf/
&efuek , f el AD mpDwD oydwaf rSmuf

ausmif;om;rsm;tm; vnf;aumif;?
a&eHajroydwaf rSmuf
rsK;d csprf sm;tm; vnf;aumif;?
rEåav; tmZmenf (17) OD;wdt hk m;
vnf;aumif; tMuifemw&m;uif;rJpU mG ?
vlom;rqefpmG &uf&ufpufpuf
aoewfjzifh ypfouf&ef trdeahf y;cJaU om
e,fcsYJ NAw d o d Q\ vufuikd w f w k f
Source: Aung Tun 's Original Copy

a'guw f mbarmf OD;pD;onfU
ñGeahf ygi;f tpd;k &tm; jynfow l u hkd
romcstcrf;tem;w&yf pDpOfum
þod'hk Pfcwfco hJ nf
a'gufwmbarmfñGefYaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfusoGm;onfhtcg Auoacgif;aqmif udkvSa½Tu aMunmcsufw&yf

xkwfjyefavonf/
&Jabmfw-hkd
ñGefYaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfusoGm;aomfvnf; igwdkYawmif;qdkcsuf r&½Sdao;? &½Sdatmif vkyfMu&OD;rnf/
igwdkY aoG;pnf;wdkufyGJ0ifvdkY jyKwfusoGm;onf/ odkYaomf xyfNyD; aoG;pnf;Mu&OD;rnf/
vSa½T
Ouú|
Auo
xdYk aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;onf ñGeYf aygif;tpd;k & Ekwxf uG f jyKwfusomG ;NyD;aemuf vuf½dS jrefrmEdik if b
H &k ifcu
H
tpd;k & zGUJ pnf;ay;&ef ay;tyfonft h cg tkycf sKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;jyK vTwaf wmftrwf OD;oGix f o
H Ykd pma&;om;tyfEMHS u&m
ausmif;om;rsm;u OD;oGifxHodkYay;pmrSm-
268
OD;oGif
txufvTwfawmftrwf
OD;rif;cifAsm;
1/ uRefawmfausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;ESifhwuG wdkif;jynftwGif;ü rausreyf jzpfaeMuaom tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk auseyfpmG ½Sad tmif OD;rif;ud,
k w
f ikd f eef;&if;0ef&mxl;udk vufcrH jS zpfrnf[k ,kMH unfvQif eef;&if;
0ef&mxl;udk vufcHí? txufyg awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk aqmif½Gufay;yg cifAsm;/
2/ tu,fí txufyg awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk oifhavsmfaom tcsdeftwGif;ü usaemfwdkY auseyfatmif r½SdcJhaomf
eef;&if;0ef &mxl;rS EIwfxGufcJhyg&ef cifAsm;/
3/ tu,fí txufygtcsuftvufrsm;udk &½SdNyD;aomfvnf; Auorsm;toif; A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu
OD;rif;onf &mxl;qufcHaejcif; tm;jzifh tusKd;rrsm;awmh[k oabm&½Sdí xGufay;&ef arwÅm&yfcHaomtcg
&mxl;rS EkwfxGufcJhyg&ef cifAsm;/
,kHMunfav;pm;pGmjzifU
ykH-vSa½T
A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY (Auo)
OD;oGifESifh NrdKYrdNrdKYzrsm; jyefvnfaMujimcsuf

1/ ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufonf oifhavsmfonf[k uREkfyfwdkY oabm&½Sdonfhtwdkif; rnfonfh
tzGJUacgif;aqmifudk rqdk tpdk;&topf rzGJUpnf;MurD ausmif;om;rsm;\awmif;qdkcsufudk aqmif½Gufay;ygrnf[k
bk&ifcHxHrS a½S;OD;pGm *wd0efcHcsuf &½Sdap&ef aqmif½GufoifhaMumif;/
2/ bk&ifcHxHrS xdk*wdcH0efcsuf r½Sdvsif tpdk;&opfzGJU&ef vkyfief;wm0efudk rnfonfh ygwDurQ vufrcH&ef
wdkufwGef;aMumif;/
ykH
(1) OD;oGif (2) OD;vSbl; (3) OD;ñGefh (4) OD;bdkaysmU
(5) OD;jrifU (6) OD;bdk;atmif (7) OD;xGef;OD;
þuJhodkU OD;ykacgif;aqmifaom tpdk;&opfzGJUpnf;NyD;aemuf wufvmaom eef;&if;0efOD;yk? OD;apmwdkYonf

NrdKUrdNrdKUzac: olaX;OD;oGi?f OD;bdak ysmhtp½Sad om vlBuD;rsm;ESihf udv
k aS ½TwYkd onf 20? 2? 39 rS pí aphpyfaqG;aEG;Muonf/
27? 2? 39 aeYpGJjzifh udkvSa½T vufrSwfjzifh atmufygtwdkif; aMujimcsufxkwfjyefcJhonf/
(u) ArmEdik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f mausmif;om;or*¾toif;u ¤if;wdv
hk ufatmuf½adS usmif;om;tm;vk;H udk atmufygtcsurf sm;
vdkufemap&rnf/
(1) w&m;Oya'ESifh qefYusifaomtrIrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;rSjzpfap? tm;ay;jcif;rSjzpfap a½SmifMuOf&rnf?
(2) ,ckvuf½Sdwuúodkvfausmif;rsm;ESifh pmoifausmif;rsm;oydwfarSmufjcif;&yfpJ&rnf/
(c) tpdk;&u-
(1) tpdk;&udk tMunfñdkysufatmif a[majymjcif;? tMurf;jyKvkyfjcif;? tMurf;jyKvkyf&ef EdI;aqmfjcif;rsm;
yg0ifaom trIrsm;rSwyg; ,ckqlyloydwfarSmufrIESifhywfoufí rzrf;qD;? odkYr[kwf ppfaMumpD&ifí
tjypf'Pfay;jcif; cH&aom wynfh ausmif;om;rsm;udv k w
T rf nf?tpd;k &MunfnKd ysuaf tmifa[majymjcif;?
tMurf;jyKvkyjf cif;? tMurf;jyKvky&f ef vIYH aqmfay;jcif; ryg0ifonfh trIrsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í w&m;½k;H awmf
wGif tppftaq;cHae&olwdkYtwGufrSm tpdk;&rif;wdkYu pD&ife,fpk &mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;tm; qdkif&m
trItvdkufa½SUaewdkYESifh wdkifyifí trIrS ½kwfodrf;cGifhjyK&ef oifh? roifhudk pOf;pm;&eftwGuf ajymMum;
vdrfhrnf/ þtcsdefü w&m;Oya't& w&m;½kH;awmfu qkH;jzwfonfhtwdkif; wnfrnf/
269
(2) txufyg eHygwf (1) t& wynfhausmif;om;rsm;tm; csrf;omcGifhay;onfh enf;wlyif a&eHajrrS

&efukefNrdKYodkY ajcvQifygvmMuaom a&eHoydwfudprö sm;wGif yg0ifojzifh tjypf'PfcH&olwdkYudkvnf;
csrf;omcGifh ay;vdrfhrnf/
(3) ,aeYrwdkifrD vuf½Sdpmoifausmif;rsm;ESifh wuúodkvfausmif;rsm; oydwfarSmufjcif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí
usK;vGecf ahJ om trIrsm;twGuf usL;vGeof nhtf rIonf tMurf;rIjzpfap? &mZ0wfrjI zpfap? rusK;vGev
f Qif
wynfh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ausmif;pnf;urf;t& ta&;,lvdrfhrnfr[kwf/
(4) ausmif;pmar;yGrJ sm;ESihf ywfoufí ,ckvuf½dS oydwv f eS Nf yD;aemuf tenf;qk;H (3) vcGmí aemufxyf
pmar;yGJ usif;yvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;pmar;yGJcrsm;rSm pmar;yGJ0ifonfhausmif;om; ajzqdk&onfh bmom&yf
twGuf tcsKd;us ay;&vdrfhrnf/ wuúodkvfausmif; pmar;yGJrsm;twGuf xdkenf;wlpGm ta&;,l&ef
tpdk;&u qdkif&modkYaxmufcHcsuf ay;rnf/
(5) 1938? 'DZifbmv (20) &ufaeY twGif;0efrsm;½kH;ü ykvdyfESifh ausmif;om;wdkYjzpfyGm;onfh udpt ö wGuf
pkHprf;a&;aumfrwDBuD;wck cefYxm;vdrfhrnf/ ¤if;tzGJUü tpdk;&t&m½Sd r[kwfaom yk*¾dKvfrsm; yg0if
vdrfhrnf/
(ykH) armifyk (ykH) OD;oGif (ykH) vSa½T

eef;&if;0efBuD; Ouú| NrdKYrdNrdKYz ausmif;om;or*¾
¤if;tjyif Auoxkwfjyefcsuf trSwf (49) [lí atmufygtwdkif; xGufvm\/
azazmf0g&Dv (26) &ufaeY? nae (5) em&D? rdepf (30) tcsdefwGif OD;oGiftdrfü tpdk;&ESifh NrdKUrdNrdKUzvlBuD;
rsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm; ta&twGuf oabmwlnDcsuf wck&½Sdavonf/ xdkoabmwlnDcsufudk Auotvkyf
trIaqmiftzGUJ onf vufcv H u
kd Nf yD jzpfaMumif;? xdYk aMumifh Armjynft&yf&yf½dS ausmif;rsm;ESihf or*¾toif;rsm;onf
ausmif;rsm; oydwfvSef&ef tvkyftrIaqmifu qifhqdkvdkufaMumif;/
(ykH)
vSa½T
(q) ausmif;om;rsm; ESpt

f yk pf u
k jJG cif;
udvk aS ½Tonf tkycf sKyaf &;wdu
k zf su&f ef trwf0efcu H wdawmif;&mü (67) a,muf tenf;qk;H vd&k m? rsK;d cspt f rwf
(11) OD;ESihf tjcm;trwf (15) a,mufom &½Scd o hJ jzifh tkycf sKyfa&;wduk zf suf&ef tpDtpOfxajrmufpmG vkyu f ikd fEdkifzG,f
r½Sdojzifh ,cifu awmif;qdkxm;aom uwday;csufrsm; tokH;jyK&ef taMumif;r½SdNyDjzpfí trwfrsm;tm;vkH;u
0efcHpmrsm; jyeftyfvdkufavonf/
,if;owif;udk 17? 2? 39 xkwf owif;pmrsm;wGif zwfvdkuf&aomtcg vlxk? &[ef;½Sifvl? a½Twd*kH tvkyf
orm;oydwfaygif;pkHpcef;ESifh NrdKUrausmif;om; wyfpcef;wdkYrSm tHhMowkefvIyf *PmrNidrf jzpfukef\/
28? 2? 39 eHeuf (11) em&DcGJ tcsdefwGif wyfpcef;? oydwfpcef; ausmif;om;rsm; xrif;pm;NyD;csdef? wNrdKU
vkH; ausmif;om;wyf acgif;aqmifrsm;udk &yfuGufwdkif; vTwfí NrdKUrpcef;ü ½Sif;vif;yGJBuD;½SdaMumif;? NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;tm;
zdwfMum;aMumif; aMunmcdkif;&onf/
aeYvnf (12) em&DwiG f tpnf;ta0;pí &J&aJ wmufuo kd ef;wifu pdwv f u
kd rf mefyg ]]OD;yk? OD;oGi?f OD;apmwdYk
ESihf udv
k aS ½TtrSL;jyKaom trIaqmifwYkd uRefawmftyg aphpyfa&;oGm;onfum; trSeyf if? uRefawmfu, kd w
f ikd f (2) n
tpnf;ta0; a&mufaomfvnf; pdwfvnf;r0ifpm;? xdkntpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif idkufjrnf;rdaMumif;? trSefrSmvnf;
aphpyfp?J ud, k af wmif;olawmif; ajymqdak eMuvdrrhf nf/ ,ck owif;rsm;ygovdk jAKef;pm;BuD;jzpfomG ;vdrrhf nf[k uReaf wmf
ud,k wf ikd f rxifrw S f r,kMH unfrad Mumif;? bmyJjzpfjzpf usaemfwYkd wdik ;f jynfqEúkd ,lO;D rnfjzpfaMumif;}} ½Si;f vif;ajymí
tpnf;ta0;udk ½kwfodrf;&m pdwfrysufqufvuf&ef vufoD;vufarmif;wef; tm;ay;ol? pdwfysufrMunf½Tif rsufESm
nd§K;i,folwdkYjzifh NrdKUrdNrdKUzvlxkBuD;rSm xGufcGm oGm;Muayonf/
270
þodkYjzifh ausmif;om;EdkifiHa&;udk ajcpkHypf0ifNyD[k a<u;aMumfvIyf½Sm;vmaom ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;onf

a'gufwmbarmf ñGeYf aygif;tpd;k & jyKwfMuNyD; 'kw, d ñGeYf aygif; OD;yktpd;k & wufvmonft h cg aphpyfa&;jzifh ausat;í
oydwfvSefvdkufMuonf/ t"dujzpfaom tvkyform;rsm;\oydwfta&;um; rNyD;jywfao;? Armrsm; uRefouf½Snf
apOD;rnfh e,fcsUJ t*Fvyd \ f 91-Xmetkycf sKyaf &; tpu tcsi;f csi;f &mxl;cGaJ 0a&; rajyvnfMuojzifh tpd;k &rzGUJ jzpfyJ &mxl;
vGwx f u
G cf MhJ uaom olrsm;wnf;/ ,ckuo hJ Ykd tcGithf cgaumif;ESifh MuHKBudKufonft h cg jynfolUqE´? jynfolUrsufEmS
udyk if vk;H 0raxmufxm;Edik Mf uawmhbJ e,fcsUJ t*Fvyd w f Ykd\ tvduk s bk&ifcaH ½SUarSmufwiG f 'l;axmufí &mxl;vufcv H ukd f
jcif;yifwnf;/
qE´reS f qufvufjyvdak om ausmif;om;xkEiS hf ausmif;om;oydwBf uD;vSe&f ef ausmif;om;or*¾rS aMujimcsuf
xkwfjyefvdkufonfhtcg &efukefNrdKU? NrdKUrausmif;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;\ oydwfpcef;wGif vufcHolESifh vufrcHol[lí
ausmif;om;ESpfpk uGJoGm;avonf/
uko d ef;wif (&J&aJ wmuf) acgif;aqmifaom oydwrf vSe[ f k qk;H jzwfonfh ausmif;om;pkonf rdrw d Ykd ypön;f rsm;
xkwfydk;o,faqmifvsuf tvkyf&yfpJaom tvkyform;aygif;pkHESifh yl;aygif;&ef a½Twd*kHapwDawmf oydwfpcef;odkY
pDwef;xGufcGm oGm;Muawmhonf/ ¤if;wdkYaemufrS ygvmMuolrsm;rSm udkat;<u,f? udkMunfvif OD;aqmifaom ul½Sif
ausmif;om;oydwfwyfpk? udkaomif;pdef? udkvSMunfwdkY OD;aqmifaom rufo'pfausmif;om;oydwfwyfpk? udka½T
OD;aqmifaom OD;nDyk Munfjh rifwikd f q&mjzpfoifausmif;om;oydww f yfpEk iS hf udak tmifoed ;f ? udpk ed v
f iG af v;wdYk OD;pD;aom
tdk;tdrf jrLeDpDy,f ausmif;om;oydwfwyfpkwdkYonf t"dujzpfonf/
xdkqE´rSef qufvufjyaom ausmif;om;xktm; NrdKUratmufxyf ausmif;q&mrsm;cef;rwGif usif;yaeaom
trsKd;om;ynma&;tzGJUcsKyf tpnf;ta0;rS udkoef;wiftm; zdwfac:awGU&m OD;zdk;usm;? OD;pHa½T? OD;bvGiftp½Sdaom
vlBuD;okH;q,fcefY½Sdrnfh pm;yGJ½Snftpnf;ta0;BuD; ae&mwGif udkoef;wiftm; ]],cktrsKd;om;tpdk;& wufvm&m
armifoef;wifwdkY 0rf;omzdkYaumif;aMumif;? odkYaomf armifoef;wifwdkY b,fvdkqE´½Sd½Sd OD;wdkYawmh ausmif;rsm;zGifh&awmh
rnfjzpf&m ulnaD pvdak Mumif;}} ajymMum;&m udo k ef;wifu ]][kwu f hJ ulnyD grnf pdwcf syg? zGi&hf ygaprnf}} [k uwday;í
xGufcJhonf/
odkYjzifh oydwfrvSefa&; ausmif;om;rsm;onf a½Twd*kHapwDawmf tv,fypö,H a½SUbuf apmif;wef;rsm;wGif
wyfpGJMuonf/
(Z) wwd,tBurd f ausmif;om;vTwaf wmf

odYkjzifh udo
k ef;wifwYkdvpl u
k a½Tw*d Hk wyfaygif;pko
H ydwpf cef;rS qE´,Ol ;D rnf/ or*¾rS udv k aS ½TwYkdu wjynfv;Hk
oydwfom vSefNyD;? jywfNyD;pojzifh 0d0g'uGJae&m tjyeftvSef xkwfjyefcsufrsm; ½Sif;vif;csufrsm; vlvwfwef;pm;
trsm;pkavmutwGi;f awGa0,dr;f ,dik rf rI sm;jzpfvsuf oydwt f a&;awmfyt Hk m; qufvufaxmufcH tm;ay;&ef pdwx f uf
oefjcif; avsmhenf;apcJhonf/ þodkYjzifh ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfvSefjcif;onf e,fcsJUAsL½dku&ufwdkYtm; 'l;axmuf
t½I;H ay;jcif; jzpfonf/ tvkyo f rm;oydwBf uD;tm; MuH½, G of nfjzpfap? rMuH½, G of nfjzpfap opömazmufjcif; jzpfonf[k
tcsKdUua0zefMuonf/ odkY&mwGif ausmif;om;onf ausmif;om;jzpfí tvkyform;vnf; r[kwf? EdkifiHa&;orm;vnf;
r[kwo f nfukd owdjyK&efvakd yonf/ xdpk Ofu wdYkArmtpnf;t½k;H \ ausmif;om;rsm; oydwv f eS jf cif;ESihf ywfoufonfh
oabmxm;udk &efukefpD&ifpk wdkYArmtpnf;t½kH; nDvmcHwGif Ouú| ocifvSabmf rdefYcGef;ü-
]]jynfow l Ykd \ vGwvf yfruI kd tjyif;txef csKyfcs,fojzifh ausmif;ol?ausmif;om;wdYk onf Edik if aH &;odYk ajcpkyH pf
0ifvmMuonfudk trSwf&Muayrnf/ odkY&mwGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; r[kwfMuojzifh tpdk;&ESifh
Mum½Snf rwdkufEdkifbJ aemufqkwfoGm;&mwGif ausmif;om;wdkYrSm tjypfwifcHMu&avonf/ jynfolwdkY vGwfvyfrI
wdkufyGJrSm EdkifiHa&;tpnf;t½kH;wdkYu acgif;aqmifwdkuf&rnfh wdkufyGJjzpf&m ausmif;om;rsm; þrQulnDonfudkyif
igwdkY csD;usK;Mu&rnf/ ausmif;om;rsm;udpw ö Gif aemufqkH; oydwfvSefonfhtcg oabmuGJvGJrIrsm; ay:aygufojzifh
pnf;vkH;nDñGwfMuap&ef tpnf;t½kH;u BudK;pm;cJhaMumif;}} jywfom;pGm ajymMum;cJhayonf/
&efukefpD&ifpk wdkYArmtpnf;t½kH; Ouú| ocifb&ifBuD;u ]]rsm;rMumrDu ausmif;om;rsm; tpkd;&ESifh
aphpyfaeMu\/ ,ckuJhodkY ausmif;om;rsm; rdrdwdkYtiftm; rdrdwdkYwGufí rdrdwdkYawmfoifhonf xifNyD; vkyfMuonfudk
rnfodkYrQ tjypfr½Sd xdkufay/ ausmif;om;onf ausmif;om;om jzpfí vkH;vkH; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; uJhodkY raqmif½GufEdkif
jcif;udk tjypf[kratmufarhMubJ EdkifiHa&;tvkyfjzpfonfh jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;twGuf ¤if;wdkY wyftm;orQ 0ifa&muf
271
aqmif½Gufjcif;udkyif igwdkY owd&oifhayonf/ aphpyfa&;udk rauseyfaom ausmif;om;rsm;rSmvnf; rdrdwdkY ½dk;om;pGm

pdwfxufoefrIaMumifh rauseyfMu[k igwdkY,lqí ¤if;wdkYudkvnf; aphpyfa&; vufrSwfa&;xdk;olrsm; uJhokdYyif ¤if;wdkY
EdkifiHa&;aqmif½GuforQ twGuf todtrSwfjyKMu&rnf jzpf\/}}
(ps) 'kw,
d urÇmppfrwdik rf D ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI
'kwd,urÇmppf pwifaomtcg NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ oabmxm;tay: ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾
(Auo) ESifh wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ (wuo) trIaqmif (2) zGJUpvkH;u 1930 jynfh? Zlvdkifv (2) &ufaeUpGJ
jzifh atmufygaMujimcsuf w&yfudk xkwfjyefcJhonf/
aMunmcsuf
*smrPDemZDonf vlYavmuBuD;\ vGwfvyfrIudk zsufpD;ypfrnfholrsm; jzpfaomaMumifh wdkif;jynfi,fav;
rsm;\ vGwfvyfa&;udk umuG,fvdkaom &nf½G,fcsufjzifh ,ckppfyGJxJodkY 0ifwdkuf&ygonf[k NAdwdoQtpdk;&u
aMunmcJh\/
xdok Ykd wdik ;f jynfi,fav;rsm;\ vGwvf yfru I kd csKyfcs,v f su½f adS om emZDwYkd\ &efudk csK;d ESrd &f mü vGwvf yfru I kd
tvdk½SdMuaom Armjynfol? jynfom;rsm;onf NAdwdoQwdkYudk vltm;? aiGtm;jzifh ulnDMuyg[lívnf; Armjynf
NAdwdoQtpdk;&wdkYu aMunmcJh\/
odkYygvsuf þodkYaMunmcJhaom NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf ,cktcg ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; wyfOD;rSaeí EdkifiHh
0efxrf; ocifrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? EdkifiHi,fuav;rsm;\ owif;pm? pmtkyfpmwrf; tp½SdonfwdkYudk vnf;
aumif;? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fvsuf½SdonfrSm wdkif;jynfwGif waeYwjcm; xif½Sm;vmNyDjzpfaMumif;? þodkY jyKvkyfrItwGuf
wwdkif;jynfvkH; rcHr&yfEdkifatmifjzpfNyD; qlylvIyf½Sm;vmcJhvsuf þqlylvIyf½Sm;rIonf Armjynf NAdwdoQtpdk;&
\ wm0efom jzpfonf[k þtrIaqmif ESpfzGJUaygif; tpnf;ta0;u twdtvif; ,lqonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;onf omreftcsed t f cgrsK;d wGif Edik if aH &;e,ferdww f iG ;f odYk csO;f eif;0ifa&muf&ef pdwyf ikd ;f jzwf
jcif;r½Sad omfvnf; tdraf ½SUyl? tdraf emufrcsrf;om jzpfonft h cgrsKd;wGif rdrw
d Ykd ausmif;t&Htwm;twGi;f rS vufyu kd f
um MunfhaeEdkifawmhrnf r[kwfí ,cktpnf;ta0;BuD;rS aumif;pGm,lqojzifh wEdkifiHvkH;½Sd ausmif;ol? ausmif;
om;taygif;wdkYtm; ,cktcsdefrS pNyD; ½kwfw&uf ay:aygufvmtHhaom udpötrsKd;rsKd;wdkYtwGuf toifh½Sdap&ef
qifhqdkonf[lí þtrIaqmif ESpfzGJUaygif;tpnf;ta0;u aocsmpGm ,kHMunfaMumif;-
Ouú|
ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾
Ouú|
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾
xdkYtjyif ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf; vGwfvyfa&;t"d|meftm; axmufcHcsufudkvnf;-
&Jabmfausmif;om;taygif;wdkh-
Armhxu G &f yf*Pkd ;f BuD;\ vkyif ef;w&yfjzpfaom vGwvf yfa&;t"d|mefaeYonf ½kww f &uf ay:aygufvmcJ\ h /
igwdkYonf vGwfvyfa&;vdkvm;aom trsKd;om;tcsif;csif;jzpfí NrdKUe,ftoD;oD;wGif vGwfvyfa&; t"d|mefjyKMu
ayrnf/ taqG&Jabmf ausmif;om;wdkYonfvnf; xdkvlrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;í ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf ½dk;ajrMu
BudK;pm; aqmif½u G Mf urnfqí kd t"d|mefjyKMu&ef A[do
k r*¾tzGUJ BuD;u av;eufpmG wdu k wf eG ;f Ed;I aqmfvu
kd af Mumif;/
ArmEdik if H awmifov l ,form;? tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t½k;H rsm;uvnf; ,ckvmrnfh 0gqdv k jynfh (1) em&DwiG f
ArmjynftESHYtjym;ü usif;yjyKvkyfrnfjzpfaom t"d|mefaeYwGif awmifolv,form;tpnf;t½kH;0ifrsm;? tvkyf
orm; tpnf;t½k;H 0ifrsm;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾onf wdYk Armtpnf;t½k;H wdYk EiS hf qdik &f m NrdKU½Gmrsm;wGif yl;wGyJ g0if
usif;y&ef wdkufwGef;vdkufaMumif;-
ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
272
ocifrsm;tm; zrf;qD;csKyfcs,frIrsm;udk uefYuGuf½Iwfcsaom &efukefNrdKUvkH;uRwf tpnf;ta0;BuD;udk 1940

jynfEh pS ?f Zlvikd v
f (7) &uf? aeYvnf (1) em&DwiG f *sLAvDa[m½k;H BuD;ü usi;f y&m vlxEk iS ahf usmif;om;rsm; wufa&mufcMhJ u
onf/ ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú| aersKd;oD[ol&bGJUcH udkvSarmifu-
]]ausmif;om;rsm;onf wdik ;f a&;jynfa&;wGif raeombJ xyfwvJvJ yg0if&rnf jzpfaMumif; ausmif;om;rsm;
\ tiftm;udk trsm;uyif od½SdNyD;jzpfonf[k ,kHMunfaMumif;? EdkifiHa&;aqmif½Guf&mwGif t"du okH;csufwdkYrSm
1/ rdk;xdatmif ajymNyD; tvkyfudk tenf;i,f pwifvkyfMu&rnf/
2/ rdk;vm;? uJvm;ajymvnf; ajym? tvkyfudkvnf; usyfjynfh wif;jynfh vkyfMu&rnf/
3/ ta&;BuD;vmonfhtcgwGif tajymudk avQmhajymí tvkyfudk oufpGefUBudK;yrf;vkyfjy&rnf jzpfaMumif;?
,cktcg ta&;BuD;vmNyDjzpfí tajymudkavQmhí tvkyfudk oufpGefYBudK;yrf; vkyfaqmifMu&ef tcsdefMua&mufNyD
jzpfaMumif; owday; ajymMum;cJhonf/
(n) oHrPdwyfrsm;zGUJ pnf;jcif;

ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf Auotpnf;ta0;udk ykHrSef usif;yaeonfh tcsdefrS atmufwdkbmv
(1) &ufwiG f ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;udk usif;ycJo h nf/ udv
k aS ½Tukd Ouú| tjzpf a½G;cs,fcNhJ yD; udAk [de;f udk twGi;f a&;rSL;
tjzpf a½G;cs,fcJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; pnf;vkH;nDñGwfrI tjrifhqkH;trSwfodkY a&mufvmonf/ zufqpf0g'ESifh ppf
0g'\ qdk;0g;ykHudk 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdrSwqifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf w½kwfudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUESifh {nfhcHyGJrS od½Sd&ayonf/
udkvSa½Tonf wuoOuú|ae&mudk udkvSarmiftm; vJTajymif;ay;NyD;aemuf vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rItwGif;odkY
wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;yg 0ifa&mufvmMuonf/ Ouú| udkvSarmifu ]qefhusifbufrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;&ef Armjynf
vGwv f yfa&; jyef&&ef BuKd ;yrf;Muyg} [k ajymqdkoGm;avonf/ ausmif;om;oHrPdwyfudk uspfvpfcdkifrmpGm zGJUpnf;Mu
onf/ ausmif;om;oHrPdwyfrS udkarmifarmif (jrif;jcH) jzpfonf/ aemuf udkodrf;aqG? udkcspfNrdKif (AdkvfrSL;BuD;a[mif;)?
udkaX; (ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD twGif;a&;rSL;)? udkarmifudk (ppfudkif;)? udkazñGefY(EdkifiHa&;twGif;0efa[mif;? vQyfppf)?
udkBuD;jrifhwdkYrSm oHrPdwyf nDvmcHac:í ppfynmususee oifMum;&ef a&;qGJpDrHxm;cJhMu\/
(#) ArmEdik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾toif;csKyf
umuG,fa&;oHrPdtzGJY BuD;
trdefhtrSwf (1)
atmufwdkbm (20)? 1939 ckESpf
1/ e,for*¾toif; oHrPdwm0efcHrsm;onf odap&rnfrSm ,cktcsdefwGif oHrPdpnf;rsOf;rsm; Oya'rsm;udk
a&;qGaJ eqJ jzpfonf/ xdak &;qGaJ ecdu
k w
f iG f oHrPdwyfrsm;zGUJ pnf;a&;udk qdik ;f iHrh xm;Muapvd?k tvkyw f iG af tmifvyk Ef iS hf
Muapvdo k nf/ oHrPdpnf;rsOf; NyD;ajrmuf&eftwGuf wvrQavmuf tcsdeMf umjrifv h rd rhf nf/ xdt
k csdet
f wGi;f atmufyg
vkyfief;rsm;ukd vkyfESifhMuapvdkonf/ odkYrSomvQif igwdkY\vkyfief;BuD; rMumcif NyD;ajrmufatmifjrifvdrfhrnf/
2/ wyfom;pkaqmif;jcif;
oHrPdwyftwGuf ausmif;om; BuD;i,fra½G; touf (8) ESprf t S xuf tm;vk;H udk vufc&H rnf/ a&;qGaJ eqJ
oHrPdpnf;rsOf;rsm;ukd or*¾tzGJUcsKyf tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu twnfjyKNyD;rS xdkwyfom;wdkYudk tkyfcsKyfí ppfa&;jyap
&rnf/
3/ t0wftpm;
oHrPdpnf;rsOf;udk twnfrjyKrD wyfom;wdkYonf oifhavsmfaom t0wftpm;wdkYESifhyif ppfa&;jyoEdkifMu
onf/ a&;qGJaeqJ oHrPdpnf;rsOf;wGif wyfom;t0wftpm;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí atmufygtwdkif; a&;xm;onf/
½dk;½dk;wyfom;rsm; 0wfqif&eft0wftpm;rSm-
(u) ½Syfvufwdktpdrf;ykwfa&mif aumfvmESifh
(c) abmif;bDwdk tpdrf;ykwfa&mif
273
(*) cg;ywft0ga&mif
(C) OD;xkwf ( 0g;zwfOD;xkwf) tpdrf;ykwfa&mif (t0g&pfESifh)
(i) ajctdwftpdrf;ykwfa&mif (t0g&pfESifh)
(p) bdeyf (tjzLa&mifr[kwfap&)
4/ ppfa&;jyoMu&mwGif trdefYay;rnfh Adkvfonf yxrqkH;wyfom;rsm;tm; rdrday;&rnfhtrdefYpum;vkH;rsm;udk

udk,fwdkif oduRrf;wwfajrmuf em;vnfxm;ap&rnf/ toHaetoHxm;? twdkt½Snf? twdrfteufudk aumif;pGmowd
jyK&rnf/ wyfom;rsm; av;av;uefuef vkyfvQifvnf; Munfhrae&/ wyfom;rsm; pnf;urf;rao0yfvQifvnf;
ppfa&;jyojcif;onf tydktvkyfom jzpf\/
oHrPdwm0efct
H &m½Srd sm;ESihf wyfom;rsm; avhusi&hf ef
(1) trdefhay;rnfU AdkvftwGuf
trdeYf ay;rnfh Adv
k w
f yfom;wdYk tm; trdefYtmPmray;rD rdrdu (owd) ü ae&rnf/ xdkYaemuf trdefYray;rD
wyfom;rsm;tm; (oHrPd) [ka½SUajy;pum; (owday;pum;) udk atmfNyD;rS vdk&mtrdefYudk ay;&rnf/ trdefYay;&mwGif
yg;pyfzsm;rS ayghqqxGuaf om toHrsKd;ESihf trdeYf ray;&/ vnfacsmif;rS tpfíxGuaf om toHrsKd;ESihf av;av;eufeuf
trdefUay;&rnf/
(2) owd[k trdefhay;jcif;

þtrdefYonf t*Fvdyfvdk (Attention) [laom pum;ESifhvnf;aumif;? paumufrsm;\ (Alert) [laom
pum;ESiv hf nf;aumif;? xyfwx l yfrQ jzpfavonf/ trdeYfay;oltwGuf (owd) [k qd&k mwGif (o-oH) udk cyf ½Sn½f n
S q
f í
JG
(wd) ü rsm;pGm jywfom; yDoap&rnf/ (wd) oHudk toHjzwfESifh wdkawmif;pGm trdefYay;&rnf/ (oESifh wd) Mum;wGif
wpfpuúefY? ESpfpuúefYrQ tcsed Mf umap&rnf/ (owd) [k qdak paomfvnf; o-"d[k vnfacsmif;oH xGuaf p&rnf/ owd[k
trdeUf ray;rD (oHrPd) udk yxrqifh qdk&rnf/ (oHrPd) [k qifhqdkvdkufí (2-3) puúefYavmufMumrS owdudk
trdefYay;&rnf/
Oyrm- oHrPd -- om -- "d

t&m½SdtrdefYay;vQif wyfom;rsm;u OD;acgif;? udk,f? ajc? vufwdkYudk wnfhrwf wnfNidrfpGm xm;&rnf/
rsufpdwdkYrS wyg; wudk,fvkH; rvIyf½Sm;&/ vufacsmif;rsm;udk tenf;i,fauG;í vufrrsm;\ txufqkH; tqpfrSm
auG;aeaom vufñdSK;tqpfay:wGif wnf½Sdap&rnf/ vufqpfwdkYudk ab;wGifxm;í vufz0g;udk aygifzsm;bufodkY
vSnfhxm;&rnf/ vufrudk a½SUvnfü abmif;bDcsKyf½dk; aemufem;wGif uyfcg oufompGmxm;&
rnf/ vufESpfzufpvkH; udk,fESifh ajzmifhwef;pGmxm;&rnf/ vufrsm;udk aemufodkYrauG;ap&/
ajczaemifhjcif; xdxm;í ajcrwckESifhwck (8) vufruGm xm;&rnf/ wenf;tm;jzifh þodUk
jyKvky&f mwGif axmifh (45) 'D*&D ½S&d rnf/ owdtrdefUudk vdu
k ef mjyKvkyf&mwGif toufudk atmifhí
vludkjyif;xefpGm awmifhxm;&ef rvdkacs/
(3) oufom
(Stand at Ease) ESifh xyfwlxyfrQjzpfonf/ owdrS oufomodkY trdefYay;vQif b,fajcudk b,fbufodkY
waycefY a½TUí vufESpfbufudkvnf; wNydKifwnf; aemufodkY,lcg nmvufzrdk;udk b,fvufz0g;ESifh qkyfudkif&rnf/
vufrsm;udk aeom,kHqefYí vIyfvIyf½Sm;½Sm; raeap&/ udk,fudk ajcESpfacsmif;ay:wGif tm;jyKí oufompGm ae&rnf/
wudk,fvkH; NidrfNidrfoufouf ae&rnf/ b,fajcudk a½TU&mü nmajcudk vkH;0vIyf½Sm;jcif; rjyK
vkyf&/
oufomrS owdodkY trdefYay;&mwGif wyfom;rsm;onf b,fajcudk nmajcodkY uyfí
vufrsm;udv k nf; (owd) trdefYrSmuJhodkY ae&rnf/
274
(4) {ap
(Stand Easy) ESifh xyfwlxyfrQjzpfonf/ (oufom) xuf ydkí vGwfvyfpGm aeEdkifonf/ ajcESpfacsmif;rQ
ty wud, k v
f ;Hk vIy½f mS ;Edik ?f wyfom;rsm; ({ap) taetxm;wGif &yfaeí trdeUf ay;olu (oHrPd)[k qifq
h v
kd u
kd v
f Qif
tm;vkH; (oufom) taetxm;odkUjyifí aeMuap&rnf/ NyD;rS trdefUay;oHudk apmifhqdkif;Mu&rnf/
(5) aejrJ
(As Usual) ESifh xyfwlxyfrQ jzpfayonf/ taetxm;wckckudk jyKvkyf&ef wyfom;rsm;u trdefYay;NyD;rS
vnf;aumif;? tjcm;wjcm; wpkw H &maMumifh vnf;aumif;? oabmrusí yxraejrJtwdik ;f aeap&ef trdeUf jzpfonf/
Oyrm-oufomrS om--wd [k trdefYay;onfhtcgwGif wyfom;rsm; aES;vGef;íaomf vnf;aumif;jzpfap?
rnDveG ;f í vnf;aumif;? wOD;wa,mufu rSm;,Gi;f íaomf vnf;aumif; jzpfí oufomodYk ay;aom trdeYf jzpfonf/
(6) oHrPdrSwf - rSm

trdeYf ay;jcif; r[kw/f uRrf;usifaom wyfom;½d;k ½d;k wOD;tm;aomfvnf;aumif;? oHrPdwyfMuyfwOD;OD;tm;
aomfvnf;aumif;? trdeYf ay;olAv kd u
f wef;pDjcif;wGif acgif;aqmifjyKí a½SUqk;H rS &yfwefY&ef cefYxm;oljzpfonf/ trdeYf
ay;olESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif ESpfvSrf;tuGmwGif &yfí (owd)taetxm;ESifh ae&rnf/ aemuftrdefYay;olu (oHrPd-
-oufom) [k trdefYay;rS (oufom) taetxm;wGif ae&rnf/ wyfpkrsm;vQif rsm;ovdk oHrPdrSwf OD;a&vnf;
rsm;&rnf/
(7) twef;pD
(On Parade or Full in) ESifh xyfwlxyfrQ jzpfap&rnf/ wyfom;rsm; &ifabmifwef;pDí trdefYay;jcif;jzpf
onf/ oHrPdtwef; -- pD[k trdefYay;vQif wyfom;wdkYonf ½Sd&mae&mrS tvdktavsmuf (owd) vkyfNyD;vQif
(oHrPdrw S )f qDoYkd avQmufvmMu&rnf/ oHrPdrw S af b;wGif wa,mufpD 0if&yfcg(oufom)ü aeMu&rnf/ twef;pD
qdkonfhtcgü wwef;wnf;om r[kwf? ESpfwef;pD&rnf/ aemufwef; yxrqkH;vlonf a½SUwef; 'kwd,vl\ aemuf
wnfw h nf?h ajcESpv
f rS ;f uGmwGif &yf&rnf/ twef;pDwiG f wyfom;rsm; wa,mufEiS w
hf a,muf wayrQ uGmjcm;ap&rnf/
vltwef; ñdSNyD;onfhwdkifatmif wyfom;rsm; nmbufodkY Munfhaevdrfhrnf/ xdktcg trdefYay;olu (a½SUodkUMunfh)[k
trdefYay;&rnf/ xdkYaemufrS (oHrPd -- oufom) [k ay;&rnf/ oHrPdrSwfonf wyfom;rsm; vIyf½Sm;cdkufwGif
Nidrfae&rnf/ ¤if;teD;rS wyfom; oufomvkyfNyD;rS olvnf; oufomvkyf&rnf/ a½SUwef;ü wyfom;tjynfh ½Sd&rnf/
Mum;vyfí raeap&/ aemufwef;a&m a½SUwef;a&m vljynf&h efrmS pkjH zpfrS jynfo
h nf/ tu,fí vlrjynfv h Qif aemufwef;
b,fbufqkH;vlrS pí a&;aomf trSwf (3) ae&momvQif uGufvyfwae&m jzpfap&rnf/
trdefh (7) twef;pDjcif;

oHrPdrSwf
ae&mvGwf
ESpfa,mufwwGJ ab;pDjcif;udk (twGJpDjcif;)[k ac:&rnf/ twGJpDcdkufaomf vnf;umif;? twef;pDcdkufaomf

vnf;aumif; ? wyfom;wdkYonf &,farmvIyf½Sm;jcif;wdkYudk a½SmifMuOf&rnf/ tu,fí wpkHwa,mufaom wyfom;
Oyrm- ajctdyf? abmif;bD? tusÐwckck jyifvdkvQif aemufwef;vljzpfvQif aemufodkY wvSrf;qkwfí a½SUwef;vljzpfvQif
a½SUodkY wvSrf;wufum jyifqif&rnf/ trdefYay;olonf Adkvftp½Sdonfh t&m½SdwdkYudk wpkHw&mwdkifwef;vdkygu
txufwGif a&;cJhonfhtwdkif; a½SUaemuf wvSrf;qkwfí owdxGuf&yfaeNyD;rS wdkifwef;&rnf/ oHrPdrSwf rygvnf;
oHrPdrSwfae&mwGif acwå0ifa&muf aqmif½Guf&rnf/
275
(8) nmu - nd§

wyfom;rsm; vlpDjcif; taetxm; aumif;pGm rnDao;vQif þtrdefUudk ay;&rnf/ xdktcgoHrPdtrSwfESifh
aemufwef; nmbufqkH;vlrS vGJí usefwyfom;tm;vkH; a½SUodkY ajcvSrf;w0ufrQ wuf&rnf/ NyD;rS ajcaxmufrsm;udk
wjznf;jznf; a½TUum rdrdnmbuf wa,mufausmf wyfom;\ ar;zsm;uav;udk jrif&,kH½SdonfhtcgwGif &yf&rnf/
trdefYay;oludk,fwdkif odkYr[kwf vufatmufcH t&m½SdwOD;OD;u wyfom;rsm; nD? rnDudk ab;uaeí Munfh&rnf/
a½SUxGuaf eolwYkdukd aemufa½TU&ef ajym&rnf aemufxu G af eolwYkdukd a½SUwd;k &ef ñTejf y&rnf/ þtrdeYfukd tcgcyford ;f ay;
&efrvdk/ wyfom;rsm;onf udk,fhbmomudk *½kpdkufí jyifqif&rnf/ ta&;BuD;aom tcgBuD;&ufrsm;wGif þtrdefYudk
okH;jrJjzpfonf/ xdktwef; n§d&mwGif acgif;ESifh rsufpdudkom vSnfh&rnf/ wudk,fvkH;vdkufí ukef;&efuG&ef rvdkay/
nmujyif? b,fujyif [laom trdefYwdkYonf trdefYay;olu wyfom;rsm; wpkHwckjyKvkyf&ef trdefYay;NyD;í? &yfwefY
ae&m taetxm; rnDñGwfí ay;&aom trdefYjzpfonf/ odkYaomf wyfom;rsm;onf wpkHwckjyKvkyf NyD;onfhtcgwdkif;
xdktrdefYudk apmifhqdkif;&ef rvdk/ tvdktavsmuf udk,fwdkifn§d&rnf/
(9) nmodkhMunfU? b,fodkhMunfU

ud, k u
f kd wnfrh wfpmG xm;í b,fbufoYkd vnf;aumif;? nmbufoYkd vnf;aumif;? acgif;apmif;íMunf&h rnf/
(10) a½SYodkhMunfU
txufutrdefYtwdkif; b,fbufnmbufodkY Munfhae&mrS a½SUodkYMunfhap&ef trdefYwnf;/ wyfom;wdkif;
rsufpdwdkYonf a½SUwnfhwnfhta0;odkY Munfh&rnf/
(11) oHrPd - - - trSwf

wyfom;rsm; trSwaf &&efay;aom trdeUf jzpfonf/ xdt
k cg a½SUwef;nmbuf tpGeq f ;Hk vl (oHrPdtrSwrf yg)
upí (1-2-3-4-5) ponfjzifh b,fbuftqk;H vlwikd ;f wa,mufpD trSwu f kd atmfí ½Gw&f rnf/ xdo k Ykd ½Gwq
f &kd mwGif
acgif;rvSnfh&/ aemufwef;u wyfom;rsm; trSwfatmf&ef rvdk/ ukd,fha½SU vltrSwfudkyif ,l&rnf/
(12) nmvSnfU
udk,fudk wnfhrwfpGmxm;? vufrvIyf&/ (1) nmajczsm;ESifh b,fajczaemifhudk <uí udk,fudk nmbufodkY
vQifjrefpGm vSnfhNyD;rS (2) b,fajcudk nmajcem;odkY jzwfvwfpGm ,lícs/ trSwftwdkif; vltwdkif; ESpfwef; okH;wef;cGJ
vdkufí nmvSnfh? b,fvSnfh usifh&rnf/ odkYrS nDnmvG,faponf/
13) b,fvSnfU
txufygtwdkif; ajymif;jyef vkyf&efjzpfonf/ b,fajczsm;ESifh nmajczaemifh tenf;i,ff <uap&rnf/
(14) aemufvSnfU
nmvSnfhouJhodkY nmajczsm;ESifh b,fajczaemifhudk<uí aemufodkY rsufESma&mufatmif
vSnfhjcif;wnf;/ (aemufvSnfh) onfhtcg rnfonfhtcgrQ b,frSrvSnfh&/
(15) nmapmif;
(Right in- cline) ESifh xyfwlxyfrQ jzpfonf/ b,f-nmvSnfhouJhodkY b,fbuf nmbufrsm;odkY vkH;vkH;
rvSnfh&/ w0ufom vSnfh&rnf/ apmif;NyD;onfh tcgwGif ajcz0g;rsm;rSm (owd) taetxm;rSmuJhodkY ½Sd&rnf/
(16) b,fapmif;
txufygenf;twdkif; b,fbufodkY apmif;&efjzpfonf/
(17) tcsdefrSwf
(Mark-time) ESihf xyfwx
l yfrQjzpfonf/ ae&if;ae&mü b,fajcESihf nmajcudk wvSnphf aD jrmufacs? csacsjyK&
276
rnf/ udk,fvufwdkYudk rvIyfr&rf;ap&/ ajrmufaeaom ajcESifhajrBuD; tenf;qkH; (8) vufrcefY uGm&rnf/ wwfEdkif
vQif aygifESifh ajrBuD; ,SOfNydKifaeonfh txd ajr§mufEdkifonf/
(18) &yf
tcsdefrSwfaepOf (&yf) trdefYay;&efrSm b,fajc ajrtuswGif (oHrPd) [k owday;pum; qifhqdkvdkufí?
aemufwBudrf b,fajc ajrtuswGif (&yf) [k oHjywfESifh trdefYay;&rnf/ (&yf) [k trdefYay;NyD;onfESifh wNydKifeuf
b,fajcrSm ajrwGifusNyD;jzpfí nmajcudk b,fajcteD;odkY odrf;vdkufcg &yfwefY&rnf/ ajcaxmufESifh wudk,fvkH;rSm
vnf; (owd) taetxm;ü½Sdap&rnf/
(19) tjrefavQmuf
þtrdeYf ukd wyfom;rsm; &yfwefYaecdu
k rf mS jzpfap? tcsderf w
S af ecdu
k rf mS jzpfap? ay;Edik o
f nf/ trdeYf &onft
h cg
udk,fESifhacgif; wnfhrwfpGmxm;í b,fajcaxmufu pí vSrf;&rnf/ vufrsm;rSmvnf; b,fajcESifh nmvuf? nm
ajcESifh b,fvufwdkY wNydKifeuf vTJ&rnf/ vufrsm; vTJ&rf;onfhtcg wawmifudk rauG;&/ vrf;avQmufonfh tcg
ud,k n
hf mbufu vlrsm;ESihf nDaeap&rnft h jyif? a½SUuvlEiS v hf nf; ajcvSr;f jcif; nDaeap&rnf/ wyfom;wdik ;f a½SUuvl?
ab;uvlrsm;ESifh ajcvSrf;nDatmif odkYr[kwf trdefYay;ol\ b,f-nm-b,f-nm[laom trdefYESifhnDatmif avQmuf
Mu&rnf/
(20) &yf
tjrefavQmufaepOf wyfom;rsm;tm; &yfwefY&ef trdefYay;jcif;jzpfonf/ nmajcajrtusü (oHrPd) [k
owday;pum; qifhqdkvdkuf&rnf/ aemufwBudrfnmajcajrtuswGif (&yf) [k oHjzwfESifh trdefYay;&rnf/ xdktcg
wyfom;rsm;u b,fajc wvSrf;wufí nmajcESifhywf&rnf? &yfNyD;onfESifhwNydKifeuf wyfom;rsm;onf (owd) ü
aeMu&rnf/ tjrefavQmufaepOf wrdepfwGif ajcvSrf; (120) ½Sdí wvSrf;ESifhwvSrf; vufr (30) uGm&onf/
(21) twef;vdkufavQmuf
wyfom;rsm; &ifabmifwef; avQmufjcif;wnf;/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh wyfom;ESpfwef; avQmufavh½Sdonf/
twef;vdu k af vQmufjcif;rSm nDnm&ef rvG,u
f v
l aS cs/ odYk aMumifh yxrtrdeYf ay;olu wyfom;rsm;tavQmuf& vG,u
f l
ap&ef b,f-nm-b,f-nm[k ½Gwfqdkay;&rnf/ trSwfESifhavhusifhEdkifu taumif;qkH;jzpfonf/ (1) qdkvQif b,f
ajc a½SSUwvSrf;wufí nmvufvnf; a½SUodkY ypf&rnf/ (2) qdkvQif nmajcESifh b,fvufa½SUodkY vTJ&rnf/ (3) qdk
vQif b,fajc nmvuf tpOfvdkuf (1-2-3-4-5) ponfjzifh vSrf;oGm;&rnf/ xdkodkY avQmufonfhtcg wyfom;wdkif;
rdrdnmbufuvludk t&dyftuJMunfhí nDnmatmif avQmuf&rnf/ nmbufqkH;wyfom;rsm;rSm ajcvSrf;rSef;í rusOf;
rus,fap&ef txl;*½kpdkufap&rnf/
(22) b,fauGY - nmauGY

auGUaomtcgü b,fjzpfap? nmjzpfap? a'gifrh eS f (Right Angle) jzpfatmif auGUay;&rnf/ ESpaf ,mufjzpfap?
ok;H a,mufjzpfap? av;a,mufjzpfap? twef;vduk jf zpfap auGUaomtcgü twGi;f qk;H vlonf (b,fbufoYkd auGUvQif
b,fbufqkH;vl? nmbufodkYauGUvQif nmbufqkH;vl) ajcvSrf;udk qufí rvSrf;bJ tcsdefrSwf aeap&rnf/ tjyif
bufqkH;vlu rdrdESifh &ifabmifwef; vdkonfhbufodkY rsufESmwl½IrS a½SUodkYqufí wnDwnf;vSrf;&rnf/ aemufrSyg
onfh twGJrsm; odkYr[kwf twef;rsm;vnf; þtwdkif; jyKvkyf&rnf/
(23) nm-vSnfU
þtrdefUudk nmajc ajrtuswGif (oHrPd) [k owday;pum; qifhqdkvdkuf&rnf/ aemufwBudrf nmajc
ajrtuswGif (nm) [k trdefYay;&rnf/ xdktcg b,fajconf nmajcteD;odkY uyfvdkufonfESifh wcsdefwnf; (wjydKif
euf)? nmajconf nmbufodkY vSrf;&rnf/
(24) xdkYtwl b,fbufwGif pí trdefYay;&rnf/ Oyrm- oHrPd (b,f)-- (nm--vSnfh)

277
(25) aemufvSnfhwdkif; nmbufrS vSnfh&rnf/ oHrPdaemuf--vSnfh [k trdefYay; (3) cGef;vkH;udk b,fajc ajr
tuswGifom ay;&rnf/ nmajca½SUwvSrf;wdk;í b,fajcudk nmajc a½SUü uefYvefYcGcs/ nmajc<uí aemufbufodkY
vSnfh? b,fajcudk odrf;? nmajcESifh vSrf;í xGuf&rnf/
6/ tMuHay;ñTefMum;csuf
oHrPdwm0efcHrsm;ESifh wyfom;wdkYonf txufygtrdefYwdkYudk vdkufemaqmif½Guf&ef yxrü tawmfyif
tcuftcJEiS hf awGU&ayrnf/ odYk aomf pdwrf ysub f J pmESiahf &;om;xm;onft h wdik ;f (jznf;jznf;) tavhtusihf tprf;oyf
(3^4) OD; 0dkif;0ef;í jyKvkyf usifh&rnf/ rSefNyD? ae&musNyDqdkrS wyfom;rsm;ukd wqifhjyoMu&rnf/ ppfa&;jy&mwGif
ydkrdkí em;vnfap&ef tjcm;wwfod em;vnfolrsm;xHodkY csOf;uyfívnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkY vkyfykHudkifykHwdkYudk Munfh½IUí
vnf;aumif; enf;,l&rnf/ þtrdefYrsm;rSm wyfom;rsm;twGuf avhusifh&ef tajccHrQom jzpfonf/ rMumrD NyD;pD;
awmhrnfjzpfaom oHrPdpnf;rsOf;wGifrS trdefYrsm; tpkHtvif yg0ifvdrfhrnf/ þtrdefYrsm;udk vdkufem vkyfaqmif&ef
pmjzifh MunfhvkyfaeMuvQif tcuftcJawGU&í enf;vrf;rus jzpfaeonfudkvnf;aumif;? wifBudKod½SdNyD;jzpfonf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap trSm;awGUrS trSefudkawGUrnf/ odkYjzpfí pdwfrysufbJ ZGJaumif;aumif;ESifh udk,fhwm0efudk vkyfaqmif
Muapvdo k nf/ oHrPdppfa&;jytwef; oifwef;wdYk ukd ,ckEpS t f wGi;f aomf vnf;aumif;? odkYr[kwf ausmif;rsm;\ ESpf
vnf nDvmcHEiS ahf omf vnf;aumif;? yl;wGu J sif;y&ef MuHpnf pDpOfxm;onf/ xdt k cgwGif t&yf&yf½dS oHrPdwm0efcrH sm;
odYk r[kwf oHrPdwyf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk oHrPdppfa&;ü uRrf;usiforl sm;u vufxyfoifMum; jyoay;&ef pDpOfxm;
onfjzpfaMumif;/
xGef;½Sdef
(X) jrefrmEdik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;\ umuG,af &;oHrPdtzGUJ
xkwfjyefcsuf (2)
1/ oHrPdvufpJG (ac:) oHrPdpnf;rsOf; tcef; (1)? tyd'k f (4)? tydk'fi,f (*) wGif azmfjyxm;onfh pmtkyu f kd
tzGUJ BuD;u rxkwaf 0Edik af o;rD tcsed t
f wGi;f wGif trdeYftrSwf (1)? xkwjf yefcsuf (2) ponfh pmwrf;rsm;udk vpOfxw
k af 0í
oGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;/ odkYaMumifh e,f½Sd oHrPdwm0efcHrsm; owdjyK&rnfrSm tvkyf0wå&m; cRwf,Gif;ayghysufí wm0ef
rausjzpfaevQif? oHrPdtzGJUBuD;rS vpOfay;oGm;rnfjzpfaom tvkyfrsm;udk rrDEdkifbJ aemufususef&pfí tcuftcJ
rsm;ESifh awGUMuHKae&ayvdrfhrnf/
2/ oHrPdwyfrsm;? oHrPdpnf;rsOf; tcef; (6)? tykd'f (5)wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif; oHrPdtkyfcsKyfol t&m½Sd

rsm;onf wyfrsm;udk zGUJ pnf;&mü wyfom;rsm; toufEiS hf t&yftedrhf tjrifh ponfwUdk udk oifah vsmo
f vdk ,m,D pDrEH ikd cf iG ½hf o
dS nf/
okdYaomf wyfrsm;udk tkyfcsKyf&aomtcgwGif ppfwyfESifh wlEkdiforQwlatmif jyKvkyf&rnf/ pnf;urf; ao0yfa&;udk
txl;*½kpkdufyg/ ppfa&;jyaecdkufwGif wyfom;rsm;? &,farmpum;ajymjcif;udk cGifhrjyK&/
3/ t0wftpm;
oHrPdwyf\ &nf½, G cf sufrmS wyfom;rsm;tm; ppfraI &;&mudk pHv k ifpmG em;vnfapvdjk cif; jzpfonf/ t0wf
tpm;rSm ta&;tBuD;qHk;tcsuf r[kwf? 'kwd,ta&;BuD;onfh udpörsKd;om jzpfonf/ oHrPd jyXmef;xm;onfh
t0wftpm;udk r0wfEikd o
f jzifh oHrPdwyfom; r[kw[ f k rqdEk idk /f oHrPdpnf;urf;rsm;udk rvdu
k ef mu oHrPdwyfom;
r[kw/f odYkaomf wyfom;rsm; oHrPdt0wftpm;udk 0wfqifEidk o f nfh tcgwGirf l aooyfusempGm 0wfqif&efvadk yonf/
oHrPdO;D xkyf
0g;zwfOD;xkyf (t0g&pf) ESifh[kqdkxm;&m OD;xkyfrSm tywfwckvHk; 0g&efrvdk? tywf tm;vHk;udk tpdrf;a&mif
qkd;NyD;vQif tay:qHk; tywfrsm;udkom Asufvufrw0ufrQ ½Sdaom t0gpif;jzpfatmif qkd;&rnf/ xdkt0g&pfuav;
atmuf tpdrf;a&mif b,fzufab; tvnfwnfhwnfhwGif teDa&mif t0wfp (Asuf wvufrcGJ? tvsm; ESpfvufr)
a'gifvdkuf wyfqifxm;&rnf/ teDa&miftay:wGif rnfonfh trSwftom;udkrQ ra&;om; rjc,f&/
278
4/ oHrPdtrdefhay;jcif;rsm;
oHrPdwyfudk trdefYay;jcif;udpöü Oyrm- nmvSnfh[k trdefYay;vQif trdefYay;oltzdkY vG,fulaomfvnf;
trdefYemcH&olrsm;twGuf vdkufem&ef tenf;i,ftcuftcJ awGU&vdrfhrnf/ ajcvSrf; rSm;,Gif;Muonfudkvnf; rMum
cP awGUayrnf/ odYk aomf pdwrf ysufbJ BudK;pm;&ef vdak yonf/ trdeYf rsm;udk pmjzifah &;om;xm;&m t"dygÜ ,f t,ltq
vGaJ umif;vGaJ eayrnf/ r½Si;f vif;aom udprö sm;twGurf l oHrPdtzGUJ BuD;odUk pma&; ar;jref;Ekid o
f nf/ tMuHOmPfvnf;
ay;Ekdifonf/
5/ oHrPdzGJYpnf;yHk
oHrPdzUJG pnf;yH?k &mxl;cefUxm;yHw
k Ukd ESihf ywfoufí A[kw
d iG ½f adS om wm0efct
H rIaqmifrsm;rSm pdwu
f ;l avmufrQ
ESifhom pDpOf&onf/ tu,fí vkyfudkifonfhtcgrsm;wGif rjzpfEkdifonfh udprö sm;udkvnf; awGUMuHK&aumif; awGUMuHK&
ayvdrfhrnf/ xdktcgrsKd;wGif e,foHrPdwyfrsm;onf A[dkodkY tMuHay;ñTefMum;jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfapvdkonf/ odkYrSom
rSm;aeaom t&mrsm;udk trSefjzpfatmif jyifqifEkdifí trSefrsm;udkvnf; ydkrdk aumif;rGefatmif pDrHEkdifayrnf/
6/ aemufq;kH owday;vdok nfrmS oHrPdzUJG pnf;a&;ESiyhf ufoufí rnfoUkd cufcyJ ?kH taESmift
h ,Suf awGU&yHrk sm;udk
aocsm*PpGm tjrefq;kH tpD&ifcMH uapvko d nf/ odYk ro
S mvQif xdt k cuftcJ taESmift
h ,Surf sm;udk rnfoYkdrnfyw kH eG ;f vSef
NzdKzsufEkdifrnfudk oHrPdtzGJUBuD;u BudKwifpOf;pm;í wjynfvHk;½Sd oHrPdwyfrsm;tm; tMuHay;Ekdifayrnf/
7/ oHrPdtkyfcsKyfol t&m½Sdrsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfolrsm;

(u) oHrPdwyfMuyf? (c) oHrPdwyfMuyfBuD;? (*) oHrPd wyfMuyfrSL;? (C) vufaxmufAdkvf/
oHrPd t&m½Sdrsm;
(u) Adkvfuav;? (c) wyftkyfAdkvf (*) AdkvfrSL; (C) twkdifyifcHAdkvf (i) AdkvfcsKyf
þ&mxl;rsm;udk tu,fí wdk;csJU&ef vkdvm;tyfaom tcsdefwGif wkd;csJU&ef &nf½G,fxm;aMumif;/
8/ wm0efrsm;
(u) oHrPdtMuyf? oHrPdwyfMuyf
olonf wyfpkwckwGif (4) a,mufxuf ydkí r½SdEkdifacs/ ¤if;onf wyfom;½kd;½kkd;xuf &mxl;tqifhtwef;
wxpfomjrifhonf/ wyfom;½dk;½dk; wa,mufudk tkyfcsKyf&onfh acgifolBuD; oabmrsKd;om jzpfonf/ ol\tvkyf
wm0efrsm;rSm ppfa&;jy&mü olYxuf&mxl;jrifhaom wyfMuyfBuD;? wyfMuyfrSL;ESifh vufaxmufAdkvfuav;wdkYudk ulnD&
rnf/ vufarmif;&pfrSm t½Snf (3) vufr? tus,f vufrw0uf ½Sdap&rnf/ xdkvuf&pfudk ycHk;tqufatmufESifh
tusÐvufzsm;wdkY tv,fwnfhwnfhwGif b,f? nm wyfqif&rnf/
(c) oHrPdwyfMuyfBuD;
olonf wyfpkwckwGif trsm;qHk; (3) a,mufom ½Sdap&rnf/ oHrPdwyfMuyf&mxl; wqifhjr§ifhonf/
olonf ppfa&;jy&mü wyfom; (20) xd udik Ef idk o
f nf/ vuf&pfEpS &f pf wyfqif&rnf/ 'kw,
d t&pfukd yxrt&pfatmuf
wnfhwnfhwGif vufr0ufjcm;íwyfqif&rnf/
(*) oHrPdwyfMuyfrSL;
olonfwyfpkwckwGif ESpfa,mufxufydkí r½Sdap&? ppfa&;jy&mwGif vl (30) txd oifMum;jyoEkdifonf/
olonfwyfom;rsm;udk oifMum;jyo&rnfjzpfojzifh ppfrIa&;&mwGif tawmfwwfuRrf;NyD;ol jzpf&rnf/ wyfrsm;udk
trdefYay;wwfap&rnf/ vuf&pf (3) &pf wyfqif&rnf/ wwd, t&pfudk yxrt&pfxuf vufr0ufwGif wyfqif
&rnf/ olonf tMuyfBuD;xuf &mxl;wqifhjrifhonf/
(C) vufaxmufAdkvf
vufaxmufAdkvfrSm Adkvfuav;atmufwGif½Sdí tMuyfrSL;xuf tqifhtwef;jrifhonf/ olonfAdkvfuav;
r½SdckdufwGif wyfpkwpkvHk;udk MoZmay; pDrHcefUcGJ&rnf/ vufaxmufAdkvf[k qdkaomfvnf; olonf oHrPdtzGJUwGif
t&m½SdwOD; r[kwfacs/ wyfpkwckwGif vufaxmufAdkvf wa,mufom ½SdEkdifonf/ vufaxmufAdkvf cefYxm;&mü
(or*¾rsm;ESifh Adkvfuav;) u rcefY&/ wyfom; (40) odkYr[kwf (40) atmuf½Sd wyfom;rsm;u rJa½G;í wifajr§muf
ap&rnf/
279
oHrPdt&m&Sdrsm;
(u) Adkvfuav;
Adkvfuav;rSm oHrPdwyfpkudk tkyfcsKyfonfh t&m½SdwOD;jzpfonf/ ,cktcsdefü oHrPdoifwef;rsm; pmar;yGJ
rsm;udk rusif;yEkdifao;ojzifh Adkvfuav;&mxl;udk or*¾toif;toD;oD;rS oifhavsmfrnfh oludk cefYxm;Mu&aprnf/
Adkvfuav;wGif wyfpkudk oabm½Sdovdk oHrPdpnf;rsOf;twkdif; pDrHjc,fv, S Ef idk of nf/ wyfom;wOD;OD;udk xkwyf ,f
ypfEidk o
f nfh tmPm½So d nf/ wyfpw k ckv;kH udk tkycf sKyf&mü olonf ta&;BuD;qHk;yk*dK¾ vf jzpfonf/ wyfom; (40) rjynfhbJ
wyfom; (25? 30? 35) qdkvQifvnf; or*¾toif; toD;oD;wdkYonf xkdwyfom;rsm;udk tkyfcsKyf&ef Adkvfuav;
wa,muf cefYap&rnf/ Oyrm- jrif;jcHwGif oHrPdwyfom; (69) a,muf½Sdonf/ xdk (69) a,mufpvHk;udk wyfAdkvf
uav; wOD;wnf;ESifh rudkifEkdif/ odkYjzpfí wyfAdkvfuav; ESpfOD;½Sdap&ef or*¾rsm;u Adkvfuav;wOD;udk aemufxyf
cefUxm;Mu&rnf/ oHrPdtrdefYay;jcif;ESifh qkdiforQ vkyfief;rsm;udk oHrPdwm0efcH Adkvfuav;onf aumif;rGefusepGm
uRrf;usif ap&rnf/ ¤if;tjyif pnf;rsOf;ESifh tjcm;vkyfief; wm0efrsm;udkvnf; uRrf;usif&efvkdayonf/ udk,fwkdif
ppfa&;jyjcif;udk trdeUf ay;wwfap&rnf/ wyfpEk iS yhf wfoufí wpHw k ck jyKvkypf rD zH ,G ½f v
dS Qif Adv
k u
f av;onf wyfMuyfrLS ;?
wyfMuyfBuD;? vufaxmufAdkvfwdkYESifh wkdifyifí pDrH&rnf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap olonf wyfpkwckudk tkyfcsKyfEkdifrnfh
t&nftcsif;ESifh jynfhpHkap&rnf/
(c) wyftkyfAdkvf
olonf wyfom; (160) odkYr[kwf Adkvfuav; (4) OD;ukd tkyfcsKyfoljzpfonf/ olonf Adkvfuav;xuf
&mxl;wqifh jrifhonf/ wyfom; (160) rjynfhaomfvnf; wyfom; (80) u ausmfvQif wyftkyfAdkvfwa,muf ½Sdap
&rnf/ xdkwyftkyfAdkvfudk oHrPdpnf;rsOf; rajymif;ao;rD oHrPdrsm;uyif cefYxm;Mu&rnf/ Oyrm- ajrmif;jrNrdKUwGif
ausmif; (3) ausmif; ½Sdonf/ wausmif;wGif wyfom; (30)? wausmif;wGif wyfom; (50)? wausmif;wGif wyfom;
(45) a,muf½Sdonf[k qdkMupdkY/ wyfom; (30) ½Sdaom ausmif;wGif wyfMuyf (3) a,muf? wyfMuyfBuD; (2)a,muf?
wyfMuyfrLS ; (1) a,muf (þae&mwGif wyfMuyfrLS ;onf vufaxmufAv kd &f mxl;udk ,lEidk o f nf/) Adv
k u
f av;wa,muf
½Sdayrnf/ wyfom; (50) ½Sdaom ausmif;wGif wyfMuyf (5) a,muf? wyfMuyfBuD; (3) a,muf? wyfMuyfrSL; (2)
a,muf vufaxmufAdkvfwa,muf? Adkvfuav; wa,muf½Sdrnf/ wyfom; (45) ½Sdaom ausmif;wGif tMuyf (4)
a,muf? odkYr[kwf (5)a,muf? wyfMuyfBuD; (3) a,muf? wyfMuyfrSL; (2) a,muf½Sdrnf/ vufaxmufAv kd w
f a,muf?
Adv
k uf av; wa,muf½rdS nf/ wNrdKUvH;k ½Sd wyfom;rsm;udk tkycf sKyf&ef wyftyk Af v dk wf OD; ½S&d rnf/ Adkvfuav; (3) OD;udk
ausmif;toD;oD;½Sd or*¾toif;wdkYu wifajr§mufí wyftkyfAdkvfudk NrdKUvHk;qkdif&m or*¾u wifajr§muf&rnf/ Adkvf
uav;rsm;onf wyftkyfAdkvf\ MoZmtmPmudk emcH&rnf/
(*) Adv k rf LS ;
Adv
k rf LS ;rSm wyftyk Af v
kd rf sm;tay:wGif tkycf sKyfot l &m½Sjd zpfonf/ ol\wm0efrmS ol\ vufatmufwGif ½Sdaom
wyftm;vHk;wdkY\ wdk;wuf&m wkd;wufaMumif;udk pDrHcefYcGJenf; vrf;ñTefjy&rnf/ e,fvHk;qkdif&m oHrPdt&m½Sdyif
jzpfonf/ AdkvfrSL;udk rnfonhfor*¾rsm;rS rwifajr§muf&/ oHrPdtzGJUcsKyfuom wkduf½dkuf cefYxm;rnf/
9/ oHrPdwyfcGJyHk
40960 - wyfrawmf
10240 - wyfaygif;csKyf
2560 - wyfaygif;pk
640 - wyfaygif;
160 - wyfzGJU
40 - wyf
10 - 10 - 10 - 10 - wyfpdwf
10/ wyfpdwfudk oHrPdwyfMuyf tkyfcsKyfrnf/ wyfudk Adkvfuav; tkyfcsKyfrnf/ wyfzGJU wyftkyfAdkvf? wyfaygif;
AdkvfrSL;? wyfaygif;pk twdkifyifcHAdkvf? wyfaygif;csKyf wyfrawmfAdkvfcsKyfwdkY toD;oD; tkyfcsKyfMurnf/
11/ oHrPdtrdefUay;jcif;rsm;/ / trdefYtrSwf (1) rS qufí trdefhtrSwf (23-24) wdkY\ xyfrH½Sif;vif;csuf/

280
(23) oGm;vsuf nm - - vSnfU

þtrdefYudk b,fajc ajrtuswGif oHrPd[k owday;pum;udk qifhvkduf&rnf/ aemufwBudrf b,fajc
ajrtuswGif (nm) [k trdefYay;&rnf/ aemufwzef b,fajcajrtuswGif (vSnfh) [k jywfom;yDopGm ay;&rnf/
xdkYaemuf nmajca½SUodkY wvSrf;vSrf;? aemufb,fajc a½SUwvSrf;wuf/ þtcg b,fajca½SU-nmajcaemuf jzpfae
vdrrhf nf/ xdrk S vlwud,
k v
f ;kH nmbufoUkd vSní
hf nmajcESihf pvSr;f cg qufvuf avQmufomG ;&rnf/ trdeYf ay;NyD;aemuf
qufvufí vSrf;jcif;rSm t½Sdefowfjcif; jzpfonf/
(24) oGm;vsuf b,f - - vSnfU

þtrdefYudk nmvSnfh trdefYay;ouJhodkY oHrPd (b,fajc) b,f -(b,fajc) vSnfh/ (b,fajc)? trdefUay;
&rnf/ vSnfh[k trdefYay;NyD;aemuf nmajcESifh t½Sdefowf? xdktcg nmajca½SU-b,fajcaemuf taetxm; ½Sdvdrfhrnf/
xdkYaemuf vlwudk,fvHk;udk b,fbufodkY vSnfhvdkufNyD;vQif b,fajcESifhpí vSrf;&rnf/
(25) oGm;vsuf aemuf - - vSnfU

aemufvn S whf idk ;f nmbufrS vSn&hf rnf/ oHrPd (b,fajc)? aemuf (b,fajc)? vSnhf (b,fajc)/ xkUd aemuf
nmajcudk a½SUwvSr;f wk;d í t½Sed o
f wf/ b,fajcudk nmajc\ a½SUüuyfí uefYvefYcs? ¤if;aemuf nmajcESihf aygufí
aemufvnS /hf b,fajcwcsufaygufí vHk;0aemufvSnfh nmajcESifh vSrf;íxGuf&rnf/
(26) tav;jyK
tav;jyKtrdefYudk rjyKvkyfrD wyfwzGJUvHk;onf (owd) taetxm;ü ½Sdap&rnf/ oHrPdtav;jyK trdefYay;
aomtcg vufoD;qkyfvsuf nmbufvufudk wHawmifqpfrS txufodkYcsKd;? vufarmif;udk udk,f\ab;ü uyfxm;?
vufoD;qkyfudk a½SUodkYvSnfh? aemufvufarmif; wckvHk;udk rsufvHk;\ab;wGif wef;wef; txufodkYajr§muf&rnf/
vufo;D qkyuf kd a½SUbufuokd m vSnxhf m;&rnf/ vufukd xkwaf omtcgüvnf; vufarmif;udk a½S;enf;wl wHawmifcsK;d
NyD;rS atmufodkYcs&rnf/ vufudktay:odkY ajr§mufxm;onfhtcgwGif ESpfpuúefYrQ Mumap&rnf/
(27) NyD; - - ap
trdeYf ay;rnf½adS omtcg wyfwckv;kH onf a½SUwef;? aemufwef; ESpw
f ef;om ½Sad p&rnf/ Adv k v
f yk o
f ul oHrPd
NyD;ap[k trdeYf ay;vQif wyfom;tm;vH;k onf nmbufoYkd vSn&hf rnf/ xdYk aemuf Adv
k v
f yk of u
l kd xH;k pHtwkid ;f tav;jyKí
NidrfoufpGm xGufcGmoGm;&rnf/ wyfom;rsm; t½dktaoay;aomtcg Adkvfvkyfoluvnf; jyefí t½dktaoay;&rnf/
(28) nmujyif
þtrdefYonf oifcgp wyfrsm;ESifh 0ifcgp wyfom;rsm;tzdkY jzpfonf/ vkyfaqmif&mü nmun§drSmuJhodkY
jyKvkyf&rnf/ odYk aomf þtrdeUf rSm avhusifch ef; wckcu
k kd jyKvkyaf qmif½u
G Nf yD;onfh tcgü? twef;ESihf rnDnm jzpfae
aomaMumif?h twef;n§&d efcikd ;f aom trdefYwnf;/ wwfuRrf;NyD;aom wyfEiS hf wyfom;wdkYrmS þtrdefYukd Adv k u
f ray;
&bJvsuf wyfom;rsm;udk,fwkdif avhusifhcef;wckckudk vkyfNyD;u jyifMun§dMu&rnf/
(29) ajcvSrf;jyif
vrf;oGm;&if; ajcvSrf;rSm;aecJhygu a½SUajczaemifhudk aemufajczsm;ESifh xdí a½SUajcudkyif qufvSrf;&rnf/
odkYr[kwf vSrf;vsuf½Sdaom taetxm;twdkif; (pHk) ckefí a½SUodkY wdk;Ekdifonf/ Oyrm ajcvSrf;rSm;aeolonf oGm;aepOf
a½SUajc? nmaemufajc buf½Sdaeonf xm;MupdkY/ ¤if;ol ajcvSrf;jyifcsifygu aemufajcjzpfaom b,fudk qufí
rvSrf;bJESifh ½Sd&if;taetxm;twkdif; (pHk) ckefvdkufcg ckefwdk;wdk; vdkuf&rnf/ tcsdefrSwfaomtcgü rSm;aeaom ajc
wbufudk ajrmufcsnf-cscsnf ESpfBudrfwkdifwkdif jyKvkyf&rnf/
(30) nm - apmif; (odkhr[kwf) b,f - apmif;

(twef;vku d o
f mG ;vsu)f ¤if;trdeYf ukd ay;vku
d af omtcg wyfom;rsm;onf b,f (odYk r[kw)f nmodYk apmif;í
(w0ufvSnfhí) avQmufoGm;&rnf/ a'gifhwef;avQmufjcif;yifwnf;/ wyfom;rsm;onf twef;rysufatmif owdjyKí
281
avQmufMu&rnf/ avQmufaomtcgü rdrd\ a½SUem;usaomvl\ ausmv,fESifh rdrdykcHk; (b,fapmif;u b,fykcHk;?

nmapmif;u nmykcHk;)ESifh wef;atmifxm;í rsufESmrl&modkY wef;wef;rwfrwf avQmuf&rnf/
(31) twGJvkduf b,f (odkhr[kwf) nmapmif;

þtrdefYrSm txufavhusifhcef;uJhodkYyif av;a,mufwGJ (odkYr[kwf) oHk;a,mufwGJ (odkYr[kwf) ESpfa,muf
wGJí twGJvdkuf? apmif;cg a'gihfwef; avQmufapjcif;aywnf;/
12/ ,ckvtwGuf ppfa&;jytpDtpOf

,ck wvvHk;twGuf wyfom;rsm;tm; ppfa&;jyo&ef avhusifhcef;rsm;rSm (trdefYtrSwf - 1 ESifh ,ckv
oHrPd xkwjf yefcsuf - 2) ESpcf ak ygif;wGif (27) rsK;d ½So
d nf/ teuf (27) rsK;d vH;k udyk if avhusiMhf uap&rnf/ xdo k Ykdavhusihf
Muap&mwGif tcsdeu f kd uefYowfí tvkyv f yk Mf uapvko d nft
h wkid ;f atmufwiG f tcsdepf m&if;ESihf tvkyu
f wkd í
JG jyxm;ay
onf/ ,ckvwvvHk;udk &ufowåav;ywfcGJí jyxm;onf/ ppfa&;jyvQif tenf;qHk; wem&DMumap&rnf/ xdkwem&D
udkvnf; (3) ydkif; ydkif;í yxr (10) rdepf/ 'kwd, (40) rdepf/ wwd, (10) rdepf cGJjcm;xm;onf/
yxrtywfwGif oifMum;&efrSm trdefYtrSwf (1) owdrS pí trdefY trSwf (16) nmapmif; txdwkdYudk
aocsmpGm wwfajrmufatmif jyKvkyo f ifMum; Murnf/ ppfa&;jyowkid ;f yxr (10) rdepfwiG f wwyfv;kH udk Adv k uf , kd w
f idk f
,cifu oifMum;jyo NyD;pD;cJhonfwkdYudk jyefvnfjyoap&rnf/ 'kwd, (40) rdepfwGif wyfudk wyfpdwfrsm; cGJvkduf
yg/ qkdif&m wyfMuyfrSL;? vufaxmufAdkvfwdkYtm; ppfa&;jyoap&ef wm0efvTJtyfay;&rnf/ wwd, (10) rdepfwGif
wwyfvHk;udk Adkvfudk,fwkdifBuD;Muyfí xdkaeY jyoNyD;orQ avhusifhcef;rsm;udk jyefvSef jyoap&rnf/ (yxrqHk;upí
ppfa&;jy&aom ppfwyfrsm; tzkdYrSm? yxr (10) rdepf Adkvfu ppfa&;jyrnfhtpm;? wyftaMumif;udk ½Sif;vif;ajym&rnf/
'kwd,tywfwGif trdefYeHygwfpOf (17) tcsdefrSpí trdefYeHygwfpOf (22) avQmufvsuf b,fauGU- nmauGU
txdwdkYudk aocsmpGm wwfajrmufatmif avhusifhay;&rnf/ ppfa&;jyonfhtcsdefESifh wyfrsm;udk avhusifhay;ap&ef
txufenf;twkdif; pDpOf&rnf/
wwd,tywfwGif trdefUtrSwf (23) oGm;vsuf b,fvSnfh-nmvSnfhrSpí trdefYeHygwfpOf (25) oGm;vsuf
aemufvSnfhtxdwdkYudk txufenf;twkdif; cGJjcm;a0zefí oifMum;&rnf/
pwkw¬tywfwGif useftrdefYrsm;udk ukefpifatmif txufenf;twkdif; cGJjcm;a0zefí oifMum;&rnf/
13/ ppfa&;jywm0efrsm;
Adkvfuav;- wyfMuyfrSL;rsm;ESifh vufaxmufAdkvfwkdY wyfpkrsm;udk ppfa&;jyaepOf oGm;a&mufMunfh½I&rnf/
(u) wyfom;rsm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ifyHkudk owdjyK&rnf/
(c) wyfMuyfrSL;rsm;ESifh vufaxmufAdkvfwkdY ppfa&;tjyrSm;aevQif? 0ifa&mufjyifqifjyo trdefYay;&rnf/
(*) wyfom;rsm;\ trnfpm&if;udk ppfa&;jyolwkdif; *½kjyKí pm&if;,l rSwfom;ap&rnf/
kd -f olwkdYonf Adv
wyfMuyfrLS ;ESifU vufaxmufAv k uf av; wwyfv;kH udk ppfa&;jycdu
k wf iG ?f wyfMuyfrsm;? wyfMuyfBuD;rsm;
wkYd\ wm0efukd vH;k 0aqmif½u G &f rnf/ wyfMuyf? wyfMuyfBuD;wdYkrmS Adv
k u
f av;ppfa&;jycku d f wyfom;rsm;ESihf a&maESmum
ppfa&;jyo Mu&rnf/
wyfMuyfESifU wyfMuyfBuD;- ¤if;wdkYrSm trdefYay;ol wyfMuyfrSL; (odkYr[kwf) vufaxmufAdkvfwdkY ppfa&;jypOfwGif?

wyfom; ydkrdkem;½Sif;apjcif;iSm trdefYrsm;udk yxrvkyfudkif aqmif½Gufí jyMu&rnf/ wzef wyfom;rsm; ppfa&;jyaom
tcgü trSm;awGUvQif wa,mufpDudk vkdufvHjyifqifay;&rnf/
ta&;awmfyHkatmifygap/
(4? 12? 39)
282
(!) jrefrmEkid if v
H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;\ umuG,af &;oHrPdtzGUJ
xkwfjyefcsuftrSwf (3)
(1) oHrPdausmif;om;rsm;\ ppfwyfjzpfonft h m;avQmpf mG ppfa&;ppfrEI iS hf ywfouforQ toH;k taqmif t&m0w¦K
wkYd ukd wwfEidk o
f rQ tpGr;f ukejf ynfph akH tmif pkaqmif;xm;½SEd idk &f ef vdt
k yfonft
h wkid ;f Adv
k v
f yk o
f rl sm;u BudK;pm;Mu&rnf/
oHrPdwyfrsm;wGif ppfrIppfa&;ESifh ywfoufí em;&nf0aeolESifh wwfuRrf;ol (Specilalist) rsm; ½SdMuap&rnf/
oHrPdwyfwikd ;f wGif taxmuf (uif;axmuf War Scouts) twwfukd aumif;pGmwwfuRr;f atmif avhvmolrsm;vnf;
vdkayonf/ ajryHkqGJtwwf? awmckwfcsKHwkd;? wHwm;aqmuf? ajruwkwfwl;qGjcif; twwfwdkYudkvnf; wwfEkdifvQif
avhvmMu&ef vdkayonf/ ppfwyfwwyfvQif txufygwyfom;rsKd;rsm;u wwyfwzGJU? "g;ckwf? vSHxkd;? tajr§muf?
aoewfudkifwG,fí wu,fowfjzwf&ol ppfom;rsKd;uwrsKd; ½SdMupjrJjzpfonf/ wyfrsm;udk tkyfcsKyfol Adkvfrsm;rSmrl
xdktwwftm;vHk;udk tenf;ESifhtrsm; wwfEkdifvQif tpGrf;ukefwwfajrmuf&ef vdkay&m XmecsKyfrS Armjynft&yf&yf½Sd
Adkvfrsm;twGuf oHrPdoifwef;rsm;udk ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif;ü zGifhvSpfEkdif&ef BudK;pm;aeaMumif;? oHrPdvufpGJ
pmtkyfudkvnf; rMumrDxGufEdkifatmif BudK;pm;rnfjzpfaMumif;/
(2) e,f½Sd oHrPdwyfcGJrsm; rnfodkYrnfyHk c&D;a&mufaeonfudk XmecsKyfrS taotcsm rod&/ owif;pmrsm;wGif

awGU&oavmufESifh or*¾toif;rsm;xHrS or*¾toif;csKyfxHodkY ydkYpmrsm;wGif Mum;n§yfí pmESpfaMumif;? oHk;aMumif;
avmuf a&;vku d Mf uorQudo k m od&onf/ wyfcrJG sm;rS ay;ydYk pmrsm; xifoavmuf ra&muf½adS cs/ þtwkid ;f c&D;oGm;í
rjzpfacs? tpOftjrJvv kd kd tquftoG,½f adS erSom vkyaf qmifí jzpfajrmufEidk rf nf/ oHrPdwm0efcrH sm;onf rdrw
d Ykda'o½Sd
oHrPdwyf toD;oD;wdkY\-
(u) wnfaxmif&mwGif tcuftcJ
(c) wyfom;OD;a&
(*) ppfa&;jyonf? rjyonf ponfwdkYudk tjrefqHk; tpD&ifcHMuapvdkonf/ oHrPdwyf rwnfaxmif&ao;
aom or*¾toif;rsm;rSmvnf; wnfaxmifEkdif&ef tjref BudK;pm;oifhMuayonf/
(3) oHrPdppfa&;jy trdefYrsm;wGif vkdufemvkyfaqmif&ef tcuftcJawGUu XmecsKyfodkY csufjcif; taMumif;Mum;

&ef rarhEiS /hf tMuHÓPfay;oifv
h Qiv f nf; vufraES;bJay;ydYk u wwkid ;f jynfv;kH twGuf tusKd ;jzpfonf/ oHrPdwyfrsm;
wnfaxmif&jcif;\ taMumif;udkvnf; oifwkdY odNyD;jzpfonf/
(4) ppfa&;jytrdefhrsm;
(trSwf - 31 rS tquf)
(32) nm - - ESpfcg - - auGY

þtrdefYudk oHrPdwyf ppfcsDwufaepOf ay;&efjzpfonf/ þtrdefYudk (b,fauGU) (nmauGU) rSm uJhodkYyif
ay;&rnf/ Adkvfvkyfol trdefYay;vQif wyfom;rsm;onf yxrnmbufodkY wBudrfauGUvkdufí aemufwBudrf xyfrHum
nmbufodkY auGUum qufvufí ppfcsDMu&rnf/ ppfa&;jytrdefY (25) rSmuJhodkY avQmufvmcJhaomvrf;rSmyif xyfrHí
aemufjyefvSnfhum avQmufjcif;r[kwfbJ wyfwwyfvHk;auGUí aemufodkYjyefavQmufjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm wyfom;
(10) a,muf? trSwf (1) rS (10) txd/ a½SUaemuftpOfvdkuf avQmufvmonf qkdMuygpdkY? ppfa&;jytrdefY (25)
twkdif;qdkvQif? trSwf (1) onf yxrwGif a½SUacgif;aqmifí avQmufvmaomfvnf; jyefvSnfhonfhtcg trSwf
(10) wyfom;onf acgif;aqmifí avQmuf&onf/ þtrdefYtrSwf (23) rSm a½SUqHk;rS acgif;aqmif csDwufvmolonf
aemufqHk;odkY a&mufroGm;bJ a½SUqHk;uyif qufvufcsDwuf&ef jzpfonf/
yHkudkMunfUav-
15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
nmESpfcgauGU jyefavQmuf&mü yxrvmcJhaom vrf;\ nmbufem;rSyif uyfíjyefavQmufMu&rnf/
283
(33) b,f - - ESpfcg - - auGY

nmESpfcgauGUrSm uJhodkYyif acgif;aqmifí avQmufoludk
a½SUqHk;rSxm;í aemufrS wyfom;rsm;onfvnf; acgif;aqmif
wyfom;auGUonfh ae&modkYa&mufrS auGUMuum csDwufcJhonfh
vrf;\ b,fbufem;rS uyfí vmcJhaom c&D;udk jyefvSnfhjcif;
jzpfonf/
ppfa&;jytrdefh - 32? 33 o½kyfjyyHk
(34) nmodkh (odkhr[kwf) b,fodkh av;a,mufpkvsuf-

av;a,muf - wGJ? ESpfa,muf - wGJ (&yfvsuf)
þtrdefYudk wyfom;rsm; &yfwefYaepOf ay;&rnf/ ppfa&;jy&ef pvkdufonfESifh wyfom;rsm;onf (2) wef;
pDcJhNyD; jzpfvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaemuf a½SUwef; (1-2-3-4-5) tp½Sdojzifh a&&rnf/ aemufwef; wyfom;rsm; trSwfa&&ef
rvkd/ aemufwef;wyfom;rsm;rSm rdrdwdkY a½SUwnfhwnfh wyfom;rsm;\ trSwfudkom rSwfxm;&rnf/ av;a,muf
wG[J k trdeYfay;vdu k vf Qif a½SUwef;? aemufwef; pHt k rSwf (2-4-6-8) ponfjzifh wyfom;rsm;onf aemufoYkd ajcwvSr;f
(vufr-30) b,fajcESifh vSrf;vkdufNyD;vQif nmbufodkY nmajcESifh ajcwvSrf; (vufr-24) vSrf;vkduf&rnf/ xdk
tcg wyfom; twef;ESpfwef;onf av;a,mufwGJpD av;wef;jzpfoGm;í pHk-trSwf wyfom;rsm;onf r-trSwf
wyfom;rsm;\ aemufwnfw h nfwh iG f ½SMd uvdrrhf nf/ b,fbuftpGeq f ;kH wyfom;wdUk onf (r) trSwjf zpfap? (pH)k trSwf
jzpfap? av;a,mufwGJMu&rnf/ b,fbuftpGefqHk;ESifh 'kwd,wyfom;rsm;rSm rnfonfhtcgrQ rwGJ&/
(u) tu,fí wyfom; (16) a,muf twGJ (7) wGJ½Sdonf qdkMuygpdkh

xdktcgwGif av;a,mufwGJ wGJ&ef vG,fvG,fESifh jzpfvdrfhrnf/ tu,fí wyfom; (18) a,muf twGJ (9)
wGJ ½SdaevQif? aemufqHk; (b,fbufqHk;) wyfom;rsm;rSm (r) trSwf jzpfaeaomfvnf; rdrdwdkYnmbuf (pHk) trSwf
wyfom;rsm;ESifh wGJMu&rnf/ aemufqHk; wyfom;rsm;\ nmbuf pHktrSwftom;rsm;rSm rvIyf½Sm;&/ xkdtcgwGif
aemufq;kH wyfom;rsm;ESihf wwGaJ usmf (r) trSwf wyfom;rsm;rSm ESpfa,mufwnf; ½Sdaevdrfhrnf/ xkdwyfom; ESpfa,muf
teuf aemufwef; wyfom;rSm aemufokdYwvSrf; qkwfvkduf&rnf/
(c) twGJpHk- aemufvyfESifU

rSwfcsuf- aemufvyfqkdonfrSm twef;pD&mwGif a½SUwef;ESifh aemufwef; vlrnDrQí Oyrm - a½SUwef; (8) a,muf?
aemufwef; (7) a,mufjzpfaevQif? a½SUwef;ESifh aemufwef; tuGufaphatmif aemufwef; b,ftpGefqHk;rS aeía&
aomf - wwd,ajrmufae&mudk ae&mvyfxm;&rnf/ xdkae&mvyfudk aemufvyf[k ac:onf/
(ppfa&;jy trdefh (7) udk jyefMunfUav)
av;a,mufwGJ[k trdefYay;aomtcg aemufvyf\ nmbufuyfvsuf½Sdaom wyfom;onf aemufodkY
wvSrf; vSrf;ay;&rnf/
(*) twGJr - aemufvyfESifU

av;a,mufwGJ[k trdefYay;aomtcg? aemufvyfae&mudk csefvSyfí tjcm;twGJrsm;rSm - wGJjrJ wGJoGm;
Mu&rnf/ xdktcg aemufvyftwGJrSm - wa,mufwnf;om ½Sdaevdrfhrnf/
(C) a½SYwef;aemufü ½SdaevQif (Oyrm-Adkvfvkyfol wyfom;rsm;tm; aemufvSnfU[k trdefhay;aomtcg)

aemufvyfae&monf a½SUwef;odkY a&mufaevdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf a½SUwef;wGif rnfonfhtcgrQ ae&mvyf
r½Sdap&/ odkYaMumifh aemufwef;rS a½SUae&mvyfESifh wnfhwnfhwyfom;onf a½SUwef;odkY wuf&vdrfhrnf/ xdkYaemuf
av;a,muf wG&J mwGif (pH)k trSwt
f om;rsm;onf nmajcESihf a½SUodUk wvSr;f wufí? b,fajcESihf b,fbufoUkd wvSr;f vSr;f
vdkuf&rnf/ tu,fí a½SUwef;? aemufwef; vltjynfh-twGJ rjzpfvQif? ,cifu aemufodkYqkwf&aom wyfom;onf
,cktcg a½SUodkYwuf&rnf/ (ppfa&;jytrdefh (34-u) udk MunfUav) wzufpmrsufESmrS yHkrsm;ESifUwJGzufMunfUyg-
284
trdehf (34) wJNG y;D yHk
trdehf (34-u) twJpG kH - vlppd x

D m;yHk wJNG y;D yHk
trdehf (34-c) twJrG - vlppd x

D m;yHk wJNG y;D yHk
trdehf (34-*) twJpG kH - aemufvyfEiS Uf pDxm;yHk wJNG y;D yHk
trdehf (34-C) a½Sw

Y ef;aemufü ½Sv
d l
285
(35) ESpfa,muf - - wGJ

(u) av;a,mufwGJpOf cGJíwufMu&aom wyfom;rsm;onf udk,fhae&modkY udk,fjyefa&mufatmif b,fajcESifh
b,fodkYvSrf; nmajcESifh a½SUodkYwufMu&rnf/ (ppfa&;jytrdefh (34-u) udk MunfUav)
(c) aemufwef;onf a½SUü½Sdrl - av;a,mufwGJpOfu cGJxGuf&aom wyfom;rsm;onf? nmajcESifh nmodkY

vSrf;í b,fajcESifh udk,fhae&modkY udk,fjyef0ifMu&rnf/
(*) aemufodkY wvSrf;qkwf&mom wyfom;rsm;rSm a½SUodkYwvSrf;wufí a½SUodkY wvSrf;wuf&aom wyfom;

rsm;rSm aemufodkY wvSrf;qkwf&rnf/
(36) b,f (odkhr[kwf) nm

ppfa&;jytrdefY (34) udk jyKvkyfNyD;aomtcg? Adkvfvkyfolu b,f (odkYr[kwf) nm [k qdkvdkufvQif Adkvft
rdeYf ay;&mbufoYkd wyfom;tm;vH;k vSnv hf udk &f rnf/ xdYk aemuf (csD - - wuf) [k trdeYf xyfraH y;vdu
k v
f Qif a½SUodYk csw
D uf
Mu&rnf/
(37) b,f (odkhr[kwf) nm -- vSnfU

,cktrdefYrSm b,fodkYvnf;aumif;? nmodkYvnf;aumif; vSnfh&efay;aom ½kd;½dk;trdefYrsKd; r[kwf/ ppfa&;jy
trdefY (36) udk ay;NyD;aomtcg? Oyrm (b,f) [k Adkvfvkyfolu nmvSnfh[kqdkvQif nmbufodkY vSnhf½Hkomru?
trSwf (35) twdkif; udk,hfae&modkYudk,f jyef0ifMuum? (2)a,muf wGJMu&rnf/ Oyrm- AdkvfrS (nm)[k trdefYay;í
b,fodkY trdefYay;í - b,fokdY jyefvSnfhapvdkvQif Adkvfvkyfolu (av;a,mufpkvsuf - nm -- vSnfh) [k trdefY
ay;&rnf/
(38) (2 - a,mufwGJpD ae&mrS) 4 - a,mufwGJ

(u) xdktcg (pHk) trSwf wyfom;rsmonf nmbufodkY wvSrf;vSrf;vkdufí b,fESifh a½SUodkY wvSrf;wuf
Mu&rnf/ Oyrm- twGJ (1? 2? 3? 4? 5? 6) ½Sdí? twGJ (1) onf a½SUqHk;rS a½SUodkU rsufESmrlaevQif? xdktwGJ\aemufwGif
½Sdaom (2? 4? 6) ponfh pHktrSwfwGJrsm;onf txufyg enf;twkdif; av;a,mufwGJMu&rnf/
(c) tu,fí (6) trSwfwGJonf a½SUqHk;rS a½SUodkYrsufESmrlí (5? 3? 1) trSwfwGJrsm;onf b,fajcESifh bufbuf
odkY vSrf;í nmajcESifh aemufodkY av;a,mufwGJrdatmif qkwfMu&rnf/
trdehf (38-u)
6 5 4 3 2 1
2
3
trdehf (38-c)
6 5 4 3 2 1
2
1
3
286
(*) ,cifu ppfa&;jytrdefYrsm;t& - a½SUwkd;? aemufqkwf vkyfMu&aom wyfom;rsm;onf ,cktcg ab;odkY

wvSrf;xGufjcif;? 0ifjcif;udkom jyKvkyfMu&rnf/
(39) (tcsdefrSwfpOf) av;a,mufwGJ

þtrdefYudk trdefYtrSwf (35) twkdif; trdefYay;&rnf/ (nmodkY av;a,mufpkvsuf - av;a,mufwGJ)
wyfom;rsm;onf tcsdefrSwfaeMuvdrfhrnf/ b,fajcajrtuswGif yxrtrdefYudk ay;í? 'kwd,trdefY (av;a,muf)udk
b,fajcajrtuswGif xyfrHay;um? aemufwBudrf b,fajcajrtuswGif (wGJ) udk ay;&rnf/ xkdtcg (pHk) trSwf
wyfom;rsm;onf wGJ[k Adkvfu trdefYay;NyD;onfESifh wNydKifeuf nmajcudk ajrodkYjyefcsí b,fajcESifh aemufodkY
qkwfvkdufum nmajcESifh nmbufodkY vSrf;vdkuf&rnf/ nmajcvSrf;NyD;vQif &yfwefYí rae&/ qufvufí tcsdefrSwf
aeMu&rnf/ (b,foYkd av;a,muf pkvsuf av;a,mufw)JG [k qdv k Qif? nmwGipf í trdeYf ay;NyD;vQif wyfom;rsm;onf
vnf; nmbuf ajcrSpí vSrf;Mu&rnf/
(40) (tcsdefrSwfvsuf) 2 a,mufwGJ

tcsdefrSwfae&mrS - b,fajcajrtuswGif (2a,muf) [k trdefYay;í aemufwBudrf b,fajcajrtuswGif
(wG)J [k ay;&rnf/ wyfom;rsm;onf yxrb,fajcESihf b,fbufoYkd vSr;f vdu
k í
f aemufwBudrf b,fajcajrtuswGif
(wGJ) [k ay;&rnf/ wyfom;rsm;onf yxrb,fajcESifh b,fbufodkY vSrf;vdkufí nmajcESifh a½SUodkYwufMu&onf/
(41) (oGm;vsuf) 4- a,mufwGJ

trdefYudk b,fajcajrtuswGifom ay;&rnf/ (wGJ) [k trdefYay;NyD;onfESifh wNydKifeuf (r)wyfom;wkdYonf
nmajcESihf ud, k t
f ½Sed f owfvu
dk í
f ESpBf udrt
f csderf w
S Nf yD;vQif qufícsDwufMu&rnf/ (r) wyfom;wkYd tcsderf w
S af ecku
d f
(pH)k wyfom;rsm;onf txufygenf;rsm;twkid ;f av;a,mufwMJG uí qufvuf csDwufMu&rnf/ xdt k cg (r)wyfom;
rsm;ESifh (pHk) wyfom;rsm;onf ajcvSrf;wnDwñGwf jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf/
(42) (oGm;vsuf) 2 a,mufwGJ

trdefYudk b,fajcajrtuswGifay;í vkdufemonfh wyfom;rsm;onfvnf; txufygenf;rsm;twdkif; udk,fh
ae&modkY udk,fjyef0ifMu&rnf/ b,fbufwyfom;rsm;onftcsdefESpfcg rSwfMu&rnf/
(43) (&yfvsuf) nmodkh twef;jyK

twef;jyK[k AdkvfutrdefYay;vQif a½SUwef;? nmbufqHk; wyfom;rsm;onf nmbufodkY vSnfhaeí? a½SUwef;
usewf yfom;rsm;onf trdeYf trSwf (15) rSmuJoh Ykd nmodYk apmif;vkud Mf u&rnf/ xdUk aemuf Advk v
f yk o f u
l tjrefavQmuf[k
trdefYay;&onf/ xdt k cg a½SUwef;? nmbufq;kH nmodkYvn S x
hf m;onfh wyfom;rsm;onf a½SUodkY ESpv f rS ;f csDwufNyD;vQif
&yfwefYae&rnf/ twef;wckvHk;onf twef;pDrysufapbJ? nmbufqHk; wyfom;&yfae&mESifh &ifaygifwef;pDrDatmif
csw
D ufNyD;vQif &yfwefYMu&rnf/ aemufwef; nmbufq;kH wyfom;onf a½SUodYk ESpv f rS ;f wufí a½SUwef;nmbuf wyfom;
\ rlvae&mudk ,lNyD;vQif nmbufoYkd vSnu hf m &yfwefYae&rnf/ usew f yfom;rsm;rSm a½SUwef;ESihf wygwnf; tpDtwef;
rysufapbJ? nmbufqHk;wyfom;ESihf &ifaygifwef;rdatmif csDwuf&yfwefYMu&rnf/ b,fodkY twef;jyKvnf; txuf
enf;twkdif; jyKvkyfMu&rnf/
(yHkudk MunfUav)
(44) (oGm;vsuf) twef;jyK

txufenf;twkid ;f yif tvH;k pHk jyKvkyMf u&rnf/ odYkaomf nmbufq;kH wyfom;rsm;rSm ae&mopfoYkd a&mufvQif
&yfraebJ tcsdefrSwfaeí b,fbufrS wyfom;rsm;udk apmifhqkdif;Mu&rnf/ b,fbuf wyfom;rsm;vnf; nmbufqHk;
wyfom;rsm;ESifh &ifaygifwef;rdvQif tcsdefrSwfaeMu&rnf/ Adkvfvkyfolu csDwuf&ef trdefYay;rS qufvuf csDwuf
Mu&rnf/ nmodYk twef;jyKvdv k Qif nmajcajrtuswiG f trdeYf ay;í b,foYkd twef;jyKvv
kd Qif b,fajcajrtuswiG f trddefY
ay;Mu&rnf/
287
(45) (twGJrS) nmodkh - twef;jyK

nmbuftwef;onf a½SUqHk;wyfom;rSty usefwyfom;rsm; nmodkYapmif;? b,fbuftwef; nmvSnhf?
tjrefavQmuf[k trdefYay;u? nmbufwef; a½SUqHk;wyfom;rsm;onf a½SUokdY ESpfvSrf;wuf? usefwyfom;rsm;onf
a½SUqHk;wyfom;ESifh &ifaygifwef;rdatmif csDwufMu&rnf/
b,fodkY twef;jyKvkduvnf; b,fbuftwef;onf b,fodkYapmif;í nmbuftwef;onf b,fvSnfh
NyD;vQif a½S;enf;twdkif; qufvufvkyfudkifMu&rnf/ (yHkudk MunfUav)
trdehf (43) &yfvsuf nmodhk twef;jyKykH
rlvtwef;rsm;
nmbufodkh twef;jyKNyD;yHk
a½SYwef;nmapmif;xm;yHk (rlvtwef;)
a½SY (2) vSrf;
trdehf (45) twJrG S nmodhk twef;jyKykH

a½SY (2) vSrf;
nmbufodkh twef;jyKNyD;yHk
a½SYwef;nmapmif;xm;yHk
rlv (2) a,mufwJG ½SdyHk
288
(46) tcrf;tem;pDjcif;
tcrf;tem;pDjcif; qkdonfrSm t*Fvdyfvdk (Ceremonial Prade) [k ac:onf/ wyfom;tm;vHk;udk twef;
wwef;wnf; jzpfatmif yxrpDvkduf&rnf/ xdktcg tedrfhqHk;wyfom;rsm;rSm b,fbufqHk;wGif ½Sdapí t&yftjrifhqHk;
wyfom;rsm;rSm nmbufq;kH wGif ½SMd uap&rnf/ nmrSpí tpOfvu kd f trSwfa&&rnf/ (r) trSwfwyfom;rsm;tm;
a½SUodkYwvSr;f ? (pH)k trSwf wyfom;rsm;tm; aemufodkYwvSrf; vSrf;&ef? (r- trSwfwyfom;rsm; a½SUwvSrf;wuf?
pHk- trSwfwyfom;rsm; aemufwvSrf;qkwf - - vSrf;) (vSrf;) [k trdefYay;&rnf/ xdkYaemuf Adkvfvkyfolu (b,f-
nm- vSn)hf [k trdeYf ay;&rnf/ a½SUwef;wyfrsm;onf nmbufoYkd vSní hf aemufwef;wyfom;rsm;onf bufbufoYkd
vSnfhvdkufMu&rnf/ xdkYaemuf Adkvfvkyfolu (b,f-n m-vSnfh) [k trdefYay;&rnf/ (tjrefavQmuf) [k trdefYay;
aomtcg? a½SUwef; nmbufqHk; wyfom;rsm;onf &yfwefYae&rnf/ usefwyfom;rsm;onf rsufESmrl&m bufodkY
avQmuf/ aemufwef; wyfom;rsm;onf nmbufodkY auGUcg a½SUwef; aemufqHk;vlESifh qufrdatmif avQmufMu&rnf/
xdkodkY wwef;vnf; avQmufoGm;aepOf a½SUqHk;rS wyfom;rsm;onf aejrJaeí? 'kwd,wyfom;rsm;onf yxrwyfom;
\ nmbufodkU xGufí ESpfvSrf;uGmwGif &ifaygifwef; &yfwefUae&rnf/ wwd,wyfom;rsm;onf yxrwyfom;\
aemufwGif &yfí? pwkw¬wyfom;rsm;onf 'kwd,wyfom;uJhokdY nmbufodkY xGufcg? 'kwd,wyfom;\ aemufwGif
&yf&rnf/ xdkodkY tm;vHk;wyfom;rsm; vkyfudkifNyD;vQif wyfwckvHk;udk jcHKíMunfhygu ywåvm;yHk wnf½Sdvdrfhrnf/
trdehf (45) tcrf;tem;pDjcif;

(u) *Pef;wckukd vlwa,mufvrhkd w
S yf g
(c) r-trSwrf sm; a½Sw

Y vSr;f wuf nmvSn?Uf pH-k trSwrf sm; aemufwvSr;f qkwf b,fvn
S Uf
(*) vlpck GJ avQmufykH
(C) avQmufNy;D pDxm;yHk
289
(¡) ausmif;om;rsm;umuG,af &; - oHrPdxw

k jf yefcsuf trSwf (4)
ausmif;om;rsm; umuG,fa&;oHrPdwyf[laom pum;ESifhavsmfnDpGm e,frS wyfom;ESifhAdkvfwkdYonf ppfcsD
ppfwwfESifh oufqkdifaomt&mwkdYudk rsm;pGmoduRrf;em;vnf&ef vkdayonf/ Adkvfvkyfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkYwwfEkdiforQ
tpGr;f ukef ppftwwfukd r&ru vku d v
f ½H mS azG pkaqmif;Mu&rnf/ ppfwu
dk &f mwGif ta&;BuD;aomtcsufum; vufeuf
tiftm;? vltiftm;? aiGtiftm;ESifh Adkvfrsm;\ t&nftcsif;wnf;/
a&jyif? ajrjyifESifh aumif;uifrSwkdufaom wyf[k tMurf;tm;jzifh (3) pm; cGJvdkufvQif ArmjynftzkdYum;
a&jyifESifh avjyifudk csefvSyfí ajrjyifwkdufaom wyfrsm;twGufom pdkif;jyif;Mu&rnf/
tuG,ftumrsm;
ajrjyifwu dk af om wyfwYkd twGuu f m; tuG,t f umonf 'kw, d ta&;BuD;qH;k jzpf\/ wkid ;f jynf wjynfwiG ;f ü
csDwufwu dk cf u
kd pf Of awmwGi;f ? awmifMum;ESihf ajrjyifrsm;wGif csDwufMu&wwfonf/ xdt k cdu
k tf wefY &efow l Ydk tem;odYk
wwfEidk o f rQ csO;f uyfEidk &f efum;? ud, k w fh yfukd &eforl sm;tvG,Ef iS hf rjrifEidk af tmif MuHaqmifMu&rnf/ csw D ufomG ;vmqJ
ESihf ausmv f eG cf NhJ yD;aom ae&majruGurf sm;udk aemufcH (Background) ac:&rnf/ ¤if;aemufcEH iS ahf tmufc\ H ta&mift
qif; tajctaewdkYudk aocsmpGm od½Sdxm;&rnf/ odkYod½SdrSom ¤if;aemufcHta&mifudk rdrw d dYk wyfom;rsm;u vku d í f
0wfqifEidk o f nf/ aemufct H a&mifukd vku d í
f 0wfqifjcif; tusKd;um; ta&mifjcif; a&maxG;aeojzifh tvG,fwulESifh
&efolrsm; rjrifEkdif? tjypfum; 0wfNyD; t0wftpm;wdkYudk rMumcP ajymif;vJ&ef cJ,Of;vS\/ odkYaomf wwfEkdiforQ
wlatmif BudK;pm;&rnf/
Oyrm- &efukefNrdKUESifh ywfvnf\ aemufcHESifh atmufcHwdkU ta&mifrSm atmufu jrufaygrsm;onfh tjyif
opfawm xlxyfvSojzifh tpdrf;a&mifjzifh vTrf;awmh\/ xkdodkY aemufcH½Sdaom t&yftwGuf t0wfum; tpdrf;a&mif
taumif;qHk;? tndKa&mif? teufa&mifESifh umuDwkdYudk 0wfqifuvnf; tvG,fESifh jrifEkdifrnfr[kwf/ ¤if;wkdYtpm;
tjzL? teD? t0gwkdYudk oHk;rdrSmrl vG,fulpGm jrifEkdif,HkrQru tpdrf;wGif;üuGufí xif½Sm;pGmjrifjcif;ESifh pufuGif;
jzpfjcif;wkdYrS umuG,f&ef? atmufcH aemufcHwdkYESifha&maom ta&mifudk 0wfqif&rnf/ rdrd0wfaom t0wfa&mifonf
aemufcEH iS hf a&maecJv h Qif ajrjyifuu kd f (200) avmuf twGi;f Nidro f ufpmG arSmufae½Hrk Qyif &eforl sm;u jrifEidk rf nfr[kw/f
(A[dkrS oifUawmfaom t0wfudk jy|mef;ay;vdrfUrnf/)
tuG,ftumtjzpf toHk;jyKEkdifonfwdkYum; opfyif? jrufyifpkuav; wawmifxGmomom½Sd opfyifi,fpk?
csKyH wk ?f pnf;½k;d wef;? opfyif&yd f (aeajymufMum;aom ae&m) opfiw k wf ?dk ajredr?hf uke;f jrifrh S pí? rdrw d Ykd t&yfa&maeonfh
ae&mudk vkdufí ÓPf½Sdovkd rsufuG,f? usnfuG,f Munfhí ,lMu&rnf/
rdrduG,fumxm;aom t&m\ tultnDtm;jzifh rjrifEkdif½Hkom½Sdaom t&mudk rsufuG,f? rdrdudk &efol
rjrifEkdif½kHomru &efolusnfqHrsm; rrSefatmif uG,fxm;onfh t&mudk usnfuG,f/ odkYaMumifh tumtuG,f,l&mü
usnfuG,f&atmif ,lEdkifu aumif;vS\/ ,ck toHk;csaeaom ppf½kdifz,faoewfrSm 'k (5 - 6) aycefY½SdrS usnfuG,f
Ekid of nf/ usnfu, G u f m; ud, k wf idk w f ;l xm;aom ajrmif;urlwYkd rmS taumif;qH;k jzpf\/ pnf;½k;d wnf;paom csKHyw k w
f Ykd rmS
&efolrsm;u tvG,fwul rjrifEkdifaomfvnf; pdwfxifESifhyif pufaoewfESifhvSrf;í ypfvdkufu tm;vHk;pkjyHK aowwf
onf/ tuG,ftum,lonfh ae&mü rnfodkY ,lrnf? rnfonfh ae&muaumif;onf[k taotcsm a&;ay;&efum;
cJ,Of;vS\/ Adkvfrsm;u yifudk,fÓPfudk oHk;í ae&mtaetxm;udk MunfhNyD;vQif oifhovkd ,lMu&rnf/ Oyrm-
urlrS aumif;onf[k a&;xm;aomfvnf; wkdufckdufaeaomtcg urlr½Sdu todkYvQif urludk tuG,ftumtjzpf
toHk;jyKEkdifawmhtHhenf;/
e,frS Adv k w f Ydkonf rdrwd Ykd\ t&yfa'oudk ud, k wf idk f pdppfMunf½h í I rnfoYkdtumtuG,, f rl nf/ b,fae&mu
awmh aumif;onf/ awmifwef;u b,fvkdpDwef;aeonf paom ajrjyiftajctae (Cover) wdkYudk aumif;pGm od
em;vnf&rnf/ tuG,ftumtwGufrSm e,fu Adkvfrsm;ESifhwuG wyfMuyfrsm;\ ÓPfudkrsm;pGm rSDaeonf/
ykef;uG,fenf;
awmwGif; opfyifrsm;tMum;ü oGm;vm&pOf opfcufopf½GufwdkYudkvnf; vSnfhpm;aeaom tykef;tajc
taejzifh toHk;cs&rnf/ Oyrm- awmwGif;oGm;vmaeygu opfcufrsm;udk wdk;oGm;vQif &efoltvG,fwul jrifEkdifrnf
r[kwf/ xdkYjyif wawmifavmufom jrifhaom opfyifuav;rsm;udk usKd;wdk;usJwJ aygufapaom t&yfjzpfumrl?
¤if;tyifrsKd;udk OD;xkyfüxkd;í arSmufaeygu tjcm;opfyifrsm;ESifh a&maxG;NyD;vQif vludkjrifEkdifrnf r[kwfay/
290
tumtuG,f ,lNyD;onfah emufü ta&;BuD;onft h csufum; Nidro f ufpmG aeEkid zf kdY jzpf\/ Nidrof ufpmG raebJ
vIyf½Sm;aeygrl? &efolu ta0;rS tvG,fESifh jrifEkdifvdrfhrnf/ vIyfonfhtcgüvnf; ajz;ajz; vIyfrSef;rod vIyf&rnf/
Oyrm- acgif;udk awmifbuf Munfah e&mrS ajrmufbufukd MunfhvdkvQif awmifrSajrmufudk csufjcif;rvSnfh&/ ajz;ajz;
tcsdefudk tukefcHí vSnfh&rnf/ odkYr[kwfu touf½Sd owå0grSef;odrl? wwyfESifhwwyf ,SOfNydKif ypfcwfaeMuaom
tcg? vludkjrifrS ypfrnfr[kwf/ ,cif qdkcJhNyD;onfhtwkdif; txifESifhyif vSrf;íypfcwfwwfojzifh NidrfoufpGm ae
Ekdif&efudk txl;BudK;pm;zkdYvdkayonf/
tuG,ftum,lyHk
tuG,t f um,lpOfrmS trsm;tm;jzifh tvsm;arSmufvsu½f w dS wfonf/ tvsm;arSmufíjzpfjcif;? uG,, f jl cif;rSm
ud, k uf a½SUudrk sm;pGm vSr;f í rjrifEidk af omfvnf; &efo\ l usnfxrd eS zf Ydk rmS rsm;pGmcJ,Of;vSonf/ aoewfrmS trsm;tm;
jzifh cg;&if;avmufom vSrf;í ypfwwfonf/ tu,fí ajray:½Syfypfu vlqDra&mufrD vrf;tMum;wGif wkdufí
tjcm;t&m0wåKrsm;udk rSefaeEkdifonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh ,lxm;aom tuG,ftum\aemuf nmbuftpGef; trdwfem;rS
vlae&m,lí arSmufae&onf/ urlrSmvnf; xkdenf;twlyif odkYaomf urlxdyfü opfyifpkuav;rsm;½Sdu xdyfüvnf;
ae&m,lEidk o f nf/ urlxyd t f pGe;f ü ae&m,lpOf rsuv f ;kH wbufuo kd m azmfxm;&rnf/ nmbufu tuG,, f rl S aoewfEiS hf
rsufv;kH wbufukd nmbufü xm;í vlukd opfyiftuG,t f um ponfwYdk u zH;k tkyx f m;vdrrhf nf/ b,fbufu,lygu
vlwud, k vf ;kH azmfNyD;rS aoewfukd xkwaf zmfEidk vf rd rhf nf/ b,fbufu rnfonfhtcgrQ ae&mr,l&/
tuG,ftumae&m ra&mufrD uGif;jyifrsm;udk jzwfausmfí oGm;p&m½SdvQif vludkjzefYcGJí tjref tajy;oGm;&
rnf/ uGif;jyifr[kwfu rvkd/ tuG,f,lvQif jrefpGm,lí? ¤if;tuG,fudkcGmu vsifjrefpGmcGm&rnf/ awmwGif;ü opf
yif wyifESifhwpfyif ul;&mwGif vsifjrefpGmul;í vludk tenf;i,fjzefYNyD; wNydKifwnf; ajy;&rnf/ odkYrS ypfcwfrnfo h l
u ypf&ef a½G;cs,fí r&cif? tuG,fudk vla&mufEkdifonf/ vlrcGJbJ ul;u þvlpkBuD;udk wae&mwnf; jrifae&ojzifh
pufuiG ;f aumif; jzpfaevdrrhf nf/ vlcv JG u
dk í
f tkycf sKy&f usyw f nf; oGm;wwfonf/ (txl;*½kjyK&rnf) csKHwef;udk ausmf&mü
jzpfEkdifonf/ tu,fí wae&mwnf;rS ausmfí aES;aevQif pufuGif;aumif; jzpfwufonf/ ppfwkduf&mü pufuGif;
aumif; rjzpf&ef rsm;pGma½SmifMu&rnf/ aemufq;kH ypfuiG ;f usu tumtuG,f r½Sad omfvnf; uGi;f jyifwiG yf if arSmufí
ypfMu&onf/ xkduJhodkY ae&m,l&mü tjrefqHk;ajy;í tjrefqHk;arSmufNyD;vQif vludk tus,fqHk;csJ&rnf/ tkyfr&atmif
vnf; rcsJ&/
(P) ajratmufvyI &f mS ;rIEiS hf ausmif;om;rsm;

twGif;pnf;onf 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHkBuD; ay:ayguf&ef vIHYaqmf&yfwnfay;NyD;aemuf twGif;pnf;rS
udkEk? udkatmifqef;? udkvSazwdkYonf udkA[def;ESifh udkvSa½TwdkYudk vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;twGuf pnf;½Hk;cJhonf/
twGif;pnf;tzGJUonf vQKdU0SufpGm vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;twGuf xyfrHzGJUpnf;cJhMuonf/ ausmif;om;jzpfcJhaom
trsm;pkrSm ,aeYxufwdkif vlxkMum;wGif MoZmoufvsuf ½Sdonf/ udkEkonf bmoma&;t& vufeufudkif awmfvSef
a&;udk odyftm;ray;csifaomfvnf; udkatmifqef;url vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;twGuf qHk;jzwfcJhonf/
'kwd,urÇmppfaMumifh ausmif;rsm;rydwfcif udkvSarmif (rdw¬Dvm)? udkAaqG? udkjr? udkarmifarmif (aq;aum
vdy)f ? oHrPduakd rmifarmif (jrif;jcH)? udo
k ed ;f aqGwYkd onfvnf; vQKdU0Supf mG ajratmufawmfveS af &; zGUJ pnf;aqmif½u G &f ef
pm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;ESifh wuG ñTefMum;csufrsm; ay;cJhavonf/
Armjynfw0Srf;vHk; vQKdU0SuftzGJUcGJrsm; zGJUpnf;&mwGif ocifESifh ausmif;om;rsm;udk trmcHr@dKifjyKí tvkyf
orm;? awmifolv,form;ESifh jynfcspfyk*¾dKvfrsm; tygt0if zGJUpnf;&ef owfrSwfcJhMuonf/
AuoESifh wkdYArmtpnf;t½Hk;onf yl;wGJtpnf;ta0; usif;yNyD;aemuf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJtwGuf aqG;aEG;
cJMh uonf/ 1940 ZGev f (9) &ufaeYwiG f ocifygwDEiS hf "g;rygwD tpnf;ta0;odYk ausmif;om;rsm; wufa&mufco hJ nf/
Zlvdkif (7) &ufwGif *sKAvDa[mü vlxktpnf;ta0;yGJBuD; usif;yNyD;aemuf ocifrsm; tzrf;cH&onfhudpö
udk uefYuGufMuonf/ 0gqkdvjynfhwGif a½Twd*Hkbk&m;ü oHCm? ausmif;om;? jynfoltpnf;ta0;BuD; usif;yonf/
Auo txl;tpnf;ta0;udk 'DZifbm (25? 26) &ufaeYrsm;wGif usif;ycJhonf/ tzGifhtcrf;tem;wGif
AdkvfatmifausmfESifh tmZmenfrsm;udk tav;jyKcJhonf/ rdw¬DvmrS ynma&;0efBuD; OD;b&if? udkA[def;? NrdKUrq&m[def?
'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd wdYk wufa&mufco
hJ nf/ vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf JG e,fcsUJ qefYusiaf &;twGuf vufeufuikd af wmfveS &f ef tcsed uf s
NyD[k udkvSa½Tu ajymMum;cJhonf/
291
ausmif;om;or*¾ajratmuftzGUJ udk ocifjrtdrüf zGiv hf pS cf NhJ yD;aemuf udv

k aS rmifEiS hf udAk aqGwYkd onf udak usmf
Nidrf;? q&mcspf? udkxGef;tkH? e*g;eDudkxGef;a½T? udkvSarmif (AdkvfaZ,s)? ocifxGef;cif? ocifApdef (tkyfpk) wkdYonf
ajratmufavhusifhvkyfief;twGuf 1940 'DZifbmv (3) &uf ,dk;',m;-jrefrm e,fpyfoGm;&ef jyifqifrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJh
ayonf/ ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;udk a'gufwmbarmfESifh ygwDtcsKdU qufoG,fvmNyD;aemuf ausmif;om;? ocif? qif;&Jom;
tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;cJhavonf/ *syefjynfodkY &JabmfoHk;usdyf apvTwfNyD; ppfynmoifMum;&mwGifvnf;-
1/ udkxGef;½Sdef (Adkvf&efEkdif) ausmif;om;or*¾
2/ udkvSarmif (AdkvfaZ,s) ausmif;om;or*¾
3/ udkvS (Adkvfrif;a&mif) ausmif;om;or*¾ wkdUyg0ifcJhavonf/
ArmjynfrS t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;udk wkdufxkwf&mwGif A[dkawmfvSefa&;tzGJUBuD;w&yfzGJUpnf;um ajray:?
ajratmuf awmfvSefa&;tzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;NyD; vIyf½Sm;Mu&mwGif vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;vli,fwdkU\ tcef;u@rSm
BuD;rm;aom tcef;u@wck tjzpf yg0ifcJhayonf/ xdkodkY ausmif;om;? vli,ftiftm;pkrsm; yg0ifvIyf½Sm;EkdifrIyif
jzpfayonf/
ausmif;om;or*¾rS
Source: ASO; 30 Comrades ; 30 Comrades

&Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if
jzpfvmol (3) OD;

udkvSarmif (AdkvfaZ,s) udx
k eG ;f ½Sed f (Adv
k &f efEikd )f udv
k S (Adv
k rf if;a&mif)
(w) 'kw,
d tBurd f ausmif;om;rsm;uGezf &ifw
h iG f aMujimcsuf
(1) or*¾tzGJU0if ausmif;om;rsm;wdkif;&if;jzpf 0HomEkyifeD txnfrsm;0wfqif&ef/
or*¾BuD;wnfwchH ikd jf rJa&; OD;wnfcsufrsm;rSm-
(u) ausmif;om;rsm;\ cHpm;oifh cHpm;xku d af om tusKd;aus;Zl;? tcGithf a&;wkYd ukd umuG,af pmifah ½Smuf&ef/
(c) ,ckyifvQif ½Sdaeaom tvkyfvufrJhjyóemrsm;udk yaysmufaprnfh enf;vrf;rsm; ½SmEkdifjcif;?
(8) ArmjynfwiG f aemifvBl uD;rsm;jzpfrnfh ausmif;om;wdYk tm; aumif;rGeaf ocsmaom Ekid if aH &;ynmudk ay;&ef?
(C) Armjynf½Sd ynma&;udk wkd;wufjyefYyGm;atmif xlaxmifEkdifjcif;?
(i) Armjynf½Sd vGwfvyfa&;twGuf vkyfief;udk vsifjrefpGm ay;Ekdifjcif;/
(x) udAk [de;f ESihf ta&;awmfypkH mapmif

yÍörtBudrf AuonDvmcHtNyD;wGif udkA[def;? udkxGef;½Sdef (Adkvf&efEkdif) ESifh udkudkwkdY OD;pD;NyD; ta&;awmfyHk
pmapmifukd xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ ocifjr vufEydS pf ufukd toH;k jyKcJo
h nf/ pmrltrsm;tjym;udk udAk [de;f u a&;om;cJah vonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;udk Ekid if aH &;oifwef;tjzpf a'gufwmewf? *d½k ,S ?f udAk [de;f wdYk u oifwef;ay;cJo
h nf/ trSwf (1) rsuEf mS
zHk;wGif oHaESmifBudK;udk tvkyform;u jzwfawmufypf&efESifh aemufausmzHk;wGif NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm; ykykuav;tm;
BuD;rm;aom vufo;D jzifh xd;k aeyHu k kd azmfjyxm;onfh pmapmif\rl0g'rSm e,fcsUJ qefUusiaf &;? vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;?
jrefrmykvdyf? NAdwdoQppfwyfü ppfom;rsm;tygt0if? tvkyform;? vSnf;aeavSatmif; jrif;apmif;rusef pnf;½Hk;a&;
yifjzpf\/ ]ppf&HyHkaiG rvSLMueJh} [k pmydk'fygvmonf/
(wzufpmrsuEf mS wGif ta&;awmfypkH mapmif aemufausmzH;k udk azmfjyxm;onf/)
292
ta&;awmfykH trSwf (2) udk ocifoufwifu vufEydS pf uf½u dk í f udAk [de;f ESihf udu k ?kd aemufyikd ;f wGif udx
k eG ;f ½Sed ?f
ocifb*srf; (Adkvfva&mif)? ocifwifatmifwdkYu wm0ef,lcJhavonf/
1940 'DZifbmv Adv k af tmifausmf aMu;½kyzf iG yhf üJG AuonDvmcHEiS hf wku d q f idk cf ahJ vonf/ wuo taqmuf
tODü nDvmcH usif;yaepOf ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJyHkpH ajymif;vJum ]e,fcst YJ pd;k &pepfBu;D ysuq f ;D vke;D NyvD m;}[laom acgif;pOf
jzifh a[majymMuonf/ ta&;awmfykH atmifjrif&ef tiftm;BuD;rm;aom tyifBuD;udk tjrpfrS ckwv f rJS S jzpfrnf[k ygvm
onf/ tiftm;tultnDjzifh NzdKvSJ&rnf/ aemufxyf tudkif;tcufi,frsm; tjrpfrwG,frD NzdKvSJypf&rnf[laom
oabmyg ygvmonf/
(') ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾toif;
(ESpf0uf tpD&ifcHpm)
1940 ckESpf? 'DZifbm (25? 26) &ufaehrsm;wGif usif;yaom yÍörtBudrfajrmuf ausmif;om;rsm;wdkh\
vTwfawmfwGif wifjytpD&ifcHonf
vGefcJhonfh arv (12? 13) &ufaeUrsm;wGif usif;yaom yOörtBudrfajrmuf ArmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&mausmif;om;
rsm;nDvmcH obifNyD;qH;k onfrS pí? ,ck yOörtBudraf jrmuf ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;vTwaf wmf usif;yonfh
tcsdeftwGif; or*¾toif;csKyf\ c&D;pOfudk þESpf0uftpD&ifcHpmtjzpf wifoGif;ygaMumif;/
or*¾toif;csKyf pnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (5)? tydk'fi,f (u) t& or*¾toif;csKyf Ouú|onf 1940- 41
ckESpftwGuf tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUopfudk (1941 ckESpf? arv 13 &ufaeYwGif) xkwfjyefaMunmcJhygaMumif;/
tvkyftrIaqmif tzGJYopfwGif-
(1) udkvSarmif (rdwDv
¬ m)
(2) udkxGef;½Sdef (tmvHNrdKU)
(3) udkarmifarmif (jrif;jcH)
(4) udkxGef;½Sdef (jrefatmif)
ta&;awmfypkH mapmif aemufausmzH;k
293
(5) udkxGef;0if; ([oFmw)

(6) udkudk (ajrmif;jr)
(7) udkcspfvIdif (a&OD;)
(8) udkodrf;armif (rdwv Då m)
(9) atau'wåm; (&efukef) wkdYyg0if&m
udkudk (ajrmif;jr) taMumif;rnDnGwfojzifh ausmif;qufvuf raeawmUaomaMumifU wuúodkvfausmif;?
yk*Hausmif;aqmifrS o[m,toif; Ouú| apmatmify ([oFmw) tm; udkudk\ae&mwGif Mo*kwfv (28) &ufaehu
usif;yaom tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY tpnf;ta0;u cefhxm;cJUygaMumif;? tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUopftm; wm0eftoD;oD;
cGaJ 0ay;&mwGif wuúov kd o f r*¾toif;rS Ouú| udv k aS rmif (rdw¬Dvm) tm;? 'k-Ouú| udx k eG ;f ½Sed f (jrefatmif) tm;?
aiGxdef; udkxGef;½Sdef (tmvHNrdKU) tm;? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; udkarmifarmif (jrif;jcH) tm;? oHrPdAdkvfcsKyfudkxGef;0if;
([oFmw)? udkatmify ([oFmw)? udkcspfvIdif (a&OD;)? udkodrf;armif (rdw¬Dvm)? atau'wåm; (&efukef)wdkYtm;
taxGaxGXmersm;wdkYwGif cefYtyfxm;½SdygaMumif;/
1/ ,cktcsdefxd or*¾toif;csKyfESihf pnf;rsOf;wus qufoG,fxm;aom or*¾toif;rsm;rSm aygif; (65)
oif; jzpfí wGb J uftpnf;t½H;k rSm wckom ½Sad Mumif;/ wGJbufor*¾toif;rsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh NrdKUvHk;? ½GmvHk;qdkif&m
or*¾toif;rsm;om jzpfMuí? pD&ifvHk;qdkif&m or*¾toif;rsm;rS jrif;jcHpD&ifpkESifU zsmyHkpD&ifpkvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;
or*¾toif;rsm;onf ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif;u pD&ifpkvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;\ nDvmcHudk usif;yMuaMumif;?
vGecf o hJ nfh Mo*kwv f twGi;f u or*¾tvkyt f rIaqmiftzGUJ onf Armwjynfv;kH odUk pnf;½H;k a&;twGuf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;
apvTwcf &hJ ygaMumif;/ ,ckuo hJ kdY ta&;BuD;aeaom tcsdet f cgrsKd;wGif e,for*¾toif;wkdY\ ydrk pkd nf;½H;k rIonf txl;
vkdvm;tyfonfudk þvTwfawmfodkY wufa&mufMuaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; owdjyKapvkdygaMumif;/ pD&ifpkvHk;qdkif&m
or*¾toif;rsm; zGJYpnf;jcif;jzifh e,for*¾trIaqmifrsm;onf toif;csKyf tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY\ wm0eftcsKdYudk
cGJ,lum ulnDEkdifMuygaMumif;/
2/ toif;csKyf\ b@ma&;ESifhywfoufí tpD&ifcH&aomf ,ckESpftzdkYtoif;csKyfrSm aiGa&;aMu;a&; tcuf
tcJESifh rMumcP &ifqkdifawGU&ygaMumif;? toif;csKyf\ ESpfpOfysrf;rQukefusaom p&dwfrSm omreftcsdeftcgrsKd;ü
aiG (3000) ESihf (40000) Mum;wGif wnf½&dS m? ,ckEpS f toif;csKyf\ &efyakH iGrmS (1500) rQyif r½Sad o;aMumif;? wGb J uf
or*¾toif;rsm;rS qufaMu;&onfh 0ifaiGrSmvnf; rajymyavmufatmif enf;yg;vSaMumif;? qufoG,faMu;&onfh
0ifaiGrmS wESpv f Qif (2000 - 3000) xuf rydb k ?J ,ckEpS tf zdYk pkpak ygif; (150) rQom vufc&H ½Sdao;aMumif;? uset f oH;k
p&dwfrsm;udkrl tvkyftrIaqmifuom 'kdifcHí ½SmazGae&m e,for*¾rsm;onf tvkyfrsm;vSaom tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU
tm; ulno D nfo h abmESihf qufo, G af Mu;rsm;udk BudK;pm;í ajyvnfatmif wifyYkdMu&ef txl;vkad eygaMumif;/ qufo, G f
aMu; aiGrsm;rSty NrdKUrdNrdKUz? rsKd;cspftaygif;wdkYxHrSvnf; o'¨gaMu;aumufcHí toif;csKyfvkyfief;rsm; xajrmuf
atmifjrifa&;twGuf tvSLaiGwifydkYMu&ef txl;wkdufwGef; EId;aqmfygaMumif;/
3/ ausmif;om;rsm;? umuG,fa&;oHrPdtzGJU\ vkyfief;pOfudk pdppfMunfh½IrnfqdkvQif ,ckESpftzdkY aiGa&;
aMu;a&; tcuftcJwdkYaMumifh pDpOfxm;½Sdoavmuf vkyfief;rsm;wGifus,fcJhaomfvnf; ArmwjynfvHk;½Sd oHrPd
tiftm;rSm wk;d wufvsuf½ydS gaMumif;? ,cifEpS u f wjynfv;kH wGif oHrPdwyf (11) wyfom½Sí d ? wyfom;OD;a& (600)
rQom ½SdcJUaomfvnf;? ,ckESpftzdkh rSwfyHkwifNyD;jzpfaom oHrPdwyfaygif; (20) wyfrS wyfom;OD;a&;aygif; (1100)
omomrQ ½Syd gaMumif;? oHrPdpnf;rsOf; Oya't& AdkvfcsKyfonf (10) OD;xufrrsm;? (4) OD;xufrenf;aom twkdifyifcH
tzGJU0if Adkvfrsm;udk tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU\ oabmwlnDcsuft& cefYxm;EkdifcGifh&Sd&m? AdkvfcsKyfonf twkdifyifcHAdkvf
(8) OD;udk a½G;cs,fcefhxm;cJUojzifh ,cktcsdefü twdkifyifcH (4) OD;rSm rdrdwdkh wm0eftoD;oD;udk ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmif
vsu½f adS eygaMumif;? oHrPdtoif; oifwef;rsm;udk ,cifESpfuyif usif;y&ef pDpOfcJhaomfvnf; ,ckESpf þvTwfawmf
rwkid rf D &uftenf;i,f twGi;f usryS if atmifjrifxajrmufcyhJ gaMumif;/ tvkyt f rIaqmiftzGUJ odUk wifjyaom oHrPdwyf
rsm;\ tiftm;udk ydkrdkawmifhwif;atmif BudK;pm;&ef rsm;pGmyif vdkaeao;ayaMumif;/
4/ toif;csKyf\ b@ma&;rSm rsm;pGmrcdik v f aHk omfvnf; vkyif ef;wGirf l r,kwaf vsmhapbJ cgwkid ;f ESprf sm;xuf
ydkrdkBudK;pm; aqmif½GufcJhygaMumif;/ yÍörtBudrfajrmuf ausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcHwGif wifoGif;qHk;jzwfcJhaom qHk;jzwf
csurf sm;udk NyD;pD;Ekid o f rQ NyD;pD;atmif aqmif½u G Mf u&mwGif tcsKUd qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udrk l tcsed rf usao;ojzifh csev f yS x
f m;&
ao;ayaMumif;/ þjyKvkyfaqmif½GufzG,f&m usef½Sdaeao;aom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkrl þ'kwd,ESpftydkif;wGif
qufvufaqmif½u G f vkyu f idk o f mG ;Ekid &f ef pDpOfNyD;jzpfaMumif;? e,fcsYpJ epfEiS hf e,fcsJYppfwhku
d kd or*¾\0g'twkid ;f qefhusif
294
uefhuGuf&mü &efukefNrdKYvHk;qkdif&m uefhuGufyGJBuD;udk a½Twd*HkapwDawmf awmifbuf pwk'DomZ&yfBuD;wGif atmifjrifpGm

usif;ycJhonfU tjyif jynfolhvGwfvyfrIudk csKyfcs,fjcif;rsm;ESifU yufoufí oabmrusaMumif;? qE´jytqdkrsm;udk
csrSwfcJUygaMumif;/ ppfudkuefhuGufonfU pm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;udkvnf; rMumcP xkwfjyefcJUonfrSm udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh
wuG wGJbufor*¾toif;rsm; todyifjzpfygaMumif;/ pmrwwfoyl aysmufa&;vkyif ef;udk vGecf o UJ nfU atmufwb kd mv
ausmif;ydw&f ufrsm; twGi;f u ajrmif;jre,fbufohkd c&D;jyif;xGuí f prf;oyfaqmif½u G cf &UJ m aumif;pGm txajrmufco UJ nf
udk awGY&ygaMumif;? þpmrwwfolyaysmufa&;vkyfief;udk aqmif½Gufjcif;tm;jzifU ajrmif;jre,f½Sd awmifolv,form;
rsm;ESifU ausmif;om;rsm;wdkhonf ydkrdkaoG;pnf;ygaMumif;/ or*¾toif;csKyfonf 0g'twkdif; qif;&Jom;? awmifolv,f
orm;? tvkyform;rsm;ESifh yl;aygi;f aoG;pnf;rdMuap&ef tjcm;vkyif ef;wkid ;f wGiv f nf; ulnaD qmif½u G f vkyu f ikd cf yhJ gaMumif;/
(Oyrm- tmtD;wD tvkyform;rsm;wdkU\ oydwfudpöwGif aiGtm;? vltm;? tMuHÓmPftm;wdkhjzifU ulnDcJhygaMumif;)
or*¾toif;csKyf\ vpOfxw k f rsKd;ñGeYf pmapmifukd xkwaf 0&ef BudK;pm;cJah omfvnf; wGb J ufor*¾toif;rsm;
\ tultnDudk &oifhoavmuf r&cJhojzifh txrajrmufcJhygaMumif;/ 0g'jzefYjzL;a&;twGuf or*¾toif;csKyfu
BuD;rSL;í xkwfa0aom pmapmifwckckudk ta&;wBuD; vdktyfvsuf½SdygaMumif;/
5/ wGb
J ufor*¾toif;wkid ;f toif;wkid ;f wdkYtm; pnf;urf;ao0yfrEI iS hf ywfoufí usi;f yNyD;pD;cJah om nDvmcH
obiftwkdif; vTwfawmfwkdif;wdkYu ppfom;rsm;? ppfwyfrsm;uJhodkY pnf;urf;ao0yfMu&ef wdkufwGef;cJhaMumif;/ ,ckEpS f
tzdkY wGJbufor*¾rsm;ESifh ywfoufí pnf;urf;ao0yfrI ESpfck ay:aygufcJh&m Armjynfausmif;om;rsm;\ &mZ0ifwGif
(1940) ckESpfü teufuGufrsm; pGef;xifouJhodkU wnf½Sdaeojzifh 0rf;enf;zG,f&m aumif;ygaMumif;? oydwfvufeuf
udk or*¾toif;csKyf tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU\ wifBudKtrdefYwpHkw&mr&bJ toHk;jyKMuaom oHk;cG ausmif;om;or*¾
toif;ESihf rEÅav;aemfrefausmif;om;or*¾toif;wdYk rmS toif;BuD;\ pnf;rsOf;udk rvdu k ef m&musygaMumif;/ odYk aomf
xdak e&m ESpcf pk vH;k odUk yif tvkyt f rIaqmiftzGUJ u ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;apvTwu f m udprö sm;udk NyD;jywfatmif aqmif½u G af p
cJYygaMumif;/ þuJo h kdY rauseyfrrI sm;aMumifh rvTu J if;aom ay:ayguf&aom oydwu f pd rö sm;wGif awmifwiG ;f BuD;oydwf
udpö ay:ayguf&yHu k kd tjcm;wGb J ufor*¾toif;rsm; twk,zl , G f aumif;vSaMumif;/ þoydwu f pd w ö iG f ausmif;om;rsm;
onf yxrOD;qHk; q&mBuD;udk rdrdwdkY vdkvm;csufudk wifMum;jyoí udprö NyD;jywf ½SdonfhtcgwGif NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;tm;
wdik w f ef;cJah Mumif;/ NyD;rSom toif;csKyf\ trdeYf twdik ;f oydwv f ufeufukd toH;k jyKcJah Mumif;? rMumao;rDtwGi;f uyif
rEåav;NrdKYvHk;qkdif&m or*¾toif;om;wOD;jzpfol armifxGef;atmiftm; tpdk;&umuG,fa&; Oya't& zrf;qD;onfU
trIEiS yUf wfoufí or*¾toif;csKy\ f *kPo f u d m© udk xdcu dk af ponfU udpw ö &yf ay:aygucf ahJ Mumif;/ armifxeG ;f atmiftm;
zrf;qD;NyD;onfhaemuf tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJYrS rEåav;axmifodkh udk,fpm;vS,fapvTwfcJUum tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY
udk,fpm;vS,fonf armifxGef;atmifESifU axmiftwGif; awGYqHkcJUygaMumif;/ tpdk;&tm; rnfonfUenf;ESifUrQ 0efcs
awmif;yefjcif;ponfU trIrjyK&ef trdefhay;cJUaomfvnf; armifxGef;atmifonf rem,lbJ ½SdcJUaMumif;/ þudpörsKd;wGif
NrdKUvHk;qdkif&mor*¾onf pnf;rsOf;udk r½dkaool rSeforQwdkYtay:ü ta&;,l&ef oifhavsmfayaMumif;/ or*¾toif;csKyf
tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU\ oabmwGif (vkyf&Jolonf cH&J&rnf) jzpfí or*¾toif;om;rSeforQwdkYonf vmrnfhab;udk
ajy;í awGU&Jolrsm;om jzpfMu&rnfjzpfaMumif;/
6/ ,ckESpftzdkY ausmif;om;oydwfarSmufrIrsm;rSm (oHwGJ? awmifwGif;BuD;? &efukef? okH;cG? rEÅav;?
ausmufqnf? wyfukef;) ponfh (7) ae&mwdkYwGif jzpfay:&m? ,cktcgwGif tmvHk;vdkvdkyif oydwfvSefNyD;jzpfaMumif;/
ausmufqnfESifh wyfukef;ausmif;om;oydwfwdkUrSm wGJbufor*¾toif;rsm;u OD;pD;íjyKvkyfonfh oydwfrsm; r[kwf
onfhtjyif toif;csKyfodkY wiful;taMumif;Mum;jcif; r½SdcJhojzifh oydwfjzpfyGm;&mae&mrsm;odkY udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
rapvTwfcJhaMumif;/ awmifwiG ;f Bu;D oydwrf w S yg; useo f ydwrf sm;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;\vkv d m;csurf sm; jynfjU ynfpU pkH &kH ½Sí d
ausauseyfeyf oydwv f eS cf MUJ uaMumif;/ þvTwaf wmfusi;f yonfh tcsed rf pS í ESprf ukerf csi;f e,for*¾wYkdonf oydwu f pd ö
udk wwfEidk o f rQ qifjcifapvkad Mumif;/ tvkyt f rIaqmiftzGUJ \ vkyif ef;tpDtpOfwiG f þuJo h Ykdupd iö ,frsm;udk aqmif½u G f
ae&ojzifh aESmifhaES;ysufuGufjcif; jzpf&ayaMumif;/ ta&;BuD;aomudpörsm;udk jyKvkyfaqmif½GufMu&awmhrnfh
tcsdeftcgwGif tcsdefonf tvGefta&;BuD;ojzifh tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUtm; tvkyfrsm;rsm;vkyfEdkif&ef tcsdefrsm;rsm;
ay;MuapvdkaMumif;/
7/ rif;bl;? jrif;jcH? anmifOD;? 0g;c,fr? ajrmif;jr? &efukef? ausmufjzL? rEÅav; paomae&mrsm;½Sd or*¾
toif; (odkYr[kwf) toif;ESifh oufqkdifolwdkYrSm tpdk;&\ taESmifht,Sufrsm;ESifh awGUqHkMu&aMumif;? rif;bl;NrdKYvHk;
qkid &f mor*¾ Ouú|? aiGxde;f rSL;ESihf twGi;f a&;rSL;wdkh\ tdrrf sm;wGif ykvyd rf sm; wufa&muf½mS azGum toif;ESihf oufqidk f
aom pm½Gupf mwrf;wkhdukd odr;f qnf;jcif;? jrif;jc?H anmifO;D wdkhwiG f w&m;a[maom ausmif;om;tcsKYdwkhu d kd aemufw&m;
295
ra[myg[k vufrw S f a&;xk;d cdik ;f jcif;? 0g;c,fr½Sd ocifrsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm;udk {nfUc&H aumif;vm;[k zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;?
pmrwwfolyaysmufa&;vkyfief;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; udk,fwdkifujyonfU v,form;jyZmwfudk umuG,fa&;Oya't&
ydwfyifjcif;? ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾toif;csKyfu BuD;rSL;í &efukefNrdKYwGif usif;yonfU jynfolhvGwf
vyfrIudk csKyfcs,fuefhuGufonfU tpnf;ta0;ü w&m;a[majymrIESifh ausmif;om; (3) OD;tm; twif;vufrSwfa&;xdk;
ckdif;jcif;? toif;csKyfrSxkwfjyefaom tcsKdYpmwrf;wdkhudk ydwfyifjcif;? ausmufjzLwGif ppf&efyHkaiG rwnf&eftwGuf
or*¾toif;rsm; 0ifa&mufujy&ef ausmif;tkyq f &mBu;D u wku d w
f eG ;f jcif;? rEåav;wGif ygawmfral eh w&m;a[majymrlEiS hf
ausmif;om;wOD;tm; zrf;qD;jcif;ponfU rvdkvm;tyfaom taESmifht,Sufrsm;udk MuHKawGU&ygaMumif;/ (okdYaomf
rsm;aomtm;jzifh oufqkdifolwdkYu ausauseyfeyfjzpfatmif trSm;udk jyifqifMuygaMumif;/) or*¾toif; ajcvSrf;
rSefrSefBuD; csDwufvsufae&m? vrf;aMumif;c&D;wGif taESmifht,Sufjzpfaprnfh ql;an§mifhcvkwf ponfwdkYudk wwfEkdif
onfeh nf;ESihf z,f½mS ;okwo f if&rnfukd tm;vH;k owdjyKapvdak Mumif;/ aemufaemiftcgrsKd;wGif þuJo h Ykd pdwrf csrf;ajrU
zG,f&m udpörsm;udk awGUMuHK&OD;rnf[k rarQmfvifhaMumif;/
8/ or*¾\&mZ0iftaMumif;udjk yí Munf½h pI pfaq;vQif (1920) ckEpS f twGi;f ü wBurd ?f (1936) ckEpS f wBurd ?f
(1938) ckESpfwGif wBudrf? (3) Budrfwdkifwkdif rauseyfrIrsm;aMumifUaomf vnf;aumif;? ArmwrsKd;om;vHk;ESifU oufqkdif
aom taMumif;udpörsm;aMumifUaomf vnf;aumif;? oydwfBuD;rsm;udk wjynfvHk; toHk;jyKcJUMu&m wBudrfxufwBudrf
vnf; ydkrdkí tiftm;aumif;vmNyD;vQif ydkrdk txajrmufonfudk awGY&ygaMumif;/
,ckuJUodkh urÇmw0Srf;vHk; ppfrD;awmufavmifvQuf½SdonfU tcsdefrsKd;wGif ArmjynftwGif;odkYvnf; ppfrD;yGm;
uav;rsm; rul;puf rjyefYymG ;bJ? cgwkid ;f wapuJo h Ykd yif at;at;vlvl acsmacsmarmarm pcef;oGm;&vdrUrf nf[k rnfol
rQ rajymEkid af Mumif;/ tu,fí taemufEidk if ?H ta½SUEkid if rH sm;rS ppfr;D awmufonf ArmjynfbufoYkd ul;pufco hJ nf½adS omf
wjynfvHk;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;onf pmoifcef;rsm;twGif;ü at;at;vlvl pmayoifMum;ae½HkrQESifh ae&musrnfr[kwf
aMumif;/ odkYrSr[kwfbJ wjynfvHk;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;onf pmayoifMum;ae&m pmoifcef;rsm;rS xGufí ausmif;rsm;udk
oydwfarSmuf ae½HkrQESifhvnf; udpörNyD;/ or*¾toif;rsm;onf rnfuJhodkh aqmif½GufMu&rnfenf;[laom jyóemonf
ta&;wBuD; aqG;aEG;zG,f&m ay:ayguf&aMumif;/ 1938 ckESpf ta&;awmfyHkonf jynfolYvGwfvyfrIwdkhudk csKyfcs,fjcif;
aMumifU jzpf&aMumif;/ tu,fí ArmUvGwfvyfa&;twGuf vmvwÅHYaom tcsdefrsm;wGif ta&;udpöay:aygufcJUaomf
ausmif;om;rsm;onf rnfonfUtcef;rS yg0ifujyMurnfudk BudKwif pOf;pm;xm;Mu&ef txl;vdktyfayaMumif;/
ta&;awmfyHkatmifygap
xGef;½Sdef
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾toif;csKyf
(25? 12? 1940)
(") wuúov
kd t
f ufOya' tqifq
h ifjh yifqifjcif;
&efukefwuúodkvfudkwnfaxmifNyD;aemuf 1959 ckESpftxd &efukefwuúodkvftufOya'udk ½SpfBudrf jyifqif
cJhonf/ yxrOD;qHk; 1924 ckESpfwGif wBudrf? 1939 ckESpfwGif ESpfBudrf? 1949 ckESpfwGif ESpfBudrf? 1951 ckESpfwGif
wBudrf? 1953 ckESpfwGif wBudrfESifh 1959 ckESpfwGif wBudrfjzpfonf/
1924 ckESpf jyifqifjcif;

1923 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmvwGif 0efBuD;OD;babu wuúodkvftufOya'jyifqifcsuf Oya'Murf;udk jrefrmjynf
Oya'jyKaumifpo D Ykd wifoiG ;f cJ&h m 1924 ckEpS f {NyDvwGif twnfjzpfvmcJo
h nf/ xkjd yifqifcsuf Oya't& aumvdyo f pf
rsm; zGUJ pnf;Ekid &f ef tcGithf vrf; ay:aygufvmojzifh rEÅav;Oypmaumvdyu f kd 1925 ckEpS ?f ZGev
f wGif zGiv
hf pS Ef idk cf o
hJ nf/
xdkYtjyif owfrSwfxm;aom tcsuftvuf pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh nDñGwfygu jyifyaumvdyfrsm;udkvnf; taygif;tyg
aumvdyftjzpf todtrSwfjyKEkdifonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpDESifh qD;edwftzGJU\ tmPmudkvnf; wkd;ay;onf/ ,cifu
wuúodkvfaumifpDonf pwufusLOya'udkvnf;aumif;? qD;edwftzGJUonf pnf;rsOf;Oya'udkvnf;aumif;? jznfhpGuf
jyifqifEkdifaomfvnf; t"dywd\oabmwlnDrIudk &,l&onf/ ,ckrl xkdoabmwlnDrI rvkdawmhacs/ yk'fr (4) t&
296
ay;xm;aom wuúodkvf tcGifhtmPmrsm;udkvnf; aumifpDESifh qD;edwftzGJUodkY cGJa0ay;vkdufonf/ aumifpDwGifvnf;

ynma&;0efxrf; r[kwo f rl sm; ydrk ykd g0ifvmaponf/ wuúov
dk af umifpw
D iG f tzGUJ 0ifO;D a&udk wd;k csJUcGijhf yKonf/ qD;edwf
tmPmudk t"dywdu qufvuf xdrf;odrf;xm;cJhaomfvnf; aemifoifhavsmfaom tcsdefwGif wuúokdvftm; jyefvnf
vTJtyfay;&ef jyifqifxm;onf/ wuúodkvftmPmydkiftzGJUrsm;\ tmPmrsm;udkvnf; ydkrdkwduspGm jy|mef;xm;cJhonf/

1936 ckESpf? rwfvwGif usif;yaom jrefrmjynf Oya'jyKaumifpDu &efukefwuúodkvftufOya' pHkprf;a&;
aumfr½Sizf UJG &ef qH;k jzwfco hJ nf/ xdq k ;kH jzwfcsut f & tpd;k &onf 1936 ckEpS ?f arv (1) &ufaeYwiG f wuúov kd t f ufOya'
pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDudk zGJUcJhonf/ xkdaumfrwDwGif qmjrbl;u Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½Gufí tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf vyfcaemif;
wuúov kd f? 'kwd,t"dywd a'gufwm tm&f-yD-yg&ef*sfydkif? yJcl;wkdif;rif;BuD; bD-'AvsKqGD'ifAifh? *syfqifaumvdyf
ausmif;tkyfBuD; a'gufwm *sD-tufpf-*sK&D? ,leDAmpDwD aumvdyfausmif;tkyfBuD; OD;azarmifwif? a'gufwmb[ef?
OD;odef;armif? OD;ay:xGef;? a'gufwma':&ifar? a'gufwm trf-ata&mhzfESifh twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf wuúodkvfarmfuGef;
xdef; t,fvfxifpDwdkY yg0ifMuonf/
qmjrbl;acgif;aqmifaom pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDonf tpnf;ta0; (44) Budrfusif;yí tpD&ifcHpmudk 1937
ckESpf rwfvwGif wifoGif;cJhonf/ tpD&ifcHpmyg t"dutcsufrsm;rSm wuúodkvf\obm0? t"dywdESifh 'kwd,t"dywd
cefYxm;a&;? wuúov kd af umifpED iS fh qD;edwt f zGUJ 0if wd;k csJUcefYxm;a&;? taygif;ygaumvdyrf sm;\ jyóemESihf ½So d ifah om
tkycf sKyaf &;tzGUJ rsm;? ygarmu©cefUxm;a&;? pwufusKOya' jy|mef;a&; jyóemrsm;ESihf wuúov kd pf mar;yGJ udprö sm;udk tus,f
w0ifh tpD&ifcHxm;onf/ tpdk;&u xdktpD&ifcHpmudk wuúodkvfaumifpD? qD;edwftzGJUESifh tjcm;pdwf0ifpm;aom yk*dK¾ vf?
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ a0zefrIESifh tMuHay;csufrsm;udkyg vufcHpOf;pm;Ekdif&ef xyfrHa0iScJhonf/ xdktMuHay;csufrsm;ESifh
tpD&ifcHpmyg axmufcHcsufrsm;tay: rSDjirf;jyKum tpdk;&onf jyifqifcsufOya'Murf;udk wifoGif;cJh&m 1939 ckESpf?
ZGefv (15) &ufaeYwGif twnfjzpfvmcJhonf/
þjyifqifcsufaMumifh wuúov kd tf "dywdEiS hf 'kw, d t"dywdwYkd onf a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&aom yk*Kd¾ vfrsm;
jzpfvmum wuúodkvfaumifpD0ifrsm;udkvnf; wdk;csJUcJhonf/ ygarmu©cefYxm;a&; tmPmudk aumifpD\ trIaqmif
aumfrwDodkY vTJajymif;ay;vkdufonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif c&pf,mef*dkPf;csKyfrsm;ESifh tjcm;c&pf,mef bmoma&;
toif;tzGUJ rsm;\ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifjcif; r½Sad wmhbJ [ku d u
f w k wf &m;vTwaf wmf? a½SUaeaumifp?D tdE, d́ ukeof nf
BuD;rsm;toif;? &mxl;0eftzGUJ ? ynma&;toif;tzGUJ rsm;ESihf wuúov kd of r*¾wYkd rS ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifMuonf/ rSwyf kH
wifbGJU&udk,fpm;vS,f OD;a&vnf; wkd;vmcJhonf/ qD;edwftzGJUwGifvnf; aumifpDrS udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& wdk;vmNyD;
&mxl;0eftzGJUESifh yxrjyefpmar;yGJaumfrwDwdkYrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; apvTwfcGifh &½Sdvmonf/
aq;aumvdyfESifh pdkufysKd;a&;aumvdyfwdkYonfvnf; taygif;tyg aumvdyfrsm;jzpfvmum tjcm;tvm;wl
aumvdyfwnfaxmifEkdif&efvnf; vrf;zGifhay;xm;onf/ þjyifqifcsuf Oya't& topfzGJUpnf;xm;aom wuúodkvf
aumifpDonf 1939 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (24) &ufaeYwGif yxrqHk;tBudrf awGUqHkpnf;a0;í b@ma&;Xme twGif;0ef
OD;wifxGwftm; t"dywdtjzpf vnf;aumif;? jrLeDpDy,frif;BuD;a[mif; a'gufwmOD;quftm; 'kwd,t"dywd tjzpf
vnf;aumif;? a½G;aumufwifajr§mufMuonf/
1939 ckESpf &efukefwuúodkvftufOya' yxrjyifqifcsufwGif trSm;t,Gif;rsm; yg½SdoGm;í xdkESpfrSmyif
'kwd,tBudrf xrfrHjyifqifcJh&onf/ yxrjyifqifcsufrSm 1939 ckESp?f tufOya' trSwf (13) jzpfí 'kwd, jyifqif
csufrSm tufOya' trSwf (20) jzpfonf/

1949 ckEpS f jyifqifcsuo f nf wuúov kd zf UJG pnf;yHu
k kd txl;ajymif;vJapcJo h nf/ ppfBudKacwf aumvdyrf sm;onf
r[mXmersm;jzpfvmum ausmif;tkyfBuD;rsm; ae&mwGif r[mXmerSL;rsm; cefYxm;onf/ taygif;yg aumvdyfrsm;ESifh
aumvdytf yk cf sKyfa&;tzGUJ rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f vku
d Nf yD; aumifpo D nf ,cifu trIaqmifaumfrwDokdY vTt J yfxm;aom tkycf sKyf
a&;tmPmrsm;udk jyefvnf&,lvo kd nf/ 1939 ckEpS u f wuúov kd t
f mPmydik rf sm;[k aMunmcJah om aumifp\
D trIaqmif
aumfrwDESifh qD;edwftzGJU\ tjrJwrf;aumfrwDwdkYonf 1949 ckESpf jyifqifcsuft& yaysmufoGm;onf/ wuúodkvf
aumifpDonf t"dutkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU jzpfvmum ppfBudKacwfuJhoYdk tzGUJ 0ifO;D a& (70) ausmf ryg0ifawmhbJ (31) OD;
om yg0ifawmhonf/ ppfBudKacwfuo hJ Ydk wESpv f Qif (2) Budrf r[kwaf wmhbJ wvwBudrf pnf;a0;&rnf[k jyifqifowfrw S f
297
cJhonf/ t"dywdudk a½G;aumufwifajr§mufEkdifcGifh r½SdawmhbJ EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfonf &mxl;t& wuúokdvft"dywd

jzpfvmonf/ þjyifqifcsuf tufOya't& topfzUJG pnf;cJah om aumifpo D nf w&m;vTwaf wmfcsKyf w&m;0efBuD;jzpfol
OD;{armiftm; 'kwd,t"dywdtjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcJhonf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif ,m,Djyifqifcsufw&yf xrfrHjyK
vkyfcJhao;onf/ xkdjyifqifcsufrSm aumifpDodkY a½G;cs,fapvTwfonfh jynfolYvTwfawmfESifh vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmf udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;udk a½G;aumufyGJ rusif;yao;rD ,m,DygvDrefESifh qufvufapvTwf cGifhjyKjcif;jzpfonf/

wuúodkvfvdkawmif;aumfrwD\ tpD&ifcHcsuft& EkdifiHawmftpdk;&onf 1951 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvftuf
Oya'udk xyfrHjyifqif&jyefonf/ xdkaumfrwDu csrSwfaom wuúodkvf\ &nf½G,fcsufESifh vkyfief;rsm;ukd þjyifqif
csuft& tufOya'wGif xnfo h iG ;f vku
d o
f nf/ tjcm;jyifqifcsufrsm;rSm tkycf sKyfa&;t&m½Srd S tkycf sKyfa&;rSL;jzpfvmaom
&mxl;udk ygarmu©csKyf (Rector) [k jyifqifNyD; aumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;udk tenf;i,fwdk;csJU ajymif;vJonf/ aumifpD
tzGJU0if t"dywdu cefYtyfaom tzGJU0ifwOD; wdk;vmaom b@ma&;0efBuD;Xme twGif;0efESifh ynma&;0efBuD;Xme
twGif;0efwdkYrSm aumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm; jzpfvmonf/ ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frSm 1949 ckESpf jyifqifcsuft&
wuúodkvfor*¾ toif;0ifrsm;u a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&aomfvnf; 1951 ckESpf jyifqifcsuft& wuúodkvfausmif;
om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJUu a½G;cs,fapvTwfcGifhay;onf/ rEÅav;jrLeDpDy,fu udk,fpm;vS,f apvTwfcGifhudkvnf;
½kwfodrf;cJhonf/ xkdYtjyif qD;edwftzGJUwGif yg0ifaom ygarmu©rsm;? {nfhygarmu©rsm;ESifh uGJjym;ap&ef vuf½Sdwm0ef
xrf;aqmifaeaom XmerSL; ygarmu©rsm;[k jyifqifcJhonf/ þjyifqifcsuftufOya't& a'gufwmxifatmifonf
&efukefwuúodkvf\ ygarmu©csKyfjzpfvmcJhonf/

1953 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvftufOya'udk wBudrf xrfrHjyifqifcJhonf/ odkYaomf þwBudrf jyifqifjcif;onf
Axl;NrdKU½Sd ppfwuúokdvfudk &efukefwuúodkvf\ tquftoG,fjyK aumvdyftjzpf zGifhvSpfEkdif&ef jyifqifjcif;jzpfonf/

tdraf pmift
h pd;k &vufxuf 1959 ckEpS f rwf (12) &ufaeYwiG f &efuek w f uúovkd f tufOya'udk jyifqifcjhJ yef
onf/ þjyifqifcsut f & &efuek Nf rdKUteD;wGif tquftoG,jf yK aumvdyrf sm; wnfaxmifEidk &f ef wuúov kd ef ,ferd w
d u
f kd
y,fzsuv f u
kd af vonf/ tjcm;jyifqifcsurf sm;rSm r[mXmerSL;&mxl; y,fzsujf cif;? ausmif;om;a&;rSL;ESihf ausmif;aqmif
a&;rSL;&mxl;rsm; wDxGifjcif;? 'kwd,t"dywdudk aumifpDESifh qD;edwftzGJU\ obmywdtjzpf qufvufxm;½Sdaomf
vnf; trIaqmift&m½Scd sKyt f jzpfrS y,fzsujf cif;? aumifpo
D Ykd qD;edwt
f zGUJ rS ud,
k pf m;vS,v
f w T yf kH jyifqifjcif;? ausmif;om;
udk,fpm;vS,fudk wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS vTwfEkdifcGifhr½SdawmhbJ ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;u a½G;aumufwif
ajr§muf&rnf[k jyifqifcJhjcif;? qD;edwftzGJU wdk;csJUjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ þjyifqifcsuft& wuúodkvfwGif yxrqHk;tjzpf
ausmif;om;a&;rSL;rsm; cefYxm;cJhonf/ ygarmu©csKyftm; wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;\ aexdkifa&;? pnf;urf;ao0yf
a&;? usef;rma&;ESifh wkd;wufzGHUNzdK;a&;wdkUtwGuf BuD;Muyfa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyf&ef wm0efay;tyfcJhonf/ qD;edwftzGJUwGif
vnf; tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf ausmif;om;a&;rSL;rsm;? pmMunfhwkdufrSL;? bmomjyefESifh pmtkyfxkwfvkyfa&;rSL;wkdY yg0if
vmonf/
298
OD;AaqG
(1940-41)
qkd½S,fvpfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf zqyv Ouú| OD;AaqGyifjzpfonf/ 1915 ck xm;0,fc½kkdif?

tk;H yif½mG wGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1936 ckEpS w
f iG f &efuek w
f uúov
dk üf ynmoifMum;avhvmonf/
1937-38 ck wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ wGif tk;d a0r*¾Zif; t,f'w

D mtjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif; cH&onf/
1938-39 ckEpS w f iG f wuo taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif½u

G o
f nf/ Auo taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;vnf;
jzpfcJhNyD;? rauG;wGif a&eHajroydwform;rsm;tm; w&m;a[mpOf Ouú| ukdA[def;ESifYtwl zrf;qD;jcif; cHcJh&av
onf/ 1300 jynft h a&;awmfyHk acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpf\/
1939-40 ckwiG f wuúov

dk rf S xGuí
f ae&yfoYdk jyefaeonf/ 1940-41 ckwiG f wuúov
dk o
f Ydk jyefvnfa&muf½u
dS m
Ouú|tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&avonf/
qmjrbl; tpD&ifcpH mwku

d zf suaf &;twGuf qufvufvyk af qmifcYJonf/ wuúov dk f tufOya' jyifqifa&;twGuf
ta&;qkcd o
hJ nf/ ausmif;aqmifcrsm; avsmhaygha&;twGuf awmif;qkcd ohJ nf/
1941 ckEpS f t*Fvyd ef ,fcsUJ orm;tm; armif;ESixf w

k af &;wGif yg0ifaqmif½u
G cf \hJ / *syefacwfwiG f jynfoYl ta&;
awmfykHygwD (,ck qkd½S,fvpfygwD) ukd vQKdU0SufpGmxlaxmifí uGefjrLepfygwD? ArmhwyfrawmfwkdYESifh yl;wGJum
*syefqefYusifa&; vkyif ef;rsm;ukd vkyaf qmifcYJ onf/ zqyvtzGUJ csKyfudk zGUJ pnf;cJYMuonf/
'kw, d urÇmppfjyD; 1947 ckEpS w

f iG f zqyv twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyt f jzpf wm0ef,cl YJonf/ 1952 ckEpS f rSpí Ekid if aH wmf
tpk;d &tzGUJ wGif umuG,af &;0efBu;D tjzpf aqmif½u
G cf YJNy;D 1956-57 ckEpS w
f iG f Edik if aH wmf0efBu;D csKyt
f jzpf wm0efxrf;
aqmifcJhonf/ 1957-58 ckESpfwGif 'k-0efBuD;csKyf? umuG,fa&;ESifh Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;wm0efudk ,lcJh&m? zqyv
tuJx G yd if jzpfonf/
,ckzqyvtzGJUcsKyf Ouú|? qdk½S,fvpfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf? tm½Sqdk½S,fvpfuGefz&ifh Ouú|?

wD,lpDbD tvkyform;tpnf;t½Hk;rsm;tzJGUcsKyf Ouú| tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf ½Sdayonf/ (tdk;a0)
1963 Nidr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yJG ysujf ym;NyD; aemufyikd ;f wGif tjcm;Edik if aH &; acgif;aqmifrsm;ESithf wl zrf;qD;xdr;f odr;f
cH&onf/ 1966 atmufwb kd m (27) &ufwiG f OD;EkEiS hf w&ufwnf; axmifrS vGwaf jrmufvmonf/ 1968 ckEpS f
'DZifbm (2) &ufaeUwGif awmfveS af &;aumifpu D zJUG aom (33) OD; jynfwiG ;f nDñw G af &;tMuHay;tzJUG wGiyf g0ifonf/
OD;AaqGonf &efuek Nf rKdUwGif 1987 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmvwGif uG,v

f eG o
f nf/
tifwmeuf- 0DuDyD'D,m / wyfrawmfordkif;-yÍörwJG? 1962-1974? pm-108/ 299
OD;vSarmif
(1941-42)
rdwD¬vmZmwdNzpfonf/ 1273 ck? awmfovif;vqkwf (13) &ufaeYwGif zGm;jrifonf/ OD;oefY? a':rrwdkY\

wwd,ajrmuf om;&wemjzpfonf/
rEÅav;0ufpvD txufwef;ausmif; rdwv D¬ mNrKUd trsK;d om;txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoifMum;cJí h rEÅav;

Oypmaumvdyüf qufvufynmoifMum;cJ\ h / 1932 ckEpS w f iG f rEÅav;aumvdyrf S Oypmtxufwef; atmifjrifNyD;
1933 ckEpS w
f iG f *syfqifaumvdyüf ynmqufvuf qnf;yl;cJah vonf/
1936-37 ckESpfwGif wuo trIaqmiftjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&í EkdifiHwumwuúokdvfrsm;ESifh

qufqaH &;tzGUJ twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif&onf/ 1941-42 ckwiG f wuo OuúVjzpfonf/
'kw,
d urÇmppfonf ta½SUzsm;okYd ul;pufvmcJo
h nf/ 1941 ck? 'DZbFmv (8) &ufaeYwiG f *syefu t*Fvyd t
f pk;d &
tm; ppfaMunmojzifh &efukefwuúokdvfukd ydwfvkduf&onf/ wuo vkyfief;rsm;vnf; &yfqkdif;oGm;cJhav
awmhonf/
1951 ckEpS w
f iG f w½kwjf ynfoUl or®wEkid if q
H idk &f m jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf oHtrwfBuD;tjzpfjzifh cefYtyfjcif;
cH&í? 1958 ckEpS x f d tpöa&;jynfqidk &f m jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf oHtrwfBuD;tjzpfjzifh Ekid if aH wmfwm0efudk
xrf;aqmifvsuf½o dS nf/ owk;d oD&od "k r®bUJG csD;jr§ijhf cif;cHc&hJ ol jzpfonf/
300
vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1945 rS 1947 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif
'kw,
d wGJ
(1945 - 1962)
301
tcef; (10)
vGwv
f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI
'Dru
kd a&pDa&; vlUtcGit
Yf a&;ESiYf trsK;d om;a&;toGif
(1945 rS 1947)
(u) 1945 Mo*kwv

f rS atmufwb
kd mv ta&;ay:wuúov
kd o
f ifwef;
,m,D wuotrIaqmifaumfrwD
udkpHuif; (aemif0efBuD;) Ouú|
udkoef; 'k-Ouú|
udkpdefjrarmif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
udkoef;aqG tdk;a0 (t,f'Dwm) (jrefrm)
udkxGef;atmif tdk;a0 (t,f'Dwm) (t*Fvyd )f
udkazpdef pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
udkvSaomf aygif;oif;qufqHa&;XmerSL;
rcifMunf trsKd;orD;XmerSL;
ppfBudKacwfu wuo\tpOftvmESifhtquftEG,fudk wuoOuú| OD;AaqGu ppfNyD;acwf yxrajrmuf
wuo\ Ouú| udkoef;vufodkY vufqifhurf; ay;tyfcJhonf/ ppfNyD;acwf wuo ay:aygufcsdefrSm ta&;BuD;í
eufeJodrfarGUaom trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ tajctaersm; ay:aygufaecsdef jzpfygonf/ ausmif;om;xk
tygt0if wrsKd;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;udk tvdkvm;qHk; tcsdefvnf;jzpfonf/ 1946 wGif ta&;ay: wuúodkvf
oifwef;rsm; zsufodrf;í &efukefwuúodkvf jyefvnf zGifhvSpfcJhonf/
(u-1) 1945-46 ckESpf wuotrIaqmiftzGJY

1945 ZGefvqef; 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;tNyD;wGif q&mBuD;OD;bu r*dkvrf;? &ef;a';&D;,m;ausmif; (,ck
txu- 2? yef;bJwef;) wGif ta&;ay: ,m,Dwuúodkvfudk zGifhvSpfcJhonf/
wuo a½G;aumufyGJ jyKvkyf&m ,refESpf wuo Ouú|a[mif; udkAaqG (1940-41) ESifh (1941-42)
302
wuo Ouú|a[mif; udkvSarmif (OD;EkESifh 'kwd,urÇmppftNyD;rS jyefa&mufvmol) wdkYu BuD;rSL;í usif;yonf/

udkoef; Ouú|
udk[efwif 'k-Ouú|
rjrjr aiGxdef;
udkpdefjrarmif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
udkoef;aqG tdk;a0r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwm
rcifMunf trIaqmif
udkvSaomf trIaqmif
udkxGef;ñGefY trIaqmif
udkarmif[def; (rif;ndKOD;) trIaqmif wdkY jzpfvmonf/
(c) 1946-47 wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ

udkoef;armif (ol&d,) Ouú|
udkoef;<u,f 'k-Ouú|
udkpdefvS aiGxdef;
udk&efa0; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (aemifOya'bmomjyef t&m½Sda[mif;)
udkarmifuav; trIaqmifrsm; (wuúodkvftaysmfwrf;wyfwm0efcH)
rcifvS trsKd;orD;XmerSL; (aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifh pmayavhvma&;
wm0efcH)
udkarmifarmifausmf (r*¾Zif;wm0efcH)
udkñGefYodef; (jyefMum;a&;)
udkvSñGefY (ynma&;)
udkbquf (tdk;a0r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwm)
udkvSñGefY (pmMunfhwdkufrSL;) wdkYjzpfonf/
ZGefvwGif 'def;rwfü usif;yonfh urÇmYausmif;om; 0efxrf;nDvmcHodkY vnf;aumif;? xkdESpf ZlvdkifvwGif
usi;f yonfh urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (International Union of Students) yxrtBudrf ausmif;om;vli,fyaJG wmf
odkU vnf;aumif; wufa&mufcJhonf/
(c-1) wuo 1946-47 \ vkyfaqmifrIrsm;

1946-47 wuo trIaqmifaumfrwDvufxufwGif trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ESifh qufpyfaeaom
ocifynma&;pepf wnfaxmifa&;udk wuou xdyfwef;xm; awmif;qdkcJhavonf/ tzGJUtpnf;rsm; nDñGwfa&;udk
aqmif½Guf&mwGif 1946 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (24) &ufaeU wuo ,m,D½kH;cef;wGif usif;yaom wuo trIaqmif
tpnf;ta0;wGif wuor*¾Zif;wm0efcHu ]]Auoonf ausmif;om;or*¾aygif;pHkESifh wuowdkUyg0ifaom wu,f
nDñGwfpGm pepfwus zGJUpnf;xm;aom ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;w&yf ay:xGufvma&;udk aqmif½Guf&ef wuorS
vdv
k m;aMumif;}} wifjy&m trIaqmifaumfrwDu aqG;aEG;twnfjyKcJo h nf/ 1947 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv (3) &uf wuúov kd f
or*¾ ,m,D½Hk;cef;wGif usif;yaom wuotrIaqmif txl;tpnf;ta0;yGJwGif AuonDvmcHrS awmif;qdkcsuf
(21) csuEf iS hf wuúov
kd ef pfemcsuf (7) csuu
f kd awmif;qdNk yD; Edik if aH &; awmif;qdck sut
f jzpf (1) ESpt
f wGi;f vGwv
f yfa&;udk
&,l&ef? vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHtwGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf; a&;qGJ&eftwGuf wdkif;&if;om;rsm; yg0ifaom wdkif;jynfjyK
vTwfawmfudk tjrefqHk;ac:&eftqdkESifh vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udk a½SU½Ií csDwuf wdkufcdkufMurnfh t"dXmefudk av;euf
apaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;\ epfemcsufrsm;udk r&ruwdkuf,l&ef pdwfydkif; jzwfxm;jcif;udk
jyoaom taejzifhvnf;aumif;? Zefe0g&D (15) &ufrS (31) &uftxd qE´jyoydwfarSmuf&ef? a½SUvmrnfhajcvSrf;udk
Zefe0g&Dv (31) &ufaeUwGif aMunmrnf jzpfaMumif; tqdkrsm;udk oabmwl qHk;jzwfMuonf/
1947 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (14) &ufaeYwGif wuotaqmuftODudk jyefvnf&½SdcJhonf/ xdkaeYrSmyif wuo
trIaqmiftpnf;ta0; w&yfusif;yum zqyvrS ay;ydkYaom y#dnmOfpmwef;udk trIaqmifaumfrwDu vufrSwfa&;
303
xdk;í zqyv tzGJUcsKyfodkY jyefvnf ay;ydkYcJhonf/ Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJtwGif; zqyvtzGJUBuD;\ vrf;pOfudk

rrSdwfrokef axmufcHí tNyD;owf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJudkyg yg0ifqifETJrnf[k y#dnmOfay;jcif;udk zqyvrS aus;Zl;
wifí wuotm; vlxu k *kPjf yKtyfaom tzGUJ jzpfaMumif; zqyvtzGUJ csKyfBuD;u rSww f rf;wifaMumif;udk av;pm;pGm
taMumif;jyefcJhonf/
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf
(1) vGwfvyfa&;wnfjrJa&;
(2) wdkif;jynfwdk;wufa&;
(3) vlxck sr;f oma&; wdYk ukd qufvufaqmif½u G &f mwGif a½S;,cifuuJo h Ykd yif y#dnmOfukd zqyvtzGUJ csKyfxH
ay;ydYk co
hJ nf/ y#dnmOfct H zGUJ tjzpf qufvufy#dnmOfjyK&ef zqyvtzGUJ csKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;AaqG vufrw S f
a&;xdk; arwåm&yfcHonf/
(c-2) wuo pnf;rsOf;jyifqifjcif;

1946-47 ckEpS ?f ppfNyD;acwf wuo\ 'kw, d ajrmuftrIaqmif aumfrwDOuú| udo k ef;armif vufxufwiG f
ppfBudKacwf wuopnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (10)? tydk'f (3) udk acwåxkwfy,fxm;&onf/ 1946 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv
(7) &ufaeYwGif wuo pnf;rsOf;Oya'tcef; (12)? tydk'f (6)? tydk'fcGJ (2) t& txl;tvkyftpnf;a0;yGJ (Extra
Ordinary Business Meeting) ac:,lí wuopnf;rsOf;udk jyifqifay;cJhonf/
¤if;wuopnf;rsOf; Oya' tcef; (10)? tyd'k f (3) wGif wuotoif;0iftjzpf tenf;qHk; (1) ESpf yg0if
zl;NyD; wuúodkvfwGif ynmoifqJausmif;om;rsm;omvQif wuo trIaqmifaumfrwD0iftjzpf ta½G;cHcGifh½Sdonf/
¤if;udk jyifqifvukd af omtcg wuúov kd üf ynmoifMum;vsuf½adS om ausmif;om;wdik ;f wuo trIaqmifaumfrwD0if
tjzpf ta½G;cHcGifh½Sdonf/
(c-3) 1946-47ckESpf ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;

1946 ckEpS ?f atmufwb kd mv (10) &ufaeUzqyvtzGUJ rS Auyudk rxkwrf yD if Auyonf ausmif;om;rsm;ukd
EdkifiHa&;wGif wwyfwtm; yg0ifap&ef uvmyfpnf;rsm;udk tBudKwuúodkvfoifwef;ESifh ta&;ay:wuúodkvfoifwef;
wdkYwGif zJGUpnf;ay;onf/ tBudKwuúodkvfwGif udknDnD? udkpHvGif? udkay:OD; wdkUyg0ifaom uvmyfpnf;ESifh ta&;ay:
wuúodkvfoifwef;rsm;wGif udkoef;xGef;? udkxGef;a½T? udkcifarmifBuD;wdkU yg0ifaom uvmyfpnf;rsm;udk zGJUpnf;ay;cJh
onf/ xdkUaemuf zqyvESifh AuywdkUonf ausmif;om;rsm;udk tNydKiftqdkif vIHUaqmfpnf;½Hk;cJhMuonf/ 1947 ck
ESpfOD;ydkif;wGif wuotaqmuftODü zqyvrS OD;udkudkBuD;ESifh q&m&m*sefwdkUu ¤if;wuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
EdkifiHa&; oifwef;ay;cJhonf/
1946 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif &uoOuú| udkoef;xGef;u t,f'Dwm? &uorS udknDnD (vif;,kefeD) u wm0efcH
xkwfa0aom ]ausmif;om;[pfwikd }f owif;pmapmif xGufvmonf/ txl;ojzifh xdkpmapmifwGif 'dkareD,H paw;wyfpf
(ac:) udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh? ausmif;om;ESifh EdkifiHa&; oabmxm;rsm;udk tjyif;txef a0zefa&;om;xm;onf/
AuotrIaqmifrsm;udv k nf; wEdik if v
H ;kH ½Sd ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifaom nDvmcHu a½G;aumuf
wifajr§mufjcif; r[kwfí ausmif;om;xk qE´rygí ausmif;om;nDvmcH ac:,lusif;yNyD; Auo trIaqmifopf
a½G;cs,f wifajr§muf&ef tjyif;txef awmif;qdak vonf/ rEÅav;NrdKUwGif zGJUpnf;cJah om txufAuouvnf; &uo
\ ausmif;om;owif;yg awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk axmufcHí ausmif;om;nDvmcH ac:ay;&ef awmif;qdkavonf/
ausmif;om;nDvmcHwGif-
(1) ynma&;
(2) trsKd;om;a&;
(3) jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;
(4) Auo tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;opf a&;qGJa&;ESifh trIaqmifopfa½G;cs,fa&; [laom tydkif;BuD; (4) ydkif;
xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;&ef &uoESifh txuf Auoacgif;aqmifrsm;u awmif;qdkcJhonf/ trsKd;om;a&;wGif zqyvudk
axmufcH&ef vli,fwyfOD;ESifh tvkyform;? v,form;udprö sm;wGif tultnDay;&efESifh yl;aygif;&efwdkUudk azmfjyxm;
onf/ þodYk tjyif;txef awmif;qdrk aI Mumifh AuoXmecsKyfu BuD;rSL;í ausmif;om;nDvmcHukd 1946 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f
(28) &ufrS Mo*kwv f (1) &ufaeUxd usi;f ycJo h nf/ udo k ef;xGe;f tm; AuoOuú|tjzpf a½G;cs,f wifajr§mufcahJ vonf/
304
Auo\ trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeUudk zqyvESifh yl;aygif;rusif;ybJ pifNydKif aeol&defZmwf½HkBuD;ü usif;y&m

wyfeD? trsKd;orD; uGef*&ufpaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm; wufa&mufMuonf/ xdktrsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYü awmif;qdkcsuf
(7) csuf wifoGif;cJhonf/ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm-
1/ (u) rlvwef;ESihf rlvwef;vGeaf usmif;? taqmuftODrsm;udk vHak vmufpmG aqmufvyk af y;&ef? ysufp;D ,d, k iG ;f aom
taqmuftODrsm;udk tjrefqHk; jyif&ef?
(c) ausmif;oH;k ypön;f rsm;? "gwkak A'? ud&, d m wefqmyvmrsm;udk vHak vmufpmG ausmif;wdik ;f wGif xm;½Sad y;&efEiS hf
wu,fwef; qif;&Jaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oufqdkif&m tpdk;&rS t0wftpm; tcrJh xkwfay;&ef?
(*) ynmydik ;f qdik &f m taqmuftODrsm;rS ppfwyfrsm;ESihf tpd;k &Xmersm;udk 1946 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv (31) &ufaeUtwGi;f
>cif;csufr½Sd tjrefqHk; ½kwfodrf;&ef?
2/ ausmif;q&mrsm;ESifh 0efxrf;tzGJU-
(u) tpdk;&ausmif;wdkif; ausmif;wdkif;wGif t&nftcsif;jynfhq&mrsm; OD;a&trsKd;tpm;tvdkuf wdk;csJUí
wESpfywfvHk; cefYxm;&ef?
(c) ausmif;wdkif;wGif t&nftcsif;jynfh avmu"gwfynmoif q&m (1) OD; tenf;qHk; cefYxm;&ef?
(*) ausmif;rsm;wGif pma&;? '&0rfrS pí ausmif;0efxrf;tzGJUudk vHkavmufpGm cefYxm;&ef?
(C) rlvwef;vGef ausmif;q&mrsm;\ vpmEIef;udk txufwef;ausmif;q&mrsm;\ vpmEIef;twdkif; tjref
qHk; jyefvnf owfrSwfxkwfay;&ef?
3/ ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf? cJwH? rifwH ponfwdkYudk tpdk;&ynma&;XmerS vHkavmufpGm rSm,lí tzdk;csKdomaom
EIef;xm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiH½Sd ausmif;wdkif;ausmif;wdkif;odkU vHkavmufpGm enf;pepfwus jzefYcsd&ef?
4/ ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwGif ausmif;om;or*¾\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0if wGJzuftkyfcsKyfcGifhay;&ef?
5/ wuúodkvfpmar;yGJ jyifqifa&; (1) ESpfoifwef;udk rlvwef;vGef ausmif;wdkif;wGif wGJvsufzGifhay;&ef?
6/ rlvwef; roifrae& tcvGwfynmoifMum;a&;udk a'oEÅ&qdkif&m toufarG;0rf;ausmif; tajccHvufrI
ynm&yfrsm;ESifh wGJzufynm oifMum;ay;&efwdkY jzpfonf/
wuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYodkY awmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm-
1/ wuúodkvfpmar;yGJ pmppfXmersm;udk 'DpBwdwfNrdKUwdkif;wGif wdk;csJUay;&ef?
2/ wuúodkvfpmar;yGJ0ifcEIef;udk avQmhayghí aiG 10d^- owfrSwf&ef?
3/ tpdk;&ppf jrefrmtxufwef;pmar;yGJatmifjrifolrsm;udk wuúodkvfpmar;yGJwGif t*Fvdyfpm wbmomwnf;
0ifa&muf ajzqdkcGifhjyK&ef?
4/ rEÅav;NrdKUwGif 'D*&Daumvdyf wckzGifhay;&ef?
5/ &efukefwuúodkvf\ vufatmufcH aumvdyfausmif;rsm;? pdkufysKd;a&;aumvdyf? tif*sifeD,m aumvdyfwdkUudk
vsifjrefpGm jyefvnfzGifhvSpf&efwdkYjzpfonf/
txufyg (11) csufudk 1947 ckeSpf? Zefe0g&Dv (15) &uf aemufqHk;xm;í jyefMum;jcif; r½SdcJhvQif
Zefe0g&Dv (20) &ufaeYwiG f ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm; wnDwñGww f nf; oydwaf rSmuf&ef qH;k jzwfNyD;aMumif;
yg½Sdonf/ 1947 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (20) &ufaeUwGif AuorS BuD;rSL;í wEdkifiHvkH;½Sd ausmif;rsm; oydwfarSmufonf/
Auo? wuo? &uo wdkYrS wzGJUvQif udk,fpm;vS,f (5) OD;pDyg0ifaom oydwfarSmufaumifpDudk zGJUpnf;í
ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;udk pepfwus OD;aqmifrI ay;cJhonf/
(*) AuoESihf wuo yl;aygi;f xm;aom ArmEdik if v

H ;kH qdik &f moydwaf umifpD (1947)
xdkaumifpDtpnf;ta0;udk wuo taqmuftODwGif usif;yavonf/ AuowGif uGefjrLepfygwDESifh
eD;pyfolrsm; ae&m&xm;onf/
AuowGif-
udkoef;xGef; Ouú| (aemif ordkif;ygarmu© a'gufwmoef;xGef;)
udkxGef;ñGefY 'k-Ouú| (aemif taumufcGefñTefMum;a&;rSL;)
udkoeff;xGef;udk e,fudk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdUar;jref;&m uGefjrLepfygwD0ifjzpfaMumif; ajymcJhonf/
wuowGif qdk½S,fvpfygwDESifheD;pyfolrsm; acgif;aqmifrI&xm;NyD;? uGefjrLepfygwDESifh eD;pyfolrsm;vnf;
305
trIaqmiftzGJUwGif yg0ifonf/ jyifyrS OD;aqmifygwDBuD;rsm;\ t½Sdeft0gonf

A[dkausmif;om;tzGJUwGif vma&muf xif[yfaejcif;jzpfonf/
zufqpfawmfvSefa&; tNyD;? NAdwdoQe,fcsJU Armjynf 0ifvmaomtcgwGif
e,fcsJUya,m*? oabmw&m; t,ltquGJ&mrS zqyvwGifyg vuf0JnDñGwfa&;
NydKuGv J monf/ xdt k uGt J jyJonf vlwef;pm; toD;oD;odUk BuD;rm;pGm *,uf½u dk Nf yD;
A[dkrS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; eD;pyf&m ygwDtvdkuf uGJaeMuonf/
AuonDvmcHwiG f wnDwñGww
Source: Self-portrait (Dr. Than Tun's)
f nf;owfrw S cf o
hJ nfh oydwaf rSmuf&ef &uf
uwrsKd;? wuou oD;jcm;&uf owfrSwfí oydwfarSmuf&ef &ufu wrsKd;jzpf
aeonf/ þuJhodkU ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&; rNydKuGJ&ef ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m oydwf
arSmufaumifpD (A.B.B.C) udk yl;aygif;zGJUpnf;cJhonf/
e,fausmif;om;rsm;onf Auopnf;½kH;a&; cGiftwGif;rS jzpfí wuo
1947 AuoOuú| udo k ef;xGe;f pnf;½kH;a&;cGifonf &efukefwuúodkvf omjzpfonf[k ,lqxm;onf/
(aemif a'guwf moef;xGe;f ) nDvmcH pwifusif;yaomtcg AuoOuú| obmywd udkoef;xGef;u
ausmif; om;oydwf tajctae? Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f m oydwaf rSmufaumifpD zGUJ &aom taMumif;&if;? ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;
twGuf vuf½Sd Auo trIaqmif tzGJUEkwfxGufay;rnf jzpfaMumif;? Auo trIaqmiftzGJU jyefvnfa½G;cs,f&efwdkYudk
½Sif;vif;ajymMum;onf/ aqG;aEG;yGJudk &efukefNrdKUjynfvrf;½Sd tvGwfynmoifausmif; zGifhvSpfxm;aom OD;vSjrwfpdk;\
wdkufatmufxyfwGif jyKvkyfonf/
AuonDvmcHukd tqdyk g wdu k af tmufxyfwiG f usi;f yonf/ udo k ef;xGe;f onf pum;ajym&mwGif cyfjywfjywf
eJY bkusyHkvnf;&onf/ ¤if;ajymqdk aqG;aEG;rIrsm;t& owdå½Sd½SdESifh cyfjywfjywfvkyfrnfh yHkay:avonf/ tjyeftvSef
vQKdU 0Suaf qG;aEG;rIrsm; ndE§ idI ;f NyD;aemufwiG f udo k ef;xGe;f udk AuoOuú| tjzpfwif&ef qH;k jzwfcahJ vonf/ usefwzufrS
vnf; udo k ef;armifuw dk ifonf/ tiftm;pk (2) ck tm;NydKifyJG jzpfonf/ rJcq JG ;kH jzwf&ef jzpfvmonf/ þwGif rnfoal wG
rJay;EdkifcGifh½Sdonf[laom jyóem ay:vmonf/
c½kdifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk rJay;cGifhjyK&ef? &efukefc½dkifudkvnf; tjcm;c½kdif udk,fpm;vS,frsm; enf;wl rJay;
cGifhjyK&efwdkYudk wifjy aqG;aEG;Muonf/
udok ef;armifwYkdzufrS &efuek cf ½dik af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (&uo) Ouú|u &efuek Nf rdKUay:½Sd ausmif;toD;oD;rS
ausmif;om;or*¾cGJ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkyg rJay;cGifhjyK&ef pDpOfavonf/ &efukefNrdKUay:½Sd ausmif;om;or*¾cGJ udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;udkyg rJay;cGihfjyKygu c½kdifrsm;tzdkY wlnDaom rJr&ouJhodkU jzpfaeayonf/ aemufqHk;wGif nDvmcH wufcGifh&
aom ud, k pf m;vS,t f m;vH;k rJay;cGijhf yK&ef? ajAmifraJ y;&ef qH;k jzwfavonf/ &efuek Nf rdKUay:rS wufvmaom ausmif;om;
or*¾cGJ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; rJjzifh udkoef;armif Ouú|tjzpf ta½G;cH&onf/
nDvmcHwGif tkyfpk (uGJ) jyóem xdyfwef; a&mufvmonf/ ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;ü uGefjrLepfygwDESifh
qdk½S,fvpfygwD tm;NydKifrIrsm; jzpfcJhavonf/ aemufqHk;wGif e,fudk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ qE´t&vnf;aumif;? tkyfpk
taetxm; t&vnf;aumif;? AuoOD;aqmifrI awmifhwif;vmap&ef twGufvnf;aumif;? vuf½Sdtajctae xdef;
odrf;&ef twGufvnf;aumif; useftrIaqmifrsm;udk tkyfpk (2) pk cGJí wm0ef,lcJhavonf/
(C) ta&G;cH&aom Auo trIaqmiftzGUJ (1946-47)

udkoef;armif Ouú|
udkoef; 'k-Ouú|
udkpdefvS taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
rcifEkEk trsKd;orD;XmerSL;
udkoef;ñGefY trIaqmifrsm;
(C-1) Auo nDvmcH (1946-47) rS awmif;qdkcsufrsm;

ynma&;XmeodkY awmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm
1/ wuúodkvf0if pmar;yGJwGif ar;cGef;pm½Gufrsm;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom ar;cGef;pm½Gufrsm;yg
306
xm;½dSay;&ef/
2/ ,ckESpfrS tpjyKí pmar;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfaomtcg pmar;yGJar;cGef;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYa'otvdkuf oif&aom pm
tqift h wef; twdik ;f om oufqikd &f mynma&;Xme tmPmydik rf sm;u tpd;k &ppfpmar;yGrJ sm;wGif xkwpf pfEikd rf I
twGuf pDpOfay;yg&ef/
3/ ,ckvuf½Sd tajctaet& tpdk;&todtrSwfrjyKaom rlvwef;ausmif; (ig;wef;ausmif;) rsm;rS ausmif;
om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm; tpdk;&todtrSwfjyKaom rlvwef;pmar;yGJ (ig;wef;pmar;yGJ) wGif 0ifa&mufajzqdk
cGifhjyK&ef/
4/ ,ckoydwfvSefaomtcg tpdk;&ausmif;wdkif;ESifh wuo rnfonfhausmif;wdkif;urqdk oydwfarSmufausmif;
om;rsm;tm; vHk;0ta&;r,l&ef/
trsKd;om;a&;tqdk (5) &yfrSm

1/ uREyfk w f Ykd ausmif;om;rsm;onf t*Fvyd ef ,fcsUJ orm;tm; vufeufuikd f ykeu
f efx<u awmfveS rf o
S m vGwv f yf
a&;udk &½Sdrnf[k ,HkMunfMuonfhtm;avsmfpGm e,fcsJUqefUusifa&; tzGJUtpnf;rsm; nDñGwfMuap&ef tjyif;
txef vkdvm;ygaMumif;?
2/ wdkif;&if;om;tm;vkH; ryg0ifaom jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;onf t"dyÜg,fr½Sd[k ,lqojzifh jrefrmjynfESifh
wygwnf; awmifwef;e,frsm; vGwfvyfrI&½Sdap&ef ,cknDvmcHodkU wufa&mufaom ausmif;om;rsm;u
txl; jyif;xefpGm vdkvm;ygaMumif;?
3/ ½Srf;jynfausmif;om;rsm;\ ½Srf;jynf pyfzvHkaumifpDodkY oD;oefYawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ,cknDvmcHrS vHk;0
axmufcHaMumif;?
4/ tu,fí e,fcsUJ orm;u jyKvkyv f mrnfh a½G;aumufyo JG nf jrefrmjynftm; uReof uf½n
S af prnfh a½G;aumufyJG
jzpfonf[k ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ OD;pD;tzGJUu ,lqygu vGwfvyfa&;udk raoGzDaom
pdwf"mwfjzifh a½SU½Iaom ausmif;om;rsm;yDyD wdkif;jynf vlxkESifhwuG rnfonfh ygwD tzGJUtpnf;ESifh rqdk
vkyfief;pOf wlygu yl;aygif;í OD;vnfrokef wdkufzsuf&ef?
5/ ,ckiwfjywfí awmfvSefaeaom e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tm; w&m;rJhpGm jyif;jyif;xefxef ESdyfuGyf
aeaom e,fcsJUESifhwuG e,fcsJU\pkwfyJh EkHcsmaom jyKrlcsufrsm;udk uREkkfyfwdkUausmif;om;rsm;u jyif;xefpGm
½IHUcsaMumif;? xdkYtjyif xdkjyKrlcsufrsm;udk rcHr&yfEdkifojzifhawmfvSefMuaom awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf
rdrwd Ukd \ rSeu f efaom tcGithf a&;rsm; &,la&;twGuf w&m;enf;vrf;uspGm awmfveS jf cif;rQom jzpfayonf
[k ,lqojzifh nDvmcHrS axmufcHygaMumif;?
taxGtaxGtqdk (3) &yfrSm

1/ ausmif;om;rsm;\ oydwfta&;awmfyHkBuD;onf (3) BudrfwdkifrQ ay:aygufcJhaomfvnf; vuf½Sd ynma&;
pepfwGif wdkuf½dkufjzpfap? oG,f0dkufjzpfap rnfodkUrQ xdcdkufysufjym;ajymif;vJjcif; r½Sdao;ojzifh pkwfyJhEkHcsm
aom ynma&;pepfukd wdu k zf sufqjJ zpfonfh ausmif;om;rsm;oydwo f nf tqufqufu taMumif;t&mrsm;
uJhodkUyif jzpfvdrfhrnf[k ,lqojzihf ,ckay;tHhaom ynma&;pepfudk rlaojzpfap? rl½Sifjzpfap uRefynm[k
,lqojzihf vH;k 0 vufrcHawmhyJ trsK;d om;ynma&; pepfukd (,m,Dtm;jzif)h wck wDxiG Nf yD; oydwpf cef;rsm;rS
tjrefqHk; pwifaqmif½Guf oifMum;ay;&ef?
2/ ,ckvmrnfh 1947 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv (6) &ufaeYudk AD,uferfawmfvSefa&;udk axmufcHaomaeY[k
owfrSwfí wjynfvHk;½Sd ausmif;om;wdkif;onf toD;oD; pk½kH; pka0;usif;y&ef?
3/ tmp&d,or*¾\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk >cif;csufr½Sd vHk;0axmufcHí atmifjrifa&;twGuf xda&mufpGm
ulnDtm;ay;rnfjzpfaMumif; yg½Sdonf/
(i) oxHrk ;D yGm; eH&u

H yfpmapmif (1946-47)
jyifywGifa&m wuúodkvf0if;twGif;yg ]wESpt f wGi;f vGwv f yfa&;&rnf} [laom a<u;aMumfoH yJhwifxyfae
ovdk oxHak usmif;aqmifu OD;pD;xkwaf 0aom ]]oxHrk ;D yGm;}} eH&u
H yfpmapmifwiG v
f nf; vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf a<u;aMumfoH
307
onf waomif;xdkufuyif Mum;tHhxifonf/

oxHkrD;yGm;onf ppfrjzpfcifuyif e,fcsJUudkqefUusifcJhaom oxHkausmif;om;rsm;\ vufeufud&d,mwck
jzpf\/ xdktcsdefu oxHkrD;yGm;udk udkA[def;u OD;pD;xkwfa0 cJhavonf/ ,if;udk tpGJjyK*kPfjyKí &efukefwuúodkvf
oxHkaqmif pmzwfESifh o[m,toif;u OD;pD;NyD; oxHkrD;yGm; eH&Huyfpmapmifudk ppfNyD;acwfwuúodkvfwGif yxrqHk;
eH&Huyfpmapmiftjzpf xkwfa0cJhonf/ oxHkaqmif pmMunfhwdkufrSL;u wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif½Gufonf/
oxHrk ;D yGm;\ t"du&nf½, G cf surf mS wESpt
f wGi;f vGwv
f yfa&;&½S&d efEiS hf e,fcsUJ orm;\ wvrf;oGm;ynma&;
udk OD;wnf wdkufcdkuf&efjzpfonf/ oxHkrD;yGm;[laom pmvHk;udk teDa&mifaq;jzifh jc,fxm;\/ oxHkrD;yGm;\ t"du
tcef;onf acgif;BuD;ydkif; jzpfonf/ uAsmaqmif;yg;ESifh oa&mfpmrsm;rSmvnf; tqifhtwef;redrfhvSojzifh wuúodkvf
e,fajrü xdktcsdefu xkwfa0orQ eH&Huyfpmapmifrsm;wGif emrnftBuD;qHk;ESifh vlBudKuftrsm;qHk;jzpfonf/
(p) oxHrk ;D yGm; qkwjf zcJ &H jcif;

oxkHrD;yGm;onf 1946 ckESpf rS 1950 ckESpftwGif; (3) Budrf tqkwfjzJcH&onf/ tcGmcH&jcif;wdkY jzpfonf/
oxHkrD;yGm;onf yk*d¾Kvfa&;udk t"du rxm;bJ "r®"d|mefusus a0zefa&;om;cJhrI? rnfolUudkrS rykwfcwf pGyfpGJjcif;rsm;
r½SdrIaMumihf trsm;tusKd;½Sdrnf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; tusKd;½Sdrnfqdkygu t,f'DwmtzGJU0ifrsm; taeESifh
rnfolUudkrQ axmufxm;jcif;rjyKbJ wdkif;jynftwGuf &uf&ufpufpuf a0zefjypfwif ½Iwfcs&Jonf/
oxHkrD;yGm; (y) tBudrf tcGmcH&jcif;rSm q&mwOD;ESifh q&mrwOD;\ tjyKtrludk ausmif;om;rsm;u twkcdk;
oGm;rnfpdk;í a0zefa&;om;cJhojzifh pmapmifuyfNyD; em&D0uftwGif; aysmufjcif;rvS aysmufoGm;onf/ odkY&mwGif t
od½o dS l ausmif;om;wOD;\ owif;ay;csuft& xdpk mapmifukd csufjcif; jyef&avonf/ qkwcf mG ol q&mtaejzifv h nf;
olUtrSm;udk 0efcHcJhavonf/ xdkq&mESifh q&mrwdkUonf toufxufqHk; aysmf½TifpGm aygif;oif; aexdkifMuonf/
('k) tBudrf tcGmcH&jcif;rSm oxHHkaqmifom; ]Zifojym} qdkaom aqmif;yg;½Sifu tif;vsm;aqmifu
wifquf ujyaom jyZmwfudk a0zefcJhrIaMumifhjzpfonf/ jyZmwfavmuudk pdwf0ifpm;aom ynm½Sifq&mwOD;u
xdkjyZmwfudk a0zefaom aqmif;yg;onf tqifhtwef; tjrifhqHk;aom a0zefa&; aqmif;yg;wck jzpfojzifh eH&Huyf
pmapmifrSmxuf yHkESdyfxkwfa0aom owif;pm? r*¾Zif;rsm;wGifom ygoifhonf[k a&;xm;aom aqmif;yg;jzpfonf/
vef'efrS xkwfa0aom ]]wdkif;}} owif;pmwGif ygonfhjyZmwf a0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh wef;wl&nfwl jzpfonf[k
csD;rGrf;cJhonf/ tif;vsm;aqmifjyZmwfrSm trsm;arQmfvifhxm;aom jyZmwfjzpfaomfvnf; ]vlbikd pf ukw}f tqifhwef;
avmufom½Sdonf[k jyZmwfyDo&ef rnfodkY jyKjyifoifhaMumif; apwemoefYoefYjzifh a0zefjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf
tif;vsm;olrsm;u BudK;pm;rIudk zsufvdkzsufpD;vkyfonf[k txifa&mufNyD; ¤if;wdkU bufawmfom;rsm; vufcsufudk
rqdkif;rwG cHvdkuf&onf/
(w) tBudrf tcGmcH&rIrSm wuúodkvfordkif; tqufqufwGif ajymifajrmufcJhaom oxkHrD;yGm;udk jrefrmjynf
ordkif;wGifyif rSwfwrf;wif&rnfh tajctae a&mufcJhavonf/ AdkvfcsKyfwdkY vkyfMuHcH&csdefwGif owif;pmrsm;u
*VKefOD;apmESifh taygif;tygrsm;udk vufpm;acs&efom a&;om;xm;avonf/ odkY&mwGif rnfonfh owif;pmurQ
*VKefOD;apmaemufu BudK;qGJaeaom? vufeufrsm; xkwfay;aeaom? vGwfvyfa&;udk qdkif;iHhoGm;apvdkaom e,fcsJU
t*Fvyd u f kd rjrifMubJ rsuaf jcjywfrI a'gotarSmifaMumifh &efot l ppfukd rjrif&bJ ½Sad eonf/ xdt
k csed w
f iG f wuúov kd üf
ausmif;om;opfrsm; ra&mufao;aom tcsdefvnf; jzpfonf/ oxHkrD;yGm;pmapmifonf w&m;cHtppfukd az:xkwf&ef
*VKefO;D apmESihf taygif;tygudk rnfou l vufeuf ay;oenf;? tif;vsm;uefxrJ S þrQrsm;jym;vSaom b&if;*ef;rsm;udk
uyÜwed t f qif½h odS u l olUoabm wckwnf;ESihf xkwaf y;Edik o f avm ponfh uGi;f qufrsm;udk qufpyf,u l m Edik if aH wmf\
0rf;enf;rItaejzifh oxHkrD;yGm; acgif;BuD;ydkif;udk teufa&mifcs,foNyD;
]AdkvfcsKyfudk owfolw&m;cHtppf b,folvJ} [k acgif;pOfwyfí vufeuftrsm;tjym; xkwfay;cJhonfh
e,fcsJUom w&m;cHjzpfonf/ OD;apmonf vufuikd w f w
k f vlowform;omjzpfojzifh ]t"du&efou l kd rsuaf jcrjywfoif}h
[k ajymifajrmufpGm &J&J0Hh0Hha&;om;NyD; tBudrfBudrf pdppfjyifqifí yxrqHk; &efoltppfudk az:xkwfcJhavonf/
puúL½Guf r½Sdaom oxHkrD;yGm;\ tmabmfonf wuúodkvfe,fajromru jyify owif;pmavmuodkUyif
ysUEH YScH \ hJ / wuúov kd af usmif;om;wdik ;f av;pm;cJo
h jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;\ tqkwt f cGmuif;aomfvnf; oxHrk ;D yGm;onf
tmPmydkifwdkU\ vufcsufrdum qkwfcGmcH&onf/
]]xdktmPmydkifrsm;um; wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;}} r[kwfacs/
308
(q) oHrPdwyfEiS hf ausmif;om;wyfO;D (1947)

ausmif;om;or*¾ OD;aqmifrIatmuf½Sd ausmif;om;wyfzGJUudk ppfBudKacwfutwdkif; oHrPdwyfzGJU&ef (odkU)
ausmif;om;wyfOD;[k zGJU&ef wuoü tpnf;ta0; jyKvkyfcJhonf/
]]ausmif;om;wyfOD;}} [k trnfcH&ef rJcGJqHk;jzwfonf/
¤if;wyfzGJUtwGuf zGJUpnf;yHk? wHqdyfrsm;a&;qGJ&ef AuotrIaqmifodkUwifjycJhonf/
¤if;ESpfrwdkifrDu Adkvfarmifuav;udk &efukefwuúodkvf oHrPdwyf jyefvnfzGJUpnf;a&;twGuf OD;aqmifrI
jyKyg&ef wuf<uaom ausmif;om;vli,fwpku wdkufwGef;arwåm &yfcHcJhonf/ oHrPd wyf0ifvdkolrsm;tm; aMunm
ac:,lvu kd &f m ppftwGi;f b0 tzHzk EkH iS hf tawGUtMuHKpHck o
hJ nfh &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;? zufqpfqefYusifa&; &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;?
rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwf wuf<u&ifhoefaeonfh ausmif;om;rsm; tm;wufoa&m a&mufvmNyD; oHrPdwyfom;rsm; vGwfvyf
a&;twGuf ta&;MuHKvQif wdkufyGJ0ifEdkif&ef tvdkYiSm oHrPdwyf acgif;aqmifrsm;u ppfoifwef; avhusifhay;NyD; p
wif taumiftxnf azmfcJhavonf/
1946 ck? 'DZifbmv (5) &ufwGif wuúodkvfoHrPdwyf ppfoifwef;trSwfpOf (1) udk enf;jyrSL;csKyf
udkbaxG;? enf;jyrsm;tjzpf udkusifvIdif? udkwifOD;? udkzdk;om? udkcif? udk0if;atmif (usqHk;) wdkUu oifwef;zGifhcJhonf/
(Z) twGi;f 0ef½;kH 0kid ;f pOfu (1947)

Auo OD;aqmifrIjzifh nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u twGif;0ef½kH;udk 0dkif;í qE´jy&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ xdkpOf
ynma&;0efBuD;rSm *VKefOD;apm jzpfonf/ *VKefOD;apmrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaomtzGJUwGif tzGJU0iftjzpf
bdvyfodkUoGm;aeí ynma&;0efBuD;wm0efudk apmbOD;BuD;u acwå wm0ef,lxm;onf/
tpDtpOfrsm;rSm Auoacgif;aqmifrsm;u ynma&;0efBuD;ESifh oGm;awGU&ef usef&Jabmfrsm;u twGif;0ef½kH;ü
qE´jycJh&efjzpfonf/ bk&ifcH\ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tpdk;&vufxufwGif tvHeD uGefjrLepfygwDonf twGif;0ef½kH;udk
0dkif;í qE´jycJh&m xdktcsdefu jynfxJa&;0efBuD; OD;bab (bBuD;bab) onf tvHeDrsm;udk rD;owfa&ydkufrsm;jzifh
vlpkcGJcJhonf/ þjzpf&yfrsKd; rMuHK[k rajymEdkif? MuHKcJhaomf aqmif½Guf&rnfh tpDtpOfrsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm; jyKvkyfxm;
onf/
odkY&mwGif tvHeDrsm;tay: oabmxm;yHkESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tay: oabmxm;yHkvnf; rwl/ qE´jy
ausmif;om;rsm; twGif;0ef½kH;odkY a&mufoGm;csdef rnfonfhvufeufudkifwyfrQ r½Sday/ rnfolrQvnf; wm;qD;jcif;rjyK?
wHcg;tm;vHk; zGifhxm;onf? twGif;0ef½kH;0if;twGif; 0ifMuí vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif a<u;aMumfoHrsm; [pfí qE´jy
vSnfhvnfMuonf/ AuoOuú| udkoef;armifu ynma&;0efBuD;tm; oGm;awGUonf/ Ouú| udkoef;armifESifh tzGJUjyef
vmaomtcg qE´jyolrsm; twGif;0ef½kH;twGif;½Sd ygvDreftaqmuftOD a½SUwGif pka0;aponf/ udkoef;armifonf
tvHwikd af jc&if;ae&mwGif ae&m,lum ]atmifNy?D atmifNy}D [k a<u;aMumfcahJ vonf/ ¤if;\ a<u;aMumfrrI mS twGi;f 0ef
½kH;udk atmifjrifpGm0dkif;í qE´jyEdkifjcif;tay: tajccHonf/ ,if;odkU 0dkif;pOf (22) c½dkifrS ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f
(210) a,muf? oHrPdwyfom; (50) a,muf? ausmif;om; wyfO;D (40) a,mufEiS hf &uo? wuo? AuotrIaqmif
tygt0if ausmif;om; (300) ausmf armfawmfum; (8) pD;jzihf twGif;0ef½kH;udk0dkif;í qE´jycJhjcif;jzpfonf/
(ps) AuoESifh ausmif;om;wyfO;D nDvmcH (1947)

AuoESifh ausmif;om;wyfOD; nDvmcHudk &efukefc½dkif ausmif;om;oydwfpcef;½Sd&m NrdKUrausmif;wGif jyKvkyf
onf/ Auo? wuo? &uowGif qdk½S,fvpfygwDESifh tquftoG,f½Sdolrsm; jynfolU&JabmfESif tquftoG,f½Sdol
rsm; yg0ifonf/
trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"gwf? ausmif;om;pdwf"gwf? EddkifiHa&;udk ½dk;½dk;om;om; pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf?
trsKd;rsKd; uGJaejcif;rSm aumif;aomtajctae r[kwfaomfvnf; wlnDrIwckrSm tm;vHk;onf vli,fausmif;om;yDyD
wuf<ujcif;? EdkifiHa&;ESifh ausmif;om;ta&; pdwf0ifpm; Mujcif;jzpfonf/
AuonDvmcHwGif awmif;qdkcsufrsm;? oydwfarSmufa&;? oydwfvSefa&; jyóemudk aqG;aEG;Muonf/
oydwfqufvSefvdkolonf rdrdtajccHESifh &yfwnfMuonf/ oydwfqufarSmufvQif vGwfvyfa&;vIyf½Sm;rI twGuf
309
taESmifht,Suf jzpfapovdk? AdkvfcsKyftpdk;&udk qefYusif&m a&mufapovdk ajymum vGwfvyfa&;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

ponfwYkdEiS hf udik af ygufMuonf/ oydwaf rSmuf&ef pOf;pm;cJph Ofu trsK;d om;a&;twGu?f ynma&; vdt
k yfcsurf sm;twGuf
oydwfarSmufcJhonf/
AuoOuú| udkoef;armifESifh &uoOuú| udkoef;<u,fwdkY OD;aqmifaomtkyfpku taMumif; trsKd;rsKd;jyí
oydwfvSef&ef aqG;aEG;onf/ rJcGJ&eftajctae a&mufvmonf/ oydwfvSefzufrS rJomcJhonf/
Auo nDvmcHNyD;aomtcg ausmif;om;wyfOD;nDvmcHudk qufvufusif;yonf/ ausmif;om;wyfOD;wGif
wm0ef,l vkyfaqmifaeolrsm;rSm-
udkbaxG; (aemif 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;baxG;)
udkusifvIdif (aemif aqmufvkyfa&; 'k-0efBuD;)
udkwifa½T (aemif &Jabmfcsrf;at;? pma&;q&m armifpl;prf;) wdkUjzpfonf/ nDvmcHwGif 'k-tBudrf
AuonDvmcHu ay;cJhaom wm0efudk aqmif½Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;wyfOD; zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;udk twnfjyK
onf/ ,leDazmif;ESifh wHqdyf trSwftom;rsm;udk twnfjyKonf/ rlvu oHrPd,leDazmif;tpm; ausmif;om;wyfOD;
wHqdyf trSwftom;rsm;udk ajymif;vJowfrSwfonf/
(n) trsK;d orD;XmetwGuf ñTeMf um;vTm

trsKd;orD;Xme[k oD;oefYxm;½Sdjcif;onf trsKd;orD;tm;vHk;\ ÓPfynmt&nftcsif; wdk;wufrI? &oifh&
xdu k af om tcGithf a&;wdYk ukd vGwv f yfpmG oD;oefY&vdrk tI wGuyf if jzpfonf/ OD;pD;acgif;aqmif trsKd;orD;XmerSL;onf-
(1) or*¾ausmif;olrsm;tay: Muifemcspfcif&rnf?
(2) onf;cHEdkifonfh t&nftcsif;½Sd&rnf?
(3) ausmif;om;rsm; oabmus ESpfoufjcif;udk cHEdkifonfh aumif;rGefaom t&nftcsif;ESifh jynfhpHkoljzpf
&rnf/ wif;jynfh? usyfjynfh rjynfhpHkvQifvnf; jynfhpHkatmif BudK;pm;&rnf?
(4) ygwDpGJ? yk*¾dKvfpGJr½Sdap&? ½SdcJhvQifvnf; 0wå&m;aus>yefpGm xrf;aqmifEdkif&rnf/
þtrsKd;orD;Xmeonf ausmif;pmaytjyif tjcm;A[kokw ynmÓPfwdk;yGm;rIudk &nf½G,fí wnfaxmif
xm;aMumif; odem;vnfxm;&rnf/ trsKd;orD;XmerSL;onf tao;pdwf wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif&ef tMuHay;
aumfrwDudk zGJUpnf;&rnf/ xdktzGJU0ifOD;a&rSm tajctaetvdkuf Munfh½Ií uefYowf&rnf/
xdkaumfrwDwGif trsKd;orD;XmerSL;uyif twGif;a&;rSL;taeESifh aqmif½Guf&rnf/ pm&dwåAv? um,Av?
ÓPAvwd;k wufru I kd &nf½G,fí um,AvrSL;? ÓPAvrSL;? pm&dwåAvrSL;ESihf wGzJ ufwYkd ukd ynmt&nftcsif;? vkyf
&nfudkif&nfwdkYudk Munfhí trsm;oabm wlnDcsuft& tjrefqHk;wifajr§muf&rnf/
¤if;tjyif oHrPdar (Girl Guide) tzGUJ udk vsifjrefpmG zGUJ pnf;&rnf/ oHrPdar pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk c½dik o f rH Pd
arrSL;\ ñTefMum;vTmay;ydkYrnf/ trsKd;orD; pmMunfhwdkufudkvnf; b@ma&;tajctaeudk Munfhí vsifjrefpGm
zGJUpnf;&rnf/
,ckavmavmq,fwGif trsKd;orD;XmerSL;onf atmufygwdkYudk vsifjrefpGm aqmif½Guf&rnf/
(u) aumfrwDzGJU&ef?
(c) um,Av? ÓPAv? pm&dwåAvrSL;ESifh wGJzufwdkYudka½G;&ef?
(8) oHrPdarwyfzGJU&ef?
oif\ wdk;wufa&;onf nDñGwfa&;tay:wGif wnf½Sdonf/ oifwdkY\ wuf&mvrf;c&D;wGif acsxdk;rI?
ywf0ef;usif\ aESmifh,SufrI? csD;usL;rItaygif;rsm;pGmwdkYudk awGU&rnf/ MuHUMuHUcHEkdifatmif BudK;pm;&rnf/
310
OD;oef;
(1945-46)
'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;tNyD;? 1945-ckEpS w

f iG ?f &efuek Nf rdKU r*dv
k rf;ü zGiv
hf pS cf ahJ om ta&;ay:wuúov
kd f ausmif;om;rsm;
or*¾\ Ouú|jzpfonf/ 1946-ckESpf? &efukefwuúodkvf jyefvnf zGifhvSpfaomtcgü ta&;ay:
wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm; or*¾ukd wuúov kd o
f r*¾tjzpf todtrSwjf yK&ef ausmif;om;xku qH;k jzwfco hJ nf/
odkY jzpfí ODoef;tm; ppfNyD;acwf wuo\ yxrqHk; Ouú|tjzpf todtrSwfjyK&onf/
OD;oef;onf &efuek Nf rdKU odrjf zLawmifyikd ;f wGif arG;zGm;cJo

h nf/ 10-wef; pmar;yGu J kd &efuek Nf rdKU pde*f Ref;a,mufsm;
uav;ausmif;rS 1939-ckEpS w f iG f atmifjrifco hJ nf/ wuúov kd o f Ykd qufvuf ynmoifMum;cJo h nf/ 1945-ck
ta&;ay:wuúodkvfrsm; (Emergency University Classes) odkY wufa&mufí 0dZÆm tydkif; (u) wGif
qufvuf ynmoifMum;cJo h nf/ 1945-46 ta&;ay: wuúov kd f ausmif;om;rsm; or*¾ Ouú| tjzpf a½G;aumuf
wifajr§mufjcif; cH&onf/
1946-ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHü trsKd;om;vIyf½Sm;rIBuD;rsm; ay:aygufcJhonf/ 1946 taxGaxGoydwfBuD;wGif

ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufcJhonf? uif;bJvfynma&; pDrHudef;zsufodrf;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ *syefacwf
'D*&DbUJG rsm;udk todtrSwjf yK&ef vkyaf qmifay;cJoh nf/ tBudKwuúov kd of ifwef; (Pre University) rS oifwef;
atmifolrsm; wuúodkvfqufvufoifMum;Edkif&ef aqmif½Gufay;cJhonf/ t*FvdyfESifh r[mrdwfppfwyfrsm;
odr;f ydu
k xf m;aom wuúov kd ef ,fajrudk jyef&atmif aqmif½u
G af y;cJoh nf/ ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mvli,frsm; tpnf;
t½H;k tultnDjzifh wjynfv;kH ausmif;om;rsm;udk pkpnf;um Auo? &uo wdYk ukd jyefvnfzYJG pnf; ay;cJo h nf/
OD;oef;onf ,ck tvGwfynmoif ausmif;q&mwOD;tjzpfjzifh ynma&;twGuf wzufwvrf;rS aqmif½Guf

vsuf½NdS yD;? Edik if aH &;toif;tzGUJ rsm;wGif yg0ifvyk af qmifjcif; r½Sad cs/
311
OD;oef;armif (ol&,
d )
(1946-47)
rEÅav;NrdKUZmwd? rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if\ om;jzpfonf/ 10-wef;pmar;yGJudk rEÅav;NrdKU A[dktrsdK;om;

txufwef;ausmif;rS 1939 ckEpS w f iG f atmifjrifcNhJ yD;? &efuek w
f uúov
kd üf qufvufynmoifMum;onf/ 1941
ckEpS w
f iG f wuúov
kd o
f r*¾ trIaqmiftjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&onf/
1947 ckEpS w
f iG f wjynfv;kH ausmif;om;oydwf ay:aygufc&hJ m? &efuek w
f uúov
kd o
f nf ausmif;om;rsm; oydww f iG f
yg0ifcJhonf/ t*FvdyfESifh r[mrdwf ppfwyfrsm; odrf;ydkufxm;aom &efukefwuúodkvfor*¾ taqmuftODudk
jyefvnf&½Scd o
hJ nf/ wuúov kd t
f aqmuftOD tcsKUd wGif useaf eao;aom t*Fvyd pf pfwyfrsm; tm;vH;k udk z,f½mS ;
ay;onf/
Edik if jH cm; ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;ESihf tquftoG,f &cJo

h nf/ 1947 ck arvwGif tdE,
d´ jynf r'&yfNrdKUü usi;f yaom
urÇmYausmif;om;0efxrf; (International Student Service) tm½SuGefz&ifh? 1947 ck ZGefvwGif
'def;rwfjynfü usif;yaom urÇmh ausmif;om;0efxrf; urÇmvHk;qdkif&m uGefz&ifhrsm;odkY wufa&mufcJhonf/
1947 Zlvdkifv csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;jynfwGif usif;yaom yxrtBudrfajrmuf urÇmYausmif;om;vli,f

yGaJ wmfoUkd wufa&mufcNhJ yD;? urÇmUausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (International Union of Students) ESihf qufo,
G f
cJhonf/ urÇmUausmif;om;rsm; or*¾aumifpD tpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&mufcJhonf/
ODoef;armifonf ,ck rEÅav; ol&,

d aeYpOfowif;pm t,f'w
D mcsKyftjzpf aqmif½u
G af eonf/
312
Source: YU History (Diamond Jubilee)
*syefacwfwGif zGifhvSpfcJUonfU &efukefwuúodkvf (,ck txu- 2? vom)

Source: YU History (Diamond Jubilee)
txuf- ppfNy;D p ta&;ay:wuúov kd f zGiv

hf pS cf o
hJ nfU &ef;a';&D;,m; taqmufttHk (,ck txu- 2? yef;bJwef;)
atmuf- ppfNy;D p &efuek w
f uúov
kd f tay:p;D rS jrifuiG ;f
313
Source: File Photo
tcef; (11)
Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru

kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI
'Dru
kd a&pDa&; vlUtcGifhta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
(1948 rS 1949)
(u) 1947-48 Auo trIaqmiftzGUJ

udkxGef;ñGefY Ouú| (,refESpf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;a[mif;)
udkwifa½T taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (&Jabmfcsrf;at;)
udkcspfoef; trIaqmif
a':i,fi,fpdef trsKd;orD;XmerSL;
(c) 1947-48 ynmoifEpS f a[majymyGrJ sm;

&efukefc½dkifausmif;om;or*¾taeESifh ]qdk½S,fvpf0g'qdkwm bmvJ} [k a[majym&ef qdk½S,fvpfygwDodkY
vnf;aumif;? ]uGefjrLepf0g'qdkwm bmvJ} [ka[majym&ef uGefjrLepfygwDodkUvnf;aumif; zdwfMum; a[majymap
cJhonf/
uGefjrLepfygwDuom vufcHí ocifoef;NrdKif? ocifwifxGef;? &JabmfatmifBuD;wdkY wufa&mufí a[majym
cJo
h nf/ qd½k ,
S vf pfygwDu xdt k pDtpOfukd c½dik t
f oif;wcku r[kwb f J wuouJo h Ykd aom tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;u vkyo f ifh
aMumif; tMuHay; ajymMum;í c½kdiftoif; zdwfMum;csufudk jiif;y,fvdkufonf/
a[majymyGJudk bDtdkpDaumvdyf pmoifcef; naeydkif;wGif ûyvkyf&onf/ a[majymyGJ rdk;csKyfvkeD;rS NyD;onf/
þa[majymyGJ jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf wuorS BuD;rSL;í atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfESifh ywfoufNyD; ½Sif;vif;a[majymyGJ
wck pDpOfonf/ uGefjrLepfygwDESifh zqyvwdkY qHkí ½Sif;vif;a[majymcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ yxraeUwGif uGefjrLepfygwD
ud,k pf m;vS,rf sm;u vnf;aumif;? 'kw,d aeYwiG f zqyvrS vma&muf½iS ;f vif; ajzMum;onf/ wuocef;r usO;f aeí
*syfqifcef;rü jyKvkyfonf/
314
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1948 rS 1949 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif
(*) 1948-49 Auo tvkyt

f rIaqmiftzGUJ
Auo nDvmcHusif;yaomtcg trIaqmifwzGJUvHk; uGefjrLepfygwDtEG,frsm; ta½G;cH&onf/
1/ udkoef; Ouú| (wuo Ouú|a[mif;)
2/ udkvS0if; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (aemif ñTefrSL;tqifhjrifhynm)
3/ udkat;armif trIaqmifrsm; (aemif ñTefrSL; orOD;pD;)
4/ udkbaumif; (aemif ausmif;om;a&;&mtajccHynm)
5/ udknDnD (aemif pma&;q&mvif;,kefeD)
6/ udkcspfoef;xGef; (aemif A[dkw&m;½Hk;a&SUae)
7/ udktkef;NrdKif (aemif OD;aqmifñTefrª; pm;âxG)
8/ udkcspfarmif (aemif b@ma&;ESihf pDrHudef; 'k0efBuD;)
9/ udkausmfatmif (aemif wuúodkvfbmomjyefESifh pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;
pmwnf;rSL;? pma&;q&mausmfatmif)
10/ udkwifa½T (&Jabmfcsrf;at;? pma&;q&marmifpl;prf;)
11/ udkpHvGif
12/ udkapmvGif
13/ udkÓPfcspf (a'gufwmOmPfcspf)
14/ udkatmifodef; (&Jabmfa0vif;? tvkyform;OD;pD;Xme)
xdkAuo trIaqmiftzGJUonf EdkifiHtwGif; jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmaom EdkifiHa&;ESifhtwl txl;wuf<upGm
vIyf½Sm;aeonf/
(C) 1947-48 wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ

1/ udkpdefvS Ouú|
2/ udk&efa0; 'k-Ouú|
3/ udkatmifjrifh aiGxdef;
4/ udkay:odef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
5/ udkomxGef; wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
6/ udkñGefYa0 wuúodkvfcsif; qufoG,fa&;rSL;
7/ udkbaxG; wuúodkvfausmif;om;wyfOD; wm0efcH
8/ udkarmifarmifausmf jyefMum;a&;ESifh 0g'jyefYyGm;a&;
9/ roef;oef;EG,f aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESihf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;
10/ udkvS pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
11/ udkarmifarmif (c) udkarmifBuD; tdk;a0r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwm
(C-1) 1947-48 wuotrIaqmiftzGJY vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;

1946-47 wuotrIaqmiftzGJU vufxufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;yg0ifaom oHrPdwyfudk zGJUpnf;onf/
wuou wuúov kd af usmif;om;wyfO;D wm0efcH qufvufxm;½Sdonf/ ausmif;om;taysmfwrf;wyfzUJG udk 1947 ckEpS ?f
azazmf0g&DvwGif tif;pdefwdkufyGJ jyif;xefaepOf wuorS zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ ,if;wyfzGJU0ifrsm;udk jynfaxmifpk jrefrm
EdkifiHawmf jynfolU0efxrf;wyf&if;? &efukefc½dkifwGif ppfynmoifwef; zGifhvSpf oifMum;ay;onf/ 1947 ck? Edk0ifbmv
(19) &ufwGif usif;yaom 'kwd,tBudrf trIaqmiftzGJUtpnf;ta0;wGif urÇmYausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU
International Student Service (I.S.S), H.Q (Geneva) vkyfief;ESifh zGJUpnf;yHkrsm;udk wifjyNyD; urÇmhausmif;om;
0efxrf;tzGUJ jrefrmEdik if aH umfrwD (International Student Service Burma Committee, University of Rangoon)
udk wnfaxmif&ef aqG;aEG;onf/
urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU\ XmecsKyfudk *sDeDAmNrdKUwGif xm;½SdNyD; q&mrsm;? vlBuD;vlaumif;rsm;ESifh
315
ausmif;om;rsm; yl;aygif; zGJUpnf;xm;onf/ oufomacsmifcsda&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rItay: tajccHonf/ urÇmhausmif;om;

tzGUJ jrefrmEdik if aH umfrwDukd wuorS OD;pD;í zGUJ pnf;&onf/ aumfrwD0ifrsm;tjzpf obmywdwOD;? 'kw,
d obmywd
wOD;? b@ma&;rSL;wOD;? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;wOD; xm;½SdNyD; trIaqmifaumfrwD0if OD;a&udk oifhavsmfovdk
cefYxm;Edkifonf/
(C-2) 1947-48 tdk;a0r*¾Zif;yg uAsm? aqmif;yg;rsm;
acwfqef;
olYEIwfrSmwJh ..... vGwfvyfNyD?
ighEIwfrSmwJh ..... vGwfvyfNyD/
jynftvHk;rSmjzifh
oDuHk;um xdkonfaw;udkrS?
csKd{pGm om,musL;ygvdkY?
jrL;wifh[efcsD/
ta½SUcGif arQmfumrSef;avawmh?
,aeUyif ay:vmxGef;ayxifh?
½Tef;a0qifh vif;a&mifjcnf?
Munfygayh ..... tdk ..... ½Iprf;/
odkY csdefjrwfwGifrS?
xlxyfum omapaMumif;ayy?
aumif;NzdK;a0 atmifvHvTifhygvdkY?
a'gif;tdk;a0 ac:oHqifhw,f?
ckjzifh acwfqef;/
ndK0if;
&Jabmf . . . . cs;D usL;ygonf (0if;OD;)

oif\toufonf i,fvSygao;onf? t½G,fonf EkvSygao;onf/ odkYaomf .....
tdk&Jabmf- oifonf rsufawmifarG;wqHk;udkom rMunfh? t½Snf½Iojzifh oifhudk csD;usL;yg\/
tdk&Jabmf- oifhtusKd;aumif;rIudkom rvdkvm;bJ trsm;twGuf tepfemcH&ef toifh½Sdí oif\ jrifhjrwfaom
pdwf"gwfudk av;pm;pGm csD;usL;yg\/
tdk&Jabmf- oif\OD;aESmufESifh trSm;trSefudk wduspGm a0zefEdkifpGrf;½Sdí oifhtm; tonf;ESvHk;Mum;rS azmufxGuf
vQHwufvmaom csD;usL;jcif;jzihf csD;usL;yg\/
tdk&Jabmf- oifhpdwf"gwfonf r,dkifrñGwf? oHrPdjzihfNyD;aom pdwf"gwfjzpfí axmyemum oifhtm;
csD;usL;jcif;trIudk ûyyg\/
tdk&Jabmf- oifonf oifh&Jabmfrsm;tzdkY ]&Jabmf} ]&Ja½Smf} r[kwf? a&ra&maom ]&Jabmf} ppfppfjzpfí
txl;csD;usL;yg\/
tdk&Jabmf- oifonf tbaumif;om;yDopGm tbvGwfvyfrIwckwnf;udkom OD;wnfum ppfxGufcJh\/ odkUvnf;
oifhBudK;yrf;rIonf c&D;qHk;wdkif ra&mufwwfao;/
tdk&Jabmf- oifonf usyfjynfhvGwfvyfa&;udk rdudkifEdkifonftxd yef;wdkifodkY OD;vnfroHk? OD;qHaqG;ajrh
ygvnf; rwGefYrqkwfbJ vufeufqGJudkifí csDwufygavmh/ tb ArmjynfwGif; z½dkz&Jjzpfaeonfudk Munfhrae
tm;ygESifh/ aoaomfvnf; O'gef;wGif&pfygapawmh? xdktcgrS ig\ csD;usL;jcif;udk tqHk;owfygtHh/
tdk&Jabmf- xdktcg tlwGif; toJESvHk;Mum;rS vQHwufaygufxGufvmaom csD;usL;jcif;jzifh txl;av;pm;pGm
igcsD;usL; OD;ñTwfygtHh/
tdk&Jabmf- xdktcgrS oifhtm; ]wdkif;jynfol&Jaumif;&Jabmf} bGJUxl;udk tyfESif;ygtHhownf;/
316
urÇmah usmif;om;tzGt
YJ pnf;rsm; (1947 td;k a0ygaqmif;yg;)
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh vnf;aumif;? ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh vnf;aumif;
qufoG,fNyD;pD;aom urÇmYausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf; (2) &yfrSm International Student Service (urÇmhausmif;om;
0efxrf;tzGJU) ESifh International Union of Students (urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾) wdkU jzpfonf/
urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf; A[dktzGJUcsKyfwnf&mXmerSm qGpfZmvefjynf *sDeDAmNrdKUjzpfí urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
A[dkXmecsKyfrSm csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;jynf y&wfNrdKUawmfü jzpfonf/ urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf; zGJUpnf;yHkrSm EdkifiHwdkif;
½Sd ]yl;aygif;aqmif½GufaeaomtrsKd;om;aumfrwDtzGJY} rsm;ay:wGif zGJUpnf;xm;onf/ trsKd;om;aumfrwDwdkif;onf
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; pnf;rsOf;ESifhtcGifhta&;½Sdí oD;jcm;vGwfvyfcGifh ½Sdonf/ xdktzGJUtpnf;rSm ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;
rsm;ESifh ygarmu©q&mBuD;rsm; yl;aygif;í OD;pD;vkyfudkifaom ]ud, k wf ikd u l aD &;} tzGJUjzpfonf/ wESpfwBudrf a'owdkufvHk;
f n
qdkif&mnDvmcHESifh EdkifiHwumnDvmcH jyKvkyfonf/ xdkEdkifiHwumnDvmcHtNyD;ü OD;pD;tzGJUnDvmcH usif;yonf/
urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ zGJUpnf;yHkrSm EdkifiHwdkif;½Sd EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ay:wGif zGJUpnf;wnf
axmifonf/ xdkEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rSmvnf; EdkifiHwGif;½Sd ausmif;BuD;rsm;? odyÜHwuúodkvfBuD;rsm;ü
ynmoif,laeaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wdkY\ or*¾rsm; pkpnf;zGJUxm;aom A[dkor*¾jzpfonf/ xdkEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾onf trsm;qHk;aom ausmif;om;xk\ udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfí zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk pnf;rsOf;Oya'rSm
'Drdkua&pDpHepfus&rnfh tjyif vufawGU vkyfaqmifrIrsm;½Sdonfh tzGJUtpnf;jzpf&onf/ xdkYtjyif a,mufsm;? rdef;r?
pD;yGm;a&;tajctae? aygif;oif;qufqHrI? EdkifiHa&;,HkMunfrI? bmomt,l0g'? vlrsKd; (odkY) tom;ta&mif? rcGJrjcm;em;
apbJ toif;ol? toif;om;tjzpf 0ifcGifh½Sd&rnf/ xdkurÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾[m ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\
tzGJUtpnf;jzpfí ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;uom vkyfudkifaqmif½Gufaom
or*¾ jzpfonf/ wESpfwGif wBudrf? a'owdkufvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHusif;yonf/ (3) ESpf wBudrf EdkifiHwumausmif;om;
rsm;nDvmcH usif;yí rjyKvkyfjzpfaom ESpfrsm;ü EdkifiHwum OD;pD;nDvmcH jyKvkyfusif;yonf/
þonfESifh ywfoufí Student ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol [laom a0g[m&ESifh (National Union of Students)
EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ t"dyÜg,fudk ½Sif;vif;&ef txl;vdktyfayonf/ urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf; zGJU
pnf;yHk? tkyfcsKyfyHk? pnf;rsOf; Oya'xJwGif Student ESifhywfoufí atmufygtwdkif; owfyHkñTef;onf/ Student
onf txufwef;? pufrIvufrI ynmoifausmif;BuD;rsm;? twwfoif odyÜHausmif;BuD; wuúodkvfrsm;ü txufwef;
ynm&yf ½SmazGoifMum;aeaom vli,frsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ ausmif;rsm;ü ynmoifMum;aeMuaom vli,fausmif;ol?
ausmif;om; uav;rsm; ryg0ifay/ uREkfyfwdkY ArmjynfESifh tdE´d,rSvGJí Student [laoma0g[m&onf EdkifiHwumwGif
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;udkom ac:a0:oHk;pGJavonf/ xdkYaMumihf ,leufpudk (urÇmhynmavmu"mwf ,Ofaus;rI
tzGJUcsKyf) rSwyg; urÇmhausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSm ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;i,frsm; or*¾ESifh vHk;0yif rqufoG,fEdkif
ay/ rywfoufoavmuf jzpfaeavonf/ xdkYaMumifh uREkfyfwdkYonf urÇmhausmif;0efxrf;tzGJU ESpfywfvnfnDvmcHü
vnf;aumif;? urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ OD;pD;nDvmcHüvnf;aumif;? ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;i,frsm;twGuf urÇmhtzGJU
tpnf;wck½SdoifhaMumif; tMuHay;awmif;qdkcJhaMumif;/
urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU\ tajccHrl&if;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUonf wuúodkvfrsm; tcdkiftrmnDñGwfa&;ESifh tvkyfwlyl;aygif;aqmif½Gufa&;wdkYudk
tiftm;BuD;rm;pGmjzihf wdk;yGm;BuD;jrifhap&ef urÇmtESHYtjym;ü ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;ESifh ygarmu©rsm; yl;wGJí
tvkyfvkyf&ef jzpfonf/ ¤if;\ vkyfief;aqmifwm t&yf&yfwdkYwGif t,l0g'? bmomwdkif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;? 'Drdkua&pDus
aom aygif;oif;qufqHa&; tm;vHk;wdkY\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yl;aygif;yg0if vkyfudkifMuonf/ tzGJU\ &mZ0ifrSm 1920
ckESpfwGif urÇmhc&pf,mef ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; tpnf;t½kH;u zefwD;ay;vdkufaom yxr ]]Oa&my ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; ulnDaxmufyHha&; aumfrwDtzGJUrS wqifh arG;xkwfvdkufaom urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUonf
jzpfay:vmavonf/ ausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUonf 1926 ckESpfwGif udk,fydkifoD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh
jynfhpHkaom tzGJUw&yf jzpfvmonf/ 1940 ckESpfwGif urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU? urÇmhc&pf,mef ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; tpnf;t½Hk;? urÇmha&0wD ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;or*¾ESifh ½dkrefuufovpf c&pf,meftzGJUtpnf;
wdkYonf ]]urÇmhausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; ulnDaxmufyHa&;tzGJU}} udk wnfaxmifcJhMuonf/ xdktzGJUBuD;\ tkyfcsKyfa&;
vkyfudkifrIt00udk urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUodkY wm0efvTJtyfxm;onf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
onf urÇmhausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; ulnDaxmufyhHa&;tzGJUBuD;ESifh qufoG,fcJhavonf/
urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU\ vkyfief;rsm;rSm ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;tm; ulnDaxmufyHha&;? EdkifiHwum
ynmoifMum;a&;? ausmif;om;twGuf wnf;cdktdrf? aq;½Hk? ,Ofaus;rI? A[dkXmersm; jyKvkyfjcif;? wuúodkvfrsm;ESifh
ywfoufí owif;tvJtvS,f ydkYaqmifjyefMum;a&;? ynmpl;prf;½SmazGa&;? ynmc&D;vkyfief; ponfwdkY jzpfavonf/
317
urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUü OD;pD;tzGJUESifh ½Hk;vkyfom;rsm;rS ty toif;0ifrxm;½Sday/ ausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUonf

yl;aygif;xm;aom tpktpnf; (3) ck ay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;ayonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm-
(1) oufqdkif&m toif;om;rsm;?
(2) yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufaeaom trsKd;om;aumfrwDtzGJUrsm;?
(3) ausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU\ rdwfaqGrsm;jzpfonf/
ausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU\ rdwfaqGqdkonfrSm tzGJU\vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk vltm;? aiGtm;jzifh axmufyHhulnD
jr§ifhwifay;vdkaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;? wuúodkvfq&m? q&mrrsm;? ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfavonf/
urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ &nf½G,fcsufrsm;rSm-
1/ wdk;wufa&;twGuf tvkyfvkyfudkifaeMuaom urÇmay:½Sd 'Drdku&ufwpf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;taygif;\
udk,fpm;vS,f tzGJUtpnf;tjzpf? xdkoabmxm;t& ausmif;ol ausmif;om;tm;vHk;\ udpöt00 taMumif;t&mrsm;udk
ulnDajz½Sif;&ef?
2/ a,muFsm;? rdef;r? pD;yGm;a&;tajctae? EdkifiHa&;,HkMunfudk;pm;rI? bmomt,l0g'? tom;ta&mif (odkY) vlrsKd;
rcGJrjcm;yJ xdkufwefaom tcGifhta&;? txufwef;ESifh rlvwef;jrifh ynm&yfrsm;udk vli,frsm;tzdkY &,l&ef? ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ wdk;csJUxm;aom ynma&;qkrsm;? tdrfrIaxmufyHha&; vdkaeaom ae&mrsm;wGif
ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfrsm;? ausmif;oHk; ypönf;rsm; tcrJh&jcif;ESifh ypönf;0wåK vGwfvyfcGifh&&efwdkYudk BudK;yrf; &,l&ef?
3/ usef;rmcdkifcHha&;twGuf taumif;qHk;jzpfEdkifaom aexdkifrI? pm;aomufrIESifh tcGifhta&;wdkYudk ausmif;ol? ausmif;
om;rsm; tm;ay;&ef?
4/ ausmif;om;avmuwGif vlrsKd;tm;vHk;\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;? vGwfvyfa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD cspfcifrIwdkYudk oHk;oyfap&ef?
5/ wdk;wufrItwGuf tvkyfwlvkyfaeMuí 'Drdkua&pDpepfusaom t&nftcsif;½Sdonfh pkpnf;nDnmí ausmif;om;xk
udk,fpm;vS,f jynfhpHkaom tzGJYtpnf;rsm;udk wckwnf; yl;aygif; zGJUpnf;vmEdkif&ef BudK;pm;&ef?
6/ urÇmay:½Sdausmif;ol? ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; rdwfaqGrsm;tjzpf wnfjrJap&ef?
7/ vufawGUESifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfusí trsKd;om;ausmif;om;xk udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUtpnf;rsm; tcsif;csif; wlnDaom
vkyfief;rsm;wGif yl;aygif;tvkyfwl vkyfEdkif&eftwGuf jyKvkyfaqmifMuOf;ay;&ef?
8/ ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tjcm;vli,ftaygif;wdkY yl;aygif;Edkifap&efESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;? vlrIudpö
t00wdkYwGif wm0ef0wå&m; wwfodem;vnfrI½Sdap&efESifh wdk;wufrI BuD;yGm;rI½Sdap&ef?
9/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHkjcHKa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;wukwfjyKvkyfaeaom tpdk;&tzGJYtm;vHk;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk udk,fxdvufa&muf tifwdkuftm;wdkuf ulnD&ef? onfrS ynma&;qdkif&mXme taqmuftODrsm;rS
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIESifh zufqpfpdwf"gwf0g'? pmaywnf½Sdaeonfh t&mrSeforQ wdkufzsuf&ef?
10/ EkdifiHwuma&;&mrsm;wGif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; pdwfyg0ifpm;rIjzpfap&ef jyKvkyfay;&ef? EdkifiHwum tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;\ ta&;rsm;udk wifjy&efESifh ausmif;om;rsm;\ {&mr ta&;wBuD; vkdtyfaomudpö
tultnDrsm;udk ae&mXme toD;oD;ü 0g'jzefUaMunm&ef? jyefMum;&ef?
11/ uRefEdkifiHrsm;? uRefEdkifiHom; EdkifiHrsm;? jyifytultnD,lí rSDcdktm;xm;ae&aom EdkifiHrsm;½Sd ausmif;ol ausmif;
om;rsm;tm; aygif;oif;qufqHrI? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ynma&;zGHUNzdK;aprI? jynfhpHkpGm&½Sdap&ef ulnDaxmufyHh&ef? onfrS
tqHk;pGeftxd xdkwdkif;EdkifiHrsm;rS ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh jynfolvlxktm; ¤if;wdkY\ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh wdkif;jynf
vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIwGif wwfEdkifaom tultnD taxmuftyHh tvHk;pHk ulnDrp&ef?
12/ urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;&m\ 0efxrf;vkyfief;wdkYwGif avmu"gwfynmESifh ,Ofaus;rIwdkY\ wdk;wufrIudk
xkwfa0&efESifh vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf wdkufwGef;EId;aqmf&ef?
urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾onf vkyfief;aqmifwmt&yf&yfwGif txufazmfjyyg pdwf"gwfjzifh ûyvkyf aqmif½GufoGm;
onf/ xdkvkyfief;rsm;udk A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUcsKyf\ acgif;aqmifrIjzifhom vkyfudkifoGm;avonf/ vkyfief;rsm;rSm-
(u) EdkifiHwumausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcH jyKvkyf&ef? tao;pdwfESifh tus,fvkyfief;? xdknDvmcHrsm;wGif vkyfaqmifcJh
aom &nf½G,fcsufrsm;udk wwfod em;vnfrI½Sdap&eftwGuf jyKvkyfay;&ef?
(c) EdkifiHwum vSnfhvnfa&;ESifh vJvS,fa&;vkyfief;?
(*) ausmif;om;csif; tquftoG,fvkyfief;?
(C) ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\ taMumif;t&m udpörsm;udk urÇmhowif;ydkYaqmifa&;jzihf ay;ydkY&ef? vufcH&ef?
(i) urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;r*¾ESifh ywfoufaom ½Hk;pmtkyf? pmwrf;? aMunmpmwrf;rsm;udk bmomt&yf&yfjzifh
xkwfa0a&;?
(p) upm;ckefpm;? usef;rma&;? aygif;oif;qufqHa&;?
(q) ygwDrxm;? wckwnf;aom bmomt,lroD;? ausmif;om;xk udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfaom ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;
318
rsm;udk vkdtyfaomtultnDESifh aiGaMu;axmufyHh&ef?

(Z) 0w¬Kypönf;? aiG? ulnDaxmufyHha&;?
(ps) urÇmhukvor*¾? urÇmhyknukovwdkYESifh t&if;ESD;qHk;aygif;oif;qufqHrI wnfjrJa&;?
(n) tjcm;EdkifiHwumtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;pGm aygif;oif;qufqHrI wnfjrJa&;?
(#) ynm? avmu"gwf bmom?,Ofaus;rI wdk;wufap&eftwGuf ynm½Sdrsm; yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufa&;vkyfief;?
(X) urÇmhausmif;om;or*¾ &nf½G,fcsufrsm;udk wdk;wufap&efvkyfEdkifonfh vdktyfaom tjcm; vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;?
(!) twwfoifqdkif&mXme zGifhonfhvkyfief;? q&m0ef? q&m? v,f,m? opfawm ponfh vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonf/
,cktajctaet& urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rSm twdkif;wdkif;½Sd wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; pka0;&m
Xmejzpf&m EdkifiHwum ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ axmufcHrIudk &½Sdí ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ taqmufttHk
rdbozG,f jzpfaeayonf/ EdkifiHwdkif;½SdEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾wdkYonf urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh
qufoG,fNyD;avNyD? urÇmh'Drdku&ufwpf vli,frsm;tpnf;t½Hk;ESifh yl;aygif;í urÇmh wdk;wufa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;? wu,fh
vGwfvyfa&;odkY vufwGJí OD;vnfrokef csDwufaeayonf/ urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾um; urÇmhausmif;ol? ausmif;om;
rsm;tm; atmifvHawmfabmifodkY 0ifa&mufckdvIH&ef zdwfac:vsuf-
À urÇmay:½Sd 'Drdku&ufwpf ausmif;om;rsm; touf½Snfygap?
À urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ wnfjrJygap?
À urÇmhausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh 'Drdku&ufwpfvli,frsm; touf½Snfygap?
À igwdkY\ tem*wftwGuf csDwufMuavmh[laom
À a<u;aMumfoHjzifh tvkyfvufawGU vkyfudkifvsuf ½Sdownf;/
armifarmifausmf
cGyfa'gif;
wacwfuRef;wGifjzifh
oepfqef;udkwJh xGifMujyef ..... /
a&S;,cif [dktwdwfrSmawmh
vnfNidwfum wGefoHcsKdwJh
wuúodkvf tdk;a0 a'gif;[mv
EGJYaESmif;um *kPfrmefx,fvdkY
rl&m<u,f ½Tif½Tifysw,f
uwJhyHkzef ..... /
wbmom onfwacwfwGifjzifh
b,ft[ef b,foepfayvJ
qef;opfonfh yHkoP²mef
cGyf[efjy *kPfxGm; /
avmuZr®L
vlcsif;twlwlrdkY
b,fvlb,folrdk;&rSmvJ
jrefrsKd;*kPf½SdefwufapzdkY
touf&,f zuf0,fxkwfumy
]]&iftkyfudk wrefjyKr,f}} vdkY
&JwkuGm rmefZmwdawGv
cGyfrnfh[ef a'gif;ysKdrd0,f
aqmifbdonfwum; ..... /
rif;ndKOD;
319
(i) 1948-49 wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ

1/ udk&efa0; Ouú|
2/ udkay:odef; 'k-Ouú|
3/ udkarmifarmif (1) aiGxdef;
4/ udkudkav; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
5/ rMunfMunfvS aygif;oif;qufqHa&;rSL;
6/ udkarmifarmifausmf EdkifiHaygif;pHkwuúodkvfausmif;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;rSL;
7/ udkwifjrifh vlxkqufoG,fa&;ESifh pnf;½Hk;a&;rSL;
8/ udkjroef; jyefMum;a&;ESihf 0g'jyefYyGm;a&;rSL;
9/ udkpdefjr ynma&;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;rSL;
10/ udkarmifarmif (2) pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
11/ udkarmifarmifoef; tdk;a0r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwm
ud&k efa0;rSm qd½k ,S vf pfygwDtEG,jf zpfonf/ xdt k csed f wuúovkd jf yify½Sd OD;aqmifygwDtEG,rf sm;½Sad omfvnf;
xdktcsdefxd ausmif;om;tiftm;pkzGJUí ta½G;cH&jcif; r[kwfyg/ yk*dK¾ vfa&;tajccHjzifh wuoa½G;aumufyGJwGif ,SOfNydKif
ta½G;cHjcif; jzpfonf/ tkypf w k pkwnf;rS ,SONf ydKifta½G;cHjcif;rsKd; r½Syd g/ xduk mv trIaqmiftzGUJ onf wyfaygif;pkuo hJ Ykd
jzpfaeonf/
tEG,f[k oHk;jcif;rSm oufqdkif&mygwD0if jzpfcsifvnf;jzpfrnf/ tcsKdUygwD0ifrsm; jzpfcsifrS jzpfrnf/ vdkvm;
axmufco H l OD;aqmifru I kd cH,v l o
kd rl sm; jzpfaumif;jzpfayrnf/ rnfoYkdyif jzpfap tEG,[ f o
k m oH;k vQif vHak vmufrnf[k
,lqygonf/
(p) 1948-49 &uo trIaqmiftzGUJ

1/ udknDnD (vif;,kefeD) Ouú|
2/ udkcifarmif0if; (½Srf;BuD;) twGif;a&;rSL; (aemif bPfrefae*sm)
&uou OD;aqmifí a½Twd*Hkbk&m; paeaxmifh½Sd wefaqmif;BuD;wGif
ukefaps;EIef; usqif;a&;twGuf ausmif;om;rsm; qE´jy tpnf;ta0;vkyfonf/
OD;xGef;atmifausmf OD;aqmifaom trIxrf;aygif;pHkor*¾? odrfBuD;aps;
A[dkor*¾? vrf;ab;aps;onfrsm; tpnf;t½Hk;ESifh yl;wGJum 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;?
vlwef;pm; wdkufyGJ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk wdkufyGJ0ifvIyf½Sm;cJhonf/
&uoOuú| udknDnD (vif;,kefeD)

(q) &efuek t
f pd;k &acwf wuúov
kd t
f ajctaeESihf vlrsK;d a&;jyóem
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;udk trsKd;om;nDñGwfa&;jzifh atmifjrifpGm qifETJcJhonf/
awmfvSefa&;BuD; NyD;aomtcg t,ltqa&;&m uGJjym;rI? *dkPf;*Ppdwf? yk*d¾KvfpdwfwdkYudk tajccHí vuf0JnDñGwfa&;
NydKuGJvmonf/ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh twl jynfwGif; rNidrfoufrIrsm; jzpfay:vmonf/ EdkifiHjcm; owif;XmetcsdKUu
vGwfvyfp jrefrmtpdk;&udk ]&efukeftpdk;&} [lí wifpm; oa&mfaeMuonf/
xdt k csed f &efuek w
f uúov
kd üf rarQmvf ifah om vIy½f Sm;rIjzpfvmonf/ ykord rf S ausmif;om;tcsKUd vlrsKd;a&;pdwjf zifh
u&ifolykefrsm;udk wdkuf&ef vIYHaqmfpnf;½Hk;Muonf/ ajrmif;jrc½dkifrS aqmfMoí &efukefwuúodkvf½Sd (___ aysmuf)
c½dkiftoif; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk zdwfMum;cJhonf/
tpnf;ta0;wGif ykord af usmif;om;tcsKdU\vIYH aqmfcsufukd vufrcHcMhJ uyg/ autef,?l autef't D kd jyóem
rSm tpdk;&ESifhom oufqdkifonf/ txl;ojzifh wuúodkvf&Sd u&if-Arm wdkif;&if;om; nDtpfudkrsm;Mum;odkY xdkjyóem
o,f,lvmjcif; rûyoifh[k tcdkiftrmqHk;jzwfMuonf/
tqdyk gudpEö iS hf ywfoufí &efuek w f uúov kd ½f dS atmufArmEdik if cH ½dik t
f oif; ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; wufa&mufaom
txufyg tpnf;ta0;rSm wuúodkvf½Sd u&if-Arm ausmif;om;xkMum; vlrsKd;a&;jyóem rjzpfap&ef? tjcm;vdktyf
320
aom udpörsm; yl;aygif;aqmif½Guf&ef atmufArmEdkifiHc½dkifaygif;pHktzGJU(Lower Burma Inter Distric League) udk

zGJUpnf;cJhonf/
Ouú| udkomxGef; ([Hom0wDc½dik )f (aemif oHtrwf)
'k-Ouú| udkwifvIdif (awmificl ½dik )f (aemif ñTefcsKyf? 0efxrf;a½G;cs,fa&;tzGJU)
twGif;a&;rSL; udkwifOD; (ajrmif;jrc½dkif) (aemif ñTefcsKyf yifpifOD;pD;)
trIaqmifrsm;rSm udkbdk;om ([oFmwc½dik )f
udkpdefbef; (oxHck ½dik )f (aemif pdkufysdK;a&;bPf refae*sm)
udkpdk;odef; (ajrmif;jrc½dkif) wdkYjzpfonf/
tzGJUtpnf; pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJ&ef udkwifOD;? udkpdefbef;wdkY (3) OD; yg0ifaom tzGJUudk wm0ef ay;tyfcJhonf/
rarQmfvifhyJ aygufzGm;vmaom xdktzGJUonf qdkif&mc½dkiftoD;oD;yg½Sdí wuoESifh pifNydKiftoGifaqmif
aeouJhodkY jzpfrnfpdk;aomaMumifh aemufydkif;wGif zsufvdkufonff/
(Z) 1948 taqmiftajctae

vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm; ae&mtESYHtjym;ü jzpfaecsdefwGif &efukefwuúodkvfudk qufvuf zGifhxm;onf/
taqmif ausmif;om;tcsKdU wpwp rdrda'oESifh tquftoG,fjywfvmonf/ c&D;vrf;rsm; vHkjcHKrIr½Sd? xdkESpfMo*kwf
vwGif wyfrawmfrS wyf&if;wcsKdU awmcdo k mG ;aomtcg wuotm; ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;ac:ay;&ef awmif;qdk
cJhMuonf/
&efukefwuúodkvf tmPmydkifrsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;xHrS taqmifaMu;r&í taqmif xrif;qufauR;&ef
rvG,fbJ ydwf&rnf[k xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/ xdkacwf taqmifp&dwfrSm ausmif;om;rsm;xHrS &½SdaomaiGudk oHk;&
jcif;jzpfonf/ taqmifae ausmif;om;tcsdKUrSm rdrdwdkUrdbrsm;u ydkYaomaiGrsm; ra&mufí ray;oGif;Edkifjcif; jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif wuúodkvf qufvufzGifhxm;onf/ taqmifae ausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh
xrif; qufauR;ae&onf/ taqmifp&dwf r½Sad wmhaMumif; ajym&if;ESiyhf if qufauR;ae&onf/ taqmifausmif;om;
tcsKdUonf taqmifa<u;wifru tjcm; toHk;p&dwfrsm;vnf; jywfvmonf/ tcsKdU tcsif;csif;acs;í vnf;aumif;?
r½Sdtpm ½Sdwefqm oabmjzifh ypönf;rsm; aygifvm&onf/
þodkYtajctaewGif bifwefaqmif (oD&daqmif) rS u&ifausmif;olav;rsm;onf aemif&mwkwf uav;
arG;&modkY oGm;Mu&m rdk;csKyftxd jyefrvmMu[k owif;xGufvmonf/ u&ifausmif;om;tcsKdUvnf; rawGY&awmh[k
owif;rsm; A[dkaqmifodkY ysHUESYHvmonf/
txufyg owif;rsm;taMumif;jyKí rnfolu vIYHaqmfvkdufonf rod? A[dkxrif;pm;aqmifwGif ta&;ay:
ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;BuD; jzpfvmonf/
tzGJUtpnf;wcku BuD;rSL;í ac:,ljcif;r[kwfí wa,mufwayguf qlnHvsuf½Sdonf/ wuo OD;aqmif
aom tpnf;ta0;r[kw?f trsKd;rsKd; xifjrifcsuf ay;Mu? a0zefaqG;aEG;Muonf/ rnfonfh wuúov kd t
f mPmydik wf Ykd urS
vma&muf xdef;odrf;jcif;? ½Sif;jyjcif;r½Sday/
rarQmfvifhaom jyóemay:vmonf/ trIxrf;aygif;pHk oydwfarSmufaeí Auoonf ausmif;om;oydwf
jzpf&ef BudK;yrf;vsuf½Sdonf/ Auo&Jabmfrsm;u tvdkvdk ausmif;ydwfjcif; rjzpfapvdk? oydwfray:cif ausmif;ydwfrSm
pdk;onf/
txufyg tajctaet& ausmif;om; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf ausmif;ydwaf &;udpu ö kd aqG;aEG;wifjyMuonf/
Auo &Jabmfrsm;todkif;t0dkif;rS rydwfa&;udk aqG;aEG;wifjyMuonf/ ¤if;wdkY aqG;aEG;csufudk vufrcH? em;xJr0if?
aemufqHk; xdktpnf;ta0;u ausmif;om;pktaeESifh rdrdwdkYbmom ausmif;ydwfaMumif; aMunmvdkufonf/
wuúodkvf tmPmydkifrsm;tzdkY taqmifxrif; qufauR;ae&aom jyóemrS xGufayguf &oGm;onf/
aemuf&ufwGif wuúodkvfudk w&m;0ifydwfvdkufaMumif; aMunmcsufxGufvmonf/
Auo? wuoESifh &uorS &J abmftcsKdU awmcdkoGm;onf/ wcsKdU axmifxJa&mufonf/ wcsKdU tif;pdef?
BudKUukef;wdkufyGJwGif wyfrawmfzufrS 0ifwdkufMuonf/
321
(ps ) 1948 ckEpS f ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI

1948 ckESpf? Zlvdkif (6) &ufrS (10) &uf aeUtxd AuonDvmcHudk usif;yonf/ ynma&; awmif;qdkcsuf
(10) csufESifh trsKd;om;a&;tqdk (10) csufudk AuotrIaqmiftzGJUu 1948 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (15) &ufaeY aeUpGJjzifh
tmPmydkifrsm;xH awmif;qdkcJhonf/
twGif;0ef OD;pdefndKxGef;u 1948 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (18) &ufaeYwGif AuoodkY jyefMum;csuf ay;ydkYonf/
xdktxJwGif pOf;pm;OD;rnf/ rMumrD jyefMum;OD;rnf[k yg½Sdavonf/ 1948 ckESpf? pufwifbm yJ&pfü usif;yrnfh
urÇmah usmifom;rsm;nDvmcHoYkd wufa&muf&ef b@ma&;tultnDukd tpd;k &xH awmif;cH&m b@ma&; tusyftwnf;
aMumifh ray;EdkifaMumif; jyefMum;cJhonf/
1948 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f (14) &ufaeYwiG f &uorS 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;rsm; ydwyf ifwm;qD;csuuf kd ½kyo
f rd ;f &ef?
ukefaps;EIef;wufrIudk tpdk;&u ydwfyifwm;qD;&ef? avmavmq,f jynfwGif;a&; udpörsm;ü EdkifiHjcm;rS tultnD
r,l&ef? q&mjzpfoifausmif;rS rw&m;zrf;qD;cHxm;&aom ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ &JacgifcspfvIdifudk tjrefqkH; vTwfay;
&efESifh 0&rf;xkwfcHxm;&aom ausmif;om;rsm;\ 0&rf;rsm; jyefvnf ½kyfodrf;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/
1948 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (31) &ufaeUwGif &uorS BuD;rSL;í a½Twd*Hk&ifjyifwGif ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;
usif;yum &uorS udknDnDu awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk tus,fw0ifh ½Sif;vif;NyD; Auo Ouú| udkoef;ESifh wuo
Ouú| udk&efa0;wdkY wufa&mufNyD; axmufcHpum;ajymonf/ 1948 ckESpf? pufwufbmv (6) &ufaeYwGif AuoESifh
&uou tpd;k &u xkwcf iG rhf ûyaom ausmif;om;*sme,frsm;udk &efuek Nf rdKUxJwiG f a0iSco hJ nf/ ajray: tmPmzDqefa&;
vkyfief; jyKvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ tpdk;&onf Auoacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; owday;aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefvmcJhonf/
1948 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (25) &ufaeY uefawmfrifyef;jcHü AuorS BuD;rSL;í trsKd;om;aeYudk usif;yonf/
obmywdtjzpf udkoef;u rdefYcGef;ajymMum;&mwGif
]]'Daeh[m vGwv f yfp Armjynf&YJ yxrqH;k trsK;d om;aehjzpfw,f/ tpdk;&u csKyfcs,frI Oya'awG? opömazguf
Oya'awGudk t&rf;rJhoHk;NyD; 'Drdkua&pDta&;udk qefUusifum zufqpf toGifaqmifaeygw,f/ 'gaMumifh zufqpf
qefUusifa&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&; wdkufyGJ0if&efvdkw,f/ zqyvu usif;yum ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;udk apmfum;wm
jzpfw,f? (28) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;aeUudk Auo usif;yw,f? 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkeJY aygif;Edkifw,f? 'gaMumifh
zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;? 'Drdkua&pDopf awmfvSefa&;pcef;odkY ta&mufydkYEdkifw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&wm zqyv tpGrf;
aMumif&h wm r[kwb f ;l ? qd½k ,
S af wG tm;aumif;vdYk &wm r[kwb f ;l ? t*Fvyd u
f ay;vdYk &wm jzpfw,f/ Armhvw G vf yfa&;
[m ppfNyD; urÇmhtajctaeay:rSSm trsm;BuD; rlwnfcJhw,f/
t*Fvdyfu ArmudkcspfvdkY vGwfvyfa&;ay;wmr[kwfbl;/
(1) Armvli,frsm; awmfvSefa&;pdwf jyif;xeftm;BuD;vdkY?
(2) 'kwd,urÇmppftNyD; ay:aygufwJh ukvor*¾rSm rJrsm;rsm;vdkcsifvdkY jzpfw,f/
Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyf aemufuG,frSm t*Fvdyfe,fcsJY&JY uvdefOmPf½Sdw,f? 'g[m bmvJqdk&if ArmUvuf0Jvrf;
pOfukd vuFsmazgujf yefa&; vrf;pOfohkd ajymif;vJa&;twGuf Armtpdk;&[m t*Fvdyf? tar&duef 'Drdkua&pDudk vufcHvm
atmif y&d,m,f qifxm;w,f? pD;yGm;a&;Muyfwnf;atmif zefwD;w,f? Armhqefpyg; pdkufysdK;a&;udk zsufqD;aom
tm;jzifh ArmhpD;yGm;a&; Muyfwnf;atmif zefwD;ay;&efjzpfw,f/ t*FvdyfeJY tar&duefwdkY[m Armtay: b,fawmhrS
raumif;bl;? ocifEt k pd;k &[m t*Fvyd ?f tar&duefwYkd&UJ tvdak wmf&d tpd;k & ½kyaf o;jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumihf 'Dae&muaeNyD;
bk&m; a,mifa,mif? w&m;a,mifa,mif? awmifr[kwf ajrmufr[kwf ocifEk arSm½f ;l acgif;aqmifwhJ zqyvtpd;k &udk
tjyKwfwdkufMuzdkY uRefawmf 'Dae&muaeNyD; av;av;eufeuf wdkufwGef;vdkufygw,f/}} [k ajymMum;oGm;avonf/
,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif Edik if jH cm;tultnD r,la&;tqd?k zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf OI ya'? opömazguf Oya'rsm; zsuo f rd ;f
a&;? 'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm; jyefay;&ef? vlrsdK;a&; t"du½kPf; wm;jrpfa&;? ynma&;&efyHkaiG wdk;jr§ifha&;? vlwef;pm;
aygif;pHk epfemcsufrsm;onf w&m;rrQwí tjrefqHk; ta&;,laqmif½Gufa&; paomqHk;jzwfcsufcsonf/ ,if; tpnf;
ta0;yGBJ uD;odYk trIxrf;aygif;pHk or*¾? odrBf uD;aps;A[dok r*¾? vrf;ab;aps;onfrsm;tzGUJ csKyf? ArmrGwq f vifueG u f &uf?
wdkif;&if;jzpfukefxkwfvkyfa&; tzGJUcsKyfrS wufa&mufonf/
1948 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (20) &ufaehwGif wEdkifiHvHk;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ausmif;om;aehusif;y&ef?
e,fcsJUpHepfESifh zufqpfpHepfudk ½IUHcs&ef? Auo? wuo? &uowdkY yl;wGJí aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefcJhonf/ wuo
oabmxm;rSm ausmif;om;xk w&yfv;kH ESihf wGzJ ufí trsKd;om;atmifyaJG eY? ausmif;om;aeYrsm;wGif trsKd;om;tiftm;pk
322
taejzifh csDwuf&ef? ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,f&efESifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;ESifh qefUusifaom tpdk;&\

csKyfcs,frIrsm;udk uefYuGuf&ef jzpfonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;wGif pGufzuf&efrvdk?
ynma&;udkom tm;xkwf&ef vdkaMumif;? trsKd;om;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;trsm; yg0ifvkyfudkifoifhaMumif;?
,aeU jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;aeaom vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;onf ygwD ya,m*ruif;aom vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;jzpfaMumif;? vlrsKd;a&;
vufeufuikd f ykeu f efrrI sm;udk urÇmeh ,fcsUJ vIy½f mS ;rI[k cH,Nl yD; ½Iwcf sonf/ u&ifoyl ek f ESrd Ef iS ;f a&;wGif ausmif;om;wyfO;D
zGJYpnf;í pmAl;awmifwdkufyGJwGif yg0ifwdkufcdkufonf/
323
OD;pdev
f S (1947-48)
yckuúLNrdKUZmwdjzpfonf/ yckuúLNrdKU 0ufpvDtxufwef;ausmif;rS (10) wef; pmar;yGJudk atmifjrifí 1937 ck

ESpw
f iG f &efuek w
f uúov
kd üf qufvuf ynmoifMum;onf/ 1946 ckEpS wf iG f &efuek w
f uúov
kd o
f Ykd jyefvnfa&muf½dS
í Oya'ynmudk qufvuf oifMum;onf/
1946-47 ckEpS wf iG f &efuek w

f uúov
kd o
f r*¾\ aiGxed ;f tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&í? 1947-48 ckEpS w
f iG f
wuúov kd o
f r*¾ Ouú|tjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&onf/ wuúov kd o
f r*¾ taqmuftODwiG f vkt d yfaom
pm;yGJ? ukvm;xdkif? pmMunfhwdkuf bD½dkrsm; jynfhpHkatmif vkyfaqmifcJhonf/
OD;pdev
f o
S nf vTwaf wmfa½SUaeBuD;wOD;jzpfí? &efuek cf ½dik f zqyvvli,f Ouú|? &efuek cf ½dik f zqyv trIaqmif
wOD; jzpfonf/ wuúov kd b
f UJG &olrsm;u a½G;cs,w
f ifajr§mufaom wuúov kd af umifpD vlBuD; wOD;vnf;jzpfonf/
324
OD;&efa0; (1948-49)
a&eHacsmif;NrKUd NrKUd rawmif&yfwiG f arG;zGm;onf/ rdcif? zcifrsm;onf a&eHwiG ;f pm;rsK;d ½k;d jzpfonf/ 10 wef; pmar;yGu
J kd
rif;bl;NrKUd tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;rS 1941 ckEpS w f iG f atmifjrifí &efuek w
f uúov kd üf ynmqufvuf oifMum;
onf/ 1945 ck ta&;ay: wuúodkvfoifwef;rsm;rSpí qufvufynm oif Mum;onf/
1946-47 wGif wuo taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; tjzpfjzifv h nf;aumif;? 1947-48 ckEpS wf iG f wuo'k-Ouú|
tjzpf vnf;aumif;? a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cHcYJ &onf/ 1948-49 ckEpS w
f iG f wuúovkd of r*¾ Ouú|tjzpf
a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cHc&hJ onf/
1948 ckESpfwGif jynfwGif;ppf pwifjzpfyGm;onf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif autif'Dtdkolykefrsm; ay:aygufNyD; tif;pdef?

awmifiNl rKUd rsm;udk odr;f ojzifah usmif;om;rsm; awmif;qdck sut f & wuúov kd af usmif; ydwaf y;&onf/ e,frS ausmif;
ol? ausmif;om;rsm;udk tcsed rf jD yefEikd &f ef pDpOfjcif;? e,foUkd rjyefEikd af tmif tquftoG,f jywfaeaom ausmif;om;
rsm;udk auR;arG; apmihaf ½Smufjcif;jyK&onf/ wuúov kd t
f aysmw f rf; ppfwyfukd jyefvnfxal xmifNyD; tif;pdew f u
kd yf JG
rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufwdkufckduf&m ausmif;om; (3) OD; usqHk;cJhonf/
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rS BuD;rSL;um wpfjynfvHk; ausmif;om;oydwf arSmufcJhonf/ wuúodkvf

oydwaf rSmufjcif; rjyKcahJ y/ tif'ekd ;D ½Sm;wGif 'wfcsf ppfwyfrsm;u 0ifa&mufwu
kd cf u
kd jf cif;udk qefYusiaf om tm;jzifh
e,fomvefoH½Hk;udk 0dkif;0ef; qE´jycJhonf/ udkvdkeDpHepfudk qefYusifum trsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJudk
axmufccH o hJ nf/
OD;&efa0;onf ,cktcsed wf iG f zqyv tzGUJ 0ifwpfO;D jzpfí a&eHacsmif;NrKUd e,f zqyv Ouú|? rauG;c½dik f zqyv
trIaqmif? rauG;c½dik f tvkyo f rm;aumifpD twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,l vkyaf qmifaeonf/
325
tcef; (12)

'Dru
kd a&pDa&; vlYtcGifhta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
(1949 rS 1950)
(u) &efuek cf ½dik af usmif;om;rsm; pnf;½k;H a&;jyóem

tif;pdewf u
kd yf aJG Mumifh ydwcf &Jh aom wuúov
kd jf yefziG Nhf yD; txuausmif;rsm;udv
k nf; ZGev f wGif jyefziG chf o
hJ nf/
odkYaomfvnf; Auo? wuo? &uo &Jabmfrsm;onf oydwfwkdufyGJwGif tcsKdU tzrf;cH&onf/ tcsKdU awmxJa&muf
oGm;onf/ tcsKdU &efukefNrdKUy:ü vQKdU0SufvIyf½Sm;aeMuonf/ Auoonf &uo tygt0if? wEdkifiHvHk;½Sd txuf
wef;ausmif;rsm;udk OD;aqmifvsuf½Sdonf/ awmxJa&mufukefMuí EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJ tqifhjrifhoGm;onf[k xifrSwfp&m
½Sdonf/ vufawGUqdkif&m or*¾rsm;onf ausmif;om;xkESifh tquftoG,f jywfoGm;onf/ Oya'twGif; ausmif;om;
pnf;½Hk;a&;twGuf w&m;0ifOD;aqmif tzGJUrsm; rJhouJhodkU jzpfaeonf/ NrdKUay:ü ausmif;om;xkonf tpdkiftcJvdkuf
½Sdaeonf/ ausmif;om;xkudk pnf;½Hk;vIyf½Sm;&ef tzGJUtpnf; r½Sdrjzpfyg/
wjynfv;kH ½Sd ausmif;om;vIy½f mS ;rIukd Auo? wuo? &uo paom &efuek ½f t dS zGUJ tpnf;rsm;om OD;aqmifrI
½Sdjcif;? &efukefausmif;om; tiftm;pkrSm trsm;pkjzpfjcif;aMumifh &efukefausmif;om; pnf;½Hk;a&;udk vspfvsL½Ixm;í
r&ay/ Auo&Jabmfrsm; ausmif;om;xkpnf;½Hk;a&;udk jyefvnfwmplMuonf/ &uoOuú| udknDnD (vif;,kefeD)
awmxJ a&mufaeonf/ 'k-Ouú| udktkef;NrdKifu Ouú|wm0ef,lxm;onf/ xdktcsdefumvu wuowGif udk&efa0;
tkyfpku qdk½S,fvpfygwDtEG,fjzpfí ygwDEdkifiHa&;udk qefUusifonfqdkaom oefY½Sif;wdkY yl;wGJOD;aqmifrI&aeonf/
odUk aomf ¤if;wdYk onf txursm;wGif OD;aqmifrrI &ay/ &uoESihf Auouom txursm;wGif OD;aqmifr&I xm;onf/
(c) &uo pnf;½H;k a&;aumfrwD (1949)

&uo pnf;½Hk;a&;aumfrwDudk zGJYpnf;cJU&m-
1/ udkpdk;odrf; Ouú|
2/ udkwifxGwf (pdef*Ref;txu) twGif;a&;rSL; (aemif armfuGef;xdef;? aq;-1)
326
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1949 rS 1950 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif
3/ udkpdk;Edkif trIaqmiftzGJU
4/ udkcifarmifñGefU (aemif A[dkw&m;½Hk;a½SUae)
5/ udkÓPfxGef; (aemif Oya'0efxrf; 1)
6/ udktkef;armif (aemif bPfrefae*sm)
7/ udkwifarmif (aemif yJcl;wdkif; ynma&;rSL;)
8/ roef;oef;jr
9/ rarar&D wdkY jzpfonf/
AuoESihf &uo oydwaf rSmuf&aJ bmfrsm; awmxJa&mufomG ;aomfvnf; ausmif;rsm;wGif or*¾zUJG pnf;jcif;udk
w&m;0ifydwfyifjcif; r½Sd/ xdktcsdefu yk'fr (5) onf ajcoGufvSaomaMumifh tpnf;ta0;tcsKdUudkyif vQKdU0Sufvkyf&
onf/ aysmfyGJpm;xGufonfh toGifjzifh &efukef wd&pämefO,smOf? tif;vsm;uef tv,fuRef;rsm;ü jyKvkyfcJh&onf/
(*) axmiftwGi;f rS 0ufom;ykyt

f a&;tcif;ESihf tjyifraS usmif;om;rsm;vIy&f mS ;rI
&efukefaxmiftwGif; yk'fr (5) ESifh a&mufaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;? EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf 0ufom;auR;
aomaeYü 0ufom;ykyaf eojzifh qE´jyMuonf/ tdyaf qmifrsm;odYk r0if&ef qE´jyMuonf/ aemufq;kH nbufwiG f axmif
tmPmydik rf sm;u rD;armif;BuD;rsm; xGe;f um ½du k Mf uonf/ xd½k u kd yf wJG iG f &Jabmfuakd tmifxeG ;f (aemif a'gufwmatmifxeG ;f
arhaq;) aoqHk;oGm;onf[k owif;xGufvmonf/ xdktcg ausmif;om;wOD; aoqHk;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí AuoESifh
&uo &Jabmfrsm; qE´jy&ef pDpOfcJhonf/
wuúov kd af usmif;om;wOD; udpjö zpfí wuoOuú| ud&k efa0; rjiif;omawmhbJ qE´jyyGv J yk &f ef yl;wGaJ umfrwD
udk zGJUpnf;cJhavonf/
udk&efa0; Ouú|
udkpdk;odrf; 'k-Ouú|
-tjzpfyg0if aqmif½GufcJhonf/
bwfpu f m;rsm;jzihf &efuek af xmifBuD;udk 0dik ;f 0ef;a<u;aMumf qE´jyMuonf/ odrBf uD;aps;a'gifw h iG f um;rsm;ydw&f yf
í vlxu k kd ½Si;f vif;w&m;a[monf/ ausmif;olrsm;uvnf; um;trd;k ay:wufí axmifxw J iG jf yKvyk cf ahJ om udpu ö kd uefYuuG f
tqdkwifoGif; qHk;jzwfonf/ qE´jyyGJrSm arQmfvifhonfxuf ydkatmifjrifcJhonf/
þqE´jyyGJ t½SdefaMumihf tpdk;&rSm owif;tarSmif rcsEdkifawmhbJ w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf? w&m;a&;&m0efBuD;
a'gufwmat;armifrSm &JabmfatmifxGef;udk "gwfyHk½dkufum owif;xkwfjyefay;cJhonf/ xdkaeY ausmif;om;rsm;\
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm-
(1) tpdk;&onf wuúodkvfausmif;udk aiGa&;aMu;a&;aMumifh ydwfyif&rvdk Ncdrf;ajcmufaeonfudk ½Iwfcsvsuf
vHkavmufaom aiGaMu;axmuftyHhudk ay;&ef?
(2) &efukefaxmiftwGif; zufqpfqefqefjyKrlcsufudk jyif;xefpGm½Iwfcsvsuf twdtus od&eftwGuf axmif
twGif; 0ifa&mufMunfh½IcGifhay;&ef?
(3) ¤if;axmiftwGif; pHkprf;&eftwGuf tzGJUwckzGJUpnf;&efwdkYudk qHk;jzwfvdkufNyD;vQif tqdkyg tzGJUtwGuf vl
(5) a,muf a½G;cs,fvdkufonf/
1949 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f (5) &ufaeYüvnf; wuúov kd af usmif;om;r*¾ ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;w&yf usif;yNyD;
ausmif;vcrsm; wdk;,lxm;onfudk avQmh&ef trsm;oabmwl qHk;jzwfonf/ xdkaemuf wuúodkvfaumifpDodkY
ausmif;om;rsm; csw D ufqE´jyawmif;qd&k m tmPmydik rf sm;onf ausmif;ydw&f uf enf;aeNyDjzpfojzifh 'kw, d tywf ausmif;
jyefzGifhrS pDpOfay;rnf[k ajymqdk&m ausmif;om;rsm; vufrcHí qufvufqE´jy&m ausmif;tmPmydkifrsm;u ausmif;
aqmifvcrsm; avQmh&ef oabmwlcJh&onf/
(C) 1949ckEpS f &uoudk w&m;0ifzUJG pnf;jcif;ESihf trsK;d om;aeYusi;f yjcif;

wuo taqmuftODcef;rü &efuek Nf rdKUay:½Sd ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk zdwMf um;um trsKd;om;aeY usif;ya&;
twGuf nd§EIdif; aqG;aEG;cJhNyD; &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (&uo) udkvnf; pepfwus w&m;0if zGJYpnf;cJhonf/
327
1/ udkpdk;odrf; Ouú|
2/ udkwifxGwf twGif;a&;rSL;
3/ udktkef;armif pnf;½Hk;a&;rSL;
4/ udkxGef;<u,f jyefMum;a&;rSL; (aemif OD;OmPfxGef;- bPfrefae*sm 1)
5/ udkjrifhodef; ausmif;om;wyfOD;wm0efcH (aemif tajccHynmausmif;oHk;pmtkyf)
6/ roef;oef;jr trsKd;orD;XmerSL;
7/ rarar&D aiGxdef;
xdkESpfwGif &uorS OD;pD;í zqyvESifh tNydKif trsKd;om;aeYudk uefawmfrifyef;jcHü usif;ycJhonf/ txurS
ausmif;om;rsm;? wuúodkvfrS ausmif;om;rsm; (&uoudk axmufcHolrsm;)? zqyvudk raxmufcHaom tjcm; tzGJY
tpnf;rS yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm; tifwdkuftm;wdkuf wufa&mufMuonf/
trsKd;om;a&;? 'Dru kd a&pDa&;? ynma&;ESiyhf wfoufaomtqdrk sm;? zdEydS cf sKyfcs,fru
I kd qefYusifaomtqdrk sm;udk
ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;om rubJ tjcm;tzGJUtpnf;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;vnf; yg0ifwifoGif;qHk;jzwfcJhonf/
trsKd;om;aeY aMunmcsufudk xkwfjyefNyD; NrdKUwGif;odkY pepfwus vSnfhvnf a<u;aMumfcJhonf/
(i) 1949-50ckEpS f wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ

1/ udkarmifarmifausmf Ouú| (aemif a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf)
2/ udkusifvdIif 'k-Ouú| (aemif aqmufvkyfa&; 'k-0efBuD;)
3/ udkaiGodef; aiGxdef;
4/ udkudkav; taxGtaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
5/ udk0if;az urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUqufoG,fa&;rSL;
6/ udkbdk;om 0g'jyefYyGm;a&;rSL;
7/ udkausmfvdIif ynma&;rSL;
8/ udkat;udk vlxkqufoG,fa&;rSL;
9/ udkpHxGef;a0 pnf;½Hk;a&;rSL;
10/ udkwif0if; pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
11/ udkudkBuD; tdk;a0r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwm
(p) ausmif;om;aeYusi;f yjcif;

AdkvfatmifausmfusqHk;cJhaom 'DZifbmv (20) &ufudk ausmif;om;aeYtjzpf owfrSwfum 1947 ckESpf
ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;rS awmif;qdkcsuft& ausmif;ydwf&uftjzpf owfrSwfcJhavonf/
ausmif;om;aeY yl;wGJusif;ya&; tpnf;ta0;odkY wuorS udkarmifarmifausmf? udkusifvdIif? udkudkav;?
udkzdk;om? &uorS udkpdk;odrf;? udkwifxGwf? udktkef;armif? udkjrifhodef;wdkY wufa&mufcJhMuonf/
&uou wuorS oefY½Sif;ausmif;om; trIaqmifrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;qefYusifol? ausmif;om;ta&;udk
jywfjywfom;om; aqmif½Gufrnfhol r[kwf[k vnf;aumif;? wuou &uo trIaqmifrsm;udk ygwDEdkifiHa&;
ya,m*½Sdolrsm;? uGefjrLepfygwD tEG,frsm;[k owfrSwfjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif; wzufESifhwzuf aqG;aEG;&mwGif
oabmwlnDrI&&ef cufcJcJhonf/
1949 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (19) &ufaeUwGif &uoonf wuoESifh yl;wGJí rusif;yEdkifaMumif;udk aMunmcJh
onf/ wuoonf wuúodkvfwGif vnf;aumif;? &uoonf uefawmfrifyef;jcHwGif usif;y&ef pDpOfcJhMuonf/
uefawmfrifyef;jcHü &uou tcrf;tem;usif;yaepOf wuotzGJUrsm; uefawmfrifyef;jcHodkY csDwufvmNyD;
ta&;ay: ñSdEIdif;tpnf;ta0;ûyvkyfum yl;wGJusif;ycJhavonf/
wuo Ouú| udkarmifarmifausmfu obmywd tjzpfvnf;aumif;? tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf &uo twGif;
a&;rSL; udkwifxGwfu vnf;aumif;? wuorS twGif;a&;rSL; udkudkav;ESifh &uorS Ouú| udkpdk;odrf;wdkYu a[majymcJh
onf/
328
(q) Aef;armfausmif;om; ajcmufO;D udpö

w&m;0if AuorSm ysufaeí ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm xdktcsdefu &uoudk rPÖdKifxm; vIyf½Sm;aeMuonf/
EdkifiHawmfopömazmufrIjzifh w&m;pGJcH&aom Aef;armfrSawmcdkonfh ausmif;om; (6) OD; udpaö y:vmonf/ xdkOya'rSm
tjrifhqHk; ao'Pfay;Edkifonf/
&uoonf 0efBuD;XmeodkY uefYuGufpm ydkYívnf;aumif;? txuESifh wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; A[dktrsKd;
om;ausmif; (,ck txu- 1? vom) ü ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;ycJhonf/
udkwifndK? udkxGef;<u,fwdkY ½Sif;vif;a[mMum;NyD; txufyg udpu
ö dk uefYuGufaom tqdkrsm; csrSwfcJhonf/
qE´jyum;rsm;jzihf or®wBuD;tdrfodkY oGm;a&mufum uefYuGufvTm ay;cJhonf/ þodkY uefYuGufyGJrsm; jyKvkyfaecsdef
twGif;rSmyif ausmif;om; (6) OD;udk vTwfvdkufNyDjzpfaMumif; owif;xkwfjyefcJhonf/ ausmif;om;xkatmifyGJyif
jzpfonf/
(Z) urÇmNh ird ;f csr;f a&; qE´jyvufrw

S af umufcjH cif;
xdktcsdefu urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;aumfrwD Ouú|rSm '*kefwm&m jzpfonf/ udkpdk;odef;onf xdktzGJUwGif &uo
Ouú|taeESifh yg0ifcJhonf/ urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf yefMum;vTmxkwfjyefum qE´jyvufrSwfrsm; aumufcHcJhonf/
tpnf;ta0;udk (51) vrf;? ausmfvif;pmaywdkufwGif jyKvkyfcJhonf/ urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;? tEkjrLAHk;ydwfyifa&; qE´jy
vufrSwfrsm; aumufcHcJhonf/
(ps) wuúov
kd n
f aeoifwef; zGiv
hf pS cf jhJ cif;
&uorS OD;aqmifí uRe;f awmvrf;½Sd Munfjh rifwikd f txuwGif wuúovkd f naetxl;oifwef;udk zGiv
hf pS Ef ikd f
cJhonf/ xdkausmif;tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwD Ouú|tjzpf udkoef;xGef; (aemif a'gufwmoef;xGef;) u wm0ef,lonf/
oifwef;udpörsm;udk udknDnD (aemif a'gufwmnDnD) u trsm;qHk; ulnDcJhavonf/ oifwef;wGif rSwfyHkwifaMu;
1d^- (wusyf) om aumufcHcJhonf/
(n) 1949 ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI

1949 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&DvwGif jynfwiG ;f a&;tajctae waeYwjcm; ½Iyaf xG;vm&m Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufaeYwiG f
wuorS BuD;rSL;í ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;ycJhonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;ü tqkd (6) &yf wifoGif;cJh&m-
(1) wuúodkvfaumvdyfrsm; &uftuefYtowfr½Sd ydwfxm;&ef?
(2) vuf½SdvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;ESifh ywfoufí tpdk;&\ tjyKtrludk ½IwfcsaMumif;?
(3) tpdk;&trIxrf; vpmrsm; ½Sm;yg;p&dwf jzwfawmufjcif;udk rESpfNrdKUaMumif; ponfwdkY yg½Sdavonf/
þodkYjzifh jyif;xefaom vIyf½Sm;rIrsm; rsm;jym;vm&m wuúodkvfaumvdyfESifh NrdKUrausmif;BuD;rsm; ydwfvdkuf
&onf/
1949 ckeSpf? azazmf0g&Dv (7) &ufaeYwGif trIxrf;aygif;pHkoydwfBuD; arSmuf&mwGif trIxrf;aygif;pHkoydwf
BuD;udk axmufcHaom tm;jzifh AuorS OD;pD;í &uo vufatmufcH ausmif;rsm; oydwfarSmufMuonf/
1949 ckESpf? azazmf0g&D (26) &ufaeYwGif r[mAE¨Kvyef;jcHü oydwfarSmuf trIxrf;aygif;pHkESifh ausmif;
om;rsm; yg0ifonfh pnf;a0;yGJBuD;ü a[majymcJhaom AuoOuú| udkoef;udk zrf;qD;NyD; ½Hk;wifppfaq;um axmif'Pf
(4) v? yk'rf 5(c) jzihf tjypfay;vdkufonf/
&uoESifh wuo acgif;aqmifrsm;udkvnf; vdkufvHzrf;qD;onf/
þodkYjzifh trIxrf;aygif;pHk oydwfBuD;ESifh AuoOD;aqmifaom Ouú|a[mif; udkoef;armifonf awmcdkoGm;
onf/ Auo? &uo? wuo tzGJU0ifrsm;ESihf eD;pyf&m ausmif;om;rsm; awmcdk&m AuorSm NydKuGJoGm;onf/
ausmif;om;avmuwGif tcsif;csif; pdwf0rf;uGJrIrsm; jyif;xefvmonf/
329
(#) 1949 td;k a0r*¾Zif;yg uAsm? aqmif;yg;
cGyfa'gif;
jrwfav;½Si-f a½Tw*d ukH Re;f rSmv? wif&h eT ;f um jzma0vGiu
f o
hJ Ykd? pmaypOf&yd o
f mcef;qDu? ,Suo
f ef;wJv
h nf;
a&mifysKd/ arSmifwcdkYudkv? a&mifysKdUum ½Tef;vQHwifhapbdkY? wGef;vSef bGifhumy aZ,smqdk/ /
NrdKifZr®L vGwf&m pcef;qDodkY? NydKiftwlñGwfum vSrf;atmifv? ,Sufoef;a0 pnfvGifwJhaejcnfudk
rSDcdkatmif;ygvdkY? ausmif;,Hudk a'gif;ysHjref;cJhaygh? wifhqef;wJh ueufA[dk? wuúodkvfwJh-'dkYa½Tausmif;/ /
rdk;a&ajr xl;umyGifhapzdkU? tdk;a0a0usL;oHvTifhumy? jrL;vQHwifhaejcnfjrifhu? jrndK½Sifrmeftif oHk;&yfv?
uRefynm- uReftxHk;wdkY&,f? vGwf&mudk ZGwfcGm ½kef;ayawmh-]]tdkuG,f}} bkef;eJYcGyfa'gif;/ /
a0vif;
or*¾
ArmhuRefoabmuf &mZ0ifwavQmufwGif qlylawmfvSefrI? aoG;pnf;tHk<urIwdkYonf igwdkY ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS
pwif ysKd;axmifcJhavonf/ uReftrdkufarSmifzHk;vTrf;aepOf tEdkifrcH t½HI;ray;aom pdwfxm;jzifh ArmwrsKd;vHk;tm;
uRefwGif;rS u,fwif&if; aoG;ajrusonfhwdkif? e,fcsJUorm;tm; vGwfvyfa&;&,l&eftvdkYiSm aoG;wdkYjzifh ,ZfylaZmfoGm;Mu
aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh AdkvfatmifausmfwdkYonf igwdkYor*¾rSyif xGufay:vmMuonf/
or*¾pdwfjzifh >yrf;aom udk,frSxGufonfh aoG;eDa&mifcHwGif; cGyfa'gif;½kyfta&;½Sdaom tvHawmfonf ol&JBuD;atmif
vHrS qif;oufaom igwdkYor*¾\ txGwftjrwf atmifvHyifjzpfavonf/
þ&JaoG;? &Jrmefwdk;apaom cGyfa'gif;tvHawmfatmufwGif or*¾pdwf udef;atmif;jcif;cH&aom Armhom;aumif;pk
&wemrsm; pk½Hk;cJhMuonf/ tepfemcHum pGefYpm;jcif;wdkYjzifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk tkwfjrpfcscJhMuonf/ ,ckvnf;pk½Hk;
Mu&rnf/ vGwfvyfa&;wnfwHhrItwGuf BudK;yrf;Murnf/
tEdkifrcH t½HI;ray;aom or*¾pdwf½SdolwdkY or*¾atmifvHawmfatmufwGif y#dyu©jzpfMuonfrSm "r®wm[k qdkjim;
vnf; ,aeYjzpfyGm;rIum; ygwDya,m* ruif;onfrSm xif½Sm;vSayonf/ y#dyu© jzpfyGm;rI½SdrS wkd;wufonfudk ig
axmufcH,HkMunfonf/ odkYaomf y#dyu© jzpfvGef;u uGJtufrnfudk pdk;&drf&onf/ uGJtufaMumif;ay:rnf xifwdkif;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? AdkvfatmifausmfaoG;wdkYjzifh zgax;jrJjrHap&ef or*¾pdwf½SdolwdkY\ oefY½Sif;aom 0g'w&yf jzpf&ay
rnf/
]]owdrrl *lrjrif}} qdkonfhtwdkif; or*¾pdwf½Sd ol&Jaumif;wdkY tcsif;csif;udkom rMunfhrlbJ ywf0ef;usifudk *½k
jyKoifh vSayonf/ igwdkY uGJtufrnDrñGwf jzpfMuaomf tmPmydkifwdkY or*¾tm; vspfvsL½IMuonf/ 0rf;omaompdwf
vTrf;aom rsufvHk;wdkYjzifh MunfhMuonf/ tacsmiform;wdkY or*¾tm; ykwfcwf tjypfajymMuonf/ ysuf&,f ûyMuonf/
jynfolY0efudk xrf;aqmif&if; uG,fvGefoGm;½Smonfh tvkyform;? v,form;wdkY\ rD;½I;wef;wefaqmif ypönf;rJhA[def;?
tmPm½SifvSa½T ponfh Armhom;aumif;&wem tjrKawrsm; xGef;um;atmifajrt&yfwGif wnf½Sdaom or*¾taqmuf
tODtm; rxDrJhjrifp jyKavNyD/
tb,faMumifh þtjyKtrl jyKusifhcH&oenf;[k qef;ppfaomf or*¾pdwf½SdolwdkY pnf;vHk;rI Avm tjypf½Smaejcif;wGif
taumiftxnf azmfaejcif;aMumifhyifjzpf\/ or*¾pdwf½SdolwdkY pnf;vHk;rIum; ygwDpdwftjrpfudk y,fzsufrSom jzpfEdkif
ayrnf/ or*¾rSuif;vGwfvQif rnfonfhygwD? rnfonfh 0g'udkvdkufvdkuf udk,fhtBudKuf vkyf&efjzpfaomfvnf; or*¾wGif½Sd
aepOfwGifum; ausmif;om;0g'ESifh ausmif;om;ygwD[k ac:&rnf/ or*¾0g'udk vdkuf&rnfh or*¾pdwfudkom oefY½Sif;pGm
arG;jrL oifhayonf/
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif AdkvfatmifausmfESifh rEÅav;tmZmenfwdkY\ aoG;jzifh eDjref;0ifh0gcJhaom igwdkY or*¾tvH
awmftm; OD;ñTwfí or*¾*kPf rñSdK;EGrf;ap&ef wm0ef½SdolwdkYrSm or*¾pdwf½Sdol igwdkYyif? igwdkY\ wm0efum; opöm½SdpGmESifh
wu,fwef; ausmif;om;tusKd; b0opfodkYa&muf&ef aqmif½Guf&efom½Sdayonf/ ausmif;om;xk\ a½SUrS rm;rm;rwf
rwf&yfí oHrPdpdwf"gwfjzifh wdkuf&Jol? wdkif;jynftm; or*¾onf rD;½I;wefaqmifozG,f jzpfapvdkolwdkYonf or*¾wGif
or*¾pdwf&ifhoefpGm a0zefMu&rnf/ qef;ppf&rnf/ tcsif;csif; ½dkif;yif;&rnfrSm "r®wmyif? odkYrSom or*¾onf
oefY½Sif;rnf? wdk;wufrnf/
twdkcsKyfqdk&aomf or*¾pdwf½Sdol igwdkYonf tEdkifrcH t½IH;ray;aom 0g'jzifh ausmif;om;xktusdK; o,fydk;aepOf
rnfonfh avmu"Hw&m;\ vufwGif;odkY usa&mufaeaomfvnf; rwkefrvIyf ridka<u; uHw&m;\ ½dkufykwfcsjcif;
330
'PfcsufaMumifh igwdkY\ OD;acgif;onf aoG;oHwdkYjzifh &J&JeDapumrl igwdkYum; OD;rñTwf? aoG;tvdrf;vdrf; uyfaom

vufwdkYjzifh or*¾tvHtm; udkifaqmifí EdkifiHawmfvlxktm; or*¾onf rD;½I;wefaqmiftjzpf vrf;ñTefjyovQuf
csDwuf&efom oEdéXmefcscJhavNyD/
udkudkav;
(X) 1945 rS 49 xd Auo

ppfNyD;acwf 1945 ckESpf rS 49 ckESpfxd (5) ESpfwm umvtwGif; AuoXmecsKyfwGif tvkyftrIaqmif (5)
qufESifh Ouú| (6) OD; ½SdcJhonf/ 1945 ckESpf AvpXmecsKyfwGif wnfaxmifaom Auo|mecsKyf tvkyftrIaqmif
aumfrwDrSwyg; usef½Sdaom Auo|mecsKyf tvkyftrIaqmifaumfrwD av;qufudk nDvmcHrsm;ü a½G;aumufwif
ajr§mufcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
,if;nDvmcHrsm;rS a½G;aumufwifajr§mufvdkufaom Auo|mecsKyf Ouú|rsm;rSm-
udkoef;xGef; 1946 ckESpf Zlvdkifv
udkoef;armif 1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv
udkxGef;ñGefY 1947 ckESpf 'DZifbmv
udkoef; 1948 ckESpf Zlvdkifv
udkxGef;ñGefYrSm 1948 ckESpf? rwfvwGif Ouú|&mxl;rS EkwfxGufoGm;í 'k-Ouú|jzpfol udkoef;<u,f Ouú|
&mxl;udk qufcHonf/
1948 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv AuonDvmcH Ouú|jzpfol udkoef;onf 1949 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv (26) &uf?
eHeuf (9) em&DwGif AE¨Kvyef;jcHü oydwfarSmufpma&;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om; (1000) ausmfudk w&m;a[monfhtwGuf
1948 ckESpf? ta&;ay:yk'fr 5 (u) (c) (*) t& &efukefNrdKU? 'kwd,&mZ0wf w&m;olBuD;½Hk;awmfwGif w&m;pGJqdk
cH&avonf/ udkoef; w&m;a[m&mwGif tpdk;&u pma&;pmcsDrsm; tay: vpmjzwfawmufjcif;onf tcsdeftcgESifh
roifhavsmfojzifh rw&m;&m usaomaMumifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;t& oydwfarSmuf awmif;qdk&aMumif;? oydwf
arSmufjcif;? oydww f m;jcif;wdYk jyif;jyif;xefxef wdu
k yf 0JG ifro
S m atmufycJG EH ikd rf nfjzpfaMumif; xnfo h iG ;f a[majymonf/
udkoef;\ a[majymcsufaMumifh pma&;rsm; ½Hk;rwufbJ tvkyfwm0ef0wå&m; ysufuGufonfhtwGuf udkoef;rSm
txufyg yk'frjzifh w&m;pGJqdkcH&avonf/ 1946 ckESpf? ZGefv (20) &ufwGif udkoef;tm; yk'fr 5 (c) t& usL;vGef
í ½Hk;qif; ½Hk;wuf 'PfaiG (200) ay;aqmif&ef? ray;aqmifygu tvkyfMurf;ESifh axmif'Pf av;v uscHap&ef
trdefYcsrSwfonf/ udkoef;u 'PfaiGraqmifyJ axmiftuscHonf/
1949 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif ay:aygufaom ausmif;om;ESifh trIxrf;aygif;pHkoydwfudkvnf; tpdk;&u
xda&mufpmG ta&;,lonft h wGuf Auo|mecsKyfrS trIaqmiftcsKdU tzrf;cH&NyD;? tcsKdU awmcdo k mG ;onf/ ,if;aMunm
csufwGif-
(1) zqyv tpdk;&onf e,fcsJUt&if;½SifwdkYESifh rjyefvrf; yl;aygif;oGm;NyD jzpfaMumif;?
(2) zqyv tpdk;&onf jynfolwdkY\ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydwfyif wm;qD;aeaMumif;?
(3) 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; jyefvnf&½Sd&ef awmcdk&aMumif;yg½Sdonf/
awmcdk AuotrIaqmifrsm;onf udw k ifa½Ttm; Ouú| wifajr§mufí awmwGi;f Auo|mecsKyfukd wnfaxmif
onf/
331
a'guw
f marmifarmifausmf (1949-50)
rtlyifc½dkif? "EkjzLNrdKU eef;awmfukef;&yfü arG;zGm;onf/ "EkjzLNrdKY bufywpf omoemûyausmif;? &efukefNrdKU?

pdef*Ref; a,mufsm;av;rsm;ausmif;wGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfü qufvuf
ynmoifMum;onf/
1946-47 ckESpf rSpí 1948-49 ckESpftxd qufvufí wuotrIaqmiftjzpf a&G;aumuf wifajr§mufjcif;

cHc&hJ onf/ 1949-50 ckEpS f wGif wuo Ouú| jzpfonf/
NrdKU&Gmtrsm;tjym;udk olykefrsm; odrf;ydkufxm;vsuf &Sdonf/ c&D;tcuftcJaMumifh ausmif;om; trsm;tjym;

pmar;yGJ rajzEdkifojzifh wESpftwGif; pmar;yGJ (4) Budrf usif;yay;&onf/ awmcdk&mrS vufeufcs 0ifvmaom
Aef;armfausmif;om; (6) OD;tm; ao'Pfay;ojzifh vGwfajrmuf&ef aqmif½Guf&onf/
ausmif;q&mwOD;tjzpf &efuek Nf rKdU omoemjyKausmif; wausmif;wGif vkyaf qmifvsuf ½So

d nf/ ausmif;om;rsm;
a½G;aumufwifajr§mufaom ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f wuúodkvfaumifpDvlBuD; ESpfOD;teuf wOD;jzpfonf/
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f Oya' yg&*lbUGJ &&So
d l (2) OD;om&SNd yD; wOD;rSm rqvacwf aemufq;kH or® a'gufwmarmifarmifEiS hf
a'gufwmarmifarmifausmw f Ykdyif jzpfonf/ Oya'yg&*lbUGJ udk ½k½mS ;Edik if rH S &½Scd o
hJ nf/
1989 ckEpS w
f iG f a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ tmPmzDqefa&;vIy½f mS ;rIwiG f yg0ifaqmif½u
G rf jI zifh tzrf;cHNyD;? 1992
{NyDvwGif jyefvnfvw G af jrmuf vmonf/
1998 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif ,ckpmtkyf a&;om;&mwGif yg0iftMuHay;ulnDrIaMumifh xyfrHí axmif'Pf

(10) ESpf csrSwfcH&onf/ 2004 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (19) &ufwGif jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmonf/

(atatyDyDbD? udkcGefqdkif; jyefvnfajymjycsuf/)
332
tcef; (13)

'Dru
kd a&pDa&; vlUtcGifhta&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
(1950 rS 1951)
(u) pifNyKd if &uorsm; zGUJ pnf;&efBuKd ;yrf;rI

1950-51 ckESpfwGif ausmif;om;pnf;½Hk;a&; vkyfief;rsm; jyefp&m &uorS ]ausmif;om;} [laom pmapmif
(4) apmifudk xkwfa0cJhonf/ xdkpmapmifudk pnf;½Hk;a&;? ynmay;a&;twGuf BudK;pm; tm;xkwfcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
&uoonf ausmif;om;xkü ta&;ygaom tajctaeü½Sdonf/ wuowGif oefY½Sif; ausmif;om;tkyfpku OD;aqmif
aeavonf/ qd½k , S vf pfygwDtEG,rf sm; pnf;½H;k a&;usqif;aeonf/ uGejf rLepfygwDtEG,rf sm; acgif;aqmifrI &xm;aom
AuorSm trsm;pk awmcdkoGm;onf/ oefY½Sif; ausmif;om;xkonf Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;udk a<u;aMumfí
wdkufyGJ a½Smifavh½Sdonf/ ausmif;om;ta&;udk jywfjywfom;om; OD;aqmifEdkifjcif;r½Sd/ &uoonfom ausmif;om;
vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;wGif tm½HkpdkufcHcJh&onf/
txursm; jyefziG Nhf yD;aemuf &efuek Nf rdKUay: ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u vQKdU0Sutf pnf;ta0; usif;y&ef
pDpOfcJhonf/ xdkvQKdU0Suf tpnf;ta0;zdwfpmwGif &uoOuú| r½SdawmhaMumif;? &uojyefvnfzGJUpnf;&ef vIHUaqmf
zdwfMum;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ udkatmifoef; (aemif tajccHynmOD;pD;|me) rS OD;aqmifí yef;qdk;wef;vrf;½Sd atmifodyÜH
tvGwfynmoifausmif;wGif tpnf;ta0; jyKvkyf&ef pDpOfí &uoudk pifNydKifaxmif&ef BudK;yrf;avonf/
xdkodkY jzpfay:vmaomtcg vuf½Sd&uorS trIaqmifrsm; vQKdU0Suftpnf;ta0;odkY ausmif;toD;oD;rS
ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&muf&ef pnf;½Hk;a&;qif;Muonf/ &uo pifNydKifvkyf&ef tpnf;ta0;odkY udkwif
xGwfESifh udkjrifhodef;wdkY OD;aqmifí wufa&mufcJhonf/
ausmif;om;or*¾ toD;oD;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u rrSefuefrIudk uefYuGuf&efjzpfonf/ tpnf;ta0;
usif;y&m yef;qd;k wef; atmifoyd aHÜ usmif;teD;ü udpk ;kd ode;f ? udck ifarmifjrihf (tqdak wmf udo
k ef;vdiI t
f pfu)kd ? udt
k ek ;f armif
wdkYonf toHcsJUpufjzifh pifNydKifaxmif&ef vkyfMuHrIudk ½Sif;jyonf/ rarQmfvifhaom tajctaeudk MuHKaomtcg
pifNydKifaxmif&ef BudK;yrf;olrsm;onf pifNydKifaxmif&ef BudK;yrf;rIudk pGefUvTwfvdkufonf/
333
(c) &uo jyefvnfzUJG pnf;jcif; (1950-51)

Oya'wGi;f rS &uo OD;aqmifaom vIy½f mS ;rI BuD;xGm;vmjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? wuúov kd yf &0PftwGi;f
ausmif;om;xktajctae wESpx f uf wESpf wk;d vmjcif;aMumihf vnf;aumif;? txuESihf trsKd;orD; omoemjyKausmif;
rsm; Mum;odYk yif 0ifa&muf pnf;½H;k Edik cf ahJ yonf/
pnf;½Hk;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk udkwifa½T? udak tmifjrif?h rarar&D? rcifrr (rcifrav;)? udkausmfjrifh (aemif
tqdkawmfrif;aemif)? rMunfpdef (a'gufwmMunfpdef)? rwifjrifh? rat;jrifh? rwifwifNrdKif? udkwifxGwf? udkjrifhodef;?
udkwifjrifh (aeaoG;eD) wdkY yg0ifcJhonf/
1950-51 ckESpf &uonDvmcHudk pnf;½Hk;a&; tajccHaumif;aom udkwifxGwf? udkjrifhodef;wdkY aexkdifonhf
pde*f Ref;trsKd;om;ausmif;? vrf;rawmf txu (1) wGif usif;yonf/ nDvmcHowif;twGuf &efuek Nf rdKU owif;pmwku d f
toD;oD;rS owif;axmufrsm; wufa&mufcahJ vonf/ &uorSm ausmif;om;vIy½f mS ;rI rPÖKd ifjzpfaeNyD; wckwnf;aom
&uoudk cdkifrmpGm jyefvnf zGJUpnf;EdkifcJhonf/
1950-51 ckESpf &uo trIaqmiftzGJY
udktkef;armif Ouú|
udkjrifhodef; twGif;a&;rSL;
udkcifarmifjrifh trIaqmifrsm;
udkcifarmifwifh (wuúodkvfbkef;Edkif)
¤if;&uoudk udknDnD (vif;,kefeD) onf OD;aqmifí or*¾tzGJUtpnf;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifcJhjcif;? wdk;
wufaom EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;? rmhufpf0g' avhvma&;tzGJUwGif wufwuf<u<u yg0ifcJhonf/
(c-1) 1950 ckESpf wuo trIaqmiftzGJY

1/ udkpdefjrarmif Ouú|
2/ udkarmifarmifoef; 'k-Ouú|
3/ udak usmfNidr;f aiGxed ;f (jrefrmhq½kd ,
S v
f pfvrf;pOfygwD A[dak umfrwDtwGi;f a&;rSL;)
4/ udkat;udk taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
5/ udkjrpdef wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;
6/ udkvSwifh jyefMum;a&;ESifh 0g'jzefYjzL;a&;
7/ udkcspfpdef aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifh vlrIa&;&m
8/ udkpHa½TOD; vlxkynma&;ESifh wuúodkvfynma&;
9/ udkvSul urÇmhwuúodkvfrsm; qufoG,fa&;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;
10/ udk0if;az tdk;a0wm0efcH
11/ udkbpD pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
(c-2) 1950-51 ckESpf wuo trIaqmiftzGJY

1/ udkudkav; Ouú|
2/ udkcifarmifjrifh 'k-Ouú|
3/ udkpdefbef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
4/ udkjrifhxGef; aiGxdef;
5/ udkwif0if; twGif;a&;rSL; (Pub & Prop)
6/ udktkef;cdkif twGif;a&;rSL; (S.S & S.C)
7/ udka&mbwfqGefcg; twGif;a&;rSL; (I.S.S & F.R)
8/ udkodef;atmif twGif;a&;rSL; (Mass Media & Organization)
9/ udkvSodef; wJGzuftwGif;a&;rSL;
10/ udkwif0if; pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
11/ udkwifxGef; tkd;a0t,f'Dwm
334
(*) vufo;D xd;k ? oHww

k ½f u
kd Ef iS hf ausmif;om;rsm;
1951 ckEpS f wuúov kd wf iG f vufo;D xd;k ? oHww
k ½f u
dk u f pd ö jzpfay:vmonf/ wuúov kd w f iG f vGepf mG *,uf½u kd f
vmonf/ xdkpOf wuo Ouú|rSm udkpdefjrarmif (a'gufwmpdefjrarmif) jzpfonf/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;rSm oefY½Sif;
ausmif;om;tkyfpkrS udkat;udk jzpfonf/ xdkESpf wuoa½G;aumufyGJ yxrtokwf Ouú|? 'k-Ouú|? aiGxdef;rSm
qd½k ,
S v
f pfygwD tEG,rf sm;jzpfNyD; ('k) tokwtf rIaqmif (6) OD;rSm oef½iS ;f ausmif;om;tkypf rk S jzpfonf/ uGejf rLepfygwD
tEG,frsm; 0ifa&mufta½G;cHaomfvnf; tqdkygESpftxd ta½G;rcH&ay/
jyóemrSm wuotkyfpk (2) tkyfpkMum; tpnf;ta0;wGif udpöwckudk aqG;aEG;&m vufoD;xdk;rI jzpfoGm;
onf/ ¤if;jzpf&yfonf xkdae&mwGif &yfraebJ pdwfrausyGJtjzpf qkd½S,fvpftEG,f tcsKdUonf oeYf½Sif;tkyfpkrS trI
aqmifwcsKdUtm; Owå&aqmif (North Hall) wGif oHww k jf zifh ½ku d o
f mG ;onf[k Mum;od&onf/ oHww k jf zifh ½du
k o
f l
armifarmifBuD;onf oHwkwfarmifarmifBuD;[k trnfwGifcJhavonf/
xdktjzpftysufonf ausmif;om;xkMum; rsm;pGm *,uf½dkufcJhonf/ wuo\ *kPfodu©m ñdSK;EGrf;apaom
taMumif;t&m jzpfcJhonf/ wuowGif rnfoljzpfap? rnfonfhtkyfpkrS a½G;cH&ol jzpfap? xkdtrIaqmifrsm;udk ausmif;
om;xk udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf todtrSwfjyKum wuúodkvftmPmydkifESifh tpdk;&uvnf; todtrSwfjyKonf/ wuoudk
tm;vHk; av;pm;Muonf/ e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; BudK;yrf;rIjzifh ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rI tpOf
tvm BuD;rm;cJah om tzGUJ tpnf;jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdik if H e,fcsUJ qefYusiaf &;ordik ;f ? ausmif;om;vIy½f mS ;rIordik ;f wGif azsmufr
&aom tzGJUtpnf;jzpfonf/
txufyg trIaqmifrsm;\ vufo;D xk;d ? oHww k ½f ukd f jzpf&yfonf wuo\ *kPo f u d m© ñdKS ;EGr;f atmifvyk f
jcif; jzpfonf/ 17? 11? 50 &ufaeYwGif ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfum ta&;ay:aumfrwD (Action
Committee) udk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/
ausmif;om;xk ta&;ay:tvkyfaumfrwD aMunmcsuf

&ufpGJ- 17? 11? 50
&Jabmfw-Ykd
wuoudk zufqpftarGcH ol,kwf? olrdkufrsm;vufrS u,fwif&ef/
wuo\ taoa&udk jyefvnfq,fwif&efESifh ausmif;om;xk tmPmudk jyefvnf odrf;ydkuf&eftwGuf
ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;w&yfudk 17? 11? 50 aomMumaeY? rGef;wnfh (12;00) em&DwGif tcef; (4) ü
udñk eG Yfa0 (aemif OD;aqmifñTefMum;a&;rSL;? touftmrcHaumfydka&;½Sif;) u obmywd? udknDnDu twGif;a&;rSL;
tjzpf aqmif½Guf usif;ycJhaMumif;/
tqdyk g ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;odYk udMk unfvif (pma&;q&mMunfvif)? udw k iftek ;f ? udpk ;kd rif; (OD;oef;OD;?
aemiftajccHynmOD;pD;Xme ñTecf sKyf) wdYk u tpnf;ta0; ac:,l&jcif;ESihf vuf½jdS zpfaeaom tajctae t&yf&yfukd
½Si;f vif;ajymMum;NyD; atmufygtqdrk sm;udk ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;rS uefYuu G o f rl ½Sd trsm;oabmwl wnDw
ñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwf twnfjyKaMumif;/
tqdk (1) - vlrdkuf0g'udk ½Iwfcsa&;tqdk
tqdk (2) - udkpdefjrarmif? udkat;udkESifh tmPmydkifwdkY vufodwfxdk; aqG;aEG;&mrS ay:aygufvmaom
20? 11? 50 &ufaeYwGif usif;yrnfh (Recall voting) ac: rJay;yGJudk-
(u) wuo tajccHpnf;rsOf;ESifh rudkufnDívnf;aumif;?
(c) ausmif;om;xk tcGifhqE´r,lbJ tmPmydkifESifh 'l;axmufaphpyf&mrS ay:aygufvmjcif;aMumifh ausmif;
om;xk w&yfvHk;tm; apmfum;&m a&mufojzifhvnf;aumif;?
(*) ausmif;om;wkYd\ ajymifajrmufaom 'l;raxmufa&; tpOftvmudk csK;d azmuf apmfum;jcif;aMumifv h nf;
aumif;? tqkyd g rJay;yGu
J kd vH;k 0todtrSwrf jyK? w&m;r0if[k ,lqonft
h jyif vH;k 0½Iwcf swu kd zf suaf &;tqd/k
tqdk (3) - ,ckvuf½Sd wuotrIaqmiftzGJUtm;vHk;onf-
(u) ausmif;om;xk\ taxGaxGjyóem rajz½Sif;Edkifonfhtjyif? (c) vlrdkuf0g'udk ol&Jaumif;qefqef
ausmif;om;avmuodkY ,laqmifvmum wuo\ toa&udk nd§K;EGrf;apí zsufqD;aeum? (*) ausmif;om;xk
tmPmudk tmPmydkifwdkYxH 0uGufí xdk;tyfaeNyD;? (C) vlY,Ofaus;rI w&yfvkH;udkyif zsufqD;aejcif;aMumifh?
335
vuf½dS wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ onf rdru d ,

kd u
f kd ½dak oaomtm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? wuo\ usq;kH aeaom
toa&udk q,f,laomtm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? ,aeYrSpí (3) &uftwGif; trIaqmifwzGJUvHk; EkwfxGufay;&ef/
tqdk (4) - tqdyk g ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;rS csrSwcf ahJ om txufyg vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;ESihf aemufqufwJG
a½G;aumufyGJwdkifonftxd? vkyfief;rsm;udk tNyD;wdkif atmifjrifonftxd aqmif½Guf&ef tmPmtjynfhtpHkESifh
wdk;csJUEdkifcGif½Sdonfh ta&;ay:tvkyfaumfrwD (Action Committee) zGJUpnf;cefYtyfa&;tqdkwdkY jzpfonf/
tqdktrSwf (4) t& ta&;ay: tvkyfaumfrwDtm; atmufygtzGJU0ifrsm;jzifh cefYtyfcJhonf/
(1) udkpdk;odef;
(2) udkaZmf0if; (aemif 0efxrf;a½G;cs,f ñTefcsKyf)
(3) udkcifvS (aemif A[dkw&m;½Hk;a½SUae)
(4) udkcifarmifjrifh
(5) udkpdk;rif; wdkYjzpfonf/
&Jabmfw-hkd
igwdkYtm;vHk; wuoudk vlrdkufrsm;vufrS u,fwif&ef igwdkYtm;vHk; toa& jyefvnf q,fwif&ef?
igwdkYtm;vHk;\ a½SUvHkjcHKrItwGuf igwdkY twwfEdkifqHk;aom tm;udkay;um ulnDyl;aygif; aqmif½GufMuukeftHh/
vlrdkuf0g' wdkufzsufMu
ausmif;om;ta&; atmif&rnf
ta&;ay:tvkyfaumfrwD
&efukefwuúodkvf
vufoD;xkd; oHwkwf½kduf udpöudk (2) zuf pvHk;rS tjyeftvSef pGyfpGJrIrsm;jzifh ausmif;om;xkudk ½Sif;vif;
Muonf/ trJuGufonf zsuf&rnf r[kwf/ uGefjrLepftEG,f ausmif;om;xkrsm; tjrwfxkwf oGm;rnfudk (2) zuf
pvH;k rS pd;k &drMf uonf/ wuúovkd t
f mPmydik rf sm;uvnf; rnfoUl ya,m*ygonf rod? vuf½dS wuotrIaqmif rjyKwfus
a&;udk usm;uefay;&ef pDpOfonf/
&efukefwuúodkvf 'k-t"dywdjzpfaom a'gufwmat;armifonf wuotrIaqmifrsm;twGuf (Recall
Voting) ac: qEćH,lyGJ jyKvkyfay;&ef BudK;pm;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u ausmif;om;xktwGif; tcGifhtmPm ydkifqdkifrI
udk 0ifa&muf pGufzufjcif;[k oabmxm;onf/
aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefNyD;aemuf Action Committee taeESifh ausmif;om;xkudk,fpm; tqdkygudpöESifh
ywfoufí ½Sif;jy&ef &efukefwuúodkvf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; a'gufwmxifatmifudk awGUqHk&ef BudK;pm;cJhonf/ ¤if;r½Sdí
rawGUcJh&ay/ odkYaomf naeydkif;wGif a'gufwmxifatmifu udkpdk;odef;tm; pmwapmifay;í um;jzifhvdkufcJh&ef ac:cJh
onf/ pmrSm-
FROM THE ADMINSTRATOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF RANGOON

RANGOON UNIVERSITY POST OFFICE
RANGOON, BURMA
17th, Nov: 1950
Maung Soe Thein
Action Committee
54, Thaton Hall.
Dear Maung Soe Thein,
I can see you this evening at 8 p.m (or) tomorrow (Saturday) morning at 8:00 a.m. I am sorry
I had a metting in town the whole of this afternoon and another meeting again tomorrow at 9 a.m.
I have inform the vice-chancellor what the request of your Committee, and he be pleased to
see you tomorrow Saturday afternoon at 1:00 p.m in the Council Room, University College Building.
Htin Aung
336
udpk ;kd ode;f onf udn

k n
D ?D udpk ;kd rif;wdYk tm; ac:,lí a'gufwmxifatmif tdro
f Ykd oGm;a&mufco
hJ nf/ a'gufwm
xifatmiftm; aumfrwDoabmxm;udk ½Sif;jyNyD; qEćH,lyGJ Recall Voting udk oabmrwlaMumif; ajymonf/
q&mxifatmifu wuúodkvf 'k-t"dywdtaejzifh wuo trIaqmifrsm; Recall Voting twGuf wm0efay;xm;
olrsm;udk Action Committe taeESifh awGU&ef pDpOfxm;ygaMumif;? 'k-t"dywd pDpOfxm;onfhtwdkif; tqdkyg
rsufESmpHknD tpnf;ta0;odkY qufquf wufa&mufyg&ef arwåm&yfcHonf/ a'gufwmxifatmifu ¤if;taejzifh
bmqE´? bmoabmxm; xifjrifcsufrS ray;yg/
18? 11? 50 &ufaeY bGJUESif;obifcef;r taqmuftOD½Sd wuúodkvfaumifpD tpnf;ta0;cef;rü rsufESmpHknD
tpnf;ta0; usif;y&m wuo trIaqmif (2) zGJUu 'k-t"dywd pDpOfcsufudk vufcHonf/ udkpdk;odef; OD;aqmifaom
Action Committe u tqdkyg tpDtpOfudk vufrcHaMumif;? ausmif;om;xkqE´ oabmxm;ESifh ausmif;om;xk
tpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsufudk ½Sif;jyavonf/
'k-t"dywd a'gufwmat;armifu ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;udk ausmif;om; b,fEpS af ,muf wufa&muf
cJhovJ? wuúodkvf½Sd ausmif;om;w0uf rausmfvQif ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;[k ac:qdkEdkifrvm;[k tay:pD;rS
apmfum;? armfum; ajymvmonf/ udkpdk;odef;wdkYu acgif;iHkrcHbJ jyefvnf ajymqkdcJhonf/ tpnf;ta0; wif;rmvmNyD;
nd§EdIif;rIr&bJ NyD;qHk;oGm;onf/
a'gufwm xifatmif? OD;ausmf&if (aemif ygarmu©csKyf ref;0dZÆmESifh odyÜHwuúodkvf) wdkYonf bmrS 0ifa&muf
rajymqdkcJhay/ tajctae rjywfrom;jzpfaeí wuo txl;tpnf;ta0; (Special Business Metting) udk
ac:ay;&ef wuo pnf;rsOf;ESifhtnD Action Committee rS awmif;qdkcJhonf/ omreftm;jzifh ausmif;om;xk
tpnf;ta0;udk wESpfwBudrfom usif;ycJhonf/ wuo trIaqmiftzGJUonf rvGefqefEdkifawmhbJ ac:ay;cJh&onf/
(C) wuo trIaqmifwzGUJ vH;k jyKwu

f sjcif;
wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ rS qk½d , S v
f pf ygwDtEG,rf sm;u Action Committee rS awmif;qdck suft& tpnf;
ta0; yxrydik ;f wGif Ekwx
f u
G jf cif; rjyKcJah y/ aemufyikd ;f rSom aqG;aEG;&if; t,kt
H Munfr½Sd tqdjk zifh jzKwfcs cH&rnfp;kd í
qdk½S,fvpfygwD tEG,ftrIaqmifrsm; wzGJUvkH; EkwfxGufoGm;onf/
oefY½Sif;tEG,frsm; EkwfxGufpm rwifMuay/ tkyfpk (2) pkpvkH;rS t,kHtMunfr½Sdwifaom tqdkudk Action
Committee rS (2) zuf pvHk;udk axmufcHrJ ay;cJhonf/ tajzrSm wuo trIaqmifwzGJUvHk; jyKwfusoGm;avonf/
wuoudk jyefvnf *kPfqnfEdkifcJhayonf/ wuúodkvf 'k-t"dywd tpDtpOf tvkdtavsmuf ysufoGm;onf/
(i) wuo a½G;aumufyt

JG opf jyKvyk jf cif; (1950)
wuo trIaqmifwzGUJ vH;k jyKwfusoGm;NyD;aemuf 'kw,
d ESp0f ufwiG f wuopnf;rsOf;ESihf tnD a½G;aumufyJG
topfxyfrH jyKvkyfcJhonf/
oefh½Sif;tkyfpkrS-
1/ udkudkav; Ouú| (aemif pnfyifom,m)
2/ udkcifarmifjrifh 'k-Ouú|
3/ udkjrifhxGef; aiGxdef;
4/ udkpdefbef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
5/ udkvSodef; wGJzuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
6/ udkwif0if; jyefMum;a&;|me twGif;a&;rSL;
7/ udkodef;atmif vlxkqufqHa&;ESifh ynma&;|me twGif;a&;rSL;
8/ udka&mbwfqGefcg; wuúodkvftcsif;csif;ESifh EdkifiHjcm; qufoG,fa&;rSL;
9/ udktkef;cdkif aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifh jynfolYvkyfief; twGif;a&;rSL;
10/ udkwifxGef; tdk;a0r*¾Zif; wm0efcH
11/ udkwif0if; pmMunfhwkdufrSL;
337
xdktcsdeftxd qdk½S,fvpfygwDtEG,frsm;ESifh uGefjrLepftEG,frsm;onf tiftm;pktrnfudk cH,ljcif;r½Sd?

ygwDEikd if aH &; qefYusifol ausmif;om;rsm;uom ]oef½h iS ;f aomausmif;om;tiftm;pk} trnfukd pwifo;kH cJjh cif; jzpfonf/
aemufyikd ;f wGirf o
S m uGejf rLepftEG,?f qd½k ,
S v
f pfygwDtEG,rf S cGx
J uG o f rl sm;u tjcm;wk;d wufaom Edik if aH &;
tawG;tac:? t,ltqvufcHolrsm;ESifh aygif;í wuo a½G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif ]wd;k wufaomtiftm;pk} [k trnfcH
,lavonf/ qdk½S,fvpfygwDtEG,frS cGJxGufvmolrsm;onf udk&D;,m;ppfudk taMumif;jyKí ygwDtwGif;uGJum tvkyf
orm;? v,form;ygwD (qd½k , S ef )D ay:vmNyD;aemuf xdyk gwDtEG,rf sm;udk qdvk ykd gonf/ rlvu qd½k , S v
f pfygwDtEG,f
rsm;rSm wuo vufoD;xkd;? oHwkwf½dkuf jyóemay:NyD;aemuf xkdygwDtEG,frsm;udk qdkvdkygonf/ rlvu qdk½S,fvpf
ygwD tEG,frsm;rSm wuo vufoD;xkd;? oHwkwf½dkuf jyóemay:cJhí vnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkYxJu cGJxGufoGm;olrsm;
½Sdí vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;xkMum;wGif emrnfysufvmí vnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkY OD;aqmifrI wdrfjrKyfoGm;onf/
(p) Auo jyefvnfzUJG pnf;a&; pnf;½H;k a&;aumfrwD

Auoonf ausmif;om;xkESifh tquftoG,fjywfNyD; Ouú|? twGif;a&rSL;ESifh trIaqmifwcsKdUrSm txdef;
odrf;cH&onf/ tcsKdUrSm rvGJra½Smifom awmxJa&mufoGm;onf/ tcsKdUrSm jyif;xefaom vIyf½Sm;rItwGif; awGa0um
xkdifoGm;olrsm;vnf;½Sdonf/ AuotrIaqmifrsm;onf wdkufyGJ\ rkefwdkif;Mum;wGif z½dkz&Jjzpfaeonf/ tajccHynm
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ukd pHepfwus vIy½f mS ;&ef tajctae ray;awmhacs/ xdt k csed tf xd ausmif;om;or*¾ zGUJ pnf;jcif;udk
wm;jrpfyw d yf ifjcif; r½Sad o;í Edik if w
H 0Sr;f ausmif;rsm;wGif tpOftvmt& rdrw d Ykd todpw d jf zifh ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk
zGUJ pnf; vIy½f mS ;vsuf½o dS nf/ &uoonf wjynfv;kH twdik ;f twmjzihf OD;aqmif&ef rvG,í f AuojyefvnfzUJG pnf;&ef
BudK;yrf;cJhMuonf/
udkpdk;odef; OD;aqmifaom &uotrIaqmifrsm;onf e,frSqufoG,f pnf;½Hk;Edkifaom ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
udk zdwfMum;NyD; a½Twd*Hk tv,fypö,H? ajrmufbufwefaqmif; teD;½Sd Z&yfwaqmifwGif Auo jyefvnf zGJUpnf;a&;
Oya'twGi;f ausmif;om;rsm; vIy½f mS ;pnf;½H;k a&;twGuf aqG;aEG;yGjJ yKvkycf o hJ nf/ xm;0,fausmif;om;or*¾ udpk ed 0f if;
ESifh o&ufausmif;om;or*¾rS udkaZmf0if; (aemif ynma&;okawoeAsL½dk) wkdY wufa&mufcJhMuonf/
xkdtpnf;ta0;rS xdef;odrf;cH&NyD; jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmaom ,cif Auo trIaqmifESifh &uo Ouú|
a[mif; udknDnD (vif;,kefeD) udk Ouú|tjzpf wm0efay;í AuojyefvnfzGJUpnf;a&;? pnf;½Hk;a&;aumfrwDudk zGJUpnf;cJh
onf/
xkpd Ofu ausmif;om;tkypf rk sm;rS wd;k wufaom pmayrsm;udk avhvmcJo h rl sm;rSm tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygwD tEG,?f
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD tEG,f? qdk½S,fvpfygwD tEG,f? rnfonfhygwDtEG,frS r[kwfaom wdk;wufaom EdkifiHa&;
tawG;tac: t,ltqudk vufco H nfh rsKd;cspfausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ jynfoYl &aJ bmf tEG,[ f í
l wuúov kd f
wGif xifxif½mS ;½Sm; tkypf k r½Scd ahJ y/ aemufyikd ;f wGif vuf0tJ iftm;pkrsm; NydKuGrJ aI Mumifh ygwDEikd if aH &;udk qefYusifo[ l í l
]]oefY½Sif;aom tkyfpk}} ay:vmonf/
txufygtkyfpkrsm;onf wuoa½G;aumufyGJ0if&mwGif yxrydkif;ü tkyfpktEG,ftrnfudk cH,ljcif;r½Sd/
ppfNyD;pu tcsKUd taqmif rdrt d cef;0wGif Oyrm- (tvHeMD unfvif) [laom qdik ;f bkwf csw d cf jhJ cif;rsm;½So d nf/ aemufyikd ;f
wGif r½Sdawmhay/ wuo a½G;aumufyGJ yk*¾dKvfcsif;,SOfNydKifonfh tajccHrsKd;jzifhom 0ifa&muf ta½G;cH&onf/ rdrdwdkY
,HkMunfaomt,ltqrsm;udk tajccHí ausmif;om;xkodkY vkyfief;pOfcsjyNyD; ½Sif;vif;a[majym rJqG,fMuonf/
a&mifpHktrIaqmif tzGJUrsKd;jzpfonf/
(q) ud&k ;D ,m;ppfyEJG iS hf wuúov

kd af usmif;om;tiftm;pktay: *,uf½u
kd rf ?I wd;k wuftiftm;pk ay:vmjcif;
1950 ud&k ;D ,m;uRef;qG,üf awmifEiS hf ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m; ppfjzpfavonf/ xkpd pfyEJG iS hf ywfoufí ajrmufu&kd ;D
,m;tm; usL;ausmfol[k ukvor*¾ qHk;jzwfcsufudk xkdtcsdef tpdk;&u axmufcHcJhonf/ xkdokdY axmufcHrIaMumifh
qdk½S,fvpfygwDwGif tuGJtjyJ jzpfoGm;onf/ xdktcsdef wuoü oefY½Sif;ausmif;om;rsm; OD;aqmifrI&aeonf/
qdk½S,fvpfygwD tEG,frsm; OD;aqmifrI usqHk;aeonf/ uGefjrLepftEG,frsm;? tvkyform; v,form;ygwD (qdk½S,feD)
rS tEG,frsm;? tjcm;wOD;csif; wdk;wufaom EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:udk ,lqvufcHonfh EdkifiHa&; pdwf0ifpm;aom
ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vufwGJum ]wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk} trnfcHí zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ ¤if;ü-
338
udkwifndK (aemif jzL;qufoG,fa&;OD;pD;rSL;)

udkMunfvif (aemif pma&;q&mMunfvif)
udkjroef; (aemif pma&;q&mjroef;wifh)
udkarmifarmifausmf (aemif a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf)
udkxGef;vdIif (aemif ajrpm&if;)
udkeef;a0 (aemif yef;csDOD;eef;a0)
udkcifvS (aemif A[dkw&m;½Hk;a½SUae)
udkñGefYa0 (aemif OD;aqmifñTefrSL;? touftmrcH)
udknDnD (aemif a'gufwmnDnD? owåKwGif;0efBuD;) wdkYjzpfonf/
aemufydkif;wGif qufvuf OD;aqmifcJholrsm;rSm-

udkbaumif;
udkvS0if;
udkatmifoef;
udkodef;atmif
udk,k
udkausmfNidrf; wdkYjzpfonf/
tmPm& tzGJUtpnf;u vnf;aumif;? oefY½Sif;aomausmif;om;rsm;u vnf;aumif;? yk*v ¾ duydkif owif;
pmtcsKdUu vnf;aumif;? wdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pkudk ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD? tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD?
qdk½S,feDrS tEG,frsm;aygif;í OD;aqmifaom tiftm;pk[k owfrSwfyHk&onf/
xdt
k csdef ausmif;om;xktzdYk rnfonfyh gwD tEG,q
f jkd cif;rSm t"dur[kwaf y/ oefY½iS ;f aom ausmif;om;rsm;
ygwDEdkifiHa&; qefYusifa&;[laom a<u;aMumfoHonf ausmif;om;xktay: vTrf;rdk;Edkifjcif; r½Sd? ausmif;om;xkbufu
&J&J0ifh0ifh &yfwnfum ausmif;om;ta&;udk wu,fOD;aqmif vIyf½Sm;jcif;jyK? rjyKay:wGif tuJjzwfí axmufcHMu
onf/ xkdYaMumifh tajctaet& tiftm;BuD;rm;cJhaom wkd;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk\ OD;aqmifrIonf
wpwp wdk;wufNyD; aemufydkif;wGif ausmif;om;xk w&yfvHk; tm;ay;axmufcHrI &cJhonf/
Stop! Ye Koreans, Yet there is hope

Hear me not the cannons boom,
Driving Koreans to their doom?
See me not the airplanes dive,
Strafing the innocent their lives deprive?
Smell me not the bloody scent

Of blood stained bodies, bullets rent?
Feel me not that fear in heart,
And think that war is where fools take part?
Hate me not this bloody battle,

Where rumbling tanks and machine-guns rattle?
Killing each other, obeying the "isms"
Fighting with joy and dying in rhythms.
Stop! Ye Koreans, yet there is hope

Of saving your skins from atomic dope;
Help! Ye Nations, stop this war!
For sake of peace and for love of law.
339
(Z) wuo tvkyt

f pnf;ta0; oef½Y iS ;f trIaqmifrsm;ESihf wd;k wuftiftm;pk
wuopnf;rsOf;t& tvkyftpnf;ta0; (Business Meeting) udk omreftm;jzifh trIaqmifoufwrf;
rukefrD jyKvkyf&onf/ vdktyfygu txl;tvkyftpnf;ta0;udkvnf; jyKvkyfay;&onf/
vufo;D xk;d ? oHww k ½f u
kd uf pd ö ay:cJNh yD;aemuf wESpw f Budrf yHrk eS vf yk af om tpnf;ta0;okYd wuo toif;0if
rsm; wufa&muf&onf/ toH;k p&dwu f kd trIaqmiftzGUJ cefUxm;aom rSwyf w kH ifpm&if;ppf\ ppfaq;NyD;aMumif; vufrw S f
ESifh wuG wifjyí tpnf;ta0; twnfjyKcsufudk &,lMuonf/ tpnf;ta0; rvkyfrD toif;0ifrsm;u pnf;rsOf;ESifh
tnD BudKwif ay;ydkYxm;aom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ½Sif;vif; ajzMum;&onf/
xdkodkY wifjycsuf? ar;jref;csufrsm;udk toif;0ifrsm;u a0zefaqG;aEG;jcif;? vdktyfvQif tqdkrsm; wifoGif;
qHk;jzwfjcif; ponfwdkY aqmif½Guf&í tvkyftpnf;ta0;onf trIaqmiftzGJUtwGuf vnf;aumif;? toif;0ifrsm;
twGuf vnf;aumif;? ta&;ygaom tpnf;ta0;jzpfonf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;wGif trIaqmiftzGUJ \ vkyaf qmifrrI sm;udk
rSwaf usmufwifjcif; jzpfonf/ tqifroifv h Qif trIaqmifwzGUJ vH;k uaomf vnf;aumif;? wOD;csi;f taejzifh aomfvnf;
aumif; jzKwfcscH&onf/
oefY½iS ;f aom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;onf a½G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif tEdik &f íaeaomfvnf; wuo pnf;rsOf;
t& ac:,lusif;yaom tvkyftpnf;ta0;wGif tjrJtusyftwnf;ESifh &ifqdkif&onf/ ¤if;wdkYudk axmufcHrJay;aom
trsm;pkrmS þuJo h Ykd ta&;BuD;onfh tvkyt f pnf;ta0;udk pdw0f ifpm;rI enf;onf/ tifwu kd tf m;wduk f wufa&mufavh
r½Sd/
wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkudk axmufcHrJay;olrsm;uom xdktpnf;ta0;rsKd;udk pdwfyg0ifpm;
Muonf/ rdrdwdkYudk axmufcHolrsm; xdktpnf;ta0;odkY tifwdkuftm;wdkuf wufa&mufa&;twGuf wdk;wufaom
ausmif;om;tiftm;pkuvnf; pnf;½Hk;vIHUaqmfonf/ xdkYaMumifh oefY½Sif;trIaqmifrsm;onf ¤if;tpnf;ta0;udk
&ifqdkif&ef 0efav;Muonf/
xdok Ykd jzpf&ef taMumif;rsm;uvnf; ½Scd zhJ ;l onf/ wuo ordik ;f wGif rnforl Q toif;om;tjzpfrS &moufyef
txkwfcH&jcif; r½Sdyg/ odkYaomf oefY½Sif;&JabmfwOD;jzpfaom emrnfausmf umwGef;q&mwOD; txkwfcH&onf/
jzpf&aom taMumif;rSm AuoESihf wuoudk erlem,lí oefY½iS ;f trIaqmiftzGUJ u wuotaqmuftODwiG f
wuúodkvf0if oifwef;zGifhonf/ xkdoifwef;\ wm0efcH wuo trIaqmifwOD;onf oifwef;olwOD;udk &nf;pm;pm
ay;onf/ ¤if;udk odum© cs&ef r[kwb f J ¤if;tiftm;pk\ tjypf temtqmudk w&m;0ifausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;wGif
azmfxkwf ar;Muonf/ ¤if;ar;cGef;twGuf jiif;onfjzpfap? 0efcHvQifjzpfap? omref½Sif;vif; ajymMum;vdkufygu
þudpö NyD;Edkifaomfvnf; txufyg umwGef;q&monf þudpu ö dk olodygonf[k raeEdkif? rxkdifEdkif azmfaumifvkyf
onf/ tvGepf um;ajymaumif;aom armifu, kd k (aemif w&m;½H;k a½SUae) \ xyfqifah r;cGe;f axmifacsmufwiG f umwGe;f
q&m ydwrf o d mG ;onf/ odvQiaf zmfxw k &f ef awmif;qdo k nfth cg umwGe;f q&monf ajz&ef rvG,af wmhbJ tpnf;ta0;rS
qkwfcGmoGm;onf/ ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;½Sd trIaqmifpm;yGJrS trIaqmifrsm; idkifoGm;Muonf/
umwGef;q&m &Jabmfonf tpazmfcJhNyDjzpfí wuo*kPfodu©mudk ñSdK;EGrf;apaom udpöjzpfí tqdkygudpö
w&m;0if ½Sif;vif;jcif;rjyKygu wuo toif;0iftjzpfrS &moufyef xkwfy,f&ef[laom ar;cGef;udk tqdkodkY
ajymif;vJ qHk;jzwfonf/
txufyg qHk;jzwfcsufudk wuo oefY½Sif;trIaqmiftzGJUonf rckcHEdkifyJ ¤if;wdkY\ &JabmfrSm toif;om;
tjzpfrS &moufyef xkwfy,fcH&aom b0odkY a&mufoGm;onf/ wuopnf;rsOf;udk rlva&;qGJcJhaom acgif;aqmifBuD;
rsm;onf aphpyfaocsmpGm t*Fvdyfvdk a&;qGJcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
tvm;wl oefY½Sif;tiftm;pkrS trIaqmifwOD;onf tpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&muf&ef (3) Budrf ysufuGuf
aeonfudk tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;wGif ppfaq;awGU½Sdí wuopnf;rsOf;t& tvkyftpnf;ta0;wGif jzKwfcH&onf/
tvm;wlyif oefY½iS ;f trIaqmiftzGUJ u wuúov kd Af [dak umifpo D Ykd ud,k pf m;vS,t f jzpf apvTwcf ahJ om jyifyrS
*kPfoa&½Sdyk*¾dKvfBuD; (2) OD;udkvnf; wuotpnf;ta0;wGif wdk;wuftiftm;pku jzKwfcscJhavonf/ wuorS
wuúov kd Af [dak umifpo D Ykd apvTwcf ahJ om ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf ausmif;om;zufrS &yfwnfapvdo k nf/ tpnf;ta0;ü
wuúodkvfA[dkaumifpDodkY apvTwfaom udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;udk aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;tm; ar;jref;cJhonf/ tpnf;ta0;
wGif ½Sif;vif; ajzMum;csufrsm;udk tjyeftvSef a0zefaqG;aEG;NyD; wuo udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; aqmif½Gufcsufudk
rauseyfaMumif;? rlvar;cGe;f udk tqdt k jzpf ajymif;wifMuonf/ rJcq JG ;kH jzwf&mwGif wuo oefY½iS ;f trIaqmiftzGUJ onf
340
ckcHEdkifaom tiftm;r½Sd jzpf&um tqdkyg udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;rSm tjzKwfcH&onf/

xkdYaMumifh wuúodkvfA[dkaumifpDodkY ajym&J? qdk&JESifh tpOftvm t½Sdeft0g½Sdol? wdk;wufaom tawG;tac:
t,ltqrsm;taeESifh oabmxm;í OD;odef;az (odef;azjrifh) ESifh wuoOuú|a[mif; OD;pdefwdkYudk udk,fpm;vS,f
(2) OD;tjzpf wuúodkvfaumifpD tpnf;ta0;odkY apvTwfvdkufonf/
¤if;udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;rSm oefY½Sif;tiftm;pkuvnf; ¤if;udk,fpm;vS,f r[kwfí csKyfudkif&ef rvG,f?
wdk;wuftiftm;pkuvnf; wuotrIaqmifrsm; r[kwfí csKyfudkif&ef rvG,f? xkdodkYaom tajctaewGif OD;odef;az
jrifhonf rnfolY oabmxm;rQ r[kwf? rdrdqEóabmt& wuúodkvfA[dkaumifpD tpnf;ta0;ü wuúodkvfwGif
rmhufpf oabmw&m; oifMum;a&;tqdkudk wifonf/
OD;odef;azjrifhtqdkudk wuotrIaqmiftzGJUu uefYuGufavonf/ wdk;wuftiftm;pkuvnf; raxmufcH
ay/ þodkYjzifh oefY½Sif;tiftm;pkonf a½G;aumufyGJwGif tjrJtEdkif&cJhaomfvnf; tvkyftpnf;ta0;wGif tjrJvdk
½IH;cJh&onf/ wdk;wuftiftm;pkuvnf; Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufwGif bmvkyfcJhoenf;[k ar;jref;&m ¤if;aeYrSm urÇmY
ausmif;om;aeY jzpfNyD; ¤if;aeYtwGuf bmrQrvkyfcJhí a0zef&efjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif tqdkygaeUESifh ywfoufí bmrQ
avhvmxm;jcif; r½Sd? bmrQrodjzpfum tpnf;ta0;wGif ¤if;aeYjzpfcJhaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk qufpyfajz&mrS
ydkodu©musp&m jzpfvmonf/
(ps) 1950-51 &efuek w

f uúov
kd af usmif;om;or*¾ ESpyf wfvnftpD&ifcpH m
1950-51 ckEpS f twGi;f wGif uREyfk w f Ykd ]]&efuek w
f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾}} udk Mum;a½G;aumufyJG (2) Burd f
jzifh wnfaqmufcJh&mü yxrtBudrf Mum;a½G;aumufyGJudk 18? 12? 50 &ufaeYwGif usif;yûyvkyfcJhí? Ouú| udkudkav;?
'k-Ouú| udkcifarmifjrifhESifh b@ma&;rSL; udkjrifhxGef;wdkYudk a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufcJhMuavonf/
'kw,d Mum;jzwfa½G;aumufyu JG kd 12? 1? 51 &ufaeYwiG f usi;f yûyvkyí f ? udpk ed b
f ef; (taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;)
udkvSodef; (wGJzuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)? udkwif0if; (jyefMum;a&;XmetwGif;a&;rSL;)? udkodef;atmif (vlxkqufqH
a&;ESifh ynma&;Xme twGif;a&;rSL;)? rpöwma&mbwfqGefcg; (wuúodkvfcsif;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;Xme
twGif;a&;rSL;)? udktkef;cdkif (aygif;oif;qufqHa&; ESifh jynfolYvkyfief;twGif;a&;rSL;) wdkYudk a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcJh
onf/ a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufc&H aom trIaqmiftzGUJ rS wuotpnf;ta0;Oya't& r*¾Zif;Xmeudk trIaqmiftjzpf
wm0ef,l&ef udkwifxGef;ESifh pmMunhfwdkufrSL;tjzpf udkwif0if;wdkYtm; cefYtyfvdkufonf/
txufyguJo h Ykd aom ausmif;om;or*¾ tvkyt f rIaqmiftzGUJ ay:vmNyD;aemuf usrf;opöm usdeq f ykd rJG jyKvkyrf D
ta&;ay: ausmif;om;xktcuftcJudk tjref&ifqdkifvdkuf&onf/ xkdtcsdefu ausmif;om;xk\ ta&;ay: tcuftcJ
rsm;rSm-
(1) yxrESpf OypmESifh 0dZÆmausmif;om;rsm;udpö?
(2) "mwfcGJcef;twGuf tydkaiGaMu;udpöwdkYjzpfí tmPmydkifwdkY\ pDrHcsufrsm;rSm cdkifvHkw&m;rQwaom
taMumif;csif;&mwdkYESifh uif;vGwfpGm zdpD;vsuf½Sdonf/
Oyrm- yxrESpf OypmESifh 0dZÆmausmif;om;rsm;udpöü wuúodkvftmPmydkifwdkYonf ESpfOD; ausmif;zGifhpü
yxrESpf OypmESifh 0dZÆmwef;ausmif;om;wdkYtm; pmar;yGJusif;yjyKvkyfjcif;½Sdrnf r[kwf[k twdtvif;aMunmcJhaomf
vnf; pmar;yGJrsm; vGefpGmeD;uyfonfh tcgusrSyif pmar;yGJppfrnf[k a½SUaemufrnD tqDtai:rwnfh ynmoifMum;
a&; udpöü uav;upm;ouJhodkY ½IHUcsnf? ESyfcsnfvkyfcJhojzifh yxrESpf OypmESifh 0dZÆmwef; ausmif;om;tm;vHk;rSm
ynma&; tcuftcJwckudk rarQmfvifhbJ &ifqdkifcJh&avonf/
"gwfcGJcef;twGuf tvSLaiGaMu;udpöudkyif tvm;wl rw&m;rI wcktaeESifh &ifqdkif&onf/ wuúodkvf
tpOftvm &mZ0iftqufquf bdk;awmfbk&m; vufxufurS rMum;bl;? rvkyfbl;? rjzpfay:cJhbl;aom "gwfcGJcef;
aMu;[laom ynma&; qvmrD aiG 25d^-udk odyaHÜ usmif;awmfom;rsm; xHrS rw&m;ñSpí f awmif;cHc&hJ m ausmif;om;rsm;
tm;vHk; rsm;pGmrausreyf jzpf&onf/ txufyg jyóemESp&f yfukd uREkyf w f Ykd trIaqmiftzGUJ \ yxrtBudrf 16? 2? 51
&ufaeY tpnf;ta0;ü wifoGif; aqG;aEG;cJhí yxrESpf ausmif;om;rsm; pmar;yGJudpöudk 17? 1? 51 &ufaeY ta&;ay:
ausmif;om;xk qE´jytpnf;ta0; usif;yjyKvkyf wdkufyGJqifum xkdnaewGif vdkvm;csufrsm; &½SdcJhonf/ "gwfcGJcef;
aMu; udpöudkvnf; ausmif;om;xk axmufcHcsufjzifh tmPmydkifrsm;xH ta&;qdkcJh&m Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufaeUwGif
atmifjrifrI& ½Sdí aiGrsm;jyefvnf xkwf,lcGifh&cJhonf/
341
xdkYaemuf Ouú|ESifh trIaqmiftzGJU\ usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJudk 9? 2? 51 &uf aeYwGif usif;yí-

1/ 'Drdkua&pDudk usepGm avhvmusifhoHk;a&;
2/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;
3/ ausmif;om;ta&;udk ausmif;om;xkqE´jzifhom oefY½Sif;pGm csDwuf,la&;
4/ ygwDEdkifiHa&;aqmif½GufrI uif;vGwfa&;
5/ wdk;wufaom urÇmhausmif;om;xkü yg0ifqifETJa&;wnf;[laom ausmif;om;or*¾\ rGefjrwfvSaom
0g'ESifh vrf;pOfudk uREkfyfwdkY owfrSwfaMunmcJhonf/
xdkwdk;wufrI t&yf&yfudk XmetvdkufcGJí tpD&ifcHygOD;rnf/
1/ wuúodkvfcsif;ESifU EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;Xme
urÇmvH;k qdik &f mausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGUJ udk 16? 1? 51 &ufaeYwiG f atmifjrifpmG zGUJ pnf;NyD;cJí
h obmywdtjzpf
a'gufwmxifatmif? 'k-obmywdtjzpf wuoOuú| udkudkav;? b@ma&;rSL;tjzpf a'gufwmomvS?
twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf udka&mbwfqGefcg;? trIaqmifvlBuD;rsm;tjzpf-
1/ ygarmu© OD;b 2/ ygarmu© OD;at;armif 3/ udkpdefbef;
4/ udkodef;atmif 5/ udkwif0if; 6/ udkjrol wdkYudk a½G;aumufzGJUpnf;cJhonf/
xdkaumfrwDrSaeí ynm½SmrSD;&mü tcuftcJawGUaeaom ausmif;om;wdkYtm; aiGaMu;ulnD axmufyHh&m
odyÜH (6) OD;? 0dZÆm (4) OD;? aygif; (10) OD;udk wpfvvQif 50d^- ESifh aygif; 5000d^- axmufyHhaMu; ay;EdkifcJhonf/
wuúodkvfcsif;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;Xme tpD&ifcHpm rSwfwrf;t& EdkifiHjcm;{nfhonfawmfrsm; tjzpf
(1) e,lZDvefjynf urÇmvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf twGif;a&;rSL; rpöwm tm(&f)tuf(pf)bpfpvD (R.S
Bisley)? (2) rpötrf&mZm (M.Raza) ygupöwefEi S ?hf (3) rpöwm trfauaumewf (M.K Connent U.S.N.S.A) wdYk
vma&mufí Armjynfausmif;om;a&;udpöudk &if;ESD;pGm aqG;aEG;avhvmMuonf/
jrefrmjynfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf EdkifiHjcm;odkY-
(1) a'gufwma&mbwf (vufaxmufaq;rSL;) tm; puFmylNrdKUü usif;yaom ta½SUawmiftm½S awmifydkif;
qdik &f m aq;yg&*lrsm;\ ausmif;om;rsm; use;f rma&;tajctaewGif aqG;aEG;yGo J Ykd apvTwcf o
hJ nf/ a'gufwma&mbwf\
aqG;aEG;csufrsm;rSm rsm;pGmatmifjrifaMumif; tpD&ifcHEdkifonfhtjyif &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm; usef;rma&;
twGuf ta&;wBuD; vdktyfaeaom jrefrmaiG wodef;wef "gwfrSefwckudk vnf;aumif;? ta&;BuD;aom aq;ypönf;
tcsKdUudk vnf;aumif;? wuúodkvfaq;½HktwGuf &½SdcJhygonf/
(2) ¤if;tjyif tm½Swdkuf ausmif;om;a&;&mrsm;ü ESHYpyfpGm qnf;yl;í &if;ESD;rI&½Sd&ef udka&mbwfqGefcg;tm;
ygupöwef? oD[dkVf? tdEd́,? tif'dkeD;½Sm;? rav;½Sm;? ,dk;',m;wdkYudk apvTwfcJhygonf/ urÇmvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;
tzGUJ csKyf0if Edik if jH zpfaom uae'grS jrefrmjynf tif*sife, D m ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ausmif;oH;k ypön;f rsm; (Drawing
Instruments & Exercise Books) ESihf aq;0g;ypön;f rsm; ay;ydYk &½Sc d yhJ gonf/ *syefjynfrS "gwfreS af jymif;wckuv kd nf;
aumif;? tar&duefausmif;om;rsm;tzGUJ rS aiGo;kH aomif; tultnDEiS hf aq;bufqikd &f m pmtkyt f rsK;d rsK;d ? odyb
HÜ ufqikd &f m
pmtkyftrsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk vufcH&½SdcJhygonf/
2/ vlxkqufqHa&;ESifU ynma&;Xme
¤if;teuf rGejf rwfaom atmifjrifrI wcsufrmS 50-51 ckEpS f rufx&pfausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ykZeG af wmifEiS hf
wuúov kd o f r*¾taqmuftOD ESpaf e&m cGí J apwemh0efxrf;oifwef;rsm; zGiv hf pS jf cif;jzpfonf/ apwem½Sif ausmif;om;
BuD; tcsKdU\ tultnDudkvnf; aumif;pGmvufcH &½SdcJhygonf/ xkdoifwef;odkY ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; trsm;tjym;
wufa&mufcJhygonf/ toif;\ &nf½G,fcsufESifh avsmfnDpGm vlxktzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ qufoG,frIudk 0rf;ajrmufpGm
vufcHcJhNyD;
1/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m awmifolv,form;tpnf;t½Hk;XmecsKyf txl;nDvmcHodkY zdwfac:csuft& txl;
{nfhonfawmf tjzpf 2? 1? 51&ufaeYwGif udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; apvTwfcJhygonf/
2/ Armjynf tvkyform;tpnf;t½Hk;rsm;rS BuD;rSL;usif;yonfh EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf tvkyf
orm;or*¾ nDvmcHodkY zdwfac:csuft& or*¾udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;udk 9? 2? 51 &ufaeYwGif apvTwfcJhygonf/
3/ ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mvli,frsm;tpnf;t½H;k BuD;wGif &efuek cf ½dik rf S BuD;rSL;usi;f yonfh ud;k Budraf jrmufnv
D mcH
342
odkYvnf; zdwfac:csuft& 28? 6? 51 &ufaeYwGif udk,fpm;vS,f (3) OD; apvTwf wufa&mufcJhygonf/

4/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mvli,frsm;tpnf;t½Hk;\ omrefnDvmcHodkYvnf; zdwfac:csuft& wufa&mufcJhyg
onf/ ausmif;om;rsm; oufomacsmifcsdrItwGuf urÇmvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS ay;ydkYaom ausmif;oHk;pm
tkyfESihf ud&d,mrsm;udk txl;EIef;jzifh jzefYjzL;cJhEdkifygonf/
3/ aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifU jynfolYvkyfief;Xme
EdkifiHjcm;{nfhonfawmfrsm;udk aumif;pGmvufcHrnfh R.S Bislay tm; a[majymyGJ usif;y&ef wdkawmif;onfh
umvtwGif; BudK;pm;cJhonf/ jynfolUvkyfief;Xmersm;rS ausmif;om;tusKd;twGuf or*¾rS qufoG,f&,lcJhaom
tusKd;w&m;rsm;rSm-
1/ avaMumif;Xme U.B.A rS ausmif;om;rsm;tm; (70) &ufxuf ausmfvGefaom tcEIef;rsm; twGuf
10% avQmhygonf/
2/ rD;&xm;XmerS ausmif;om;rsm;tm; w0ufEIef; avQmh,lygonf/
3/ a&vrf;bufqdkif&m I.W.T rS ausmif;ydwf&uf (3) &ufxuf ausmfvGefaom tcsdefwGif a&vrf;ü oGm;
vmaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; txl;EIef;ESifh ay;ygonf/
jynfwiG ;f t&yf&yfü oGm;vmrI cufcaJ om ae&ma'orsm;odYk jyefonfh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; or*¾rS txl;pDpOf
ay;cJhygonf/
4/ jyefMum;a&;Xme
t"du atmifjrifrItjzpf oefY½Sif;aom0g'ESifh vrf;pOfudk (9? 2? 51) &ufaeYwGif twdtvif; xkwfjyef
aMunmcJhygonf/ rSefuefaom oabmw&m; &mEIef;jynfh0aeaom or*¾\ 0g'ESifh vrf;pOfudk jyefMum;a&;Xmeonf
tcgtcGifhoifhwdkif; xkwfazmfaMunmjcif;? owif;pmyg ausmif;om;ta&;ESihf ywfoufaom uGJvGJonfh,lqcsufrsm;?
ausmif;wGi;f ausmif;jyif tajctae t&yf&yfukd tcgtcGit hf vdu
k f xkwjf yefaMunmcJo
h nf/ xdUk jyif jynfoYl todtrSwf
jyKaeY yGJawmfrsm;? ausmif;om; todrSwfjyKaeU yGJawmfrsm;ü or*¾\ oabmxm;udk wnfhrwfpGm xkwfjyefcJhonf/
5/ pmMunfUyd#duwfwdkufXme
or*¾pmMunfw h u
kd Xf metwGuf pmtkyrf sm;udk urÇmvH;k qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;tzGUJ csKyfEiS hf tjcm;Edik if jH cm;oH½;kH
rsm;rS tultnDtjzpf vufcH&½Sdí or*¾pmMunfhwdkufcef;ü aumif;pGmxm;½Sdygonf/
6/ r*¾Zif;XmetpD&ifcHpm
1950-51 ckESpf trIaqmiftajymif;tvJaMumifh yxrydkif;wGif r*¾Zif;Xme wm0efcHtzGJU aqmif½Gufaom
vkyfief;rsm; teuf tdk;a0r*¾Zif; rxkwfa0EdkifcJhaom tdk;a0wm0efcH\ BudK;pm;rIaMumifh wESpfrQ tcsdef,l aqmif½Guf&
aom udpöudk (2) v twGif; tdk;a0 tcsdefrD wGefusL;EdkifcJh\/
7/ b@ma&;XmetpD&ifcHpm
trIaqmifa[mif;rsm;xHrS 1950 ckEpS f 'DZifbmvwGif aiG 465d-5yJ vTaJ y;&NyD; vpOf 0ifaiGtjzpf qdik v f crsm;
rS 2927d-8yJ? ,cktxd0if aiG½Sdaeygonf/ ¤if;wdkYteuf tmZmenfaeY? AdkvfcsKyfaeY? ausmif;om;rsm; psmyeudpörsm;
wGiv f nf;aumif;? ½H;k oH;k ypön;f rsm;ESihf Ekid if jH cm;ausmif;om; ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;\ {nfch yH rJG sm;ü vnf;aumif;? acRwmoH;k
pGJí ,ckvufusef 202d-12yJ ½Sdygonf/ ESpftqufqufu wif½Sdvmaom wuúodkvfaumifpDESifh wuúodkvfor*¾ay:
wGif wif½Sdaom vQyfppf"gwftm;cESifh a&caiGrsm;udk aumifpDrS avsmfay;NyD;aemuf vQyfppftm;ESifh a&cudk vpOfrSefrSef
ay;&onf/
taxGaxGqdkif&m tpD&ifcHpm
or*¾\ txufygXme (7) ckrSwyg; tjcm;rJhaom vkyfief;aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;udk twGif;a&;rSL;ESifh wGJzuf
twGif;a&;rSL;\ taxGaxGqdkif&mXme tpD&ifcHpmü xnfhoGif; tpD&ifcHygonf/
ausmifom;or*¾? tvkyftrIaqmifopf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufNyD;aemuf Oya'tMuHay;t&m½Sdtjzpf 0wfvHk
343
awmf& OD;jrifhtm; vnf;aumif;? pm&if;ppftjzpf OD;oef;wltm; vnf;aumif;? aumifpD0ifvlBuD;rsm;tjzpf OD;ydkif

(tdkifpDtufpf tNidrf;pm;) ESifh OD;at;armif (bDtufpfpD? bDt,fvf) tm; a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcJhonf/ or*¾toif;
wduk t f m; Munf½h aI pmifah ½Smufot l jzpf OD;uHoed ;f tm; qufvuf cefYxm;ygonf/ or*¾toif; rif;aptjzpf udv k aS usmf
tm; cefYxm;ygonf/ wHjrufvSnf; ukvm;tm; qufvufxm;½Sdygonf/ or*¾qHyifñSyfqdkif? pmtkyfqdkifESihf pm;awmf
qufrsm;udk ,cifESpfrsm; EIef;twdkif;yif qufvuf xm;½Sdygonf/
or*¾tzGJU\ OD;a&rSm qufvufwdk;wufcJh&m-
1948-49 wGif (1400) ½Sdí?
1949-50 wGif (1000) txd usqif;oGm;aomfvnf;?
,ckESpf 1950-51 wGif (1947) a,muftxd wdk;wufvmygonf/
taysmfwrf;wyfzGJUudkvnf; jyefvnfzGJUpnf;&ef BudK;pm;cJh&m oufqdkif&mXmeodkY taMumif;Mum;cJhonf/
bDtdkbmbm AdkvfrSL; (tjrJwrf;twGif;0ef udk,fpm; pm&if;ppf½Hk;) rS rwfv (29) &uf 1951 ckESpf jyefMum;pm&½SdNyD;
]wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ vdkvm;csufudk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u todtrSwfjyKygonf/ xdkufoifUovdk ta&;,l
aqmif½GufoGm;ygrnf/} [k a&;om;yg½SdaMumif; tpD&ifcHygonf/
ausmif;ESihf ywfoufí oufqikd &f mtzGUJ wdYk \ vdv k m;csufrsm;üvnf; or*¾\ aqmif½u G f atmifjrifcsufrsm;
udk 0rf;ajrmufpGm tpD&ifcHygrnf/
(1) ygVdtoif;\ ]vlrsKd;jcm;ygarmu© cefhxm;a&;} wdkufyGJü or*¾rS tifwdkuftm;wdkuf ulnDcJhonf/
ygVdtoif;\ vdkvm;csufrsm;rSmvnf; atmifjrifNyD;ajrmufcJhygonf/
(2) 1950-51 ck? Oya'ausmif;om;toif;\ ]wESpf (2) Burd f pmar;yGu J si;f ya&;} awmif;qdck surf sm;udv
k nf;
vufcHí or*¾rS axmufcHaqmif½Guf ay;aeygonf/
(3) ]tif;0ausmif;aqmif o[m&ESihf pmzwftoif; awmif;qdck su}f ausmif;aqmif tpm;taomufrefae*sm
ESifh 'k-refae*smwdkYtm; tif;0ausmif;aqmifrS tjrefqHk; ajymif;a½TUay;&efudkvnf; or*¾rS vufcHta&;,l aqmif½Guf
&m tmPmydkifrsm;xHrS 21? 7? 51 &ufaeY jyefMum;pmt& xdkudpö atmifjrifNyD;ajrmufcJhygonf/
(4) Nrdwfc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJü (74) a,muf0ifa&muf ajzqkd&m (1) a,muf
wnf; atmifonfh udpöESifh ywfoufí or*¾rS ta&;,laqmif½Gufvsuf ½Sdygonf/
(5) 1951 ckESpf? rwfvtwGuf taqmifc ray;aom wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tm; pmar;yGJajzqdkcGifh
vufrSwf xkwfay;&ef? tmPmydkifrsm;xH ta&;qdkcJh&m atmifjrifNyD;jywfcJhygonf/
(6) atmufwdkbm ausmif;ydwf&uf ukefqHk;NyD;aemuf 'k-ESpf0ufrS ausmif;0ifvmaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
yxr ESpf0uftwGuf ausmif;vcaiG (60d^) udk rawmif;qdk&ef tmPmydkifrsm;xH ta&;qdk&m 24? 1? 51 &ufaeY
jyefMum;pmt& atmifjrifNyD;jywfcJhygonf/
(7) aq;aumvdyf ausmif;olrsm;tm; T.T.C ESifh bifwefausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif ae&mxkdifcif; vHkavmufpGm
&½Sd&ef tmPmydkifrsm;xHü awmif;qdk&m vdkvm;csufrsm; vHk;0atmifjrifcJhygonf/
(8) 1951 ckESpf? ZGefv pmar;yGJatmifpm&if;udk apmifhqdkif;vsuf½Sdaom abmf'g ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
1951 ckESpf? ZlvdkifvtwGuf ausmif;aqmifESifh xrif;cudk w0ufc avQmh,l&ef tmPmydkifrsm;xH or*¾rS awmif;qdk&m
atmifjrifNyD;jywf cJhygonf/
(9) wuúodkvfor*¾ü ,ciftrIaqmifrsm; vufxufu usef½SdcJhaom
rD;c - 1714d-14 yJ
a&c - 260d-
y&dabm* - 310d-
aygif; 2284d-14 yJ udk ausmif;om;aumifpDvlBuD;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsuft& tmPmydkifrsm;xHrS vdkufavsm
ausat;csufudk vufcH&½Sdygonf/
(10) tcvGwf ynmoifMum;a&;pDrHudef;udk tpdk;&rS wdvif;pGm xkwfjyefaMunmNyD;onfhaemuf tpkd;&cefY
twGi;f 0ef (20) OD;? aumifpv D Bl uD; (10) OD;wdYk EiS fh wGzJ ufí aqmif½uG &f ef or*¾ Ouú|? twGi;f a&;rSL;ESihf ausmif;aumifpD
vlBuD;wOD; aygif; (3) OD;wdkYu aqmif½Gufaeygonf/
xdkaumfrwDtzGJUwGif-
344
(1) or*¾pmMunfhwdkufpmtkyfESihf y&dabm*twGufaiG - 10000d^-

(2) *wfpwifemESihf t*Fvdyfjrefrm vufESdyfpuftwGufaiG - 5000d^-
(3) or*¾taqmuftODwdk;csJU&mü vdktyfonfh "gwftm;ud&d,mtwGufaiG - 7000d^-
(4) or*¾taqmuftODtm; y&dowf (1000) 0ifEdkif&ef wdk;csJUaqmufvkyfvdkojzifh - 415000d^-
437000d^-
(5) pmtkyf - 15000d^-

(6) or*¾aemuf (5) ESpftwGuf pmyHkESdyfpuf (5) vHk;ESifh pmvHk;rsm;twGufaiG - 45000d^-
600000d^-
-wdkY awmif;qdkcJh&m 1? 2? 3? 4 rSm vufiif; vdkvm;csuf 5? 6 rSm tem*wf vdkvm;csuftjzpf awmif;qdk&m

vufiif; vdv k m;csufaiG 50000d^- rwnfaiGtjzpf &½Scd yhJ gonf/ or*¾w;kd csJUa&;ESihf or*¾ pmyHEk ydS pf uf wnfaxmif&ef
twGurf l vufiif;vdv k m;csut f aeESihf xnfoh iG ;f pOf;pm;onfxuf tem*wfvv kd m;csuüf xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;í vdu
k af vsm
ygrnf[k uwd0efcHcsuf &½SdcJhygonf/
(12) 1951 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v
f (4) &ufaeU wuúov kd q
f ;D edwt
f zGUJ qH;k jzwfcsufEiS fh Zlvikd v
f (14) &uf aumifpD
tpnf;ta0; twnfjyKcsuft& tcsuf (9) csufygaom pDrHudef;topfw&yf xkwfjyef&mwGif
(u) pmar;yGJ (3) cgus qufwdkuf ajzNyD;í ratmifjrifaom ausmif;om;xkrsm;udk ausmif;xkwfjcif;?
(c) oifwef; (6) v aemufusaeonfh tajctae½Sdaejcif;wdkYrSm ausmif;om;tusKd;udk wdkuf½dkuf xdcdkufae
ojzifh uREkfyfwdkY or*¾rS 15? 7? 51 &ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif;? 17? 7? 51 &ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif; aMunmcsuf (3) ck
xkwfjyefí ausmif;om;xktm; wifjy EdI;aqmfcJhonf/ tmPmydkifrsm;xHüvnf; wif;rmpGm ta&;qdkcJhonf/ odkYESihfyif
23? 7? 51 &ufaeYwGif tmPmydkifrsm;xHrS ausat;vdkufavsmcsuf t00udk or*¾rS aeYcsif;yif aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefí
ausmif;om;xktm; wifjyNyD; jzpfygaMumif;/
cifarmifjrifh
('k-Ouú|)
w-u-o
345
OD;udu
k akd v;
(1950-51)
jrpfBuD;em;NrdKUwGif arG;zGm;onf/ wuúov

kd 0f ifpmar;yGu
J kd 1946 ckEpS w
f iG f rH½k mG NrdKUrS atmifjrifcí
hJ wuúov
kd o
f Ykd
qufvufynmoifMum;onf/ 1948-49 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1949-50 ckEpS rf sm;wGif wuo trIaqmiftjzpf a½G;aumuf
wifajr§mufjcif;cH&í wuotwGi;f a&;rª;tjzpf wm0ef,cl o hJ nf/ 1950-51 ckEpS w f iG f wuoOuú| jzpfonf/
rlvwef;rS wuúov kd x
f d tcrJyh nma&;pHepfEiS hf ûyvkyo
f nf/ wuúov kd yf xrESpo
f ifwef;rsm; (Oypmtykid ;f -u
ESihf 0dZmÆ tydik ;f -u) tm; pmar;yGv J yk af &;ESihf ywfoufí y,fzsu&f ef ûyvkycf o
hJ nf/ aemfa0jynf atmfpvdNk rdKUwGif
usif;yaom urÇmhwuúodkvf0efxrf;tzGJY (World University Service) nDvmcHodkY wufa&mufcJhonf/
OD;udu
k akd v;onf &efuek Nf rdKU jrLeDpyD g,fwiG f jynfoYlqufqaH &; t&m½St
d jzpf Edik if aH wmfwm0efukd ,ck xrf;aqmif
vsuf½Sdonf/
OD;cifarmifjrif-h {&m0wDwikd ;f ? a';'&JNrKdU ZmwdjzpfNyD;? uG,v

f eG o
f l tqdak usmf udo
k ef;vIid \
f tudjk zpf
onf/ zufqpf*syefqefYusifa&; umvtwGif;u vli,fjzpfaom OD;cifarmifjrifhonf Adkvfae
0if;ESifh ocifpdk;tMum; qufom;tjzpf wm0ef,l aqmif½GufcJhonf/
1949 ckESpfwGif &uo trIaqmifwOD;tjzpf wm0ef,laqmif½GufcJhonf/ OD;cif
armifjrifhonf 1950-51 'k-Ouú|tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§muf cH&onf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif
tdrfapmifhtpdk;&u zrf;qD;NyD; udk;udk;uRef;odkY tydkYcH&onf/ 1960 ckESpf ausmfrsm;wGif yrnw
acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfum 1963 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvwGif ]]rdkifw&mNidrf;csrf;a&;c&D;½Snf}} csDwuf
qE´jyyJGwGif jynfolUaumfrwD0ifESifh vlxkppfaMumif;rsm;\ wyfrSL;csKyftjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/
xdkYaMumifh qE´jyyJGNyD;í &uftenf;i,ftMumwGif tzrf;cH&NyD; udk;udk;uRef;odkY 'kwd,tBudrf
Source: SLORC Press Conference
ydkYcH&onf/ 1973 ckESpfwGif jyefvGwfonf/ 1978 wGif wwd,tBudrf xyfrHtzrf;cH&NyD; 1980

ckESpfwGif jyefvGwfonf/
1988 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvwGif jynfolYwdk;wufa&;ygwDudk zJGUpnf;NyD; Ouú|tjzpf
wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1988 ckESpfESifh 1989 ckESpfrsm;twGif; ppftmPm½Sifpepf qefYusifa&;w&m;rsm;
a[mMum;cJhonf/ 1989 ZGefvwGif jynfolUwdk;wufa&;ygwD A[dktrIaqmiftzJGUwckvHk;udk
OD;cifarmifjrifh
zrf;qD;&m OD;cifarmifjrifhyg pwkw¬tBudrf tzrf;cH&onf/ 1989 ck? Edk0ifbm (6) &ufaeYwGif
axmif'PftESpf (20) csrSwfjcif;cH&onf/ 1993 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dvv,favmufwGif
0rf;udkufa&m*g cHpm;&NyD; tif;pdefaxmiftwGif;üyif touf (63) ESpfwGif uG,fvGefonf/ olemr
usef; jzpfaecsdefwGif tmPmydkifrsm;u aq;0g;ukoay;&ef jiif;y,fjcif;cHcJh&onf/
rqvtpdk;&rS ay;aom EdkifiH*kPf&nfbJGUudk vufcH&efjiif;y,fcJhonf/
(tusOf;axmifxJrS tmZmenfrsm;? {&m0wDpmtkyfwdkuf? 1999? pm-26/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD\
EdkifiHawmftmPmodrf;a&;vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;? 1989? pm-77)
346
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1951 rS 1952 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif
tcef; (14)

'Dru
kd a&pDa&; vlUtcGifhta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsKd ;om;a&;toGif
(1951 rS 1952)
(u) Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf ay:ayguv

f mjcif; (1951-52)
1951-52 ckESpf tpydkif;wGif ausmif;om;avmuü t"dutiftm;pkrSm oefY½Sif;ESifh wdk;wufwdkY jzpfonf/
ausmif;om;wdYk\ yifu, kd o
f bm0t& zdEydS o f u
l kd qefYusiv
f jkd cif;? trSew
f &m;udk jrwfE;kd jcif;? tmPm&tzGUJ tpnf;wdYk\
jyKrlaqmif½Gufcsufrsm;udk rauseyfjcif;? rnfolonf rdrdausmif;om;ta&;udk opöm½Sd½Sd jywfom;&J0ifhpGm aqmif½GufEdkif
rnfhtay: tuJjzwfjcif; ponfwdkYaMumifh wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkudk wpwp ydkrdkaxmufcHvmMuonf/
wdk;wufwdkY\ acgif;aqmifrI wufvmonf/ xdktcsdeftxd &efukefwuúodkvfonf tpOftvmESifh taetxm;t&
wjynfvHk;½Sdausmif;om;rsm;udk OD;aqmifrI ay;&m ae&mjzpfonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif wdk;wuftiftm;pk OD;aqmifrI
jrifrh m;vmonfEiS hf trQrEÅav;wuúov kd f tygt0if e,fausmif;om;or*¾rsm;wGif trsm;pkonf wd;k wuftiftm;pk\
acgif;aqmifrIudk vufcHvmMuonf/ wdk;wufausmif;om;tiftm;pkonf e,for*¾rsm;udk tawmfav; us,fus,f
jyefYjyefY pnf;½Hk;EdkifcJhaom tajctae½Sdonf/
xkdtcsdef a½Twd*Hkbk&m;? tv,fypö,H½Sd OD;at;armifZ&yfwGif ausmif;om;nDvmcH usif;yonf/ xdknDvmcH
usif;yaomtcsdefESihf oefY½Sif;tiftm;pkuvnf; wuotaqmuftODwGif pifNydKifnDvmcH usif;yonf/ rlv Auo
rSmvnf; awmxJa&mufoGm;NyDjzpfí vpfvyfoGm;aom ae&mwGif tiftm;pk (2) ck NydKifMujcif; jzpfonf/ Auo (2) ck
ay:aygufrnfh tajctaeonf ausmif;om;xktwGuf aumif;aom vu©Pm r[kwaf y/ OD;at;armifZ&yfoYkd wufa&muf
aom e,fausmif;om;or*¾rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdUonf wckwnf;aom nDvmcHjzpfajrmufa&;? wckwnf;aom
Auo jzpfajrmufa&; twGuf BudK;yrf;Muonf/ wdk;wufausmif;om;tiftm;pkuvnf; wckwnf;aom nDvmcHESifh
wckwnf;aom AuozGUJ a&;udk vdv k m;onf/ nDvmcHukd acwå&yfí usif;ycJo h nf/ e,fausmif;om;or*¾rsm; BudK;yrf;rI
udk axmufcBH udKqdck o hJ nf/ oefY½iS ;f ESihf wd;k wuf aqG;aEG;&m atmifjrifrI r&cJah y/ þodYk wd;k wufausmif;om;tiftm;pk
OD;pD;usif;yaom nDvmcHwGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf (A.B.F.S.U) udk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ oefY½Sif;tiftm;pku BuD;rSL;í
Auo (A.B.S.U) udk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ odkYaomf aemufydkif;wGif oefY½Sif;tiftm;pk\ OD;aqmifrI csdeJY ,drf;,dkifvmjcif;?
347
trSefwu,f ausmif;om;or*¾udk us,f0ef;pGm pnf;½Hk;EdkifrI r½Sdjcif;? ausmif;om; jyóemESifh ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIudk

xda&mufjywfom;pGm OD;aqmifEdkifrI r½Sdjcif;wdkYaMumifh oefY½Sif;wdkY\ (A.B.S.U) rSm wjznf;jznf; vHk;yg;yg;um
wdrfjrKyf aysmufuG,foGm;avonf/
wd;k wufwYkd \ Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfonf e,fausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY pnf;½H;k um xda&muf
pGm OD;aqmifraI y;Edik af om tzGUJ tpnf;jzpfc&hJ m wckwnf;aom Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyftjzpf cdik cf ikd rf mrm &yfwnfEikd cf o
hJ nf/
(c) Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyEf iS hf AuotzGUJ trIaqmifrsm;
A.B.F.S.U & A.B.S.U

(c-1) wdk;wufwdkh\ Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf (A.B.F.S.U) trIaqmifrsm;rSm
udkvS0if; Ouú| (,cif Auo twGif;a&;rSL;a[mif;)
(ñTefrSL; tqifhjrifhynmOD;pD;Xme)
udkausmfNidrf; 'k-Ouú| (aemif A[dkw&m;½Hk;a½SUae)
udkwiftHk; 'k-Ouú|
udkatmifbef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (aemif A[dkw&m;½Hk;a½SUae)
udkbaumif; wGJzuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (aemif tajccHynmausmif;om;a&;&m)
udkpdk;odef; b@ma&;rSL;
udkodef;atmif aiGxdef;
udkat;oef; EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;rSL; (aemif or0efvufaxmuf)
udkrif;vGif (aemif pma&;q&m armifom&)
udkwifhvGif wdkYjzpfonf/
(c-2) 1951-52 wuotrIaqmiftzGJY

1/ udkpdefbef; Ouú|
2/ udkOD;armif 'k-Ouú|
3/ udkwifatmif b@ma&;rSL;
4/ udkausmfausmf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
5/ udkwifarmifxGwf wGJzuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
6/ udkwifxGef; jyefMum;a&;XmetwGif;a&;rSL;
7/ udkjrifhcdkif EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmetwGif;a&;rSL;
8/ udkcifarmifvwf aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifh oufomacsmifcsda&;XmetwGif;a&;rSL;
9/ udkudkav; wuúodkvfESifh vlxkynma&;XmetwGif;a&;rSL;
10/ cdkifjrJzdk;csdef tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcH
11/ udkvScif pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
(c-3) oefh½Sif; AuotrIaqmiftzGJYrsm; (A.B.S.U) 1951-52

1/ udkpdefbef; Ouú|
2/ udkpdefvGif 'k-Ouú|
3/ udkcifarmifñGefU b@ma&;rSL;
4/ udk0if;az taxGtaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
5/ udkudkBuD; wGJzuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
6/ udk&JxGwf EdkifiHjcm;a&;rSL; ("gwfyHkwGif- udkwifatmif[k azmfjyxm;onf/)
7/ udkvSpdk;vGif aygif;oif;qufqHa&;rSL;
8/ udkpdef0if; ÓPAvESifh pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
348
9/ udkjrifhodef; jyefMum;a&;rSL;
10/ udkatmifausmfjrifh um,AvrSL;
11/ udkjrifhaqG wGJzuf um,AvrSL;
12/ udkcspfaqG &JacgifXmerSL;
13/ udkpHarmif wGJzuf &JacgifXmerSL;
14/ udkjrifhodef; wGJzuf vufaxmuftwGif;a&;rSL;
Source: Aung Tun Original Copy

oefh½Sif; AuotrIaqmiftzJGY (1951-52)
a½SYwef;- udkjrifhodef; udkcifarmifñGefh udkpdefvGif udkpdefbef; udk0if;az ukdudkBuD; udkwifatmif
(jyefMum;a&;rSL;) (b@ma&;rSL;) ('k-Ouú|) (Ouú|) (taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;) (wJGzuftwGif;a&;rSL;) (EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;)
Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfonf trIaqmiftzGUJ tjyif trIaqmiftoD;oD;u vkyif ef;tvdu k f OD;aqmifaom AsL½drk sm;
xm;½Sdonf/ wdk;wufwdkY OD;pD;usif;yaom AuonDvmcHwGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf pnf;rsOf;udk wifjy twnfjyKonf/
xkdpnf;rsOf;udk tajccHí Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf zGJUpnf;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/
nDvmcHwGif trsKd;om;a&;? ausmif;om;a&;? urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; ponfwdkYESifh pyfvsOf;í qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk
wnDwñGww f nf; csrSwEf ikd cf o
hJ nf/ Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfonf ,cif Auorsm;enf;wl urÇmah usmif;om;or*¾tzGUJ csKyf
(I.U.S) tzGJU0if jzpfcJhonf/ þodkY Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf zGJUpnf;Edkifjcif;jzifh wjynfvHk;½Sd ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk
w&m;0if pnf;½H;k OD;aqmifa&;twGuf A[dt k zGUJ tpnf; xlaxmifEidk jf cif;jzpfonf/ wuúov
kd ef ,fajrrS pnf;½H;k a&;udv
k nf;
tusKd;jyKcJhonf/
(*) Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf vkyaf qmifcsurf mS ;,Gi;f rIrsm; (1951-52)

1951 ckESpfwGif zqyvtpkd;&onf &efukeftpdk;&[k ac:&aom tajctaerS vGwfajrmuf aeNyDjzpfonf/
xkdpOfu tpdk;&udk vufeufudkif wdkufcdkufaeaom tiftm;pkrsm;vnf; NrdKUay:rS xGufajy;aeMuNyD; aus;vufrsm;wGif
MoZmtmPm jyefYvsu½f o dS nf/ odYk aomf NrdKUay:wGif ¤if;wdYk pnf;½H;k a&; ½So
d ifo
h avmuf ½Sad eavonf/ jynfwiG ;f Nidr;f csr;f
a&; r½Sdao;bJ jynfwGif;ppf t½Sdefaumif;qJ jzpfonf/ jynfwGif;ppfESifhtwl zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;vnf; ½Sdao;onf/
xkdtcsdefumvwGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf 'Drdkua&pDa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESihf ausmif;om;xkta&; twGuf
wuf<upGm vIy½f mS ;vsu½f o dS nf/ urÇmv
h o l m;wdYk\ b0vHjk cHKrI ½Sad p&eftwGuf urÇmNh idr;f csr;f a&; &½S&d ef uset
f iftm;pkrsm;
ESihf vufwJG vIy½f mS ;cJah vonf/ tmPm&tpd;k &u Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfukd ajray:ajratmuf twdu k t f cHtiftm;pktjzpf
349
oabmxm;cJhonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf Oya'wGif;½Sd usefvlwef;pm;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; tmPmpuf? ½kyf0w¬KESifh tcGifhta&;

rsm;ay;jcif;? oyfvQKdpnf;½Hk;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifcJhayonf/ odkYaomf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfudk rdrdwdkYqE´½Sdovdk zdEdSyfEdkifjcif;?
pnf;½Hk; NzdKcGJEdkifjcif; rjyKEdkifyg/ þodkYjzifh Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf wjynfvHk; ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk OD;aqmif
pnf;½Hk;vIyf½Sm;aom wckwnf;aom pifNydKifr½Sd? NydKifzufr½Sd w&m;0iftzGJUtpnf; jzpfcJhonf/ xdktzGJUtpnf;onf
&efukefwuúodkvf½Sd wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk\ OD;aqmifrIudk cH,lcJhayonf/
¤if;tiftm;pkrSm a½SUuazmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; trmcHtkyfpk (3) pkay: tajccHxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ jyóem
t&yf&yfudk qdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;odkY rwifjyrD tajccHtkyfpkudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yl;aygif;xm;aom Joint Committee
wGif OD;pGm aqG;aEG;ñSEd iId ;f onf/ ¤if;wGi&f ½Sx d m;aom oabmwlncD suu f kd qdik &f m tzGUJ tpnf;taeESihf tiftm;pktaeESifh
wm0ef,l taumiftxnfazmf vIyf½Sm;onf/ tkyfpk taetxm;& taumif;qHk;tkyfpku ta&;BuD;aomae&m Key
Post rsm; &,lci G ½hf jdS cif;? OD;a&rsm; ydrk &kd ½SEd ikd jf cif;½So
d nf/ xkYd aMumifh jyóemt&yf&yfukd qdik &f mtzGUJ tpnf;\ trIaqmif
wGif wifjy&efxuf OD;aqmifyl;wGJaumfrwDwGif yrmPn§dEdIif;a&;udk tiftm;enf;aom tkyfpkrsm;u tav;xm;onf/
tBuD;? tvwf? ti,ftkyfpk (3) rsKd;wGif ta&twGuf tenf;qHk; ti,ftkyfpku ydkí tav;xm;onf/
þodkYjzifh jyóemt&yfudk OD;aqmifyl;wGJaumfrwDwGifom ñ§dEIdif;tqHk;tjzwf,lNyD; vkyfief;rsm; taumift
xnfazmfaomtcg w&m;0iftzGJUtpnf; trIaqmiftzGJUo@mef arS;rSdefvmonf/ trIaqmiftzGJU tpnf;ta0; xdkifí
qHk;jzwfcsuf rcsoavmufjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif EdkifiHa&;todjzifh vnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkYtkyfpk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ygaom
OD;aqmifyl;wGJaumfrwD\ tqHk;tjzwf cH,lí vnf;aumif;? trIaqmiftzGJU\ tcef;u@ aysmufaejcif;udk t"du
rxm;? us&mwm0efudk ,HkMunfcsufjzifh vkyfcJhMuonf/
odYk&mwGif xkv d yk ef nf;vky[ f efrmS rrSeu f efyg/ ¤if;tusK;d qufrmS trmcHtyk pf k (3) ckrS &Jabmfrsm; omr[kwb f J
rdrdESifh vufwGJvkyfaqmifEdkifaom tjcm;&Jabmfrsm;? wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh us,fjyefYaom toGifjzifh zGJUpnf; vIyf½Sm;
vmaomtcg txufyg vkyef nf;vky[ f efaMumifh w&m;0if trIaqmifypkH H aysmufvmjcif;? rvdv k m;tyfaom jyóemrsm;
awGUMuHK&onf/
(C) Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyEf iS hf jynfwiG ;f Nird ;f csr;f a&;

jynfwGif;ppf\ ted|m½Hkrsm; csKyfNidrf;ap&ef jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf EdkifiHa&;t& awGUqHkaqG;aEG;
ajz½Si;f apvdak om toHrsm; xGuaf y:vmaomtcg zqyvu vufeufuikd f awmfveS w f ukd cf u
kd af eaom tiftm;pkrsm;udk
aomif;usef;ol a&mifpHkolykefrsm;[k owfrSwfum vufeufcsNyD; tvif;0if&ef ajymonf/ wzufuvnf; EdkifiHa&;
cH,lcsuf cdkifrmjyif;xefolrsm; jzpf½kHomru omreftzGJUtpnf;rsKd; r[kwfí vufeufcsum jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;udk
vHk;0vufrcH/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;? ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&jzpfvdkaom toHrsm; xGufay:vmonf/ w½kwfuGefjrLepfygwD\ *syef
zufqpfwdkufcdkufa&;umvwGif csrSwfcJhonfh Nidrf;csrf;a&; ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&vrf;pOfESifh ywfoufonfhf pmwrf;rsm;
udk tajccHa&;om;xm;aom bmomjyefpmtkyftcsKdU xGufay:vmonf/
jynfwiG ;f ppfukd awGUqHak qG;aEG;jcif;jzifh &yfp&J ef? a<u;aMumforH sm;ESifh vIy½f mS ;rItcsKUd ½Sv d monf/ xdt
k ajctae
taMumif;t&mrsm; Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfodkY *,uf½dkufvmonf/ Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf ausmif;om;a&;? ynma&;
oufoufwGifom &yfwnfjcif; r[kwfbJ trsKd;om;a&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&; paom vlxkta&;twGufyg
&yfwnfonfh tzGJUjzpfí *,uf½dkufcwfjcif;rSm obm0usygonf/
(i) 1952 td;k a0r*¾Zif;yg q&mBu;D ocifu,

kd af wmfridI ;f \ uAsm
&efuek w
f uúov
kd f td;k a0r*¾Zif;bJYG av;csK;d Bu;D
(1) taMumif;tusKd;wnf;[laom taumif;tqdk; taxGaxG tcsuftvuf xdkxdk½Sif;apzdkU? ]a'gif;tdk;a0}
wuúodkvf r*¾Zif;qDodkU? tqufudk ruif;EkdifordkU owif;ydkUvdkufrnf/ ]tdkuG,f} txufe*kd&ft&if;qDu?
rysufrNydK r,Gif;ayordkU? toif;tyif; qdkwJh? tcsif;csif;wdkU p½kdufnDvdkU-tvdkuf txdkufnD/
350
tdk;a0r*¾Zif;bJGYav;csKd;udk wuúokdvfusifUxHk;
ed*Hk;csKyfuAsm ]&pemav;csKd;BuD;} vdkYvnf;
trnfay;xm;onf/ þav;csKd;BuD;wGif q&mBuD;u
wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; nDñGwfMu&ef
wdkufwGef;xm;onf/ nDñGwfrS
Nidrf;csrf;om,mEdkifaMumif; ñTefjyonf/ xdkYjyif
e,fcsJUESifh w½kwfjzLta&;rSmvnf; pdwfrat;p&m
jzpfaMumif; q&mBuD;u owday;xm;onf/
(vufa½G;pifav;csKd;w&m? pm- 348)
jynfwiG ;f Nird ;f csr;f a&;tzJcYG sKyf acgi;f aqmif

ocifu, kd af wmfridI ;f
(2) aMomf (Logic) avm*sdwfh acwfu,fvdkU? aumvdyftjzpfwGifjzifh? wavmpdwfnpfbG,f- q&mMuHKoeJY?

&wemyHk taemufbuf awmifpOf pudkif;wGifjzifh? armif&ifrdSKif;BuD;- Adkvf0ifcHNyD;? [dkt&if ,ref- touf½SdorQ
BudK;rayghvdkU zdkyv’ifysHrSm t*¾d,xdk;&mu? trsKd;bmom? ½kd;&mtwGufudkjzifh? toufaoawmif?
raoGra½Smifbl; qdkwJh? xdkwuJhtaumif? tcifwyJh uav;wdkUudkv rif;avmif; rif;vsmawGudk?
xrif;awmif;um auR;cJhwJhtjyif ]aMomf} t,loefoefjzifh? ukvm;jzLESHr[Jh ukvm;jzLESHr[JheJU?
wqlql wnHnHawGudk? tvSLcHvdkUarG;NyD; ]tif;} ukvm;ta&;pbdkY? 'g;aoG;Mu[JheJU?
tmay;um q&mulnDojzifh? jrefrmZAÁL'D tppfwaumif;qdkwJh acwfwaumif;&JUjyif?
jrifjrifu&mudk? twGifomtkyftkyfNyD;? (Empire) tifyg&m vkyfcsifwJh vl½Iyfaumif e,fcsJUtaygif;udkjzifh?
a'gif;prkwf wvSJYwnfhatmifaemfuG,f? raumif;t½kyf? ukvm;a*gif;jyKwfua&mYvdkU? armif;xkwfcJhNyD/ /
(3) odkYvuGm? tqifrwJhcsifawmh? ]]wdkYArm}} ociftzGJUqDu u MuifwyJh taxGaxGtvDvD/

ta0rnDapwJh? wudefudef tarSmifhrao;? tdkuG,f! at-bD-pD (A.B.C) awG&JU tdrfapmifhacG;/ /
(4) cufyJcufouGm? ½SufvJ½Sufp&m? vuf0Jvusfm tjzLteD? vlw½Sif;wdkUaMumifh . . .

]aMomf} wrdom;csif;awGawmif owdw&m;uif;uif;NyD;? tcsif;csif;yif rnDrñGwfrlí?
jynfuRwfatmif tNrD;waxmifaxmifESifh . . . wnD;nD;wajymifajymif rD;avmifwdkufoGif;csdefrdkU?
csif;wGif; aus;tnmwcdku? uav;&mZ N*dK[fudkawmif? awG;um tvdkvdkvGrf;rdwJhjyif?
rpGrf;Ekdif romr,m 'ku©jzifh? Z&m'kAÁvt½G,f ½GHpbG,feJY? tvGefri,fwJh (77) ESpftwGif;wGif;rS?
uRefacwfpm&if; wzefwcg? jyefuma&mufrvm;vdkU aemufwD;aemufcsm rcefYpGmpdwfu,fESifh?
aMumufvnf;aMumufcg vefYumxdyfrdwJhjyif . . . ]tr,frif;} jrefrmh &efESpfaxGt&dyfayrdkU?
wdwfESifhedrdwfESifh t&m&mawG;awG;NyD;.... aMomf? ArmjrefajyxdyfqdkwJh.....
Armcsefau½SdufwdkYaMumifh pdwfjzifhq&mrat;/ /
ocifudk,fawmfrdSKif; (vufa½G;pifav;csKd;w&m? pm- 348)
351
(p) wuúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ ESpyf wfvnftpD&ifcpH m (1951-52)
taxGaxGXme
1951-52 ck? &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmifa½G;aumufyu JG kd pnf;rsO;f Oya't& (2) Budrf
cGJí usif;ycJhonf/
yxrtBudrf a½G;aumufyGJudk 1951 ck? pufwifbmv (11) &ufaeYü usif;yjyKvkyfcJhí? Ouú| udkpdefbef;?
'k-Ouú| udkOD;armif? b@ma&;rSL; udkwifatmifwdkYudk a½G;aumufwifajr§muf cJhMuayonf/
'kwd,tBudrf a½G;aumufyGJudk 1951 ck? pufwifbmv (21) &ufaeYü usif;yjyKvkyfí udkausmfausmf
(taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;)? udkwifarmifxGwf (wGJzuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)? udkwifxGef; (jyefMum;a&;Xme?
twGif;a&;rSL;)? udkjrifhcdkif (EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;Xme? twGif;a&;rSL;)? udkudkav; (wuúodkvfESifh vlxkynma&;Xme?
twGif;a&;rSL;)? udkcifarmifvwf (aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifh oufomacsmifcsda&;Xme? twGif;a&;rSL;) wdkYudk
a½G;aumufwifajr§muf cJhMuygonf/
a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufjcif;cH&aom trIaqmiftzGJUrSm wuo pnf;rsOf;Oya't& r*¾Zif;Xme? wm0efcH
pmwnf;tjzpf trfcdkifjrJzdk;csdefESifh pmMunhfwdkufrSL;tjzpf udkvScifwdkYtm; cefYtyfvdkufygonf/
wuo pnf;rsOf;Oya'ESifhtnD zGJUpnf;NyD;ajrmufcJhaom trIaqmiftzGJUonf 1951 ck? pufwifbmv
28 &ufaeYwGif or*¾taqmuftODü usrf;opömusdefqdkí wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk vufcH aqmif½GufcJhygonf/
xdkusrf;opömusdefqdkyGJodkY zdwfMum;csuft& ae;½Sif;owif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyf OD;avm½Hk? jynfolYNidrf;csrf;a&;
tzGJUacgif;aqmif OD;atmifoef;ESifh wuoOuú|a[mif; 0efBuD; trfat&m½SpfwdkY <ua&mufí rdrdwdkY\ tjrifESifh
ausmif;om;wm0efudk a[majymMuonfudk þtpD&ifcHpmwGif aus;Zl;wifpGmjzihf rSwfwrf;wif tyfygonf/
1951 ck? ZGefv ausmif;zGifhonfhf tcsdefrSpí pmar;yGJpepfopfESifh ywfoufí ausmif;om;xk qE´t&
ajz½Sif;ae&ojzifh trIaqmifa½G;aumufyGJrSm tenf;i,f aESmifhaES;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
atmufwdkbmv ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; ausmif;aqmifrsm;ü xrif;rauR;[k ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDu
qHk;jzwfcJhojzifh wuorS ta&;,laqmif½Gufjcif;aMumifh atmufwdkbmv ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; xrif;qufvuf
auR;arG;ygonf/
enf;jyq&mwOD;ESihf ausmif;om;wOD; tcsi;f rsm;MuNyD; ausmif;om;tm; ausmif;rS xkwyf pfjcif;jzihf tjypf'Pf
ay;rnfhqJqJwGif wuorS vma&muf&m ausmif;xkwfrnfh udpörSm ajyvnf oGm;cJhygonf/
1951 ck? pufwifbmv (20) &ufaeYwGif ausmif;om;tcsKdUtm; ppfom;tcsKdUu &rf;um;jcif;udk wuoodkY
wdkifMum;ojzifh wuorS wuúodkvfaumifpDodkY vnf;aumif;? oufqdkif&m ppf½Hk;csKyfodkY vnf;aumif; ta&;,l&ef
wdkifMum;pmrsm; ay;ydkYcJhygonf/
1951 ck? atmufwb kd mv (18) &ufaeYwiG f ygupöwefEikd if H 0efBuD;csKyf vD,muGwt f vDcefonf vlrormwdYk
\ vkyfMuHjcif;udk cHcJh&&m wuorS ausmif;om;xkudk,fpm; 0rf;enf;aMumif;o0PfvTmudk ygupöweftpdk;& odkY
ay;ydkYcJhygonf/
1951 ck? atmufwdkbmv (29) &ufaeUrS pí urÇmhwuúodkvf0efxrf;tzGJU\ ta½SUtm½Swdkufawmifydkif;
nDvmcHudk &efukefwuúodkvfü usif;yrnfjzpfí tdrfonf 0wå&m;twdkif; jyifqifrIrsm;udk jyKvkyf&onf/ xkdnDvmcHodkY
tdE, d́ ? ygupöwef? oD[Vkd ?f ,k;d ',m;? tif'ekd ;D ½Sm;ESifh rav;½Sm;Edik if w
H Ykd rS ygarmu©rsm;ESihf ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;
wufa&mufMuygonf/
ucsif j ynf e ,f w G i f rD ; ab;oif h o jzif h b0wl a usmif ; om;rsm; twd ' k u © a &muf a e&m wuorS
rD;ab;&efyHkaiGodkY aiG 50d^- yg0ifvSL'gef;cJhygonf/
Edk0ifbmv aumifpDtpnf;ta0;wGif wuorS awmif;qdkcsuft& wifoGif;qHk;jzwfNyD; ausmif;om;xkxHrS
aumuf,x l m;aom wuúov kd rf wS yf w
kH ifaMu;aiG 10d^-? upm;ESifh pmMunfw h ukd af Mu;aiG 12d^-ESifh wuúov kd 0f ifaMu;aiG
10d^- pkpkaygif; 32d^- udk ausmif;om;xkodkY jyefvnfay;qyfcJhygonf/
xdkYtjyif ntcgoGm;vmrI vG,ful&eftwGuf t"dywdvrf;udk rD;rsm; xGef;nd§ay;&efudkvnf; wuorS
awmif;qdkonfh twdkif; wyfqifay;cJhygonf/
ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;wGif aevifhupm; aiGa&; tusyftwnf;jzpf
jcif;? ausmif;p&dwf rwwfEikd jf cif;wdYk ukd wuúov kd rf S tiftm;½So
d rQ uln&D ef wuorS awmif;qdo k nft h wdik ;f wuúov kd f
352
txl;&efyakH iGrS ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; (12) a,mufwYkd tm; axmufyahH Mu;aiG wv 60d^-usyf xkwaf y;&ef oabmwl
nDygonf/ xdkYaMumifh wuorS atmufwdkbmv (26) &ufaeYwGif avQmufvTmrsm; ac:,lcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif
oufqdkif&mwdkY\ tvkyfoabmt& ay:aygufcJhaom tcuftcJwdkYaMumifh aiGxkwfay;a&;udpo ö nf aESmifhaES;cJh aomf
vnf; ,ckESpf Zlvdkifv twGif;wGif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; (12) a,mufwdkYtm; wa,mufvQif axmufyHhaMu;aiG
(600) usyf wdwdudk ulnDaxmufyhHcJhNyD; jzpfygonf/ axmufyHhaMu;&xdkufolrsm;tm; a½G;cs,f&mü wuoonf
atmufygrltwdkif; a½G;cs,fcJhygonf/
(1) ynmBudK;pm;rI½Sdjcif;?
(2) aiGtultnD trSefwu,fvdkjcif;?
(3) or*¾pdwf½Sdjcif;wdkY jzpfygonf/
trSefpifppf axmufyHhaMu;avQmufol tm;vHk;vdkvdkyif aiGa&;aMu;a&; usyfwnf;rIESihf &ifqdkifvsuf ½Sdolrsm;
yif jzpfygonf/ xdYk aMumifv h nf; a½G;cs,f&mü tcuftcJ awGU½Scd &hJ ygonf/ rnfoYkd yifjzpfap uREkyf w f Ykd onf a½G;cs,f&mü
txufyg rltwdik ;f wOD;ESiw hf OD; EdiI ;f ,SONf yD; aiGtultnD ydrk v
kd tkd yfonf[k MuHpnf,q l &aom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;
(12) a,mufwdkYtm; axmufyhHaMu;aiGrsm;udk xkwfay;cJh&ygonf/
axmufyHhaMu;aiG &½Sdolrsm;rSm-
1/ raMumif0g; cHkeHygwf - 670 'k-Oypm
2/ r&if&if cHkeHygwf - 84 y-Oypm
3/ udkvSatmif cHkeHygwf - 1014 y-Oypm
4/ udkatmifoef; cHkeHygwf - 978 y-Oypm
5/ udkat;az cHkeHygwf - 198 'k-Oypm
6/ udkxGef;ñGefY cHkeHygwf - 549 y-Oypm
7/ udktkef;az cHkeHygwf - 966 'k-Oypm
8/ udkBudKifxGef; cHkeHygwf - 663 y-Oypm
9/ udkwifjrifh cHkeHygwf - 1106 y-Oypm
10/ udkbwkwf cHkeHygwf - 161 y-Oypm
11/ udkaomif;wif cHkeHygwf - 4 'k-Oypm
12/ udkñGefYarmif cHkeHygwf - 581 y-Oypm
wuúov kd f ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vH;k usef;rma&;ppfaq;&efukd wuowckwnf;jzifh aqmif½u G &f ef
cJ,Of;ojzifh wuorS oufqikd &f modYk tultnDawmif;&m ,ckEpS Of ;D rS ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;tm;vH;k wdYk tm; usef;rm
a&;ppfaq;jcif; jyKEdkifcJhygonf/
Edk0ifbmv (23) &ufaeY? trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYudk ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾ (oefY½Sif;aom
ausmif;om;xk) rS BuD;rSL;í bDatat abmvHk;uGif;BuD;wGifusif;y&m wuoonf ausmif;om;rsm; OD;pD;aom
xkdtcrf;tem;odkY tifwdkuftm;wdkuf wufa&mufNyD; yg0ifqifETJcJhonf/
'DZifbmvwGif wuúodkvf tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS rdrdwdkY\ vwfwavm epfemcsufrsm;udk
wuúov kd af umifpoD Ykd awmif;qd&k m jiif;y,fojzifh qE´jyoydwaf rSmufc&hJ m wuorS yxrajcvSr;f taejzifh aMunmcsuf
xkwfjyefí xkdqE´jyoydwfudk axmufcHcJhygonf/ xkdrSwqifh tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;\ vufwavm epfemcsuf
rsm;udk wuorS wuúov kd af umifpo D Ykd xyfrH wifjyjyefonf/ 1951 ck? 'DZifbmv (7) &ufaeUwGif wuorS ausmif;om;
xk tpnf;ta0;ac:,lí nDaemifrsm;jzpfaom tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;onf w&m;enf;
vrf;usojzifh axmufcHaMumif;jzifh tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ qE´jyoydwfudk axmufcHaom tm;jzifh
wuúodkvfausmif;udkvnf; (7) &ufaeUrS (8) &ufaeY? naetxd (2) &ufwdwd qE´jy u½kPmoydwfarSmuf&ef
qH;k jzwf ygonf/ wuoonf tif*sief , D mta&;udk aqmif½u G &f mü tif*sief ,
D mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ wcJeufaom
tultnD pnf;vHk;rIudk &½Sdojzifh awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk auseyfzG,f&m &½SdcJhonf/
e,fcsJUwdkYtm; wdkufcdkuf&if;? toufpGefYoGm;½Smonfh Adkvfatmifausmf\aeUjzpfaom 'DZifbmv (20) &uf?
ausmif;om;aeYwGif wuoü ausmif;om;aeY tcrf;tem; usif;ycJhygonf/
Adkvfatmifausmf\ txdrf;trSwftjzpf Adkvfatmifausmf\ udk,fw0uf opfom;½kyfxkonf wuo
taqmuftODa½SUwGif ppfrjzpfrDu xifxif½Sm;½Sm; wnf½SdcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif ppfab; ppf'PfaMumihf ,dk,Gif;cJh&ay&m
353
,aeUwdkif jyefvnf rwnfaqmufEdkifao;ojzifh þudpöudk ½kyfvHk;ay:onftxd wm0ef,l aqmif½Guf&ef tjrJwrf;

tzGUJ wckukd Akv d af tmifausmf txdr;f trSwf &efyakH iGaumfrwD trnfjzihf 'DZifbmv (24) &ufaeYwiG f zGUJ pnf;ay;cJo h nf/
tzGJU0ifvlBuD;rsm;rSm-
obmywd OD;pdefbef; (wuo? Auo Ouú|)
b@ma&;rSL; OD;ydkif (tNidrf;pm; tdkifpDtuf 0wfvHkawmf&)
twGif;a&;rSL; OD;ausmfausmf (wuo taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)
trIaqmifrsm; OD;apm[ef (tNidrf;pm; tdkif-pD-tuf)
0efBuD; trfat &m&Spf (wuoOuú|a[mif;)
OD;omxGef;atmif (ArmEdkifiH ukefonfBuD;rsm;toif; Ouú|)
rpöwm ,lEGwfbmvD (trfat? t,fvft,fvfbD)
OD;wifatmif ( wuotrIaqmif)
OD;udkudkav; (wuotrIaqmif)
OD;wifxGef; ( wuotrIaqmif)
OD;0if;az (AuotaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)
OD;pdefvGif (Auo 'k-Ouú|)
tD*spfjynfwGif ausmif;om;vli,frsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fvsuf½Sdaom e,fcsJUwdkYtm;
½IUH csaMumif;jzihf Auo (oefY½iS ;f aom ausmif;om;xk) ESihf wuowdYk yl;wGí J qH;k jzwfNyD; aMunmcsuf xkwjf yefco hJ nf/
19- 10- 51 ckESpf? trIaqmiftzGJU wdkufzsufatmifjrifcJhaom pmar;yGJ 3 BudrfusvQif ausmif;xkwfcH&rnf
[laomtcsufukd jyefvnftoufoiG ;f rnfh t&dyv f u©Pmrsm; ay:aygufvmojzihf wuoonf ausmif;om; ud, k pf m;
vS,f aumifpDvlBuD;wdkYtm; þjyóemrsKd; ay:aygufvmygu rnfonhf tcsdeftcg ae&mXmera½G; wdkufzsufypf&ef
ñTeMf um;cJo h nf/ xkñ d eT Mf um;csut f wdik ;f ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f wuúov kd af umifpv
D Bl uD;rsm;\ BudK;yrf;csuaf Mumihf
1952 ck? Zefe0g&D (12) &ufaeUwGif usif;yaom aumifpDtpnf;ta0;wGif þtcsufonf vHk;0ausysufoGm;NyD
jzpfygonf/
½ku©aA' vufaxmufuxduq&m rpöwmqdkac;? vufaxmufuxdu a':jrpfESifh ausmif;om;&Jabmf (2)
OD;\ psmye udpöwGifvnf; tokbydkYaqmif&ef EdI;aqmfvsuf armfawmfum;rsm;jzifh o,f,lydkYaqmifay;cJhygonf/
wuúov kd af umifpo D Ykd awmif;qdck sut f & wuúov kd f ajy;ckeu f pm;yGaJ umfrwDwiG f ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,Ef iS hf
q&mOD;a& tnDtrQ yg0ifapvsuf zGJUpnf;ay;cJhygonf/ ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f (5) OD;rSm udktkH;cdkif? udk0if;az?
udkoef;0if;? udka½SmMunfESifh udkausmfjrifh wdkYjzpfygonf/
ausmif;aqmifc (17) usyfonf xdu k w f efonfxuf ydrk v kd suf½o dS nf[k ,lqojzihf avQmhayghay;&ef? 1951
ck? 'DZifbmvuyif awmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; xkdudpörSm tcsdefMumjrifhcJhygonf/ 1952 ck? Zlvdkifv aumifpDtpnf;
ta0;wGif pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;í ausmif;om;wOD;twGuf wvvQif aiG (60) usyfxuf rydak pbJ ¤if;aiG (60) usyfukd
cGaJ 0&mü ausmif;aqmifcudk avQmhayghapvsuf tpm;taomufbufwGif xyfavmif; xnfhoGif;ay;&ef ausmif;aqmif
aumf rwDodkY ñTefMum;ygrnf[k qHk;jzwfonf/
&efukefwuúodkvfwGif 1951-52 ckrS pí tcvGwfynmoifMum;a&;pepf oGwfoGif;cJhaomfvnf; pmar;yGJ
0ifaMu;vGwNf idr;f cGihf r&jcif;rSm tcvGwyf nmoifMum;a&;0g'ESifh qefYusiaf eonf[k ,lqojzihf pmar;yG0J ifciG hf vGwNf idr;f
cGijhf yK&ef awmif;qdck yhJ gonf/ odYk &mwGif wuúov kd af umifprD S xduk pd o
ö nf tpd;k &ESifh oufqikd o f jzifh tpd;k &odYk awmif;qdk
cJh&m ,cktcsdeftxd jyefMum;jcif; rjyKao;aMumif;jzihf wuoodkY taMumif;jyefcJhygonf/
xkduJhodkY tvkyfwm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifcJh&mrS 1952 ck? {NyDvodkY a&muf½SdcJhojzifh aEG&moD ausmif;ydwf&uf
twGif; wuo\ tvkyfudpöt00wdkYudk wm0ef,laqmif½Guf&ef aEG&moDwm0efcHrsm;tjzpf udkpdefbef;? udktHk;cdkif?
udkausmfausmf? udkwifxGef;ESifh trf cdkifjrJzdk;csdefwdkYtm; cefYtyfcJhygonf/
ausmif;jyefzGifhonfh tcsdefwGif ausmif;om;OD;a& ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmojzihf ae&mxkdifcif; tcuftcJ jyóem
ay:aygufvmrnfudk od½Sdonfhtwdkif; wuúodkvf½Sd vdktyfonfh taqmuftODrsm; tjrefqHk; csJUxGifwnfaqmuf&ef
BudKwif awmif;qdkcJhygonf/
wuúov kd rf S ausmif;aqmif taqmuftODwckom ,ckEpS t f zdYk aqmufrnf[q k o kd jzihf aemufxyf tenf;qH;k
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ausmif;aqmif (2) ckESifh ausmif;olrsm;twGuf ausmif;aqmif (1) ,ckESpftzdkY xyfrHwnf
354
aqmufay;&ef awmif;qdkygonf/ xkdawmif;qdkcsuft& wuúodkvfaumifpDrS EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&xHodkY 1952-53 ckESpf

twGuf wuúodkvfaxmufyhHaMu; &efyHkaiGwGif vdktyfaomaiGudk xnfhoGif; owfrSwfay;&ef awmif;qdkxm; aMumif;jzihf
wuoodkY taMumif;jyefMum; cJhygonf/
ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;onf a&½Sm;yg;í a&rvHkravmufjzpfae&m 0if'grD&m½Sd
a&avSmifuefrS a&rsm;udk 0,f,&l eftwGuf oufqikd &f mtmPmydik rf sm;ESifh oGm;a&muf pDpOf&ef vnf;aumif;? jzpfEikd rf nf
qdkygu ¤if;a&avSmifuefrS wuúodkvfa&avSmifuefodkY ,ckvuf½Sd (3) vufr a&ydkufrS a&&Edkif&eftwGuf &efukef
aumfydka&;½Sif;ESifh aphpyf&ef wuúodkvf0if;rSL;tm; wm0efay;jcif;jzihf wuúodkvfaumifpDrS wuo\ awmif;qdkcsufudk
aqmif½Gufay;cJhygonf/
wuúodkvfausmif;aqmifrsm;½Sd a&csKd;cef;rsm;ESifh tdrfomrsm; npfywfeHapmfjcif; r½Sd&atmif vdktyfonfh
jyifqifcsufrsm; ûyvkyf&ef wuorS awmif;qdkojzihf? wuúodkvf0if; tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUodkY aqmif½Guf&ef ñTefMum;NyD;
jzpfaMumif;jzihf wuúodkvfaumifpDrS taMumif;jyefMum;cJhygonf/
ausmif;aqmifrsm;½Sd txyfwkdif;wGif aomufa&wdkifuDrsm; xm;ay;&ef awmif;qdkojzihf wuúodkvfaumifpDrS
wuúodkvf0if;tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwDodkY wm0ef,laqmif½Gufapygonf/
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; aexkid rf I tenf;i,foufomaumif;rGeaf p&ef tif;vsm;? bifwef? 0,fvifwef
Owå&ausmif;aqmifrsm;ü av;a,mufcef;ESifh ESpfa,mufcef;rsm;udk wa,mufcef;rsm;tjzpf eH&Humay;&ef awmif;qdk
ojzihf wuúodkvfaumifpDrS oabmwlnDNyD; aqmif½Guf&ef oufqdkif&modkY ñTefMum;wm0ef,lapygonf/ xkdYtjyif
ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif ausmif;om;wOD;vQif rD;wvH;k usay;&ef awmif;qdo k nfuv kd nf; oabmwlojzihf oufqidk &f mrS
wyfqifay;&ef pDpOfaeNyD jzpfygonf/
0dZÆmwef;rsm;ESifh odyÜHwef;rsm;wGif jrefrmpmudk roifrae& bmomjyKvkyfojzihf wuorS tajctae
taMumif; trsK;d rsK;d wdYkaMumihf xku
d pd uö kd &yfqikd ;f xm;&ef wuúov kd af umifpo
D Ykd uefYuu G pf m ay;ydYkcyhJ gonf/ þtpD&ifcpH m
a&;onfhtcsdef txd wuúodkvfrS rnfodkYrQ jyefMum;jcif; r½Sdao;ojzihf þudpöudk twdtustpD&if rcHEkdifyg/
wuúov kd f omrefpmar;yGrJ sm;ü tydik ;f cGjJ cm;jcif;ESihf trSwpf Oftvdu k f tpDtpOf cGjJ cm;jcif;udk zsuford ;f ay;&ef
awmif;qdkcsufudk wuúodkvfqD;edwftzGJUrS oabmwlnDonf[k od½Sd&aomfvnf; þtpD&ifcHpm a&;onfhtcsdeftxd
jyefMum;pm r&ao;yg/
1952 ck? ZGev f wGif wuo taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; udak usmfausmf cGi, hf ol jzih?f wGzJ uf taxGaxGtwGi;f
a&;rSL; udkwifarmifxG#ftm; xkdXmeudk wm0ef,l aqmif½Gufapygonf/
pmar;yGJpepfa[mif;t& ajzqkd&rnhf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; txl;oifwef;rsm;ay;&ef awmif;qdkxm;&m ,ck
tpD&ifcHpma&;onhf tcsdeftxd jyefMum;pm r&ao;yg/
1951-52 ckESpftwGif; wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJUonf txufazmfjyyg vkyfief;
aqmifwmrsm;udk aqmif½GufcJh&m NyD;ajrmufcJhonfh vkyfief;rsm;vnf; trsm;yif½Sdygonf/ rNyD;jywfao;onfh vkyfief;
tcsKdUvnf; ½Sdygonf/ txl;tpD&ifcHvdkonfrSm ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wdkY\ aexkdifpm;aomufa&;ESifh ywfoufí
wuoonf txl;ta&;,l aqmif½GufcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif xkduJhodkYaom udprö sm;rSm EkdifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh oufqdkif&m
tmPmydkifwdkY\ vkyftm;ay:wGif rsm;pGmrSDcdkvsuf ½Sdojzihf ausmif;om;xkESifh wdkif;jynfvlxktm; xkdtcsufudk txl;
ESvHk;ydkufMu&ef arwåm&yfcHvdkygonf/
aemif qufvufwm0ef,lMurnfh trIaqmiftzGJUrsm;onf ausmif;om;xk\ vkyfief;rsm;udk atmifjrifpGm
xrf;aqmifEdkifMuygap[k uREkfyfwdkY trIaqmiftzGJUu arQmfvifhqkawmif;ygaMumif;/
1951-52 ckEpS f wuúov kd af umifpo D Ykd wuo\ ud, k pf m;vS,tf jzpf 0wfvakH wmf& OD;ydik f (tNidr;f pm; tdik pf D
tuf) ESifh OD;apm[ef (tNidrf;pm; tdkifpDtuf) wdkYtm; cefYtyfygonf/ wuo\ Oya' tMuHay;t&m½Sdtjzpf
Oya' uxdu OD;jrifh 0wfvHkawmf&tm; cefYtyfygonf/ wuo\ pm&if;ppftjzpf OD;oef;xl;tm; cefYtyfygonf/
or*¾\ tkyfxdef;oltjzpf OD;uHodef;tm; vnf;aumif;? pma&;tjzpf udktHk;jrifhtm; vnf;aumif;? ½Hk;aptjzpf
armifvSausmftm; vnf;aumif; cefYtyfygonf/
b@ma&;Xme tpD&ifcHpm
b@ma&;XmeESihf ywfoufí tpD&ifcHvdkonfrSm 1950-51 ckESpf trIaqmiftzGJUrS 0ifaiG? xGufaiG pm&if;
½Sif;wrf; pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;ESihf wuG vufusefaiG pkpkaygif; 332 usyf 2 yJ (okH;&m oH;k q,fh ESpfusyf ESpfyJ) wdwu
d kd
355
vufcH &½Scd yhJ gonf/ 1951-52 ckEpS t f wGuf or*¾toif;0ifrsm;xHrS 3893 usyf (oH;k axmifh ½Sp&f m ud;k q,fh oH;k usyf)
wdwu d kd &½SNd yD;? or*¾taqmuftOD qdik cf ef;rsm;rS (10) vtwGuf 3697d^-8yJ (oH;k axmifh ajcmuf&m ud;k q,fYcek pfusyf
½SpfyJ) wdwdudk &½Sdygonf/ wuúodkvfodkY EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS xkwfay;aom wuúodkvfaxmufyHhaMu; odef;ig;q,fxJrS
or*¾twGuf aiGaygif; 16495 usyf (waomif; ajcmufaxmifh av;&m udk;q,fh ig;usyf) wdwdudk tcsKd;us &½Sdyg
onf/ 1951-52 ckESpftwGuf or*¾t&yf&yf 0ifaiGaygif;rSm 24ç417d^-8yJ (ESpfaomif; av;axmifh av;&m wq,fh
ckepfusyf ½SpfyJ) wdwdjzpf\/ 1952 ck? Zlvdkifvukeftxd ESpfcsKyfpm&if;ydwfcsdefwGif or*¾vufusefaiG bPfü 3774d-
18 jym; (oHk;axmif ckepf&m ckepfq,fh av;usyf q,f½Spfjym;) ESifh aiGom; 29d-25jym; (ESpfq,fh udk;usyfESifh
ESpfq,hf ig;jym;) ½SdNyD; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&xHrS pwkw¬ywf t&pfusaiGtjzpf 4123d-75jym; (av;axmifh w&m ESpfq,fh
oHk;usyf ckepfq,fh ig;jym;) &½Sd&ef ½Sdojzihf pkpkaygif;aiG 7927d-18jym; (ckepfaxmif udk;&m ESpfq,fh ckepfusyfESifh
q,fh½Spfjym;) wdwd jzpfygonf/
&efukefwuúodkvf txl;&efyHkaiGrS &½Sdaom aiG 7200d^- (ckepfaxmifh ESpf&musyf) wdwdudk wu,f&NyD;
ynmBudK;pm;vdkMuaom ausmif;olausmif;om; (12) OD;wdkYtm; wuorS aeí wvvQif 60d^- (ajcmufq,fusyf)ESifh
(10) vtwGuf wa,mufvQif 600d^- (ajcmuf&musyf) wdwdudk axmufyHhaMu;tjzpf xkwfay;EdkifcJhygonf/
wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾? wuúodkvfESifU vlxkynmzGHNhzdK;a&;Xme ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpm

wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾? wuúodkvfESifh vlxkynmzGHUNzdK;a&;Xmeudk 1951 ck? pufwifbmv (21)
&ufaeYrS pí vufcHaqmif½GufcJh&m atmufygwdkYudk atmifjrifcJhygonf/
1951 ck? atmufwb kd mv (8) &ufaeUrS pí wuotaqmuftODwiG f ypön;f rJah usmif;om;rsm;ESifh tvkyo f
rm;rsm;tm; &nfpl;vsuf aeUpOf nae (4) em&DrS (6) em&D txd tcrJhwuúodkvf0ifoifwef; zGifhvSpfcJh&m t*Fvdyfpm?
jrefrmpm? ocsFm? &mZ0if? yx0D? ½lyaA'ESifh "mwkaA' bmom&yfrsm;udk oifMum;jyo ay;ygonf/ xkd tcrJh oif
wef;wGif vdt k yfaom ausmif;oH;k ypön;f twGuf ausmif;om;wOD; 0ifaMu;aiG (2) usyfpD aumufcyH gonf/ ausmif;om;
ESihftvkyform; (200) cefY wufa&mufoifMum;Muonfudk awGU&ygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; tusKd;twGufiSm pmrsuf
ESm (60) rS (80) txd½Sdaom yx0DrSwfpkrsm; (Geography Notes)? "gwkaA'rSwfpkrsm; (Chemistry Notes)?
t*Fvdyf pum;yHkuav;rsm;udk ½kdufESdyfxkwfa0cJh&m yx0DrSwfpkudk usoifhaom tzdk;ESihf a0iScJhygonf/
txufazmfjyyg usefrSwfpk pmtkyfrsm;udk tcrJhxkwfa0ygonf/
1951 ck? Edk0ifbmv (19) &ufaeYrS pí Oypm odyÜHoifwef; (Tutorial Classes in Pure Science) udk
zGifhvSpfjyef&m ausmif;om;aygif; (150) ausmfausmf wufa&mufygonf/
xkdoifwef;wGif (Geometry Questions) rsm; ½dkufESdyfí tcrJha0iSygonf/
1951 ck? Edk0ifbmv (27) &ufaeYrS pí csif;ausmif;om;or*¾\ awmif;yefcsuft& jrefrmpmwGif
tcuftcJ awGUaeMuaom nDawmf? aemifawmfrsm;jzpfMuonfh csif;ausmif;om;rsm;tm; txl;jrefrmpmoifwef;udk
zGifhvSpfcJhjyef ygonf/
txufygwdkYudk aqmif½Guf&mü tyifyef;cHum ulnDí wuúodkvfoifwef;wGif oifMum;jyoay;Muaom
udk0if;az (t*Fvdyfpm)? udkwifxGef; (t*Fvdyfpm)? udkwifarmif (t*Fvdyfpm)? udkatmifoef; (jrefrmpm)? udktHk;az
(jrefrmpm)? udka½T (ocsFm)? udkatmifvSZH (ocsFm)? udkxGef;&if (yx0D)? udkwifarmifBuD; (&mZ0if)? udkxdef0if;
("gwkaA')wdkYtm; vnf;aumif;? Oypmwef;wGif oifMum;ay;onhf q&mOD;oef;0if; (B.S.c)? Alr.R.C Shaker
(B.S.c)? udkuHñGefU? udkudkav;wdkYtm; vnf;aumif;? q&mOD;atmifcif (bDat)? udkausmfausmf (bDat) ? udkwifatmif
(bDat) wdkYtm; vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;Oyum& wif½SdygaMumif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf/
txufyg aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzihf wdkawmif;vSpGmaom tcsdeftwGif;ü vkyfief;aqmifwm
awmfawmfrsm;rsm; atmifjrifonfudk awGU&ojzifh þXmetwGuf tm;&auseyfzG,f½Sdonf[k xifjrifrdygonf/
jyefMum;a&;Xme ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpm
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJU jyefMum;a&;Xme\ 1951-52 ckESpf tvkyf
oufwrf;twGif; aqmif½GufNyD;ajrmufcJhaom vkyfief;&yfrsm;udk tpD&ifcHygonf/
jyefMum;a&;Xmeonf atmufyg&nf½G,fcsufrsm;udk xm;½SdNyD; xkd&nf½G,fcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnD&ef pGrf;orQ
tvkyfwm0efrsm;udk aqmif½GufcJhonf/
356
1/ wuoonf ausmif;om;xkESifh ruif;uGmbJ tjrJwap qufpyfrI½Sd&ef/

2/ ausmif;om;xkESihf jynfolvlxk\ qufqHa&;wGif ajyjypfrI ½Sd&eftwGuf taxmuftyHhjyK&ef/
3/ wuúov kd Ef iS hf ausmif;om;xk\ tjzpftysuftajctaetrSeu f kd wdik ;f jynfoYkd wuoonf ausmif;om;
xkESihf ruif;uGmbJ qufpyfrI½Sd&ef? ausmif;om;xk\ ynma&;? aexkdifpm;aomufa&; tp½SdonfESifh pyfvsOf;í
epfemcsufrsm;? awmif;qdkcsufrsm;? atmifjrifrIrsm;/ qHk;½HI;rIrsm;udk aMunmcsufrsm; xkwfjyefí today;cJhonf/
wuo\ vkyfief;ESifh vIyf½Sm;rI[lorQudkvnf; aMunmcsufrsm;jzifh today;cJhonf/
ausmif;om;xkEiS fh jynfov l x
l \
k qufqaH &;wGif ajyjypfom,map&ef aMunmcsufrsm;ESihf wrsKd;? owif;pm
rsm;\ tultnDrsm;jzihf woG,f enf;vrf;½SdorQ aqmif½Gufay;cJhygonf/
ausmif;om;xkESihf pyfvsOf;í vnf;aumif;? wuúodkvfESihf pyfvsOf;í vnf;aumif;? wuoESifh pyfvsOf;í
vnf;aumif;? txifrSm; tjrifrSm; jzpfaeaom udp&ö yfrsm;udk wdkif;jynf\ em;rsufpdozG,f jzpfaom owif;pmrsm;rS
tcsdefrD BudK;pm; ajz½Sif;ay;cJhygonf/
jyefMum;a&;Xmeonf r*¾Zif;XmeESifh yl;wGJí wuo\ tmabmftjzpf wywfwcg owif;pOf xkwfa0&ef
BudK;yrf;ygaomfvnf; taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh ,ckESpftzdkY rxkwfa0Edkifjcif;udk 0rf;enf;ygonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap
jyefMum;a&;Xme\ t"du aqmif½Guftyfaom udpörsm;twGuf txl;aus;Zl;wifygonf/
OD;armif
'k-OuúX
wuo
(q) Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf nDvmcH (1952-53)

Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfnDvmcHudk wuotaqmuftODcef;rwGif usif;yjcif;jzpfonf/ jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;
jyóemudk nDvmcHodkY rwifjyrD aqG;aEG;ñSdEIdif;Muonf/ oabmwlnDrIr&? rnfonfh tkyfpkzufurQ ravQmhyg/
nDvmcH vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;t& ¤if;udpöESifh ywfoufaomtqdkudk pdppfa&; aumfrwDodkY wifonf/ tqdkyg pdppfa&;
aumfrwD tpnf;ta0;udk nydkif;wGif wHcg;ydwf tpnf;ta0; vkyfcJhonf/ rNyD;rqHk; jzpfaeaomtcg rEÅav;rS
ud,
k pf m;vS,f udo k mEd;k (aemif usL½Siq
f &m)? rEÅav;c½dik f ausmif;om;or*¾rS udb k ek ;f Edik w
f Ykdonf tpnf;ta0; tjyifrmS
&efyzJG efw;D onf/ vkyMf uHzefw;D rIjzpfonf/ jynfwiG ;f Nidr;f csr;f a&;ESihf ywfoufaomtqku d kd nDvmcHoYkd wifjy&ef qH;k jzwf
vdkufonf/
xkdaeY nDvmcH pwifusif;yaomtcg jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;udpö tBudwfte,f aqG;aEG;Muonf/ Policy
udpöjzpfí rnfonfh tkyfpkurS tavQmhray;? nDvmcHudk acwå&yfqdkif;í jyefpcJhonf/
Auorsm;tzJcYG sKyf nDvmcHobifBu;D Ny;D qH;k oGm;aomaehwiG f AuoXmecsKyf tvkyt
f rIaqmifrsm;ESiUf e,fausmif;om; ud,
k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;udk þodahk wG&Y \
Source: Aung Tun Original Copy
357
udpk ;kd odr;f ? udrk if;vGi?f ud,

k wk Ykdu tkypf k (3) ckukd acgif;aqmif aqG;aEG;Muonf/ rJcq
JG ;Hk jzwf&ef tajctaeodYk
a&mufcJhaomfvnf; udkpdk;odrf;u xkdtajctaeodkY ra&muf&ef BudK;pm;cJhonf/ trsKd;om;a&; jyóemudk nDvmcHwGif
rJcGJqHk;jzwf&aom tajctae a&mufyguvnf; rsm;pGm t½kyfqdk;ayrnf/ wdk;wuftiftm;pk\ OD;aqmifrIESifh pnf;½Hk;
a&;rsm;pGm xdcdkufayrnf/ OD;aqmifyl;wGJaumfrwD (Joint Committee) wGif jyefñSd&ef a½TUqdkif;vdkufonf/ tqdkyg
nDvmcHü udkvS0if; (aemif ñTefMum;a&;rSL;? tqifhjrifh)u-
]]uRefawmfwdkY wdk;wufausmif;om; tiftm;pkudk owif;tcsKdU? txl;ojzifh jrefrmhtvif; owif;pm?
Armhacwf? t*Fvdyf ae½Sif;owif;pm ponfwdkYu vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;[k owfrSwfxm;onf/ tmPm&tzGJUtpnf;u
ajray:ajratmuf twdu k t f cH vuf0t J iftm;pkrsm;\ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;[k rSw,
f x
l m;onf/ rdrwd Ykdonf rnfoUl MoZmcHrS
r[kwf e,fcsJUqdkvQif tar&duef e,fcsJUomr[kwf? ½k½Se,fcsJUvmvQifvnf; wdkufrSmyJ}} [k obmywd rdefcGef;wGif
pdwfvdkufrmefyg a[majymoGm;onf/
(Z) Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf tvkyt

f rIaqmiftzGUJ (rl&if;wGif aysmufqHk;ae)
(ps) wuowGif wd;k wufwYkd ta&G;cH&jcif; (1952-53)

oefY½Sif;aom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;onf cdkifrmwdusvSaom EdkifiHa&;cH,lcsuf r½Sdjcif;? wdk;wufaom
EdkifiHa&;t,ltq? 0g'oabmw&m;? tawG;tac:rsm;udk qefYusifjcif;? tmPmydkifrsm;\ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frI trsKd;rsKd;udk
jywfom;pGm&ifqikd &f aJ om pdw"f gwfr½Sjd cif;? ¤if;wdYk \ Nidr;f csr;f pGm ynmoifMum;a&; tay:wGio f m ausmif;om;ta&;ESihf
jynfolYta&;udk bmrQrvkyfbJ at;at;csrf;csrf; ynmoifMum;a&;udk tajccHMujcif;? ausmif;om;ta&;rsm;tm;
tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh aphpyfa&;udkom t"duxm; tajccHjcif;wdkYaMumifh ausmif;om;xkMum; OD;aqmifrIusqif;vmonf/
oefY½Sif;wdkYu ausmif;om;ta&;ESifh rdbjynfolwdkY\ta&; rqdkif[k cH,louJhokdY jzpfaeonf/
wzufwGifvnf; wdk;wuftiftm;pkrsm;u ausmif;om;ta&;ESifh rdbjynfolrsm;ta&;onf twlwlyif
jzpfonf/ rdbjynforl sm;twGuf b0vHjk cHKrI r½Sv d Qif zdEydS cf aH e&vQif ukeaf ps;EIe;f rsm; wufaevQif rdbwdYk \ om;orD;
ausmif;om;rsm;onf Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;udk xdcdkufrnf[k wdk;wufausmif;om; tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf;
vufcHxm;Muonf/ rdbrsm; b0vHkjcHKrI½SdrS? zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;uif;rS ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
ynmoifMum;a&; vdt k yfcsufrsm; jynfph í
kH Nidr;f csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;Edik rf nfjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdYk twGuf wdu k yf 0JG if&rnf[k
cH,lavonf/
þodkYjzifh wdk;wufausmif;om;tiftm;pk pnf;½Hk;a&;tiftm;aumif;vmonf/ wuúodkvfvli,ftzGJU
(Versity Youth) ESifh ñSdEIdif;í wuoa½G;aumufyGJ 0ifcJhonf/
odkYaomf xkdESpfwGif wdk;wufwdkY Ouú|tjzpf ta½G;cHEdkifaom wuotrIaqmifjzpfzl;ol r½Sd/ wuo
pnf;rsOf;t& trIaqmifjzpfzl;olom Ouú|tjzpf ta½G;cHEdkifcGif½o dS nf/ OuúX jzpfNyD;uvnf; xyfrH ta½G;cHEdkifcGifh r½Sd/
wuopnf;rsOf;onf tvGefcdkifrmwdusonf/ xkdpnf;rsOf;a&;qGJolrsm;udkvnf; aus;Zl;wif&rnf/
wuopnf;rsO;f t& yxrtokwf Ouú|? 'k-Ouú|ESihf aiGxed ;f a½G;&onf/ aiGxed ;f onf bGUJ &NyD; ausmif;wuf
aeol jzpf&rnf/ 'kwd,tokwfwGif trIaqmif (6) OD; a½G;&onf/ xkd (6) OD; teuf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;ESihf usef
vkyfief;rsm; tvdkuf wm0efcHrsm; a½G;cs,f&onf/ xkdtrIaqmif (9) OD;u wm0efcHESifh pmMunfhwkdufrSL;udk a½G;cs,f&
onf/ xkdYaMumifh wuowGif trIaqmif (11) OD;xuf avsmhvQifvnf; r&? ydkívnf; r&yg/ tdk;a0r*¾Zif; wm0efcH
ESihf pmMunfhwdkufrSL;rsm;onf useftrIaqmifrsm;ESifh wef;wltcGifhta&;½Sdaom trIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;jzpfonf/
(n) 1952-53 wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ

1/ udkudkBuD; Ouú| (udkudkBuD;? udkudkav;tkyfpk)
2/ udkBudKif 'k-Ouú| (wuúodkvfvli,ftkyfpk)
3/ udkpdefoif; aiGxdef;
4/ udkatmifbef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (wdk;wuf)
358
5/ udkcifarmifjrifh vlxkqufoG,fa&;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;wm0efcH (wdk;wuf)

6/ udkausmf0if; wGJzuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh owif;jyefMum;a&;wm0efcH
7/ udkMunfñGefY EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;wm0efcH
8/ udk0if;armif upm;ckefpm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIjr§ifhwifa&;
9/ udkwifhvGif ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;wm0efcH
10/ udkbaumif; tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcH t,f'Dwm
(yxru udkvS0if;)
11/ udkoef;armif pmMunfhwdkufrSL; -wdkYjzpfonf/
xkdESpf wuorS BuD;rSL;í Nidrf;csrf;a&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;? ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifhjzL;a&; OD;wnfcsuf
rsm;ESifh yxrqHk;tBudrf ausmif;om;yGJawmfudk wuúodkvfe,fajrwGif pnfum;pGm usif;yEdkifcJhonf/ xdkyGJawmf usif;y
Edkifjcif;onf ausmif;om;xkESifh wdk;wufausmif;om;tiftm;pk\ atmifyGJjzpfonf/ ausmif;om;xktMum; pnf;½Hk;a&;
ydrk &kd vmonf/ ausmif;om;yGaJ wmfukd Edik if aH &;t"dygÜ ,f jynf0h pGm usif;ycJjh cif;jzpfí tmPm& zqyvtpd;k &rSm emomcH
cuf jzpfcJhonf/ wuowGif wdk;wufausmif;om;tiftm;pk OD;aqmifrI&vmjcif;onf ¤if;wdkYtwGuf BuD;rm;aom
twdkuftcHtkyfpk jzpfvmjcif;[k oabmxm;vmMuonf/
(#) td;k a0r*¾Zif; (52-53 ckEpS )f yg uAsm? aqmif;yg;
ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykH
,aehArmEdkifiH½Sd ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;rSm pmoifcef;? ausmif;aqmif? q&m? pmtkyfpmwrf;? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*? avmu
"gwfynm prf;oyf&efypönf;rsm; csKdYwJUrIudk cHpm;ae&onf/ xdkcHpm;&rIwdkhtwGuf ausmif;om;or*¾wdkhonf a½SYwef;rSrm;rm;
&yfum awmif;qdv k mcJMh uonf/ wzef ausmif;xkwyf pfjcif;? or*¾vyk if ef;rsm;udk wm;qD;jcif; paom ausmif;om;tcGit Uf a&;rsm;
qH;k ½I;H vmcJ&U jyefonf/ xdt k cgwiG f or*¾wo hkd nf rdrwd hkd &oif&U xku
d af om tcGit
Uf a&;rsm;udk awmif;qdk wduk yf 0JG ifvmaomtcg
ausmif;om;awGukd rnfou l ajrm§ ufyifaU y;onf/ ausmif;om;awGonf Edik if aH &;vkyo f nf[k wcgu ausmif;om;or*¾pifjrifw U iG f
vkycf aUJ om ,aeh tmPm&aeolwu hkd pGypf u JG m ausmif;om;xktm; wm;qD;csKycf s,&f ef BuKd ;pm;vsu½f o
dS nf/ þodphk yG pf cJG surf sK;d
ppfrjzpfrDu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wOD;jzpfol udkb[def;u ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHk (1939) trnf½Sdaom pmtkyfwGif
acsyum a&;om;xm;csufudk jyefvnfxnfUoGif; vdkuf&avonf/ (rl&if;wGif udkb[def;[kom azmfjyxm;onf/)
jzpfysuq
f J ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyu kH kd tjrifreS f jrifEikd Mf u&eftwGuf rMumrDuav;twGi;f u ud,
k wf ikd af wGUMuHK&yHkrsm;udk
ZmwfaMumif; jyefvdkayonf/
uRefawmfwdkY or*¾trIaqmifrsm;onf jynfolYvGwfvyfrItwGuf aqmif½GufzG,f&mrsm;ESifh tvkyform;? v,form;
rsm; &efukefodkY a&mufonfhaeYwGif t&yf&yf½Sd ausmif;om;or*¾toif;rsm;u tvkyform;? v,form;aeUBuD; usif;yEdkif
&eftwGuf tvkyfrsm;aeMupOf vGefcJhaom 'DZifbm (8) &ufaeY? aeYvnf (1) em&DcefYwGif ocifvSaz (uvuwåm;)ESifh
ocifxdef0if;wdkY wuúodkvfor*¾ toif;½Hk;odkY aygufvmMuNyD;vQif rauG;odkY a&mufaeaom tvkyform;rsm; &efukef
txda&mufatmif csDwufvmEdkif&efudpöudk aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf n (7) em&DwGif A[dk wdkYArmtpnf;t½kH; trIaqmif
tpnf;ta0;½SdaMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;u rnfodkYulnDEdkifrnfudk vma&muf ajymapvdkaMumif;jzifh zdwfMum;oGm;avonf/
txufyg tpnf;ta0;udk n (7) em&DausmfcefUwGif &efukefNrdKU yef;qdk;wef;½Sd A[dkwdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; XmecsKyf½Hk;cef;
wGif usif;y&m ausmifom;rsm;udk,fpm; uRefawmfESifh tusKd;aqmif udkAaqGwdkY wufa&mufMuonf/ tjcm; tpnf;ta0;
wuforl sm;rSm ocifxyd w f ifu,
kd af wmfBuD;? ocifoef;xGe;f ? ocifvaS z? ocifvaS rmif paom A[dt k rIaqmifrsm;ESihf wuG
a&eHajroydwfwyf Adkvfvkyf&ef trnfpm&if; wifoGif;xm;ol (3-4) OD;rQ jzpfonf/ naeuyif a&mufvmonfqdkaom
a&eHajroydwfwyfrS oydwfarSmuf tvkyform; udk,fpm;vS,fwa,mufudkvnf; awGU&onf/
tpnf;ta0; pvQifpcsif; xkdoydwform;udk,fpm;vS,fu rauG;a&eHajr tvkyform; tajctaeESifhwuG tvkyfo
rm;rsm;udk rauG;ykvdyfrsm;u rnfodkYcsKyfcs,fyHk? oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;udk rnfodkYzrf;qD;yHkwdkYudk tcsdef tawmfMumpGm
½Sif;vif; ajymjyonf/
xdkYaemuf rauG;rS tvkyform;rsm; &efukefbufodkY tjrefqHk;csDwufEdkif&eftwGuf enf;vrf; taumif;qHk;udk½SmMu&m
tpnf;ta0; wufMuolwdkif;u wa,muftMuH wrsKd;ay;um tjyeftvSef jiif;ckHajymqdkaeMujcif;jzihf tcsdeftawmf
MumoGm;Mujyefonf/
359
v,form;ESifh tvkyform;rsm; þrQ qlylx<uvmNyD;vQif rdrdwdkY tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdk&eftwGuf &efukefNrdKU

odkYyif ajcvQifcsDwufvmMurnf qdkaomtcg e,fcsJUtpdk;&rSm txl;wkefvIyf xdwfvefYcJhavonf/ tvkyform;?
v,form;rsm; &efukefodkY a&mufí olwdkYawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk rvdkufavsmygu rdrdwdkYrSm tpdk;& ukvm;xkdifrsm;rS
a½GUavsmoGm;avmufatmif tajctae qdk;qdk;½Gm;½Gm; jzpfawmhrnf[k taMumufvGefum pOf;pm;csufESifh r,SOfEdkifatmif
txdwfwvefY awG;awmNyD;vQif tvkyform;? v,form;rsm;\ &efukefodkY csDwuf&ef tMuHudkzsufzdkY enf;trsKd;rsKd;udk
pOf;pm;xm;NyD; jzpfaMumif;/
a&eHacsmif;rS tvkyform;wyfBuD;udk tpdk;&u tomwMunf oGm;cGifhay;vdkufjcif;rSm olwdkY\ &nf½G,fcsufudk
axmufcHvdkonfh oabmESifh r[kwfbJ tu,fí a&eHacsmif;rSmyif vmvmjcif;aqmufESifhxGif; qdkouJhodkY tvkyform;
wyfBuD;udk ESdrfESif;vdkufu a&eHacsmif;½Sd useftvkyform;rsm;uyg NidrfcHraebJ 'kwd,a&eHajroydwfBuD; xyfrHay:
aygufrnfudk pdk;&drfaomaMumifh jzpfavonf/ tvkyform;rsm;udk tvG,fwul ESdrfESif;Edkifrnfh BuD;BuD;us,fus,f
ppfykvdyf½Hk;? *wf? axmifwdkYrSmvnf; rauG;rSmom ½Sdaeojzihf a&eHacsmif;rS pxGufpOf rESdrfeif;jcif; jzpfavonf/
tvkyform;rsm; rauG;odkY qdkufa&mufvmMuaomtcg e,fcsJUorm;wdkYrSm tvkyform;rsm; rdrdwdkY axmifacsmufudk
wdk;NyD[laom taejzifh tm;&0rf;ompGm tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk pwifzrf;vdkufjcif;jzihf rdrdwdkYtpGrf;udk jyvdkuf
avonf/ xdkYaemuf tvkyform;rsm;udk yk'fr (144) jzifh ydwfjcif;? vmorQacgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;aejcif;jzifh
rdrdwdkY &nf½G,f&if; tMuHtpnfudk xajrmufatmif t"r® aqmif½Gufavawmhonf/ tvkyform;rsm;uvnf; a½SUwdk;rnf/
tpdk;&uvnf; yk'rf (144) udk zsuu f m tMurf;enf;oH;k rnf? vmorQ acgif;aqmifawGukd zrf;rnf? þodUk jzifh wzufEiS hf
wzuf tm;prf;aeMuavonf/
tpnf;ta0;wGif uRefawmfESifh udkAaqGwdkYuvnf; uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om;rsm;u tvkyform;ESifh v,form;
ta&;wGif rnfodkYaqmif½GufEdkifonfhtaMumif;? aemufqHk; vdktyfvmvQif ArmjynfwjynfvHk; ausmif;om;oydwfrsm;jzihf
axmufcHulnDrnfhtaMumif;? tvkyform;wyfwGif Adkvfvkyf&eftwGuf ausmif;om; tajrmuftrsm;yif emrnfwifoGif;
rnfh taMumif;wdkYudk ajymjyavonf/ odkYaomf tpnf;ta0;\ qE´rSm ,cktawmtwGif; ausmif;om;rsm; ½kwfjcnf;
xdxda&mufa&muf ulnDzdkYvdkonf[k rxifao;bJ wdkif;jynfu ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm; yl;aygif;MuNyD[k
,lqum awmfavmufNyD[k oabmxm;avonf/
tvkyform;csDwufa&;twGuf tawmfMum aqG;aEG;rdMuaomtcg vkyfief;tpDtpOfwckudk a&;qGJMuavonf/
rauG;odkY a&mufESifhaeaom Adkvf (ocifazoef;) ESifh yl;wGJaqmif½Guf&eftwGuf Akdvf (2) OD;tjzpf ocifxdef0if;?
ocifpdk;wdkYudk a½G;cs,fvdkufí vkyfief;tpDtpOfESifh tvkyform;rsm;tm; ñTefMum;csuf pm½Gufrsm;udk ,laqmifoGm;&rnfh
ocifxdef0if;ESifh ocifpdk;wdkYtm; oydwfwyfBuD;odkY ra&mufcif tzrf;cH&ygu xkdñTefMum;csuf pm½Gufrsm;udk tjcm;
vrf;jzifh oydwfwyfodkY a&mufatmif ydkYaqmif&eftwGuf uRefawmfESifh udkAaqGwdkYudk a½G;cs,fvdkufavonf/
uRefawmfESifh udkAaqGwdkYrSm rNyD;jywfao;aom a&eHacsmif; trsKd;om;ausmif;om;oydwf udpötwGuf a&eHacsmif;odkY
oGm;a&muf&ef udpö½Sdaeojzifh c&D;oGm;&if;[efvGJ tvkyfudk vkyf&ef uRefawmfwdkY (2) a,mufudk a½G;cs,fvdkufjcif;
jzpfonf/ xdknwGif;csif;rSmyif ocifpdk;ESifh ocifxdef0if;wdkYonf jynf&xm;jzihfvnf;aumif;? uRefawmfESifh udkAaqG
wdkYonf rEÅav;pmydkY &xm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? rauG;zufodkY vdkufygoGm;Muavonf/ aemufwaeY nae rauG;odkY
a&mufvQif a&mufcsif; uRefawmfwdkY (2) a,mufonf tvkyform;rsm; pcef;csaeonfh rJxD;ausmif;wdkuf twGif;odkY
vdkufoGm;MuNyD;vQif uRefawmfhwGifygvmaom pm½Gufrsm;udk ocifazoef;odkY ay;tyfvdkufavonf/ xdkYaemuf
a&eHacsmif;odkY qufvuf xGufcGmoGm;rnfh armfawmfum;rSm rauG;wGif (1) em&DausmfausmfrQ em;aeOD;rnfjzpfojzihf
uRefawmfwdkYrSm tvkyform; rsm;udk udk,fwdkifawGUqHk&ef tcsdefaumif;aumif; &avawmhonf/
tumt&Hqdkí vHk;0 r½Sdaom oGyfrdk;wefaqmif;BuDtwGif; ESD;aMumzsmMurf;rsm;ay:wGif tdyfolutdyf? pmzwfoluzwf?
0dkif;zGJUí pum;ajymoluajymESifh odkufodkuf0ef;0ef;BuD; wpnf;w½Hk;aeMuaom tvkyform; (800) ausmfcefYudk cyfvSrf;
vSrf;u jrifvdkufvQif jrifvdkufcsif; uRefawmfwdkYrSm bmaMumifhrod &ifxJwGif vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ jzpfvmavonf/
olwdkYwGif ygvmaom toHk;taqmif ypönf;qdkí vlwa,mufvQif apmifMurf; wxnf? vG,ftdwf wvHk;ESifh a&aomuf&ef
a&ykvif; wvHk;om jzpfavonf/ tnmwGif aezl;olwdkif; qvHwdkuf&avmufatmif csrf;at;aom aqmif;wGif;wGif
olwdkYb,fvdk tdyfMurnfudk uRefawmfwdkYrSm rawG;Edkifavmufatmif jzpfavonf/ tvkyform;rsm; pm;a&;aomufa&;
twGuf tusKd;taMumif;udk teD;½Sd tvkyform;wOD;tm; ar;Munfh&m ]]uRefawmfwdkYrSm wpfaeU xrif;weyfyJ pm;&w,f?
[if;uawmh ig;ydaMumf wcGufygyJ? wcgwavrsm; xrif;awmif avmufavmufiSiS rpm;&bl;? tpdk;&uawmh
½SdorQpm;p&m ukef&if iwf&if udk,fhtMuHudkpGefYNyD; ae&yfudk jyefMur,fxifw,f? 'gaMumifh (144) ESifh 'DtxJrSm
ydwfNyD; tiwfcHxm;w,f? 'gayr,fh uRefawmfwkdY vmrdwJh twltwl rxl;bl;? &efukefudk a&mufatmif wenf;enf;eJY
oGm;rSmyJ? ykvdyfu aoewfeJY ypfowfvdkY ao&ifvnf; at;wmyJ}} [k pdwfygrmefyg uRefawmfhtm; ajymjyonf/
vlYb0wGif vljzpfvm&vsuf vlvdkrae&? vlvdkrpm;&? oefoefrmrmESifh tvkyfvkyfvdkvsuf tvkyfr& jzpfaeaom
360
tajcqdk; taeqdk;odkY a&mufolwdkif; udk,fhtoufudk wefzdk;rxm;bJ? jzpfvdk&mjzpf ZGwfESpfí vkyfMurnfrSm tHhMop&m

r[kwfacs/ 'ku©udk 'ku©[lí rrSwfxifEdkifbJ vlYtjzpfESifh &oifh&xkdufaom vlYtcGifhta&;av;rsm;udk at;csrf;NidrfoufpGm
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udk,fcsif;pmum n§mwmaxmufxm;Muayrnf jzpfaomfvnf; e,fcsJUtpdk;&u þt&rf;rJh t"r®EdSyfuGyfaejcif;jzifh
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e,fcsJUpepfukdvnf; tjrefqHk; wdkufzsufEdkifatmif vlrsm;tm; qGJay;ae&m a&mufavonf/
tvkyform;rsm;ESifh uRefawmfwdkY pum;ajymaeMupOf ausmif;tjyifzuf vrf;rwGif jrif;pD;ykvdyf/ aemuf rvSrf;
rurf;wGifum; wkwf½SnfBuD;rsm; qGJudkifxm;aom ykvdyfom ½dk;½dk; (15) a,mufcefY vrf;avQmufaeonf/ uRefawmfonf
udkAaqGudk vSrf;Munfh&m oluvnf; uRefawmfhudk jyeftMunfheJY qHkaeavonf/ ¤if;aemuf uRefawmfuyif teD;½Sd
ocifazoef;tm; ]]uRefawmfwdkY cifAsm;wdkYeJYtwl tvkyform;awGudk csKyfcs,fxm;wmudk wdkufzsufr,f/ tvkyform;awG
rauG;u xGufoGm;MurS uRefawmfwdkY a&eHacsmif;udk qufoGm;awmhr,f}} [k ajymjyvdkufavonf/
cPMumvQif ocifxdef0if;ESifh ocifpdk;wdkY a&mufvmMuí (5) OD;om; a½SYvkyfief;rsm;twGuf wdkifyifMuNyD;
at;at;oufomESifh udpöNyD;Edkifu NyD;zdkYtwGuf ta&;ydkifESifhawGUqHk&ef pDpOfMuonhftwdkif; aemuf (2) &ufwGif
ta&;ydkifxH vludk,fwdkifwzHk? pmESifhwwef qufoG,fum tvkyform;rsm; csDwufa&;udpöudk vkyfMuavonf/
odYk aomf ta&;ydik rf mS uRefawmfwYkd tm; wywf½u
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qufqyH gvsuf ta&;ydkifrSm uRefawmfwdkYtay: taumufOmPfMuHum uRefawmfhwdkYtm; zrf;0&rf;udk wiful; xkwfxm;cJh
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oydwform;wyfudk 'DZifbmv (12) &uf eHeufwGif csDwuf&ef pDpOfxm;aomfvnf; uRefawmfwdkY (5) OD;rSm
xkdaeY eHeufaetm½Hkudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf rjrifawGU&awmhbJ vGefcJhaomaeYn (7) em&Duyif uRefawmfwdkYrSm rauG;*wf
tcsKyfcef;twGif; a&mufcJhMuavonf/ uRefawmfwdkYtm; zrf;qD;onhf tcsdefupí ykvdyftrIxrf;rsm;u ½dkufESufMuojzifh
ausmif;oluav;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; 'Pf&mtemw& &½Sdí tmZmenf udkatmifausmf toufaoqHk;&onfh
tcsdefwdkifatmif tjzpftysufrsm;udkum; tjyifu vlrsm;rSm uRefawmfwdkYxuf ydkrdkodMuayonf/
odkYaMumifh ,ckausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkESifh qdkifaom tcsKdUajz½Sif;zG,f tcsufrsm;udkom a&;vdkygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm-
(1) uRefawmfESifh udkAaqGudk zrf;aomaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm; þrQ qlylvm&onf/
(2) ausmif;om;rsm;rSm rdrdwdkYESifh rqdkifaom EdkifiHa&;wGif 0ifpGufonf/
(3) ausmif;om;rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;u vufudkifwkwftjzpf toHk;csaeonf/
(4) ausmif;om;rsm;onf ocifrsm;ESifh aygif;onf/
(1) uRefawmfESifh udkAaqGudk zrf;vdkufojzifh ausmif;om;rsm; þrQqlylvm&onf/ odkYr[kwfvQif ausmif;om;rsm;
ausmif;wGif pmtoifysufrnf r[kwf[laom xifjrifcsufrSm tcsKdUw0ufom rSefayonf/ txufwGif a&;om;cJhonfh
twdkif; ,ckacwf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm a½S;uvdk eH&Hav;zuf ywfvnf0dkif;xm;aom ausmif;pmoifcef;udk rdrdavmu
tjzpfxm;um ausmif;pmtkyfrsm;wGifom pdwf0ifpm;jcif; rjyKawmh? rdrdudk,fudk ta&;ygaom wdkif;oljynfom; tjzpfodkY
jr§ifhwifvdkufum jynfoljynfom;tm;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifaom jyóemtm;vHk;wGifvnf; pdwf0ifpm;vmavonf/
¤if;tjyif ausmif;om;rsm;rSm ausmif;om;[laom vlwrsKd;tjzpfESifh bHkaygufvmMuolrsm; r[kwfojzifh rdrd\
rdb? OD;av;paom aoG;csif;om;csif; wdkif;oljynfom;rsm; twd'ku©a&mufvQif rdrdwdkYvnf; a&muf&onf/ wdkif;ol
jynfom;rsm; ab;'ku©a&mufí wGef;vSefwdkufcdkufvQif rdrduvnf; 0ifa&muf wdkufcdkuf&rnf[k oabmydkufvmMuav
onf/ xkdYaMumifhyif ,ckwdkif;jynfrSm e,fcsJUpepfaMumifh ab;'ku©taygif; wqifhxufwqifh awGUMuHKcHpm; ae&aomtcg
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tHhqJqJjzpfaom ,rf;tdk;BuD;udk rD;tzGm;zGm; csvdkufjcif;om jzpfayonf/
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oufaotxift½Sm; jyrnf/
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361
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twdik ;f jyefvnfajymjy&m OD;bOD;u ]]tck 0efBuD;csKyf tpnf;ta0;½Sod nf? rif;wdYktaMumif; pOf;pm;Murnf? rif;wdYkacgif;aqmif
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a&mufonftxd olYxHrS taMumif;jyefpum; r&awmhyg/
0efBuD;csKyf tpnf;ta0;u uRefawmfwdkY (2) a,mufudk bmaMumifh rvTwfoenf;/ ausmif;om;rsm;rSm uRefawmfwdkY
(2) a,mufudk t&if;cH t"duxm;í qlylMujcif; r[kwf? uRefawmfwdkY (2) a,muf vTwfypf½HkrQESifh ausmif;om;rsm;rSm
at;oGm;Murnf r[kwf/ uRefawmfwdkYudk vTwfvdkufvQif tjyifzufwGif qlylorm; wdk;½HkrQ jzpfrnfudk odMuaomaMumifh
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I wGuf wdu
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ausmif;om;rsm; qlylMuoavm? vHk;0r[kwfay? vGefcJhaom Edk0ifbmv (3) &uf? (4) &uf? (5) &ufaeUrsm;wGif usif;y
cJhaom ausmif;om;vTwfawmf\ wuúodkvfOya'Murf;ESifh ywfoufí wdkif;jynfodkY aMunmpmwrf; aemufqHk;tydk'fwGif
]jynfolYvGwfvyfrItwGuf ausmif;om;rsm; wdkif;jynfwavsmuff qlylawmif;qdk&ef} [k twdtvif;yg½Sdavonf/ ausmif;
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,kwfywfaom tusifhwckjzpfavonf/ e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\ pm;<uif;pm;usefrsm;jzihf touf½SifaeMuaom vufyg;ap
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wdkYu ausmif;om; EdkifiHa&;xJ0ifvmonfudk aMumufvefYMujcif;udk axmufojzifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf e,fcsJUpepf
okwfoifa&;wGif rnfrQta&;yg t&ma&mufonfudk csifhcsdefEdkifayonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;&mZ0ifudk MunfhvQif yxrwGif e,fcsJUorm;rsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;udk evHrxlEdkifatmif acgif;
raxmifEikd af tmif eif;jym;tajcwGif xm;\/ 'kw, d ausmif;om;rsm; qlyEl ;kd Mum;vmaomtcg ausmif;om;rsm; qlcsifqlawmh?
odkY&mwGif ynma&;udpöwGifom aqmif½Guf&rnf/ EdkifiHa&;rvkyf&[k ajymvmMuonf/ þum; e,fcsJUorm;wdkY\
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csifvkyfawmh? odkY&mwGif e,fcsJUpepfokwfoifa&;wGif ryg&[k ajymayvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf pifppftm;jzihf þokdYajymEdkif&ef
r½Sdawmh/ taMumif;aomfum; xkdtcsdefwGif olwdkY vlUjynfwGif ½SdMuawmhrnf r[kwfay/
ausmif;om;rsm;u ArmvlrsKd;wkdif; vlwef;aphaeEdkifonfh avmuopfxlaxmifa&;twGuf qif;&Jom;v,form;
rsm;ESifh ycHk;csif;,SOfum vGwfvyfa&;ppfajrjyifwGif wdkufcdkufMutHh/ ,ck vkyfief;rsm;rSm xkdtcsdeftwGuf tm;jyifaejcif;
rQjzpf\/ þodkYvkyfojzifh e,fcsJUorm;ESifh ol\vufyg;aprsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm; EdkifiHa&;vkyfonfudk ajym½Hkru
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(3) ausmif;om;rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u vufudkifwkwftjzpf toHk;csaeonf[laom &,fp&maumif;vSonfh
pGyfpGJcsufrsKd; a&;om;ajymqdkaeMujcif;rSm ,ckudpöwGifrSr[kwf/ wuúodkvfOya'Murf;udk y,fcsvdkufpOfuvnf; þenf;
twdkif; pGyfpGJcH&zl;ojzifh ,Ofíyif aeavonf/
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onf/ odkYaomf aygif;onfqdk&mü ausmif;om;or*¾toif;ESifh wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;wdkYonf tpnf;ta0;BuD;vkyfum
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362
t½Hk;onfvnf; xkdYtwl? odkYaMumifhyif or*¾toif;ESifh wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;wdkYrSm vGJa½Smifí r&atmif vkyfief;pcef;wGif

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wJh taeeJY tzGJUcsKyfBuD;taMumif;udk wifjyvdkuf&ygw,f/ rdwfqufwifjywJh
&nf½G,fcsufuawmh twdkif;wdkif;tjynfjynfrS ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;awG
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taMumif;udk Armausmif;ol? ausmif;om;awGtaeeJU odoifhodtyfxdkuf
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twGufqdk&if tzGJUcsKyfBuD;&JU-
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wdkif;jynfwdkif;½Sd ausmif;om;awG&JU a,bk,s oabmxm;vdkY ,lqEdkifw,f/
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363
½SdwJhteuf pmrwwfolaygif; (70ç000ç000) ½Sdwm awGU&w,f/ e,fcsJUvufatmuf

a&mufaewJh tD&efrSm pmrwwfol 80 &mcdkifEIef;? ajrmuftmz&duwdkufrSm 90 &mckdifEIef;?
Edkif*sD;&D;,m;rSm 90 &mckdifEIef;? tdEd´,rSm 87 &mckdefEIef;? tif'dkeD;½Sm;rSm 90 &mckdifEIef;?
ArmjynfrSmvnf; 60 &mckdifEIef; tp½Sdojzifh awGU&jyefw,f/
onftcsufrsm;aMumifh ausmif;om;awG&JU ynmoifMum;Edkifa&;[m zufqpf? e,fcsJUpepf
qefYusifa&;wdkufyGJeJU cJGjcm;r&bl;vdkY ausmif;om;awGtaeeJY t,l½SdvmMuw,f/
1939 ck? Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufaehrSm emZDzufqpfrsm;u csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;eJY
tjcm;Oa&my wdkif;jynfrSm½SdwJh ,leDAmpDwD? txufwef;ausmif;awG ydwfypfjcif;udk
uefYuGufwJhtaeeJY wurÇmvHk;rSm½SdwJh ausmif;om;awG[m ]urÇmh ausmif;om;rsm;aeh} tjzpf
,ckxd ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; usif;yaeMuw,f/
tar&duef or®wa[mif; wOD;jzpfwJh ½kpbJh ½SdpOftcgu qdk&if ¤if;aeYrSm urÇmt&yf&yf ½Sd ausmif;om;rsm; xH
odkY toHvTifh tm;ay;pum; ajymcJhw,f/
odkYaMumifhyif twdkif;wdkif;? tjynfjynfrS ausmif;om;rsm;onf twdwfoifcef;pmrsm;udk cH,lum aemufaemifwGif
olwdkY\ ynmoifMum;a&;udk rwm;qD;Edkif&eftwGuf pkaygif; umuG,frnfh urÇmhausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfBuD; wcktaeESifh
½Sdoifh½Sdtyfonf[k oabmaygufum ¤if;tzGJUcsKyfBuD; wnfaqmufEdkifa&;twGuf BudK;pm;Muw,f/
tzGJUcsKyfwnfaqmufa&;udk BudK;pm;MuwJh ausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif tar&duef? t*Fvef? qdkAD,uf? jyifopf?
w½kwfjynf tp½Sdonfh BuD;ig;BuD;EdkifiHrS ausmif;om;rsm;omru 'def;rwf? qGD'if? ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;? tdEd´,? aemfa0;ESifh
tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yg0ifMuwmudk awGY&w,f/ 'Dtm;vHk;aom ausmif;om;rsm;&JU BudK;yrf;
csufaMumifh 1946 ck? Mo*kwfvxJrSm urÇmY ausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfBuD; taeeJY rm;rm;rwfrwf ay:xGufcJhw,f/
'DtzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk wnfaxmifwJh urÇmYausmif;om; uGef*&ufBuD;rSmqdk&ifvnf; wdkif;jynfaygif; (43) EdkifiHrS ausmif;om;
udk,fpm;vS,fawG wufa&mufaqG;aEG; wnfaxmif cJhw,f/ þodkUjzifh urÇmhausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk wkdif;jynfwkdif;u
ausmif;om;awG&JU vHk;yrf;rIaMumihf atmifjrifpGm wnfaxmifvdkufMuwmudk awGU½Sd&w,f/
(2) &nfrSef;csufESifU tajccH0g'vrf;pOf

vlYavmuBuD; om,m<u,f0a&;twGuf vlwdkif;ynmoifMum;Edkifa&;udk t"dutaeeJY &nfrSef;w,f/ wwfonfh
ynmrsm;udkvnf; vlYavmu½Sd vlom;rsm; wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;a&;twGufom toHk;csap&ef &nf½G,fMuw,f/ þ&nfrSef;
csufrsm; atmifjrifa&;[mvnf; vlYavmu zGHUNzdK;a&;? wdk;wufa&;udk [efYwm;ydwfyif wm;qD;apwJh e,fcsJUpepfudkyg
uG,faysmufapa&;udkvnf; cdkifrmaom ,kHMunfcsufeJY arQmfrSef;cJhMuw,f/
onf&nfrSef;csufrsm;ay:wGif tajcpdkufNyD; tzGJUcsKyfBuD;&JU tajccH0g'udk csrSwfcJhMuw,f/ tzGJUcsKyfBuD;&JU tajccH0g'
[mqdk&if wdkif;jynfwdkif; vGwfajrmufapa&;? vlYavmuBuD; Nidrf;csrf;pGm qufvuf wnfwHha&;eJY vlwdkif;tm; ynmoifay;
apEdkifwJh 'Drdkua&pDynma&;wdkhjzpfw,f/
'DtajccH0g' (3) csufay:u wzef vrf;pOfudk azmfxkwfjyefw,f/ csrSwfxm;wJh vrf;pOftaeESifh jyefMunfh
jyefawmhvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;&JU &oifh&xkdufwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;&,la&;? ausmif;om;rsm;&JU aexkdifrItqifhtwef;
wdk;wufapa&;? tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynmrsm;&,lEdkifa&;? wdkif;wyg;tkyfcsKyfcH&aom udkvdkeD? udkvdkeDwydkif;EdkifiHrsm;½Sd
ausmif;om;rsm;udk ulnDaxmufyHha&;? ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; trsKd;? bmom? vdif? tom;ta&mif rcGJjcm;bJ wOD;udk
wOD; em;vnf aoG;pnf;a&;rsm;tjyif? urÇmhausmif;om;xkBuD; w&yfvHk;\ tajctaeudk oufqdkif&m EdkifiHwum
a&;&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk wifjytultnDawmif;a&;ESifh avmavmq,f ausmif;om;rsm;\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk urÇmol?
urÇmom;awG a½SUarSmufwGif csjya&;wdkYjzpfw,f/
(3) vufawGYvkyfief;pOfESifU vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;

txufazmfjyyg tajccH0g'ESifh vrf;pOf atmifjrifa&;twGufvnf; vufawGUtm;jzihf vkyfaqmifonhf vkyfaqmif
csufrsm;rSm wnfaxmif zGJUpnf;NyD;aemufydkif;wGif wGifus,fpGm 'keJYa';½SdcJhaMumif; awGU&jyefw,f/
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;taeESifh twdkif;wdkif; tjynfjynfu ausmif;om;tajctaeawG od½SdEdkifzdkYtwGuf pHkprf;½SmazGcJhMu
w,f/ urÇmhausmif;om;uGef*&ufBuD;rsm;? uGefz&ifhtpnf;ta0;rsm; ac:qdkjcif;jzifhvnf; ausmif;om;awG&JU tajctae
awGudk wifjyzGifhvSpfEdkifcJhw,f/
ausmif;om;awG&JU qif;&Jusyfwnf;rIrsm;udk wifjyNyD; oufqdkif&m tpdk;&awGqDudkvnf; ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;udk
OD;pm;ay;zdkY EdI;aqmfcJhw,f/
364
vlwdkif; ynmoifMum;Edkifa&;twGuf awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifcJhwJh wdkif;jynfwdkif;u ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIawGudk wzGJUcsif;

taeESifhaomfvnf;aumif; tm;ay;vkyfaqmifulnDcJhwm awGU&w,f/
udkvdkeDeJY? udkvdkeDwydkif; wdkif;jynfrsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm; b0vGwfajrmufa&; wdkufyGJudkvnf; tpGrf;ukef tm;ay;ulnD
aqmif½GufMuw,f/ ¤if;wkdif;jynfrS ausmif;om;rsm;tm; 'Drdkua&pDopfEdkifiHwGif urÇmhausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfBuD;\
axmufyHhaMu; &efyHkaiGjzihf ynmoifMum;ay;jcif;? udkvkdeDEdkifiHrsm;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oufqdkif&m bmom&yfESifh
ywfoufaom pmtkyfrsm; ay;ydkYjcif;? usef;rma&;twGuf aq;rsm;? aq;ypönf;rsm;? "gwfrSefpufrsm;? olemjyKum;rsm;
ay;ydkYjcif;wdkYudk tzGJUcsKyfBuD;taeeJY jyKvkyfaqmif½GufcJhw,f/ 'gwGifruao;bJ tqkwfema0'em pGJuyfaom txl;ojzifh
udkvdkeDEdkifiHrS ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tqkwfemukaq;½Hkrsm;udk ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ tultnDjzifh csufudk
pvdkAufuD;,m;ESifh yDuif;wGif wnfaqmuf ay;xm;jyefw,f/
¤if;aemuf wwkdif;jynf ausmif;om;rsm; tajctae? b0aexkdifrI? ynma&;tqifhtwef;udk wjcm;wdkif;jynf
rsm;rS ausmif;om;wdkY em;vnfoabmaygufap&ef ynmay;onhf ynma&;pmapmifrsm;udkvnf; xkwfa0jzefYjzL;ao;
w,f/
ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; em;vnfrI? cspfMunfrI &½Sda&;twGuf wdkif;jynftcsif;csif; vSnfhvnfvnfywfjcif; ponfh
aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;udkvnf; vkyfay;cJhw,f/
txl;tjcm;qHk;ESifh &mZ0ifwGif ay:vGifvSaom vkyfaqmifcsufwckum; urÇmhausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;&JU
Nidrf;csrf;a&; yGJawmfBuD;jzpfw,f/ 'DNidrf;csrf;a&;yGJawmf jyKvkyfay;wJh &nf½G,fcsufuawmh vli,f? ausmif;om;awGudk
vlY,Ofaus;rI tpOftvmeJY vlUavmuzGHUNzdK;a&;udk zsufqD;acsrIef;ypfonhf ppfudk ½GHUrkef;ap&efeJY ESpfoufzG,faom
Nidrf;csrf;om,ma&; pdwf"gwfrsm; cdkifrmap&efjzpfw,f/ 'DyGJawmfBuD;[m (2) ESpfjcm;wcg jyKvkyfusif;yw,f/ yGJawmf
BuD;udk wdkif;jynftoD;oD;rS vli,f? ausmif;om;rsm; axmifaomif; csDwuf qifETJMuw,f/
yGJawmfrSm vli,f? ausmif;om;awG[m wOD;eJY wOD; &if;ESD;pGm qufqHNyD; aysmf½TifpGm uckefMuwmudk awGU&w,f/
yGJawmfBuD;twGif;rSm wdkif;jynftoD;oD;u vli,fausmif;om;awG[m rdrdwkdYa'oqdkif&m ,Ofaus;rI? tEkynm? tpOf
tvm? tutckef? *Dwrsm;udk wifjyMuw,f/ þuJhodkY wdkif;jynf\ "avhxHk;pH? ,Ofaus;rI? *Dw? tutckefrsm;udk
wifjyMujcif;tm;jzifh wOD;&JU ,Ofaus;rI? wOD;&JU "avhxHk;pH tpOftvm tEkynmawGudk av;pm;aom pdwf"gwfrsm;
&½SdNyD; wdkif;jynfcsif; Nidrf;csrf;pGmwnfwHha&;udk vli,f? ausmif;om;awGtaeeJY xifxif½Sm;½Sm; uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf
jrifvmMuw,f/
wOD;eJY wOD; rkef;wD;rI enf;yg;NyD; vmcJhMuw,f/ vlrsKd;csif; rkef;wD;rIudk zefwD;ydkYaqmifapwJh 0g'qdk;rdIif;awGudk
½GUHrkef;vmMuw,f/ wjynfeJY wjynf? vlrsKd;wrsKd;eJY wrsKd;? wdkufcdkufvdkrI? tkyfpdk;csKyfcs,fvdkrIqdkwJh raumif;pdwfxm;
awG[mvnf; vGifhpifyaysmufukefw,f/
onfaemuf yGJawmfBuD; twGif;rSmyJ wdkif;jynfwdkif;u upm;ckefupm;a&; 0goemygwJh vli,f? ausmif;om;
awGtwGuf rdwfaqGjzpf upm;ckefpm;NydKifyGJBuD;rsm; jyKvkyfay;jcif;jzifhvnf; cspfcif&if;ESD;rIudk wnfaqmuf ay;ao;w,f/
aemufqHk;taeeJY qufvufwifjy&r,fqdk&if 'DaeY urÇmhausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfBuD;[m wdkif;jynfwdkif;vdkvdku
ausmif;om;rsm;&JU tzGJUcsKyfBuD; jzpfw,f/ tzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk wdkif;jynfwdkif;u apvTwfxm;wJh ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f
awGu tkyfcsKyfvkyfaqmifw,f/ tzGJUcsKyfBuD;&JU &efyHkaiG[mvnf; toif;0iftzGJUtpnf;rsm;&JU qufaMu;jzifh rwnfxm;
w,f/
'Dawmh tzGJUcsKyfBuD;[m ausmif;om;ydkifwJh ausmif;om;tkyfcsKyfwJh ausmif;om;&efyHkaiGeJY tzGJUcsKyfBuD; jzpfw,fqdkwm
xif½Sm;w,f/
onfvdkrSefuefwJh tajccHay:rSm wnfaqmuf zGJUpnf;xm;vdkY tzGJUcsKyfBuD;[m waeYwjcm; cdkifrmvm½Hkomru
wdk;wufvmw,f/ ,aeYqdk&if wdkif;jynfaygif; (72) EdkifiHu ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;awG[m tzGJUcsKyfBuD;eJY qufoG,f
xm;w,f/ tzGJUcsKyfBuD;&JU tiftm;[m ausmif;om; (5) oef;cGJudk udk,fpm;jyKwJh tzGJUcsKyfBuD; jzpfaew,f/ ukefukef
ajym&&if ausmif;om;xk w&yfvHk;&JU qEéJYudkufnDwJh tajccH0g'eJY vrf;pOfaMumifhvnf; waeUwjcm; wdk;wufaezdkYom
½Sdw,f/ odkYaMumifh wurÇmvHk;½SdwJh ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk; tm;xm;xkdufonfh tzGJUcsKyfBuD; jzpfaeonfhtwGuf Arm
ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm; em;vnfEdkifap&eftwGuf tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh 'DtzGJUcsKyfBuD;eJY rdwfqufwifjy vdkuf&jcif;
jzpfw,f/
urÇmUausmif;om;rsm;tzGJYcsKyfBuD; t"Gefh½Snfygap
vS0if;
365
ppfudkrkef;onf
(1)
urÇmppfwJh
onf;epfESifhrQ? Mum;jyef&aomf
wdwfujzpfpOf? jyefvmxifí
pdwfwGif vSyfvSyfwkefrd\/ /
(2)
AHk;? pufaoewf?
rjywfoGef;ypf? urÇmppfaMumifh
om;wpfESifhaoG;? ajrrSmazG;vsuf
idka<u;½dIufoH? jynfvHk;nHí
rD;vQHrD;cdk;? rdk;odkYwdk;um
oD;rsKd;v,f,m? zGHUrvmbJ
avmifjymtpk? ajymif;vJjyKonhf
'kwd,ppf? acwfwacwfrS
arhypfr& twdwfwnf;/ /
(3)
wNrdKUvHk;vQif
tHk;tHk;<uuf<uuf? ajy;vTm;vsufwnfh
rdk;xufwcGif? aumif;uifjyifrS
av,mOfysHwyf? pufaoewfudk
rjywfypfum? AHk;rdk;&Gm\
BuD;pGmjrnf[D;? toHBuD;ESifh
rD;vnf;yGifhxGuf? ul;pufumom
tdrfwdkufwmudk? ½Sdef0gajymifajymif
awmufíavmifvnf;? acgif;axmifr&J
ykef;usif;xJ0,f? udk,fvnf;MuHKUMuHKU
yHkYyHkYauG;auG;? toufab;aMumifh
rD;a&;udkvnf; rawG;0Hh/ /
(4)
wcgw&H
[pfatmfoHvnf;? qlnHvSpGm
Mum;&yg\/ /
wcgw&H
idka<u;oHvnf;? emvQHwrQ
Mum;vdkuf&\/ /
wcgw&H
NiD;wGm;oHvnf;? av,HxJrSm
ygívm\/ /
366
tjrJawmhrl
<uufqltkef;tkef;? 0kef;0kef;'dkif;'dkif;
oHt½dkif;om? avvdIif;udkpD;
ajrBuD;udkqkyf? udkifívIyfodkY
rdk;jyKwfvkrQ? aygufuGJMu\/ /
(5)
a'gif--- a'gif--- 'ef--- 'ef
avaMumif;&efrS? a0;jyefuif;aMumif;
at;oHacsmif;\? ndrfhanmif;oHom
xGufay:vmrS? wcgonfawmh
raoaygh[k? pdwfavsmhoufjyif;
csae&if;yif? AHk;usif;rSxGuf
ajrtxufodkY? iJhvsuf½Ium
Munfhvdkuf&0,f---
tdk---bmrSrjrif? rD;omjrif\?
NrdKUcGiftvHk;? rD;omzkef;\?
rD;vHk;xJrS? ajy;vTm;Mu\?
ac:Mu? atmfMu? [pfidkMu\?
tr*Fvm? ½Icif;omvQif
eDwsm&J&J? aoG;ESifhwGJí
aMuuGJzG,f&mjrifwum;/ /
(6)
ig\tdrfvnf;
t½Sdefjyif;pGm? ppfrD;rSm0,f
jymomtjzpf? xifawmh\/ /
ynm½Sm&
ausmif;awmfrSmvnf;? wdkifomusef&pf
rD;pmjzpfí? cspfonfhi,faygif;?
rdwfaqGaumif;vnf;? ausmif;\eHab;
ykef;usif;ab;0,f? aoG;tvl;vl;
b0ul;\/ /
(7)
atmf--- 0Jrsuf&nfeJU
jrifonfhtjzpf? qdk;pepfaMumifh
wpfqdkY&ifrSm? r½IombJ
b,fnmrvIyf? puft½kyfodkY
ikwfwkwfxkdifum? idkifrd\/ /
367
ightwlyif
MunfvifNidrfhat;? *Dwaw;udk
uav;b0? i,fpOfuvQif
,k,cJhol? ]]tbjzL}}vnf;
oufwlyrm? jrwfEdk;&Smonfh
oHomat;csdK? þapmif;tdk\
nd§KUnd§KUrJrJ? rD;aoG;cJodkY
0ifpGJoaE¨? tajctaeaMumifh
rsuf&nf0Jum? &yfae\/ /
jcL;yef;jcL;cuf
uEkwf,Sufonfh toufu,f0if
½kyfa½Tpifudk? ae0if;NzdK;zs
tcsdefusxd? yDoatmifxk
yef;ykorm;? bdk;oufMum;vnf;
xGm;xGm;nufnuf? aMurGysufonfh
olYvuf&mEk? tpkpkaMumifh
Orsuf&nfESifh awGae\/ /
yef;csDq&m
olwdkYrSmvnf;? ESpfwmumv
qGJcJh&onfh? oufrQciftyf
yef;csDcsyfwdkY? jzpf&yfqdk;0g;
ppfrD;Mum;0,f? avmifoGm;ojzifh
rsuf&nfESifhvQif? pdkYeifhumom
&yfae\/ /
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
pkaqmif;vmonfh? pmay0w¬K
&wkuAsm? ajrmufrsm;pGmvnf;
AsL[mcif;vSpf? owfyGJjzpfonfh
ppfrD;a0a0? avmifuRrf;aví
pmaycspfwwf? yd#duwfrSL;
jymyHkOD;wGif? t½l;yrm
idkae½Sm\/ /
(8)
tu,fqdkvQif
ighNrdKUwGifom? r[kwfygbJ
Armjynf0Srf;? ppfrD;vTrf;rdkY
vQrf;vQrf;eDeD? aoG;wdkYonfvnf;
pD;vnfcJhNyD jzpfownf;/ /
368
,Ofaus;rIESifh
okckrvnf;? þppfrD;0,f
csD;ESD;ysufokef;cJhNyDwnf;/ /
b0twl
ausmif;olausmif;om;? ajrmuftrsm;vnf;
vlom;csif;csif;? arwåmuif;í
cif;onfhppfrSm? toufwmudk
pGefU½SmcJh& NyDomwnf;/ /
(9)
xdkYaMumifhomyif
ppfqdkvQifrl
rjrifvdkbJ? rkef;½HGU½GJí
vufwGJnDnm? awmif;qdkvmonf
urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;udkwnf;/ /
(10)
vlom;tm;vHk;
ppfudkrkef;í? pk½Hk;qE´
tmoDoudk? r&&atmif
BudK;yrf;pdkY/ /
rif;vS - ñGefhMuL;
(wuúodkvfausmif;om;yGJawmf yxrqk&uAsm)
369
OD;pdeb
f ef;
(1951-52)
&efuek Zf mwdjzpfonf/ 1946 ckEpS w

f iG f &efuek w
f uúov
kd o
f Ykd a&muf½ydS nm qnf;yl;onf/ 1950-51 ckEpS w
f iG f
wuotrIaqmif tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;cH&í twGi;f a&;rSL; wm0ef ay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1951-
52 ckEpS wf iG f wuo Ouú|jzpfonf/
ppfNyD;acwf 1946 ckEpS rf pS í wuúov kd pf mar;yGrJ sm;udk t&pfuspmar;yGJ (Compartmantal Exam) jyKvyk cf o
hJ nf/
1951-52 ckEpS w f iG f t&pfus pmar;yGrJ S ,ckvuf½dS Part.A Part.B pepfoYkd ajymif;vJ&ef wuúov kd t
f mPmydik f
tzGUJ rS qH;k jzwfonf/ xkq d ;kH jzwfcsuu
f kd ausmif;om;xk qEáwmif;cH&m ausmif;om; trsm;pku ,ckvuf½pdS epfukd
vufc&H ef rJay;qH;k jzwfco hJ nf/
OD;pdeb
f ef;onf Edik if aH wmf pku
d yf sKd;a&;bPf½;kH csKyf refae*smtjzpf Edik if aH wmfwm0efukd xrf;aqmifvsuf½o
dS nf/
370
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif
tcef; (15)

'Dru
kd a&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGit
hf a&;umuG,af &;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
(1952 rS 1953)
(u) 'Dtufpt
f kd arG;zGm;jcif;
1952-53 ckESpf ynmoifESpfwGif wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk OD;aqmifrI&½Sdvmjcif;onf tmPm&
ygwD tzGJUtpnf;tzdkY rsm;pGmjyóemBuD;w&yf jzpfaeonf/ wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;onf Auorsm;
tzGJUcsKyf? &uo? wuo [laom t"du ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif OD;aqmifrI &xm;onf/ tpOftvmBuD;rm;
aom wuoudk vGwo f mG ;jcif;onf tmPm&ygwD tzGUJ tpnf;twGuf BuD;rm;aom qH;k ½H;I rI jzpfonf/ oefY½iS ;f udv k nf;
tm;udk;í rjzpfEdkifawmhay/ rdrdwdkY pdwftcs&qHk; tiftm;pkzGJUpnf;&eftwGuf wdk;wufwdkY\ OD;aqmifrIudk z,f½Sm;&ef
wuúodkvfwGif jyefvnf wmplaeonf/
yxrOD;qH;k oefY½Si;f rS cGx
J uG o
f mG ;aom udu
k Bkd uD;? udu
k akd v; nDaemiftyk pf u
k kd zJx
h w
k o
f nfh vufusef qd½k ,
S vf pf
ygwDtEG,frsm;udk jyefvnftoufoGif;onf/ tcGifhta&; rufvHk;rsm;ay;í pnf;½Hk;onf/ þodkYjzifh 'Drdku&ufwpf
ausmif;om;tiftm;pk-'Dtufpt f kd (Democratic Student Organization) udk xlaxmifonf/ tmPm&ygwDtzGUJ t
pnf;onf wuúodkvfe,fajrwGif 'Dtufpftdk udk arG;zGm;oefYpifvdkufonf/
(c) 1952-53 ynmoifEpS f

wuúodkvfe,fajrü ausmif;rsm;jyefvnf zGifhvSpfaomtcgwGif wuúodkvfonfvnf; touf0ifvIyf½Sm;vm
onfh pmoifcef;rsm;wGif at;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;&rnfhtpm;? vrf;ray:odkY a&mufonf/ pDwef;vrf;avQmufvm
Muonf/ pmtkyfESifh azmifwdeftpm;? ydkpwmESifh tvHudkifvmMuonf/ ½lyaA'? yx0Dtpm;? zdESdyfrIvGwfajrmufa&;
tcGifhta&;rsm; pwif oifMum;vm&onf/ ygarmu©\ pmayydkYcsoHtpm;? w&m;a[maom ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol
rsm;\ toHudk Mum;emvm&\/ ocsFmykpämtpm;? ausmif;om;ynmudk ajz½Sif;Mu\/ oifcef;pmrsm; ra&;awmhbJ
ynmpmwrf;rsm; a&;vmMuonf/ zm;cGJ&rnfhtpm;? a½G;aumufyGJrJyHk;udk ½dkufcGJMu&onf/ tajctaerSm wif;rmvm
371
onf/ &ifhusufí &ifhusufvmonf/ aemufqHk; aygufuGJvmonf/ qEáwG xkwfazmfvmMuonf/ &Jpdwf? &Jrmefudk

jyMuonf/ olwkdYvdktyfcsufrsm; tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkMuonf/ zdESdyfcs,fvS,folwdkYu ausmif;om;wdkY\
awmif;qdak om tcGit hf a&;rsm;tpm;? zdEydS cf sKyfcs,fa&;udo
k m ay;vmMuonf/ uavmifEiS hf azmifwed t f pm;? aoewfEiS hf
vSpH yG u
f kd ay;vmMuonf/ jynfph v kH akd om rif&nftpm;? aoG;pufEiS hf rsu&f nfukd jrifMu&onf/ ausmif;oH;k y&dabm*rsm;?
ausmif;taqmuftODrsm; vdck sifaom ausmif;om;vli,fwYkd tm; tusOf;axmifrsm;udo k m ay;tyfvmMuonf/ ausmif;
e,fajrudk q&mrsm; jznfhwif;&rnfhtpm; y&dowfrsm; jznfhwif;jcif; jyKvkyfvmonf/
om,maysmf½TifrIonf ausmif;om;vli,fwdkYtwGuf b,faomtcgrS vHkavmufjynfhpHkonf[lí r½Sd/ olwdkY
onf om,maysmf½iT rf u I kd tjrJwrf; iwfrw G af eonf/ aysmfaysmf½iT ½f iT f at;at;csrf;csrf;aexkid í f vGwv f yfpmG ynmoif
,lvdkaom ausmif;om;vli,fwdkYtm; qlyltHk<uvmap&ef zdESdyfcs,fvS,folwdkYu zefwD;avh½Sdonf/ ausmif;om;wdkY
rsufpdxJwGif vrf;ray:wGif avvGifhaeaom uav;i,frsm;? tvkyfvufrJh vli,frsm;? wJpkwfuav;rsm;udk jrifvm&
onf/ tvkyo f rm;? v,form;wdYk\ qeft;kd 0,f a[mif;avmif; jzpfaeonfukd jrifvm&onf/ csed YJ,rd ;f ,dik f a&m*gxlaeaom
tzd;k td?k tr,ftrkd sm;udk jrifvm&onf/ tcsKyfcef;? tcsKyfaxmifrS jynfow l Ykd\ atmf[pfwikd Mf um;oHukd Mum;vm&onf/
zdESdyfrIatmuf ½kef;uefaeaom jynfolwdkY\ vIyf½Sm;oHudk Mum;vm&onf/ aoewfvSHpGyfrsm; tzsm;rS jynfolwdkY\
aoG;pufwYkdonf ausmif;om;vli,faoG;pufwYkdEiS hf yl;aygif; pD;qif;oGm;onf/ tmPm&ygwDwYkdonf jynfoEl iS hf ausmif;
om;xktm; wjcm;pD uGJjym;ap&ef cGJjcm;vmMuonf/ pepfwus jyifqifxm;aom enf;y&d,m,frsm;jzifh ½kyfzsuf
0ifa&muf vmMuonf/
(*) 1952 ausmif;om;tcGit

hf a&; umuG,af &;wdu
k yf JG
xdt k csed u
f Armjynfausmif;om;tajctaeudk qef;ppfMunfv h Qif ausmif;om;rsm;vdv k m;csu?f awmif;qdck suf
rsm;udk wduspGm awGU½Sd&onf/ ynmoifMum;ydkifcGifhonf ausmif;om;rsm;\ t"dutcGifhta&; w&yf jzpfonf/
]vlhtcGifUta&; aMunmpmwrf;BuD;\ tydk'f (26) wGif taxGaxGvlrItjzpf azmfxkwf jy|mef;xm;onfrSm
vlwdkif;onf ynmoifMum;ydkifcGifU ½Sdap&rnf} [lí jzpfayonf/
1947 EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya' tydk'f (33) wGifyif azmfjyxm;onfrSm-
]EdkifiHom;rsm;onf atmufyg tcGifUta&;rsm;udk &½SdcHpm;Edkif&ef EdkifiHawmfonf 0g'xm;½Sdí xkd0g'twdkif;
aqmif½Guf&rnf/}
tydk'fcGJ (C) wGif ]ynmoifMum;Edkifaom tcGifUta&;} [lí yg½Sdonf/
odkYaomf ynmoifMum;ydkifcGifh vlYtcGifhta&;onf vufawGUwGif rnfonhftajctaewGif wnf½Sdoenf;/
Edik if tH pd;k &u tcvGwf roifrae& ynmoifMum;ydik cf iG hf Oya'udk jy|mef;xm;aomfvnf; tcvGwf rlvwef;ausmif;rsm;
wGif 0ifa&muf oifMum;cGifh&aom ausmif;om;rsm;rSm Armjynf rlvwef;ausmif;om;OD;a& woef;cGJausmfESifh EdIif;,SOf
vQif vGepf mG enf;yg;vsuf ½So d nfukd awGU&onf/ tcvGwrf v l wef;ynmoifMum;cGirhf mS ,cifu (5) wef;txd oifMum;
Edik cf iG ½hf adS omfvnf; ,ck (4) wef; txdom ynmoifMum;Edik cf iG ½hf o dS nf/ tpd;k &ausmif;rsm;ü 0ifa&muf ynmoifMum;cGihf
r&aom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tvGwfynmoifausmif;rsm;wGif vcBuD;av;pGm ay;í ynmoifMum;&onf/ tcsKdU
bmom&yf wckwGif 10d^- rS 30d^- txday;í ynmoifaeMu&onf/ xkdausmif;rsm;yifvQif ausmif;taqmuftOD?
y&dabm* rvHak vmufraI Mumifh aemufEpS q f v
kd Qif ausmif;om;rsm;tm; aemufxyf vufrcHEikd o f nfh tajctaeodYk qdu
k af &muf
vsuf½Sdonf/
EdkifiHtpdk;&\ ,refESpf bwf*sufudk MunfhvQifvnf; ppfwyf? tusOf;axmif? ykvdyf? tkyfcsKyfa&;wdkYwGif
oHk;aiG 22.6% ynma&;? usef;rma&;? jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;wGif 26.2% jzpfonf/ taxGaxGynma&;twGuf toHk;
jyKaom aiGrmS rajymyavmufonfukd awGU½S&d onf/ taqmuftOD rvHak vmufr?I pmtkyif mS ;&ef rvHak vmufr?I vufawGU
u@wGif ypönf;ud&d,m rvHkavmufrIrsm; &ifqdkifae&onf/
aq;odyw HÜ iG v
f nf;aumif;? tif*sife, D modywHÜ iG vf nf;aumif;? wuúov kd w
f iG vf nf;aumif; ausmif;om;rsm;
jynfhodyfcg ynmoifMum;ae&onf/ ae&m&½Sda&;twGuf tajy;tvTm; ausmif;wufaeMu&onf/
,ckESpf wuúodkvfwGif ausmif;om;opfrsm;? ausmif;aqmifr&onfhtjzpf &ifqdkifcJhMu&onf/ wuorS
awmif;qdkí aqmufvkyfqJausmif;aqmifrsm; NyD;oGm;vQifvnf; ausmif;tdyf? ausmif;pm;aevdkolESifh ausmif;om;OD;a&
rqhH jzpfaeOD;rnf/ ausmif;om;rsm;rSm o[m,ESihf pmzwfcef;ü vnf;aumif;? xrif;pm;cef;ü vnf;aumif; aexkid Mf u
372
&onf/ q&mrsm; rvHkavmufrI? pmMunfhwdkufü ynm&yfqdkif&mpmtkyfrsm; vHkavmufpGm r½Sdjcif;? tcsKdUpmtkyfrsm;rSm

jy|mef;xm;aomfvnf; 0,f,lí r&Edkifjcif;ponfh jypfcsufrsm; awGU&onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;rSm bGJU&í ausmif;rSxGuf
aomfvnf; ynmt&nftcsif;t& oifah wmfaomvkyif ef; r&MuonfrmS tqef;r[kwaf y/ ynmwwf tvkyv f ufrrhJ sm;
waeYwjcm; wd;k yGm;vmayonf/ rEÅav;wuúov kd w f iG f ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf aq;½Hrk ½S?d &efuek wf uúov kd w f iG v
f nf;
ausmif;om;tenf;i,fuo kd m vufcEH ikd af om aq;½Hw k ckom ½Sod nf/ aq;rvHak vmufraI Mumihf ,refEpS u f raooifb h J
aooGm;&aom udkapmMunf ('k-Oypm) udk MunfhvQif odEdkifonf/
txufyg rjynfhpHkrvHkavmufrIrsm;aMumihf ausmif;om;rsm;\ vdktyfcsufrsm;? epfemcsufrsm;? qHk;½IH;aeaom
tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk azmfxw
k í f wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ onf wuúov kd üf ½Sad om bmom&yfqikd &f mtoif;tzGUJ rsm;? o[m,
ESifh pmzwftoif;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk zdwfac:aqG;aEG;í vdkvm;csuf (22) csufudk azmfxkwfcg 30? 9? 52 &ufaeY
wGif wuúodkvfaumifpDodkY wifjycJhonf/
þawmif;qdck surf sm;udk &efuek w f uúov kd o f [m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGUJ csKyf 'kw, d ESp0f uf nDvmcHBuD;rS
vnf;aumif;? waumif;ausmif;aqmif? oxHkausmif;aqmif? jynfausmif;aqmif? yJcl;ausmif;aqmif? ppfudkif;ausmif;
aqmif? tif;vsm;ausmif;aqmif? oD&ad usmif;aqmif ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;rsm;rS vnf;aumif;? &efuek w f uúov kd f
tdE´d,ausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;? &efukefwuúodkvf ynmodyÜHausmif;olôm;rsm;toif;rS vnf;aumif;? wuo
awmif;qdkcsufudk axmufcHcJhMuonf/
'DZifbmv (20) &uf ausmif;om;aeYwGif usif;yaom ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;BuD;rS awmif;qdkcsuf
(22) csuu f kd wuorS aiGxed ;f udpk ed o
f if;u wifoiG ;f NyD; ausmif;om;xkBuD;w&yfv;kH u axmufccH MhJ uonf/ ¤if;tpnf;
ta0;yGJ tNyD;wGif ausmif;om;xkBuD;onf t"dywdvrf;rBuD;rS &efukefwuúodkvf bJGUESif;obifcef;rBuD;odkY csDwuf
qE´jy axmufcHcJhonf/ ausmif;om;xk pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrIaMumifh awmif;qdkcsufrsm; &½SdcJhonf/
(C) 1952 Zlvikd v

f ausmif;aqmifvufcaH &;wdu
k yf JG
ausmif;rsm; jyefvnfzGifhvSpfvdkufaomtcgwGif ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tmPmydkifrsm;u rw&m;
jyefvnf ½kyfodrf;vmMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&ef BudK;pm;vmMuonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfrSm qdkvQif
ausmif;aqmifrsm;odYk ausmif;om;rsm; vufco H nfah e&mwGif uefYowfcsufrsm; trsKd;rsKd; jyKvkyv f mMuonf/ &efuek Nf rdKU
ay:wGif aexdkifaom ausmif;om;rsm;? pepfa[mif;t& ajzqdkaom ausmif;om;rsm;? 'D*&D&NyD;aom ausmif;om;rsm;?
uefYowfxm;onhf c½dik f (rEÅav;? a½Tb?kd rH½k mG ? ausmufqnf? ppfuikd ;f ? rdwv D¬ m? armfvNrdKif) ponfwYkdrS ausmif;om;rsm;
udk &efukefwuúodkvfü vufrcH&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/ ausmif;aqmifOya' rvdkufemonfh ausmif;om;rsm;tm;-
(1) wuúodkvfpmar;yGJrsm;udk ajzqdkcGifUray;jcif;
(2) 'D*&D&NyD;aom ausmif;om;jzpfygu 'D*&Dudk jyefvnf½kyfodrf;jcif;
(3) ausmif;rS xkwfy,fjcif; ponfh tjypfay;rIrsKd;udk jyKvkyfvmMuonf/
ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif aexkid &f ef tcGit hf a&;r&cJv h Qif e,fraS usmif;om;rsm;onf rnfoYkd ausmif;wufawmh
rnfenf;/ xko d Ykd ausmif;om;tusKd;ESihf qefYusifaom ausmif;aqmifvufcaH &; Oya'udk ref;wuúov kd of r*¾ trIaqmif
tzGUJ onf &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;or*¾EiS hf yl;aygif;wduk yf 0JG ifco hJ nf/ wuúov kd pf mar;yGaJ tmifaom ausmif;om;rsm;
tm; uefYowfjcif;r½Sb d J &efuek w f uúovkd f ausmif;aqmifrsm;ü vufc&H ef? ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm;udv k nf; cGjJ cm;rIr½Sb
d J
ausmif;aqmifwiG f vufc&H ef? vdt k yfonfah e&mrsm;wGif ,m,DwrJ sm; aqmufvyk af y;&ef? Zlvikd v f (15) &ufaeYwiG f pwifNyD;
oifMum;ydYck s&mwGif ausmif;om;rsm;udk tjypfay;rnf[o l nfh tcsuu f kd y,fzsuaf y;&ef paom awmif;qkcd surf sm;udk oufqidk &f m
tmPmydkifrsm;xH ta&;qkdwdkufyGJ0ifcJh&m ausmif;om;xk nDñGwfa&;tm;aMumifh vdkvm;csufrsm; &mEIef;jynfh&cJhonf/
(i) 1953-54 wuoa&G;aumufyJG

xkad eYa½G;aumufyw JG iG f wd;k wufEiS hf 'Dtufpt
f w
kd Ykd tm;NydKifMuonf/ oefY½iS ;f wdYk onf tiftm;pktjzpf &yfwnf
cJhaomfvnf; t"dutcef;wGif r½Sdawmhacs/ wdk;wufwdkYrSm pnf;½Hk;a&;tajccHt& tom&vsuf½Sdonf/
tqdyk gESpw f iG f wuúov kd o
f Ykd a&mufvmaom ausmif;om;OD;a&rSm w½Sed x f ;dk rsm;jym;vmonf/ or*¾a½G;aumufyJG
tpOftvmwckrSm a½G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;Edkifa&;twGuf ausmif;om;xktm; or*¾0ifyHkpHpm½Gufrsm; ay;a0&onf/
373
or*¾0ifjzpfro S m rJay;ydik cf iG ½hf o

dS nf/ ,cifusi;f ycJah om a½G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif ¤if;yHpk pH m½Gurf sm;tm; ausmif;om;xktm;
tcsKyftcs,fr½Sd ay;a0cJhonf/
1953-54 ck ynmoifESpftwGuf a½G;aumufyGJt&m½Sd 'Dtufpftdk udkudkBuD;onf yHkpHpm½Gufrsm;udk tcsKyf
tcs,fwkdif;um owfrSwfay;cJhonf/ a½G;aumufyGJ 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifaom tzGJUtpnf;onf ½Gufa&ig;&m xkwf,lvQif
¤if;ig;&mjyefoGif;NyD;rS aemufxyf xkwf,lEdkifaom pepfudk jyKvkyfcJhayonf/ xkdYaMumifh toif;0ifpm½Guf a0ay;a&;rSm
'Dtufpftdk vufxJa&mufaeavonf/ yHkpHpm½Guf jyKvkyfa&;wGif 'Dtufpftdk tusKd;twGuf rsm;pGm vkyfudkifEdkifonf/
¤if;or*¾yHkpHrsm;udk jyefoGif;aomtcgwGif 0ifaMu; (3) usyf ay;&onf/ þwGif 'DtufpftdktzGJUonf csKdUwJhaom
ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkYtm; tcGifhaumif; ,lcJhonf/ ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;wdkYtm; yHkpHrsm; xkwfay;NyD;
aiGrsm; oGi;f NyD;vQif rJ&a&;twGuf vkyEf ikd cf o hJ nf/ &efuek Nf rdKUwGif q,fwef;atmifaomfvnf; wuúov kd o
f Ykd qufvuf
rwufEidk bf J ½H;k rsm;wGif tvkyv f yk af eolaygif; (600) ausmf ½So d nf/ ¤if;wdYk ukd aiGtajrmuftrsm; tukecf í
H wuúov kd f
wGif rSwfyHkwifay;onf/ or*¾yHkpHrsm; ay;a0NyD; 0ifaMu;twGuf ¤if;wdkYu tpm;xdk;ay;cJhonf/ a½G;aumufyGJaeYwGif
'Dtufpftdk tzGJUtm; rJay;&ef ½Hk;udk oufoufrJh ydwfay;onf/ 'DtufpftdkbufrS rJrsm;&ef BudK;yrf;cJhonf/
rJqG,f&mwGif aiGudkoHk;í acsmhjrL½kHrubJ rvHkYwvHkr,frsm;ESihf rdwfqufay;jcif;? erf;½IyfyGwfoyfenf;udk
twk,al pcJo h nf/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;udk pdw"f gwftm; t&nfaysmv f mNyD; ¤if;wdYkbuf OD;vnfvmap&ef toH;k jyKcJh
onf/ wDwDpDausmif;aqmifrS rrsKd;jrifhtm; 0efBuD;uawmfwOD;u ac:,lawGUqHkcJhonf/ rrsKd;jrifhtm; 'Dtufpftdktm;
rJay;&ef ajymaomfvnf; rrsKd;jrifhu vufrcH/ rrsKd;jrifhtm; ajymifavSmif vTwf½Hkomru Ncdrf;ajcmufcJhonf/ bifwef
ausmif;aqmifrS rjrihfjrihfcifESifh a':vDoef;wdkYtm; 0efBuD;wOD;ESifh qdk½S,fvpftrwfwOD;u ac:,lNcdrf;ajcmufonf/
a½G;aumuf yGJaeYwGif rJrxnfhEdkif&eftwGuf ¤if;wdkYtdrfwGif ac:,lí tus,fcsKyf xm;cJhonf/
(p) a&G;aumufyaJG eYjrifuiG ;f

wuoa½G;aumufyGJudk Mo*kwfv (28) &ufaeUwGif usif;yonf/ vlpkvl
a0;rsm; tv,fwGif qkd½S,fvpf trwfrsm;? zqyvvlBuD;rsm;? 0efBuD;uawmf
rsm;rSm xif;ueJay:vGifaeonf/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol a'gif;rsm; tv,fwGif
vif;wawG a&mufaeovdk jzpfonf/ olwdkYonf tvpfwGif xkd;okwf Muayvdrfh
rnf/ wdk;wuftiftm;pku a½G;aumufyGJ ½Sif;vif;a&;twGuf ½Sif;vif;yGJ jyKvkyfMu
onf/ wdk;wuftiftm;pkrSm o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;wGif tEdkif&xm;onf/
¤if;wdkYxJwGif rjrifhjrifhcif (aemif A[dkw&m;½Hk;a½SUae)? roef;oef;at; (aemif
'nif;ukef;tkwfpuf) paom ZwfZwfusJrsm; ygonf/
a½G;aumufyw JG iG f rJEpS Bf udr?f oH;k Budro
f ;kH &ef 'Dtufpt f w
kd Ykd u npfywfco hJ nf/
vlwOD;onf ½SpBf udrf rJay;Edik cf Jhonf/ aemufqHk; ppfudkif;aqmifrS udkpdk;oef;udk

Ouú|tjzpf 0ifta½G;cHol udt k ek ;f cdik u
f vufy;l vufMuyf zrf;rdonf/ a½G;aumufyJG
52-53 a½G;aumufyGJ t&m½Sd pvQipf jcif; wjcm;tzGUJ rsm;u rJy;kH udk csyd yf w d &f ef ajymaomfvnf; csyd rf ½S[ d tk aMumif;
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rSefrrSef ppfaq;jcif; r½Sd/ jzwfydkif;rsm;ay:wGif tvG,fwul a&;ay;vdkufMuonf/ rauseyfoHrsm; xGufay:vmonf/
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374
acgif;aqmifrsm; udk,fwdkif apmifhae&onf/

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toHrsm; wjznf;wjznf; xGufvmonf/ tcsdef wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vmonf/ rauseyfbl; npfywfonf[laom
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udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ uefYuGufoH? rJjym; cdk;xkwfoGm;í uefYuGufoH? rJay;NyD;om; jzpfaeí rauseyfoHrsm;
ay:xGufvmonf/ ausmif;om;r[kwfaom rJrsm;udk awGU&onf/
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rsm;ar;\/
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atmfoHMum;&NyD;
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wae&mwGif qlaeMuonf/ rsufrSefESifh vlwOD;udk nDñGwfa&;acgif;aqmifwOD;u zrf;xm;\/ olY&ifbwf
wGif 'Dtufpftdk wHqdyfygvmaomf wcsKdUu vufoD;ESifhxdk;&ef BudK;pm;ojzifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; wm;ae&
jyef\/
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wOD;? t&m½SdwOD;? w&m;olBuD;wOD; jzpfonf/
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tjyifrS ykvdyfum;wpD;onf or*¾wHcg;qDodkY armif;NyD; ydwfum wm;vdkufonf/ ykvdyfum; r0ifawmhacs/
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0dkif;rí wuo yxrxyfrS uwå&mvrf;ray:odkY rJyHk;udk ypfcsvdkufonf/
375
rJyHk;onf uwå&mvrf;ray:odkY usoGm;aomtcg rJyHk;uGJoGm;NyD; rJjym;rsm; tHxGufvmonf/ ausmif;om;

tcsKdUonf rw&m;a½G;aumufyGJ[k a<u;aMumfí rJjym;rsm;udk 0ifa&mufqkwfjzJMuonf/ rJjym;qkwfaeolrsm;udk qdk½S,f
vpfygwDtEG,f udk0if;armifBuD;u 0ifxdk;onf/ txdk;cH&olu 0ifwdk;aomtcg udk0if;armifBuD; yufvufvefusomG ;
onf/ ud0k if;armifBuD;udk wufeif;&ef ausmif;om;tcsKdU ajy;vmMuonf/ udpk ;kd ode;f ESifh udv k 0S if;wdYk u 0dik ;f 0ef;wm;qD;
ay;ae&onf/
naeydkif;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf 'DtufpftdkESifh ¤if;wdkY q&mBuD;rsm;\ aumufuspfrIudk jynfolvlxkxH
wifjy&ef bwfpfum;rsm;ESihf NrdKUwGi;f odYk vSnv hf nfNyD;
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'Dtufpftdk rJolcdk;[laom toHonf &efukefwNrdKUvHk; wkefvIyfoGm;onf/ 'Dtufpftdk ausmif;om;wdkYonf
ausmif;om;xkBuD;tm; tBudrfBudrftzefzef apmfum;cJhonf/ qdk½S,fvpf ausmif;om;wOD;onf tjcm;ausmif;om;
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tmPm&ygwD tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf wuúodkvfe,fajrwGif ¤if;wdkY pnf;½Hk;a&;twGuf jyefvnfwmplonf/
¤if;wdkY xlaxmifay;aom 'DtufpftdkrSm emrnfysufESifh ausmif;om;xk\ qHk;rjcif;'Pf cHvdkuf&onf/ ¤if;tEG,frsm;
usqHk;jcif;jzpfonf/
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S v
f pfwYkd tMu,
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ouJhodkY ref;wuúodkvfwGifvnf; xkd;azmuf&ef BudK;pm;vmMuonf/ xdkodkY BudK;pm;&mwGif ,ltufpftdk ausmif;om;
tzGJUonf txufjrufqHk; jzpfonf/
ref;wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾trIaqmif a½G;aumufyGJwGif ESpfpk yg0if,SOfNydKifcJhMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;
nDñw G af &;tiftm;pk (Student Unity Force) ESihf Edik if aH &;rvkyaf omwuúov kd af usmif;om;tzGYJ (University Student
Organization) wdkY jzpfayonf/
EdkifiHa&;rvkyfaom wuúodkvfausmif;om;tzGJU trnfcHxm;aomfvnf; qdkif;bkwfaemufwGif EdkifiHa&;orm;
rsm; yke;f uG,af eMuonf/ xkt d csdeu
f ref;wuúov kd wf iG f 'Dtufptf tkd zGUJ tm; ajAmifrwnfaxmif &ao;ay/ 'Dtufpt f kd
onf ,ltufpftdktzGJUxJwGif udk,fa,mifazsmuf xm;onf/ &efukefwuúodkvf wuoa½G;aumufyGJwGif 'DtufpftdkrSm
tBuD;tus,f emrnfysufaeí ref;wuúodkvfwGif 'Dtufpftdk trnfjzifh a½G;aumufyGJ0ifygu ½IH;rnfudk odojzifh
'Dtufpftdk rzGJUpnf;jcif;vnf; jzpfEkdifonf/
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twGuf tpGrf;ukef BudK;pm;Muonf/ ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;tiftm;pk EkwfxGufoGm;onfh ae&mwGif tpm;xkd;&ef
tcsdefrrDawmhay/ a½G;aumufyGJwGif nDñGwfaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk tm;vHk; tEdkif&aomfvnf; EkwfxGufoltpm;
qdk½S,fvpfbufrS ausmif;om;wa,muf NydKifbufr½Sd trIaqmif jzpfvmcJhonf/
qdk½S,fvpfwdkYonf aiGtajrmuftrsm; tukefcHcJhonf/ rdefuav;aqmifrS trsKd;orD;tcsKdUtm; rSefum;rsm;
jzifh cPcP ac:oGm;wwfonf/ tjyifwGif pnf;0g;udkuf oGefoifaqG;aEG;onf/ ½kyf½Sifjy? jyKpkauR;arG;onfrSm
tpOftvmjzpfaeonf/ olwdkY\ taumif;qkH;aom toyf&yfqHk; rJqG,fa&; enf;y&d,m,f wckyifjzpfonf/ tjcm;
a½G;aumufy0JG if nDñw G af omtiftm;pkrmS um;ESiv
hf nf;rac:Edik ?f aiGvnf;roH;k Edik af y/ ausmif;om;tusK;d udk a½SUwef;rS&yfí
aqmif½u G af y;rnf[k uwdom ay;EdkifcJhonf/
qd½k ,S vf pfwYkdonf aemufq;kH a½G;aumufyJG rwdik rf n D wGif uwfeufped u f yGjJ zifh rJq,
G v
f u
kd af o;onf/ &efuek f
wuúodkvfwGif armf*efzD;vpf? ref;wuúodkvfwGif Armhacwf OD;tkef;cifwdkYtm; zdwfMum;NyD; oG,f0dkuf rJqG,fMuonf/
qdk½S,fvpftrwfESifh zqyv0if trsKd;orD;BuD; yHkESdyfwdkufrSyif qdk½S,fvpf ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf rJqG,fpmwrf;rsm;
½dkufESdyfay;í wuúodkvfe,fajrwGif vGifhysHUapcJhonf/ nDñGwfaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; rJay;vQif ''Black Mark''
vkyfxm;NyD; pmar;yGJ csypfrnf[laom aumvm[vrsm;jzihf ausmif;om;rsm; vefYzsyfatmif vkyfMuonf/
a½G;aumufyaJG eYwiG f ¤if;wdYkbufrS aqmif½u G af y;ol (Workers) rsm;rSm ig;&m0if pD;u&ufoAH ;l rsm;udk cg;wGif
376
xd;k í &,f&if;? jyHK;&if; rJq, G Mf uonf/ a½G;aumufy0JG if tjcm;tzGUJ jzpfonhf nDñw G af omausmif;om;tzGUJ rSm rnfoYl urkd S
vnf; zdwfac:rauR;arG;Edkif? rnfonfh tcGifhta&;rQvnf; ray;Edkif? olwdkYrSm vkyftm;om½Sdonf/
qd½k ,S v f pf ausmif;om;rsm;onf &mxl;? tmPm? tcGit hf a&;udk xH;k wrf;tpOftvmtjzpf toH;k jyKMuonf/
¤if;xH;k wrf;pOfvmonf qd½k , S vf pftzd;k BuD;? tzGm;BuD;rsm;rSaeí 'Dtufpt f akd usmif;om;? ajr;jrpfrsm;txd qif;oufvm
onf/ olwYkdtm; rJay;a&;twGuf Ncdr;f ajcmuforH mS jyif;xefvo S nf/ ausmif;om;a&m rdbyg tvl;tvSrd chf cH MhJ u&onf/
axmufyahH Mu; ½kyo f rd ;f rnf/ tpd;k &tvkyrf S jzKwfypfrnf/ ausmif;om;ESihf rdbrsm;\ em;0,f þtoHwYkd rmS jynfEh u S af e
ayawmhonf/ tvkyv f ufrrhJ sm; axmufyahH Mu; ½kyo f rd ;f cH&olrsm;udk jrifa,mifaeMuonf/ OD;acgif;txufrS oHzaemifh
udk xdawGUprf;oyfrMd uonf/ qd½k , S v
f pfausmif;om;rsm;tm; rJay;cdik ;f rSjzpfacsawmhrnf/ þodYk ,dik v f q J ;kH jzwfMuonf/
rEÅav;NrdKUay:ü zqyvtrIaqmifvBl uD;rsm; trwfrif;rsm; ajcoGuaf eMuawmhonf/ wuúov kd af usmif;om;
rdbrsm;tdrfodkY 0ifxGufaeMuonf/ vlBuD;csif; awGUqHkMuonf/ rJqG,fMuonf/ zqyvrS rif;bl; OD;armifarmif?
OD;bMunf? a':MunfMunf? qdk½S,fvpftrwf OD;vSazwdkYrSm NrdKUxJrSm xif;ueJay:aeonf/ &efukefrS qdk½S,fvpf
pnf;½H;k a&;rSL; rjrjrarmfqo kd rl mS vnf; cgawmfrD tajy;tvTm; qdu k af &mufvmonf/ ref;wuúov kd f qd½k , S vf pf ausmif;om;
rsm;tm;BudK;udkif&ef &efukefqdk½S,fvpfygwDrS udkoef;EGJU (ac:) udkoef;ñGefY (ac:) udkrif;aZmf a&mufvmonf/ olonf
ref;wuúodkvfodkY ausmif;om;tjzpf a&mufvmaomfvnf; twef;wufonfrSm [efjyom jzpfayonf/ ausmif;om;
[laom wHqyd u f yfí qd½k , S vf pf pnf;½H;k a&;rSL;tjzpf zH;k uG,x f m;cJah vonf/ olonf a½G;aumufy0JG if&ef twwfEikd q f ;kH
BudK;pm;avonf/ &efuek rf S q&m OD;at;armifav;onfvnf; a½G;aumufyaJG qmif½u G &f ef tcsed rf D qduk af &mufvmonf/
qd½k ,S vf pfausmif;om;wdYkzufrS ajctoGuq f ;kH vkyt
f m;txkwq f ;kH yk*Kd¾ vrf mS trwf OD;vSaz jzpfonf/ ¤if;rSm ausmif;om;
ESifh vli,fpnf;½Hk;a&; wm0efcHtjzpf 0efBuD; OD;ausmfNidrf;udk,fwdkif cefYxm;cJhol jzpfonf/
ausmif;om;xk vdt k yfaom qE´rmS nDñw G af &;tm; oHrPdom;usatmif xkvyk o f eG ;f avmif;&ef jzpfayonf/
nDñw G af &;tm; csKd;zsuforl sm;tm; ausmif;om;abmifrS xm0pOfxw k yf ,f&ef jzpfonf/ nDñw G af &;tm; ,aeYum,uH
ajrmuf zsufqD;aeol zqyv? qdk½S,fvpfESifh 'DtufpftkdwdkYtm; ausmif;om;aqmifrS z,f½Sm;zsufodrf;jcif;? tzsuf
tvkyfESifh nDñGwfa&;tm; ajrawmifajr§muf jyKpkjcif; tjyKtvkyfwdkYtm; wcsdefxJwNydKifxJ vkyfMu&ef jzpfayonf/
ausmif;om;xkonf nDñw G af &; tñGeYf ? tan§mifh? tzl;? tyGiw hf Ykdtm; BuD;xGm;vmap&ef ajrawmifajr§mufay;
aom wl½Gif;jym;rsm;udk udkifaqmifonfh O,smOfrSL;rsm; jzpfonf/ 'Dtufpftdk ausmif;om;wdkYonf ausmif;om;nDñGwf
a&;tm; ajrjr§KyfoN*KØ[f&ef wl;½Gif;jym;rsm;udk udkifaqmifMuolrsm; jzpfonf/
odYk aomf &efuek Ef iS hf ref;wuúov kd af usmif;om;or*¾ a½G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif qd½k , S v
f pfwYkd b,fvkd npfywfywf
aemufqHk; ½IH;edrfhoGm;avonf/ wdk;wufESifh ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;tiftm;pkrSm rJtjywftoufESifh tEdkif&cJhonf/
zqyv qd½k , S v f pfwYkod nf ¤if;wdYktMuHtpnf ratmifjrifaomtcgwGif ausmif;om;or*¾ukd pifNyKdiw f nfaxmif&ef BudK;yrf;
vmMuonf/ OD;A*srf; OD;pD;aom ArmEdkifiHvli,ftpnf;t½Hk; ½Sdygvsuf jynfaxmifpkvli,ftm; pifNydKifzGJUcJhonf/
tvkyform;tzGJUudkvnf; pifNydKif jzpfapcJhonf/ udkxGef;pdef? udkApdef? udk&m½Spf? udkatmifqef;? udkEk? udkatmifausmf?
udkvSa½T? udkA[def;? udkAaqGwdkY acwfu awmufajymifcJhaom ausmif;om;&mZ0iftm; qdk½S,fvpfwdkYu ½THUAGufa&ESifh
vdrf;usHMuacsNyD/ ArmwjynfvHk;ü 'DtufpftdktzGJUrsm; vdkufzGJUjcif;jzihf qdk½S,fvpfygwDtm; usm;uef taxmuftul
jyK&ef BudK;pm;cJhonf/ odkYaomf ausmif;om;xknDñGwfa&; wHwdkif;BuD;udk rausmfEdkifcJhay/
(Z) yJw
h if½u
kd cf wforH sm;
1953 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f (28) &ufwiG f wuoa½G;aumufyüJG rJc;kd rIBuD; jzpfymG ;NyD;aemuf wuoa½G;aumufyJG
ysufoGm;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf um;tpD;aygif; (86) pD;jzifh &efukefNrdKUwGif; vSnfhvnfcJhMuonf/ vlxkBuD;tm;
rJcdk;yGJBuD; jzpfaMumif; wdkifwef;cJhMuonf/
wuúov kd of Ykd n (12) em&DausmfwiG f jyefvnf a&muf½v dS mNyD;aemuf pnf;a0;Muonf/ þtpnf;ta0;BuD;rS
atmufyg qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk csrSwfcJhonf/
(1) NyD;cJhaom a½G;aumufyGJonf w&m;0ifa½G;aumufyGJ r[kwf/
(2) qd½k , S vf pf uduk Bkd uD;onf a½G;aumufytJG m; Edik ef if;pGm pDrt
H yk cf sKyfEidk o
f l r[kw?f xkYd aMumifh þyk*Kd¾ vftm;
t,HktMunf r½Sd? aemufxyfusif;yrnfh a½G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif ¤if;tm; a½G;aumufyGJt&m½Sdtjzpf cefYtyf
jcif; rjyK&ef/
377
(3) ppfNyD;acwf wuoOuú|a[mif;rsm;u BuD;rSL;NyD; a½G;aumufyGJusif;y ay;&ef/

(4) Identity Card rsm; rJrvdrfEdkif&ef a½G;aumufyGJtrD xkwfay;xm;&ef/
(5) pufwifbmv (15) &uf rwdkifrD a½G;aumufyGJusif;y&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf/
w&m;rQwaom wuoa½G;aumufyJG tjrefq;kH aqmif½u G af y;&ef ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;yGrJ sm;udk Mo*kwv
f
(31) &ufaeYnu oxHk? yJcl;? yif;,? ppfudkif;? '*Hk ausmif;aqmifrsm;ü usif;yMu\/ 1? 9? 53 &ufaeYwGif a½Tbdk
aqmifü vnf;aumif;? 2? 9? 53 &ufaeYwGif tif;0ausmif;aqmifü vnf;aumif; usif;yonf/ ¤if;toif;tzGJUrsm;u
rdrdwdkY oabmxm;rsm;udk xkwfjyefaMunmonfrSm-
(1) o[m,ESiUf pmzwftoif;aygi;f pH\

k arwÅm&yfccH suf
w&m;rQwaom a½G;aumufyGJBuD; tjrefjzpfa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;Muygpdkh?
ausmif;olôm; &Jabmftaygif;wdkh-
Mo*kwv f (28) &ufaeYu ysufomG ;aom wuoa½G;aumufyBJG uD;udk &Jabmfausmif;om;ôlwYkd todyifjzpf
\/ xkdodkY or*¾a½G;aumufyGJ ysufpD;oGm;jcif;um; wuo&mZ0ifwGif wBudrfwcgrS ay:vnf; ray:? jzpfvnf;
rjzpfcb
hJ ;l cJ?h a½G;aumufyJG ysupf ;D oGm;jcif;twGuf ausmif;om;xk w&yfv;kH tzdYk rsm;pGm 0rf;enf;p&maumif;onhf tjyif
ausmif;om;rsm;\ vufiif;awGUMuHK cHpm;&csufwdkYudk ajz½Sif;ay;Edkif&eftwGufvnf; aESmifhaES;jcif; jzpfcJh&ayonf/
&Jabmfw-hkd
wuoonf ausmif;om;xktm; udk,fpm;jyK&m? ausmif;om;xk\ qE´tm;xkwfazmf&m? ausmif;om;xk\
rSDcdk&mjzpfayonf/ wuo avmavmq,f r½SdonfhtwGuf igwdkY\ tm;xm;&mawmifBuD; NydKuGJaeonfESifh wlvS
ayonf/ ,aeYqdkvQif ausmif;om;xk\ &ifqdkifawGUMuHK cHpm;&csufrsm;onf rsm;jym;vS\/ avmavmq,f
aqmif½Guf&ef tcsufrsm;vnf; ½Sd\/ atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfa&;qdkvQif ,ckatmufwdkbm ausmif;rydwfrD
aqmif½GufrS jzpfEkdifrnfhudpö jzpfonf/
xko
d Ykd w&m;rQwaom wuoa½G;aumufyBJG uD;onf ,cktwGi;f ESpBf udrpf vH;k NyD;pD;oGm;rSyif jzpfrnf/ wuo
a½G;aumufyBJG uD; tjrefjzpfa&;? w&m;rQwa&;rSm ausmif;olôm;wdYk \ wm0efjzpfonf/ ausmif;om;xk\ qE´tay:
wGio f m trSjD yKayonf/ ,cktcsdew f iG f Mo*kwvf (28) &ufaeY nu jyKvkyfaom ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;yGrJ Sm
w&m;rQwaom a½G;aumufyGJjzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD[lí wdk;wuf? nDñGwf? trsKd;om;? 'DtufpftdktzGJUrS udk,fpm;
vS,rf sm;jzifh zGUJ pnf;xm;\/ wzufrS Ouú|a[mif; udu k Bkd uD;vnf; a½G;aumufyv
JG yk rf nf[q
k x
kd m;onf/ xdo k Ykd pifNydKijf zpf
ay:a&;udk vH;k 0igwdYk rvdv k m;? a½G;aumufyjJG zpfa&;onf ausmif;om;xkqE´? ausmif;om;xk vdv k m;rIrsm;udk xkwaf zmf
&eftwGuf Mum;umvtwGif;0,f igwdkY o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;ay:wGif wm0efusa&mufvsuf½SdNyD[k igwdkY
,HkMunfayonf/ xdk,HkMunfcsuft& vnf;aumif;? qdkif&m o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; ausmif;om;xktzGJU
tpnf;rsm;rS wm0efay;tyfcsuft& vnf;aumif;? igwdkY o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;rS OD;pD;um ausmif;om;xk
tpnf;ta0;yGw J &yfukd ,ck pufwifbmv (3) &uf Mumoyaw;aeY aeYvnf (12) em&DwiG f ,k'oefcef;rü usif;y
rnfjzpf&m ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkif; tifwdkuftm;wdkuf wufa&mufum wuo a½G;aumufyGJ tjrefjzpfa&;?
a½G;aumufyGJwGif w&m;rQwa&;wdkYtwGuf rdrdwdkY qEúdk xkwfazmfjyMu&ef arwåm&yfcHygaMumif;/
w&m;rQwaom a½G;aumufyGJBuD; tjrefjzpfa&;odkh
o[m,ESifU pmzwftoif;rsm;
1/ tif;0aqmif 7/ '*Hkaqmif
2/ ppfudkif;aqmif 8/ jynfaqmif
3/ yif;,aqmif 9/ waumif;aqmif
4/ yJcl;aqmif 10/ aq;odyÜHaqmif
5/ oxHkaqmif 11/ tif;vsm;aqmif
6/ a½Tbdkaqmif 12/ oD&daqmif
378
(2) ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;yGjJ zpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD

xkwfjyefaMunmcsuftrSwf (1)
,ckvwfwavm ausmif;om;rsm;ta&; tvGefw&m ½IyfaxG;aeonfudk wuoa½G;aumufyGJ tvsiftjref

a½G;aumufjcif;jzifh ajz½Sif;&ef ausmif;aygif;pHk o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;rS Ouú|? twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;\ tpnf;
ta0;w&yfudk 1? 9? 53 aeY? nae (4) em&D tcsdefwGif wuotaqmuftODü usif;yjyKvkyfaMumif;/ tpnf;ta0;
wGif yif;,ausmif;aqmif Ouú| udkomausmfu obmywdtjzpf aqmif½Gufí oxHkausmif;aqmif twGif;a&;rSL;
udak rmifarmifBuD;u twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif½u G Nf yD; atmufygqH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk wnDwñGww f nf; qH;k jzwfvu
kd f
aMumif;/
w&m;rQwaom wuoa½G;aumufyGJ tvsiftjref usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;?
aeYausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wdYk\ Ouú|ESihf twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;u BuD;rSL;í 3? 9? 53 &ufaeYwiG f ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;
w&yf usif;yjyKvkyf&ef/
txufyg ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;\ Ouú|ESifh
twGif;a&;rSL; aygif;pHkyg0ifaom aumfrwDw&yfudk xkdtpnf;ta0;rS zGJUpnf;vdkufaMumif;/ xkdtzGJUwGif-
udkomausmf Ouú| (yif;,aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; Ouú|)
udkwifa½T 'kOuú| (a½Tbdkaqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; Ouú|)
udkwifxGef; twGif;a&;rSL; (oxHkaqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; twGif;a&;rSL;)
udkarmifarmifBuD; tzGJU0ifrsm; (yJcl;aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; twGif;a&;rSL;)
udkjrwfpH (oxHkaqmif o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif; Ouú|)
rjrifhjrifhcif (oD&daqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; Ouú|)
rcifzkef;rdk (tif;vsm;aqmif o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif; Ouú|)
-ponfwdkYudk trsm;oabmwl a½G;cs,fvdkufMuaMumif;/
w&m;rQwaom wuo a½G;aumufyGJ tjrefjzpfa&;odkh
twGif;a&;rSL;
ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;yGJ jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD
&efukefwuúodkvf
tpnf;ta0; wufa&mufaom taqmifrsm;

1/ ppfudkif;aqmif
2/ a½Tbdkaqmif
3/ tif;0aqmif
4/ oxHkaqmif
5/ yJcl;aqmif
6/ yif;,aqmif
7/ waumif;aqmif
8/ jynfausmif;aqmif
9/ tif;vsm;aqmif
10/ oD&daqmif
11/ aq;odyÜHausmif;aqmif wkdYjzpfonf/
379
(3) w&m;rQwaom a½G;aumufyJG jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf n§Ed idI ;f MupdYk

,aeY wuúov kd af usmif;awmfBuD;wGif ynmoifMum;vsu½f adS om ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;kH rSm jyóemtrsK;d rsKd;?
tcGit hf a&;qH;k ½I;H rI toG,o f , G jf zifh &ifqikd v
f suf ½SMd uayonf/ ausmif;aqmifcef;rrsm; rvHak vmufjcif;? ausmif;oH;k
y&dabm* csKdUwJhjcif;? oifMum;ydkYcsol q&mrsm;enf;yg;jcif;? avmu"mwfynmqdkif&m prf;oyfypönf;rsm; rzlvHkjcif;
wdYk rmS jiif;uG,í f r&Edik af tmifjzpfaeonf/ xdo k Ykd rjynfph rkH vHak vmufrt I m; ajz½Si;f ay;&rnft h pm; oufqikd &f mwdYkonf
ausmif;om;tcsif;csif;wdkY aoG;uGJatmifzefwD;um ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;&ef MuHpnfvsuf½MdS u
ayonf/ xko d Ykd jzpfay:vsuf½adS om ausmif;om;wdYk \ vdt k yfcsufrsm;udk aqmif½u G &f efEiS hf ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;
umuG,f&efrSm ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;u wifajr§mufxm;aom wuotrIaqmiftzGJU\ wm0efyifjzpfonf/
odkYaomf ,cktcsdef 1952-53 ckESpftwGuf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcJhaom trIaqmiftm;vHk;rSm wuo
zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf; Oya't& wm0efukefqHk;cJhNyD jzpfonf/ odkYtwGuf trIaqmiftzGJUuwqifh wm0efvTJtyfjcif;cH&
aom aEG&moDwm0efcH av;OD;om ½Scd ahJ yawmhonf/ aEG&moDwm0efcH av;OD;omvQif trIaqmiftzGUJ opf a½G;aumufyJG
rjyKvkyrf pD yfMum;wGif ausmif;om;xk\ jyóemt&yf&yfukd ajz½Si;f aqmif½u G cf &hJ ayonf/ ,ckuo hJ Ykd BuD;rm;vSaom
or*¾\ wm0efESifh ausmif;om;tusKd;udk aEG&moDwm0efcH (4) OD;wnf;ESifh aqmif½Gufae&mwGif pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk
½dkaoav;pm;&ojzifh vnf;aumif;? trIaqmifwzGJUvHk;\ tmPmudk,lum wm0eftm;vHk;udk xrf;aqmifae&ojzifh
tcuftcJrsm;pGm awGUMuHKae&ayonf/
ausmif;om;tusKd;udk ydik Ef ikd pf mG aqmif½u G Ef ikd &f efEiS hf awGUqHak e&aom tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmv f eG &f efrmS wuo
a½G;aumufyGJ tjrefqHk;usif;yum trIaqmiftzGJUudk jyefvnfzGJUpnf;&efyif jzpfonf/ pnf;rsOf;Oya't&vnf;
aumif;? ausmif;om;xktusKd;udk ydkifEkdifpGm aqmif½Guf&efESifh awGUqHkaeaom tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmfvGef&ef wuo
a½G;aumufyGJudk tjrefqHk; usif;yum trIaqmiftzGJUudk jyefvnfzGJUpnf;&efyif jzpfawmhonf/
pnf;rsOf;Oya't& vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;xktusKd;udk ydik Ef ikd pf mG aqmif½u G Ef ikd &f eftwGuf vnf;aumif;?
wuo a½G;aumufyo JG nf vdt k yfvmonfukd awGU½S&d onf/ vuf½dS wuowm0efukd xrf;aqmifae&aom aEG&moD
wm0efcrH sm;wGiv f nf; aEG&moDwm0efcaH [mif; wOD;jzpfol Ouú|a[mif; udu k Bkd uD;u aEG&moDwm0efrsm;udk &yfpv J ukd f
onf[k pnf;rsO;f Oya't& vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf ½Sb d J aMunmcJo h nf/ þuJo h Ykd a½G;aumufyJG ra½G;rD pyfMum;umvwGif ausmif;om;
wdYk \ vdv k m;csufrsm;? tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk aEG&moDwm0efcrH sm; pkaygif;aqmif½u G &f rnht f pm; aEG&moDwm0efcw H OD;jzpf
ol udu k Bkd u;D onf woD;wjcm;cGjJ cm;um igomvQit f mPm½So d nf[k pnf;urf;rJah <u;aMumfaejyefayonf/ ,refEpS f aEG&moD
wm0efcHwOD;jzpfol aiGxdef; udkpdefoif;rSmvnf; udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpöaMumifh EkwfxGufoGm;&jyefayonf/ þodYk
aEG&moDwm0efcHrsm; tuGJuGJtjym;jym; jzpfaeonfhtwGuf ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;½IH;cJh&jyefayonf/
aEG&moDwm0efcrH sm;\ wm0efrmS a½G;aumufyt JG opf rusi;f yrDpyfMum; ausmif;om;xktusK;d udk aqmif½u G &f ef
ESihf wuoa½G;aumufyJG atmifjrifpmG usi;f yNyD;pD;onftxd wm0ef,&l efjzpf\/ a½G;aumufyt JG &m½St
d jzpf Ouú|a[mif;
u aqmif½u G &f efjzpf\/ a½G;aumufyJG atmifjrifpmG usi;f yEdik &f eftwGuf aEG&moDwm0efcEH iS hf Ouú|a[mif;wdYk\ yl;aygif;
aqmif½u G rf rI mS txl;vdt k yfvmonfukd awGU½S&d ayonf/ pnf;urf;Oya't& usi;f yEdik af om a½G;aumufyEJG iS hf w&m;rQw
aom a½G;aumufyGJ jzpfap&eftwGuf aEG&moDwm0efcHvnf;jzpf? Ouú|a[mif;vnf;jzpfaom udkudkBuD;tm; yl;aygif;
aqmif½Guf&ef xyfrHzdwfac:ygaMumif;/
wuoa½G;aumufyrJG mS wzGUJ woif;ESio hf m oufqikd o f nfr[kwb f J wuúov kd w f iG ½f adS om tzGUJ tpnf;wdik ;f ?
toif;wdkif;? ausmif;om;wdkif;ESifh oufqdkifayonf/ pnf;urf;Oya't& usif;yaom w&m;rQwaom a½G;aumufyGJ
jzpfa&;twGuf tzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;ESifh nd§EdIif;aqG;aEG;Mu&ef vdktyfayonf/ odkYtwGuf wuúodkvfwGif½SdaeMuaom
o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rsm;? c½dik t f oif;rsm;? ausmif;om;a[mif;toif;rsm;? bmom&yfqikd &f mtoif;rsm;? pmaya&;&m
toif;rsm;? ½Sr;f ? u&if? ucsi?f csi;f ? &cdik f paom vlrsKd;pktoif;rsm;? tdE, d´ ? w½kwpf aom Edik if jH cm;om; toif;rsm;rS
ud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD;uspED iS hf ausmif;om;tiftm;pktzGUJ tpnf;rsm;jzpfaom oefY½Si;f aomausmif;om;rsm;tzGJU? vli,f
r[mrdwfrsm;tzGJU? 'Dtufpftdk ausmif;om;tzGJU? wdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pkwdkYrS udk,fpm;vS,f (3) OD;uspD
wdkYtm; 1953 ck? pufwifbmv (15) &uf? nae (4) em&DwGif wuopnf;a0;cef;rodkY apvTwfum wufa&muf
aqG;aEG;Muyg&ef zdwfMum;tyfygaMumif;/
aEG&moDwm0efcHrsm;
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
380
(4) &efuek w
f uúov
kd f wd;k wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk aMunmcsuf
wuoa½G;aumufyGJ tjrefqHk;usif;ya&;oabmxm;
&Jabmf ausmif;olôm;taygif;wdkh-
Mo*kwv f (28) &ufaeYwiG u f sif;ycJah om &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ a½G;aumufyo JG nf rw&m;
rI? vdrfvnfrIaMumifh ysufqD;oGm;cJhayonf/ a½G;aumufyGJysufNyD; ,cktcsdefxd (15) &uf twGif;ü-
Mo*kwfv (28) &ufaeY nu usif;yaom ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJ/
o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;toD;oD;\ ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJrsm;/
pufwifbmv (3) &ufaeYu ,k'oefcef;rü usif;yaom ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJ/
pufwifbmv (8) &ufaeYu usif;yaom &efuek w f uúov kd f aeYausmif;olôm;toif;\ pnf;a0;yGrJ sm;u
]w&m;rQwaoma½G;aumufyGJudk tjrefqHk;pdppfNyD; acwfa[mif;Ouú|a[mif;rsm;u OD;pD;usif;y&ef} awmif;qdkqHk;jzwf
cJah yonf/ odYk aomf ausmif;om;xkBuD;\ aeYpOfEiS t hf rQ awmif;qdq k ;kH jzwfcsufwYkd ukd vH;k 0rvdu k ef mbJ wuoOuú|
a[mif; udu k Bkd uD;onf wuoa½G;aumufyJG t&m½St d jzpfrS z,fray;½Hrk Qru a½G;aumufyu JG kd pnf;rsOf;t& olomvQif
usif;yrnf[k qdck o hJ nf/ wzef wuúov kd yf garmu©csKyf? OD;pdev f ?S OD;&efa0;? rGepf v H iId w
f Ykd EiS hf a½G;aumufyu JG sif;yrnf[k
xyfí aMunmjyefonf/
wuo pnf;rsOf;wGif a½G;aumufyGJudk Ouú|a[mif;u OD;pD;usif;y&rnf[k qdkcJhayonf/ þtcsufonf
rSeaf yonf/ odYkaomf Ouú|a[mif;\ rw&m;rIaMumifh a½G;aumufyJG ysujf ym;oGm;&ayonf/ þodYka½G;aumufyJG ysujf ym;
oGm;NyD;aemuf rnfuJhodkY aqmif½Guf&rnfqdkaomtcsufudk wuopnf;rsOf;wGif vHk;0ryg0ifcJhacs/ pnf;rsOf;wGif
ryg0ifcahJ omf rnfoYkd aqmif½u G cf MhJ uoenf;/ wuo\ a½G;aumufyt JG pOftvmudk Munf½h í I aqmif½u G &f ayonf/
wuoa½G;aumufyGJ tpOftvmt& 1946 ckwGif trIaqmifa[mif;rsm;ESifh Mum;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u OD;pD;usif;y
cJh&ayonf/ þum; tpOftvmoabmt& jzpfayonf/ odkYaomf þodkYrvkyfbJ igomqdkifonf[k qdkcJhonf/
wzef þodkYtpOftvm rvdkufemcJhaomf wuowGif tmPmtykdifqHk;jzpfaom tvkyftpnf;ta0;yGJudk
ac:,lay;&ef jzpfonf/ xkt d pnf;ta0;rSaeí w&m;rQwaom a½G;aumufyjJG zpfa&;twGuf ausmif;om;xkoabmudk
,lí wduspGm qHk;jzwf&rnf jzpfonf/ &mZ0ifjyefMunfhvQif b,fwdkif;jynfrSm jzpfjzpf pnf;rsOf;Oya'ESifh pyfvsOf;í
tusyftwnf;awGUvQif vlxk\qEúdk,lonfh (Referendum) tp½Sdonfudk vkyf&onf/ þodkYvkyf&jcif;onf
b,fwikd ;f jynf b,ftzGUJ tpnf;jzpfjzpf vlxo k mvQif tmPmtydik q f ;kH jzpfaejcif;aMumifjh zpfonf/ ,ckvnf; wuo
tjzpftysufESifh ywfoufí tmPmtydkifqHk;jzpfonfh tvkyftpnf;ta0;ac:í qE´,l&ef oifhayonf/
odYk aomf a½G;aumufyt JG &m½So d nf wuopnf;rsO;f wGif rjynfph akH omtcsuu f kd tpOftvmt&vnf;aumif;?
pnf;rsOf;t&vnf;aumif;? jyKvkyf&rnfjzpfygvsuf a½G;aumufyGJudk igwOD;wnf;omqdkifonf[k uyfaeum bmrS
rvkyfbJ aecJhonf/ þodkYaecJhjcif;jzifh wOD;ESifhwOD; a½G;aumufyGJudk tcsif;rsm;apum wuoudk tmPmydkifrsm;?
tpd;k &tzGUJ rsm;u 0ifíwm;qD;&ef tcsdeq f jJG cif;jzifh atmufwb kd m ausmif;ydw&f uftwGuf bmrSrvkyEf ikd b f J Ed0k ifbmrS
om usif;y&ef pDpOfaejcif; jzpfayonf/
uREkfyfwdkh\ oabmxm;um;-
,cktcsdefwGif rnfodkYyifjzpfap? wuoa½G;aumufyGJ jzpfajrmufa&;onf tjrefqHk; vdktyfvsuf½SdacsNyD/
tb,faMumifhenf;-
(1) aemuf (15) &uf MumvQif atmufwdkbmausmif;ydwf&ufodkY a&muf½Sdawmhrnfjzpf&m ausmif;wvydwfa&;onf
ausmif;olôm;wdkif;\ vdktyfcsuf jzpfayonf/ xkdvdktyfcsufonf wuorSaeí ta&;wBuD;aqmif½Guf
ay;&rnf jzpf\/ wuo rzGJUpnf;&ao;vQif vHk;0raqmif½GufEdkif jzpf\/
(2) ,aeY wuoESifhywfoufí tcsif;jzpfyGm;rIwdkYonf a½G;aumufyGJBuD;NyD;u tjrefqHk; ½Sif;vif;oGm;rnf jzpf\/
(3) avmavmq,f ausmif;om;rsm; vufawGUepfemaeaom epfemcsufrsm;onf ausmif;om;xkBuD; w&yfvHk;udk
udk,fpm;jyKonfh wuo½SdrSom jzpfEdkifayonf/
(4) wuotaeESifh pifNydKif (2) ck jzpfay:a&;udk vHk;0 rvdkvm;ay/
txufygtcsuf (4) csufwYkd aMumifh wd;k wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pkonf a½G;aumufyt JG &m½Sd udu k Bkd uD;
tay:ü vHk;0t,HktMunfr½Sdaomfvnf;? usef ygarmu©csKyf? OD;pdefvS (Ouú|a[mif;)? OD;&efa0; (Ouú|a[mif;)ESifh
381
rGepf v
H iId f (0wfvakH wmf&) wdYk \ *kPo
f u
d m© udk av;pm;aomtm;jzifh udu
k Bkd uD;\ aMunmcsuftwdik ;f atmufwb
dk mv
ausmif;ydwf&uf rwdkifrDtwGif; tjrefqHk;usif;yay;&ef jzpfonf/ þodkYusif;y&müvnf;-
(1) Identity Card rsm;ESifh rJay;&ef?
(2) Membership Card rsm;udk toif;0ifwdkif;\ vufxJodkY ta&mufay;tyfxm;&ef?
(3) Ballot Card rsm;ay:wGif a½G;aumufyGJt&m½SdESifh BuD;Muyfoltm;vHk;\ vufrSwfxkd;&ef?
(4) ta½G;cHol udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ qE´,l&ef/
txufygtcsufwdkYtm; aqmif½GufvQif wdk;wufaomtiftm;pkrS vufcH&rnfjzpfaMumif;/
&efukefwuúodkvf
wdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk
þaMunmcsuf (4) csufukd Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh ]w&m;rQwaom wuoa½G;aumufyJG tjrefq;kH usi;f yay;avmU}
awmif;qdkaeMuayonf/ ausmif;om;xku OD;pD;usif;yrnfavm? udkudkBuD;u OD;pD;usif;yrnfavm/
ausmif;om;xku OD;pD;usif;yvQif a½G;aumufyGJ (2) rsKd; jzpfvmrnf/ ESpfydkif;uGJoGm;vQif 'Dtufpftdkrsm;onf
vlrsm;pkaxmufcHrIrvdkbJ xifovdk jyKusifhEdkifMuayrnf/ pdwfBudKuftrIaqmiftzGJUudk a½G;cs,fMuayrnf/
xkdYaMumifh ausmif;om;xkonf udkudkBuD; OD;pD;usif;yaom a½G;aumufyGJ0ifMurnf[k vufcHvdkufMuonf/
ESpyf ikd ;f uGu
J kd apmifí
h trIaqmif&mxl;tm; tacsmifqEJG udI &f ef 'Dtufptf w
kd YkdtwGuf [moGm;onf/ xkt d cg udu
k Bkd uD;onf
a½G;aumufyGJwGif ESpfzuftjiif;yGm;rIudk tcGifhaumif;,lum a½G;aumufyGJ usif;yrnfh&ufudk twwfEdkifqHk;a½TUqdkif;&ef
tMuHjyKvmonf/ a½G;aumufyGJ tjrefqHk;jzpfa&; vrf;rBuD;ay:wGif csDwufvmaom ausmif;om;xkBuD;tm; wm;qD;
ydwfyifaeacsNyD/ atmufwdkbm ausmif;ydwf&uf eD;uyfvmacsrnf/
(ps) 1953 atmufwb

kd mta&;tcif; jzpfay:ykH
ppfBudKacwfwGif vnf;aumif;? ppfNyD;acwfwGif vnf;aumif; &efukefwuúodkvfonf tpOftvmtm;jzifh
ZGevf wGif ausmif;pzGiohf nf/ yxrESp0f ufNyD;aomtcg atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwaf y;onf/ 'kw, d ESp0f uftwGuf
Edk0ifbmwGif jyefzGifhum? 'DZifbmwGif c&pörwftwGuf (10) &uf ydwfay;onf/ rwfvwGif twef;wifpmar;yGJrsm;udk
usif;yay;onf/ ppfNyD;acwfwGif ZGefvü aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJrsm;udk usif;yay;onf/ þzGifh&uf? ydwf&uf? pmar;yGJ
usif;y&ufonf tpOftvmjzpfonf/ wuúodkvfrS q&m? q&mrrsm;? ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf
tqifajyaeaom vdktyfaomydwf&ufrsm; jzpfonf/
1953 apmapmydik ;f wGif wuúov kd tf mPmykid rf sm;u ,ckEpS w f iG f atmufwbkd mvü (15) &ufom ausmif;ydwf
rnf[k aMunmcJo h nf/ xko d Ykd aMunmpOfu ausmif;ydw&f ufEiS hf a0;ao;ojzifh ausmif;wvydwaf &;udk vdv k m;Muaomf
vnf; ausmif;om;xku rnfodkYrS rzGifh[cJhao;ay/ tmPmydkifrsm;u pmoifcsdef ykd&ap&ef[laom taMumif;jycJhonf/
wuoa½G;aumufyu JG kd &efuek w f uúovkd üf Mo*kwv f (28) &ufwiG f vnf;aumif;? ref;wuúov kd üf pufwif
bmv (7) &ufwiG f vnf;aumif; usi;f ycJo h nf/ 'Dtufpt f kd ausmif;om;rsm;onf rJq, G yf w
JG iG f atmufwb kd m ausmif;wv
ydwaf &; aqmif½uG af y;rnf[k ajymcJo h nf/ odYk aomf 'Dtufpt f kd ausmif;om;rsm;u a½G;aumufyw JG iG f tEdik rf &cJo h w
l Ykd tm;
ausmif;om;xku wGef;uefz,f½Sm; aeacsNyD/ vufrcHMuawmhay/
382
odhk
ygarmu©csKyf
&efukefwuúodkvf
aeYpGJ- 22? 9? 53
udpö/ / atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfay;&ef awmif;qdkjcif;/
ygarmu©csKyfcifAsm;-
21? 9? 53 &ufaeY? nae (4) em&DcGJtcsdefwGif wuo tpnf;ta0;cef;rBuD;ü &efukefwuúodkvf½Sd
o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rsm;? c½dik t f oif;rsm;? bmom&yfqikd &f m toif;rsm;? vlrsKd;pktoif;rsm;ESihf Edik if jH cm;om;
ausmif;om;toif;aygif;pHkwdkY\ tpnf;ta0;udk usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf/
¤if;tpnf;ta0;yGJwGif obmywdtjzpf a½TbdkaqmifrS udkwifa½T (o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf
'k-Ouú|) u aqmif½u G Nf yD; twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf yJc;l aqmifrS (o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGUJ csKyf twGi;f a&;rSL;)
udkwifxGef;u aqmif½Gufygonf/
¤if;tpnf;ta0;yGBJ uD;odYk wufa&mufvmMuaom atmufazmfjyyg toif;tzGUJ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u tm;vH;k
wnDwñGwf oabmwlnpD mG atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwaf y;&ef (atmufwb kd mv w&ufrpS í) av;av;euf
euf awmif;qdkvdkufygaMumif;/
o[m,ESifUpmzwftoif;
o[m,ESifUpmzwftoif;
(1) tif;0 (5) a½Tbdk (9) wDwDpD
(2) yif;, (6) oxHk (10) aq;odyÜH
(3) ppfudkif; (7) '*kH (11) oD&d
(4) yJcl; (8) waumif; (12) tif;vsm;
c½dkiftoif;
(1) rauG; (6) [oFmw (11) jynf
(2) rif;bl; (7) rdw¬Dvm (12) armfvNrdKiftoif;
(3) o&uf (8) a½Tbdk (13) csif;wGif;toif;
(4) ykodrf (9) ajrmif;jr (14) xm;0,ftoif;
(5) yJcl; (10) &rnf;oif;
ausmif;om;a[mif;
(1) NrdKUr (2) pdef*Ref; (3) pdefar&D
vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;
(1) &cdkifausmif;olôm;rsm;toif; (4) ucsifjynfe,fausmif;om;or*¾
(2) awmifay:csif;or*¾ (5) xm;0,fausmif;om;rsm;toif;
(3) ½Srf;jynfausmif;olôm;rsm;or*¾
bmom&yfqdkif&mtoif;
(1) &mZ0iftoif; (4) ½lyaA' (7) jyifopfbmom
(2) abm*aA' (5) owåaA' (8) bDtufpD (opfawm)
(3) ocsFm (6) rEkóaA' (9) ynmodyÜHausmif;om;rsm;
383
EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;toif;
(1) tdE´d,ausmif;olôm;rsm;toif; (2) w½kwfausmif;olôm;rsm;toif;
toif;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;
(1) ausmif;om;opftcGifhta&;awmif;qdkrIaumfrwD
(2) wdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk
ausmif;om;ta&;atmif&rnf
(wifxGef;)
twGif;a&;rSL;
toif;aygif;pHktzGJYpnf;a0;yGJ
&efukefwuúodkvf
odhk
ygarmu©csKyf
&efukefwuúodkvf
rS
Ouú| (52-53)
a½G;aumufyGJt&m½Sd
wuo (&efukefwuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾)
aeYpGJ- 22? 9? 53
taMumif;t&m / / atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&;udpö jyefvnfpOf;pm;ay;&ef/
uRefawmfwdkY\ awmif;qdkxm;csufudk 23? 9? 53 aeY? n ygarmu©rsm; tpnf;ta0;wGif wifjyaqG;aEG;
pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf vdkufavsmyg&ef xyfrHí awmif;yefEdI;aqmfjcif; tpD&ifcHtyfygonf/
1/ uRefawmf\ ausmif;wvydwfa&;awmif;qdkcsufudk 23? 9? 53 aeY ygarmu©rsm;tpnf;ta0;wGif wifjy
aqG;aEG;rnf[k od½Sd&ygonf/
2/ odkYaomfvnf; ,aeY 22? 9? 53 aeYwGif? aeYvnf (12) em&Dtcsdefu wuocef;rwGif wdk;wufaom
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; OD;pD;usif;yonfh tpnf;ta0;rS uRefawmf\ awmif;qdkcsufESifh tvm;wl
qHk;jzwfcsufjzpfaom ausmif; (1) vydwfa&;udk qHk;jzwfawmif;qdkonf[k od½Sd&ygonf/
3/ xdt k pnf;ta0;onf wuopnf;rsOf;Oya' yk'rf (13)? tyd'k f (2)? tyd'k if ,f (1) t& vH;k 0qefYusifvsuf
wuo txl;tpnf;ta0; r[kwfbJ wdk;wufaomausmif;om;rsm; tpnf;ta0;omvQif jzpfaomfjim;
vnf; wuotpnf;ta0; [efaqmifvsuf ausmif;wvydwfa&;udk qHk;jzwfawmif;qdkjcif;? pDwef;vSnfh
vnfjcif;ponfh wuopnf;rsOf;ESifh tusKH;r0ifonfh vkyfief;rsm;udkvkyfonf[k vlBuD;rif;rsm;u ,lq
vsuf uRefawmfh ausmif;wvydwfa&;udkyif aqG;aEG;pOf;pm;vdrfhrnf r[kwf[k pdk;&drfrdygonf/
4/ uRefawmfudk,fwdkifvnf; ,aeYeHeuf (8) em&DwGif ¤if;wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; yg0if
onfh tzGUJ tpnf;aygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;w&yfac:qdí k ausmif;wvydwaf &;udpö rnfrQc&D;a&mufaeNyD;vQif?
¤if;wdkYtm; w&m;r0ifaom ,aeYtpnf;ta0;udk rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfcJhygonf/
5/ odkYygí xkdwdk;wufaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; y&rf;ywmjyKrItwGuf rnfodkYrQ tmCmwrxm;bJ
uRefawmf\ ausmif;wvydwfa&; awmif;qdkcsufudk aqG;aEG;pOf;pm; qHk;jzwfcsufcsvsuf vdkufavsmay;
yg&ef txl;av;pm;pGm arwåm&yfcH awmif;yeftyfygaMumif;/
udkudkBuD;
Ouú|
(52-53) wuo
384
&efuek w
f uúov
kd f 'Dru
kd &ufwpfausmif;om;rsm;tzGYJ aMunmcsuf
ausmif;olôm;taygif;wdkh-
uREkfyfwdkY 'Drdku&ufwpfausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUrS 3? 9? 53 aeY wuocef;rü usif;ycJhaom ausmif;om;xk
tpnf;ta0;rS ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;ESifh ywfoufaom atmufygtcsufrsm;udk awmif;qdkcJhonf/
(1) ausmif;wvydwfa&;?
(2) aq;odyaHÜ usmif;om;rsm;twGuf aqmufvyk q f jJ zpfaom ausmif;aqmifwaqmiftjyif aemufxyfausmif;aqmif
wckukd aq;odyaHÜ usmif;teD; jynfvrf;ESihf pde*f Ref;vrf;axmif½h dS ajruGuv
f yfay:ü tjrefq;kH aqmufvyk af y;&ef?
(3) 25 rSwfay;pepfESifh 10-10-10-70 pepf (tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;twGuf) zsufodrf;ay;&ef?
(4) ausmif;q&mrsm;udk vHkavmufpGm wdk;csJUcefYxm;ay;&ef?
(5) ausmif;aqmifc 60d^- rS 50d^- txd avQmhcsay;&ef/
txufyg awmif;qkdcsufrsm;teuf atmufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;udk qdkif&mrS vdkufavsmavonf/

(1) aq;odyaHÜ usmif;om;rsm;twGuf aqmufvyk q f jJ zpfaom ausmif;aqmif waqmiftjyif aemufxyf ausmif;aqmif
wckudk aq;odyÜHteD; jynfvrf;ESifh pdef*Ref;vrf;axmifh½Sd ajruGufvyfay:wGif tjrefqHk; aqmufvkyfay;rnf/
(2) tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;twGuf 10-10-10-70 pepf zsufodrf;ay;rnf/
(3) ausmif;q&mrsm; vHkavmufpGm wdk;csJUcefYxm;ay;rnf/ ,ckvnf; cefYaeqJjzpfonf/
(4) aemufxyf ausmif;aqmiftopf (6) aqmif wdk;csJUaqmufvkyfay;rnf/
tjcm;usef½adS eaom awmif;qdck sufrsm;udv k nf; &uftenf;i,ftwGi;f taumiftxnfazmfEikd af &;twGuf
uREfkyfwdkYtzGJUrS BudK;pm; aqmif½GufqJjzpfaMumif;/
atmif&rnf
trIaqmiftzGYJ
'Drdku&ufwpfausmif;om;rsm;tzGJY
&efukefwuúodkvf
þodkYjzifh ausmif;wvydwfa&;udk awmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; ausmif; (15) &ufom ydwfrnf[k wuúodkvf

tmPmydkifrsm; (qdk½S,fvpf0efBuD;rsm;? BudK;udkifEdkifolrsm; yg0ifonf) u ZGwfwif;cHjcif;onf acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;
qlylvIYHaqmfolrsm;tjzpf taMumif;jyzrf;qD;rnf? ausmif;xkwfypfrnf/ xkdtcg 'Dtufpftdkausmif;om;rsm;om usefcJh
onf/ ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&; ysufqD;oGm;atmif jyKvkyfaeonf/
armfvNrKdiw f uúov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; ud, k pf m;vS,af pvTwí f atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwaf &;udk
awmif;qdck o hJ nf/ ref;wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS 12? 9? 53 &ufaeYwiG f ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;yGw J &yftm;
cef;raqmifopfwGifusif;yum awmif;qdkcsuf (22) csufwGif ausmif;wvydwfa&;awmif;qdkcsuf yg0ifcJhonf/ 18?
9? 53 &ufaeYwiG f a½Tref;rde;f uav;aqmif? &wemyHak qmifEiS hf jynfawmfom (3) aqmif yl;wGt J pnf;ta0;rS awmif;qdk
cJhonf/ atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfa&;onf ausmif;om;xk\ ]&ydkifcGifU} wckjzpfonf/
23? 9? 53 &ufaeYwGif &efukefwuúodkvf bGJUESif;obifcef;raqmifwGif qD;edwf (Senate) tpnf;ta0;
usif;yonf/ ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmxifatmifu ausmif;om;rsm; awmif;qdck sufjzpfaom ]atmufwb kd m ausmif;wv
ydwaf &;} udk wifjyavonf/ odkYaomf a'gufwmomvSu ]qH;k jzwfNy;D vQif vH;k 0rpOf;pm;Edik yf g} [kajymNyD; ukvm;xdkifrS
ZGwfxavonf/ ausmif;wvydwfa&; raqG;aEG;bJ (15) &ufom xm;vdkufMuonf/ odkYaomf qD;edwf (Senate) rS
qHk;jzwfcsufudk wuúodkvfaumifpDrS twnfjyKay;onf/
26? 9? 53 &ufaeY? eHeuf (11) em&DwiG f ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmxifatmifEiS hf wuúov kd f 'k-t"dywd OD;bdBk uD;
wdkYu &efukefwuúodkvf? ref;wuúodkvf? armfvNrdKifwuúodkvfwdkYrS ausmif;om;xk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; awGUqHkaqG;
aEG;yGJ usif;ycJhonf/ pmoifcsdef ydkrdk&&efjzpfí bmaMumifh vufrcHEdkifovJ[k ar;avonf/
pmoifcsed yf &kd &ef[al om tmPmydik rf sm;\ taMumif;jycsuu f kd rqefYusibf J ausmif;om;xku wkeYfjyefco hJ nfrmS -
(u) trSew f u,f pmoifMum;rIukd (15) &ufykd &vdak pjcif;jzpfygu ausmif;udk tenf;i,fapmzGijhf cif;? ausmif;udk
385
tenf;i,f aemufusydwfjcif;? aeYpOfpmoifcsdefrsm;wGif jznfh,ljcif;jzifh&Edkifí txufygtwdkif; aqmif½Guf

&ef/
(c) atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfcJUjcif;onf-
(1) ausmif;om;rsm;taeESifh yxrESpf0ufwGifoifcJhaom oifcef;pmrsm;udk ausnufatmif jyKvkyfEdkif&ef
jzpfjcif;?
(2) q&m? q&mrrsm;taeESifhvnf; 'kwd,ESpf0ufwGif oifMum;&rnfh oifcef;pmrsm;udk pepfwus jyifqif
csdef&apjcif;?
(3) atmufwdkbm oDwif;uRwfyGJawmf½Sdí ausmif;om;trsm;pkonf rdrdwdkY&yf½Gm½Sd rdbaqGrsKd;rsm;xH jyefa&;
twGuf vHkavmufaom tcsdef&apjcif;/
(8) þvdktyfaom tajccHrsm;t& tpOftvmydwfay;aom atmufwdkbm (1) v ausmif;ydwfay;&ef/
jyefvnfwifjycJhonf/ pmoifcsdefydk&apjcif;udk rqefYusifcJh/ ausmif;om;xkESifh q&m? q&mrrsm;uvnf;
vdkvm;cJhMuonf/
xdktcg ygarmu©u wuúodkvfaumifpDodkY ausmif;wvydwfa&; xyfrHwifjyay;rnf[k uwday;vdkufonf/
25? 9? 53 &ufaeY? aeYvnf (12) em&DcGJwGif ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;yGJ jyKvkyfonf/ obmywdtjzpf
o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGUJ csKyf Ouú| udo k mausm?f tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf udw k ifxeG ;f u aqmif½u G of nf/ ausmif;
wvydwfa&;udk awmif;qdkqHk;jzwfMuonf/ nae (4) em&DcGJwGif wuúodkvftoif;tzGJUaygif; (70) ausmfwdkY pnf;a0;
um (21) OD; aumfrwDwck zGJUpnf;Muonf/
xkdtcsdef 0efBuD;OD;ausmfNidrf;u ]ynma&;ESiUf tpd;k &oabmxm;} udk vma&muf a[mMum;rnf[k wuúodkvf
e,fajrwGif ysUH ESYH omG ;onf/ ,k'oefcef;rwGif ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; jynfEh u S of mG ;onf/ rMumrD OD;ausmNf idr;f onf
ud, k &f aH wmfrsm;jzifh qdu k af &mufvmonf/ olonf tenf;i,f okwo f ;D okwjf ymEdik af eonf/ rsurf eS xf x
l Bl uD;rSm rD;a&mifwiG f
vif;vufomG ;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; awGU&aomtcg ol\aESmif;b0udk owd&vmonf/ olonf wcgu ausmif;
om;acgif;aqmif wOD;jzpfonf/
0efBuD; ra[majymrD a'gufwmxifatmifu
]ausmif;om;rsm; NidrfNidrf0yf0yfem;axmifMuyg? q&mUudk 0efBuD;OD;ausmfNidrf; ajymcdkif;vdkhajym&ygw,f} [k
ajymonf/
0efBuD;u
]]ppfNyD;acwfwGif bGJY&olrsm;onf *syefpuúLrsm;om jzpfaMumif;? *syefpuúLrS t*FvdyfpuúLrsm; jzpfvmatmif
tpdk;&u BudK;pm;aeaMumif;? xkdhaMumifU ausmif;ydwf&uf (15) &ufomydwf&jcif;jzpfaMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm; ydkrdkynm
oif,lEdkif&ef pDpOfjcif;jzpfaMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm; vdkufemapvdkaMumif;}} ajymoGm;onf/
0efBuD;u r½Sif;vif;onfhtcsufrsm;udk ar;jref;&ef tcGifhay;aomtcg ausmif;om;rsm;u
]]'Dtufpftdkausmif;om;awGom a½G;aumufyGJrSm tEkdif&vQif ausmif;wvydwfay;ygvdkY awmif;qdkvQif vdkuf
avsmr,f r[kwfvm;}}
]]ausmif;om;awG qlylatmifvkyfwm r[kwfvm;}}
]]ausmif;om;awG zrf;csifvdkY r[kwfvm;}}
xkdtcg 0efBuD;onf ar;cGef;rsm;udk rajz½Sif;½kHomru ausmif;om;rsm;tm; atmf[pfBudrf;armif;vmonf/
xkdtcg ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; (2000) ausmfonf ausmif;wvydwfay;&ef qE´jya<u;aMumfvmonf/ ,k'oefcef;r
twGif; toHrsm;[def;vmonf/ xkdtcg 0efBuD;onf udk,f&Hawmfrsm;tm; aoewfarmif;wifapNyD; ausmif;om;xktm;
csed ½f ,
G Nf yD; ajcjyif;jyif;aqmifhvsuf ,k'oefcef;rrS xGufcGmoGm;&onf/ ,ltrfyD ppfum; (2) pD;rSmvnf; aemufrSvdkuf
oGm;onf/
]*syefpuúLynma&;udk b,ftpdk;&u vkyfaewmvJ}
]'dkhudk tvkyfray;csifvdkhvm;}
]ausmif;wv ydwfay;? ydwfay;}
]0efBuD;? 0efBuD; zGJ zGJ} paom oHcsyfwdkYrSm cef;rtwGif; [def;vmonf/
26? 9? 53 &ufaeY wuúodkvfaumifpD tpnf;ta0;ü ausmif; (15) &ufydwfa&;udkom twnfjyKay;cJhonf/
0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek udk,fwdkifyif 1? 10? 53 &ufaeYwGif toHvTifh½kHrSaeí
386
]ynma&;pepfnHUzsif;aeao;ojzifU ynmydkrdkoif,lEdkif&ef ausmif; (15) &ufomydwf&jcif;jzpfaMumif;? apw

emESifUom jyKvkyfaMumif;} wdkif;jynfodkY aMunmonf/ aMumifvQmwrmwHk;BuD;tm; oum&nfcsKdjzifh avmif;cJhonf/
tqdyfwHk;BuD;tm; touf½Snfaq;tjzpf ajymMum;cJhonf/ t&ufykvif;ay:wGif tpmaMuaq;[k wHqdyfa&;uyfxm;
NyD; t&uform;tjzpfrS ykef;uG,fvdkjcif;om jzpfonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;u wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ Ouú| udkEk 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvmaomtcgwGif ynma&;pepf
ajymif;vJvmrnf[k arQmfvifhcJhMuonf/ wcsdefwacwfu bDatbGJUudk jyeftyfcJhaom udkEkonf q|ro*Fg,emwif
rif;BuD;tjzpf arQmrf eS ;f vsuf pdwyf w k ;D wzuf? yk'rf (5) wzuf0g'udk vufuikd jf yKum wuúov kd t
f "dywd (csepf ,fvm)
&mxl;BuD;ud, k íl vwfvwfqwfqwf jy|mef;twnfjyKawmhrnfh wuúov kd pf mar;yGpJ epfopfonf ausmif;om;rsm;udk aiG
ukev f yl ef;jzpfaprnfh wuúov kd pf mar;yGpJ epfEiS hf zdEydS cf sK;d ESrd cf &H aom [du
k pf ul;zdik ef ,f ausmif;xGuf vufrw S &f pmar;yGpJ epf
wdkYjzifh zmax;jyKjyifxm;aom ynma&;pepfa[mif;BuD;yif jzpfonf/
]udkvdkeDynma&;pepf zsufodrf;ypf}
]'Drdkua&pD ynma&;csufjcif;ay;} a<u;aMumfoHrsm; Mum;ae&onfrSm MumcJhNyD/
EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;Eku jynfawmfomrdefYcGef;wGif-
]trSeftwdkif;ajym&&if uRefawmfwdkh ynma&;pepf[m NAdwdoQxm;cJUwJUtwdkif;bJ ½Sdao;w,f/ bmrSxl;xl;
jcm;jcm; jyKjyif&ao;w,f r½Sb d ;l / vuf½dS ynma&;pepfBu;D udk topfjyifNy;D vGwv f yfwUJ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmfBu;D eJh
avsmfnDwJU ynma&;pepfa&;qGJzdkhbJ}[k ajymMum;oGm;onf/ ausmif;rSxGufNyD; tvkyfvufrJh rsm;vmí tvkyf&½Sda&;
twGuf ppfxJ0iftrIxrf;&jcif;rsm; ydkrsm;vmonf/ þum; udkvdkeDynma&;pepfaMumifh jzpfonf/
jrefrmjynf ynma&;pDrHudef;pHkprf;a&;aumfrwD tpD&ifcHpmwGif-
]]jrefrmjynfwiG f a,mufsm;av; (100) wGif (100) vH;k yxrwef;wGif ynmoifMum;Edik Nf yD;? pwkww ¬ ef;wGif
(17) a,mufom oifMum;Edkifawmhonf/ (83) &mcdkifEIef; tv[ójzpfaeonf/ rdef;uav; (100) wGif (100) vH;k
yxrwef;txd oifEikd Nf yD;? pwkww ¬ ef;wGif (9) a,mufom oifEikd af wmhonf/ (91) &mcdik Ef eI ;f tv[ó jzpfaeonf/
urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;tzGUJ csKyf (International Union of Students) rS xkwaf 0aom udv k ekd yD nma&;pmwrf;
rSmvnf; ],cktcg wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf tvkyfvkyfudkifaejcif;udk awGY½Sd&jcif;rSm rxl;qef;ay? ¤if;wdkhonf
rlvwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif wydkif;wpq&mrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? udk,fydkifrdom;pkrsm;twGif; enf;jyq&mrsm;tjzpfvnf;
aumif; (usL&Sifq&mrsm; yHkpHrsKd;)? vufESdyfpufpma&; vufa&;wdkpma&;rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ukefa&mif;yGJpm;tjzpf
vnf;aumif; tvkyfvkyfudkifaeMu&onf/}
ausmif; (15) &ufpm ydkoifay;½HkrQjzifh ynma&;pepftm; jyKjyifrnfqdkjcif;onf a[mif;EGrf;aqG;ajrUaeaom
wdkuftdkwGif tkwfwcsyf topfvJjcif;rsKd;om jzpfayonf/ pufaoewf? usnfqHESifh vSHpGyfrsm;tpm;? cJwH? azmifwdef?
"gwfcGJcef;oHk; ud&d,mrsm;? pmtkyfrsm;ydkrdk0,f,l&ef vdkayonf/
(n) 1953 atmufwb

kd mta&;awmfykH jzpfymG ;jcif;
atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwt f a&;awmfyrkH mS aphpyfr&bJ rvGrJ a½Smifom tajctaejzpfvmonf/ wd;k wuf
tiftm;pkonf ausmif;om;xk\ w&m;0iftcGit hf a&;twGuf &ifqidk &f ef jyifqifMuonf/ udbk aumif;ESihf udv k 0S if;wdYk
u 1949 ckESpf ausmif;om;oydwf tawGUtMuHKt& wdkufyGJruRHap&ef? &uftuefYtowfjzifh qE´jyoydwf (Token
Strike) vkyf&ef &Jabmfrsm;udk csjy½Sif;vif; aqG;aEG;onf/ a&½SnfoydwfjzpfvQif aemufqHk;tajctaeudk xdef;xm;&ef
tcufMuHKrnhf tajctaersm;udk ½Sif;vif;aqG;aEG;oGm;onf/
udkpdk;odef;ESifh udktkef;armif (bPf) u vufrcH? wuoa½G;aumufyGJ zsuf&aomtcsdefrS pí ausmif;om;xk
vIyf½Sm;aeaom t½SdefaMumifh vnf;aumif;? ,ckudpörSm atmufwdkbm (1) &ufrS (15) &uf tuefYtowf½Sdonfh
xl;jcm;aom tajctaet& vnf;aumif;? (15) &ufom vIy½f mS ;&rnft h ajctaeudk xde;f xm;Edik rf nf[k ,HMk unfonf/
xkdudpöudk wuotaqmuftODay:wGif vnf;aumif;? nydkif;wGif Adkvfatmifausmf ausmufwdkifajc&if;
tarSmif&dyfwGif vnf;aumif; tBudwfte,f aqG;aEG;Muonf/ ausmif;om;&Jabmf trsm;pkrSm oabmxm; (2) ck
Mum;wGif rjywfrom; jzpfaeonf/ udktkef;armifESifh udkpdk;odef;wdkY qE´twdkif; ta&;awmfyHkudk &ifqdkif&ef qHk;jzwfcJh
Muonf/
xdkodkY ausmif;om;trsm;pku qHk;jzwfcJh&jcif;rSmvnf; 26? 9? 53 &ufaeY *,ufjzpfonf/ 26? 9? 53 aeY
387
vnf (12) em&DcGJ &efukefwuúodkvf bGJUESif;obifcef;r0,f wuúodkvfaumifpD tpnf;ta0; usif;yonf/ þtpnf;

ta0;ESihf wcsdew f nf;rSmyif wuotaqmuftODü ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;yí bGUJ ESi;f obif taqmuftOD
tm; 0dkif;0ef;qE´jy&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf/
bGJUESif;obifcef;rü ausmif;om; (3000) ausmf pdwfqEónf ESvHk;om;rsm;twGif;rS <uwufvmMuonf/
]ausmif;om;tcGifUta&; rcsKyfcs,feJh}
]wuúodkvfvGwfvyfcGifU rcsKyfcs,feJh}
]ausmif;om;q&m vufwGJMu}
]ausmif;om;xkudk aoG;rcGJeJh}
]ausmif;wv ydwfay; ydwfay;}
]ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;udk rzsufqD;eJh}
]wuúodkvfvGwfvyfcGifU rcsKyfcs,feJh}
aumifpDtpnf;ta0;odkY vmwufaom 0efBuD;OD;ausmfNidrf;? OD;&m½SpfwdkY\ udk,f&Hawmfrsm;u awmfrD*ef;rsm;
udk armif;wifMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;zufoYkd csed ½f , G v
f mMuonf/
wuúov kd af umifpt
D pnf;ta0;wGif a'gufwmxifatmifu
]ausmif;om;rsm; qE´jzpfaom ausmif;wvudk ydwfay;í tmPmydkifrsm; qE´jzpfaom pmoifcsdeftydktm;
ausmif;ydwf&ufwGif Ekwf,lujzpfEdkifaMumif;} wifjyaomfvnf;?
]'gudk vufrcHEdkif} OD;ausmfNidrf;ESifh OD;&m½SpfwdkYu wif;rmpGm jyefajymcJhonf/
],ckEpS f ausmif;wv ydwaf y;Ny;D ? aemufEpS rf sm;rS (15) &ufyw d af &;udk ausmif;om;rsm;ESiUf aqG;aEG;yGJ jyKvyk f
ay;yg} [k ygarmu© OD;atmifvSu ajymonf/
]uRefawmf axmufcHygw,f} ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f OD;armifarmifausmfu axmufcHavonf/
]ausmif;wvydwaf &;onf (Acadamic Matter) om jzpfonft U wGuf qD;edwq f ;kH jzwfcsuo
f m twnfjzpf
aMumif;} a'gufwmomvSu wifoGif;avonf/
]uReaf wmfaxmufcyH gw,f} zqyv qd½k , S vf pfu,
kd pf m;vS,f OD;&m½Sp?f OD;pdev f ?S OD;bausmfwYkd u woHwnf;
xGufvmonf/ þodkYjzifh ausmif;wvydwfa&;udk (2) rJ? (15) &uf jzpfoGm;awmhonf/
tpnf;ta0;tNyD;wGif 0efBuD;OD;ausmfNidrf;u
](15) &ufwnf; ydwv f hkd rauseyfqyl Nl y;D ausmif;om;awG oydwaf rSmufMuygap? (50) uaeNy;D (500) txd
zrf;jyygr,f}
tcsed tf cga&mufonftxd rapmifEh ikd ?f ratmifEh ikd af wmhbJ 0efBuD;OD;ausmNf idr;f onf cyfwif;wif; Budr;f 0g;vdu k f
onf/ wcsdefu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkausmfNidrf;onf ,cktcg 0efBuD;tjzpfESifh ausmif;om;rsm;udk zrf;qD;&ef
ajymMum;aeNyDjzpfonf/ wuúov kd af umifpt D pnf;ta0;onf wuúov kd v
f wG v f yfciG hf r[kwaf wmh? zqyv qd½k , S vf pf
wdkY\ tmPmtoHk;csyGJom jzpfaeonf/
wuúodkvfvGwfvyfcGifU
&efukefwuúodkvfudk 1920 ckESpfwGif pwifí zGifhvSpfNyD; tufOya'tcsKdUudk jyifqifí ppftNyD;ü jyefvnf
zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ wuúodkvfudk tkyfcsKyf&ef wuúodkvfaumifpDESifh qD;edwftzGJU (2) ckudk xm;½SdcJhayonf/
wuúov kd af umifpwD iG f wuúov
kd yf garmu©rsm;? Oya'jyKvTwaf wmf (2) &yfrS a½G;cs,af pvTwaf om trwfrsm;?
tpdk;&cefYxm;aom t&m½Sdrsm;? ausmif;q&mtoif;? ukefonfBuD;rsm;toif;? a½SUaetoif;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;?
wuorS udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; tygt0if (37) OD; ½Sdavonf/ aumifpDonf wuúodkvfvkyfief;aqmifwm tm;vHk;udk
aqmif½Guf&avonf/ aumifpDrSaeí 'k-t"dywdudk a½G;cs,f wifajr§muf&avonf/
qD;edwfwGif wuúodkvf½Sd Xmeqdkif&mtBuD;tuJrsm;aumifpDrS a½G;cs,fapvTwfaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0if
um wuúodkvfwGif ynmoifMum;a&;ESifh ywfoufí aqmif½Guf&onf/
þodYkjzihf wuúov kd of nf b@ma&;udprö S vGí J useu f pd t
ö m;vH;k udk aqmif½u G Ef ikd cf iG hf ½Sv
d mayonf/ b@ma&;
udrk l ynma&;toH;k p&dwrf S &½Scd ahJ yonf/ þodYk jzifh wuúov kd \ f oD;jcm;vGwv f yfciG uhf kd ,ckvuf½dS qdk½, S v
f pftpd;k &
onf vH;k 0 rvdv k m;ay/ taMumif;um; wuúov kd of nf qd½k ,
S v f pfrsm;tm; tvkyt f auR;jyKapvd\ k / waeYwjcm; yGiv hf if;
vmaom ausmif;om;xkBuD;udk xifovdk cs,v f , S vf \
kd / rdrw d Ykd\ vlxt k m; vSnzhf sm;rIBuD;udk zk;H uG,v f \
kd / wuúov kd f
388
onf ,ckvuf½Sd tpdk;&tm; tEÅ&m,fay;vdrfhrnf[k ,lqonf/ trSefrSm wuúodkvfonf &mZ0ift& vlxkBuD;zufrS

tjrJ ½Sdaeayonf/ vlxkBuD;tm; qefYusifolwdkYudk wdkufcdkufcJhayonf/
xkdta&;udk jrifojzifh qdk½S,fvpfwdkYonf wuúodkvfudktkyfpdk;&ef oJoJrJrJ BudK;pm;Muonf/ 1948 ckwGif
wuúov kd f 'k-t"dywdtjzpf qd½k , S v
f pfwYkdonf OD;umpDukd wuúov kd af umifpw D iG f a½G;cs,cf \ hJ / aemufyikd ;f wGif OD;at;armif
udk a½G;cs,f&m ¤if;onf tpdk;&tpDtrHudk vufrcHaomtcg ,ckvuf½Sd 'k-t"dywdudk 1951 ckESpfwGif OD;at;armifESifh
tNydKifa½G;apum tEdik , f cl ahJ yonf/ 1947 ckEpS w f iG f rEÅav;wuúov kd uf kd zGiv hf pS cf &hJ m ausmif;tkyt f jzpf q&mOD;atmif
oef; (odYk ) q&mOD;umpDukd wuúov kd af umifprD S a½G;cs,fc\ hJ / odYk aomf qd½k , S v f pftpd;k &onf OD;udak v;udk ausmif;tkyf
tjzpf cefYxm;cJo h nf/ wzef 1951 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmpmXmeü vljyefawmfwOD;udk Adv k cf ifarmifuav;twGuf cefYxm;cJ&h
ayonf/ wpwp þodkY wuúodkvfynmoifMum;a&;ü 0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkif&ef tcsuftcsmae&mrsm;udk vlpm;xkd;&ef
MuHpnfaeayonf/ aemufq;kH ygarmu©csKyf ae&mü vlpm;xd;k jcif;? ygarmu©csKyftmPmudk uefYowf&ef MuHqMuonf/
wzef wuúodkvf toHk;p&dwfrsm;twGufvnf; wuúodkvfynma&;onf vTrf;rdk;cs,fvS,f cHae&ayonf/
wuúov kd t
f oH;k p&dwu
f kd tpd;k &u vTwaf wmfü awmif;ay;&\/ þodYk axmufyrhH t I wGuf wuúov kd vf wG v
f yfru
I kd xdcu
kd f
ayonf/ t*FvefEikd if w H iG f wuúov kd rf sm;tm; aiGaMu;axmufyrhH t I zGUJ udk zGUJ xm;onf/ xkt d zGUJ rS tpd;k &u owfrw S x
f m;
aom aiGtm;vkH;udk wuúodkvfrsm;odkY cGJa0ay;onf/ xdkYaemufwGifum; xdktzGJUonf vnf;aumif;? tpdk;&tzGJUonf
vnf;aumif;? 0ifa&mufpGufzufrI uif;vGwfayawmhonf/
xkd&uf rwdkifrDu 29? 9? 53 &ufwGif qE´jy oydwfarSmufMuonf/
ausmif;wvydwfa&;twGuf nDnDñGwfñGwfqE´jyMu
atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfa&;twGuf ausmif;om;xkBuD;w&yfvHk;ESifh ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;?
ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;uyg awmif;qdck MhJ uayonf/ odYk aomf w&m;rQwonfh awmif;qdck suu f kd wuúov kd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;
tzGUJ onf vH;k 0rvdu
k af vQmbJ wif;rmí aecJah yonf/ þodYk wif;rmaeonft h wGuf 26? 9? 53 &ufaeYwiG f wuo
taqmuftODü tzGUJ aygif;pHk BuD;rSL;usif;yum ausmif;om;xktpnf;a0;yGBJ uD;rS ausmif;om;ôl wdik ;f qEúkd xkwaf zmf
&eftwGuf 29? 9? 53 &uf? t*FgaeYü ausmif;olôm;wdik ;f ausmif;wvydwaf &;twGuf ausmif;vH;k 0rwufbJ qE´jy&ef
qHk;jzwfcsufcscJhonf/
ausmif;wvydwfa&;onf ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;\ ta&;jzpfonf/ xkdausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk; ta&;udk
ausmif;om;ôlwdkif; nDñGwfpGm vufwGJwdkufcdkuf,lrS atmifjrifrnfjzpf&m ausmif;wvydwfa&;udk vdkvm;aom
ausmif;om;ôlwdkif; 29? 9? 53 &ufaeYwGif vHk;0ausmif;rwufbJ qE´jyMu&ef arwåm&yfcHygaMumif;/
ausmif;om;ta&; atmifjrif&rnf
1/ ppfudkif;aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
2/ yif;,aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
3/ tif;0aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
4/ yJcl;aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
5/ oxHkaqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
6/ '*Hkaqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
7/ a½Tbdkaqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
8/ waumif;aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
9/ jynfaqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
10/ oD&daqmiff o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
11/ wD? wD? pDaqmiff o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
12/ tif;vsm;aqmiff o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
13/ aeYausmif;olôm;rsm;toif;
14/ [Hom0wDc½dkif ausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;
15/ a½Tbdkc½dkifausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;
389
16/ rtlyifc½dkifausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;
17/ csif;wGif;c½dkifrsm;toif;
18/ zsmyHkc½dkifrsm;toif;
19/ ykodrfc½dkifrsm;toif;
20/ rif;bl;c½dkifrsm;toif;
21/ ajrmif;jrc½dkifrsm;toif;
22/ [oFmwc½dkifrsm;toif;
23/ yckuúLc½dkifrsm;toif;
24/ Nrdwfc½dkifrsm;toif;
25/ rEÅav;c½dkifrsm;toif;
26/ arNrdKUc½dkifrsm;toif;
27/ yJcl;c½dkifrsm;toif;
28/ o&ufc½dkifrsm;toif;
29/ rauG;c½dkifrsm;toif;
30/ ysOf;rem;c½dkifrsm;toif;
31/ tif;pdefc½dkifrsm;toif;
32/ rdw¬Dvmc½dkifrsm;toif;
33/ awmifilc½dkifrsm;toif;
34/ awmifay:csif; ausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;
35/ xm;0,fausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;
36/ &cdkifausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;
37/ u&ifausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;
38/ w½kwfausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;
39/ pdefaygausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;
40/ b&m;om;ESifh uGefYAifhausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;
41/ NrdKUrausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;
42/ pdef*Ref;? pdefar&Dausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;
43/ vStvGwfynmoifausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;
44/ ul½Sifausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;
45/ ausmufajrmif;ausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;
46/ &mZ0iftoif;
47/ jyifopfpmaytoif;
48/ rEkóaA'toif;
49/ blrdaA'toif;
50/ abm*aA'toif;
51/ 0gPdÖZaA'toif;
52/ yx0Dtoif;
53/ ½lyaA'toif;
54/ ocsFmtoif;
55/ ynmodyÜHausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;
56/ opfawmodyÜHausmif;om;ôlrsm;toif;
57/ ausmif;om;opftcGifhta&;awmif;qdka&;aumfrwD
58/ &efukefwuúodkvfwdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk
59/ &efukefwuúodkvfoefY½Sif;aomausmif;om;xk
60/ &efukefwuúodkvftrsKd;om;'Drdku&ufwpftiftm;pk
390
þodYkjzifh toif;aygif; (60) ausmo f nf ausmif;rsm;ydwaf &;twGuf 29? 9? 53 &ufwiG f nDñw G pf mG oydwaf rSmuf
cJhMuonf/ ausmif;om; (7300) wdkYonf wnDwñGwfwnf; qE´jyí rw&m;rIudk wkefYjyef tajzay;vdkufonf/
tvm;wl ref;wuúodkvfüvnf; rwuorS OD;pD;í 28? 9? 53 &ufaeY? (12) em&DrS jycJhonf/ ausmif;om;
rsm;onf bwfpfum;BuD; (13) pD;jzifh vSnfhvnfMuonf/
]0efBuD;ausmfNidrf; tvdkr½Sd}
]0efBuD;&m½Spf tvdkr½Sd}
]ausmif;om;xktwGif; qdk½S,fvpfawG 0ifr½IyfeJh}
]ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&; rNzdKcGJeJh}
]ausmif;om;tcGifUta&; rcsKyfcs,feJh}
]500 zrf;&if 5000 wufr,f}
]50 zrf;&if 500 wufr,f}
wcsdefu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udk&m½SpfESifh udkausmfNidrf;udk ,aeYausmif;om;rsm;u qefYusifaeMuNyDjzpf
onf/ um;wef;BuD;rsm;onf NrdKUxJrS ausmif;odYk jyefvn S v hf monf/ um;OD;wGif ausmif;om;wdYk \ cGyaf 'gif;tvHonf
wvlvl vGifhysHaeonf/ cGyfa'gif;\ a½T0ga&mifonf pdwfudk wnfNidrfaponf/ MunfEl;aysmf½Tifí arQmfvifhtm;&ap
onf/ teDxrJ S cGyaf 'gif;\[efrmS ppfzufNydKifaeonfyh rm ausmif;om;xkonf zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf rI sm;Mum;rS vl;vGeYf½ek ;f uef
ae&onfrmS ausmif;om;xkEiS hf ausmif;om;tvHrmS wom;wnf; xyfaeayonf/ av\t[ke0f ,f ]wjzwfjzwf} cyfoo H nf
csDwufaeaom ausmif;om;xk\ ppfcsDoHyifjzpfonf/
29? 9? 53 &uf? aeYvnf (2) em&DwiG f aq;aumvdyaf usmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;jyKvyk af vonf/ udak tmifxeG ;f u
ausmif;wvydwfa&;udk wifjyonf/ obmywd udkvSbl;u rydwfoifhaMumif; wifjyonf/ udkatmifxGef;u tus,f
½Si;f vif;í tqdw k ifonf/ rJc&JG m wvydwaf &;zufrS (126) rJ½í dS uefYuu G zf ufrS (120)rJ½í dS tqdEk ikd o f nf/ trIaqmif
tzGJUu raqmif½Guf&Jí wdkuf&JolwdkYu qufvuf aqmif½Guf&ef qHk;jzwfonf/
30? 9? 53 &uf? eHeuf (11) em&DwGif tif*sifeD,maumvdyf ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;yonf/
atmufwdkbm (1) &ufaeYrS (17) &ufaeY txd vufawGUoifwef;qif;&efudk zsufí vHk;0rqif;bJ ausmif;wv
ydwf&efESifh atmufwdkbm (1) &ufaeY? eHeuf (8) em&DwGif qE´jyvSnfhvnfMu&ef qHk;jzwfonf/
30? 9? 53 &uf aeYvnf (12) em&DwiG f &mZ0ifcef;raqmifopfwiG f ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;yonf/
obmywdtjzpf udktkef;BudKifu aqmif½Gufí tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf udkomEdk;u aqmif½Gufonf/ ausmif;wvydwfa&;
tqdkudk udkatmifjrifhu tus,fw0ifh wifoGif;NyD; udkausmfOD;ESifh udkwifOD;u axmufcHonf/ þtcsdefwGif 'Dtufpftdk
udo k ef;wif? udak rmifarmifBuD;ESihf udak |;atmifazwdYku uefYuu G Mf uonf/ ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;kH rdrw d Ykd &ydik cf iG jhf zpfonfh
(1) vydwaf &;tm; wcJeuf axmufcaH qG;aEG;MupOf 'Dtufpt f kd (2) OD;? (3) OD;u 0ifa&mufzsuq f ;D aomtcg ausmif;om;xk
BuD;u qlnHpGmatmf[pfNyD; 'Dtufpftdkrsm;udk tpnf;ta0;yGJrSxGufoGm;&ef awmif;qdkavonf/ 'Dtufpftdkrsm; t½Suf
wuGJ xGuo f mG ;&onf/ ausmif;om;xkBuD; qufvufaqG;aEG;um atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwfa&; aqmif½Gufa&;
aumfrwDudk zGJUpnf;Muonf/ atmufwdkbm (1) &ufaeYrS pí ausmif;rwuf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufMuonf/
armfvNrdKifaumvdyfrS ausmif;om;xkuvnf; atmufwdkbmvwGif (1) vvHk; ausmif;rwufMu&ef wnDw
ñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfvdkufMuonf/ atmufwdkbm (1) &ufrS (15) &uftxd (350) pvHk; rnfolrQ ausmif;rwufMu
awmhay/
30? 9? 53 &uf? nae (4) em&DwGif 0efBuD;csKyf OD;EktdrfwGif OD;Eku zdwfac:í &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;
or*¾trSL;jyKonfh &efukefwuúodkvf toif;tzGJUaygif;pHk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh OD;Eku wuúodkvft"dywdtaeESifh
awGUqHkonf/ wufa&mufolrsm;rSm ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmxifatmifESifh tzGJUaygif;pHkudk,fpm;vS,f udkwifxGef;?
udak tmifjrif?h wuoud, k pf m;vS,f uduk Bkd uD;? udak tmifbef;? wd;k wufaom ausmif;om;xk ud, k pf m;vS,f udak usmNf idr;f ESihf
udv k 0S if;? trsKd;om;'Drukd &ufrS udvk ?S oefY½iS ;f rS udpk ;kd vGi?f ausmif;wvydwaf &;aumfrwDrS ud&k x J eG ;f ? ½Sr;f ud, k pf m;vS,f
cGeMf umat;wdYk jzpfMuygonf/ þawGUqHyk w JG iG f udak tmifbef;u ausmif;wvydwaf &;udpu ö kd ajymjyonf/ OD;Eku 'gawG
ajymzdkY ausmif;om;awGudk zdwfjcif; r[kwfaMumif;? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;vdkíom ,ckvdk awGUqHkjcif;
jzpfaMumif; ajymonf/ OD;Eku qufvufí ausmif;om;awGwiG f *g&0w&m;enf;yg;aeí 0rf;enf;aMumif;? *g&0w&m;
½Sd&rnfhtaMumif;udk tus,fw0ifh ajymjyonf/ wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk udk,fpm;vS,f udkausmfNidrf;u
ausmif;om;rsm;onf q&mrdbwdYk tay:wGif xm;½St d yfaom *g&0w&m;udk av;pm;vdu k ef moifah Mumif; tus,fw0ifh
391
(tay:) pufwifbm (29) &ufaeh

ausmif;rwufbJ qE´jyaeMupOf
þodt
hk pkta0;rsm;udk ae&mwdik ;f wGif
awGcY &hJ onf
(tv,f) ausmif;wvydwfa&;
qE´jy 'd;k ywfausmif;om;
(atmuf 0J) qE´jyvmaom

tif*sief ,
D mausmif;om;rsm;tm;
(Ouú|) udak rmifarmifat;u
rdechf eG ;f ajymMum;aepOf
(atmuf ,m) atmufwdkbmv

(1) &ufaeh qE´jyvSnv Uf nfvmaom
tif*sief ,
D mausmif;om;rsm;
392
ajymjyNyD;? OD;EkrdefYMum;csufudk axmufcHajymqdkonf/ udkausmfNidrf;u wzef ausmif;wvydwfa&; udpu ö dk xyfrHwifjy

onf/ ausmif;wvydwfa&;udpöudk ausmif;om;rsm;\ qEúdk,lNyD; jyKvkyf&ef? pnf;urf;wckvkyfvQif ausmif;om;?
ausmif;q&m? tmPmydkif oHk;OD; wdkifyifn§dEIdif;jyKvkyf&ef? (New System) vkyfpOfuvnf; ausmif;om;qE´,l vkyfcJhí
atmifjrifcyhJ u kH kd Oyrmxm;í ajymjyonf/ wOD;\ em;vnfoabmaygufru I kd r,lbJ wOD;u vkycf v hJ Qif atmifjrifrnf
r[kwaf Mumif; ajymjyonf/ þwGif OD;Eku tvkyo f rm;rsm; tvkycf sdeyf v kd yk &f vQif oydwaf rSmufonfukd oabmayguf
aMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm; pmoifcsdef yd&k atmifvyk o f nfukd vufrcHjcif;udk em;rvnfaMumif; ajymjyonf/ udak usmfNidr;f
u ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;wvydwfa&;udk vufrcHjcif;rSm pmroifvdkí r[kwfaMumif;? a½S;acwfuESifh rwlawmhbJ
ppfNyD;acwfwiG f ausmif;om;rsm; acwfynmudk ydrk v kd u kd pf m; oif,v l mMuaMumif;? ,cktcsdew f iG f pmoifcsifaomausmif;
om;OD;a& rsm;jym;vGef;í tpdk;&ausmif;wGif q&mrsm; rvHkavmufum taqmuftOD? ausmif;oHk;ypönf;rsm; rvHkr
avmuf jzpfaejcif;? vctrsm;BuD;ay;NyD; tjyiftvGwfynmoifausmif;wGif oif,lae&jcif;? tjyiftvGwfynmoif
ausmif;rsm; waeYwjcm; rsm;jym;vmaejcif; ponfhtcsufrsm;udk ajymjyonf/ ausmif;wvydwfa&;udk vdkvm;onfrSm
ynmydkoifvdkíom jzpfaMumif;? wpfvydwfa&;rSm vdkvnf;vdktyfaMumif;? wuúodkvfynma&;rSm txufwef;ausmif;
awGEiS hf rwlawmhbJ q&mrsm; ñTejf y½Hak vmufom½Sí d ausmif;om;rsm;ud, k w f ikd f avhvm&onfu rsm;aMumif;? yxrESpf
0ufwGif vdkufrDem;vnfEdkifaMumif;? þodkY wvvHk;avhvmygrS ausmif;jyefzGifhzGifhjcif; jyKvkyfrnfh pmar;yGJudk ajzqdkEdkif
aMumif;? wvydwfrSom ausmif;om;a&m q&myg tdrfjyefcsdef &EdkifaMumif;? xkdYaMumifh wvydwfa&;rSm vdktyfaMumif;
ajymjyonf/ tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;uvnf; axmufcHajymqdkMuonf/ udkausmfNidrf;u ynma&;pepftm; ydkrdkaumif;
rGefatmif vkyf&mwGif (15) &ufrQ pmydkoifay;½HkESifh jzpfEdkifrnf rxifaMumif;? q&mrsm;? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*rsm;
rvHkravmuf? ynma&;toHk;p&dwf enf;jcif;wdkYom t"dujyóemjzpfaMumif; ajymjyonf/
þwGif OD;Eku [dkwkef;u ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;&onfrSm ArmawG pmrwwfatmifvdkY t*FvdyfawGu vkyfcJh
vdkYom jzpfaMumif; ajymjyonf/ udkausmfNidrf;u rdrdMum;zl;onfrSm t*Fvefwuúodkvfrsm;wGif q&mrsm; oifMum;rI
ñTefMum;rItjyif ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fwdkif avhvma&;twGuf ausmif;ydwf&ufudk rsm;EdkiforQ rsm;rsm;xm;aMumif;
ygarmu©csKyfwdkY todyifjzpfaMumif; jyefvnfajymjyonf/
OD;Eku wvydwaf &;udk ray;Edik af Mumif;? pmoifBudraf ygif; (180) jynfah tmif jznfv h jkd cif;jzpfaMumif; ajymjyonf/
udak usmfNidr;f u OD;Ek vdck sifaom tBudrf (180) udk vdu k ef mygrnf/ aEG&moDausmif;ydw&f uf? 'DZifbmausmif;ydw&f ufEiS hf
tjcm;ausmif;ydw&f ufawGukd avQmhNyD; tBudrf (180) jynfah tmifvyk yf g/ ausmif;om;awG vdv k m;onfh atmufwb kd m
(1) v ydwfa&;udkvnf; vdktyfí OD;Eku vdkufavsm&ef ajymjyonf/
þodkYvkyfvQif ESpfOD;ESpfzuf qE´jynhf0rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymjyonf/ ausmif;om;awG qE´r½SdbJ ZGwfvkyf
ygu ]]t½l;rdYk a&rcsKd;bJaewmud?k a&csKd;&r,fvYkd ZGw½f u kd Ef u
S Nf yD; t½l;udk a&csKd;atmifvyk w f mESihf wlaernf jzpfaMumif;}}
ajymjyonf/
aemufqHk;wGif OD;Eku wvydwfa&;udk vHk;0rvdkufavsmEdkifaMumif;
]]rif;wdYk vnf; vlxu k kd wdik Nf yD;vky?f igwdYk vnf; igwdYk vx l ek YJ wdik Nf yD; vky&f rSmyJ? rif;wdYk vkyo f avmuf igwdkU
vkyf&rSmyJ? aemufqHk;awmh (2) OD; (2) buf emMurSmyJ? OoQpfoD;xkovdk ESpfOD;pvHk;emrSmyJ? rif;wdkYeJY igwdkYuawmh
Battle yJ}} [k ajymjyonf/
trSew
f &m;twGuf wdu
k cf u
kd af eaom tudEk iS aUf rmifrsm;tm; o'¨gMunfjzLpGm auR;arG;aeonfU trESin
Uf rD av;rsm;
393
udkausmfNidrf;u rdrdwdkY ausmif;om;awGrSm tpdk;&udk rzufNydKifEdkifMuyg? OD;Eku tckvdk ausmif;om;av;awGeJY

ppfNydKifwdkufr,fqdkonfrSm c½kudkcg;awmif;usKdufNyD; oHwkwfeJY ½dkufzrf;ovdkom jzpfaernfjzpfaMumif;? ausmif;wv
ydwfa&;udpu ö dk aemufqHk;tqHk;tjzwfay;EdkifwJh yk*dK¾ vftjzpf EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyftaeESifha&m wuúodkvft"dywdtae
ESifhyg tm;udk;NyD; vmaqG;aEG;wifjyjcif;om jzpfaMumif; ajymjyNyD;? awGUqHkyGJNyD;um ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
jyefvmcJhMuonf/ wuoOuú|a[mif; udkEkuvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;udk zdESdyf&efjyifqifvmNyD/ 30? 9? 53 &uf?
aeYvnf (12) em&DwGif ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;yonf/ rlvu (3) em&DcGJ usif;y&efjzpfaomfvnf; 0ef
BuD;csKyfOD;Eku zdwfí OD;EkESifh oGm;awGUoifhroifh pOfpm;MuNyD; oGm;awGU&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf ausmif;wvydwf
a&;udk aqG;aEG;Muonf/ oefY½Sif;ausmif;om; udkwifxGef;u ausmif;wvydwfa&;tqdk wifoGif;onf/ udkvSpdk;vGif
(trsKd;om;'Drdku&uf)? udkcGefMumat; (½Srf;)? udk,k? udkwifa½T? udkaZmf0if; (wdk;wuf)wdkYu axmufcHMuonf/ udk,k
(wdk;wuf) u tpdk;&onf qlylausmif;om;rsm;udk (50) ru (500) txdzrf;rnfjzpfaMumif; Ncdrf;ajcmufaeaMumif;?
'gudkaMumufzdkY rvdk? zrf;vQif ausmif;wvydwfa&; vdkvm;ol (7300) vHk; zrf;&rnfjzpfaMumif;? rzrf;EdkifaMumif;?
tu,fí zrf;yguvnf; 'Dausmif;om;awGtwGuf axmifxw J iG f axmifwiG ;f wuúovkd w f pfck zGi&hf efom½Sad Mumif;? ausmif;
om;rsm;u ausmif;wvydwfvdkufNyDjzpfí tdrfjyefpmusufMu&ef? pmBudK;pm;Mu&efponfjzifh tus,fw0ifh wvydwf
a&;udk axmufcHajymqdkMuonf/ xdkYaemuf ausmif;wvydwfa&;aqmif½Gufa&;aumfrwD wckudk zGJUpnf;Muonf/
atmufwdkbm (1) &ufaeY? (2) &ufaeYrsm;ü wm0eft&ausmif;wufol tenf;pkom pmoifcef;odkY oGm;Mu
onf/ oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;rwuf&ef arwÅm&yfcpH nf;½H;k cJMh uonf/ ausmif;om;xkonf rdrq d E´
twGuf yg0ifvIyf½Sm;cJhonf/ 'dk;ywf? tdk;pnf0dkif;rsm;jzifh vIHUaqmfarwåm&yfcHcJhonf/ pmoifcef;rsm;ü wm0eft&
ausmif;wufaom 'Dtufpt f kd tenf;pkrv S í
JG usD;ESizhf w
k zf wk jf zpfcohJ nf/ rlv 'Dtufpt f ukd akd xmufccH o hJ rl sm;yif ausmif;
rwufMuyg/ trsm;qEúkd qefYusifNyD; wm0eft&ausmif;wufjcif;? trmcH 'Dtufpt f kd wOD;ESpOf ;D tm; ausmif;wufjcif;
udk ajymrdaom ocsFmXmerS enf;jyq&m OD;uHñGefYonf ¤if;'Dtufpftdkrsm; vufcsufjzifh ausmif;xkwfcH&onf/
wuúodkvfe,fajrwckvHk; tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;? aq;ausmif;om;rsm;tygt0if qE´jyvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;
ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; wuf<uaeonf/
t"dywdvrf;rBuD;wGif 'dk;ywf0dkif;rsm;jzifh {nfhcHaeMuonf/ oD&daqmifab; uGufvyfBuD;wGif jynfhusyfae
onf/ ausmif;om;rsm; wa,mufEiS hf wa,muf vufwv JG mMuonf/ wzGUJ ESihf wzGUJ yl;aygif;vmMuonf/ aemufBuD;rm;
aom xkxnfBuD;udk zGJUpnf;oGm;awmhonf/ ausmif;om;xkonf nDñGwfjcif;udk xdawGUcHpm;vm&onf/ wOD;udk wOD;
ulnMD uonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;u auR;arG;jyKpkonf/ &nf½, G cf suf wckwnf;ESihf wc&D;wnf; csaD eolrsm;jzpfonf/ ykvyd f
tapmifhrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; a&maxG;aeonf/ 'DtufpftdkwdkY ausmif;wuf&ef twif;ac:aeMuonf/ ausmif;om;
nDñw G af &;udk cGzJ suf&efvmMuonf/ ausmif;wvydwaf &;udk axmufcyH gw,f? &½Sad tmifvnf; aqmif½u G af y;ygr,f[k
rJq, G cf MhJ uaom 'Dtuf(pf)tdrk sm; ,ckawmh a½G;aumufyJG rEdik o f nfEiS hf ausmif;wvydwcf siw f m uGejf rLepfawG[k oHuek f
[pfMuavNyD/
]ausmif;om;awG[m aomif;use;f olu, kd pf m;vS,f ausmif;om;awGu aoG;xk;d ay;vdhk oydwaf rSmufqyl al ewm?
ausmif;om;awG tavmif;udkeif;NyD; tmPmvkcsifvdkh vkyfay;aeMuwm} [k OD;Eku atmufwdkbm (1) &uf a&'D,dkrS
toHvTifhoGm;onf/
rdbawG toJESvHk;awG zl;a&mifukefatmif jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;onf ausmif;om;wdkYtm; twif;
ausmif;vTwfMuawmhonf/ tpdk;&t&m½Sd om;orD;rsm;onfvnf; qdk½S,fvpfrsufESmawmfaMumifh ausmif;odkY vmMu&
awmhonf/ axmufyahH Mu;,lxm;aom ausmif;om;wdYk uvnf; axmufyahH Mu; ½kyo f rd ;f rnfp;kd ojzifh ausmif;odYk vmMu&
pmoifcef;rsm;rSm
þodhk aoGaY jcmufomG ;\
394
awmhonf/ e,fjyefoGm;aom ausmif;om;wdkYtm; ausmif;odkY twif;jyefvdkufydkYonf/ ausmif;wvydwf&ef qHk;jzwfí

tdrfjyefvmMuaom ausmif;om;wdkYtm; tmPmjzifhwm;qD;í &ifywfwGef;um ausmif;odkYvSnfhaponf/ ausmufqnf
NrdKU½Sd ref;wuúodkvf ausmif;om;ôl (26) a,mufwdkYtm; ta&;ydkifu um;ESifhtwif;vdkufac:í ref;wuúokdvfodkY
jyefydkYonf/ acsmhjr§Laomtm;jzifh 'efaygufxrif;auR;onf/ þodkYtm;jzifh twif;tMuyfudkifonftxd vkyfapumrl
ref;wuúov kd wf iG f ausmif;om;ôl (979) a,muf½odS nft
h euf atmufwb kd m tp&ufrsm;wGif (50) ausmof m½Scd o
hJ nf/
xkt d csdef &efuek w
f uúov
kd üf ausmif;wufol r½So
d avmuf jzpfomG ;onf/ arwåm&yfc&H rnfo
h l r½So
d avmuf
jzpfaeonf/ aysmfaysmfyg;yg;wD;ckefum ausmif;om;xkatmifyGJtwGuf pnf;um;vSonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;rsm;\ Ncdrf;
ajcmufpmrsm;rSm toHk;r0ifawmhacs/
rEåav;NrKd Y wuúov
kd af usmif;? ausmif;tkyBf u;D
pmtrSwf- 87-tufpf,l 1 (2) at
1953 ck? atmufwdkbmv (13) &uf
odhk
OD;wif
wqifU- a':xGef;&D (ukefonf)
jrpfi,fNrdKY
taMumif;t&m / / atmufwdkbmv wuúodkvfoydwfudpöwGif ausmif;om;ôlrsm;\ ausmif;wufysufcGifh
avQmufvTmrsm;wifjcif;udp/ö
taMumif;Mum;tyfygonf/
rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;rS ausmif;om;ôl wOD;jzpfaom cHktrSwf 349? Oypmtwef;tydkif; (*) trnf
armifwifjrifh\ cGifhavQmufvTmudk txufazmfjyygudpEö Sifh ywfoufí taMumif;rvHkavmufjcif;aMumifh vufrcH
Edkifyg/ oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;ôl wOD; r[kwaf Mumif;? oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;wdYk\ aESmif, h u S rf u
I kd aMumufí
ausmif;rwufEikd af Mumif;? avQmufvmT wGif twdtvif;azmfjyí cGiahf wmif;qdck rhJ o
S mvQif cGiahf vQmufvmT udk pOf;pm;
vdrfhrnf jzpfygaMumif;/
OD;udkav;
(ausmif;tkyfBuD;)
wuúodkvfausmif;? rEåav;NrdKY
&efuek w
f uúov
kd f 'kw,
d t"dywd\ owday;arwÅm&yfccH suf
1/ &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;udk 1953 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv (17) &ufaeY naetxdzGifhxm;rnf/ ausmif;
om;ôlrsm; ausmif;wufMu&ef EdI;aqmfygonf/
2/ ausmif;wufolrsm;udk &JtzGJU\tultnDjzifh tapmifhta½Smufay;rnf/
3/ ausmif;wuf&ef rjzpfEikd af om ausmif;om;ôlwYkd onf rdrw d Ykd onf oydwaf rSmufaom ausmif;om;ôlrsm;
r[kwfaMumif; azmfjyonfh cGifhwdkifpmrsm;udk ygarmu©csKyfxH ay;ydkYMu&ef EdI;aqmfygonf/
4/ þuJhodkY cGifhwdkifpmrydkYbJ ausmif;wuf&ef ysufuGufolrsm;udk ta&;,l&vdrfhrnf/
5/ ausmif;wufolrsm;tm; taESmifht,Sufay;jcif;? oydwfwm;jcif; rjyKvkyfMu&ef av;eufpGmarwåm&yfcH
ygonf/
6/ ausmif;wufolrsm;tm; taESmifht,Sufay;olrsm;? oydwfwm;olrsm;udk &JtzGJUuta&;,l&ef tpdk;&udk
tultnDawmif;xm;NyD; jzpfonf/
7/ ausmif;olôm;rsm;\ rdbrsm;ESit hf yk x
f ed ;f olrsm;uvnf; rdrw d Ykdom;orD;rsm;udk qH;k roGeo f ifNyD; xde;f odr;f
apmifha½SmufMuyg&ef av;eufpGmarwåm&yfcHygonf/
(yH)k
bdkBuD;
&efukefwuúodkvf 'k-t"dywd
395
txufygaMunmcsufESifh jyefpmudk MunfhvQif ]oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; aESmifU,SufrIudk aMumuf½GHY í

ausmif;rwufEdkifyg} [k avQmuf&rnf[k ñTefMum;xm;&m þvkyfMuHcsufjzifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm;zrf;&ef zqyv
qdk½S,fvpfwdkYu tuGufqifjcif; jzpfayonf/
(#) ausmif;xJo0Ydk ifp;D jcif;ESifh t&Sed jf ri§ w

hf ufjcif;? vlzrf;yGrJ sm;usi;f yjcif;
atmufwdkbm (3) &ufaeY? eHeuf (5) em&DwGif &efukefwuúodkvf *dwf0wGif ykvdyfrsm;a&mufvmonf/
taqmifom;rsm;udk vIUH aqmfpnf;½H;k um ausmif;om;xktiftm;jzifh ykvyd rf sm; taqmiftwGi;f odYk t0ifrcHbJ wGe;f xkwf
cJhavonf/ wdk;wufacgif;aqmifydkif;udk zrf;&ef rdk;rvif;rD 0ifpD;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ rnfonfhtaqmif? rnfonfhtcef;?
rnfow l Ykdaeonfukd opömazmuf owif;ay;ausmif;om;rsm;aMumifh odxm;[efwo l nfh ppfuikd ;f aqmifrS jrefrmpmenf;jy
udt k ahH rmifEiS hf wcsKdU? waumif;ausmif;aqmifrS aq;odyHÜ (c) ydik ;f udrk sKd;atmifausmfviG ?f jynfausmif;aqmifrS opfawm
udktHk;? a½Tbdkausmif;aqmifrS 'kwd,ESpfOypmwef; udkausmfNidrf;wdkYygoGm;onf/ 'kwd,ESpf Oypmoifwef;om; udkoef;
(Auo Ouú|a[mif;) vnf; a½Twd*Hkbk&m; tv,fypö,HrSm tzrf;tqD;cH&onf/
þodYk ykvyd rf sm;u 0ifp;D aomaMumifh xkad eYreufr;kd vif;pwGif jyifyaqmifrsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm; vIy½f mS ;vm
Muonf/ qE´jya<u;aMumfum wuúov kd 0f if;tjyifoYkd tpkta0;jzifh armif;xkwMf uonf/ rdrw d Ykd &aJ bmfrsm;udk umuG,f
Muonf/ ykvdyfrsm; jyefqkwfoGm;Muonf/ oxHkaqmif*dwf? tif;0aqmif*dwf wHcg;rsm;udk ydwfxm;Muonf/ eHeuf
(7) em&DwGif oufqdkif&mtmPmydkifrsm;onf wuúodkvfe,fajrwGif yk'fr (144) xkwfvdkufaMumif;udk t"dywdvrf;rrS
um;ay:wGif toHcsJUpufwifum vdkufvHaMunmonf/ wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk trSwf (22) ppf&Jwyfu
wufa&muf odrf;ydkufcJhonf/ t"du½kPf;jzpf&ef ykvdyfwyfESifh qGay;onf/ yk'fr (144) udk qefYusifNyD; qE´jy&ef?
rjyMu&ef ausmif;om;rsm; tajctwif aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;Muonf/
tcsKdUaom &Jabmfrsm;u t"dywdvrf;ray:odYk atmufwb kd m (1) &ufaeY (2) &ufaeYrsm;uJo h Ykd qE´jyjcif;jzifh
yk'fr (144) udk qefYusif&ef xufoefpGm ajymqdkaqG;aEG;Muonf/ xkdaeYu ykvdyfwyfzGJUrsm;? rD;owfwyfzGJUrsm;onf
qdkif&m\ ñTefMum;csuft& t"dywdvrf;xJodkY w&m;olBuD;? ykvdyft&m½Sdrsm; OD;aqmifí 0ifa&mufcsDwufcJhMuonf/
ausmif;om;xkuvnf; ]rD;avmifjcif;r½Sdí rD;owfrsm; vm&efrvdkaMumif;}
ykvdyfrsm;udk ]cifAsm;wdo
hk nf usKyw f ahkd usmif;om;rsm;\ &eforl [kwaf Mumif;} ½Sif;vif;atmf[pf ajymMuonf/
eHeuf (10) em&D (45) rdepfwGif 0ifvmaom rD;owfum; (4) pD;? &Jum; (3) pD;? rdef;r&Jum; (4) pD;?
tcsKyfum; (1) pD;? 0g,mvufum; (2) pD;? aq;½Hkum; (1) pD;ESifh &Jt&m&Sdrsm;? w&m;olBuD;rsm;yg0ifaom wyfBuD;
onf t"dywdvrf;wGif ½Iyf,SufcwfaeMuonf/ t"du½kPf;ESdrfESif;&ef ykvdyfwyfBuD; (2) Budrf vSnfhvnfonf
omru ausmif;om;rSef;? tjyifvlrSef;rod&ol um; (2) pD;cefYudk wuúodkvfe,fajrwGif vSnfhvnfí ausmif;om;xk
qefYusifonfh a<u;aMumfoHrsm;udk a<u;aMumfaponf/ uav;oli,f um;tpD; (20) pD;cefYudk ac:,lvmNyD; ]oydwf
orm; tvdkr½Sd? uGefjrLepf tvdkr½Sd} ponfh a<u;aMumfoHrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;xkudk qGay;onf/
a':at;&ifvufzuf&nfqikd üf vufzuf&nfaomufaeMuaom ausmif;om; (6) OD;tm; ppf&b J ufrS twif;
½dkufzrf;oGm;onf/ udkoef;a½T (bDat*kPfxl;-'*kHaqmif) tm;vnf; oabFmqdyfwGif zrf;qD;oGm;onf/
atmufwb
kd m (2) &ufaehwiG f &ufpufrzI efw;D &ef csw
D ufvmMuolrsm;udk ausmif;om;xku nDnmpGmvrf;z,fay;cJ\
U
396
(#-1) atmufwdkbm (2) &ufaeh &efukefwuúodkvfe,fajrü xkwfjyefcJhaom yk'fr (144) rSm
&efuek cf ½dik f &mZ0wfw&m;olBu;D ½H;k awmf

1953 ckESpf &mZ0wftao;rI trSwf (123)? wm;qD;uefYuGufrI? 0dkif;nDaomif;usef;í ½kef;&if;qefcwf
jyKvkyfrI ponfrsm;udk wm;jrpf&ef-
&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;trdefh &mZ0wfusifUxHk;yk'fr (144)

jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH\ NrdKUawmfjzpfaom &efukefNrdKU½Sd &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾onf
1315 ckESpf? awmfovif; vqkwf (9) &ufaeY? 1953 ckESpf? atmufwdkbm (2) &ufaeYwGif wuúodkvfausmif;om;
or*¾cef;raqmifwGif jyKvkyfaom tpnf;ta0;rS qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;-
(1) oDwif;uRwfv ausmif; (1) vydwfa&; udpöudk qufvufaqmif½Guf&efESifh
(2) ¤if;ausmif; (1) vydwfa&;udpöESifhywfoufí zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif (4)
OD;wdkYtm; tjrefqHk; vTwfay;&ef/
oufqikd &f mtmPmydik w f Ykdu rvduk af vsmcJv h Qif qufvufízrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm; vTwaf y;onf
txd ta&;,l&ef cdkifvHkaom owif;&½Sdxm;ojzifh xdkqHk;jzwfcsufESifh ywfoufí &efukefwuúodkvfw0dkufwGif
t"du½kPf;BuD; jzpfyGm;zG,f&m½Sdonf[k ,lqaomaMumifh ¤if;t"du½kPf; ab;tEÅ&m,fudk z,f½Sm;wm;qD;Edkifap
jcif;iSm-
uREkfyfpD&ifydkifcGifh½Sdonfh &efukefc½dkife,ferdwftwGif; 1315 ck? awmfovif;vqkwf (9) &uf? 1953
atmufwdkbmv (2) &ufrS pí 1315 ck? oDwif;uRwfvqkwf (8) &uf? 1953 atmufwdkbmv (31) &ufaeY
noef;acgifcsdefwGif atmufwGifazmfjy owfrSwfxm;aom ae&mw0dkufwGif-
(u) pka0;jcif;
(c) tpkta0;wGif yg0ifjcif;
(8) a[majymjcif;? wdkufwGef;jcif;? vIHYaqmfjcif;
(C) pm½Gufpmwef;rsm; ½dkufESdyfjcif;? a0iSjcif; (odkY) tjcm;enf;wenf;jzifh aMumfjimjcif;
(i) vlpv k al 0;ESihf pDwef;vSnv hf nfomG ;jcif; ponfu h pd u
ö kd atmufazmfjyyg e,ferdwt
f wGi;f rnfonfyh *k Kd¾ vf
rsm;rqdk rvkyrf aqmif½u G &f [k uREkyf f &efuek cf ½dik f &mZ0wfw&m;olBuD; OD;tke;f azonf &mZ0wfusifx h ;kH Oya'yk'rf
(144) wGif uREkfyftm;tyfESif;xm;aom tmPmrsm;udkoHk;pGJvsuf þtrdefYudk xkwfjyefwm;jrpfvdkufonf/
1315 ck? awmfovif;vqkwf (9) &uf? 1953 ck? atmufwdkbmv (2) &ufaeYwGif uREkfyfvufrSwfa&;xkd;
í þ½Hk;awmfwHqdyf cyfESdyfvdkufonf/
ae&ma'oESifU e,ferdwf
1/ ta½SUbuf - tif;vsm;vrf;
2/ ajrmufbufvm;aomf - tif;vsm;vrf;
3/ taemufbufvm;aomf - jynfvrf;rBuD;
4/ awmifbufvm;aomf - wuúodkvf&dyfomvrf; wdkYjzifh e,ferdwfowfrSwfxm;aom wuúodkvfe,fajr w0dkuf
(tke;f az)
c½kdif&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;
&efukefNrdKY
rdwÅLtrdefhpmrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; ay;ydkhygonf/
1/ twGif;0efcsKyf? jynfxJa&;Xme 6/ &efukefc½dkif? zqyv
2/ ppf½Hk; 7/ ñTefMum;a&;0ef? jyefMum;a&;Xme
3/ yJcl;wdkif;rif;BuD;? &efukefNrdKU 8/ t"dywd? wuúodkvfausmif;
4/ jrefrmEdkifiHawmf? &Jrif;BuD; 9/ 'k-t"dywd? wuúodkvfausmif;
5/ &efukefNrdKU? &Jrif;BuD; 10/ ygarmu©csKyf? wuúodkvfausmif;
397
trdefYpmESifh ywfoufí tm;vHk;aom owif;pmrsm;wGif owif;tjzpf xnfhoGif;ay;yg&efESifh toHvTifhXme

uvnf; tvsiftjref toHvTifhyg&ef arwåm&yfcHygonf/
þyk'rf (144) jzifh vlwikd ;f \ t<uif;rJ&h ydik cf iG jhf zpfonfh jynfoYl 'rD u
kd a&pD tcGit
hf a&;rsm;jzpfaom vGwv
f yf
pGm pk½Hk;cGifh? a[majymcGifh? qE´jycGifh? ½dkufESdyfjzefYcsdcGifhwdkYudk NzdKvSJMuonf/
(#-2) tif;0wHcg;rS aoG;pufrsm;odkh

rsm;rMumrD &Jrif;BuD; OD;cifarmifarmif? 'k-&Jrif;BuD;OD;½Si?f vufaxmuf&rJ if;BuD; OD;oH'ikd Ef iS hf c½dik w f &m;olBuD;
OD;ausmftHk;? OD;ygpDjrarmif tjcm;&Jt&m½Sdrsm; a&muf½SdvmMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; BudKwifumuG,faom oabmjzifh
wHcg;rsm; ydwfvdkufMuonf/ yif;,aqmif wHcg;tm; aomh (2) csufcwfí? tif;0aqmif wHcg;tm; aomh (3) csuf
cwfvdkufMuonf/ pnf;urf;wus aeMuonf/
ykvdyfrsm;u t0if0wHcg;zGifh&ef vmajymonf/ ausmif;om;xkBuD;u rdrdwdkY pnf;urf;ao0yfpGm aeaeMu
ojzifh 0if;wHcg;udk rzGiahf y;Edik af Mumif;? tMurf;zufru I kd rvdvk m;aMumif;? &Jt&m½Srd sm;u 0if;wHcg;udk ZGwt f wif;zGiíhf
aoG;xGuo f ,H rkd I t"du½kP;f jzpfymG ;vQif ausmif;om;rsm;\ wm0efr[kwb f J oufqidk &f mt&m½SBd uD;rsm;ESihf w&m;olBuD;
rsm;\ wm0efom vHk;0jzpfaMumif; ½Sif;vif;ajymMum;Muonf/
xdYk aemuf wuúov kd t
f &m½Sd (2) OD;jzpfaom OD;,kcif? OD;boef;wdkY a&mufvmNyD; 0if;wHcg;zGifhay;&ef ajymqdk
Muonf/ ausmif;om;xkBuD;u 0if;wHcg;zGiahf y;vdu k vf Qif rdrad cgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ykvyd rf sm;u 0ifzrf;rnf pd;k &draf Mumif;?
rdrwd Ykd vnf; pnf;urf;ao0yf at;csrf;pGmaeMuojzifh 0if;wHcg;rzGifhEdkifaMumif; ½Si;f jyonf/ wuúov kd tf &m½Sd (2) OD;
vufavsmhNyD; jyefoGm;Muonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; pnf;urf;wus NidrfoufpGm aeMuonf/
aeYvnf (12) em&D ausmaf omtcg tif;0wHcg;udk u&de;f jzifh qGzJ iG &hf ef vkyaf eMuonf[k atmforH sm; ay:xGuf
vmayonf/ udpk ;kd ode;f onf tif;0wHcg;ay: wufí wm0efus w&m;olBuD;rsm;udk rdrw d Ykd onf taqmifxw J iG f at;csr;f
pGm aeMuaMumif;? wHcg;udk twif;t"r®zGifhjcif; rjyKvkyf&ef ½Sif;vif; arwåm&yfcHawmif;qdkonf/ wcsdefwnf;wGif
ausmif;om;rsm;onf *dww f cH g;udk &&mypön;f rsm;? cHrk sm;? pm;yGuJ vk m;xkid rf sm;udk o,f,í l rzGiEhf ikd af tmif twm;tqD;
vkyfMuonf/ ykvdyfrsm;uvnf; ausmif;wufvdkolrsm; wHcg;udk ydwfxm;jcif;rjyK&ef toHcsJUpufjzifh jyefajymonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; ausmif;wufvdkolrsm;onf *dwfwHcg;aygufi,f zGifhxm;í 0ifxGufEdkifaMumif; ½Sif;jyonf/
trSefrSm ausmif;wufrnfhol r½Sdyg/
tmPmydkifrsm;onf *dwfwHcg;udk u&def;jzifhqGJzGifh&ef BudK;pm;onfhtjzpfudk awGU&aomtcg ausmif;om;xk
onf ydkrdka'goxGufvmMuonf/ tmPmydkifrsm;tzkdYvnf; ¤if;wdkYtrdefYudk ausmif;om;rsm;u ysuf&,fjyKaeí rcHcsif
jzpfaeonf/
xdtk csdew f iG f wuotaqmuftODukd Adv k rf SL;wifxeG ;f \ ppf&J (22) rS &Jabmfrsm;u 0ifp;D xm;onf/ jynfxJ
a&;0efBuD; Adkvfcifarmifuav;u bGJUESif;obif taqmuftODwGif vma&mufuGyfuJaeonf/
tif;0wHcg;wGif pk½Hk;aeaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk pwifNyD; rD;owfydkufjzifhyufonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; &&m
cJrsm;jzifh jyefypfonf/ wdkufyGJpavNyD/ tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm; "g;rsm;½SmazGum rD;owfydkufrsm;udk ckwfjzwfMuonf/
ykvdyfrsm;u rsuf&nfAHk;jzifhypfum vlpkcGJonf/ wHcg;BuD; yGifhoGm;avNyD/
ykvdyfrsm;tm; ausmif;om;xku twGif;odkY t0ifrcHMu ajy;vTm; wm;Muonf/ ykvdyfrsm;u twif;0ifwdk;
Muonf/ ykvdyfESifhausmif;om;rsm; a&maxG; arTaESmufoGm;onf/ ta0;u ykvdyfrsm; twif;ajy;0ifvmMuonf/
ppfzdeyfoHrsm; jrnf[def;vmonf/ trdefYay;oHrsm; us,favmifvmonf/ rD;owfum; (4) pD;rS a&ydkufrsm;ESifh
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; twif;yufavonf/ uHhaumf½Gufpdrf;Mum;wGif rsuf&nf,dkAHk; rD;cdk;vHk;rsm; vGifhjyefYvmavonf/
rD;cdk;rdIif;onf ausmif;om;xkBuD;tm; zHk;vTrf;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm; rdrdwdkYbufusvmaom rsuf&nf,dkAHk;rsm;udk
jyefaumuf ypfonf/ pm;zdkrS trIxrf;wcsKdU ausmif;om;xkbufrS vmulMuonf/ rsuf&nf,dkAHk; umuG,fa&;twGuf
t0wfrsm;a&qGwí f rsufEmS tky&f ef a&o,fay;Muonf/ xdo k Ykd umuG,&f rnfukd rnfou l oifay;vdu k of nf roday/
tjyif;txef &ufpufrIaMumifh ausmif;om;xk onf;rcHEdkifawmhbJ ykvdyfwdkYtm; wkwf? cJ wdkYjzifh ypfaygufMuonf/
ppfudkif;vrf;ay:wGif &yfxm;aom um;trSwf u^79 tm; rD;wdkufvdkufMuonf/ rD;owfum; trSwf (3) ESifh
rD;owfqdkifu,ftm; tkwfcJESifh ypfaygufMuonf/ ykvdyfrsm; &ufpufonfxuf ydk&ufpufvmavNyD/
wqifhwufí vufeufudkifykvdyfrsm; aoewfESifh ypfcwfMuonf/ AdkvfrSL;wifxGef;\ ppf&J (22) rS t&yf
0wfAdkvf[k xif&olwOD;u vG,ftdwfxJrS ajcmufvHk;jyL;xkwfí ypfcwfaeonfudk ausmif;om;trsm;pk jrifavonf/
398
(tay:) tqufrjywf usaeaom

rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH rsm;Mum;0,f ausmif;om;tcsKYd
tajy;tvTm; xGuaf jy;aepOf
(tv,f) yHkudkMunfUyg-
ta0;uyifjrifEikd yf gonf aoewfEiS Uf
rypfyg[k jiif;qdEk ikd rf nfavm
(atmuf 0J) 0g;&if;wkwjf zifU

vSrd ½Uf u
kd cf &H ½Hrk u vufvrdS cf sK;d í
tzrf;cHae&aom ausmif;om;av;wOD;
(atmuf ,m) jyif;xefvSaom

rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH aiGaY MumifU
owdvpfaeaom ausmif;om;
399
ausmif;om;rsm; wa,mufNyD;wa,muf vJusaeavonf/ nnf;wGm;oHwUkd onf ysUH vGiv hf mavonf/ rsu&f nfpufrsm;
rSm ajrodkY waygufayguf usvmavonf/ 'Pf&mrsm;rS aoG;eDrsm; yGifhtHxGufvmavonf/
ausmif;oltrsKd;orD;rsm;onf 'Pf&m&olrsm;tm; aumuf,ljyKpkMuonf/ yxrESpfOypm odyÜHwef;rS &cdkif
ausmif;om; udkpHjrrSm nmbufvufwGif aoewfxdrSefcH&onf/ 'kwd,ESpfOypm odyÜHwef;rS udkcifarmifaxG;rSm nm
bufrsufckH;wGif rsuf&nf,dkAHk; tpxdrSefavonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om; wOD;rSm aygifwGif 'Pf&m&avonf/ a½Tbkd
aqmifrS udkaZmf0if;? yif;,aqmifrS udkombef;? ppfudkif;aqmifrS udkvSOD;? udkodef;ñGefY? udkcifarmifESifh udkpdefwdk;wdkYrSm
'Pf&m&cJhMuonf/ udkaZmf0if;? udkombef;ESifh udkpdefwdk;wdkYtm; &efukefaq;½HkBuD; tcef;eHygwf (1) ESifh (2) wGif
twGif;vlemtjzpf uko&onf/ yif;,aqmif tcef;eHygwf (88) wGifaeonfh udkcifarmifvwfrSm &Jt&m½SdwOD;\
om;jzpfaomfvnf; ykvdyfwdkU\ &ufpufrI? tMurf;zufrIrsm;tm; rcH&yfEdkifawmhí rD;owfa&ydkuftm; 0ifa&muf
jzwfawmufí ykvdyfwdkY\ ½dkufESufzrf;qD;jcif; cHcJh&onf/
nae (4) em&DcGJwGif w&m;olBuD; OD;vSausmfESifh OD;a½TbwdkYtm; &Jt&m½Sdrsm;ESifhtwl awGUjrif&onf/ &J
t&m½Srd sm;ESihf ygvmaom ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmxifatmif? ygarmu© OD;bd;k om? armfueG ;f xde;f t&m½Sd OD;odr;f armifEiS hf
tjcm;q&m (2) OD;wdkY aqG;aEG;yGJ jyKvkyfMuonf/
nae (5) em&DwGif udkpHxGef;vSudk zrf;qD;oGm;onf/ oD&daqmifESifh wDwDpDaqmifrS trsKd;orD; (2) OD;udk
ac:,lppfaq;cJhonf/
nydkif;wGif ukdcifvSESifh jynfausmif;aqmifrS udktkef;BudKif? udkcifarmifjrifhwdkY zrf;qD;cH&avonf/
þnwGif toHvTifh½HkrSaeí ausmif;0if;twGif;rS aoewfoHMum;í tpdk;&u aoewfrsm;udk rdk;ay:odkYaxmif
um azmufNyD;? ausmif;om;rsm;udk ajcmufveS Yf &aMumif; aMunmavonf/ odYk aomf aemufwaeY 4? 10? 53 &ufaeYxkwf
owif;pmwGirf l jynfxaJ &;0efBuD; Adv k cf ifarmifuav; ud, k wf idk f umbdik af oewfEiS hf (2) csuf azmufum aoewfypf&ef
trdefYay;onf[k zwf&onf/
yif;,? tif;0? ppfudkif; ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif aoewfusnfqef&mrsm;u ausmif;om;xktwGif; ypfoGif;jcif;
jzpfaMumif;udk tcdkiftrm oufaopdkufxlMuayonf/ tif;0wHcg; tkwfwdkiftopf pdkufxlNyD; ¤if;tay:wGif-
]'Drdkua&pDusqHk;jcif; txdrf;trSwf}
[laom pmwrf;udk urÜn;f xd;k xm;ayonf/ þurÜn;f pmwrf; usnq f &H mrsm; xifaeaom eH&EH iS hf wHcg;tkwf
wdik of pfonf tif;0wHcg;\ &mZ0ifjzpfonf/ þae&mwGif pD;uscJah om ausmif;om;wdYk \ rsuf&nfpufrsm;? aoG;puf
rsm;? tif;0wHcg;\ &mZ0ifa&;cJhMuavNyD/ tif;0wHcg;\ &mZ0iftm; ausmif;om;vli,fwkdY\ tonf;ESvHk;twGif;rS
xkwfypfí&awmhrnf r[kwfay/
atmufwb kd m (3) &uf? nae (3) em&DwiG f udAk aqGav;? udo k ef;wif? udo k ed ;f wd;k ? udo
k ed ;f vIid ?f udak rmifarmif?
udjk rifo
h ed ;f ? udak usmfNidr;f ? udo
k ed ;f bvGiw f Ykd ukd zrf;qD;í bm;vrf;tcsKyfaxmifwiG f csKyfaESmifnO§ ;f yrf;Muonf/ tvGwf
ynmoifausmif;rS udkwifodef;? udkodef;0if;wdkYudk (22) ppf&Jwyf&if;rS zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifum ½dkufESufn§Of;yef;Muonf/
atmufwb kd mv (4) &ufaeY? aeYvnf (12) em&DwiG f t"dywdvrf;ESihf ppfuikd ;f vrf;axmifq h rkH mS ygarmu©csKyf
a'gufwmxifatmifu wuúodkvft"dywd 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek\-
]nDarmifrsm;odkh arwÅm&yfcHcsuf}
[laom pmwrf;udk (3) Budrf zwfMum;tNyD;wGif ajr
atmufolykefrsm;? ausmif;om;r[kwfolrsm;? vufeufyek ;f rsm;?
ausmif;wufvdkolrsm;tm; Ncdrf;ajcmufrI[laom pGyfpGJcsuf (4)
csujf zifh tif;0? ppfuikd ;f ? yif;,? yJc;l ESihf oxHak usmif;aqmifwdkY
tm; ykvdyfaygif; (1000) ausmf 0dkif;NyD; wcef; 0ifwcef;xGuf
½SmazGMuonf/ pGyfpGJcsuf (4) csufwiG yf gonfh t&mrsm; bmrSr
awGU&ay/ pmtkyEf iS hf azmifwed o f m½Sad om ausmif;om;vli,fwYkt d m;
ykvyd f (1000) ausm0f dkif;í ½SmazGjcif;onf zsufr&onfh tpGef;
uGufwck &mZ0ifwGif pGef;xif;jcif;om jzpfavonf/
atmufwdkbmv (12) &ufwGif wuúodkvftoif;

tzGJUaygif;pHk Ouú| udkomausmftm; owif;uGefz&ifh tNyD;wGif
zrf;qD;cJhonf/ rd;k ay:oyhkd pfaomusnq f efonf þodehk &H rH sm;wGif awG&Y ygrnfavm
400
atmufwdkbm (4) &ufu

0ifa&muf½mS azG&ef
yif;,aqmifa½S*Y wd w
f iG f
ykvyd w
f yfrsm; toif½U adS eonf
vSpH yG w
f yf umuDa&mif0wf
vufeufudkifwdkhonf
wuúov kd ef ,fajrü þodhk
usL;ausmcf \ UJ
atmufwdkbm (4) &ufaehu þodkh

ykvyd rf sm; taqmifcef;rsm; twGi;f odhk
0ifa&muf½mS azGonf
401
atmufwdkbm (13) &ufwGif udkcspfNrdKifESifh udkarmifarmifBuD;wdkYudk jzefajza&;tzGJUrS ½Sif;vif;NyD; tjyefwGif

zrf;qD;Muonf/
atmufwdkbmv (21) &ufwGif &efukefc½dkif ausmif;aygif;pHkrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; ½Sif;vif;tNyD;wGif
&uo Ouú| udkwifxGwftm; zrf;qD;Muonf/ &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;or*¾onf wuúodkvfausmif;om;ta&;udk
Nidrf;csrf;pGm ajz½Si;f &ef ausmif;om;rdbrsm; yg0ifaom aphpyfa&;aumfrwDw&yfukd zGUJ pnf;cJo h nf/ qef;udwrf ek Yf wu
kd w
f iG f
(3) Budrf pnf;a0;NyD;aemuf aumfrwDOuú| jzpfaom q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;onf atmufwdkbmv (23) &ufwGif
wuúodkvfaumifpDodkY arwåm&yfcHpmwapmif ay;ydkYcJhonf/
udktkH;armif? udkxGef;vIdif? udkpdef0if;? udkpdk;odef;? udkwifhvGif? udkxGef;az? udkcifvS wdkYudkvnf; zrf;qD;cJhMu
onf/ udk,kudkvnf; ½dkufESufzrf;qD;Muonf/ rEÅav;rS udkausmfOD;? udkoef;OD;? udkazarmifjrifh? udktkef;armif? udk
omvS wdkYvnf; zrf;qD;cH&onf/
armfvNrdKifwuúodkvfrS udkwifarmif (or*¾twGif;a&;rSL;)? udkatmifodkufESifh udkoef;pdk;av;wdkYvnf; (11)
&ufMumrQ zrf;qD;cHcJh&onf/
þodYk ausmif;om;rsm; rw&m;zrf;qD;cH&ojzifh &efuek cf ½dik af usmif;om;xkBuD;onf w[kex f ;kd tH<k uvmum
&uorS OD;pD;vsuf atmufwdkbmv (6) &ufaeYwGif tvkyform;ausmufwdkifü ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;
jyKvkyfavonf/ þtpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;onf 1949 ckESpf ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rINyD;aemufwGif tBuD;rm;qHk;qE´jyrI
jzpfonf/ ausmif;om; (5000) ausmfwufcg ausmif;om;rsm;udk rw&m;zrf;qD;onfudk ½IwfcsaMumif;? tjrefqHk;vTwf
&ef awmif;qdkaMumif; qHk;jzwfNyD; twGif;0ef½Hk;BuD;udk 0dkif;í a<u;aMumfqE´jyMuonf/
&efukefc½dkifausmif;om;or*¾rS OD;pD;í atmufwdkbmta&;ESifh ywfoufí tpdk;&tmPmydkifrsm;\ jyKrlcsuf
udk ½IwfcsuefYuGufonfh taejzifh ausmif;tvdkuf qE´jy oydwfarSmufMuonf/ qE´jyvufrSwfrsm; aumufcHcJhonf/
&yfuGufw&m;yGJrsm;jzifh zdESdyf&ufpufyHkudk wdkifwef;Muonf/
þodkY ausmif;om;xkBuD;rsm;\ uefYuGufta&;qdkrIaMumifh &efukefwuúodkvfrS zrf;qD;cHcJh&onfh ausmif;
om; (29) a,mufteuf (22) a,mufudk atmufwdkbmv twGif;wGif jyefvTwfay;cJhonf/ usefausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
rEÅav;wuúodkvfrS zrf;cH&aom ausmif;om;rsm;udkrl rvTwfbJ qufvufí axmifxJxnfhxm;onf/
0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekonf t*FvdyfwdkYtzrf;cH&NyD; axmifxJcsKyfaESmifcH&pOf-
]&ufpufygayUuG,f}
[laom0w¬Kjzifh axmifwiG ;f b0\ qif;&J'u k u © zkd UJG EGUJ í wdik ;f jynfoYkd wdik w
f ef;cJo
h nf/ ,ckvnf; ausmif;om;
vli,f tajrmuftrsm;udk zrf;qD;í oludk,fwdkif axmifwGif; xnhfoGif;xm;cJhavNyD/ rdbjynfolwdkYtm; ]&ufpufyg
ayhuG,f} [lí wdkif;wef;vdkufygonf/
tmPmydik rf sm;uvnf; ausmif;om;rsm; r½Scd u kd f pnf;urf;xde;f odr;f a&;udk taMumif;jyum trsKd;om;aqmif
toD;oD;ü atmufxyfwGif oHZumrsm;um&Hjcif;? oHqGJwHcg;wyfqifjcif;wdkY tylwjyif;vkyfMuonf/ ynma&;0efBuD;
aemifawmf
wuúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;twGuf
&wufrat;Edik b f J
wufwuf<u<u qE´jyMuaom
&efuek cf ½dik f ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;rsm;
402
OD;oef;atmifu ausmif;ydwfxm;csdefwGif taqmifrsm;ü½SmazG&m vufeufrsm;awGUaMumif; vkyfMuHpGyfpGJaMunmonf/

ausmif;om;tcef;rS taysmftyg;vdkuf&mwGif toHk;jyKaom tufzft,fvfrsm; awGUonf[k ausmif;om;rsm;\ tusifh
odu©mudk vkyfZmwfcif;í emrnfzsufonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;u tufzft,fvfoef;atmif[k
uifyGef;wyfcJhMuonf/ tajctaerSm ESpfbufpvHk;rS ausmif;jyefzGifhcsdeftwGuf jyifqifvIyf½Sm;aeMuonf/
(X) Ed0k ifbmausmif;jyefziG chf sed ?f ausmif;xkwyf EJG iS hf wdu

k yf t
JG &Sed jf rifyh kH
1953 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv wuúodkvfjyefzGifhaomtcgwGif 0efcHcsufudk vufrSwfxdk;rS ausmif;aecGifhvufcHrnf
aMunmxm;onf/ xdkudpEö Sifh ywfoufí rnfodkYoabmxm;&rnfudk pOf;pm;Muonf/ xkdpOf cH0efcsufvufrSwfxdk;&
rnfudk 'l;axmuftnHhcH&jcif;tjzpf ,lqum trsKd;orD;rsm;? &Jabmfrsm;u 0efcHcsufvufrSwf ra&;xdk;vdk? tm;vHk;
aom ausmif;om;rsm; vufrSwfrxdk;a&;twGuf avmavmq,f qE´jyvIyf½Sm;&ef rvG,fyg/ txl;ojzifh wdk;wuf
&Jabmfrsm; vufrSwfrxdk;bJ ausmif;jyef0ifjcif; rjyKygu ausmif;om;xkudk wdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk\
OD;aqmifrIrS cGJxkwfcH&jcif; jzpfayonf/ vuf½SdtajctaerSm tm;vHk; ausmif;xJjyefa&muf&ef t"du jzpfayonf/
xdYk aMumifh rvTo J mra½Smifom vufrw S x
f ;kd &ef oabmxm;onf/ udb k aumif;ESihf udv k 0S if;wdYk rmS ausmif;jyefrwufawmh/
udkpdk;odef;ESifh udktkef;armif tajctaet& wdk;wufausmif;om;tkyfpkESifh tjcm;tkyfpktoD;oD;rS &Jabmfrsm;ESifhwGJí
ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIudk teD;uyf qufvufwm0ef,lEdkif&ef ausmif;xJodkY jyef0ifcJhMuonf/ ausmif;jyefzGifhaomtcg
trsKd;rsKd;aom csKyfcs,frrI sm;udk awGU&onf/ txl;ojzifh taqmifrsm;wGif rD;udk n (11) em&Dtxdom cGifhjyKjcif;?
taqmifrsm;wGif oHZumumjcif;? oHwHcg;wyfjcif; ponfwdkYjzifh ydkrdkxdef;csKyfvmí ydkrdkrausreyf jzpfMuonf/
taqmifae ausmif;om;rsm;onf taqmifvdkuf nbufwGif rD;rSdwfqE´jyMuonf/ taqmifwGif um&Hxm;aom
oHZumrsm;? oHqw JG cH g;rsm;udk ausmif;om;xktiftm;jzifh NzdKzsufcsonf/ rnfou l OD;aqmifí zsufq;D jcif;[k wduspGm
rpGypf EJG ikd ?f ausmif;om;xk tpkta0;tvdu k f tHMh ozG,af umif;avmufatmif zsufq;D Muonf/ t"dywdvrf; wavsmuf½dS
rD;vHk;rsm;udk cGJzsufMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf tzsuform;rsm; r[kwfMuyg/ csKyfcs,frIr½SdpOf tqdyk grD;vH;k rsm;udk
bmrSrvkycf MhJ uyg/ bGUJ ESi;f obifwiG f vnf;aumif;? ½H;k taqmuftOD eH&w H iG f vnf;aumif;? t"dywdvrf;rBuD;ay:wGif
vnf;aumif;? oabFmaq;rsm;jzifh rdrdwdkYqEúdk azmfxkwfa&;Muonf/ ynma&;0efBuD; OD;oef;atmif\ taqmifwiG f
vufeufawGUonf[k pGypf cJG suu f kd vufz0g;wGif aq;rJow k cf g eH&w
H iG f azmfjyMuonf/ ausmif;wufaomaeYrsm;wGif eH&H
uyfpmapmifrsm;uyfí vnf;aumif;? ydpk wmrsm;uyfí vnf;aumif;? aMunmcsufrsm;xkwí f vnf;aumif;? awmif;qdk
csufrsm;? rauseyfcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwfMuonf/ ausmif;ydwf&ufnrsm;wGif 'dk;ywfwD;í vIHUaqmfqE´jyMuonf/
qE´jy&mwGif xl;xl;jcm;jcm;yHkpHrsm;jzifh jyolrsm;vnf; ½Sdonf/ yif;,aqmifü udkatmifMunfonf n
(11) em&D xdk;aomtcg ¤if;tcef;wGif za,mif;wdkifrsm; pDí xGef;xm;onf/ taqmifrSL; OD;azatmif (ygarmu©
tNidrf;pm; 'óedu) u rD;a&mifawGUí vmajymaomtcg udkatmifMunfu olYtaejzifh bk&m;rD;ylaZmfxm;onf[k
jyefajymojzifh q&mOD;azatmif acgif;½IyfoGm;onf/
þodYk ausmif;om;wdYk \vIy½f mS ;rIEiS hf ywfoufí acgif;aqmif[, k ql olrsm;udk ta&;,lvu kd yf gu OD;aqmifrI
rJhoGm;um ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rI NidrfoGm;rnf[k ,lq[ef½Sdonf/ þodkYaom tajccHjzifh wdk;wufausmif;om;tiftm;
pkudk xyfrHNzdKcGJcJhonf/
zdEydS cf sKycf s,rf u

I kd atmUEv S ;kH empGmjzifh
þodt hk Ny;D oN*KØ [&f ef jyifqifxm;pOf
403
1953 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmv (9) &uf &efuek w

f uúov kd af umifpD tpnf;ta0;rS atmufygausmif;om;wdt
hk m; aomif;use;f ol
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;[k pGyfpGJum &moufyefausmif;xkwfvdkuf\/
(1) udkbaumif; cHkeHygwf 153 0dZÆmwef; (yxrESpf)
(2) udkvS0if; cHkeHygwf 64 Oya'wef; ('kwd,ESpf)
(3) udkoef; cHkeHygwf 63 Oya'wef;
(4) udktHharmif (jrefrmpm enf;jyq&mESifh Oya'oifwef;om;)
(5) udkwifxGwf cHkeHygwf 1602 'kwd,ESpf (0dZÆm)
(6) udkoef; cHkeHygwf 110 Oypm (odyÜH)
(7) udkomausmf cHkeHygwf 83 'kwd,ESpf (0dZÆm)
(8) udkpdk;odef; cHkeHygwf 1592 'kwd,ESpf (0dZÆm)
(9) udkvSa½T cHkeHygwf 111 'kwd,ESpf (0dZÆm)
(10) udkcspfNrdKif cHkeHygwf 36 bDtufpfpD tif*sifeD,m (aemufqHk;ESpf)
(11) udkoef;Edkif cHkeHygwf 10 bDat ynmydkif;
(12) udkjrifhaqG cHkeHygwf 1485 'kwd,ESpf Oypm
(13) udktkH;armif cHkeHygwf 143 'kwd,ESpf (0dZÆm)
(14) udkatmifodef;0if; (jrefrmpmenf;jyq&mESifh yxrESpf Oya'wef;)
(15) udkausmfNidrf; cHkeHygwf 1582 'kwd,ESpf Oypm
(16) udkwifhvGif cHkeHygwf 1566 'kwd,ESpf (odyÜH)
(17) udk,k cHkeHygwf 93 bDtufpD ('kwd,ESpf)
(18) udkcifvS cHkeHygwf 178 'kwd,ESpf 0dZÆmwef;
(19) udkatmifbef; cHkeHygwf 192 'kwd,ESpf 0dZÆmwef;
(20) udkodef;atmif cHkeHygwf 198 'kwd,ESpf 0dZÆmwef;
(21) udw k ifatmif(2) cHkeHygwf 10 bDtufpD ('kwd,ESpf)
(22) udkpD cHkeHygwf 887 'kwd,ESpf (Oypm)
(23) udkvSxGef;atmif cHkeHygwf 809 yxrESpf (Oypm)
(24) udkat;armif cHkeHygwf 966 'kwd,ESpf (Oypm)
(25) udkÓPfxGef; cHkeHygwf 'kwd,ESpf (0dZÆm)
(26) udkatmifxGef; cHkeHygwf 64 wwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;om;)
(27) udkatmifrdk; cHkeHygwf 77 'kwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;om;)
(28) udkrsKd;atmifausmfvGif cHkeHygwf 115 'kwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;om;)
(29) udkodef;ñGefY cHkeHygwf aq;ausmif;om;
(30) armfemoGif cHkeHygwf 87 'kwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;ol)
atmufyg ausmif;om; (10) a,muftm; wESpfxkwfy,fonf/

(1) udkjrwfpH cHkeHygwf 84 'kwd,ESpf (0dZÆm)
(2) udkarmifarmifoGif cHkeHygwf 1312 'kwd,ESpf (Oypm odyÜH)
(3) udkwifvS cHkeHygwf 1613 'kwd,ESpf (Oypm)
(4) udkatmif cHkeHygwf 29 yxrESpf (0dZÆm)
(5) rcifzkef;rdk cHkeHygwf yxrESpf (0dZÆm)
(6) rat;ñGefY cHkeHygwf 43 'kwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;ol)
(7) udkausmfNidrf; cHkeHygwf 143 'kwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;om;)
(8) udkaomif;pdef pwkw¬ESpf (tif*sifeD,mwef;)
(9) udkwifxGef; 'kwd,ESpf (0dZÆm)
(10) udk&JxG#f yxrESpf (0dZÆm-odyÜH)
404
atmufygausmif;om;rsm; owday;cHcJU&onf/
(1) udktkef;cdkif (2) r0if;ar (3) rMuH (4) rjroef;
(5) rcif0rf; (6) udkcifarmifyGm; (7) udkat; (8) udkausmfjrifh
atmufwb
kd mta&;awmfyw
kH iG f ausmif;xkwcf &H aomausmif;om;rsm;
udo
k ed ;f atmif Sr. B.A. udt
k ;kH armif Sr. B.Com ud,
k k Sr. B.Sc udo
k mausmf Sr. B.A.
udv
k x
S eG ;f atmif Jr. B.A udw
k ifxeG ;f Sr. B.Sc udak usmNf ird ;f Sr. I.A udv
k 0S if; II. B.L
udak tmifr;kd II. M.B.B.S udak tmifbef; Sr. B.A. udrk sK;d atmifausmv
f iG f II. M.B.B.S udak usmNfird ;f II.M.B.B.S(jyef0ifciG &h f )
udjk rifaU qG Sr. I.A (jyef0ifciG &hf ) udo

k ed ;f ñGehf II. M.B.B.S udw
k ifatmif II. B.A. (Ed.) 405
ud{k armif Sr. I.A
udw
k ifarmifBu;D Sr. B.A. rcifzek ;f rdk Jr. B.A. (1 ESp)f udkvSa½T Sr. B.A.
udak tmifxeG ;f III. M.B.B.S udkwifxGwf Sr. I.Sc rjrifjU rifcU if II. M.B. (jyef0ifciG &Uf )
Edk0ifbm (26) &ufaeY? eHeuf (6) em&DrS nae (6) em&Dtxd ausmif;om;rsm; cGyfa'gif;tvHvTifhxlum
zsuo f rd ;f cH&onfh &ydik cf iG t
hf wGuf tpmiwfcq H E´jyMuonf/ wdu k yf rJG mS (1) &uftwGuf jzpfonf/ zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf t I wGuf
tavmif;aumifoN*ØK[frI qE´jyvSnfhvnfyGJ jyKvkyfonf/ ¤if;qE´jyyGJ jyKvkyfyHkrSm wu,fhtavmif;aumifxnfhaom
tacgif;udk MuHawmokóefwGif oGm;0,fonf/ yif;,aqmif udkwifa½T (rHk½Gm A[dkw&m;½Hk;a½SUae) \ tcef;qDodkY
jrif;vSnf;jzifh o,fvmonf/ ¤if;tcef;wGif tacgif;xJodkY &orQpuúLpkwfrsm; xnfhonf/ acgif;ESpfzufwGif ]zdESdyf
csKycf s,rf I tavmif;aumif} [k pmwef;a&;onf/ yif;,aqmif *dwaf ½SUwGif tavmif;aumifjyifqifxm;í ausmif;om;
xktm; pka0;aponf/
udt k ;Hk armifu obmywdtjzpf aqmif½u G í f udck ifausmfu tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf aqmif½u G of nf/ xdYk aemuf
bk&m;vrf;bwfpfum;vdkif;rS um;av;rsm;udk iSm;onf/ tjcm;bwfpfum;vdkif;rS um;rsm;udk qdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;u
Ncdr;f ajcmufyw d yf ifxm;í xdu k m;av;rsm;udk iSm;&jcif;jzpfonf/ xdu k m;av;rsm;udyk if udpk ;kd ode;f ESihf udw
k ifxeG ;f wdYk onf
toif;rS wm0ef½Sdolrsm;tm; vQKdU0SufoGm;a&muf awGUqHkaqG;aEG;NyD; aiGBudKwifay;í iSm;&jcif; jzpfonf/ um;wpD;
trd;k ay:wGif zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf t I avmif;aumif acgif;udw k ifNyD; NrdKUxJoYkd vSnv hf nfa<u;aMumfqE´ jyMuonf/ xdq k E´jyyGrJ mS
pnfum;vSonf/ yif;,*dwfa½SUodkY jyefa&mufaomtcg t"dywdvrf;ray:wGif rD;½IdUí oN*ØK[fyGJ jyKvkyfonf/ ausmif;
om;rsm;rSm txl;wuf<upGm aysmf½TifaeMuonf/ yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh rauseyfrIudk azmfxkwfjcif; jzpfygonf/
(1) &uf tpmiwfcHqE´jyyGJwGif yg0ifolrsm;rSm &moufyefausmif;xkwfcH&onfh udkatmifxGef;? udkcspfNrdKif
udkpdk;odef;? udkjrifhodef;? udkatmifrdk;? udktkH;armif? udkodef;ñGefY? udkvSxGef;atmif? udkwifvSwdkYESifh wESpfxkwfcH&onfh
udjk rwfp?H rat;ñGeYf ? udw k ifxeG ;f ? udak usmfNidr;f ? udak rmifarmifoiG w f Ykd jzpfonf/ tpmiwfct H NyD;wGif ausmif;0if;twGi;f
ausmif;om;xkESifhtwl vSnfhvnfqE´jyMuonf/
Edk0ifbmv (27) &uf? eHeuf (6) em&DrS nae (6) em&Dtxd &moufyefESifh wESpf ausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm;\
tpmiwfcHwdkufyGJudk axmufcHaomtm;jzifh yif;,aqmifrS ausmif;om; (30) tpmiwfcHqE´jyMuonf/
Edk0ifbmv (28) &uf eHeuf (6) em&DrS n (6) em&Dtxd yJcl;aqmifrS ausmif;om; (40) tpmiwfcHMuonf/
Ed0k ifbmv (29) &ufrS 'DZifbmv (1) &uftxd oH;k &ufqufvsuf tif;0aqmifa½SUwGif &moufyefausmif;
xkwfcH&aom udktkH;armif? udkatmifrdk;ESifh (1) ESpfxkwfcH&ol udkatmifMunfwdkY tpmiwfcHqE´jy Muonf/ þodkYjzifh
rw&m;rIudk tpmiwfcHyGJjzifh qE´jywkefYjyefjcif; jzpfonf/
406
(!) rEåav;wuúov
kd f ausmif;om;rsm;wdu
k yf JG
ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdtcGifhta&;twGuf rnfodkYyif aqmif½Gufapumrl tmPmvuf½Sdolrsm;onf
&uf&ufpufpuf n§i;f yef;Muonfom jzpfonf/ atmufwb kd mv (7) &uf? eHeuf (5) em&Dtcsed w f iG f rEÅav;wuúov kd ?f
atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwaf &; aqmif½u G af &;aumfrwD0if udrk if;vGif (armifom&)? rEÅav;wuúov kd f ausmif;om;
or*¾ twGi;f a&;rSL; udo k mEd;k (armifomEdk;)? rEÅav;c½dik af usmif;om;or*¾ Ouú| udu k siaf t;? twGi;f a&;rSL; udb k ek ;f Edik f
wdkYtm; rEÅav;&JtzGJUu zrf;qD;cJhonf/
atmufwdkbmv (3) &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü tdrfawmf&mbk&m; (14) cef;Z&yfwGif NrdKUrd? NrdKUz tpnf;ta0;
vky\ f / tpnf;ta0;onf ausmif;om;rdb tpnf;ta0;[k trnfwyfxm;aomfvnf; zqyvvlBuD;rsm;ESihf zqyv
u ac:,lxm;aom tvkyform;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ wuúodkvfausmif;om;rdbrsm; tpnf;ta0;[k zqyvwdkYu
ZGwq f ikd ;f bkww f ifxm;aomfvnf; pufb;D wGif xrif;csKdirhf sm;csdwí f tusÐw;kH vH;k ESihf vmMuaom jrLeDpyD ,f tvkyo f rm;
uyif zqyv\uvdrcf sKu H kd azmfjyaeonf/ rif;bl; OD;armifarmif? atmifO;D bcs?D a':MunfMunfponfh wynfzh qyv
vlBuD;rsm; awGUMuonf/
þtpnf;ta0;wGif rEÅav;wuúov kd f ausmif;tkyBf uD; OD;udak v;tm; pum;ajymaponf/ tpnf;ta0;wGif
oydwq f efYusifa&; tqdw k pfcu k kd wifoiG ;f í axmufco H nf/ tpnf;ta0;udk ½kyo f rd ;f rnfjyK&m ausmif;om;rdbwOD;u
tpnf;ta0; tpOftvmt& uefYuGufol ½Sd? r½Sd ar;jref;zdkY oifhaMumif; tMuHay;pum;ajymMum;aepOf c½dkifzqyv
vlBuD;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY*kPfodu©mudk raxmufxm;awmhbJ 'DaumifawG cs[? ½dkuf[[k ½dkif;jypGm atmf[pfMuojzifh
tpnf;ta0;rSm ½kef;&if;qefcwfjzifh ysufp;D oGm;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; qlyo l rl sm;[kajymum ausmif;om;xkwu kd yf JG
udk zsufcsifol c½dkifzqyv vlBuD;rif;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY tpnf;ta0;udkom zsufrd&ufom; MuHK&onf/
ausmif;om;xkBuD;u atmf[pfarmif;xkwo f jzifh zqyvvlBuD;rif;rsm;onf vsijf refpmG xGuaf jy;oGm;Muonf/
atmufwb kd m (8) &ufaeY tdrfawmf&mbk&m; (14) cef;Z&yfwGif rEÅav;c½dkifausmif;om;or*¾rS OD;pD;í vlxktpnf;
ta0;BuD; wck jyKvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;wGif rEÅav;wuúodkvf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;? rEÅav;c½dkif½Sd
txufwef;ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;? &[ef;oHCmrsm;? NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm; pnfum;pGm wufa&mufMuonf/
þtpnf;ta0;BuD;rS &efukefESifh rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;rsm;rS zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;tm; tjrefqHk; jyefvTwf
&efESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; n§Of;yef;? &ufpufrIrsm; &yfpJ&ef tqdkrsm; csrSwfcJhonf/ atmufwdkbm (16) &ufwGif
zqyv vlBuD;rif;rsm;onf 'Dtufpftdk ausmif;om;wpktm; rEÅav;c½dkif ausmif;om;or*¾trIaqmiftzGJU[k emrnf
wHqyd w f yfNyD; tpnf;ta0;wck ac:,lco hJ nf/
zqyvonf rdrw d Ykd qufo, G o f rQaom toif;tzGUJ rsm;udk tpnf;ta0; wufaponf/ awm½Gm½Sd Awvp
v,form;BuD;rsm;tm; trawmfaMu;ay;rnf[k nmac:um armfawmfum;BuD;rsm;jzifh tpnf;ta0; usi;f y&m usK;H axmifh
Zmwf½o kH kdY ta&mufyYkd ay;onf/ opfpufaygif;pHk tvkyform;rsm;? aq;vdyf½Hk trsKd;orD;rsm;? vGwfvyfa&; trsKd;orD;
tzGJU0ifrsm;? zqyvESifh ruif;&mruif;aMumif; tm;vHk;wdkYtm; tpnf;ta0; wufaponf/
þtpnf;ta0;usif;yjcif;onf rdbjynfolrsm;ESifh om;orD;ausmif;om;wdkYtm; &efwdkufay;&efom jzpf
onf/ v,form;rsm;tm; wHpOftpm; aoewfudkifí vnf;aumif;? aq;vdyf½Hk trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; uwfaMu;tpm;
aoewfudkifí vnf;aumif;? tvkyform;rsm;tm; wltpm; aoewfudkifí vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;udk wdkufcdkuf
vmap&ef &efwdkufay;jcif; jzpfonf/
rEÅav;c½kdifausmif;om;or*¾rS *spfum;wpD;jzifh usHK;axmifheHab;rS aeí zqyvvkyf 'Dtufpftdku Auo
tjzpf vdrí f ac:,ljcif; jzpfaMumif;udk ½Si;f jyavonf/ xdt k cg vlxBk uD;rSm ½Si;f jyae onfh *spu f m;em;wGif ysm;tHBk uD;vdk
jzpfvmonf/ þwGif ykvdyft&m½SdtcsKdU a&mufvmNyD; toHcsJUpufvdkifpifESifh *spfum;vdkifpif odrf;,lMuonf/ usKH;
axmifhrS taemufzufodkY a½TUoGm;&ef ajymonf/ ausmif;om;xku ae&ma½TUoGm;í vlxkBuD;uvnf; a½TUvdkufvmMu
onf/
½kwfw&uf vpftdkAm ykvdyfum;wpfpD; a&mufvmonf/ *spfum;udk 0dkif;NyD; ydwfxm;vdkufonf/
]igwdkh olcdk;"g;jy r[kwfbl;}
]aoewf armif;rwifeJha[U}
]wdkhudk aoewfeJhcsdefzrf;zdkh rvdkbl;}
tHwBudwBf udwf jzpfvmMuonf/ ausmif;om;awGukd u,fvMkd uonf/ aoewfawGu olwYkd a½SUwGif umqD;
407
aeonf/
]vlxkBuD; cifAsm;}
]rw&m;zrf;wm MunfUraeMuygeJh}
]uRefawmfwdkh ausmif;om;vli,fawGudk rw&m;zrf;ukefygNyD}
]'Drdkua&pD r½Sdawmhyg}
]wdkhudkzrf;wm zufqpftpdk;&}
ta½SUe,f&0J efaxmuf OD;oef;azESihf &Jt&m½Sd OD;armifuav;wdYk OD;pD;aomykvyd rf sm;onf ausmif;wvydwaf &;
aumfrwD0if udkcifarmifOD;tm; ZGwfzrf;qD;Muonf/ udkcifarmifOD;tm; ykvdyfuwzuf ausmif;om;uwzuf ZGwfvk
qGJMuonf/ udkcifarmifOD;ESifh ausmif;om;wcsKdU ygoGm;onf/
1953 ck? Edk0ifbmv (27) &ufaehwGifvnf; rEåav;wuúodkvfausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYu atmufygausmif;om;ôl

wdkhtm; aomif;usef;olwdkh\udk,fpm;vS,frsm;[k taMumif;jyum &moufyefausmif;xkwfvdkufMuonf/
(1) udkausmfOD; 0dZÆm u-ydkif;
(2) rjrifhjrifhMunf 0dZÆm u-ydkif;
(3) udkjrifhatmif Oypm c-ydkif;
(4) udkndK Oypm c-ydkif;
(5) udkausmfpdk; Oypm c-ydkif;
(6) udkrif;rif; Oypm u-ydkif;
(7) udkodef;vGif Oypm c-ydkif;
(8) udkcifarmifOD; Oypm u-ydkif;
(9) udo k mvS Oypm u-ydkif;
(10) udkomEdk; OypmodyÜH c-ydkif;
(11) udktkef;armif OypmodyÜH c-ydkif;
(12) udktkef;az Oypm u-ydkif;
(13) rararvIdif Oypm c-ydkif;
(14) rwifwif&D Oypm u-ydkif;
rEåav;ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; wcJeufqE´jyonf
408
(15) udkaX; OypmodyÜH c-ydkif;

(16) udkom'if Oypm c-ydkif;
(17) udk0if;armif Oypm c-ydkif;
(18) udkjrifhodef; Oypm u-ydkif;
(19) udk0if;armifoef; Oypm u-ydkif;
atmufygausmif;om;rsm;rSm wESpfxkwfy,fcH&onf/
(1) udknDnD OypmodyÜH c-ydkif;
(2) udkat;aomif OypmodyÜH c-ydkif;
(3) rcifoef;vIdif OypmodyÜH c-ydkif;
(4) rwifyk OypmodyÜH c-ydkif;
(5) rcifoef;0if; Oypm u-ydkif;
(6) rcifcif&D Oypm u-ydkif;
atmufygausmif;om;rsm; owday;cH&onf/
1/ udkÓPfvIdif
2/ udk[defoif
3/ udkcifarmifodef; wdkYtm; txl;owday;NyD;?
1/ udkpdkif;bdkav;
2/ udkausmfjrifhvIdif
3/ udkoef;xGef; wdkYtm; owday;cH&onf/
(¡) atmufwb
kd mom;orD;rsm;
e,fcsJUt*Fvdyftpdk;&onfyifvQif Armausmif;om;ESpfOD; (udkEkESifh udkatmifqef;) udkom ausmif;xkwfcJhNyD;
zqyvtpdk;&onf ausmif;om; (59) a,muftm; &moufyefausmif;xkwfí? (16) a,mufudk wESpfxkwfy,fvdkuf
onf/
þodkY ausmif;xkwfjcif;onf ausmif;om;xktwGuf tcGifhta&;awmif;qdkrIrsm;wGif acgif;aqmifay;cJhMuol
rsm;jzpfNyD; aemifwGif ausmif;om;ta&;udk awmif;qdk&Jolr½Sdatmif zdESdyfjcif;jzpfonf/ aomif;usef;oludk,fpm;vS,f[k
pGyfpGJvdkufjcif;jzifh tpdk;&\ Oya'e,ferdwftwGif;ü rae&Jatmif awmodkYESifxkwfjcif; jzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh
'Drdkua&pD pnf;0dkif;twGif;rS vkyfMuyg[k wzGzGatmfaeaom zqyvwdkYonf 'Drdkua&pDtm; ydwfyifjcif;? 'Dtufpftdk
rsm;ESifh twdkuftcHvkyfolrsm;tm; n§Of;yef;jcif; jzpfonf/ vlqdkonfrSm rdrdudk,fudk wefzdk;txm;qHk;? rdrdtusKd;udk
txdef;odrf;qHk; owå0gjzpfonf/
“SELF PRESERVATION IS THE MOST PRIMARY LAW OF NATURE”
rdrb
d 0twGuf &ydik cf iG t
hf cGit
hf a&;rsm; zsuof rd ;f cH&vQif vlwikd ;f awmif;qdk wku
d yf 0JG ifrmS jzpfonf/ atmufwb kd m
om;orD;rsm;rSm Advk af tmifausmt f m; ½ku d o
f wfcMhJ uaom t*Fvyd w f Ykdvykd if zqyv\ yk'rf (144)? a&ydu k ?f rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH ?
aoewfusnfqefwdkYjzifh tMurf;zufrI cHMu&onf/
tzrf;cH&olrsm;wGif tcsKdUrSm wESpfajcmufvrQ zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif cH&onf/ zrf;qD;xm;aom tcsdefwGifvnf;
q,f&uf? q,fhESpf&uf? qufwdkuf tcsKdUrSm wvcefY qufwdkufar;jref;cH&onf/ acG;ajccHkwGif xdkifcdkif;NyD; rtdyf&bJ
ESpfq,fhav;em&D qufwdkufar;jcif;udk tcsKdUrSm oHk;&ufcefY? tcsKdUrSm q,fhoHk;&ufcefY qufwdkufar;jref; cH&onf/
tcsKdUrSm vQyfppfrD;a&mifuvGJí aea&mif? va&mifrjrif&aom ajcmufayywfvnf tcef;xJwGif wvcGJrQ avSmifxm;
cH&onf/ tcsKdUrSm zrf;qD;pOfESifh zrf;tNyD;wGif ½dkufESufn§Of;qJcH&onf/
&moufyef ausmif;xkwcf &H aom ausmif;om; ESpOf ;D jzpfonfh udb k aumif;ESihf udv k 0S if;rSm 0&rf;xkwcf &H onf/
udkausmfpdk;rSm xyftzrf;cH&onf/
409
(P) trsK;d om;aehusi;f yjcif;

xdEk pS w
f iG f trsK;d om;aeYEiS hf ausmif;om;aeYukd atmifjrifpmG usi;f ycJo
h nf/ *spu
f m;rsm;ay:wGif zdEydS cf sKyfcs,frI
o½kyfjyyGJrsm; jyKvkyfí NrdKUwGif;odkU pDwef;a<u;aMumfcJhonf/ tdk;pnf0dkif;? 'dk;ywf0dkif;wdkYESifh txl;pnfum;vSonf/
armfawmf,mOftoif;rsm;udk zqyvtpdk;&u tusyfudkif Ncdrf;ajcmufxm;í um;rsm;iSm;í r&/ xdktcg udkuHwif
(aemif zGHUNzdK;a&;odyÜH? 'k-ausmif;tkyf)? jyZmwf ½kyf&Sifrif;orD; a':MunfMunfaX;ESifh oduRrf;í a':MunfMunfaX;\
cifyGef;? Munf-yk um;vdkif; Ouú| OD;atmifodef;udk csOf;uyftultnDawmif;cJo h nf/ toif;taejzifh r[kwb f J wOD;
csif;xHrS iSm;onfhtaejzifh um;rsm; iSm;cJh&onf/ a':MunfMunfaX;ESifh OD;atmifodef;\ tultnD rsm;pGm&cJhonf/
(w) w&m;½H;k wGi&f ifqikd af &;udpö

0efBuD;csKyfOD;Eku ta&;,lcJhjcif;udpEö Sifhywfoufí w&m;½Hk;wGif&ifqkdif&ef wkefYjyefcJhonf/ tpdk;&u a½SUae
p&dwaf y;rnf[k aMunmcJo h nf/ ausmif;om;wdYk onf vlxv k yI ½f mS ;rI (Mass Movement) udo k m ,HMk unforl sm;jzpfí
w&m;½H;k wGif Oya'aMumif;t& &ifqikd &f ef tm;ud;k ,HMk unfjcif;jzpfonf/ odYk aomf ig;Muif;qDjzifih g;Muif;om; jyefaMumf
aomxHk;udk pOf;pm;cJhonf/ xdktcGifhta&;udk toHk;cs&ef tmPmydkifrsm;\ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIudk azmfxkwf&ef pOf;pm;cJMh u
onf/ (Mass Action ESihf Legal Action) ESprf sKd;vH;k toH;k cs&ef &nf½, G jf cif;jzpfonf/ tpd;k &u a½SUaewOD;twGuf
aiGusyf (500) om ay;ygonf/ ausmif;om;xkonf rdrw d YkdbufrS ulnv D o
kd l w&m;cGiüf tpd;k &u NidKjiifruI kd raMumufol
jynfoltrsm; pdwf0ifpm;onfh xif½Sm;aom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;&Edkif&ef BudK;pm;cJhonf/ a'gufwmbarmfudk csOf;uyftultnD
awmif;aomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJhyg/
(x) 1952-53 wuo ESpyf wfvnftpD&ifcpH m

&efuek wf uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;\ 1952-53 ckEpS t f wGuf trIaqmiftzGUJ zGUJ pnf;&ef yxrywf a½G;aumufyJG
udk 1952 ck? Mo*kwfv (22) &ufaeYwGif usif;ycJhayonf/ xdka½G;aumufyGJrS Ouú|tjzpf udkudkBuD;? 'k-Ouú|tjzpf
udkBudKifESifh aiGxdef;tjzpf udkpdefoif;wdkYtm; a½G;cs,fwifajr§muf cJhMuonf/
'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf trIaqmif (6) OD; a½G;aumufyGJudk 1952 ck? pufwifbmv (4) &ufaeYü usif;y&m
udkatmifbef;? udkMunfñGefY? udkausmf0if;? udk0if;armif? udkcifarmifjrifh? udkwifhvGifwdkYtm; ausmif;om;xkBuD;u
a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufvdkufMuayonf/
1952-53 ckESpftwGuf trIaqmiftzGJYudk atmufygtwdkif; wm0efcGJa0cJUMuayonf/
1/ udkudkBuD; Ouú|
2/ udkBudKif 'k-Ouú|
3/ udkpdefoif; (bDat) aiGxdef;
4/ udkatmifbef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
5/ udkausmf0if; wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh owif;ESifh jyefMum;a&;wm0efcH
6/ udkMunfñGefY EdkifiHjcm; qufoG,fa&;wm0efcH
7/ udk0if;armif upm;ckefpm;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI jr§ifhwifa&;wm0efcH
8/ udkcifarmifjrifh vlxkqufoG,fa&;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;wm0efcH
9/ udkwifhvGif ausmif;om;oufom acsmifcsda&;wm0efcH
trIaqmiftzGUJ rS td;k a0r*¾Zif;wm0efct H ,f'w
D mtjzpf udv
k 0S if; (bDat) ESihf pmMunfw
h u
kd rf LS ;tjzpf udo
k ef;
armifwdkYtm; a½G;cs,fcefYtyf xm;cJhayonf/ tdk;a0r*¾Zif; wm0efcHt,f'Dwm udkvS0if; (bDat) rSm wm0ef,l
aqmif½GufaepOf EdkifiHjcm;odkY oGm;a&mufae&ojzifh EkwfxGufpmwifcJh&m trIaqmiftzGJUu vufcHNyD;? tdk;a0r*¾Zif;
wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf udkbaumif;tm; xyfrHa½G;cs,f cefYtyfcJhayonf/
1952-53 ckESpf tdk;a0r*¾Zif; trIaqmiftzGJYudk atmufygtwdkif; zGJYpnf;cJUayonf/
1/ udkbaumif; wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
2/ udkpdefoif; (bDat) aiGxdef;
410
3/ udkausmfatmif twGif;a&;rSL;
4/ udkodef;atmif tvkyfwm0efcH
5/ udkausmfaX; trIaqmif
6/ udk,k trIaqmif
7/ oef;oef; trIaqmif
&efukefwuúodkvf udk,fvufMuHUcdkifa&;aumifpDwGif 1952-53 ckESpftwGuf ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vnft
jzpf aqmif½Guf&ef udk0if;armif? udkcsrf;om? udkwif&D? udkboGif? udkvSjrifhwdkYudk trIaqmiftzGJUrS a½G;cs,fcJhNyD;vQif
wuopm&if;ppftjzpf udkoef;xG#ftm; cefYtyfcJhayonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfaumifpDwGif ausmif;om;ta&;ESifh ywf
oufaom jyóemrsm;twGuf aqmif½Guf&ef wuo udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf OD;armifarmifausmf (bDat) ESifh OD;vSwif
(bDat? bDt,fvf) wdkYtm; a½G;cs,fcJhonf/ OD;armifarmifausmfrSm wuúodkvf&dyfomaumfrwDESifh ausmif;om;rsm;
axmufyahH Mu; (pwdik yf if) aumfrwDwYkd wiG f yg0ifaqmif½u
G &f í OD;vSwifrmS ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDEiS hf aq;½Hak umfrwD
wGif yg0ifaqmif½Gufvsuf ½Sdayonf/ ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwGif ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf udkudkBuD; (Ouú|)
ESifh udkcifarmifjrifhwdkUtm; a½G;cs,fyg0ifapcJhonf/
trIaqmiftzGJY\ 0g'
wuoOuú|opf usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJudk &efukefwuúodkvf ,k'oefcef;rü 20? 9? 52 &ufaeYu usif;y
jyKvkyfcJhNyD;vQif 1952-53 ckESpf wuotrIaqmiftzGJU\ 0g'udk aMunmcJhayonf/
1/ tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynma&;ESifh ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifhjzL;a&;?
2/ ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;ESihf w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;jyóemwdik ;f wGif aqmif½u G vf akd om ausmif;om;
tiftm;pkrsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wdkYESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufa&;?
3/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;? ,Ofaus;rI jr§ifhwifa&;ESifh ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; &if;ESD;pGm aygif;oif;
qufqHa&;wdkYyif jzpfayonf/
txufygvkyfief;rsm;;udk ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ qEÉSifh nd§EIdif;NyD;vQif ausmif;om;tjrif? ausmif;
om;t,ltq? ausmif;om;xifjrifcsurf sm;jzifh OD;vnfroHk aqmif½u G o f mG ;rnf[k aMunmcJah yonf/ xdak MunmcJah om
tajccH0g' (3) &yfudk atmifjrifap&eftwGuf wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf 1952-53 ckESpfwGif vkyaf qmifrnfh vkyf
ief;pOf (10) csufuv kd nf; owfrw S xf m;cJuh m usrf;opömusdeq
f ykd rJG mS yif xkwjf yefaMunmcJah yonf/
xdkYaMumifh wuo tvkyftrIaqmiftpnf;ta0;wGif 1952-53 ckESpf wuo tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU\
vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif½u G cf sufrsm;udk wifjyrnfjzpfayonf/ xdo k Ykd wifjy&mwGif trIaqmiftzGUJ \ aMunmcJah om vkyif ef;
pOf (10) csuf? rnfa½GUrnfrQ taumiftxnfazmfEdkifrnfudk qef;ppf wifjyrnfjzpfayonf/ ,ck tpD&ifcHpmrSm
wuo\ wdak wmif;vSaom (6) vrQ umvMumonfh oufwrf;twGi;f aqmif½u G cf ahJ omvkyif ef;rsm;ukd tpD&ifcx
H m;
jcif;jzpf&m tajccH0g'ay:wGifrSDNyD; tydkif;BuD; (3) ydkif; cGJjcm;um tpD&ifcHoGm;rnf jzpfayonf/
tqifUtwef;jrifUaomynma&;ESifU ausmif;om;b0om,majzmifUjzL;a&;
,aeY &efukefwuúodkvf\ tajctaeudk wifjytpD&ifcHvdkygonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif t&nftcsif;
jynfh0aom q&mrsm;enf;yg;vsuf ½Sd\/ ausmif;oHk;ud&d,mrSmvnf; ausmif;om;OD;a&ESifh pmvQif vHk;0rvHkavmufbJ
csKdUwJhvsuf½Sd\/ avmu"gwfqdkif&m ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;? "gwkaA'prf;oyf&ef tcef;rsm;rSm ,ck tcsdeftxd ravmuf
riS jzpfíaeayonf/ ,ckuJhodkY rvHkravmuf t&m&mwGif csKdU,Gif;vsuf oifMum;ae&aom ausmif;om;ynm&yfrsm;
rSm rnfuo hJ Ykd tqift
h wef;½So
d nfukd cefYreS ;f Edik af yonf/ ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGivf nf; wcef;wGif (2) a,muf aecJah omf
vnf;? wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmaom ausmif;om;OD;a&ESihf rvHrk avmuf jzpfcahJ yonf/ xdrk Qyifru ckwif? pm;yG?J pmtkypf if
paom rvHrk avmufjzpfaeonfh jyóemrsm;ESihf ausmif;aqmifwikd ;f wGif &ifqidk v f suf ½SMd uayonf/ tpm;taomufwiG f
vnf; nHzh sif;vsuf? rusef;rrmjyefvQifvnf; aq;0g;ukoa&;twGuf tcuftcJawGUí ae&ayonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;
tzdkY ausmif;aq;½HkwGif wufa&mufukoEdkifaomfvnf; ausmif;olrsm;tzdkY ausmif;aqmifwGifyif aq;0g;ukoíae&
ayao;onf/
usef;rma&; tajctaeqdk;½Gm;ojzifh &efukefaq;½HkBuD;odkY ydkYjyefvQifvnf; aq;odyÜH ausmif;om;r[kwfygu
ausmif;om;twGuf oD;oefYxm;aomtcef;wGif wufa&mufukocGifhr&cJhay/ aq;uko&mwGifvnf; tcrJhaq;uko
411
jcif; rcH&bJ? aq;zdk;0g;c q&m0efcudkyg ay;aqmifae&onfudk awGU½Sd&ayonf/ xdYk aMumifh rdwuG?J zwuGJ w&yfae
wajrjcm;odkY vma&muf qnf;yl;ae&aom ausmif;om;rsm;\ usef;rma&;ESifh ywfoufNyD; BudKwifumuG,frIrsm;rSm
rsm;pGmrSyif nHhzsif;aeonfudk awGU½Sdae&ayonf/ ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif½Sd a&csKd;cef;rsm;? tdrfomrsm;rSm npfywfvsuf
aeayonf/
tpm;taomuf? taetxdkif? usef;rma&; csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;wGifomru ynmoifMum;a&;bufwGifvnf;
rjynfhpHk? pmar;yGJpepfrSmvnf; wrsKd;NyD;wrsKd; ajymif;vJaeojzifh ausmif;om;rsm;rSm 'ku©trsKd;rsKd;ESifh &ifqdkifvsuf
½Sdayonf/ pD;yGm;a&; tcuftcJaMumifh ausmif;raeEdkifaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf axmufyHhaMu; ay;onfrSmvnf;
(5) &mcdkifEIef;avmufom ay;aeonfhtwGuf rsm;pGmvdkvsuf ½Sdonfudk awGU½Sd&ayonf/
txufyg rjynfhrpHk rvHkavmufjcif;rsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;\ avmavmq,f vdktyfcsufrsm;udk aqmif½Guf
ay;jcif;onfomvQif tqift h wef;jrifah om ynma&;ESihf ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifjh zL;a&;twGuf tajccHtw k jf rpf
csrSwEf ikd jf cif; jzpfayvdrrhf nf[k ,HMk unfayonf/ xdYk aMumifh wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ onf ausmif;om;rsm;\ epfemcsuf
rsm;? qHk;½IH;aeaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk azmfxkwfum awmif;qdk&eftwGuf wuúodkvfü½Sdaom bmom&yfqdkif&m toif;
tzGUJ rsm;? o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk zdwMf um;um aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; vkycf MhJ uonf/ tMuHÓPfrsm;udk
awmif;qdkcJhMuayonf/
xdktpnf;ta0;rsm;rS azmfxkwfcsufrsm;? tMuHÓPfrsm;udk,lum wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf ausmif;om;
rsm;\ vdv k m;csuf (22) csufukd azmfxw k u f m? 30? 9? 52 &ufaeYwiG f wuúov kd af umifpo D Ykd wifjyawmif;qdk cJhayonf/
þawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk &efukefwuúodkvf o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf 'kwd,ESpf0ufnDvmcHBuD;rS vnf;
aumif;? waumif;ausmif;aqmif? jynfausmif;aqmif? oxHkausmif;aqmif? yJcl;ausmif;aqmif? ppfudkif;ausmif;aqmif?
tif;vsm;ausmif;aqmif? oD&d (bifwef) ausmif;aqmif ausmif;om;xk pnf;a0;yGrJ sm;rS vnf;aumif;? &efuek w f uúov kd f
tdE, d´ trsK;d om;ausmif;olôm;rsm;toif;? &efuek w f uúov kd f ynmodyHÜ ausmif;olôm;rsm;toif;rsm;rS vnf;aumif;?
wuo awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk axmufcHcJhMuayonf/
'DZifbmv (20) &uf ausmif;om;aeYwGif usif;yaom ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJBuD;wGif awmif;qdkcsuf
(22) csufudk wuoaiGxdef; udkpdefoif; udk,fwdkifwifoGif;um ausmif;om;xkBuD; w&yfvHk;u axmufcHcJhMuayonf/
xdkpnf;a0;yGJtNyD;wGif ausmif;om;xkBuD;onf t"dywdvrf;rBuD;rS &efukefwuúodkvf bGJUESif;obifcef;rBuD;odkY
csDwufum qE´jyaxmufcHcJhMuayonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpDwGifyg0ifaom wuoudk,fpm;vS,f aumifpDvlBuD; (2)
OD;uvnf; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;&½Sda&;? taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif aqmif½GufcJhMuayonf/
,ckuo hJ Ykd ausmif;om;xk\epfemcsufrsm;udk ta&;qd&k mwGif wuotrIaqmif\ rSeu f efaom acgif;aqmif
rI? ausmif;om;xkBuD; w&yfvHk;u pnf;vHk;nDñGwfpGmESifh tifwdkuftm;wdkuf axmufcHrI? wuoudk,fpm;vS,f
aumifpDvlBuD;wdkU\ BudK;yrf;rIaMumifh awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk tm;vHk;vdkvdkyif &½SdcJhMuayonf/
þawmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm wuotrIaqmiftzGJUESifh o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;? bmom&yfqdkif&m
toif;tzGJUrsm;\ aqG;aEG;csufrsm;ay:rS ay:xGufvmaom awmif;qdkcsuf (22) csufjzpfNyD; or*¾0if ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;rsm; odNyD;jzpfcJhayonf/ þawmif;qdkcsuf (22) csufrSm a½S;,cif wufa&mufcJhMuaom trIaqmiftzGJU
wdkif;vdkyif awmif;qdkcJhMuaomfvnf;? taumiftxnf ay:aygufcsufrSm enf;yg;vSayonf/ ,ckESpf wufa&mufcJh
aom trIaqmiftzGUJ onf r&rae tqifq h ifah omenf;rsm;jzifh BudK;yrf;rnf[k uwday;aMunmcJo h nft
h wdik ;f &½Sad p&ef
aqmif½GufcJhMuonf/
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk (1) ausmif;aqmifESifh ywfoufaom awmif;qdkcsuf? (2) pmar;yGJESifh ywfoufaom
awmif;qdkcsuf? (3) taxGaxGawmif;qdkcsuf[lí a,bk,stm;jzifh cGJjcm;Edkifayonf/ txufyg awmif;qdkcsuf
rsm;rSm trIaqmiftzGJUu csrSwfxm;aom tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynma&;ESifh ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifhjzL;a&;
[laom 0g'ESifh udkufnD taxmuftuljyKaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm; jzpfayonf/
atmifjrifrIrsm;
ausmif;aqmifESifh ywfoufí awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wGif ,ckjrifawGUaeonfhtwdkif;yif rdef;uav;rsm;twGuf
ausmif;aqmifwaqmif? a,mufsm;av;rsm;twGuf ausmif;aqmif (4) aqmif aqmufvyk af e&m taumiftxnftjzpf
ay:aygufcJhayonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpD\ jyefMum;csuft&rSm ZGefvausmif;zGifhtrD NyD;pD;rnf[líum; rcefYrSef;
Edkifay/
412
ynmodyÜHausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ausmif;taqmuftODudk azazmf0g&Dv tNyD;avmufwGif aqmufvkyfEkdif

rnfjzpfí? aq;odyÜHausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ausmif;aqmifwaqmifudk rwfv 'kwd,ywftwGif; tkwfjrpfcsEdkifrnf[k
uwd&½SdcJhayonf/
xdkYaemuf ausmif;aqmifwdkif;\ oD;jcm;vdkvm;csufjzpfaom trdk;rsm;jyifqif&efESifh oxHkESifh tif;0ausmif;
aqmif pMuFefvrf;csif; qufpyfa&;twGuf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk aEG&moDwGiftNyD; aqmif½Gufay;rnf[k uwd&½SdcJhay
onf/
o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;wdkif;udkvnf; upm;aMu;aiG (200) usyfpD xkwfay;&ef awmif;qdk&mwGifvnf;
&½SdcJhayonf/ ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwGifvnf; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f (2) a,muf yg0ifaqmif½GufcGifhudkvnf;
&½SdcJhayonf/ ausmif;aqmifwdkif;wGif a&vHkavmufpGm&½Sda&;twGuf t0DpdwGif; (8) wGif; wl;&ef awmif;qdkcJh&m
tm;vHk;yif&½Sdí ,cktcsdefwGif wl;í NyD;pD;cJhayonf/
ausmif;aqmifcef;c (17) usyfrS (12) usyfodkY avQmhcsa&;wGif taumiftxnf ,cktcsdeftxd ray:ayguf
ao;bJ aqmif½GufqJyif jzpfayonf/ þudpöudk aqmif½Guf&ef wuotrIaqmif (2) OD;ESifh wuoudk,fpm;vS,f
vlBuD; (1) OD;onf ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwGif enf;vrf;rsm;udk ½SmazGcJhMuayonf/ pm&if;rsm;udk ppfaq;cJhMuonf/
þuJhodkY ½SmazGppfaq;cJhojzifh (5) usyf ravQmhEdkifonfhwdkifatmif awmfawmfrsm;rsm; avQmhEdkifvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifh
&ayonf/ þawmif;qdkcsufudkrlum; ausmif;zGifhpupNyD; cHpm;&vdrfhrnf[k tpD&ifcHcJh vdkayonf/
pmar;yGJta&;rsm;
pmar;yGJta&;ESifh ywfoufí trIaqmiftzGJUonf aqmif½GufEdkifcJhayonf/
vGefcJhaom 1951-52 ckESpf tydkif; (u) pmar;yGJwGif us½HI;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk t&pfuspmar;yGJwGif
0ifa&mufajzqdck iG u hf kd Oypmwef;ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf 0dZmÆ wef;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuyf g &½Scd ahJ yonf/ t&pfuspmar;yGu J kd
1956 ckEpS t f xd wd;k csJUay;&ef awmif;qdck &hJ m atmifjrifcahJ yonf/ þuJo h Ykd t&pfuspmar;yGu J kd awmif;qdck Jh&mwGif ,ck
vuf½dS ajzqdak eoltm;vH;k twGuu f o
kd m awmif;qdck ahJ yonf/ ,ckuo hJ Ykd awmif;qd&k jcif;rSm pmar;yGJ (2) rsK;d r½Sad pvdo k nfh
twGufaMumifhyif jzpfayonf/
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jcif;tm;jzifh wuúov kd wf iG f txl;tvkyrf sm;jym;vmrnf jzpfayonf/ txl;ojzifh urÇmwGif pHwnfxm;aom wuúov kd f
\ tqift h wef;udk rrD½rkH Qru? wuúov kd 'f *D &D\ wefz;kd udv
k nf; usqif;oGm;ayrnf jzpfayonf/ wzef pmar;yGpJ epf
(2) rsKd;teuf wrsKd;rsKd;udk jzKwfypf&ef twGufrSm ausmif;om;trsm;pku tydkif; (u) (c) pepfudk vufcHcJhaomaMumifh
wpwp ½kyfodrf;ay;&ef awmif;qdkcJhjcif; jzpfygaMumif;/
tif*sifeD,moifwef;udk wufa&mufoifMum;vdkaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ocsFmbmomwGif (50)
&mcdkifEIef; r&aomfvnf; oifwef;udk wufa&mufEdkifcGifhESifh tydkif; (u) pmar;yGJus½HI;cJhaom ausmif;om;rsm;tzdkU
tykdif; (u) pmar;yGJwGif xyfrHajzqdk&mü NyD;cJhaomESpfu oifMum;cJh&aom oifcef;pmrsm;udkom ar;jref;&ef awmif;
qdkcJh&m &½SdcJhayonf/
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cJ&h m &½Scd ahJ yonf/ xdak wmif;qdck suft& (60) &mcdik Ef eI ;f &aom ausmif;om;rsm;tzdYk (Credit) qdak om *kPx f ;l 0daoo
xnfhay;&efudkum; vufoifhcHcJhayonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf xl;cRefaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tm;ay;&rnf[k
trIaqmiftzGJUu ,HkMunfvufcHaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf axmufyahH Mu;ay;&mwGif ,cifu (5) &mckid Ef eI ;f rQ ay;cJo h nft h wGuf (10) &mcdik Ef eI ;f
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onf/
þawmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm tm;vHk;r&½Sdonfhwdkifatmif? auseyfvufcHavmufonftxd &½SdcJhygonf[k
tpD&ifcHvdkayonf/ þodkY awmif;qdk&mwGif wuowOD;wnf;omru o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;? bmom&yf
413
qdkif&m toif;tzGJUrsm;? vlrsKd;pktzGJUtpnf;rsm;? EdkifiHjcm;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; yl;aygif;

aqmif½Gufcsufjzifh &½SdcJhayonf[k azmfjytpD&ifcHvdkayonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpDESifh wuoonf ausmif;om;rsm;
ta&;ESihf wuúov kd \ f ta&;udk ESpzf uf pOf;pm;MuNyD;vQif em;vnfrI &½Scd , hJ rkH Qru ausmif;om;rsm;tusK;d ? wuúov kd \f
tusKd;udk o,fy;kd Murnf[al om &nf½, G cf sufjcif; wlncD MhJ uayonf/ odYk aMumifv h nf; awmif;qdck sufrsm; &½Scd MhJ uonf
[k azmfjytpD&ifcHvdkygonf/
txufyg awmif;qdkcsufrsm;tjyif ta&;ay:awmif;qdkcsufrsm;jzpfaom atmufygtcsufrsm;udkvnf;
awmif;qdk taumiftxnfazmf cJhavonf/
(u) pepfa[mif;t& usif;yjyKvkyfrnfh rwfvESifh ZGefv Oypmpmar;yGJwdkYwGif rdrdwdkY ajzqdk&ef usef½Sdonfh
bmom&yfrsm;ESifhtwl (Eligible) rjzpfonfh bmom&yfrsm; (Oyrm- Biology) udkyg wygwnf; ajzqdkcGifh/
(c) ,ckrwfvwGif usif;yjyKvkyfrnfh OypmodyÜHtydkif; (c) pmar;yGJwGif "mwkaA'bmom&yfü ,cifESpfu
ar;NyD;jzpfaom (Acid Radical) xnfo h iG ;f í ar;rnfqakd om tcsufukd y,fzsufay;&ef awmif;qdck &hJ m &½Scd ahJ yonf/
(8) bDtD;'D 'D*&D&½SdNyD;aom ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;udk ynma&;Xmeü rnfonfhwm0efudk xrf;aqmif
&onfjzpfap bDpDtufpf txufwef; (Senior Branch) ay;yg&ef awmif;qdkcsufudk ynma&;0efBuD;xHodkY awmif;qdk
xm;aMumif;/
(C) &efukefaq;½HkBuD;wGif wufa&mufukoaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ae&m (8) ae&m ay;xm;aMumif;
udk wuoawmif;qdkcsufrsm; awmif;qdkpOfu wuúodkvfaumifpDrS jyefMum;pmwGif yg½SdcJhaomfvnf; wu,fhvufawGU
wGif wuúodkvfausmif;om;wdkif; oD;oefYcef;ü wufa&mufukocGifh r&½Sdonfudk uG,fvGefolausmif;om; udak pmMunf
udpw ö iG f awGU½S&d ojzifh wuorS &efuek w f uúov kd af q;½Hrk S aq;½HBk uD;odYkyUkd aom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wdik ;f tm; ul;puf
wwfaom a&m*grsm;rSwyg; ausmif;om;twGuf oD;oefYtcef; (Student Ward) wGif xm;ay;&ef/
uG,v f eG of l Oypmodyt HÜ xufwef;ausmif;om; udak pmMunfukd (Student Ward) rS (Ward One and Two)
odkY ajymif;a½TUonfh wm0efcHq&mrESifh udkapmMunfudk *½kwpdkufppfaq;Munfh½Ium aq;ay;jcif;? aq;0g;ukojcif;
udk rjyKvkyfaom oufqdkif&mwm0efcH q&m0efukd tjrefqHk; ta&;,lay;yg&ef awmif;qdkcJh½HkrQru wuorSwqifh
owif;axmufrsm;tm; ½Sif;vif;yGJjyKvkyfum jynfolxHodkY wifjycJhayonf/
(i) azazmf0g&DvESihf rwfvwGif usif;yrnfh pmar;yGJrsm;twGuf pmar;yGJ0ifaMu;udk Zefe0g&Dv (15) &uf
aemufqHk;xm;í ay;oGif;&efudk y,fzsufí Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufaeYtxd wdk;csJUay;&ef awmif;qdk&½Sdayonf/
(p) wuorS OD;pD;vsuf (3) vywf wuúodkvf0ifoifwef;udk Edk0ifbmv (26) &ufaeYrSpí or*¾
taqmuftODü pwifzGifhvSpfcJh&m ausmif;om;aygif; (120) ausmf wufa&mufcJhavonf/
(q) &efukefwuúodkvfaumifpDrSm tif*sifeD,maumvdyf? vQyfppftif*sifeD,m uxdu Mr. Ping Lee udk
(3) v BudKwifowday;um rwfv (31) &ufaeYwiG f tvky&f yfp&J ef taMumif;Mum;cJah yonf/ Mr. Ping Lee rSm
ausmif;om;rsm; em;vnfatmif oifjyEdkifaom uxduwOD; jzpf½HkrQru (2) ESpf pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkum vkyfudkifcJholjzpfay
onf/ odkYaomf wuúodkvfaumifpDrS pmcsKyftwdkif; qufvufrcefYxm;bJ? t&nftcsif;½Sdol q&mwOD;tm; tvkyf&yf
pJcJhjcif;rSm w&m;rrQwonfhtwGuf tvkyf&yfpJjcif;udk y,fzsufum pmcsKyftwkdif; qufvufcefYxm;&ef awmif;qdk
cJhayonf/ tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS txufygawmif;qdkcsufudkvnf; wuorS axmufcHcJhayonf/ þ
enf;jzifh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; tusKd;udkomru wuúodkvfq&m? q&mrwdkY\ w&m;rQwaom jyóemwdkif;udk
wuorS aqmif½GufoGm;rnf jzpfayonf/
wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ vdkvm;csuf epfemcsufrsm;udk
ajz½Si;f ay;½Hrk u pdu k yf sK;d a&;? 0dZmÆ ? odyaHÜ usmif;om;rsm;or*¾rsm;\ awmif;qdck surf sm;ESihf tpd;k &pufrv I ufrI tif*sief , D m
twwfoifausmif; ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkvnf; axmufcH awmif;qdkcJhygaMumif;/
ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;ESifh w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;jyóemwdkif;wGif aqmif½Gufvdkaom ausmif;om;
tiftm;pkrsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufa&;/
ArmEdkifiH½Sd ausmif;om;tiftm;pkonf 1949 ckESpfrS pí trsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;um rnDrñGwf jzpfcJh&ayonf/
þodkY ausmif;om;xknDñGwfa&; NydKuGJcJhonfESifhtrQ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;onf waeYwjcm;qHk;½IH;vsuf ½Sday
onf/ rdrdwdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk rumuG,fEdkifcJhonfhtjyif w&m;rQwí rSefuefaom ausmif;om;xk\ vdkvm;csuf?
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkvnf; taumiftxnf azmfxkwfjcif;iSm rpGrf;EdkifjzpfcJh&ayonf/ rdrdwdkY\ vdkvm;csufudk awmif;
qdka&;? ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;? ynmoifMum;a&; aumif;rGefa&;ESifh ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifhjzL;
414
a&;wdkYrSm nDñGwfa&;jzifhom aqmif½GufEdkifayonf/ nDñGwfa&;onfomvQif ausmif;om;xk\ txda&mufqHk;aom

vufeufw&yf jzpfayonf/ ausmif;om;xkonf rnDrñGwfESifh rdrd\ tcGifhta&;twGuf udk,fwdkif BudK;pm;um
wdkufyGJqifETJjcif; r½SdygvQif ausmif;om;\tcGifhta&;rsm;vnf; &½SdEdkifrnf r[kwfawmhay/ odkYtwGuf ,aeY ausmif;
om;xk\ xrf;aqmif&rnfhwm0efrSm ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;omvQif jzpfayonf/
xdknDñGwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf&mwGif ausmif;om;xkBuD;w&yfvHk;udk wnfaqmufEdkifrSomvQif wu,fh
cdkifrmaom nDñGwfa&;? xm0pOfnDñGwfa&;udk &½SdEdkifrnfjzpfayonf/ nDñGwfa&;onf tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:í
rvm? tay:,H qH;k jzwfcsufrsm;? a<u;aMumfcsufrsm;ESiv hf nf; rvHak vmuf? nDñw G af &;udk wnfaqmufEikd rf S &½So d nfudk
&mZ0ifu jyqdkcJhayonf/
þodkY nDñGwfa&;wnfaqmuf&mwGif wlnDaomtajccHtcsufrsm;? vdkvm;csufrsm;tay:wGif rlwnfí
wnfaqmuf&rnf jzpfayonf/ wlnDaomvkyfief;rsm;? wlnDaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;twGuf yl;wGJwdkufyGJ0ifjcif;jzifh
yl;aygif;aqmif½u G jf cif;jzifh nDñw
G af &;tkwjf rpfukd csEikd af yonf/ wlnaD omvkyif ef;rsm;jzpfonfh ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&;
umuG,fa&; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;&½Sda&; wdkufyGJrsm;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufjcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;? trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeY?
ausmif;om;aeYrsm;wGif yl;wGJaqmif½Gufjcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;udk wnfaqmufcJhavonf/
wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;ta&; jyóemwkdif;wGif yl;wGJaqmif½Gufvkdaom
ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½GufcJhMuonf/ (32) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;
om;atmifyGJaeYusif;ya&;wGif ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; nDñGwfpGm yl;aygif;usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;
rsm; aqG;aEG;yGw J iG f wuoonf pdwyf g0ifpm;pGm yg0ifaqG;aEG;cJo h nf/ þodkY yl;aygif;aqmif½u G &f ef oabmwlnDrI&½Sd
onf/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJcsKyf? &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;or*¾wdkYESifh yl;aygif;í tzGJUtpnf;
aygif;pHt
k m; zdwaf c:vsuf (32) Budraf jrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyaJG eY usif;ya&;aumfrwDukd zGUJ pnf;&mwGif yg0ifaqmif½u G f
cJhayonf/ trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYudkvnf; yl;aygif;usif;yvdkonfh tzGJUtpnf;aygif;pHkESifh vufwGJum usif;ycJhayonf/
urÇmYausmif;om;rsm; aoG;pnf;nDñGwfa&;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufa&;twGuf wuorS urÇmYausmif;om;
rsm;aeYukd Ed0k ifbmv (17) &ufaeYwiG f &efuek w f uúov kd o f r*¾ taqmuftOD ta½SUbuf? jrufcif;ay:wGif usi;f yjyKvkyf
cJhonf/ xkdtcrf;tem;odkY &efukefc½dkif twGif;½Sd ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufcJhayonf/
'DZifbm (21) &ufaeYwGif (14) Budrfajrmuf ausmif;om;aeYtcrf;tem;udk &efukefwuúodkvf pmwdkufa½SU
jrufcif;ay:wGif wuorS ArmEdik if v H ;kH qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (oefY½iS ;f )? ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
tzGJUcsKyf? &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (oefY½Sif;)? &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾wdkYESifh yl;aygif;usif;ycJhMu
avonf/ ,ckuo hJ Ykd ausmif;om;or*¾ (5) cku wpnf;wvH;k nDnñ D wG ñ f w
G Ef iS hf ausmif;om;aeYukd yl;wGu J si;f yjcif;rSm
yxrqHk;tBudrfjzpfí ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;udk rnfrQ BudK;yrf;cJh? vkyfaqmifcJhjcif;udk xif½Sm;apcJhjcif; jzpfaMumif;/
'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&mausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcHBuD;odkYvnf;aumif;? Edk0ifbmv (10)
&uf urÇmhvli,frsm;aeYwGif urÇmY'Drdkua&pDvli,ftzGJUcsKyf W.F.D.Y odkYvnf;aumif;? Edk0ifbmv (17) &uf urÇmh
ausmif;om;rsm;aeYwiG f urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾rsm; I.U.S odYk vnf;aumif;? jynfoYl vil ,ftzGUJ csKyf zGiyhf o JG Ykdvnf;aumif;?
wuorS o0PfvTmrsm; ay;ydkYcJhonf/
atmufwb kd mv (21) &ufaeYwiG f 'kw, d tBudraf jrmufusi;f yrnfh Auo (oefY½iS ;f ) nDvmcHwiG f ausmif;om;
nDñw G af &;ESihf ywfoufí aqG;aEG;&ef nDvmcHu, dk pf m;vS,rf sm;odYk arwåm&yfcH yefMum;vTmw&yfuv kd nf; ausmif;om;
nDñGwfa&;udk arQmfudk;í xkwfa0cJhayonf/
Zefe0g&Dv (12) &ufaeYrS pí (17) &ufaeYtxd 'def;rwfjynf? udkyifa[*ifNrdKUwGif usif;yjyKvkyfrnfh
urÇmYausmif;om;nDvmcH wufa&muf&ef zdwMf um;csut f & Edik if jH cm;wGiaf &muf½adS eonfh udv k 0S if;tm; &efuek w f uúov kd f
or*¾ udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wufa&muf&ef wuotrIaqmiftzGJUrS a½G;cs,fcJhayonf/ odkYaomf 'def;rwfjynfrS ADZm
vufrSwfr&½SdcJhojzifh udkvS0if;rSm wufa&mufcGifh r&½SdcJhay/
þuJhodkY ArmjynfwGif;½Sd ausmif;om;xkESifh nDñGwfvufwGJa&;twGuf vnf;aumif;? tjynfjynfqdkif&m
urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vnf;aumif;? nDñGwfa&;? yl;wGJa&;? cspfMunfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif½GufcJhayonf/
Nidrf;csrf;pGmynmoifMum;a&;? ,Ofaus;rIjr§ifUwifa&;ESifU ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; &if;&if;ESD;ESD;aygif;oif;qufqHa&;

,aeYurÇmwGif ppfBuD;wck xyfrjH zpfymG ;rnf[al om t&dyt f a&mifrsm; jzwfoef;vsuf ½S\ d / ppfvUHI aqmfrrI sm;
ppftwGuf jyifqifrrI sm;udk r&yfrem;jyKvkyvf suf ½SMd u\/ þuJo h Ykd ppfwckxyfrjH zpfymG ;&ef vH;k 0rvdv
k m;ay/ NyD;cJah om
415
'kw, d urÇmppfBuD; twGi;f 0,f ausmif;om;vli,f? vl½, G f oef;aygif;rsm;pGmwdYk rmS ppf\ raumif;usKd;udk xrf;yd;k ozG,f
½ke;f cHcMhJ u&\/ ppfjzpfonfEiS hf wNydKifeuf trIxrf;&ef oifah vsmaf om ausmif;om;½G,v f il ,fwYkdrmS ppfxoJ Ykd 0ifMu&\/
ppfrIxrf;Mu&\/ ausmif;oifcef;rsm;udk pGefYvTwfum ppfajrjyifodkY ydkYaqmifjcif;cH&ojzifh pmayoifMum;qnf;yl;rI
t00rSm ysufpD;cJh&ayawmhonf/
at;csrf;om,mpGmESifh ynmoifMum;aejcif;udk ppfBuD;jzpfyGm;jcif;u zsufqD;í ypfvdkufjcif; jzpfayonf/
odYktwGuf aemufxyfppfBuD;wck xyfrjH zpfymG ;jcif;udk tvdrk ½S/d Nidr;f csr;f pGmynmoifMum;rIukd tvd½k adS yonf/ ppfBuD;wck
xyfrjH zpfymG ;ap&ef vIYHaqmfjyifqifae&jcif;twGuf b@maiGrsm;udk ode;f oef;csu D m oH;k pG&J jyefojzifv h nf; ynma&;toH;k
p&dwu f kd avQmhyg;vmcJah p\/ ausmif;om;epfemcsufwYkd onf qwufxrf;yd;k ay:xGuv f mcJ&h \/
xdkuJhodkY aMumuf½GHUzG,faumif;aom ppfBuD;'PfrS vGwfuif;apNyD;vQif vlrsKd;wdkif;\ toufjzpfaom
trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rIudk aqmif½Gufjcif;onfomvQif vlYb0udk om,m0ajymaprnf jzpf\/ ,Ofaus;rIudk jr§ifhwif
ay;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf; ppf\tarGtESpfrsm;udk ajymif;vJypfEdkifrnf jzpf\/ ppf\tEÅ&m,fudk wm;qD;jcif;jzifhomvQif
Nidrf;csrf;pGmynmoifMum;a&;onf jzpfxGef;Edkifrnf jzpfayonf/
vlrsKd;tcsif;csif;? vli,fausmif;om;tcsif;csif; wOD;ESiw
hf OD; rke;f wD;rIukd y,fzsufum bmoma&;,HMk unfrI?
taoG;ta&mifcjJG cm;rI? Edik if aH &;t,ltq? pD;yGm;a&;tqift h wef; rcGjJ cm;bJ &if;ES;D pGm aygif;oif;qufqaH &;? cspfMunf
a&;jzifhvnf; ppfBuD;w&yfudk wm;qD;EdkifNyD;vQif Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;udk wnfaqmufEdkifrnf jzpfayonf/
odkhtwGuf wuotrIaqmiftzGJYonf-
(1) rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ qufoG,fa&;/
(2) rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;ESifh &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; &if;ESD;a&;? rdwfjzpfa&;/
(3) ausmif;om;rsm;\ upm;ckefpm;rItqifhtwef; jr§ifhwifa&;wdkYtwGuf &efukefwuúodkvf abmvHk;
toif;udk rEÅav;wuúodkvfodkY apvTwfcJhayonf/
xdktzGJU\ acgif;aqmiftjzpf q&mOD;vSarmif? twGif;a&;rSL; udk0if;armif (wuo trIaqmif)? &efukef
wuúov kd f abmvH;k toif; uyÜwed f udak ½SmMunf? ñTeMf um;ol udok ef;0if;? udb k oGif (upm;ckepf m;a&; aumifpv D Bl uD;)
ESifh udkatmifbef; (wuo twGif;a&;rSL;) wdkY yg0ifcJhMuayonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf abmvHk;toif;onf rEÅav;
wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vnf;aumif;? ppfudkif;c½dkif ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vnf;aumif;? &if;ESD;rdwfaqGjzpfa&;udk
aqmif½GufEdkifcJhygaMumif;/
wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ \ vkyif ef;pOf (10) csufwiG f wcsuf tygt0ifjzpfaom &efuek w f uúov kd f ausmif;
om;yGJawmfudk Nidrf;csrf;a&;? trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rI xdef;odrf;jr§ifhwifa&;? ,Ofaus;rI vJvS,fa&;? ausmif;om;tcsif;
tcsif; &if;ESD;rdwfjzpfa&;? ausmif;om; nDñGwfa&;[laom &nf½G,fcsuf (5) csufjzifh &efukefwuúodkvf o[m,ESifh
pmzwftoif;rsm;? c½dkiftoif;rsm;? vlrsKd;pktzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;um Zefe0g&Dv (10) &ufrS (13) &ufaeY
txd usif;yjyKvkyfEdkifcJhayonf/
1953 ck? yxrtBurd f

&efuek w
f uúov kd f
ausmif;om;yJaG wmfrck Of ;D
416
þwuúodkvf ausmif;om;yGJawmfwGif-
(u) "gwfyHk? yef;csD? umwGef; NydKifyGJjyyGJrsm;
(c) *DwNydKifyGJ? tdk;pnfNydKifyGJ? 'dk;ywfNydKifyGJ
(*) pmayNydKifyGJrsm;
(C) upm;ckefpm;NydKifyGJrsm;
(i) ,Ofaus;rI twD;trIwf tutckefwifjyyGJrsm;
(p) tNidrfhjyyGJrsm;
(q) ½kyf½SifjyyGJrsm;udk jyKvkyfEdkifcJhayonf/
wuúov kd af usmif;om;yGaJ wmf þuJo h Ykd usif;yjcif;onf &efuek w f uúov kd f &mZ0ifwiG f vnf;aumif;? &efuek f
wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ &mZ0ifwGif vnf;aumif; ray:aygufcJhbl;aMumif; tpD&ifcHvdkayonf/
þwuúodkvf ausmif;om;yGJawmfonf &efukefwuúodkvf&mZ0ifü yxrOD;qHk;tBudrf usif;yjyKvkyfcJhjcif;
jzpfayonf/ usif;ycJhaom ausmif;om;yGJawmfwGif vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;? EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ArmtrsK;d om;
ausmif;om;rsm;onf Edik if aH &;t,ltq? bmoma&;,HMk unfr?I pD;yGm;a&;tajctae cGjJ cm;rIr½Sb d J yg0if qifETJcJhjcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif;? wuúodkvfaumifpDESifh &efukefwuúodkvf½Sd q&m? q&mrrsm; ulnDtm;ay;rIjzifhvnf; aumif;?
NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;\ ulnt D m;ay;rIjzifh vnf;aumif;? wuúov kd f ausmif;om;yGaJ wmfBuD;udk atmifjrifpmG usi;f y Edik cf ahJ yonf/
&efukefwuúodkvf armifr,fNydKifyGJ? avSNydKifyGJrsm;wGif qkrsm; csD;jr§ifhay;jcif;jzifhvnf; wuúodkvfausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;rsm;\ upm;ckefpm;a&;udk tm;ay;cJhayonf/
jrefrmpmay jyefvnfazmfxkwf qef;opfjr§ifhwifa&;ESifh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; A[kokwwdk;yGm;a&;udk
&nf½G,fvsuf ]pmqdkawmfaeh} jzpfay:vmyHkESifh Armh,Ofaus;rI pmaytqDtESpfrsm;udk wifjyonfh a[majymyGJw&yf
udkvnf; jyKvkyfcJh&m ArmEdkifiHpma&;q&mrsm;toif;rS OD;odef; (Z0e)? OD;xifzwf? udkwifaz (atmifvif;)? udknDnD
(vif;,kefeD)? udkrsKd;jrifhwdkYu vma&muf a[majymcJhygonf/
qdkAD,uf,leD,H\ pufrIvkyfief;? pdkufysKd;a&;? pmayynma&;pepf? qdkAD,uf*DwESifh ,Ofaus;rItEkynm&yf
rsm;ESifh ywfoufí vufawGUavhvmcsufrsm;udk qdkAD,uf-Arm ,Ofaus;rIvJvS,fa&;toif;rS q&mOD;atmifvSESifh
OD;csif;pdef (a½Tnmarmif) wdYk u a[majymaom a[majymyGw J &yfuvkd nf; ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; A[kow k jzpfap&ef
&nf½G,fí a[majymyGJwck usif;ycJhayonf/
taxGaxG
wuo\ a<u;aMumfojH zpfaom td;k a0r*¾Zif;udk (15) &ufwBudrf xkwaf 0&ef MuH½, G cf ahJ omfvnf; tcuftcJ
rsm;aMumifh rxkwfa0EdkifcJhay/ odkYaomf &efukefwuúodkvfor*¾ usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJwGif wBudrf? (32) Budrfajrmuf
trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYwGifvnf; wBudrf? txl;pmapmiftjzpf xkwfa0EdkifcJhayonf/ ,ckvmrnfh ESpfywfvnfr*¾Zif;udk
vnf; ppfrjzpfrDu tqifhtwef;twdkif; xkwfa0Edkif&ef BudK;pm;vsuf ½Sdygonf/
wuorS zqyv pHjyuGufopf rD;ab;'ku©onfrsm;twGuf tvSLaiG (200) wdwdudkvnf; rD;ab;&efyHkaiG
odYk vSL'gef;ay;ydYk co
hJ nf/ or*¾tvkyo
f rm;rsm;jzpfonfh OD;uHoed ;f ? udt
k ;kH jrif?h udv
k aS usmfwYkd ukd 0wfpw kH pHpk D csD;jr§ichf o
hJ nfh
tjyif wuoqdkifcef;rsm;udk vuf½SdiSm;&rf;olrsm;udkyif wESpfwdk;csJUNyD; iSm;&rf;cJhygonf/
ema&;udpörsm;
Owå&ausmif;aqmifwiG f aexdik af om csif;trsKd;om; tdik af omif;pde\ f psmye? 'k-t"dywda[mif; OD;at;armif
\ rdcifpsmye? uG,fvGefol AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\om; atmifqef;vif;\ psmye? waumif;ausmif;aqmifwGif ae
xdkifaom aygif;wnfNrdKUrS ausmif;om; udkapmMunf\ psmyeudpörsm;wGif wuorSyef;acGrsm; ay;ydkYcJhonfhtjyif
um;rsm; pDpOfay;vsuf vdkufí ydkYocJhygaMumif;/
txufyg tpD&ifcHcJhaom wuotrIaqmiftzGJU\ NyD;qHk;cJhaom vkyfief;rsm;udk qef;ppfa0zef&ef vdktyf
ayonf/ þodYk a0zef&mwGif rlvowfrw S cf ahJ om 0g'ESiv
hf yk if ef;pOfrsm; tay:wGirf NDS yD; qef;ppfa0zef&rnf jzpfayonf/
ynmoifMum;a&; tqift h wef;jr§iwhf ifa&;ESihf ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifjh zL;a&;[laom0g'ESihf ywfoufí wuo
trIaqmiftzGJU\ aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;onf ay:vGifcJhayonf/ ausmif;udprö sm;? pmar;yGJudprö sm;wGif awmfawmfrsm;rsm;
aqmif½GufEdkifcJhayonf/ odkYaomf trIaqmiftzGJU\ arQmfrSef;onftxd raqmif½GufEdkifjcif;udk rlum; 0efcHvdkayonf/
417
ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;ESihf ywfoufí uGjJ ym;aeaom ausmif;om;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm; wpkwpnf;wnf; jzpfay:

&ef BudK;pm;rnf[k wxpfcs rSwfcJhaomfvnf; ,aeYtxd taumiftxnf razmfEdkifcJhay/ odkYaomf 'DZifbmv (21)
&uf ausmif;om;aeYwGifrlum; yxrqHk;tBudrf yl;aygif;aqmif½GufEdkifcJhayonf/ wuúodkvfe,fajr½Sd ausmif;om;tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;ESiv hf nf; vkyif ef;rSeo f rQvykd if yl;wGaJ qmif½u G Ef ikd cf ½hJ rkH Qru rEÅav;wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾EiS v
hf nf;
em;vnfcspfMunfrIrsm;udk &½Sdatmif jyKvkyfEdkifcJhayonf/
Nidr;f csr;f pGmynmoifMum;a&;? ,Ofaus;rIjr§iw hf ifa&;twGuf cspMf unfa&;? Nidr;f csr;f a&; ausmif;om;yGaJ wmfBuD;
wckukd usi;f yEdik cf ahJ yonf/ xdyk aJG wmfBuD;wGif ArmEdik if t H wGi;f ½Sd vlrsK;d pktoD;oD;ESihf vnf;aumif;? Edik if jH cm;ausmif;om;
rsm;ESifh vnf;aumif; ,Ofaus;rIrsm; vJvS,fEdkifcJhayonf/ cspfMunfrIrsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyfEdkifcJhayonf/ þuJo h Ykd
wuúov kd &f mZ0ifwiG f r½Sb d ;l aom ausmif;om;yGaJ wmfBuD;wck usi;f yEdik cf jhJ cif;udrk u l m; wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ onf *kP, f l
vdak yonf/ þuJo h Ykd *kP, f o l nfth jyif yGaJ wmfBuD; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tm;ay;ulnu D m vdtk yfaomtultnDrsm;udk
ay;cJah om ygarmu©csKyfEiS hf wuúov kd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;tzGUJ tm; vnf;aumif;? q&m? q&mrrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? yGaJ wmfBuD;
jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf wm0eftoD;oD;,lum yg0ifaqmif½GufMuaom &efukefwuúodkvf tdEd́,trsKd;om; ausmif;ol^
om;rsm;toif;ESihf &efuek w f uúov kd f w½kwt f rsKd;om; ausmif;olôm;rsm;toif;udk vnf;aumif;? ,Ofaus;rIjyyGw J iG f
yg0ifulnDMuaom &efukefwuúodkvf½Sd ½Srf;? u&if? ucsif? csif;? &cdkif? xm;0,f? u,m;? rGefausmif;ol? ausmif;
om;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? tif;vsm;? oD&d (bifwef)? wDwDpD ausmif;olrsm;ESifh wuúodkvfü½SdMuaom o[m,ESifh
pmzwftoif;rsm;? &efukefwuúodkvf c½dkifausmif;olôm;rsm;toif;rsm;udk vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;wif0rf;ajrmufonfh
tjyif yGaJ wmfBuD;twGuf rkct f aqmuftODjzifh ulnaD om jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf ukeo f nfBuD;rsm;toif;? 0g*Depf
tzGJUBuD;? ulvGef; w½kwftrsKd;om;bifc&mtzGJUESifh apmif;OD;boef;? tvuFmausmfpGm a':apmjrat;MunfwdkYtm;
wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;udk,fpm; trIaqmiftzGJUu aus;Zl;wifaMumif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf/
ed*;kH csKyftaeESihf þtpD&ifcpH mwGif azmfjyvdo k nfrmS ,ckEpS f wufa&mufcahJ om trIaqmiftzGUJ \ aqmif½u G f
cJ&h aom umvtydik ;f tjcm;rSm wdak wmif;cJo h jzifh aqmif½u G cf sufrsm;rSm pdwaf useyfavmufatmif rjzpfcahJ y/ ¤if;tjyif
aqmif½u G &f mü wuo\pnf;rsOf;udk wwfEikd o f rQ trIaqmiftzGUJ onf vdu k ef mcJMh uayonf/ odYk aomf tcsKdU ae&mrsm;
wGif wuopnf;rsOf;onf ppfrjzpfrDu a&;qGJxm;jcif;jzpfí ,cktcsdefwGif vufawGUusifhoHk;í r&cJhay/
odkYtwGuf wuopnf;rsOf;udk jyifqifEdkif&eftwGuf BudK;yrf;oifhaMumif; tMuHay;vdkygonf/ aemifESpf
rsm;wGifvnf; ,ckESpfxufapmapm or*¾a½G;aumufyGJ usif;yEkdif&ef BudK;pm;ygrnf[k uwday;vdkaMumif;/
(yHk) udkBudKif
'k- Ouú|
aehpGJ- 7? 2? 53
418
OD;udu
k Bkd u;D
(1952-53)
jrpfBuD;em;NrKdUwGif arG;zGm;onf/ rHk½GmNrKdUü ynmoifMum;NyD; 1946 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvf0ifoifwef;udk

atmifjrifonf/ &efuek w f uúov kd üf qufvuf ynmoifMum; qnf;yl;í 1945-50 ckEpS w f iG f wuo trIaqmif
tzGJUü tdk;a0r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif; cH&onf/ 1952-53 ckESpfwGif wuoOuú|tjzpf
a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&onf/
&efukefwuúodkvfwGif ausmif;om;OD;a& wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmojzifh ausmif;aqmif rvHkravmuf jzpfaeonf/

ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; wd;k csUJ aqmufvyk &f ef awmif;qdí k ausmif;aqmifopf (6) aqmif wd;k csUJ aqmufvyk af y;cJ&h
onf/ yxrqH;k tBudrf ausmif;om;yGaJ wmfBuD;udk &efuek w f uúov kd f ,k'oefjrufcif;ü (3) &ufwikd wf ikd f usi;f y
onf/ c½dik Nf rKdUe,fEiS hf vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm; yl;aygif;yg0if vkyaf qmifMu&m yGaJ wmfBuD;rSm atmifjrifvo S nf/
OD;udu
k Bkd uD;onf taxGaxG xGuu f ek ?f 0ifuek f ukeo
f nfBuD;rsm;ESihf uefx½du
k v
f yk if ef;rsm;udk vkyaf qmifvsuf
&efuek Nf rKdUwGif aexkid v
f suf½o
dS nf/
&efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ - td;k a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwD (1952-1953)
ud,
k k (trIaqmif) udak usmaf tmif (twGi;f a&;rSL;) udb
k aumif; (tdak 0wm0efct D m) udpk ed o
H ,f'w f if;-bDat (aiGxed ;f ) roef;oef; (trIaqmif)
udkausmfaX;(trIaqmif) udkodef;atmif(tvkyfwm0efcH) 419
&efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGUJ (1952- 1953)

a½SUwef; - udkcifarmifjrifU udkwifhvGif udkBudKif udkudkBuD; udkatmifbef; udkpdefoif;-bDat udkMunfñGefh
vlxkqufoG,fa&;ESifh ausmif;om; 'k-Ouú| Ouú| taxGxGtwGif;a&;rSL; aiGxdef; EkdifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;wm0ef
aygif;oif;qufqHa&; oufomacsmifcsda&;
aemufwef; - udkbaumif; udk0if;armif udkausmf0if; udkoef;armif
420
tdk;a0wm0efcH upm;ckefpm;ESifh,Ofaus;rI wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
jr§ifhwifa&;wm0efcH owif;ESifhjyefMum;a&;wm0efcH
wuúov
kd af usmif;om;yGaJ wmfusi;f ya&;aumfrwD &efuek w
f uúov
kd f (1952-1953)
a½Sw
Y ef; - udck spNf rKid f udkwifUvGif udkudkBuD; rpöwmwDau'wÅm; udkbaumif;
b@ma&; upm;ckefpm;NydKifyGJ Ouú| ,Ofaus;rIuyGJ tcrf;tem;jyifqifa&;
qyfaumfrwDOuú| qyfaumfrwDOuú| qyfaumfrwDOuú| qyfaumfrwDOuú|
aemufwef; - udkatmifrdk; udk0if;aqG udkatmifbef; rpöwmqm'g;qif; udkpdk;rif;
b@ma&;qyfaumfrwD jyyGJNydKifyGJqyfaumfrwD taxGaxG ,Ofaus;rIuyGJqyfaumfrwD tcrf;tem;jyifqifa&;
twGif;a&;rSL; twGif;a&;rSL; twGif;a&;rSL; twGif;a&;rSL; qyfaumfrwDtwGif;a&;rSL;
rvma&mufolrsm;- udkodef;atmif (jyyGJNydKifyGJqyfaumfrwDOuú|)? udk0if;armif (upm;ckefpm;NydKifyGJqyfaumfrwDtwGif;a&;rSL;)
wuo\ aqmif½u
G cf surf sm;
aqmufvyk q
f aJ usmif;aqmifopfukd a½SrU jS rif&yHk aqmufvyk pf jyKaeaomausmif;aqmif
t0Dpw
d iG ;f (yk*aH usmif;aqmif;0if;twGi;f ) a&pif (yk*v
H rf;bufrS jrif&yH)k
421
wuo\ aqmif½u
G cf surf sm;
aqmufvyk af eaomausmif;aqmifrsm;udk urm½GwXf mebufrjS rif&yHk ausmif;aqmifuu

kd r®n;f xd;k xm;yHk (oxHak qmif)
aqmufvyk q
f t
J rsK;d orD;ausmif;aqmifopf Ny;D qD;vkjzpfaom q&mrsm;a*[m
wuúov
kd o
f r*¾taqmuftOD oD&ad qmifausmif;olrsm;twGuf ,m,Dxrif;pm;cef;
trd;k opf (waumif;ausmif;aqmif) pBueF v

f rf;opf (oxHEk iS t
Uf if;0tul;)
422
atmufwb
kd mausmif;wvydwaf &;vIy½f mS ;rIwiG f jyif;xefpmG ESyd ef if;cH&yHu
k kd oa&mfxm;onfU ausmif;om;yJaG wmf umwGe;f vuf&mwck
423
ausmif;om;yJaG wmfvyI &f mS ;rIrsm;

rMuif&D (oD&ad qmif) rpef;vGif (tif;vsm;aqmif) ppfuikd ;f ausmif;aqmif 'd;k ywftu "gwfyHkNydKifyGJ yxrqk (vl½kyfyHk)
½kduful;ol- udkcifarmifaomif;
424
ausmif;om;yJaG wmfvyI &f mS ;rIrsm;
u,m;vlrsK;d pktu csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;\ vlrsK;d pktu
u&ifausmif;olrsm; paum0dik ;f tu ½Sr;f udE&éd t

D u
tdE,
´d ausmif;ol\tu ucsiv
f rl sK;d pktu
ynmodyaÜH usmif;olawG oDqakd eyHk rvSoef;\ wyifwikd t

f u
425
tqdNk yKid yf 0GJ ifa&muf ,SONf yKid af eaom wuúov
kd Mf unfrm csi;f wGi;f c½dik af usmif;om;rsm;\ td;k pnftzJYG
tcef; (16)

'Dru
kd a&pDa&; ausmif;om;xknDñGwfa&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
(1954 rS 1955)
(u) Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf nDvmcH

atmufwdkbmta&;awmfyHk ausmif;ydwfxm;aom&ufrsm;ü Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcHusif;y&ef pDpOfcJhMu
onf/ wuotaqmuftODwGif usif;y&ef toifhawmfqHk;jzpfaomfvnf; xdktaqmuftODudk AdkvfrSL;xGef;wif\
ppf&Jwyf&if; (22) rS &Jabmfrsm;ESifh 'DtufpftdkwdkYrS tydkifpD;xm;onf/ udkpdk;odrf;ESifh udktkef;armiftkyfpkrsm;onf
nDvmcH txajrmufa&;twGuf tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;ESifh vufwGJBudK;yrf;cJhMuonf/ nDvmcHudk yxr Munfhjrifwdkif
om"kausmif; wdkufwGif usif;y&ef pDpOfcJhMuonf/ odkYaomf tqdkygausmif;rSm wuúodkvfESifh tenf;i,f
tvSrf;a0;aeaomaMumifh 4if;ausmif;wdkufwGif usif;y&ef tpDtpOfudk ajymif;vdkuf&onf/ qufvufae&m½SmazG&m
wuúodkvf &dyfomvrf; tif;vsm;uefapmif;½Sd a0VK0efausmif;wdkufwGif usif;ycGifh&onf/ ausmif;0if;½Sd Z&yfrsm;?
wefaqmif;rsm; wGif e,fudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk ae&mcsxm;onf/ nDvmcHcef;rtwGuf ausmif;0if;twGif;ü
ta&;ay:,m,Dr@yf xdk;&onf/ e,fudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk ausmif;0if;twGif;üyif rdrdwdkY tpDtpOft& csufjyKwf
ay;&onf/ ,cktBudrf nDvmcH&m pifNydKifr½Sdacs/ oefY½Sif;wdkY\ AuorSm tiftm;vHk;yg;yg;oGm;jcif;ESifhtwl wjznf;
jznf; aysmufoGm;onf/
&JpakH xmufrsm;uvnf; nDvmcHusi;f y&m ausmif;ywf0ef;usiw f iG f 0dik ;f 0dik ;f vnfaeonf/ 1954 ck Zefe0g&Dv
(1) &ufaeYrS (3) &ufaeYtxd wwd,tBudrfajrmuf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcHudk
usif;ycJhonf/ nDvmcHodkY NrdKUe,faygif; (32) NrdKUe,f? c½dkifaygif; (21) c½dkifESifh rEÅav;wuúodkvf? &efukefwuúodkvf?
armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; wufa&mufMuonf/ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;? avhvmol
rsm;ESifh {nfhonfawmfrsm;onf tifwdkuftm;wdkuf wufa&mufvmMuonf/ nDvmcHodkY-
1/ urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&uf (ArmEdkifiH)
2/ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;aumfrwD
3/ trsKd;om;nDñGwfa&; ygvDreftiftm;pk
426
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1954 rS 1955 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xknDñGwfa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif
4/ ArmjynftrsKd;orD;rsm;tzGJU
5/ jynfolUvli,f
6/ ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ ½Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;
8/ Armjynftvkyform;tzGJUcsKyf
9/ atmufwdkbmausmif;om;ta&;jzifh &efukefwuúodkvfrS xGufajy;wdrf;a½Smifae&aom ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm; paom toif;tzGJUrsm; (9) zGJUxHrS o0PfvTmrsm; ay;ydkYcJhMuonf/ nDvmcHwGif trsKd;rsKd; tcuftcJ
½Sd½Hkru pdwfcsat;csrf;pGm usif;yEdkifjcif;r½Sd? nDvmcH&ufwGif ausmif;om;wdkUonf tjyifxGufEdkifjcif; r½Sdyg/ w
&ufwGif udktkef;armifonf udkausmfomxGef;ESifhtwl pD;u&uf tjyifxGuf0,f&m &JpHkaxmufrsm;u 0ifqGJonf/
ausmif;om;rsm; atmf[pfvIHUaqmfí &Jrsm;vufxJrS jyefqGJvk&onf/ tcsdefrD jyefvkEdkifí udktkef;armif rygoGm;cJhay/
odkYaomf nDvmcHonf rnfrQBuD;rm;aom tEÅ&m,fjzpfap jzwfoef; ausmfvTm;EdkifcJhonf/
ausmif;om;rsm; rw&m;zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;cHae&csdef ausmif;aep&dwf BuD;jrifhaecsdef ausmif;oHk;
ud&d,mwefzdk;rsm; jrifhwufaecsdef ausmif;taqmuftODrsm; rvHkravmufjzpfaecsdef nDvmcHBuD;udk atmifjrifpGm
usif;yEdkifcJhonfrSm ausmif;om;xktwGuf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom qkvmbfwckyif jzpfonf/ nDvmcHwGif wufa&muf
vmMuaom tNrdKUNrdKUrS ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf atmufwdkbm ta&;awmfyHkESifh ywfoufí rdrdwdkU vIyf½Sm;
aqmif½GufcJhjcif;rsm; wifjyMuonf/
zdESdyfolwdkYonf þwwd,tBudrfajrmuf AuotzGJUcsKyfnDvmcHtm; Munfhí xdwfvefUvmMuonf/
ausmif;om;rsm; nDñGwfaoG;pnf;oGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfonf/ nDñGwfjcif;jzifh tcGifhta&;rsm; awmif;qdkvmrnfudk
vefYjzefYvmonf/ 4if;wdkY\ zdESdyfrIrsm;udk zGifhajymrnfudk awG;awmrdonf/ xdkYaMumifh 'Drdku&ufwpfausmif;om;
nDvmcHudk pifNydKifoabmrsKd; usif;y&ef pdkif;jyif;vmonf/ 'DtufpftdknDvmcHudk Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfnDvmcHESifh
wNydKifwnf; usif;yonf/ AuotzGJUcsKyfnDvmcHodkY oGm;rnfhudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; usif;yMuonfh 4if;wdkY\ NrdKUe,f?
c½dkif zqyv Ouú|rsm; vufrSwfESifhwuG ausmif;om;rsm;udk 'Dtufpftdk nDvmcHodkY twif;vTwfonf/ aiGaMu;
axmufyhHonf/ Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfnDvmcHtaMumif; oGm;ykyfavvGifh xkwfvTifhonf/ 'DtufpftdknDvmcHudk ¤if;wdkU
odrf;ydkufxm;onfh &efukefwuúodkvfor*¾ taqmuftODwGif usif;yonf/ 0efBuD; OD;ausmfNidrf; udk,fwdkifvmí
rdefYcGef;ay;onf/ 'Dtufpftdk udk,fpm;vS,fwdkYtm; um;BuD;? um;i,fwdkUjzifh Hotel rsm;wGif ac:í Hotel rsm;wGif
{nfhcHonf/ or®wtdrfawmf? urÇmat;bk&m; ponfwdkYudk vdkufydkUay;onf/ aiGtajrmuftrsm; tukefcHí odrf;oGif;
rIid ;f wdu
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tm; zsufqD;a&;rSwfwdkifwckom jzpfonf/
(c) 1954-55 ckEpS f Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf trIaqmiftzGUJ

udkcifausmf Ouú|
udkxGef;az 'k-Ouú|
udkcifarmiftkef;
udkaZmf0if; (aemif ynma&;okawoeAsL½dk) taxGtaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
udk0if;xG#f wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;
udkxGefvIdif aiGxdef;
udkvSxGef;OD; pnf;½Hk;a&;AsL½dk
udkwifa½T jyefMum;a&;AsL½dk
udkpdef0if; (xm;0,f) oufomacsmifcsda&;AsL½dk
udkausmfjrifh EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;AsL½dk
udkatmifjrifh b@ma&;AsL½dk
udkxGef;wif Xmer½Sd
ausmif;xkwfcH&aom &Jabmfrsm;udk txl;trIaqmiftjzpf cefYtyfcJhygonf/
427
(*) Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyn

f v
D mcHwiG f wifoiG ;f aom tpD&ifcpH mrsm;
(8-1) &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm (&uo)
,aeY jrefrmjynfonf Armausmif;om;xk\ tusOf;axmifBuD;ozG,f jzpfavonf/ ausmif;om;xkonf
pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;tm; rdbjynfolwdkYESifh twl a&m,SufcHpm;ae&onf/ pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; uyfqdkuf
aeojzifh atmufwb kd mausmif;om;ta&;awmfyBkH uD; aygufzmG ;vmonf/ wuúov kd ef ,fajrrsm;wGif rD;cd;k vH;k rsm; ydwzf ;kH
aecsdefwGif usnfqefrsm; w½TD;½TD; jzwfoef;aecsdefwGif ppfzdeyfcGmoHrsm; jrnf[def;aepOfwGif Armjynfausmif;om;xk
onf vufydkufMunfh raeEdkifawmhacs/ wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; ta&;onf ausmif;om;xk\ tHk<urItm; ydkí
BuD;xGm;vmonf/ ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGrJ sm;? pDwef;vrf;avQmufrrI sm;? qE´jyoydwaf rSmufrrI sm;? Armwjynfv;kH odYk
vIdif;xoGm;onf/ tn§Of;qJ tzdESdyfcHae&aom wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;ESifh Armjynf ausmif;om;xkonf vufcsif;
qufí zdESdyfrIrsm;tm; wGef;vSefaeMuonf/ atmufwdkbm (2) &ufaeY aZmf½kyf½Sif½kHü ausmif;om;xk qE´jyyGJusif;y
cJo
h nf/ tpnf;ta0;wGif nDvmcHu awmif;qdck o hJ nfh tvGwyf nmoifausmif;om;awGeJY tpd;k &ausmif;om;awG epfem
csufawGukd awmif;qdck NhJ yD; ausmif;om; ESpaf xmifcefY yg0ifwhJ um;tpD; (40) ausmfEiS hf &efuek Nf rdKU tESUH tjym; vSnv hf nf
qE´jycJMh uonf/ tpnf;ta0; rusi;f yrDuav;rSmyif &efuek w f uúov kd tf wGi;f rSm aemifawmfausmif;om; &Jabmfrsm;udk
zrf;qD;cJo h jzifh tjrefq;kH vTwaf y;&efEiS hf aemufxyf rzrf;qD;awmh&efukd awmif;qdck o hJ nf/ xdt k csed u
f &efuek w f uúov kd f
wGif atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfa&;ESifh ywfoufNyD; ausmif;om;rsm;onf tzrf;qD;cH&? aoewf? rsuf&nf,dkAHk;?
a&ydkufrsm;ESifh ypfcH&? yk'fr (144) xkwfNyD; ykvdyfppfwyfawGESifh t"r® zdESdyfcH&? 'Drdkua&pDeJYqefYusifonfh tjyKtrlrsKd;
jyKaeonft h wGuf &efuek w f uúovkd af usmif;om;rsm;onf rvIy½f mS ;Edik af wmhbJ tusyftwnf;ESihf &ifqikd af eMu&onf/
xdkYaMumifh wuúodkvfu xkwfa0onfh aMumfjimrSeforQudk &efukefNrdKUxJwGif wm0ef,lNyD; &uorS a0ay;cJhonf/
tMurf;zufrIrsm;? [efYwm;uefYuGufrIrsm;ESifh wuúodkvf ausmif;om;&Jabmfrsm;\ wdkufyGJtm; ulnDonfhtaeESifh
atmufwdkbm (6) &ufaeYwGif tvkyform;ausmufwdkifrSm ausmif;om;xkqE´jy tpnf;ta0;usif;ycJhonf/ tJ'D
tpnf;ta0;wGif ausmif;om; ig;axmifausmf wufa&mufcJhonf/ xdktpnf;ta0;onf 1949 ck aemufydkif;wGif
&uo taejzifh tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif ausmif;om; trsm;qHk; wufa&mufonfh tpnf;ta0;wck jzpfonf/ xdktpnf;
ta0;u wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;ta&; aMunmcsufudk pcJhonf/
xdktpnf;ta0;u
]zrf;xm;wJh ausmif;om;awG jyefvTwf}
]ausmif;om;awG aemufxyf rzrf;eJh}
]yk'fr 144 ½kyfodrf;}
]ausmif;om;awGudk rn§Of;qJeJh}
]ausmif;om;ta&; Nidrf;csrf;pGmajz½Sif;ay;}
ponfh a<u;aMumfoHrsm;ESifh twGif;0efrsm;½Hk;udk 0dkif;0ef;ta&;qdkcJhonf/ xdktpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
udkvnf; wuúodkvfausmif;om;ta&;ESifh ywfoufNyD; tpdk;&\tjyKtrludk uefYuGufonfh taeESifh ausmif;toD;oD;
tvdkuf qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh qE´jy? pwdoydwf tpnf;ta0;awGudk jyKvkyfvmEdkifonftxd igwdkY &uo aqmif½GufcJh
onf/ ,if;ESihf wqufwnf;rSmyif NrdKUrd? NrdKUzrsm;yg0ifaom aphpyfa&;aumfrwDw&yfukd zGUJ pnf;NyD; ausmif;om;ta&;udk
Nidrf;csrf;pGm ajz½Sif;Edkif&ef BudK;pm;cJhonf/ tzGJUtpnf;toD;oD;rS yk*dK¾ vftoD;oD;udk ac:,lNyD; (Sun Caffee) wdu k w f iG f
(3) Budrfwdwd aqG;aEG;cJh&mwGif aemufqHk;tBudrfrSmrS q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrSdKif; trSL;jyKNyD; ygvDreftrwfrsm;?
pma&;q&mrsm;? owif;pm q&mrsm;? a½SUaersm;? ausmif;om;rdbrsm; yg0ifonfh aphpyfa&;aumfrwD w&yfukd atmufwkd
bmv (21) &ufaeYwGif zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ 4if;aeYaeYvnfydkif;rSmyif &efukefc½dkiftwGif;½Sd ausmif;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f
aygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;w&yf ac:,lí wuúodkvf ta&;udpörsm; aqG;aEG;um ausmif;om;? rdbaumfrwDeJY aphpyfa&;
aumfrwDrsm;odkY ay;ydkY&ef arwåm&yfcHpmrsm; twnfjyKcJhonf/ 4if;tpnf;ta0; tNyD;rSmyif igwdkY &uorS Ouú|
udwk ifxw G f zrf;qD;jcif; cH&onf/ xdYkaemuf jynfoal wGtm;vH;k tjzpftrSef odapzdUk twGuf aMunmcsurf sm;udk &efuek Nf rdKU
tESHUtjym;rSm a0iSNyD; &yfuGuftvdkuf w&m;yGJrsm;? vlxk½Sif;vif;yGJrsm; vkyfaqmifonf/ xdkvkyfief;rsm; tqufrjywf
vkyaf qmifaeonft h csed rf mS tmPmydik rf sm;\ t"r® Ncdr;f ajcmufr?I zdEydS rf rI sm;onf ydrk rkd sm;jym;vmcJo
h nf/ ausmif;om;rsm;
ta&;udk Nidrf;csrf;pGm ajz½Sif;ay;&ef ausmif;om;? rdbrsm;tm; yefMum;onf/ ausmif;om;? rdbtpnf;ta0;udk
udk;xyfBuD;bk&m;wGif atmufwdkbm (29) &ufaeYu usif;ycJhonf/
428
(*-2) rEåav;c½dkif (ruo) ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ tpD&ifcHpm

1953 ckESpf atmufwdkbmta&; ay:vmonfESifhwNydKifwnf; igwdkYc½dkifOuú|eJY c½dkiftwGif;a&;rSL; tzrf;cH
cJ&h onf/ rMumrDrmS 'k-Ouú| zrf;qD;cH&jyefonf/ atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwaf &;eJY ywfoufNyD; igwdYk rEÅav;c½dik f
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rSaeí Ouú|eJY twGif;a&;rSL; zrf;NyD;onfh aemufydkif;rSm tpnf;ta0;BuD; wckudk tdrfawmf&m
(14) cef;Z&yfrSm atmufwdkbmv (8) &ufaeYu jyKvkyfay;NyD;-
(1) atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfa&;onf w&m;rQwrSefuefonfhtwGuf axmufcHaMumif;?
(2) &efukefESifh rEÅav;wdkUrS w&m;rJhzrf;qD;jcif;cH&aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;jyefvTwf&ef?
(3) ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm; rw&m;zrf;qD;? zdESdyfaom zqyvqdk½S,fvpftpdk;&udk ½IwfcsaMumif;?
(4) &efukefwuúodkvfe,fajrw0dkufwGif xkwfjyefxm;aom yk'fr (144) tm; tjrefqHk; jyefvnf½kyfodrf;&ef?
þtqdk (4) csufudk csrSwfonf/
igwdkYonf 'DaeYtcsdeftxd ausmif;om;vkyfief;rsm;rSm qufvufaqmif½u G q f yJ J jzpfonf/ 14? 12? 53 aeY
rSmqdk&if ArmwEdkifiHvHk;rSm½Sdonfh ausmif;om;tajctaeudk wifjy&if; igwdkY rEÅav;c½dkif (241) rSm 'DtajctaeawG
tay: oabmxm;udk owif;pmq&mrsm;tm; ½Sif;vif;wifjycJhonf/ trsKd;om;aeY? ausmif;om;aeYrsm;rSmvnf;
zrf;qD;cH&onfh ausmif;om;rsm;? ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; qHk;½IH;aeonfrsm;udk xkwfazmfawmif;qdkonfh qHk;jzwfcsuf
rsm;ESifh odkufodkuf0ef;0ef; usif;yEdkifcJhonff/
(*-3) jrif;jcHc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS wifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpm

&efukefwuúodkvf atmufwdkbmausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkESifh ywfoufí axmufcHqE´jyaom vSnfhvnfyGJ
wckudk igwdkY jrif;jcHc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS OD;pD;NyD; 13? 10? 53 aeYwGif usif;ycJhonf/ xdkqE´jy vSnfhvnfyGJwGif
ausmif;om;axmufcHrI ryg? ausmif;e,fajrwGif zGJUpnf;jcif;r[kwf? ausmif;olwdkYtm; vufudkify0gay; pnf;½Hk;jcif;?
olwdkY\ (11) OD;aom trIaqmifwGif (3) OD;rSm trIaqmifrsm; jzpfaeonfudkyif rdrdbmomrdrd rod&bJ ygwD½Hk;wGif
'Dtufpt f tkd zGUJ udk ausmif;om;avmufaumifwpk zGUJ pnf;cJMh uygonf/ olwYkd OD;aqmifru I kd vufcMH u&efvnf; toem;cH
pmrsm; ½du
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k af 0cJMh uygonf/ olwUkd \ npfywfrrI sm;udk odNyD;jzpfaom ausmif;om;xku olwYkd toem;cHpmrsm;udk
pdwyf g0ifpm;pGm qkwjf zJypfcyhJ gonf/ &JabmfwYkd 'Dtufpt f q
kd o
kd nfh 'Dru
kd &ufwpf ausmif;om;tzGUJ tm; (Democractic
Student Organization trnfrS Dirty Student Orgabization trnfodkY) jrif;jcHc½dkifausmif;om;xku
ajymif;vJrSnfhac: cJhMuygonf/ þ'Dtufpftdk ausmif;om;wpkonf ausmif; om;xkBuD;\ a0zefvufrcHonfh
tMum;wGif rMumrD yaysmufoGm;rnf[k igwdkYc½dkif ausmif;om;xku ,HkMunfygonf/
(*-4) tif;pdefc½dkifausmif;om;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm

igwdYk tif;pdecf ½dik af usmif;om;or*¾ukd tif;pde?f wdu k Bf uD;? vSn;f ul;? tkwu f efNrdKUe,f vSn;f ul;or*¾rsm;ESihf
arSmbf ?D axmufMuH? avSmu f m;? awmfvwD tv,fwef;ausmif;om; (243) a,muf or*¾rsm;tm; yg0ifzUJG pnf;cJyh gonf/
igwdkY tif;pdefc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾onf zdESdyfrItrsKd;rsKd;udk cHcJh&onf/ wdkufBuD;NrdKUausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS twGif;
a&;rSL;? Ouú|tygt0if or*¾trIaqmif (6) a,muf ausmif;xkwfcH&onf/ xkwfcH&onfhtaMumif;rSm trIaqmif
rsm;onf nDvmcHtwGuf pnf;½H;k a&;rsm; aqmif½u G &f ef NrdKUe,fausmif;om;or*¾rsm;odYk oGm;a&mufjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
odYkaomf Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfrS ,cktzrf;cHae&onfh udak usmNf idr;f ESihf ,ckxu G af jy;wdr;f a½Smifae&aom ud, k w
k Ykd vma&muf
aqmif½u G af y;ojzifh tm;vH;k ausmif;jyefaecGi&hf onf/ tif;pdeaf usmif;om;rsm; or*¾rS OD;pD;NyD; tif;pdepf ufrv I ufro
I yd HÜ
ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;um wuúodkvfausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tmPmydkifwdkYu rw&m;zrf;qD;jcif;?
rw&m;ausmif;xkwfjcif;? 0&rf;xkwfjcif;rsm;udk uefYuGufjcif;taejzifh pDwef;vSnfhvnfyGJ jyK vkyfcJhonf/
(*-5) zsmyHkc½dkifausmif;om;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm

wuúov kd af usmif;om;ta&;awmfyu kH kd axmufco H nft
h aeESihf usKu d v
f wfNrdKUrSwyg; useNf rdKUe,f tm;vH;k onf
zrf;xm;aomausmif;om;rsm;udk vTwfypfa&;? tif;0*dwfwdkufyGJwGif tpdk;&\rw&m;rI &ufpufrIudk uefYuGufaom
taeESihf qE´jyyGrJ sm; jyKvkycf o
hJ nf/ onftcsderf mS yJ usKduv f wfEiS hf zsmyHNk rdKUe,frsm;rS 'Dtufptf t
kd zGUJ rsm; ay:vmonf/
umuG,af &;acgif;aqmifrsm;? zqyv qd½k , S v f pfwYkd \ om;orD;rsm; yg0ifMuonf/ tcsKdUausmif;om;awGu rvkycf sif
bJESifh rdb'ku©a&mufrSmpdk;í 0ifvkyfMu&onf/ 'gayr,fh ausmif;om;xktrsm;pkuawmh 'Dtufpftdkudk vufrcHMuay/
429
(*-6) a';'&JNrdKYe,fausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm

atmufwbkd m ausmif;wvydwaf &;twGuf wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm; awmif;qdq
k E´jyrIrsm;aMumifh wuúovkd f
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; a&ydkuf? rsuf&nf,dkAHk;udk toHk;jyK½Hkru aoewfESifhypf? ½dkufESufzrf;qD;jcif;wdkUudk igwdkU
a';'&JNrdKUe,f ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾u ½Iwfcsí wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;wvydwfa&; awmif;qdkcsuf
onf w&m;rQwí axmufcaH Mumif;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;udk wzufowf tMurf;zufErdS Ef iS ;f jcif;udk ½Iwcf sonft h aeESihf
zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;vTwf&efESifh aemufxyfrzrf;qD;&ef (3) &ufwdwd qE´jycJhMu ygonf/
(*-7) bdkuav;NrdKYe,f ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm

wuúov kd f ausmif;wvydwaf &;udk axmufco H nft
h aeESihf atmufwb kd mv (10) &ufaeYwiG f igwdYk bdu
k av;
NrdKUe,f ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾tzGJUrS qE´jyyGJw&yf usif;ycJhonf/ þqE´jyyGJudk tcuftcJ trsKd;trsKd;Mum;rS
ausmif;om;xk (500) cefYrQESihf usif;yEdik cf ohJ nf/ zqyvwdUk onf igwdYk \ qE´jyrnfh taMumif;odojzifh ausmif;om;
or*¾onf oydwfarSmufawmhrnf[k owif;vTifhNyD; ausmif;om;? rdb? q&m? pHkaxmuft&m½Sdrsm;ESifh enf;trsKd;rsKd;
oHk;NyD; aESmifh,SufcJhMuonf/ aemufqHk; zqyv acgif;aqmifrsm; rsufESmajymifwdkufNyD; vkyfcJhaom zsufqD;rIrsm;
rxda&mufcahJ y/ igwdUk ausmif;om;or*¾onf þtcuftcJrsm;aMumifh wGeUf qkwjf cif; r½Sb d J txufwef;ausmif;a½SUü
crf;em;pGm qE´jyEdkifcJhayonf/ wuúodkvf ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rItm; trIaqmif? twef;trIaqmifrsm;rSwqifh
tjzpfrSefudk ausmif;om;xkESifh NrdKUrd? NrdKUzwdkUtm; ½Sif;vif; azmfjyEdkifcJhonf/
(*-8) jynfc½kdifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ tpD&ifcHpm

wuúodkvfausmif;wvydwfa&;? rydwfa&;[m igwdkU jynfNrdKUudk *,uf½dkufvmonf/ þuJhodkY *,uf½dkuf
vmonfhtcgrSm igwdkUonf NrdKUe,for*¾ trIaqmifeJU nDvmcHtpnf;ta0;udk (5? 10? 53) &ufaeY rSm ac:,lNyD;
(1) ausmif;wvydwfa&; rSefuefí axmufcHjcif;
(2) ausmif;wGi;f wuúov kd tf a&; tpnf;ta0; rvky&f qdak om tpd;k &\ yk'rf (144) trdeYf u½kd w I cf saMumif;?
csufjcif; zsufodrf;ay;&ef awmif;qdkaMumif; tqdkudk wifoGif; qHk;jzwfMuonf/
jynfNrdKU ygvDreftrwf EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xme OD;vSarmif[m igwdkYor*¾udk ac:,lNyD; olUtdrfrSmwzufu Ncdrf;
ajcmuf? wzufu vufbuf&nf? rkefY? pD;u&ufwdkuf acsmhjr§LNyD; aqG;aEG;yGJvkyfvmonf/ odkYaomf igwdkUonf
rwkev f yI b
f J jyefveS af r;cGe;f rsm; xkwEf ikd cf o hJ nf/ igwdUk \ pnf;½H;k a&;vkyif ef;rsm;aMumifh igwdYk jynfc½dik t
f wGi;f rSm½Sod nfh
NrdKUe,frsm;udk 'Dtufpt f akd c:onfh ausmif;om;opömazmufrsm; r0ifa&mufEikd cf ahJ y/ 'gwGirf uao;bJ atmufwb kd mv
'kw, d ywfxw J iG f igwdUk NrdKU bk&if½h BkH uD;rSm zqyvawG OD;pD;NyD; olwUkd vufatmufcH qefpufaygif;pHt k vkyo f rm;tzGUJ wdUk ?
{&m0wD or0g,r tvkyform;wdkU? aps;ESifh jrLeDpDy,ftvkyform;rsm;yg ac:NyD; olwdkUMoZmcH NrdKUvlBuD;wcsKdUESifh
]]ausmif;om;rdbtoif;}} qdNk yD; olwUkd twGi;f u vlwa,mufu Ouú|utp trIaqmifrsm;tqH;k pm½Guf w½Guaf y:rSm
a&;xm;wmawGudk zwfjywifoGif;NyD; bmrS rar;awmhbJ twnfjyKoGm;onf/ aemufxyf ausmif;wvydwfa&;?
uGefjrLepf ausmif;om;ta&; raxmufcHbl;[k qHk;jzwfMuonf/ (15) &ufydwfa&;udk axmufcHMuonf/ odkYaomf
NrdKUay:u ausmif;om;rsm; ? rdbrsm;yg igwdkY BudKwif ½Sif;vif;xm;cJhEdkifvdkU tMuHratmifbJ bmrS vIyfvIyf½Sm;½Sm;
rjzpfcJhbJ ¤if;wdkUom tlaMumifaMumif jzpfoGm;cJhonf/
(*-9) o&ufc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm

wuúodkvf atmufwdkbmausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkESifh ywfoufí owif;pmrsm;rS wqifh awGUMuHK cJh&onf/
xdkYaMumifh wuúodkvfausmif;om;ta&;onf rSefuefonf[k ,lqum axmufcHonfhtaeESifh ausmif;w&ufrwufbJ
qE´jyMu&ef vkyfaqmifEdkifcJhonf/ þwGif ykvdyftzGJUESifh zqyvygwDwdkY c½dkifor*¾\ ajcvSrf;udk apmifhMunfhvm
Muonf/ c½dkifor*¾\ pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrIudk NzdKcGJ&ef enf;vrf;&Smí Ncdrf;ajcmuf wcg? aiGay; acsmhjrL wvSnfhjzifh
¤if;wdkY npfywfcJhMuaomfvnf; c½dkifor*¾\ nDñGwfa&;rSm MuHUMuHUcdkifcdkif wnfjrJcJhonf/
(*-10) rauG;c½dkifausmif;om;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm

igwdkU rauG;c½dkifausmif;om;or*¾onf atmufwdkbm ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkudk jyif;jyif;xefxef
axmufccH MhJ uonf/ igwdUk rauG;NrdKUrSm atmufwb kd m ausmif;om;ta&;ESihf ywfoufNyD; rauG;NrdKU vli,f pmMunfw
h u
kd f
430
wGif ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf NrdKUvlBuD;rsm;udk zdwaf c: ½Si;f jyNyD; axmufccH MhJ uonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk rzrf;&ef? zrf;xm;ol
rsm;udk tjrefq;kH jyefvw
T &f ef? ausmif;xkwx f m;onfh ausmif;om;rsm;udk tjrefq;kH ausmif;jyefciG ahf y;&ef ponft h qdrk sm;
wifoGif;qHk;jzwfNyD;? oufqdkif&m Xmersm;udk ydkUcJhonff/
(*-11) rHk&GmNrdKYrausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm

(4? 12? 53) &ufaeYwGif ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJusif;yum?
(1) udkaZmfrif;tm; tjrefqHk;vTwf&ef?
(2) wuúodkvfta&;ESifhywfoufí zrf;xm;aomausmif;om;rsm;udk vTwf&ef?
(3) wuúodkvfta&;ESifh ausmif;xkwfxm;olrsm;udk ausmif;jyefoGif;&ef?
(4) ausmif;om;xktay:wGif zdESdyfrIrsm;udk ½IwfcsaMumif;udk qHk;jzwfNyD; vSnfhvnf qE´jyMuayonf/
'DZifbmv (4) &uf ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGJwGif 'Dtufpftdkrsm; vdkufvHaESmuf,Sufojzifh ausmif;om;
xkBuD;u rcH&yfEdkifjzpfum 'Dtufpftdkrsm;udk cJESifhayguf armif;xkwfaomaMumifh xdef;odrf;Mu&onf/
(*-12) armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm

Edk0ifbmv (1) &ufaeY aeUpGJyg tmPmydkifwdkU\ xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf w&yfu ausmif;om;xk vGwfvyfpGm
pnf;½H;k ajymqdck iG hf r&oavmuf csKyfcs,fxm;ygonf/ (Oyrm -or*¾ukd rSwyf w
kH ifcikd ;f jcif;? tcef;wGi;f ü (4) em&DveG u f
a[majympnf;½Hk;cGifhrjyK? rSwfyHkrwifxm;aom toif;tzGJUrsm;onf ausmif;0if;wGif; tpnf;ta0;vkyfcGifhr½Sd/) odkY
jzpfaomaMumifh armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾taeESifh aemufxyfajcvSrf; rwdk;EdkifcJhay/ ESpfOD;rS
a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufaom trIaqmifwcsKdUrSm atmufwdkbmta&;awmfyHkESifh ywfoufí (7) &ufrQ zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif
cHc&hJ onf/ þtajctaeudk tcGiahf umif;,lí &efuek 'f rD u
kd &ufwpfausmif;om;tzGUJ csKyf 'Dtufpt f rkd S pnf;½H;k a&;rSL;rsm;udk
tvsiftjref apvTwfum 'DtufpftdktzGJUudk zGJUpnf;vdkuf\/ odkYaomf 'DtufpftdktzGJUrSm ajymyavmufatmif tiftm;
r½Sday/
(*-13) yJcl;c½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm

atmufwb kd m ausmif;om;ta&; ray:rD c½dik t f wGi;f ½Sd e,frsm;\ qufqrH rI mS avsmw
h ad vsm&h yJ if jzpfygonf/
tpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;½Sdaom NrdKUe,frsm;uvnf; rdrdwdkU e,fy,f½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;udk pkpnf;Edkif&ef tjcm;ta&;
udprö sm; pwifvyk af qmifae&ojzifh wNrdKUe,fEiS hf wNrdKUe,f qufqaH &;rSm nhzH sif;cJyh gonf/ atmufwb kd m ausmif;om;
ta&;awmfyHk ay:aygufvmaom tcsdefwGif e,f½Sd ausmif;om;xkrSm wuf<upnf;½Hk;NyD;? nDñGwfa&; &½Sdvmygonf/
atmufwdkbm ausmif;om;ta&;wGif Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;? rdbrsm;tm; aemufydkif;rS ajcxdk;jcif;ESifh ajc½Iyfaom pDtdkif'Drsm;
tMum;rS wuúodkvf ausmif;om;ta&;udk axmufcHaom aMunmpmwrf;rsm; NrdKUay:wGif a0iScJhMuygonf/ atmufwdk
bm (12) &ufwGif yJcl;c½dkif ausmif;om;xk qE´jyvSnfhvnfyGJrsm; jyKvkyfrnfudk tqrwef Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;ESifh
ausmif;om;rdbudkyg Ncdrf;ajcmufojzifh vSnfhvnfyGJ rjzpfajrmufcJhay/ odkUaomf qE´jyonfh taeESifh atmufwdkbm
(12) &ufaeUwGif yJcl;NrdKUay:½Sd ausmif;wdkif;ü aeUw0uf ausmif;rwufbJ qE´jycJhMuygonf/ yJcl;c½dkiftwGif;½Sd
ausmif;om;xkonf zdESdyfrIrsm; jyif;xefvmavav rw&m;rIrsm; ydkrsm;vmavav ydkí nDñGwfvm aeNyD jzpfaMumif;/
(*-14) awmifilc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm

wuúov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;ta&; ay:aygufvmNyD; e,foUkd ul;puf ysUH ESYH vmNyD;aemuf ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol
wdkif;wdkU\ &oifh&xdkufaom tcGifhta&;ESifh &ifqdkifae&aom jyóemrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;vmMuonf/ trSm;trSefudk
a0zefvmMuonf/ (33) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeUwGif ausmif;om;xk (5000) ausmf csDwuf pnf;½Hk;vsuf
ynma&;pepf jr§ifhwifay;&ef paomtqdkrsm;udk csrSwfawmif;qdk a<u;aMumfqE´jycJhMuonf/ (15) Budrfajrmuf
ausmif;om;aeUwGif zrf;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm; vTwfay;a&;? ausmif;om;rsm;udk rcsKyfcs,fa&;? ausmif;topfrsm;
aqmufay;a&; paom &J&Jawmuf a<u;aMumfoHrsm;ESifh awmifilESifh jzL;NrdKUe,fwGif usif;y jyKvkyfcJhonf/
431
(*-15) [oFmwc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm

&efukefwuúodkvf atmufwdkbmausmif;om;ta&;ESifh ywfoufí 'Drdkua&pD pnf;0dkif;twGif;wGif
pnf;urf;ao0yfpmG qE´jyaeonfh ausmif;om;xkukd rw&m;zdEydS zf rf;qD;jcif;? aoewfEiS hf ypfjcif;paom zufqpfqefqef
jyKrlaom tpdk;&tm; ½IwfcsaomtaeESifh vnf;aumif;? zrf;qD;jcif;cH&aom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh 'Pf&mxdcdkufcH&aom
ausmif;om;rsm;udk u½kPmoufaMumif; xkwfazmfjyo&eftwGuf vnf;aumif; atmufwdkbmv (10) &ufaeYwGif
NrdKUe,for*¾rS OD;pD;um ausmif; (3) ausmif;wGif qE´jyoydwfw&ufudk wNydKifwnf; arSmufcJhMuonf/ jrefatmif?
MuHcif;NrdKUrsm;wGif 'Dtufptf zkd UJG pnf;a&;twGuf 0efBuD;OD;xGe;f 0if;? ocifcspaf rmifwUkd a&mufcphJ Ofu 'Dtufpt
f zkd UJG pnf;&ef
jyKvkyMf uonfukd 'Dtufpt f kd rzGUJ pnf;vdak Mumif;? ausmufcrJ sm;? oHy;kH rsm;wD;í tpnf;ta0;cef;rS armif;xkwcf MhJ uonf/
t*FylNrdKUwGifvnf; xdkuJhodkYyif pnf;½Hk;a&;rSL; udkxGef;vGiftm; oHyHk;wD;í armif;xkwfvdkufMuonf/ ZvGefNrdKUwGif
ygvDreftrwfESifh qdk½S,fvpfrsm;u ausmif;q&mrsm;tm; 'DtufpftdktzGJUudk tmPmoHk;í twif;zGJUaponfudk
ausmif;om;rsm;u rzGJUcJhay/ odkYESifh ygvDreftrwfrsm;u 'Dtufpftdkw&m;a[mNyD; 'DtufpftdktzGJUudk tmPmoHk;í
twif;zGJUaponfudk ausmif;om;rsm;u rzGJUcJhay/ odkUESifh ygvDreftrwfrsm;u 'Dtufpftdkw&m;a[mNyD; 'Dtufpftdk
zGJUvdku rwfwyf&yf&ef ausmif;om;rsm;tm;ajym&m wOD;wa,mufrQ r&yfbJ xdkifaeonfudk awGU&onf/ xdkYaemuf
ausmif;om;xkonf ]'Dtufpftdk tvdkr½Sd} [laom a<u;aMumfoHudk atmfí tpnf;ta0;cef;rS xGufcJhMuonf/
xdktcg ygvDreftrwfESifh qdk½S,fvpfrsm;onf 'DtufpftdktzGJU zGJU&eftwGuf ausmif;wGiftvkyfvkyfaom rif;aptm;
Ouú| wifajr§mufí 'DtufpftdktzGJUudk zGJUpnf;vdkufMuawmhonf/
(*-16) rtlyifc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm

&JabmfwdkY &efukefwuúodkvfwGif jzpfysufcJhaom atmufwdkbmausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkwGif tpdk;&\
jyKrlcsufrsm;onf vHk;0rw&m;[k igwdkY ,HkMunfí wuúodkvfausmif;rsm;\ ausmif;om;xkrsm;tm; axmufcHaom
tm;jzifh igwdkY tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;? pDwef;vSnfhvnf qE´jyyGJrsm;jzifh uefYuGufqE´jy&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ odkYaomf
vnf; tmPmydkifwdkY\ trsKd;rsKd; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;aMumifh igwdkYyif xGufajy;wdrf;a½Smifae&ojzifh trIaqmif
tpnf;ta0;udk vQKdU0Sufac:,lum tpdk;&\ tjyKtrlrsm;udk vHk;0½IwfcsaMumif; tqdkrsm; qHk;jzwfEdkifMu½Hkom tajct
aet& wwfEkdifcJhonf/
(*-17) ajrmif;jrc½dkif ausmif;om;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm

Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf\ 4? 10? 53 aeYpGJyg ñTefMum;csuft& &efukefwuúodkvfrS ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
zrf;qD;jcif;? a&ydkufESifh yufjcif;? rsuf&nf,dkAHk;ESifh ypfjcif;? aoewfESifhypfjcif; ponfwdkYtwGuf tpdk;&tm; ½Iwfcs
aMumif;ESifh wuúodkvfausmif;rsm; ausmif;om;xkwdkufyGJrsm;tm; axmufcHaMumif; qE´jyonfh vSnfhvnfyGJwckudk
ausmif;om; (300) cefYu um; (4) pD;jzifh NrdKUwGif;vSnfhvnf a<u;aMumfqE´jycJhonf/ jrefrmjynf c½dkifESifh NrdKUe,frsm;
wdkif;wGif 'Dtufpftdkac: tcGifhta&;½Smorm; ausmif;om;rsm; wdk;0ifMuouJhodkY ajrmif;jrc½dkifwGifvnf; wuúodkvfrS
'Dtufpt f kd pnf;½H;k a&;rSL;rsm; a&muf½v
dS mí ajrmif;jrc½dik f ausmif;om;or*¾EiS hf aqG;aEG;vmonf/ odYk aomf ajrmif;jrc½dik f
ausmif;om;or*¾trIaqmifrsm;rS oGm;a&mufawGUqHk aqG;aEG;í wuúodkvfrsm;ta&;udk ar;cGef;xkwfí zqyv\
om;axG;rsm; rsufvHk;jyL;apNyD; vufavsmhapcJhonf/ wzef ¤if;wdkYrS NrdKUay:½Sd trwfrsm;? tmPmydkifrsm;rS csKyfudkifNcdrf;
ajcmufEkdifaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; tcsKdUtm; ausmif;om;xka½SUwGif r[kwfbJ w&m;r0ifí 'Drdkua&pDryDoaom
zGJUpnf;jcif;jzifh trwftdrfwGif 'Dtufpftdk zGJUpnf;jcif;udk zGJUpnf;vdkufMuonf/ ausmif;om;or*¾rS OD;pD;aom trsKd;
om;aeY jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwDtm; tzGJUaygif;pHktm; zdwfMum;vsuf ½kyf½Sif½HkBuD;wGif zGJUpnf;í tpdk;& txufwef;
ausmif;a½SU abmvHk;uGif;wGif NrdKUvlxk (500) ausmf wufa&mufaom trsKd;om;aeYudk usif;yEdkifcJhonf/
¤if; (33) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;aeYrS-
1/ ausmif;om;xk nDñGwfa&;tqdk?
2/ 'Drdkua&pD umuG,fa&;tqdk?
3/ wuúodkvfausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;xkwfxm;aom ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyefoGif;a&;paom tqdkrsm;?
wifoGif; qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf\ 15? 12? 53 aeYpGJyg ñTefMum;vTmt& (15) Budrfajrmuf ausmif;
om;aeYudk usif;ycJhonf/ ¤if;ausmif;om;aeY usif;y&mwGif ausmif;a½SU abmvHk;uGif;wGif usif;ycGifh&aomfvnf;
yk'fr (144) trdefY xkwfxm;ojzifh or*¾trIaqmiftcsKdU toHcsJUpufjzifh NrdKUwGif; vdkufvHzdwfMum;&mrS acwåtzrf;
432
cH&onf/ odkYaomf ausmif;om;xkonf pnf;vHk;nDñGwfpGm usif;yNyD; 'Drdkua&pDynma&;? wuúodkvfausmif;rsm;rS

ausmif;xkwfxm;olrsm;tm; tjrefqHk;jyefoGif;a&; tqdkrsm;udk wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/
(*-18) xm;0,fc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm

&JabmfwdkY wuúodkvfrsm; atmufwdkbmta&;awmfyHkudk axmufcH&efESifh NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;udk ½Sif;vif;wdkifMum;&ef
aMunmpmwrf;rsm; yHkESdyfwdkufodkY oGm;a&muf ½dkufESdyfaomfvnf; tmPmydkifrsm;\ zdESdyfrIudk aMumuf½GHUojzifh b,fyHk
ESdyfwdkufrS ½dkufray;&JMubl;? 'gaMumifh trsKd;rsKd;BudK;pm;vdkYr&awmh aemufqHk; owif;pmrsm;toif;udk oGm;NyD; ausmif;
om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u vwfwavm ay:aygufaewJh Armjynfausmif;om;ta&;udk ½Sif;vif;wifjy wkdifwef;vdkuf
Muonf/ zqyv r@dKifowif;pmu 'Dudpöudk r[kwfrw&m;rsm;udk vkyfMuHa&;cJhonff/
þodkYjzifh wwd,tBudrfajrmuf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfnDvmcHwGif jynfe,fESifh c½dkif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf
ausmif;om;xk\ tH<k urIrsm;udk wifjycJMh uonf/ ausmif;om;xkonf zdEydS rf rI sm;atmufrS tH<k uvmacsNyD/ wuúov kd rf sm;
atmufwdkbmta&;awmfyHkonf ausmif;om;xkvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;tm; wjynfvHk;odkY qufpyfay;vdkufonf/ Auorsm;
tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcHodkY wifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udkMunfhvQif atmufwdkbm ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkonf ausmif;
om;xk w&yfv;kH ay:odYk vTr;f jcHKcJah Mumif; awGUEdik o
f nf/ odYk aomf atmufwb kd m ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyEkH iS hf ywfoufí
a0zefp&m wckudkvnf; awGU&onf/ xdktcsufrSm &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;xk wdkufyGJü acgif;aqmifrIrJhaejcif;
jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;xkrmS acgif;aqmifrrI ygbJ wdu k yf 0JG ifaeonf/ ppfajrjyifwiG f ppfXmecsKyfrahJ eaom ppfom;rsm;ESihf
wlonf/
trSet f m;jzifh acgif;aqmifqokd nfrmS ausmif;om;xkuom zefw;D jcif;jzpfonf/ acgif;aqmifrsm;u ausmif;
om;xktm; zefw;D jcif; r[kwaf y/ tzrf;cH&vQif qufvufí acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ausmif;om;xku arG;zGm;ayvdrrhf nf/
&mZ0ifESifh vlxku acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zefwD;onf[laom w&m;udk r,HkMunfjcif;onf ol&Jaumif;0g' 0ifjcif;om
jzpfayonf/
xkduJhodkY ausmif;om;rsm; 'Dtjzpfqdk;? 'DaESmifBudK;awGwGif;u vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf a½SUaqmif ac:,loGm;
Edik af om wdusreS u f efaom vrf;pOfw&yf vdt k yfvmayonf/ tMurf;tm;jzifh atmufyg wckwnf;aom vrf;pOfomvQif
vuf½Sdb0rS vGwfajrmufNyD; atmifyGJqifEdkifaom aoe*FAsL[m tcif;tusif;w&yf jzpfayonf/
1/ &nfrSef;&m - 'Drdkua&pD
2/ rSeuf efaomacgi;f aqmifrI wnfaqmufa&; - rSm;,Gi;f aomt,l0g'atmufrS ausmif;om;xkvw G af jrmufa&;
3/ vufwGJ&rnfh tiftm;pk - rdbjynfol? tvkyform;? v,form;rsm;
4/ 0if½dk; - ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;
5/ aZmif; - t"duzdESdyfrIrsm;odkY aZmif;vSnfhwdkufcdkuf&ef
,aeY ausmif;om;vli,fwdkYonf 'Drdkua&pDynma&;yef;wdkifodkY csDwufaeMuonf/ xdkodkY csDwufaeaom
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ]&Jabmfwdkh &J&JBuD; aY½SodkhcsDwufMu/}
(C) ausmif;xkwcf &H aom ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyef0ifa&;aqmif&u

G rf aI umfrwDrS
&efuek w
f uúov
kd af umifpo
D Ykd ay;ydaYk ompm/
433
odhk
aumifpDvlBuD;rif;rsm;
&efukefwuúodkvf
cifAsm;
&efukefwuúodkvfESifh rEÅav;wuúodkvfrS &moufyefausmif;xkwfjcif;cH&aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fpm;
av;pm;pGmyefMum;tyfygonf/ 1953 atmufwdkbm ausmif;wpfvydwfa&;ESifh ywfoufí uRefawmfrsm;tm;
&efukefwuúodkvfESifh rEÅav;wuúodkvfrS &moufyefausmif;xkwfjcif; cHcJh&ygonf/
1953 atmufwdkbm ausmif;wpfvydwfa&;udk uRefawmfrsm;tygt0if &efukefwuúodkvf? rEÅav;
wuúov kd Ef iS hf armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdy½f dS ausmif;om;xkBuD; w&yfv;kH vIu d v
f pJS mG vdv
k m;Muygonf/ þodYk vv kd m;
cJhMuonfhtwdkif; atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfa&;udk Nidrf;csrf;pGmqE´jy awmif;qdkcJhMuygonf/ þodkY qE´jy
awmif;qdk&mwGif uRefawmfrsm;onf atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&;rSm ausmif;om;xk w&yfvHk;tusKd;ESifh
vdktifqE´jzpfonf[k ½dk;om;pGm ,HkMunfMuí yg0ifaqmif½GufcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/ xkdodkY aqmif½GufcJhonfhtwGuf
ausmif;om;trsm;yif zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;? ausmif;xkwfjcif;ESifh 0&rf;xkwfjcif; wdkYudk cHcJh&ygonf/
1953 atmufwb kd mvrS ,cktcsdet f xd uRefawmfrsm;\ epfemqH;k ½I;H csufrsm;udk vlBuD;rif;rsm; pOf;pm;Edik f
&ef tusO;f csKH ;í wifjyvdyk gonf/ uReaf wmfrsm;onf wuúov kd yf nmudk qufvuf oifMum;vdak omfvnf; &mouf
yef ausmif;xkwjf cif; cHae&onft h wGuf qufvuf ynmoifciG rhf &cJjh cif;? oufqikd &f mrS zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;
udk wESpf? wESpfcGJausmfrQ cHcJhMu&jcif;/
þodkY csKyfaESmifxm;pOftwGif; qdkif&mowif;axmufvSrf;a&;XmecGJESifh &efukef? rEÅav; pHkaxmufXmerS
(Mental Torture) ac: (24) em&DywfvHk; rtdyfrae ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;wnf;[laom n§Of;yef;rIrsm;udk cHcJhMu
&jcif;? axmiftwGif;üvnf; omref&mZ0wf tusOf;om;avmufyif vGwfvyfcGifhr½SdbJ? pdwf"gwfysufjym;ap&ef
twGuf wOD;ESifhwOD; awGUqHkcGifhray;bJ oD;jcm;cGJxm;rIcH&jcif;? þodkY zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcH&pOftwGif; ausmif;
om;tcsKdUrSm rdbESpfyg;pvHk; uG,fvGefoGm;cJh&jcif;[laom aMuuGJzG,f&m tjzpftysufrsm;ESifh MuHKawGUcJh&jcif;?
tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm;rSm 0&rf;xkwfjcif; cH&onfhtwGuf ykef;a½SmifíaeMu&NyD; tcsKdUrSm xyfrHzrf;qD;jcif;cHMu
&onf/ tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm;rSm ausmif;xkwfcHae&pOftwGif; t&nftcsif;tvdkuf tvkyf½SmazG&m XmetcsKdUrS
rodí vufcHrdvQifvnf; ausmif;xkwfcH&rSef; odvQifodjcif; csufjcif;tvkyfrS xkwfypfcH&onf/
aumif;uif ajrwdkif;Xme½Sd ajrESifh pdkufysKd;a&;pDrHudef;aumfr½Sif vufatmufwGif vufaxmuf "gwfyHk
zwf½Ia&; t&m½Sdtjzpf vkyf&ol udkvSxGef;atmif (&moufyefxkwfcH&aom ausmif;om;)? tdrf,maqmufvkyfa&;
bkwftzGJUwGif txufwef;pma&;tjzpf vkyfaeol udkwifatmif (&moufyef xkwfcH&ausmif;om;)? aumufyJoD;ESH
a&mif;0,fa&;bkwftzGJUwGif ti,fwef; trIaqmift&m½Sdtjzpf vkyfaeol udkjrwfpH (wESpfxkwfcH&ol) wdkYtm;
taMumif;wpHkw&mrjybJ tvkyfrS xkwfypfvdkufonf/
txufazmfjyyg uRefawmfrsm;\ epfemqHk;½IH;rIrsm;udk vlBuD;rif;rsm;od½Sdygu uRefawmfrsm;tay:wGif
axmufxm; pmemn§mwmpGm pOf;pm;í ausmif;jyef0ifa&mufEikd af &;udk tjrefq;kH pDpOfaqmif½u G af y;vdMk uvdrrhf nf[k
rsm;pGm,HkMunfarQmfvifh tm;xm;vsuf ½Sdygonf/
uRefawmfrsm;onf ynmoifcsdeft½G,f ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfNyD; wuúodkvfynmudk qufvufoifMum;
&ef rsm;pGmvdkvm;awmifhwvsuf ½Sdolrsm; jzpfygonf/
uRefawmfrsm;\ ynmoifMum;rIukd Mum½Snaf v;jrifph mG ½kyo f rd ;f xm;rnfqykd gu uRefawmfrsm;\ b0wck
vH;k qH;k ½I;H tñGeYf w;kH atmif jyKvkyof uJo
h Ykd rESpNf rdKUzG,t
f jzpfrsKd;udk vlBuD;rif;rsm; vdv k m;Murnfr[kw[ f k uRefawmf
rsm; ,HMk unfygonf/ odYk ygí uRefawmfrsm;tm; tjrefq;kH ausmif;jyefvnf 0ifa&mufEikd af &;twGuf pDpOfaqmif½u G f
ay;ygrnfhtaMumif; av;jrwfpGm yefMum;tyfygonf cifAsm;/
ausmif;xkwfcH&aom ausmif;om;rsm;
ausmif;jyef0ifa&;aqmif½GufrIaumfrwD
wuo taqmuftOD? &efukefwuúodkvf
434
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f uúov
kd f ausmif;om;nDñw
G af &; wyfO;D
1953-54 ckEpS f wESpv f ;kH wGif wuoa½G;aumufyyJG sufjcif;? atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwaf &;ta&;awmfykH
ay:aygufvmjcif; ponfwdkYjzifh tqdkyg wESpfvHk;onf wdkufyGJumv jzpfcJhonf/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
ausmif;xkwfonf? zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;onf? pnf;urf;awG trsKd;rsKd;owfrSwfonf? odkYaomf ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIonf
cg;jywfomG ;jcif;r½S/d oufqikd &f mtmPmydik Ef iS hf ausmif;om;xkMum;wGif wif;rmvsuf ½So d nf/ xdyk nmoifEpS f tjzpft
ysufrsm;t& qdkif&mtmPmydkifrsm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,folrsm;tjzpf ausmif;om;rsm;u jrifonf/
xdkwESpfvHk; ausmif;om;or*¾ r½Sdjcif;onf ausmif;om;xkudk w&m;0ifudk,fpm;jyKEdkifaom tzGJUtpnf;r½Sd
ouJhodkYjzpfonf/ ausmif;om;xktwGuf rsm;pGmepfemaponf/ xdkYaMumifh &efukefwuúodkvf½Sd toif;tzGJUaygif;pHk
pka0;um ]or*¾jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD} udk zGUJ pnf;í ta&;qdck &hJ onf/ ausmif;tmPmydik rf sm;onf wuo a½G;aumufyJG
usif;y&ef pOf;pm;ay;cJ&h onf/ or*¾ jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwDwiG f yg0ifco hJ rl sm;ESihf ucsif? u&if? csif;? ½Sr;f ? &cdik pf aom
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm; pkaygif;aqG;aEG;n§Ed idI ;f um ausmif;om;nDñw
G af &;wyfO;D (Student United Front) atmifjrifpmG
zGJUpnf;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ wdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pkESifh wdkif;&if;om;ausmif;om;rsm; pkaygif;zGJUpnf;cJhjcif;
jzpfonf/
yxrqHk; zGJUpnf;cJhaom ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD;wGif aumifpD0if (46) OD; ESifh atmufygtrIaqmif
tzGJUudk a½G;cs,fcJhonf/
udkcifarmif Ouú|
'*Hkaqmif 'k-Ouú|
awmifilaqmif
udkcifarmiftkef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
udkpdef0if; (xm;0,f) wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;
udkvSxGef;OD; (tif;pdef) aiGxdef;
rpöwmeefZifvm (ucsif) tzGJU0if
udkvSaz (&cdkif? OD;wifhaZmf) tzGJU0if
udkarmufZif (½Srf;) tzGJU0if
udkapmodef;a½T(u&if) tzGJU0if
udkaZmf0if; tzGJU0if
udkbkef;vIdif tzGJU0if
udkaX;rif; tzGJU0if
ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD;taeESifh atmufyg0g' (3) &yfudk csrSwfcJhonf/

3/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;? tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynmoifMum;a&;ESifh ausmif;om;b0
om,majzmifh jzL;a&;/
2/ ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;ESifh w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;ta&;jyóemwdkif;wGif aqmif½Gufvkdaom ausmif;
om;tiftm;pkrsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;wGJaqmif½Gufa&;/
3/ Nidrf;csrf;pGmynmoifMum;a&;? ,Ofaus;rIjr§ifhwifa&;ESifh ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; &if;ESD;pGm aygif;oif;qufqH
a&;/
wyfOD;onf xkduJhodkY wdusaom0g' (3) &yfcsrSwfum wuoa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf pnf;½Hk; jyifqifcJhonf/
oefY½Sif;aom ausmif;om;xkuvnf; ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;twGuf zdwfac:aqmif½GufrIrsm; ½SdcJhonf/
435
rS
oefh½Sif;aomausmif;om;xk
&efukefwuúodkvf
odhk
1/ 'Drdku&ufwpfausmif;om;tzGJY?
2/ wdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk? &efukefwuúodkvf
&Jabmfw-hkd
,aeY ausmif;om;avmuBuD; wckvHk;udkjcHKí tjyKoabmjzifh aocsmpGm a0zefqef;ppfMunfhrnfqdkvQif
&JabmfwdkYESifhwuG ausmif;olôm;wdkif; rjiif;qefEdkifawmhay/ atmufygtcsufrsm;udk awGU&ayvdrfhrnf/
¤if;tcsufrsm;rSm-
1/ ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; aoG;cGJrI/
2/ ausmif;om;xk wu,f vdkvm;í &oifh&xkdufaom tusKd;tcGifhrsm; qHk;½IH;aejcif;/
3/ vuf½dS ausmif;om;avmu\ ½Iyaf xG;ayGvv D aS om tajctaeqd;k rsm;aMumifh jynfow l Ykd\ txifao;rI
cH,lae&onf/
4/ ,cktcsdefxd ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkY\ aexkdifrI? ynmoifMum;rIwdkYESifh ywfoufonfh qHk;½IH;ae
aom tusK;d tcGirhf sm;udk xdxad &mufa&muf rnfonft h zGUJ tpnf;rsm;urS aqmif½u G í f taumiftxnf
razmfEdkifao;jcif;wdkYyif jzpf\/
txufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;udk tus,fw0ifU tao;pdwf ½Sif;vif;azmfjy&rnfqdkvQif-
1/ / a½S;wuúov kd f ausmif;om;avmuBuD;onf xif½mS ;cJah om &if;ES;D rIrsm;? wOD;ESiw hf OD; nD&if;tpfukd armifErS
rsm;uJhodkU cspfcifav;pm;cJhaom t&dyfta&mifrsm;udk ,aeYuREkfyfwdkY\ ppfNyD;wuúodkvf&mZ0ifwGif ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; ygwD0g'? *dkPf;*P pdwfxm;uGJjym;rIaMumifh qdwfokOf;ysufjyKef;cJh&onf/ 1947 ckESpfrSpí
uGefjrLepf0g'\ wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;rIudk vdkvm;aom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkESifh qdk½S,fvpf0g'\ tajccdkifBuD;rm;rIudk
jzpfxeG ;f apvdak om ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;wdYk onf wzGUJ ESiw hf zGUJ wuúov kd af usmif;om;tcsif;csif;[laom owd
w&m; vGwu f if;aeNyD;vQif rdrwd Ykd ,HMk unfrt
I oD;oD;wdUk \ qGaJ qmif&modYk vu kd yf gí wzufEiS w hf zuf tjyKwfwu kd f
aeMuonfrSm ,aeYwdkifyif jzpfawmhonf/ þuJhodkY ½Snfvsm;aom umvtydkif;tjcm;wGif &JabmfwdkY toif;tzGJU
tcsif;csif; aoG;uGJwdkufcdkufrIrsm; umuG,fxdef;odrf;&ef tvdkYiSm uREkfyfwdkY oefU½Sif;aomausmif;om;xkonf
wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾\ tmPmudk 0ifa&muf&,ljcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? &JabmfwdkY\ tjzpftrSefudk ausmif;
om;xktm; wifjyjcif;jzifv h nf;aumif; ajz½Si;f cJ&h awmhonf/ oefY½iS ;f aomausmif;om;xk\ jyKrlaqmif½u G rf o
I nf
atmifjrifaomtpdwftydkif;odkY a&muf½SdcJhovdk? ratmifjrifbJ qHk;½IH;jcif;ESifhvnf; &ifqdkifcJh&onf/ odkYwap 'DaeY?
'Dtcsdef? 'DumvrSmqdkvQif 'DtufpftdkESifh wdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk (ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;umuG,frI
aumfrwD) tzGJUwdkYonf wzGJUESifhwzGJU rMunfhEdkifavmufonftxd usD;ESifhcifbkwf iSufyrm jzpfaeawmhonfrSm
xif½Sm;vSayawmhonf/
2/ / ausmif;om;rsm; wu,fvdkvm;aom ynma&;qdkif&m jyóemt&yf&yfrsm;udk &JabmfwdkY (2) zGJUpvHk;u
wpmpm [pfatmfa<u;aMumfta&;qdk awmif;,laeMuonf/ ausmif;om;ta&; oufoufomqdkygu nDñGwfpGm
yl;wGJvkyfudkifvdkygonf[k aMunmpmwef;rsm; urf;vSrf;aeMu\/ odkYaomfvnf; &JabmfwdkY\urf;vSrf;rI aMunm
pmwef;ay:½Sd ta&;tom;wdkYrSm nDñGwfa&;jzpfay:rIxuf tcsif;csif; ydkrdkuGJuGmrIom tm;ay;aeonfudk uREkfyfwdkY
0rf;enf;pGm awGU½Sd&\/
3/ / wuúodkvfausmif;om;avmu tay:wGif xm;½Sdaom jynfolvlxk\tjrif? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ oabm
xm;? rdbwdYk\ ,lqcsu?f owif;pmavmu\ a0zefq;kH jzwfrrI sm;udk Munf½h q I ef;ppfrnfqv kd Qif ,aeY ausmif;om;
436
avmuonf txufyg tpdwftydkif;\ NidKjiifrI? txiftjrifao;rIrsm; cHpm;ae&onfrSm trsm;todyif jzpfawmh

\/ odkYjzpf&jcif;rSm &JabmfwdkYtcsif;csif; aoG;uGJrIrsm;? ausmif;om;xk\tusKd;xuf rdrdwdkY,HkMunf&m0g' tusKd;
jzpfxGef;rIudk a½SU½IvkyfudkifrIrsm;aMumifhyif jzpfawmh\/
4/ / ,aeY ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;w&yfvHk;twGuf wu,fta&;BuD;aom jyóemESifhvdkvm;rIrsm; ay:
aygufaeaomfvnf; wdkifwdkifyifyif &if;&if;ESD;ESD;ESD;aESmí ajz½Sif;ay;EdkifrnfhtzGJUtpnf;rsm; uif;rJhae&um ausmif;
om;xkw&yfvHk;rSm trdrJhom;? a&enf;ig;yrm jzpfaeawmhonf/
txufyg rESpfNrdKUzG,f jyóemrsm; ajyvnfap&efrSm ausmif;om;tpdwftydkif;trsKd;rsKd; udk,fpm;jyKí
ausmif;om;xkvdkvm;rIrsm;udk wu,fwef; av;pm;pdwfyg0ifpm;pGmjzifh ajz&Sif;ay;rnfh toif;tzGJUBuD;rsm;?
tcsif;csif; nDñw G pf mG jzifh rSeu
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f w G f zGUJ pnf;xm;
onfh wckwnf;aom ausmif;om;wyfOD;BuD; ay:aygufxGef;um;vma&;yif jzpfonf/
þuJhodkY wckwnf;aom ausmif;om;wyfOD; ay:vmjcif;onf -
1/ EdkifiHa&; taoG;ta&mifrsm;aMumifh ay:aygufaom aoG;uGJrIrsm;?
2/ ausmif;om;ôlrsm; ,aeUtvl;tvJ cHpm;ae&aom jyóemtcuftcJrsm;?
3/ ausmif;om;ôlw&yfvHk;ay:wGif wdkif;jynfu xm;½Sdaom txifao;rIrsm;?
4/ ausmif;om;ôlwdkY &xkdufaom tusKd;tcGifhrsm;udk aphpyf? ajz½Sif;? jr§ifhwif? ajrawmifajr§mufí
om,maom wuúodkvfausmif;om;avmuBuD;udk zefwD;wnfaxmif taumiftxnfazmfEdkifrnfudk
um; rnfolrQ jiif;qdkvdrfhrnfr[kwf/
þuJhodkY vuf½Sdtajctaeu awmif;cHonfh vdkvm;rIrsm;udk ajz½Sif;ay;rnfh wckwnf;aom ausmif;om;
wyfOD; ay:aygufvmzdkYtwGuf atmufyg tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;ay:wGif rlwnf&ayvdrfhrnf/
(u) Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;/
(c) ausmif;om;ôlwdkY\ jyóemt&yf&yfrsm;udk ausmif;om;xk\ qE´t&omvQif ajz½Sif;vkyf
aqmifa&;/
(*) ausmif;om;ôlwdkY\ ta&;tcif;rsm;udk ajz½Sif;&mwGif rdrdouf0if,HkMunfaom EdkifiHa&;0g'a&;&m
rsm;? vHk;0rpGufzuf? ryg0ifapa&;/
(C) rnfonfh jyóemrsm;rqdk w&m;Oya'abmiftwGi;f rS tjyKoabmjzifh at;Nidr;f onfh enf;oufouf
jzifh vkyfaqmifa&;/
txufwifjyyg tcsufBuD; (4) csufay:wGif rlwnfí ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk; awGUMuHKcHpm;ae&aom

'ku©tzHkzHkwdkYrS uif;vGwfa&;twGuf &JabmfwdkY\ pdwfxJ0,f ausmif;om;xktay:wGif xm;½Sdaomapwemonf
b,mtwGufr[kwf/ o'¨gtwGufomjzpfygu wckwnf;aom ausmif;om;wyfOD;BuD;udk zGJUpnf;&ef uREkfyfwdkY
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awmfveS af &;? vGwv f yfa&;BudK;yrf;rIrsm;wGif yg0ifcahJ om ausmif;om;wdYk\ tcef;u@rSm vGwv f yfa&; &NyD;onfah emuf
jynfwGif;ppf vdIif;wHydk;Mum;wGif tiftm;NydKifqdkifaom EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;Mum;ü ausmif;om;trsm;onfvnf;
tkyfpktrsKd;rsKd;uGJum tpdk;&ESifh ausmif;om;wdkufyGJyHkpH jzpfvmonf/ vuf½SdtkyfcsKyfaeaom zqyvtpdk;&onf e,fcsJU
tpd;k &ae&modYk a&muf½o dS mG ;NyD; ausmif;om;wdYk onf twdu k tf cHtiftm;pk\ yHpk rH sK;d jzpfomG ;onf/ 'Dru
kd a&pD ppfreS af om
tpdk;&w&yfjzpfcJhvQif ausmif;om;xkESifh tpdk;&Mum;wGif jzpfay:aom jyóemrsm;udk at;csrf;pGm ajz½Sif;ay;Edkifrnfjzpf
onf/ odYk aomf zqyvtpd;k &onf ¤if;tpd;k &tzGUJ wGif yg0ifaom 0efBuD;csKyfO;D Ek? 0efBuD;OD;ausmfNidr;f ? 0efBuD;OD;&m½Spw f Ykd
437
onf wcsdefu ausmif;om;or*¾wGif acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfcJhNyD; e,fcsJUtpdk;&\ zdESdyfrIrsm;udk qefYusifawmfvSefcJhMu

aomfvnf; ¤if;wdYk u, kd w f ikd f tpd;k &jzpfaomtcg ausmif;om;xku ¤if;wdYk trSm;rsm;udk a0zefaxmufjy qefYusifMuaom
tcgwGif e,fcsJUtpdk;&xuf ydkrdkqdk;0g;aom zdESdyfrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ xdktjzpftysufudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh pOf;pm;p&m
(2) ck jzpfvmonf/ ,aeYvuf½Sd ausmif;om;xkonf aemiftcsdefwGif tpdk;&tzGJUwGif 0efBuD;rsm;jzpfvmaom tcgü
ausmif;om;ta&;udpörsm;udk ¤if;wdkY rnfodkY ajz½Sif;Murnfenf;/ vuf½Sdzqyvtpdk;& ajz½Sif;ouJhodkY ajz½Sif;rnf
qdvk Qif ]'Dyyk x
f u J 'Dy}J omjzpfrnf/ ausmif;om;qdo k nfrmS rdbjynfow l Ykd\ rw&m;zdEydS cf &H rI? pD;yGm;a&; tusyt f wnf;
rajyvnfrIrsm;ay:wGif ¤if;wdkYxH wdkuf½dkufoufa&mufNyD; rauseyfrIrsm; yGifhtHxGufvmwwfonf/ xdkrauseyfrIrsm;
rSwqifh qE´jyyGJrsm;? oydwfarSmufrIrsm; jzpfay:vmNyD; t½Sdefjrifhvmaomtcg vlxkyg0ifvmMuum wdkufyGJt½Sdef
wjznf;jznf;jrifv h mNyD; ta&;awmfyt kH oGio f Ykd ul;ajymif;um ausmif;om;wdYk onf wyfO;D ae&mrS wjznf;jznf;aemufoYkd
a&mufoGm;NyD; awmfvSefa&;orm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;u acgif;aqmifrIae&m a&muf½Sdvmonfudk (1300) jynfhta&;
awmfyHkwdkYu oufaocHaeonf/
ta&;awmfyu kH mv Mumjrifv h maomtcgwGif vdrm® ,Ofaus;ygonfqakd om Edik if BH uD;om;yDoygonfqakd om
'Drdkua&pDjynfh0ygonfqdkaom EdkifiHBuD;rsm;wGifawmifrS qlyltMurf;zuf vk,ufrIrsm; jzpfay:vmayonf/ xdktcg
ta&;awmfyHkrS ta&;tcif;tjzpfodkY ul;ajymif;oGm;avonf/ ta&;tcif;odkY ul;ajymif;oGm;&jcif;rSm yg0ifaom
vlwef;pm;tvTmrsm;\ tawGUtMuHK &ifu h surf rI ½Sjd cif;? jyifqifrt I m;enf;jcif;? qefYusicf &H aom tpd;k &\ aoG;cGrJ rI sm;?
yÍörHwyfom;rsm;aMumifhvnf; yg0ifonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap ta&;awmfyHkESifh ta&;tcif;wdkY uGJjym;jcm;em;pGm od½SdNyD;
ta&;awmfyHkwckudk atmifjrifpGm qifETJEdkif&eftwGuf tzufzufrS BudKwifjyifqifrIrsm; rsm;pGmvkdtyfayonf/
ed*;kH csKyf&vQif tpd;k &w&yfonf vlx\ k tusKd;pD;yGm;udk jynfph rkH eS uf efpmG razmfaqmifEikd af o;ygu vlxt k oH
onf ausmif;om;xkxrH S yGit hf efxu G v f mayrnf/ xdYk aMumifh ausmif;om;vIy½f mS ;rIEiS hf vlxv k yI ½f mS ;rIonf jynfow l Ykd \
pm;0wfaea&; ajyvnfrIay:wGif rSDaeonf/ odkYaomf xdktcsufrSm tpdwftydkif; wckomvQif jzpfonf/ 'Drdkua&pDESifh
vlUtcGifhta&; jynfh0rIESifhvnf; rsm;pGmoufqdkif aeayonf/ tpdk;&w&yfu ppfrSefaom 'Drdkua&pDESifh vlUtcGifhta&;
jynfh0rIudk azmfaqmifEdkifygu ¤if;wdkYudk qefYusifa0zefwdkufcdkufrIrsm; wjznf;jznf;avsmhenf; oGm;Edkifonf/ ausmif;
om;xkbufuvnf; tESprf ygaom vIy½f mS ;rIrsm;udk azmfaqmifay;rnfh vuf½t dS pd;k & arG;jrLxm;onfh ausmif;om;rsm;
\ vkyfaqmifrIudk owdxm;&ef vdktyfayonf/ tpdk;&wdkif;onf wuúodkvfausmif;rsm;wGif ¤if;wdkY\ vl,Hkrsm;arG;
onfrmS tpOftqufyifjzpfonf/ wcgw&H ESp½f n S v f rsm; tkycf sKyfvakd om tpd;k &onf taMumif;jycsuf &½S&d eftwGuf
jynfwGif; rNidrfoufrIrsm;udk zefwD;avh½Sdonf/ xdktcgrsKd;wGif wuúodkvfausmif;rsm;ü ¤if;wdkYarG;jrLxm;aom vl,Hk
rsm;rSwqifh vnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkY\ vufudkifwkwf tmPmydkif? ykvdyf? ppfwyf? &JwdkYudk toHk;jyKí vnf;aumif;
rNidrfoufap&ef zefwD;avh½Sdonf/ xdkrNidrfoufrIrsm;udk taMumif;jyí vuf½Sdtpdk;&onf Mum½SnfpGm tcsdefqGJí
tkyfcsKyfEdkifonf/ ausmif;om;xkwdkYonf trSm;ESifhtrSef? w&m;rIESifh zdESdyfrI? rw&m;Oya'ESifh vdktyfaom pnf;urf;
Oya'rsm;udk cGjJ cm;Edik &f ef ta&;BuD;ayonf/ ausmif;om;xkta&;ESihf trsK;d om;a&; tESpo f m&udk wdu k yf yJG pkH H tedrt
hf jrif?h
tuefYtowfjzifh qifETJEdkif&ef ta&;BuD;ayonf/
438
wwd,tBurd f
ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzJUG csKyf nDvmcHBu;D
1954 ck Zefe0g&Dv (1 - 3) &uf
wuúodkvf&dyfomvrf;? a0VK0efausmif;wdkuf
Source: ASO's Burma's Student Movement (DtKTT)
wwd,tBurd af jrmuf Auorsm;tzJcYG sKyf nDvmcHBu;D [k jrefrm-t*Fvyd f ESpb

f momjzifU wzufwcsupf w
D iG f
a&;om;vrf;ñTex
f m;aom a0VK0efausmif; t0if0
439
udpk ed 0f if; (vuf0JbufwGif xdkifaeol) udk,fpm;vS,fcefhtyfvTmrsm; Ouú| udak Zmf0if; rdechf eG ;f ajymaepOf
ppfaq;Ny;D nDvmcHwufa&muforl sm;\ wHqyd rf sm; xkwaf y;aepOf
udpk ;kd ode;f rdechf eG ;f ajymaepOf (vuf0zJ ufwiG x

f ikd af eolrmS udck ifarmifO;D - k ek ;f armif rdechf eG ;f ajymaepOf (xdik af eolrmS udak Zmf0if;jzpfonf)
udt
twGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfNy;D ? obmywdtrnf rod)
nDv440
mcH tpnf;ta0; rdechf eG ;f ajymol- trnfrod (xdik af eolrmS udak Zmf0if;jzpfonf)
nDvmcH tpnf;ta0; tpnf;ta0;&yfem;csed f (aY½q

S ;kH rSvrl mS &efuek cf ½kid af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾-&uo
rS udak rmifarmifcifjzpfonf)
eH&u
H yf owif;vTmrsm; nDvmcH\ owif;ESijUf yefMum;a&;Xme (þtaqmuftOD;xJwiG f aMunm
pmwrf;tp½So
d nfwuhkd kd ½ku
d Ef ydS cf o
UJ nf)
441
xrif;pm;onfZU &yf tpnf;ta0;usi;f yonfU Z&yfwiG f ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; ntdyMf upOf
tpnf;ta0;&yfem;csdefwGif tif;vsm;uefzuf vrf;avQmufMupOf (0JrS,m)- xrif;pm;MupOf

trnfrod? udak usmo
f mxGe;f ? udpk ;kd ode;f ? udak Zmf0if;? udak tmifMunf
xrif;pm;MupOf (vSnMUf unfaU eolrmS udak usmo

f mxGe;f ? vuf0zJ ufwiG f xrif;pm;MupOf (ukwt
f us0Ð wfxm;olrmS udv
k aS qmifjzpfonf)
ZvHu
k ikd x
f m;olrmS udv
k aS qmifjzpfonf)
&efuek Nf rKd Y ü tpnf;ta0; jyifqifaqmif½u G f

olrsm;
&yfaeolrsm; (0Jr, S mod)hk - udjk rifo
U ed ;f ?
udpk ed 0f if;? udw
k ifatmif-&uo? trnfrod/
xdik af eolrsm; (0Jr,S mod)hk - udak rmifarmifñeG hf
(rif;vSñGefhMuL;)? udkoufÄ (&uo)?
udak usmo
f mxGe;f ? trnfrod/
k ufÄ - Auorsm;tzGcYJ sKy\

udo f Ouú|tjzpf
aemufq;kH aqmif½u G cf o
UJ jl zpfNy;D 1962 ckEpS f
442
aemufyikd ;f wGif Auyodhk awmcdo k mG ;Ny;D
awmwGi;f wae&mü usq;kH oGm;onf/
ausmif;om;nDñw
G af &;
wyfO;D wGif
yg0ifvyI &f mS ;cJo
h rl sm;
yif;,ausmif;aqmif (0Jr, S m)
xdik af eolrsm;âY½w S ef;- udak tmifMunf?
udv k aS qmif\tudk (trnfrod)?
aemufwef;- udt k ek ;f armif?
udx k eG ;f MunfÄ? udpk ;kd ode;f ? trnfrod/
&yfaeolrsm;- trnfrod? udck spNf rKd i?f
udw k ifa½T? udpk ed 0f if;?
udak rmifarmifñeG ?hf trnfrod?
udn k mbef;Ä? trnfrod/
k Kd 0if;? udo
yif;,ausmif;aqmif
aY½w S ef;- udak tmifMunf?
udak usmo f mxGe;f ? trnfrod?
udjk rifo
U ed ;f /
aemufwef;- udpk ed 0f if;? udx
k eG ;f Munf?
udtk ek ;f armif? trnfrod/
0JzufoHpumysufpD;aejcif;rSm
atmufygtaMumif;aMumifhjzpfonf/
,cifu þ0ifaygufwGif
oHpumrsm;? oHbm*smwHcg;rsm;
r½SdcJhbJ (atmufwdkbmausmif;wv
ydwfa&;vIyf½Sm;rIaemufydkif;[k
,lq&onf/) tcsdefrS
pwifwyfqifcJhonf/
¤if;aemufuefYuGufyJG wckwGif
ausmif;om;rsm; zsufpD;cJhMuonf/
udkombef;Ä- &cdkiftrsKd;om; wOD;jzpfNyD; 1988 aemufydkif; jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf (,lteft,fvf'D) \
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pka&;&maumfrwD0ifESifh vkyfief;aumfrDwD0ifjzpfonf/ yxrtBudrf 1991 rS 1995 txd axmifcscH&onf/
,ckpmtkyfjyKpk&mwGif ulnDcJhrIjzifh 1998 wGif tzrf;cH&NyD; (6) ESpftMum 2004 ck ZlvdkifvwGif axmifrS jyefvGwfvmonf/ 443
udkxGef;MunfÄ- 1963 jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrfa&;aqG;aEG;yJGysufNyD;aemufydkif; AuyodkYawmcdkoGm;onf/ awmwGif;usqHk;onf/
yif;,ausmif;qmifEiS Uf ppfuikd ;f aqmifMum;

(0Jr,
S m)
a½Sw
Y ef;- udpk ed 0f if;? udak tmifMunf?
tjcm;olrsm;trnfrod
yif;,aqmifEiS Uf ppfuikd ;f aqmifMum;

(0JrS,m) udak Zmf0if;? udwk ifa½T? udck spo
f ed ;f OD; (pDwt
D )kd ?
udAk aqGav;
udkwifa½T (rHk½Gmwifa½T)- tJeft,fvf'D A[kdOD;pD;tzGJY0ifESifh

rEÅav;wdkif;wm0efcHjzpfNyD; 1990 Edk0ifbmwGif tzrf;cH&NyD;
axmif'Pf (19) ESpf csrSwfjcif;cH&onf/ 8? 6? 97 &ufaeY
touf(76) ESpf t½G,fwGif uG,fvGefonf/
yif;,aqmiftwGi;f udak usmo f mxGe;f aecJah om

Source: Burma's Student Movement (DrKTT)
tcef;aY½w S iG f (0Jr,
S m)
udjk rifo
h ed ;f ? udv
k aS qmif? udpk ;kd ode;f ?
udv k aS qmif\tudk
444
ppfuikd ;f aqmifEiS Uf reD;ra0;wGif (0Jr,

S m)
trnfrod? udn k Kd 0if;? udv
k aS qmif? udak usmo
f mxGe;f ?
udkausmfvdIif
udn k Kd 0if;- 88 aemufydkif; jynfolYwdk;wufa&;ygwD\ wJGzuf

twGif;a&;rSL;? 'Drdkua&pDr[mrdwfrsm;tzGJUcsKyf\ twGif;
a&;rSL;jzpfNyD; ppftkyfpk\ zrf;qD;n§Of;yrf;ESdyfpufrIaMumifh
1990 ckESpf? rwfv (8) &ufaeY touf (60) t½G,fwGif
tif;pdefaxmifaq;½HkwGif aoqHk;cJhonf/
udak usmv f iId -f jynfolYwdk;wufa&;ygwDtzGJU0ifjzpfNyD; tif;pdef
axmifü tusOf;uscHae&qJjzpfonf/
udak usmo f mxGe;f - a'gufwmausmo f mxGe;f onf 29? 12? 2000
ckESpfwGif *smrPDEdkifiHwGif uG,fvGefonf/
yif;,aqmifwiG f (0Jr,S m)
trnfrod? udx
k eG ;f Munf? udv
k aS qmif
Auorsm;tzGcYJ sKyt f wGuf

iSm;xm;cJah omoGww f rJ mS *syq
f ifaumvdyEf iS hf
rsuEf mS csi;f qdik f jynfvrf;wzufwiG f ½Scd o
hJ nf/
(0Jr,
S m)
Source: Burma's Student Movement (DrKTT)
udkwifa½T (rHk½Gm)? udkpdef0if; (xm;0,f)
udkpdef0if;- EdkifiHwuma&;&m t,f'DwmcsKyf

1988 Mo*kwfvqef;wGif &efukefNrdKYwGif uG,f
vGefonf/ 445
udkouf udAk aqGav; udak rmifarmifñeG hf (rif;vSñeG Mhf uL;) udpk ed 0f if;
OD;ndK0if; OD;ausmo
f mxGe;f OD;ombef; OD;vSa½T
udkvSa½T- aemufqHk; Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf (62) twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJU0if? 1988 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif jynfolYwdk;wufa&;ygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;? ,ckpmtkyf
a&;om;&mwGif ulnDcJhojzifh 1998 ckESpfwGif tzrf;cH&NyD; o&ufaxmifrS 2005 ck? Zlvdkifv (6) &ufaeYwGif jyefvGwfvmonf/ axmif (6) Budrf
uscJhNyD;? (24) ESpfausmfcefY axmifwGif;b0 jzwfoef;cJh&onf/
GovtPub, DrTheinLwin, AAPPB, APPB, KTT, KTT
Source: (left-right/ top-bottom) Oway, Oway, ASO, ASO,
wuúov
kd "f r®m½kaH ½Sw
Y iG f udak Zmf0if; rdecYf eG ;f ajymMum;aepOf *syq
f ifaumvdyf taqmuftOD;wGif tpnf;ta0;wckvyk af epOf
tpnf;a0;acwÅem;csed f udt
k ek ;f armif (rsuEf mS csi;f qdik )f ESiUf udak tmifbef;
446 (wd;k wufâusmay;xm;ol) pum;ajymqdak eMupOf
tcef; (17)

'Dru
kd a&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;ESifh trsK;d om;a&;toGif
(1954 rS 1955)
(u) 1954-55 wuoa&G;aumufyGJ

1954-55 ckEpS f wuoa½G;aumufyu JG kd wuúovkd t
f mPmydik rf sm;\ tultnDjzifh usif;ycJo
h nf/ xdEk pS w
f iG f
ausmif;om;wdkif;onf wuotoif;0if jzpfvmonf/ a'gufwmomvS\ tultnDvnf; trsm;BuD;ygcJhonf/
xdEk pS f wuowGif wyfO;D onf wOD;wnf;NydKifae&ovdk jzpfaeonf/ a½G;aumufyw JG iG f Ouú|tjzpf wyfO;D rS ta½G;cHEikd f
ol r½SdcJhyg/ oefY½Sif;tiftm;pkrS udkwifxGef;udk pOf;pm;cJh&onf/ xdkESpf wuoa½G;aumufyGJwGif wyfOD;udk,fpm;vS,f
tm;vHk; ta½G;cH&onf/
(c) 1954-55 wuotrIaqmiftzGJU

udkwifxGef; (oefY½Sif;) Ouú| (aemif pdkufysKd;a&bPf? vufaxmufrefae*sm^
tmwD;,m;)
udkeefZifvm (ucsif ) 'k-Ouú| (aemif A[dkw&m;½Hk;a½SUae)
udkwifxGef; (ewfarmuf) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; tzGJUcsKyf?
twGif;a&;rSL;a[mif;? ausmif;wESpfxkwfcH&ol)
udkoef;wif aiGxdef; (aemif A[dkw&m;½Hk;a½SUae)
udkwifa½T trIaqmifrsm; (aemif A[dkw&m;½Hk;a½SUae)
udkpdef0if; (xm;0,f) pmMunfhwdkufrSL; (aemif EdkifiHwuma&;&m t,f'DwmcsKyf)
udkcifarmiftkef; t,f'Dwm (tdk;a0r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwm)
udkwifxGef; (&cdkif) trIaqmif (ausmif;om;rsm;oufomacsmifcsda&;Xme? 0ga,m)
udkarmufZif (½Srf;) wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL; (owif;ESifh jyefMum;a&;wm0efcH)
447
udkapm½Sm;vrdefvS wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL; (EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;wm0efcH)

udk0if;xG#f wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL; (vlxkqufoG,fa&;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;Xme)
(*) wuo aiG&wkobif

1954-55 ckEpS f ynmoifEpS rf mS wuo (25) ESpf oufwrf;jynfah omESpf jzpfonf/ xkYd aMumifh wuoaiG&wk
obifudk wuúodkvfe,fajrwGif NcdrfhNcdrfhoJ usif;yEdkifcJhonf/ wyfOD;atmifyGJESifh wuo aiG&wkobifudk NcdrfhNcdrfhoJ
usif;yEdik cf o hJ nf/ wuo aiG&wkobifrmS wuúov kd ef ,fajrwGif 'kw,
d tBudrf ausmif;om;yGaJ wmf jzpfonf/ 1952-
53 ckESpf wdk;wufwdkYta½G;cH&pOf yxrtBudrfausmif;om;yGJawmf usif;ycJhonf/ wdk;wufwjzpfvJ wyfOD;wdkY\pnf;½Hk;
a&; ydrk u kd s,fjyefYvmonf/ aiG&wkobif usif;yEdik í f ausmif;om;wdYk \ axmufyrHh I ydrk &kd ½Sv
d mum wuo tcef;u@
ydkrdk jrifhrm;vmonf/ wyfOD;pnf;½Hk;a&;tm; ydkrdkaumif;vmonf/ wuo aiG&wkobiftcrf;tem;zGifhyGJodkY 0efBuD;csKyf
OD;Ekonf wuúov kd t
f "dywdtaeESihf vnf;aumif;? wuoOuú|a[mif;taejzifh vnf;aumif; wufa&mufred Yf ceG ;f ajym
Mum;cJhonf/ atmufwdkbmta&;aMumifh qdkif&mtmPmydkifrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;xktMum; txl;ojzifh wuowGif
vuf½Sd acgif;aqmifrI&aeaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkESifh wif;rmrIavsmhoGm;ap&ef ESpfzufpvHk;rS tm½HkpdkufcJhMuonf/
0efBuD;csKyfO;D Ekonf tcrf;tem;wGif ausmif;om;tm;vH;k udk ausmif;vcvGwNf idr;f cGihf ay;oGm;onf/ wuúov kd af usmif;
om;wa,muf wuoaMu; oHk;usyf? ausmif;om; rSwfyHkwifaMu; wusyfom xdkESpfu ay;cJh&onf/
(C) pwkw¦tBudrf ausmif;q&mrsm;toif; (&efukef)? ESpfywfvnfnDvmcH

pwkwt¦ Budrf ausmif;q&mrsm;toif; (&efuek )f nDvmcHukd A[dt
k pd;k & txufwef;ausmif;wGif pufwifbm
(11) &uf we*FaEGaeY 1954 ckESpfwGif usif;ycJhonf/ þtoif;BuD;udk 1953 ckESpf? pufwifbmv rwdkifrDwGif
Ouú| q&mBuD;OD;boef;wif? twGif;a&;rSL; OD;atmifoef;wdkY vkyfudkifcJhonf/
(i) urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾aeh
Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufaeYonf urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;aeYjzpfonf/ Armjynfausmif;om;aeY ('DZifbm 20
&uf? Adv
k af tmifausmfusqH;k aeY) uJo
h Ykd yif aoG;csif;eD&aJ omaeY jzpfonf/ þaeYwiG f y&wfNrdKUü ,leAD mpDwD ausmif;om;
wdkYonf zufqpfpepftm; qefYusifonfh *sifhatmfyvDwJvf Jan Opletal* (aq;ausmif;om;tm;) owfjzwfypfonfh
twGuf qE´jycJh&m *smrefzufqpfonf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ypfowfjcif;? ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ya&mfzuf
qmrsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; emZDoHkYyef;pcef;odkY ydkYjcif;? wuúodkvfausmif;tm; ydwfcJhjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/
xdkYaMumifh urÇmt&yf&yf½Sd ausmif;om;wdkYonf Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufaeYa&mufvmvQif zufqpfpepftm;
tNyD;wdkif acsrIef;a&;t"d|mefcsrSwfum urÇmhausmif;om;aeYudk usif;ycJhMuygonf/ þaeYudk urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;
or*¾BuD; ay:aygufvmaomtcg urÇmhausmif;om;aeY[k owfrSwfcJhonf/
(p) oHk;cgus ausmif;xkwfpepfjyóem

'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; NyD;onfhaemuf &efukefwuúodkvfwGif ppfrwdkifrDu (2000) ausmf½Sd&mrS ppfBuD;tNyD;wGif
(8000) ausmftxd jzpfvmonf/ xdktcsdef &efukefwuúodkvf vdktyfcsufrsm; tjrJay:aygufaeNyD; tusyftwnf;rsm;
avsmhyg;oGm;onfr½Sd/ xdkodkY tusyftwnf; rjynfhpHkrIrsm;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u axmufyHhaMu; ydkrdkay;jcif;? ynma&;
&efyHkaiG wdk;wufoHk;pGJjcif;jzifh ajz½Sif;&rnfhtpm; wuúodkvfausmif;om; avsmhyg;oGm;ap&ef twef;ynm oifMum;ol
OD;a& enf;ap&ef wuúodkvfpmar;yGJrsm; tust½IH; jyKvkyfcJhjcif;? wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJudk (7) wef;atmifrS ajz&rnf[k
owfrSwfcJhjcif;? wuúokdvfwGif (3) cgusvQif ausmif;xGuf&rnf qdkaom (3) cgus ausmif;xkwfpepfudk 1954-
55 ckESpfrS pwif usifhoHk;vmcJhonf/ xdkpepfaMumifh ausmif;om; &maygif;rsm;pGm wuúodkvfü ynmoifMum;cGifh
r&bJ xGufcGmoGm;cJh&onf/ xkdpepfonf ynma&;tqifhjr§ifhwif&ef &nf½G,fcsuf r[kwfbJ-
Note*- The date commemorates the 1939 Nazi storming of the University of Prague after demonstrations against
the killing of Jan Opletal* and the occupation of Czechoslovakia, and the execution of nine student leaders,
448 over 1200 students sent to concentration camps, and the closing of all Czechoslovakian universities and
colleges. The day was first marked in 1941 in London by the International Students' Council. (Wikipedia)
(1) wuúodkvfwGif jzpfay:aeaom ausmif;om;rsm;\ tusyftwnf;udk rSm;,Gif;aom rw&m;enf;jzifh

ajz½Sif;&ef jyKvkyfjcif;/
(2) ausmif;om; tcGifhta&;jzpfaom pmayoifMum;rIudk ydwfyifwm;qD;jcif; jzpfavonf/
þodYk (3) cguspepfonf wuúov kd wf iG jf zpfay:aeaom tusyt f wnf;udk rw&m;aomenf;jzifh ajz½Si;f jcif;?
ausmif;om;tcGithf a&;udk ydwyf ifwm;qD;jcif;jzpfonft h wGuf wuúov
kd af usmif;om;or*¾ wuoonf ausmif;om;
xkbufrS rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfum 1955 ckESpfrS pwifí (3) cgus ausmif;xkwfpepftwGuf wdkufzsufcJhavonf/
pmar;yGJcs? ausmif;xkwfpepfudk uefhuGufMuavmU

uReaf wmfwYkdonf &efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;ôlrsm;ESihf Armjynfw0Sr;f vH;k rS ausmif;om;ôlrsm; jzpfyg
onf/
uRefawmfwdkY tkyfxdef;olESifh rdbrsm;u todynmzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; twwfynmwckjzifh toufarG;0rf;
ausmif;um wdkif;jynfwm0ef xrf;aqmifEdkifa&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&; usyfwnf;rIcHpm;&onfh Mum;rSyif aumvdyf?
wuúodkvfrsm;? txufwef;? tv,fwef;? rlvwef;ausmif;rsm;odkY apvTwfí ynm½SmrDS;apcJhygonf/
'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;rwdik rf u D qdv k Qif ynmwwfaygrsm;NyD;? wdik ;f jynftm; jr§iw hf ifEikd &f eftwGuf ynma&;udk
tm;ay;Muyg[lí wpmpmatmf[pfcg om;orD;rsm;udk ausmif;odYk apvTw&f ef wdu k w f eG ;f cJMh uonf/ ,ck ppfNyD;acwf
üum; uReaf wmfwYkd\ rdbrsm;jzpfaom jynfov l x
k Bk uD;\ todÓPfonf wd;k jr§iv hf mcJyh gonf/ rdrw d Ykd\ om;orD;
rsm;udk rwdkufwGef;&bJ rdrdwdkYudk,fydkiftodjzifh ausmif;odkYapvTwf ynmoifapcJhygonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; ppfrjzpf
rDu ausmif;om; (2300) ½Sdaom &efukefwuúodkvfonf ,aeY ausmif;om; (8000) ausmftxd ½SdvmcJhayonf/
ppfrjzpfrDu Armjynfw0Srf;wGif ausmif;om; (3) odef;rS ,aeY (7) odef;txd½SdvmcJhygonf/ ,ckuJhodkY jynfolvl
xkBuD;onf rdrw d Ykd \ wd;k wufvmaom todÓPfjzifh rdrw d Ykd om;orD;rsm;udk ausmif;rsm;odYk apvTwcf g ynm½SmrS;D
apjcif;? ynma&;ü tm;ay;jcif;rsm;udk zqyvtpdk;&onf wu,fwrf; wdkif;jynf wdk;wufBuD;yGm;rI? wdkif;jynf
todÓPfzGHUNzdK;rIudk tvdk½SdygvQif 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;ompGmvufcHí ynma&;udk tm;ay;ulnD&rnf jzpfonf/
Armjynfw0Srf;vHk;wGif wuúodkvf? aumvdyf? txufwef;ausmif;rsm; wdk;csJUaqmufvkyfjcif;? oifMum;
jyornfh t&nftcsif;jynfh q&m? q&mrrsm;&½SdEdkif&ef q&mrsm;\ vpmwdk;jr§ifhí vHkavmufpGm ½SmazGcefYtyfjcif;?
ausmif;oH;k y&dabm*rsm; zlvakH p&eftwGuf zefw;D ay;jcif;rsm; jyKvky&f ayrnf/ txl;ojzifh wdik ;f jynf\ toH;k p&dwf
wGif ynma&;p&dwfwdk;jr§ifhjcif;jzifh wuúodkvfaxmufyHhjcif;udk ydkrdkjyKvkyfay;&ayrnf/
odYkaomf zqyvqd½k , S v
f pftpd;k &onf þodYkwikd ;f jynfw;kd wufBuD;yGm;&m? vlx\ k todÓPf zGUH NzdK;wd;k wuf
a&;twGuf ynma&;toHk;p&dwfudk wdk;jr§ifh&rnfhtpm; rdrdwdkYtmPmcdkifjrJa&;? &mxl;wnfwHha&;twGuf zdESdyfrI
tcsuftcsmjzpfaom ppfwyfrsm;wdk;csJUjcif;? ykvdyfrsm;wdk;csJUjcif;? Oya' tusOf;Xme ponfwdkY wdk;csJUjcif;? ppf?
ykvdyf? Oya'ponfh toHk;p&dwfrsm; jr§ifhwifay;cJhavonf/ ,aeYvuf½Sd tajctaewGif zqyv tpdk;&tzdkY
pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; qdu k af &mufcahJ vonf/ þodYk tusyftwnf; qdu k af &muf&jcif;rSm Armjynf\ pD;yGm;a&;
pepfonf vGwv f yfrrI ½Sb d J e,fcsJUorm;tm; vH;k 0rScD t kd m;xm; ae&aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ,aeY pD;yGm;a&;tusyft
wnf;udk ajz½Sif;vdkvQif e,fcsJUorm;wdkY\ avmif;&dyfrS vGwfvyfaom pD;yGg;a&;pepfudk xlaxmifrSjzpfrnf/
odkYaomf zqyvonf e,fcsJUorm;tm; vHk;0rSDcdktm;xm;ae&aom ,ckvuf½Sd pD;yGm;a&; pepfa[mif;BuD;udkyif
rGrf;rHusm;uefvsuf ½Sdayonf/ ,ck jzpfay:aeaom pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf; 0efxkyf0efydk;udk vlxktay:
yHck saeayonf/ tvkyo f rm;vcrsm; avQmyh pfjcif;? ½Sm;yg;p&dwrf sm; jzwfawmufjcif;? tcGet f wkwrf sm; ydrk akd umufcH
jcif;? aps;EIe;f rsm; aps;BuD;jrifah pjcif;wdYk jyKvkyv f suf ½So d nf/ ynma&;avmuwGiv f nf; tvkyo f rm; avmuenf;
wl ynma&;toH;k p&dwu f kd qGcJ sum ausmif;om;rsm;tay: yHck scJah yonf/ ,aeYwuúov kd üf qdv
k Qif ,cif axmufyhH
aMu;ay;aom ausmif;om;tm;vHk;udk axmufyHhaMu;&yfpJjcif; jyKvkyfcJhayonf/
þodYk ynma&;toH;k p&dwf avQmhcsjcif;jzifh ausmif;taqmuftODrsm;udk wd;k csJUraqmufEidk jf cif;? ausmif;t
a&twGuf avQmhypfjcif;? ausmif;oH;k y&dabm*rsm; r0,fEikd jf cif;wdYk awGUMuHKvm&aomtcg ausmif;wGif ausmif;om;
rsm; avsmhoGm;ap&efrSm ausmif;udkydwfívnf; rjzpfEdkifojzifh tjcm; rw&m;aom enf;vrf;rsm; wqifhNyD;wqifh
vkyfvmMuonf/
&efuek w f uúov kd Ef iS hf aumvdyrf sm;wGif pmar;yGrJ sm;udk Oypmtxufwef;pmar;yG?J bDattxufwef;pmar;
449
yGJrsm;om wuúodkvfpwnfpuyif tpdk;&ppfpmar;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfcJhygvsufESifh 1951-52 ckESpfwGif twef;wdkif;ü

Oypm yxrESpf? 'kwd,ESpf? bDat yxrESpf? 'kwd,ESpfwdkif;wGif tpdk;&ppfpmar;yGJrsm; jyKvkyf&ef jyifqifcJhNyD;
pmar;yGJusolrsm;udk (undesirable elements) rvdkvm;tyfolrsm;[k orkwfum xkwfypf&ef MuH½G,fcJhavonf/
xdpk Ofu ausmif;om;xk\ wGe;f uefcsufaMumifyh ifvQif pmar;yGpJ epfuo kd m ajymif;vJEikd Nf yD; ausmif;rxkwf
Edik f jzpf&ayonf/ twef;wdik ;f wGif pmar;yGpJ pfum ausmif;om;rsm; txufwef;rsm;odYk ra&mufatmif wjznf;jznf;
MuHaqmifcJhNyD; 1954-55 ckESpfwGif (3) cgus ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ausmif;aqmif aecGifhray;jcif; jyKusifhcJh&mrS
1955 ckESpf ESpfukefwGif (3) cgus ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ausmif;xkwfcJhavonf/ þodkY (3) cgus ausmif;xkwf
pepfudk aq;odyÜHwGifvnf; usifhoHk;vmcJhayonf/ ,aeYtxdqdkvQif ausmif;om;trsm; ausmif;xkwfjcif; cHae&
ayNyD/ txufwef;? tv,fwef;? rlvwef;rsm;wGif pmar;yGJjyKvkyfaomtcg pmar;yGJcspepfudk wjznf;jznf;
oGwo f iG ;f cJo
h nf/ 1952-53 ckEpS w
f iG f ausmif;rsm;ü r½Scd b hJ ;l aom owårwef;? pwkww ¬ ef;pmar;yGrJ sm;udk tpd;k &ppf
jyKvkyfvmNyD; owårwef;wGif (60) &mcdkifEIef;atmif&mrS ,aeY (30) &mcdkifEIef;om atmifjrifjcif;? pwkw¬wef;wGif
(80) &mcdkifEIef;atmif&mrS ,aeY (40) &mcdkifEIef;om atmifjrifjcif;rsm; awGU&ayonf/ wuúodkvfüvnf; ,aeY
atmifjrifaom ausmif;om;OD;a&rSm ,cifuxuf avsmhenf;vmcJhonfudk awGU&onf/ þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk
Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh tpdk;&onf pmppfXmersm;wGif pGufzufcg ausmif;om;OD;a&udk avsmhcsypfaeonf/
wuúodkvfpmar;yGJrsm;wGifvnf; ppfBuD;tNyD;ü (46) &mcdkifEIef; atmifjrifcJhaomfvnf; ,aeY (11.42)
&mcdik Ef eI ;f om atmifjrifcahJ wmhonf/ ,aeYqv kd Qif wuúov kd 0f ifpmar;yGu
J kd ESpq
f ifjh yKvyk Mf u&ef pDpOfMujyefawmhonf/
pmar;yGcJ sausmif;xkwof nfph epfukd ,aeYArmjynfynma&;avmuodYk oGwo f iG ;f í wuúov kd rf sm;? aumvdyf
rsm;ürl pmar;yGJ (3) cgus ausmif;xkwfrnf[k twdtusjyKvkyfum xkwfypfaeaomfvnf; txufwef;ausmif;
rsm;ürl ajAmifrvkyfao;bJ pmar;yGJusolrsm;udk cdk;aMumifcdk;0Suf rodrom rw&m;ausmif;xkwfvsuf ½Sdonf/
&efuek Nf rdKU? A[dt k pd;k &txufwef;ausmif;wGif ausmif;om; (200) eD;yg;rQ ausmif;xkwyf pfjcif;cH&onf/ uefawmf
av;tpd;k &wef;jr§iahf usmif; ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; vdu k ef m&efpnf;urf;rsm;\ tcsuf (4) csufwiG f ausmif;ü
pmar;yGJ (3) cgusvQif þausmif;wGif ynmqufvuf oifMum;cGifhrjyK[k twdtvif;qdkxm;ayonf/
þodkY ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tpdk;&onf ¤if;wdkY\ ynma&;toHk;p&dwf avQmhvdkrIaMumifh ausmif;xkwfypf
jcif;? ausmif;om;avQmhypfjcif;rsm; jyKrlcahJ omfvnf; wzufrS ausmif;om;rsm; nHzh sif;íjzpfonf[k toHaumif;[pf
a<u;aMumfum zHk;uG,fcJhavonf/
,aeY ausmif;om;rsm; tb,faMumifh nhHzsif;&avoenf;/
,aeY ausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;taqmuftOD rvHak vmufraI Mumifh ausmif;om;rsm; waeYv;kH ynmroif&bJ
reufausmif;? nausmif; cGJjcm;oifae&onf/ aumvdyf? wuúodkvfrsm;wGif wcef;vQif ,cifu ausmif;om;
(30) oifMum;&mrS ,aeY ausmif;om; (200) ausmf? (300) ausmf ynmoifMum;vsuf ½Sdonf/ ,aeY ausmif;rsm;
wGif q&m? q&mrrsm;tm; vpmwd;k jr§irhf ay;ojzifh t&nftcsif;jynfh q&m? q&mrrsm? 'D*&DbUJG & q&m? q&mrrsm;
rSm q&mrvkyfbJaeMu\/ &efukefNrdKU? trsKd;orD;txufwef;ausmif;wGif 'D*&DbGJU& q&m (2) OD;om½Sd\/ jynf
NrdKU? txufwef;ausmif;wGif 'D*&DbGJU& q&m (1) OD;om½Sd\/ tvm;wl jynfe,fausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; 'D*&DbGJU&
q&mrsm; vHak vmufpmG r½S?d ½SNd yD; q&mrsm;udo k m txufwef;ausmif;rsm;odYk ydYk aqmifum ynmoifMum;apcJo h nf/
þodkY ausmif;rsm;wGif q&mrvHkavmufbJ twef;wwef;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; tqrwef q&mrvdkufEdkifatmif
rEdkifreif; oifMum;ae&avonf/
wzef ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*wGifvnf; vHk;0r½Sd jzpfcJh&\/ odyÜHynm? avmu"gwfynmcef;rsm;wGif "gwfcGJ
ud&d,mrsm; r½Sdí roif&jcif;? pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;r½Sdí roif&jcif;aMumifh wuúodkvfrsm;wGif ¤if;ausmif;om;rsm;
nhzH sif;&jcif; jzpfavonf/ wzef wuúov kd 0f ifpmar;yGw
J iG f t*Fvyd pf mnhí H pmar;yGu J sonf[k taMumif;jyjyef\/
,aeY t*Fvyd pf mrSm rnfoYkdajymapumrl ausmif;om;rsm;wGif roifrae&bmom? yxrbmomtjzpf oif,al e&\/
rdrdwdkYbmomr[kwfaom bmompum;udk yxrbmomtjzpf oif,lum ta&;xm;ppfaq;aomfvnf; oifMum;
aomtcgwGif (5) wef;rSpí oifMum;&\/ wpfaeY (1) em&DrQavmufEiS hf t*Fvyd pf mudk (5) ESpf oifMum;jcif;tm;jzifh
rnfodkYrQ wuúodkvftqifhudk rrDEdkif/
wzef ausmif;om;rsm;ysif;í pmar;yGu J sonf[k taMumif;jy\/ ,aeYausmif;om;rsm;onf pmar;yGaJ tmif
450
&ef rnfrQtm;xkwf&onfudk ,aeY ajrmufrsm;pGmaom tvGwfynmoifausmif;rsm;wGif aeYnrtm; avhvm

qnf;yl;ae&jcif;uyif ausmif;om;rsm; rysif;jcif;udk oufaojyaeacsonf/
,ckuJhodkY ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;rsm;wGif avsmhyg;atmif jyKvkyfjcif;onf ,aeYwdkif;jynf\ jyefvnf
xlaxmifa&;wGif vdt k yfaom ynmonfrsm; ,kwaf vsmhjcif;? wdik ;f jynfwiG f todÓPfw;kd wufa&;wdYk tm; aESmifah ES;
MuHaqmifjcif;wdkYudk tpdk;&onf um,uHajrmuf jyKrljcif;yif jzpf\/
,ckuJhodkY ausmif;om;rsm;tm; pmar;yGJcsumausmif;xkwfonfhpepf oGwfoGif;um pmayqufvuf oif
Mum;cGifh ray;jcif;onf EdkifiHol? EdkifiHom;wdkif; ynmoifMum;cGifh ½Sdap&rnf[laom tcsufudk azsmufzsufjcif;
jzpf½Hkomru vlwdkif;ynmoifMum;cGifh &½Sdrnf[laom vlrItcGifhta&;ydwfyifjcif;vnf; jzpfayonf/
ausmif;olôm;taygif;wdkh-
zqyvwdYk onf ,ckuo hJ Ykd aiGtusytf wnf;? 0efxw k 0f efy;kd udk ausmif;om;xktay:csum ausmif;om;rsm;
tm; pmar;yGJcs ausmif;xkwf½HkrQru wzufrSvnf; 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfaom or*¾tzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;cGifhudk
ydwfyifjcif;? ausmif;om;opömazmuf 'Dtufpftdkrsm; arG;jrLaoG;cGJapjcif;? zdESdyfrIrsm;udkyg jyKusifhvsuf ½Sdayonf/
þuJhodkY pmar;yGJcs? ausmif;xkwfjcif;? tcGifhta&;ydwfjcif;? 'Dtufpftdkrsm;udk ajr§mufyifhay;cg ausmif;om;xk
nDñGwfa&;tm; NzdKcGJaeonfrsm;udk ausmif;om;xkBuD;w&yfvHk; nDñGwfpGm vufwGJumuG,fMu&ef EId;aqmftyfyg
aMumif;/
NrdKYrd? NrdKYzESifU jynfolvlxkBuD; cifAsm;-
,aeYausmif;om;rsm;tm; pmar;yGJcsum ausmif;xkwfypfonfhta&;onf ausmif;om;ta&; oufouf
omr[kwf? Armjynf\ wdk;wufBuD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiH\ta&;? wjynfvHk;ta&; jzpfygonf/ rdrdwdkY\ &ifaoG;rsm;\
xm0pOfta&;vnf;jzpfay&m usaemfwdkY ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh twlyg0if ulnDaqmif½Gufum zqyv qdk½S,fvpf
tpd;k &\ rw&m;pmar;yGcJ sí ausmif;xkwo f nfh pepfukd ,aeYArmjynfynma&;xJoYkd usio hf ;kH vmjcif;tm; umuG,f
Mu&ef arwåm&yfcHtyfygaMumif;/
- wuúodkvfpmar;yGJ (3) cguspepfudk y,fzsufavmU
- wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJwGif csypfjcif; &yfqdkif;avmU
- pmar;yGJcsí ausmif;xkwfpepfudk zsufodrf;avmU
- ynma&;toHk;p&dwf wdk;jr§ifhavmU
- ynma&;pepfudk topfjyifavmU
- pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk topfjyifavmU
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (wuo)
&efukefc½dkifvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (&uo)
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf (Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf)
þodYk aMunmcsufrsm;jzifh xkwjf yefum (3) cgusausmif;xkwpf epfukd uefYuuG cf o

hJ nf/ xdt k csdeu
f zqyv
tpdk;&onf ynma&;tay:wGif xm;½Sdaom oabmxm;rSm-
(1) 0g'jzefYa&;udkom t"duxm;jcif;?
(2) ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;udkom t"duxm;jcif;?
(3) ygwD0ifaumif;pm;a&;udkom t"duxm;jcif;?
(4) tvkyfvufrJhjyóem rajz½Sif;Edkifjcif; tp½Sdaom taMumif;wdkYrS ay:aygufvmaom tusKd;oufa&muf
rIrsm; jzpfonf/
xdkjyóemrsm; rajz½Sif;EdkifaomtcgwGif zqyvtpdk;&onf-
(1) wzufwGif ausmif;om;xktwGif;wGif wynfharG;í aoG;cGJapí? wzufrS tmPmESifhzdESdyfjcif;
(2) pmar;yGJcsí ausmif;xkwfaejcif; (2) csufudk awGU&onf/
1953 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv NrdKUawmfcef;rü usif;yaom zqyvtrwfaygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;wGif 0efBuD;OD;ausmf
Nidr;f u 'Dtufpt f ukd kd zqyvu todtrSwjf yKonf/ uln&D rnf[k ajAmiftwdtvif; aMunmcJah yonf/ &efuek Nf rdKUwGif
'Dtufpt f rkd sm;udk oifwef;rsm;ay;cJo
h nf/ Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf taeESiv
hf nf; txufygajz½Si;f yHu
k kd vH;k 0oabmrwlay/
451
,ckjzpfay:aeaom ynma&;tusyftwnf;rS xGuf&mvrf;onf-

(1) toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynmrsm; wdk;csJUtm;ay;jcif;?
(2) ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhay;í vuf½SdusifhoHk;aeaom ygwD0ifaumif;pm;a&;0g' pGefYvTwfjcif;?
(3) ynma&;toHk;p&dwf 10% wdk;jr§ifhoHk;pGJapjcif;?
(4) (3) wef;rSpí t*Fvdyfpmrsm; oifMum;jcif;rsm; jzpfayonf/
txufygtcsuf (4) csuf&½Sd&ef Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS ta&;,laqmif½GufoGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;/
trIaqmiftzGYJ
Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf
&efukefNrdKY
¤if;tjyif atmufyg Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf\ aMunmcsuu

f Mkd unfv
h Qif zqyvtpd;k &\ zdEydS rf rI sm;udk xyfraH wGY
&ayonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;cHpm;ae&onfU vGwfvyfa&;t&om
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf aMunmcsuf
ArmEkid if o
H nf jynfaxmifpo
k r®wEdik if t
H jzpf vGwvf yfa&;&cJo
h nfrmS (8) ESpu
f mvodYk wdik cf ahJ yNyD/ wm0ef
t½SdqHk;aom zqyv qdk½S,fvpfwdkY\ EdkifiHtusKd;? jynfolvlxk vlwef;pm;tusKd;? vlrsKd;pktoD;oD;tusKd;wdkYtm;
tb,frQ vkyfaqmifay;cJhonfudk jyefvnfqef;ppf&ef vdktyfayonf/ ausmif;om;rdbrsm;ESifh jynfolvlxkodkY
ArmEdik if aH usmif;om;rsm; cHpm;ae&onfh (8) ESpw f m vGwv f yfa&;t&omudk ('Dru kd a&pDtcGit
hf a&;tydik ;f rS) wifjy
vdkuf&ayonf/
pmar;yGJcsí ausmif;xkwfcH&aom ausmif;om;rsm;

(3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf &efukefwuúodkvf (2000) ausmf
(3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf rEÅav;wuúodkvf (300) ausmf
(3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyf (15) ausmf
(3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf txufwef;ausmif;rsm; (200) ausmf
(&efukef A[dktpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; tygt0if)
wuúodkvf pmar;yGJrS (2) ESpfy,fjcif; ('Dbm;) ESifh ausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm; (198) a,muf
wuúodkvf atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&;ESifhywfoufí ausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm;

&moufyefausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm; - (49) OD;
ESpftydkif;tjcm; - (22) OD;
(19) vMum tzrf;cH&olrsm; - (16) OD;
0&rf;xkwfxm;jcif;cH&olrsm; - (2) OD;
ausmif;om;or*¾zGJYpnf;í ausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm;
ajrmif;jr - (5) a,muf
jrif;jcH - (1) a,muf
tdrfrJ - (3) a,muf
ewfarmuf - (9) a,muf
BudKUyifaumuf - (2) a,muf
ppfawG - (1) a,muf
452
vuf½Sd rw&m;vkyfMuHtzrf;cHae&aom ausmif;om;rsm;

wuo BudKUyifaumuf? rEÅav; &moufyef - (3) OD;
rw&m;ausmif;xkwfcH&ol? &efukefNrdKUrausmif; - (1) OD;
trIaqmiftzGYJ
Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf
þodkYjzifh (3) cgus ausmif;xkwfpepfudk ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;rsm;? vSnfhvnfyGJrsm; jyKvkyfí

vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;xH qE´jyvufrw S af umufcíH vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm; rJqEáy;yGJ usif;yjyKvkyí f
vnf;aumif; (3) cguspepf zsuford ;f a&;twGuf awmif;qdw k u
kd yf 0JG ifcMhJ uonf/ vlxt k oif;tzGUJ ? owif;pm ud, k pf m;
vS,frsm;tm; zdwfac:í vnf;aumif;? owif;q&mrsm; uGefz&ifhvkyfí vnf;aumif;? ygvDreftrwfrsm; zdwfac:í
vnf;aumif; wifjyum (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk jynfolwdkYxHodkY wifjycJhayonf/
þuJhodkY ausmif;om;xk\ wnDwñGwfwnf; qE´jyawmif;qdkjcif;? rdbjynfolrsm; axmufcHrI&½Sdjcif;ESifh
wuo udk,fpm;vS,fwdkY\ wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif awmif;qdkaqmif½GufrIrsm;aMumifh wuúodkvftmPmydkifwdkYonf
raeEdik af wmhbJ wuúov kd af umifpD tpnf;ta0;rS atmufygtwdik ;f qH;k jzwfc&hJ ayonf/ (3) cgus ausmif;xkwpf epfEiS hf
(65) &mckid Ef eI ;f pepfwUkd udk pOf;pm;&efEiS hf tjcm; oifah wmfaom enf;pepf½ydS gu aumifpo D Ykdwifjy&ef atmufygaumfrwDukd
zGJUpnf;ygonf/
(1) ygarmu©csKyf (cs,f,mrif)
(2) odyÜHr[mXmerSL;
(3) 0dZÆmr[mXmerSL;
(4) ausmif;tkyfBuD; (rEÅav;)
(5) OD;bNidrf; (wuo udk,fpm;vS,f)
(6) OD;xGef;atmif (NrdKUawmf0efa[mif;)
ausmif;om;xk\awmif;qdkcsuft& xdkaumfrwDudk zGJUpnf;ay;&vifhupm; tpnf;ta0;wBudrfwcgrQ xkdif
jcif;rjyKbJ xm;cJhayonf/ (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk aESmifhaES;ap&ef MuHaqmifjcif; jzpfayonf/ ausmif;om;xk
nDñw G af &;tm;jzifh atmify&JG ,lEikd af vonf/ 1953-54 ckEpS f wuo rzGUJ pnf;ay;bJxm;cJ&h mrS zGUJ pnf;ay;cJ&h ayonf/
1953 ckESpf atmufwdkbmta&;awmfyHktwGuf zrf;qD;cH&aom ausmif;om;rsm; jyefvTwfay;cJh&onf/ ausmif;xkwf
cH&aom ausmif;om;rsm; jyefwufcGifh ay;cJh&onf/
þodYk jzifh (3) cgusausmif;xkwpf epfukd ausmif;om;rsm; nDñw G af &; jzifh wuo? Auo? tvHawmfatmuf
wGif or*¾rsm;? toif;tzGJUrsm; yg0ifyl;aygif; aqmif½Guf&ef zdwfac:rIrsm; jyKvkyfvmMuonfudk awGU½Sd&ayonf/
xdkodkYvkyfaqmifrIaMumifh ](3) cgusausmif;xkwcf &H aom ausmif;om; (2000) ausmt f m; ,ckEpS rf usio
Uf ;kH bJ jyef0ifciG Uf
&½Sd&ef} tmPmydkifrsm;u wESpfa½TUqdkif;xm;rnf[k oabmwlcsuf&&ef toif;? or*¾aygif;pHk yg0ifaqmif½GufcJhMu
ayonf/ ausmif;om;xk (4000) ausmf rJqEáy;í vnf;aumif;? aeYausmif;om; rsm;? oxHkaqmif? yJcl;aqmif?
yif;,aqmif? ppfuikd ;f aqmif? tif;0aqmif? a½Tbakd qmif? '*kaH qmif? tr&aqmifwYkdwiG f rJqEáumuf,Nl yD;cJNh yD jzpfonf/
aeYausmif;olrsm;? tif;vsm;aqmif? &wemaqmif? oD&daqmif? rmvmaqmifolrsm;ESifh tr&? rEÅav;? awmifil?
jynf? waumif;? wDwDpD taqmifrsm;üvnf; qE´rJrsm;aumuf,lum (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk tm;vHk;uefYuGuf
cJhMuayonf/ rEÅav;wuúodkvf? armfvNrdKif Oypmaumvdyfrsm;üvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;u wcJeufuefYuGufcJh
Muayonf/
(q) &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;ppftiftm;pk (S.O.F)

(S.O.F) onf qd½
k ,
S v
f pfygwD\ pDru
H ed ;f t& ay:aygufvmaom tzGUJ tpnf; jzpfonf/ þtzGUJ tpnf;wGif
wyfOD;rS rdrdudk,fusKd;twGuf xGufoGm;aom udkeefZifvm? 'Dtufpftdkrsm;ESifh oefY½Sif;ta[mif;rsm; yg0ifayonf/
a½G;aumufyGJwGif wyfOD;ESifh t"dutm;NydKif&ef jzpfayonf/ qdk½S,fvpfrsm;onf 'Dtufpftdkudk ausmif;om;xku
raxmufcrH eS ;f odojzifh (S.O.F) udk zGUJ pnf;cJo
h nf/ (S.O.F) 'Dtufpt
f kd wzefjyefvnf toufoiG ;f aom tzGUJ jzpfonf/
453
(S.O.F) wyfO;D udk ta&;ay;wdu k &f efEiS hf (D.S.O) bufrS [efjywduk cf u

kd &f efEiS hf Mum;vrf;pOfjzifh vlrsKd;pkrsm;
Mum; tiftm;pkrsm;udk odrf;oGif;&ef jzpfayonf/ aemufqHk; (D.S.O) ½kyfvHk;ay:vmcJhojzifh wuoa½G;aumufyGJ
tNyD;wGif (D.S.O) zsufodrf;cJh&m vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifhoefY½Sif;wdkY rauseyfí (D.S.O) (2) jcrf; uGJcJh&onf/
(Z) [,f&Dwefta&;awmfyHkESifh uefhuGufyGJrsm;

xdkta&;awmfyHk ay:aygufvm&aomtaMumif;&if;rSm tv,fwef;tpdk;&ppf owårwef;pmar;yGJwGif ar;cGef;
aygufonf[laom jyóemjzpfonf/ owårwef;ausmif;om;rsm; bmom&yf (4) bmom ajzNyD;aomtcg rwfv
(22) &ufaeYwGif ajzqdk&rnfh bmomrSm ocFsmar;cGef;vTmtrSwf (2) ESifh taxGaxGodyÜHynmudk ajzqdk&rnfjzpfonf/
pmar;yGrJ ajzqdrk u
D yif xdak eYxw k f Armhacwfowif;pmü taxGaxGoyd HÜ ar;cGe;f aygufMum;vsuf ½So d nf/ xdak r;cGe;f vTm
wGif yg0ifaom yk'pf mwyk'u f kd xkwaf zmfvsuf yg½Scd ahJ yonf/ ar;cGe;f aygufMum;onf[k aumvm[vjzpfaeaomfvnf;
qdkif&mrS ta&;,ljcif;r½SdcJhay/
yxrydik ;f ocFsmar;cGe;f vTm ajzqdNk yD;aomtcgwGif taxGaxGoyd aHÜ jzqd&k ef pmar;yGcJ ef;rodYk a&muf½cdS sdef pmar;
yGJBuD;Muyfolrsm;u rwfv (20) &ufaeYrSpí pwifusif;yaom owårwef;pmar;yGJudk vHk;0zsufodrf;vdkufaMumif;
ynmrif;BuD;OD;bxGm; vufrw S jf zifh trdeYf pmudzk wfjycJo
h nf/ pmar;yGBJ uD;Muyforl sm;u Armhacwfowif;pmwGif ar;cGe;f
ykpämyg½Sdvmojzifh zsufodrf;vdkuf&onf[k ajymMum;avonf/
xdktcg ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY vaygif;rsm;pGm BudK;yrf;ajzqdkcJh&aom pmar;yGJudk vHk;0zsufodrf;vdkuf
&onf[k od½&dS onfEiS hf wNydKifeuf ausmif;om;rsm; id, k Mkd uNyD;vQif rcHr&yfjzpfum pmppfXmetoD;oD;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;
onf pk½;kH um ynmrif;BuD;½H;k odYk csDwufqE´jyMuygonf/ xdYk aemuf Armhacwf owif;pmwdu k af ½SUodk a&muf½MdS uonf/
owif;pmwdkufü ykvdyftcsKdU apmifhvsuf½Sdonf/ tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif; ta½SUydkif;w&m;olBuD; ygpDjrarmifonf
ykvdyftrIxrf;rsm;ESifhtwl a&muf½Sdvmonf/
Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS Ouú| udkaZmf0if;ESifh &uorS 'k-Ouú| udkarmifarmifcifwdkYonf ynmrif;BuD;tm;
oGm;a&muf awGUqHkaqG;aEG;aomfvnf; rawGU&ay/ xdktcg udkaZmf0if;wdkYonf ta½SUydkif;w&m;olBuD; ygpDjrarmifESifh
awGUum ,ckqE´jyolrsm;rSm owårwef;ausmif;om; (12) ESpf? (13) ESpft½G,f uav;rsm;jzpfaMumif;? aoewfESifh
rypfcwf&efESifh uav;oli,frsm; at;csrf;pGmqE´jyrIudk xdef;odrf;xm;rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymaomtcg w&m;olBuD;u
aumif;ygNyD[ak jymNyD;aemuf csujf cif;yif aoewfEiS yhf pf&ef trdeYfay;awmhonf/ udak Zmf0if; aoewfEiS rhf ypf&ef txyfxyf
wm;ygaomfvnf; r&awmhay/ rypfao;bJ ½Sdonfudkyif ]ypfawmUygvm;uG} [k trdefYxyfay;avonf/
aoewfypfcwfrIaMumifU-
1/ [,f&Dwef (51) csmcsDvrf; aoqHk;cJh&onf/
tjyif;txef 'Pf&m&olrsm;xJwGif-
1/ wifarmifat; (11) ukuúdKif;vrf;
2/ wifatmif (23) 'dkbDvrf;? ajreDukef;wdkY yg0ifonf/
xdktcgwGif-
(1) aoewfypf&ef trdeYf ay;aom w&m;olBuD; ygpDjrarmifEiS hf wm0ef½adS om jynfxaJ &;0efBuD; Adv k cf ifarmifu
av;wdkYtm; Armhacwfudk ta&;,lovdk csufjcif;zrf;qD; ta&;,l&ef?
(2) pmar;yGJ ar;cGe;f aygufMum;rIrmS ynma&;Xme\ wm0efomjzpfí wm0ef½o dS rl sm;tm; azmfxwk t f a&;,l&ef?
(3) zGUJ pnf;vku
d af om pHpk rf;a&;aumfr½Siw
f iG f ausmif;om;ESijhf ynfoUl ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifciG jhf yK&ef qE´½ydS g
ojzifh tjrefqHk; awmif;qdkvdkuf&ygaMumif;/
&efukefc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (&uo)? Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
(wuo) wdkYu awmif;qdkcJhayonf/
454
(Z-1) or*¾ (3) ck yl;wGJaMunmcsuf
&Jabmf ausmif;olôm; taygif;wdkh-

owårwef;pmar;yGJ ar;cGef;aygufMum;onfhtwGuf pmar;yGJzsufodrf;ypfcJhonf/ pmar;yGJzsufodrf;onfh
twGuf (7) wef; ausmif;om;uav;rsm;onf qE´jycJyh gonf/ Armhacwf owif;pmwdu k u
f kd 0dik ;f 0ef;qE´jycJo
h nf/
ykvyd rf sm;u aoewfEiS yhf pfowfojzifh &Jabmf[,f&w D ef usqH;k oGm;cJ&h ayonf/ þusqH;k oGm;jcif;ESihf ywfoufí
uREkfyfwdkY (3) zGJU yl;aygif;aqmif½GufcJhygonf/ a½SUqufNyD; &Jabmf[,f&Dweftm; &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfjcif;?
pmar;yGJar;cGef; aygufMum;jcif;twGuf qufvufaqmif½Guf&ef aumfrwDw&yfzGJUpnf;&ef vdktyfonf[k ,lqyg
onf/ odkYtwGuf &Jabmfausmif;om;ôlwdkY\ 25? 3? 56 &ufwGif aeYv,f (12) em&Dtcsdef? Armhacwfowif;pm
wdkufteD;? A[ef;tpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;a½SU uGufvyfpcef;odkY vma&mufMuyg&ef wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfvdkuf
ygonf/
twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;
Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf
&efukefc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (&uo)
aehpJG- 24? 4? 56 &ufaeh &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (wuo)
(Z-2) Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf ñTefMum;vTm

aeYpGJ- 29? 3? 56
&Jabmfw-hkd
22? 3? 56 &ufaeYwGif owårwef; pmar;yGJar;cGef;rSm aygufMum;onfhtwGuf pmar;yGJudk zsufodrf;ypf
vdkufonf/ xdkodkY zsufodrf;ypfvdkufjcif;ESifh ywfoufí ausmif;om;rsm;rauseyfjzpfcg ynmrif;BuD;½Hk;odkY oGm;
a&muf 0dkif;0ef;qE´jycJhonf/ xdkYaemuf ar;cGef;xkwfazmfaom Armhacwf owif;pmwdkufodkY 0dkif;0ef;qE´jycJhonf/
Armhacwfowif;pmwdu k of Ykd 0dik ;f 0ef;qE´jypOf w&m;olBuD; ygpDjrarmif\ trdeYft& ykvyd rf sm;u aoewfEiS hf
ypfcwfojzifh (16) ESpt f ½G,?f pdeaf ygausmif;om;av; ][,f&w D ef} usqH;k oGm;&½Smonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;'Pf&m&
½Sí
d (2) a,mufrmS twGi;f vlemtjzpf ukoae&onf/ þodYk &uf&ufpufpuf vlrr,fcav;rsm;tm; owfypfjcif;
onf zufqpftjyKtrlrsK;d om jzpfayonf/ þodYk aoewf vufeufEiS hf ypfowfjcif;twGuf igwdYk onf a½SUodYk quf
vuf ta&;,ljzpfonf/
þodYk ta&;,l&mwGif qdik &f mor*¾crJG sm;onf pDwef;vSnv hf nfyrJG sm;? vlxpk nf;a0;yGrJ sm; usi;f yum jynfol
vlxkudk wdkifwnf&rnf/ ausmif;rsm;zGifhvSpfxm;ygu ,m,DqE´jyoydwfarSmufMu&ef jyKvkyf&rnfjzpfaMumif;
ñTefMum;vdkufonf/
,ck rwfv (29) &ufaeYwiG f &Jabmf[,f&w D ef usqH;k aom (7) &ufajrmufaeYjzpfojzifh aeYwiG f qGr;f oGwf
trQtwef;a0jcif;udk ausmif;om;ESifhvlxk yl;aygif;um jyKvkyf&rnfjzpfaMumif; ñTefMum;vkdufonf/
tqdkrsm;-
1/ aoewfESifhypf&ef trdefay;ol w&m;olBuD; ygpDjrarmifESifh wm0eft½SdqHk;jzpfaom jynfxJa&;0efBuD;
Adkvfcifarmifuav;wdkYtm; ta&;,ltjypfay;&ef/
2/ ar;cGef;ykpämaygufMum;rIonf ynma&;Xmewm0efom jzpfaomaMumifh wm0ef½Sdoltm; azmfxkwf tjypf
ay;&ef/
3/ 0efBuD;csKyfu zGJUpnf;vdkufaom pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDwGif ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifcGifh&½Sd&ef/
zufqpf0g' usqHk;&rnf
trIaqmiftzGYJ
Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf
455
(Z-3) EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfxHay;pm
odhk
EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzGJY
rS
ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwD
aeUpGJ- 30? 3? 56
taMumif;t&m / / ,ck jzpfyGm;aeaom ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkudpötm; rsufESmpHknD awGYqkHajz½Sif;yg&efcifAsm;/
1956 ckESpf? rwfv (22) &ufaeYwGif owårwef; ar;cGef;ykpäm aygufMum;rIESifhywfoufí pmar;yGJrsm;

jyefvnfppfaq;rnf[laom trdefYudk rauseyfMuaom ausmif;om;âusmif;olaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmwdkYonf ynm
rif;BuD;½Hk;ESifh Armhacwfowif;pmwdkufodkY 0dkif;0ef;qE´jycJhygonf/
vlrr,fausmif;om;av;rsm; qE´jy&mwGif &efukefta½SUydkif; &mZ0wfw&m;olBuD; OD;ygpDjrarmif\ trdefY
t& qE´jyrIukd &ufpufpmG aoewfEiS Nhf zKdciG ;f cJo
h jzifh pdeaf yg(vf) ausmif;om;av; [,f&w D efrmS ¤if;aoewf'Pf&m
ESifh usqHk;cJh&ygonf/ tjcm; ausmif;om; (2) OD;rSm 'Pf&mjyif;xefpGm &cJhygonf/
þodkY vlrr,fausmif;om;av;rsm;tm; &ufpufpGmowfjzwfjcif;onf wdkif;jynf0,f rvdkvm;tyfaom
udpöjzpfí vnf;aumif;? 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& qE´jyonfudk vufeuftm;udk;jzifh ajz½Sif;onfudk vnf;aumif;?
jyóemt&yf&yfwGif at;csrf;pGmajz½Sif;onfhenf;udk tpOftvmt& usifhoHk;cJhaom ausmif;om;rsm;u rsm;pGm
rausreyf jzpfcJhygonf/
,if;odYk jyóemt&yf&yfukd tMurf;zufí vufeufEiS ahf jz½Si;f rnfqykd gu aemifwiG v f nf; ,ckvkd rzG,&f m
rvdkvm;tyfaom trItcif;rsKd; ay:aygufp&m ½Sdygonf/
xkYdaMumifh aemufaemifwiG f þodYkaom trIupd rö sK;d ray:aygufatmif ,ckuo hJ Ykd ay:aygufcahJ om udprö sm;udk
vnf; wm0eft½SdqHk; EdkifiHtpdk;&ESifh aoG;ajrus tqHk;cHvdkufaom ausmif;om;wdkY ESpfOD;ESpfzuf auseyfEdkifrnfh
enf;vrf;rsm; ½SmazGEkdif&ef EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfESifh at;csrf;pGm awGUqHkajz½Sif;cGifhjyKyg&ef taMumif;Mum;ygonf/
vufeuftm;udk;ESifU ajz½Sif;aom0g' usqHk;&rnf
(aZmf0if;)
456
(Z-4) ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwD aMunmcsuf

(pnf;½Hk;vIHYaqmfa&;AsL½kd)
30? 3? 56 &ufaeY
owårwef;pmar;yGJ zsuo f rd ;f vdu k o f nfrpS í zqyvqd½k , S v
f pfwYkd\ vlowf0g'aMumifh aoG;pdr;f yGuyf u G f
tHxGufum ausmif;om;av; &Jabmf[,f&DwefrSm r½IrvS usqHk;cJh&ygonf/
odYk &Jabmf[,f&w D ef usq;kH cJjh cif;jzifh ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyBkH uD; ay:aygufc&hJ m ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykH
BuD; jzpf&onft h aMumif;t&if;ESihf &Jabmf[,f&w D ef usqH;k &yH?k zqyvqd½k , S v
f pfwYkd \ &uf&ufpufpuf vlowf
0g'usifhoHk;yHkudk &efukefNrKdUwGif;½Sd &yfuGuftoD;oD;twGif;ü vSnfhvnf½Sif;vif; a[majymyGJrsm;usif;ycJh&m (16)
yGJrQ NyD;pD;cJhavonf/
odYk aomf tjcm;&yfuu G wf iG ;f rS NrKdUrdNrKdUzrsm;u vma&mufawmif;qdMk uojzifh NrKdUrdNrKdUzrsm; qE´jynf0h ap&ef
ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwDrS BudK;pm;aqmif½Gufvsuf ½SdaMumif;/
xdkYjyif tjcm;NrKdUrdNrKdUzrsm;onf rdrdwdkY &yfuGufwGif;ü ½Sif;vif;a[majymap&ef qE´½Sdí pDpOfNyD; ____
½Sd acwåaumfrwD½Hk;wnf&m atmufyg AsL½dktwGif;a&;rSL;xH vma&muf taMumif;Mum;Muyg&ef arwåm&yfcHygonf
cifAsm;/
rdbausmif;om; vufwGJMu
ta&;awmfyHk atmif&rnf
armifarmifcif
twGif;a&;rSL;
pnf;½Hk;a&;ESifUvIHYaqmfa&;AsL½dk
(Z-5) ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwD aMunmcsuf

owåwef;pmar;yGJ zsuford ;f jcif;udk rauseyfonft h wGuf qE´jyMuaom ausmif;om;av;rsm;tm; ykvyd u f
aoewfESifh ypfcwfonfhtwGuf touf (17) ESpft½G,f½Sd (7) wef; ausmif;om;av; [,f&DwefrSm usqHk;cJh&yg
onf/ ausmif;om; (4) OD; 'Pf&m&cJyh gonf/ odYk twGuf ausmif;om;ESihf jynfow l Ykd onf tH;k tH;k <uuf<uufjzpfvm
onf/ rcHr&yfEdkif jzpfvmMuonf/ ausmif;om;xkonf vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;ESifhjynfol yl;aygif;í vnf;
aumif; qE´jycJhMuayonf/
þodkY tMurf;zufum aoewfESifhypfjcif;? owfjzwfjcif;rsm;twGuf ausmif;om;ESifh jynfolwdkY qE´jyvm
Muaomtcg0,f ausmif;om;ESihf jynfow l Ykd \ qEúv kd u
kd af vsm&rnft
h pm; zqyvqd½k , S vf pftpd;k &onf udv k ekd D
acwfu e,fcsJUorm;ESifhvufyg;apwdkY\ pmtkyfBuD;twkdif; ausmif;om;xkudkvnf;aumif;? jynfolvlxkudkvnf;
aumif; vSnfhzsm;&efom jyKvkyfcJhayonf/ (1300) jynfh ta&;awmfyHkBuD;wGif ausmif;om;&Jabmf udkatmifausmf
towfc&H pOfu jynfoYlt<kH urIukd aMumuf½UHG aom e,fcsUJ orm;ESihf vufyg;ap barmftpd;k &onf pHpk rf;a&;aumfr½Sif
[lízGUJ um jynfoEl iS hf ausmif;om;xkukd vSnzhf sm;cJMh uavonf/ aemufq;kH wGif ,ck Edik if aH wmfor®w a'gufwmbOD;
uyif ykvdyfzufrSvGefonf[k tpD&ifcHcJhzl;ayonf/
,ckvnf; e,fcsUJ vufyg;apwdYk \ pmtkyBf uD;twdik ;f ausmif;om;ESirhf b d jynfow l Ykdukd vSnzhf sm;&ef pHpk rf;a&;
aumfr½Sifudk EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfu zGJUcJhNyD;vQif-
(1) y#dyu© rnfodkYjzpfoenf;?
(2) jzpfay:vmaom tusKd;taMumif;?
(3) aoewfESifhypfcwf&rnfh tajctae½Sd r½Sd?
(4) tjcm;enf;jzifh vlpkcGJEdkif rcGJEdkif?
(5) b,fyk*¾dKvfrSm wm0ef½SdovJ?
(6) aemifudkrjzpfatmif umuG,fap&ef [lí wu,fhv,fjyifwGif qifoGm;ovdk xif½Sm;aeaom trIBuD;
457
udkyif jynfolESifhausmif;om;tm; ½IyfaxG;oGm;&ef MuHaqmifvsuf ½Sdayonf/

ausmif;om;ESifh &Jonf &efolvnf; r[kwf? wOD;ESifhwOD; vHk;0vnf; y#dyu©jzpfjcif;vnf; r½SdygbJvsuf
ausmif;om;-&J y#dyu© tjzpfrsKd;a&mufatmif wrifvyk Mf uHvsuf ½Sad yonf/ &Jom;rsm;udk txGurf cdik ;f bJ vSnphf m;
jcif;yif jyKvkycf ahJ yonf/ þodYk tppftrSeu f kd zH;k uG,u
f m rdrw d Ykd tay: usa&mufrnfh wm0efukd vTaJ jymif;ay;onfh
oabmrsKd;udk ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwDonf vufcHvdrfhrnf r[kwfay/
odYk twGuf ta&;awmfyakH umfrwD ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u ausmif;om;-&J y#dyu© pHpk rf;a&;aumfr½Sit f rnfukd
vTJajymif;ay;&ef awmif;qdkcJhayonf/ odkYaomf ausmif;om;wdkY\ awmif;qdkcsufudk rvdkufavsmcJhay/
þodkY ausmif;om;-&J y#dyu©[lí ½IyfaxG;oGm;ap&ef MuH½G,fonfomru zqyvqdk½S,fvpftpdk;&onf
rdrtd jypfrS tvGw½f ek ;f um ausmif;om;rsm;ay:odYk vnf;aumif;? &JtrIxrf;rsm;ay:odYk vnf;aumif;? owif;pmrsm;
ay:odkY vnf;aumif; yHkcs&ef rdrdpdwfBudKuf aumfr½SifzGJUay;cJhonf/ zqyvqdk½S,fvpf vlowform;rsm;u rdrd
wdkY tvdkuszGJUpnf;jcif;onf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ rSefuefrI r&½SdEdkifay/ þodkY rSefuefjcif;r½Sdjcif;udkvnf; zqyv
qdk½S,fvpfacwfwGif ay:ayguforQaom pHkprf;a&;aumfr½Sifrsm;u oufaojycJhNyD; jzpfonf/ odkYtwGuf ausmif;
om;ESifh jynfolYudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifa&;udk ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwDu awmif;qdkcJhayonf/ þawmif;qdkcsufudk
rvdu k af vsm½krH u ausmif;om;qE´? jynfoYl qEýgonfjzpfap? rygonfjzpfap rdrw d Ykd qufvyk &f rnfh oabmrsKd;udk
yif ajzMum;cJhayonf/
xifxif½Sm;½Sm;BuD; awGUjrif&aom zqyvwdkY\ tMurf;zuf vlowf0g'ESifh vlowfrIBuD;udk zHk;uG,f&ef
MuHpnfaom ausmif;om;-&J y#dyu©[k vSnzhf sm;jcif;? pHpk rf;a&;aumfr½Siw f iG f ausmif;om;ESihf jynfoYl u,
kd pf m;vS,f
rsm; ryg0ifbJ rdrdwdkYoabmus tpD&ifcHap&m tjzpfrSefudk zHk;uG,faejcif;jyKvkyf&ef pDpOfaejcif;rsm;twGuf
ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwDonf pHkprf;a&;aumfr½Siftm; ulnDvdrfhrnf r[kwfay/
ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwDonf vufawGUtaumiftxnfjzifh ½Sdaeaom zqyv tMurf;zufzdESdyfrI0g'ESifh
vlowfw&m;cHrsm;udk azmfxw k uf m jynfoUl a½SUarSmufoYkd qufvufwifjyoGm;rnf jzpfayonf/ xkrd Qomruao;bJ
zqyvu zH;k uG,&f ef MuHpnfum twdu k t f cHrsm;u ajr§mufay;onf[al om pGypf cJG sufrsm; jynfoel m;a,mifaprnfh
vSnjhf zm;csurf sm;udk azmfxw k f aqmif½u G of mG ;rnf jzpfayonf/ &Jabmf[,f&w D eftm; aoewfEiS hf ypfowfjcif;onf
,ckrS a½Smifwcifay:aygufvmjcif; r[kw/f &mZ0iftqufqufu zqyvwdYk \ jyóemay:wdik ;f vufeuftm;
udk; tMurf;zufajz½Sif;a&;0g'rS ay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfayonf/
þodkY tMurf;zufajz½Sif;enf;0g'udk yPmr umuG,frwm;qD;EkdifonfESifhtrQ aemifwGifvnf; &Jabmf
[,f&DwefuJhodkY ausmif;om;uav;aygif;rsm;pGm owfjzwfjcif;cHae&rnf[k ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwDu t<uif;rJh
,HkMunfayonf/
odkYtwGuf ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwDonf þodkY zqyv qdk½S,fvpfwdkY\ tMurf;zuf0g'udk tjrpfygrusef
acsrIe;f Edik &f eftwGuf ArmEdik if tH &yf&yfwiG f rdbjynfow l Ykd EiS hf yl;aygif;um ta&;awmfyakH umfrwDrsm; zGUJ pnf;NyD;vQif
qufvufvkyfaqmifoGm;rnf jzpfayonf/
trIaqmiftzGYJ
ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;awmfyHk A[dkaumfrwD
&efukefNrdKY
aehpGJ- 2? 4? 56
458
(Z-6) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&? jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme

jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme trIwGJtrSwf (156-[p) (56) rS aumufEkwfcsuf
qH;k jzwfcsuf (1) - 1956 ck? rwfv (22) &uf? Mumoyaw;aeYwiG f Armhacwf owif;pmwdu k tf eD; pka0;vsu½f adS om
ausmif;om;xktm; vlpck &JG mwGif &JtzGUJ rS aoewfjzifh ypfcwfvpl ck oJG jzifh 'Pf&m&½Sd aoqH;k onfh udpEö iS yhf wfoufí
pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;aumfrwDw&yf zGUJ pnf;&ef jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmftpd;k &u qH;k jzwfonft h wdik ;f jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHawmf or®wu txufygy#dyu©rIESifh ywfoufonfh jyóemt&yf&yfwdkYudk pHkprf;ppfaq;í EdkifiHawmf
tpdk;&odkY tMuHÓPfrsm; wifoGif;tpD&ifcH&eftvdkYiSm atmufygyk*¾dKvfrsm;yg0ifonfh aumfrwDw&yfudk zGJUpnf;
vdkufonf/
obmywd- (1) w&m;vTwfawmf w&m;0efBuD; OD;pHarmif
tzGJY0ifrsm;- (1) w&m;vTwfawmf w&m;0efBuD; OD;atmifomausmf
(2) w&m;vTwfawmf w&m;0efBuD; r[moD&dok"r®m OD;aomif;pdef
twGif;a&;rSL;- jynfxJa&;0efBuD;XmerS cefYxm;&rnf/
(2) aumfrwD\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/

(u) txufyg y#dyu©rI rnfodkYpwifjzpfay:vmonf/
(c) jzpfay:vmjcif; tusKd;taMumif;/
(*) aoewfESifhypfcwf vlpkcGJ&jcif;onf jzpfay:aeonfh tajctaet& vdkvm;tyfonf^
rvdkvm;tyfonf/ odkYwnf;r[kwf tjcm;enf; vlpkcGJEdkifpGrf;½Sd^r½Sd/
(C) aoewfEiS yhf pfcwf vlpck &JG ef rvdt
k yfonfu
h pd jö zpfygu þodYk aoewfEiS yhf pfcwf vlpck &JG mwGif
rnfonfhyk*d¾Kvfü wm0ef½Sdonf/
(i) aemufaemif tvm;wludpörsm; jzpfay:jcif;udk wm;qD;&ef rnfodkYaqmif½Gufoifhonf/
(p) aumfrwDrS tjcm;tMuHay;csufrsm;/
(3) tqdkygtzGJUonf obmywd\ qHk;jzwfcsuft& tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk oifhavQmfonfh ae&m? oifhavQmf

onfh tcsdefrsm;wGif usif;yEdkifcGifh½Sdonf/
(4) tqdkygtzGJUrSm rdrdwdkY aqmif½GufrItpDtpOf? rdrdwdkY oabmtwdkif; pDrHEdkifcGifhtmPmrsm; ½Sd&rnfhtjyif
txufazmfjycJhonfh wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk aqmif½GufEdkif&ef tvdkYiSm vdktyfaom pHkprf;ar;jref;rIwdkYudk jyKvkyfEdkifay
onf/ ¤if;jyif oufaorsm;udkyg ac:,lppfaq; ar;jref;rIwdkYudk jyKvkyfEkdifayonf/ ¤if;jyif oufaorsm;udkyg
ac:,lppfaq; ar;jref;&ef tmPmvnf;½Sdonf/
(5) aumfrwDonf zGJUpnf;onfh aeYrSpí (2) vtwGif; tpD&ifcHpmudk jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&? jynfxJa&;
0efBuD;XmeodkY wifoGif;&rnf/ odkYaomf pHkprf;aepOftwGif; ta&;wBuD; ta&;,laqmif½Guf&efudprö sm; ay:ayguf
vmygu aumfrwDonf Mum;jzwftMuHÓPfESifh tpD&ifcHpmudk wifoGif;&rnf/
trdefh / / qH;k jzwfcsuf rdwLÅ wapmifukd obmywdtzG0YJ ifvBl u;D rsm;ESihf twGi;f a&;rSL;xHohkd ydahk y;&rnf/
aemufxyftrdefh / / þqHk;jzwfcsufudk trsm;odapjcif;iSm aMunm&rnf/
trdefht&-
(cifarmifjzL)
twGif;0efcsKyf
jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme
&efukefNrdKY
aehpGJ- 1317 ckESpf? waygif;vqef; (12) &uf (1956 ck? rwfv (23) &uf) trSwf-156-[p 56
459
rdwÅLudk-
(1) obmywdESifh tzGJU0ifrsm;tm;vHk;
(2) EdkifiHawmfor®w\ twGif;0ef
(3) 0efBuD;rsm;tzGJU twGif;0ef
(4) twGif;0ef? w&m;a&;0efBuD;Xme
(5) twGif;0ef? b@ma&;ESifh tcGefawmf0efBuD;Xme
(6) twGif;0ef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme
(7) twGif;0ef? ynma&;0efBuD;Xme
(8) jrefrmEdkifiHawmf aiGpm&if;rif;BuD;
(9) twGif;0ef? w&m;vTwfawmf
(10) tpdk;&yHkESdyfESifh pma&;ud&d,mXme0ef
þqHk;jzwfcsufudk txl;trdefhjyefwrf;w&yfjzifU tjrefqHk;xkwfa0yg&ef/
trdefYt&-
(vSarmif)
'kwd,twGif;0ef
jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme
(Z-7) t"d|mefpmwrf;
usqHk;avNyD;aom &Jabmf[,f&Dwef-
ArmEdik if aH usmif;om;xk 'Dru kd a&pDynma&;wdu k yf w JG iG f ajymifajymifajrmufajrmuf wdu k yf 0JG ifvyI ½f mS ;aeonfh
&uo (&efukefc½dkifausmif;om;or*¾) onf tmPmydkifwdkY\ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frItrsKd;rsKd; cHpm;ae&onfhtcsdef? igwdkY
or*¾&UJ atmifvu H kd ½du
k cf sK;d ypfaeonft h csed rf mS rjzpfraejyKvkyEf ikd w f hJ or*¾rsm;&JU oufwrf;½Snaf &;? ausmif;om;t
cGifhta&; umuG,fa&;wdkYtwGuf rkcsraoG ay:EdkifpGrf;½Sdrnf[k igwdkY ,HkMunfayonf/
ausmif;om;xk&mZ0ifwGif ausmif;om;xk tcGihfta&;wdkufyGJMum;rS vlowform;tpdk;&&JU vufcsufeJY
usq;kH oGm;&wJh &Jabmfukd igwdYkb,faomtcg umvwGirf S arhaysmuf&vdrrhf nf r[kwaf Mumif; uwdjyKvdu k af yonf/
vufeuftm;udk; tMurf;zuftkyfcsKyfaeaom tpdk;&\ vlowf0g'pepfqdk;t& v,form;? tvkyform;
rsm;eJY ausmif;om;vli,fawG&JU vnfacsmif;aoG;udk aoG;iwfbDvl; zqyv qdk½S,fvpftpdk;&[m Nrdefa&½Sufa&
oHk;aqmifaeayNyD/ tjypfrJhaom jynfolvlxktm; aoewftm;udk; tkyfcsKyfae½Hkru jyóemwdkif;udk at;csrf;pGm
ajz½Sif;&rnfhtpm; tMurf;zufaomenf;jzifh ajz½Sif;aeayonf/
þ zqyvqdk½S,fvpftpdk;&\ tMurf;zufpepfqdk;aMumifhyifvQif oifonf r½IrvScE¨ma<ucJh&ayonf/
jyif;xefvSaom aoewf'Pf&mrS emusnf;vSpGm aoG;pdrf;½Sif½SifwdkY tefxGufum oifhudk,frS aoG;pufwdkYonf
ajrodkY uscJh&ayonf/ oif\ aoG;pufwdkYjzifh ausmif;om;xk\&mZ0ifudk jc,focJhonf[k r[myx0DajrBuD;tm;
igwdkY oufaojyKyg\/ rdbjynfolw&yfvHk;ESifh ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;onf &Jabmftm; ESajrmwoí 0rf;enf;
aMuuGrJ qH;k Edik yf g/ igwdYk\ tonf;ESv;kH wdYkrS vIu d v f udI vf vJS BJS uD; &ifxrk em jzpf&ayonf/ &Jabmf oifEiS ihf gwdYkonf
b,fawmhrS uGu J mG vdrrhf nf r[kwyf g/ wckwnf;aom &nf½, G cf sufjzifh nDñw G pf nf;vH;k aeaom igwdYk tiftm;onf
&efoltaygif;tm; rIefYrIefYnufnuf acszsufygthH/
oift h wGuf igwdYk qE´jywku d yf 0JG ifc\
hJ / vlowfw&m;cHrsm;udk azmfxw k af &;twGuf wifjycJ\ h / Nidr;f csr;f a&;
wduk yf u
JG kd jynfoEl iS v hf ufwu JG m igwdYk aqmif½u G Bf udK;yrf;cJ\ h / odYk aomf zqyv qd½k , S v f pftpd;k &onf jynfoEl iS hf
ausmif;om;xk\ qEúdk tav;teufrcH,l ypfy,fcJh\/
460
&Jabmf[,f&Dwef-
e,fcsJUorm; NAdwo d Qtpd;k &wdYk onf Adv
k af tmifausmfudk owfNyD; ausmif;om;aoG; ajruscJ&h ay\/ jynfow l &yfv;kH
0rf;enf;idka<u;cJh&\/ ,ckvnf; zqyv qdk½S,fvpftpdk;&onf &Jabmfudk owfcJhonf/ ausmif;om;aoG; ajr
uscJh&jyefonf/ jynfolw&yfvHk; ,lMuHK;r&jzpfcJh&\/ idka<u;cJh&jyefonf/
e,fcsJUtpdk;&\tarGtESpfudk zqyv qdk½S,fvpftpdk;&taeESifh qufvuftarGcH usihfoHk;aeonfrSm
vufawGU xif½mS ;aeayonf/ e,fcsUJ orm;wdYktm; &mZ0if'Pfcwfco hJ vdk zqyvtpd;k &onfvnf; &mZ0if'Pfcwf
jcif;udk rkcsrvGJraoGcH&rnf[k ,HkMunfayonf/
atmifausmfaoG;pufEiS hf oif\aoG;pufwYkd aygif;pyfum igwdYk wu kd yf tJG m; vrf;ñTev
f suf½adS yonf/ oif,kH
Munfaom arQmrf eS ;f csut f m; ra&mufrae csw D uf wduk cf u
kd rf nf/ jynfoYl om;aumif; yDopGmESihf ausmif;om;aoG;ESihf
a&;cJhaom&mZ0iftm; igwdkY qufvufxdef;odrf;ygrnf/ aemifawmf ausmif;om;&Jabmfrsm;udk opömjyK&if; rNyD;qHk;
ao;aom 'Drdkua&pDynma&;wdkufyGJodkY qufvuf OD;aqmifoGm;ygrnf/
tdk usqHk;avNyD;aom &Jabmf[,f&Dwef-
ausmif;om;vli,fx\ k &efot l aygif;tm;vnf;aumif;? jynfov l x l \ k &efotl aygif;tm;vnf;aumif;?
igwdkY raMumufr½GHU &ifqdkifwdkufyGJ0ifoGm;ygrnf[k opömjyKyg\/ ausmif;om;xkudk zdESdyfaeonfh vlowf0g'pepf
qdk;ESifh aoewftm;udk; tMurf;zuf0g'qdk;tm; tjrpfjywfonftxd igwdkY vkyfaqmifygrnf[k uwdjyKyg\/
avmavmq,f tcGifhta&;rsm;? vdktyfcsufrsm;? jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk BudK;pm;vkyfaqmif&if; aemufqHk;
atmifyt JG xd cswD ufygrnf[k opömjyKyg\/ zqyv qd½k , S vf pftpd;k &\ ausmif;om;jynfot l m; rw&m;csKyfaESmif
xm;aom zdEydS cf sKyfcs,frI aESmifBudK;txyfxyftm; tydik ;f ydik ;f jywfonftxd rem;rae t½d;k aMuaMu t&nfcef;cef;?
rqkwfrepfaom ZGJowådjzifh oufpGefYBudK;yrf; wdkufyGJ0ifvIyf½Sm;ygrnf[k cdkifjrJaomopömt"d|mefudk cH,lqHk;jzwf
vdkufygonf/
'Drdkua&pDynma&; atmif&rnf
trIaqmiftzGYJ
&efukefc½dkif
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (&uo)
&efukefNrdKY
aehpGJ- 6? 8? 56
ae&m- [,f&Dwefausmufwdkif? A[ef;
22? 3? 56 &ufwGif 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekonf toHvTifhajymMum;&mü ,cktjzpftysufrsKd;onf EdkifiHwumü

jzpfavh½Sdaom omreftjzpftysufrsKd; jzpfygonf[k vludkypfowfaomtrIudkyif ao;odrfoGm;atmif vkyfMuHajymqdkcJh
onf/ pHkprf;a&;aumfr½Sifw&yfzGJUrnf[k aMunmcJhygonf/ aumfr½Siftrsm;pkrSm bmrStaumiftxnf razmfbJ NyD;qHk;
oGm;wwfonf/ aemufqHk;wGif OD;Ekonf ausmif;om;rsm; a'go tm½Hkajymif;oGm;ap&eftwGuf (7) wef; pmar;yGJudk
qufvuf ppfaq;jcif;rjyKbJ tm;vHk; tatmifay;vdkufaMumif; aMunmcJhonf/
xdkodkY vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uo? wuowdkYonf OD;aqmifcsDwufí qE´jyyGJrsm;jyKvkyf
cJhonf/ wjynfvHk;odkY tzGJUcGJrsm;apvTwfí zqyvtpdk;&\vkyfaqmifyHkudk ½Sif;vif;wifjyí uefYuGufyGJrsm; jyKvkyf
cJhonf/
(ps) wuo\ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;

wuonf trsKd;om;a&;? zdESdyfrI qefYusifwdkufyGJrsm;udkomru ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
udkyg jyKvkyfcJhayonf/ ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;udk 23? 12? 55 &ufwGif jyKvkyfcJhNyD; wuoudk,fpm;vS,f
(2) OD;jzpfaom udak rmifarmifñeG Yf EiS hf udak usmfjrifw
h Ykd wufa&mufcMhJ uonf/ ausmif;aqmifqikd &f m tcGit
hf a&; epfemcsuf
rsm; aqG;aEG;NyD; awmif;qdkcsufrsm; awmif;qdkcJhMuonf/
461
(ps-1) ausmif;om;tcGifUta&; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;

(1) vufaxmuftaqmifrSL;rsm; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fpGufzufu aumfrwDrS ta&;,l&ef?
(2) ausmif;aqmif pmzwfcef;rsm;twGuf vdktyfovdk xyfrHwdk;ay;&ef?
(3) tcef;jyLwif;aygufESifh rSef? w½kwfuwfrsm; rawmfwq ysufpD;cJhvQif avQmfaMu; rawmif;&ef?
(4) o[m,ESifh pmzwfcef;rsm;wGif yefumrsm; wyfqifay;&ef?
(5) ausmif;aqmifcef;rsm;wGif t0wftxnf bD'dkwvHk;pD xm;ay;&ef?
(6) ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif (24) em&DvHk; a&&½Sd&ef?
(7) a&aomuf&ef (Water Tap) rsm; wyfqifay;&ef?
(8) ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aeí teHYtoufrsm; rcHEdkifaom tdrfomrsm;tm; jyKjyifay;&ef/
(ps-2) &efukefwuúodkvftwGuf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;

(1) trsKd;orD;ausmif;aqmifwdkif;wGif w,fvDzkef;wckpD wyfqifay;&ef?
(2) &efuif;ESifh xD;wef;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;twGuf w,fvDzkef;wckpD wyfqifay;&ef?
(3) ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; wckESifhwck pMuFefvrf;rsm; qufay;&ef?
(4) xrif;pm;csdefudk o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;wdkYu oabmusjyifqifcGifhay;&ef?
(5) ausmif;aqmiftm;vHk;twGuf vdktyfaom csdefcGif? tav;? ',ftdk;rsm; jynfhpHkpGmay;&ef?
(6) yk*H? ZGef;? xrif;csKdifhrsm; ysufpD;uGJ½Saeygu jynfhpHkpGm xyfjznfhay;&ef?
(7) bwfpuufabm? abmfvDabm r½Sdao;aom taqmifrsm;wGif jyKvkyfay;&ef?
(8) &wemESifh rmvmausmif;aqmifwGif opfMurf;cif;rsm; cif;ay;&ef?
(9) ausmif;aqmifwdkif;½Sd ysufpD;csKdU,Gif;aeaom "gwfrD;BudK;? "gwfrD;cvkwfrsm; tjrefqHk; jyKjyifay;&ef?
(10) ausmif;aqmifcef;wdkif;wGif "gwfrD;tkyfaqmif;rsm; 0,f,lwyfqifay;&ef?
(11) usef;rma&;xdcdkufaponfh '*Hkaqmif? a½Tbdkaqmif rD;zdkrsm;udk topfjyifqifay;&ef?
(12) rsufESmMuuf vdkaeaom xrif;pm;cef;aqmifrsm;udk vdktyfovdk jyifqifay;&ef?
(13) oxHkausmif;aqmif*dwf0wGif (rvG,fayguf) wpfck wyfqifay;&ef?
(14) ausmif;aqmifwdkif;udk ESpfpOfaq;okwfay;&efESifh pmwdkufyHk; wvHk;pD xm;ay;&ef/
txufyg awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfvm&ef wuou BudK;yrf;cJh&m oufqdkif&mrS qHk;jzwf
oabmwlcJhMuonf/
(ps-3) wuorS oD;jcm;awmif;qdkrIrsm;

ynmoifMum;a&;
1/ wuúodkvftoHk;p&dwf odef; (70) rS (65) odef;odkY avQmhcsonfudk y,fzsufí odef; (100) xufrenf;
wdk;wufoHk;pGJap&ef?
2/ ausmif;om; (40) vQif t&nftcsif;jynfhq&m (1) a,muf xm;½Sd&ef?
3/ pmoifcef;rsm;? ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; wdk;csJUaqmufvkyf&ef?
4/ avmu"gwfynmprf;oyf&ef ypönf;rsm; vHkavmufpGmxm;½Sd&ef?
5/ Caution Fees udk y,fzsuf&ef?
6/ enf;jyq&mrsm; wdk;csJUcefYxm;&ef?
7/ Laboratory rsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm;tvdk½SdaomtcsdefwGif prf;oyfcGifhjyK&ef?
8/ ausmif;oHk;jy|mef; pmtkyfrsm;udk-
(u) aps;EIef;csKdompGm 0,f,l&½SdEdkifa&;twGuf oufqdkif&mrS aqmif½Gufay;&ef?
(c) 0,f,lír&aom pmtkyfrsm;udk wuúodkvfü rjy|mef;&ef?
9/ oufqdkif&mbmom&yfrsm;twGuf taxmuftuljyKEkdif&ef vufawGUrsufjrif qnf;yl;Edkif&eftwGuf-
(u) a'oEÅ&A[kokw ½SmazGa&;twGuf aqmif½Guf&ef?
(c) okawoeXmersm; zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
(Oyrm- blrdaA'twGuf owåKwGif;rsm;odkY vnf;aumif;? tEkynmpmaytwGuf yk*HodkY oGm;
462
a&muf avhvmjcif;)
10/ bmom&yfwdkif;wGif oD;jcm;ygarmu©rsm; tjynfhtpHkxm;½Sd&ef?
11/ wuúodkvfpmMunfhwdkuf toHk;p&dwfwdk;csJUay;í t&yf&yfrS pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; jynfhpHkvHkavmufpGm
xm;ay;&ef?
12/ wuúodkvfjywdkufwck wnfaqmuf&ef?
13/ wuúodkvfyHkESdyfpufwck wnfaqmuf&ef?
14/ ,ckESpf axmufyHhaMu;rsm;udk ,cifESpfuJhodkY jyefvnfay;&ef?
15/ axmufyHhaMu;ay;aom ausmif;om;OD;a& &mcdkifEIef; ydkrdkay;&ef?
16/ ,ckay;aeaom axmufyHhaMu;aiGrSm tppt&m&m ukefaps;EIef;BuD;jrifhaeaomaMumifh rzlvHkí axmufyhH
aMu; 60d^- rS 80d^- wdk;ay;&ef/
oufomacsmifcsda&;
1/ rD;&xm;? rD;oabFm? av,mOfysH paom c&D;oGm;,mOfrsm;udk ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; w0ufcEIe;f
pD;cGifhjyK&ef?
2/ þw0ufEIef;jzifh pD;&mwGif toGm;tjyef r[kwfaomfvnf; w0ufEIef;jzifh pD;cGifhjyK&ef?
3/ þtcGifhta&;udk wOD;wa,mufwnf; oGm;onfhtcgwGifvnf; &½Sd&ef?
4/ vufrSwf0,fonfh tcgwGifvnf; vufiif;w0ufjzifh 0,fcGifhjyK&ef?
5/ vufrSwf vG,fulpGm0,fEdkif&ef oufqdkif&mrS pDpOfay;&ef?
6/ ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf oD;oefYwGJrsm;? oD;oefYae&m &½SdcGifh aqmif½Gufay;&ef/
ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;
1/ wuúodkvfodkY 0ifa&mufonfhtcg rdbvufrSwfESifhwuG 0efcHcsufay;&jcif;udk y,fzsuf&ef?
2/ wuúodkvfrSjyKvkyfxm;aom pnf;urf;rsm;udk jyefvnfppfaq;í ausmif;om;xkqE´&,lum pnf;urf;
csufrsm; jyKvkyf&ef?
3/ atmufwb kd mta&;ESihf ywfoufí rEÅav;? &efuek w
f uúov kd rf sm;rS xkwyf ,fc&H aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
ausmif;0ifcGifhjyK&ef?
4/ pmayoifMum;rIESifhausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif jyifyrS 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;rjyKbJ oD;jcm;vGwfvyfcGifh
(Academic Freedom) &½S& d ef?
5/ pmar;yGJ (3) cgusvQif ausmif;aqmifrS xkwfypfonfhpepfudk vHk;0zsufodrf;&ef?
6/ pm;ar;yGJ (3) cgusvQif ausmif;om;tjzpfrS &yfpJjcif;pepfudk vHk;0zsufodrf;&ef?
7/ ausmif;aqmifc t&pfusay;oGi;f &aom pepfukd y,fzsufí ,cifpepfa[mif;twdik ;f jyefvnfxm;&½S&d ef?
8/ ausmif;aqmifcrsm;udk ,ciftwdkif; (2) v qdkif;ihH&ef?
9/ ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif rD; (24) em&D tjynfhay;&ef?
10/ ausmif;aqmifwdkif;wGif aevdkaom ausmif;om;wdkif;tm; aecGifhjyK&ef?
11/ aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufwGif ausmif;aqmifü aecGifhjyK&ef?
12/ ausmif;aqmifpmzwfcef;rsm;ü pm;yGJ? ukvm;xkdif tpHkus xyfrHwdk;ay;&ef?
13/ tcef;jyLwif;aygufESifh w½kwfuwfrsm; ysufpD;cJhvQif avsmfaMu;rawmif;bJ tjrefqHk;jyif&ef?
14/ xrif;pm;cef;ESifh pmzwfcef;rsm;wGif yefumwyfqifay;&ef?
15/ ausmif;aqmifcef;rsm;ü t0wfbD½dk wvHk;pDay;&ef?
16/ ausmif;aqmifwdkif;ü a&aomuf&ef a&ydkufacgif; (water tap) rsm; wckuspD wyfqifay;&ef?
17/ a&udk (24) em&DvHk; (3) xyfxd ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif &½Sd&ef?
18/ ysufpD;,dk,Gif;í teHYtoufrcHEdkifaom tdrfomrsm; jyKjyifay;&ef?
19/ atmufwdkbmausmif;ydwf&ufudk wvvHk;ydwfay;&ef?
20/ Oypmaumvdyfrsm;udk awmifBuD;? jrpfBuD;em;ESifh {&m0wDwdkif;wGif zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
21/ rEÅav;wuúodkvfESifh armfvNrdKifaumvdyfwGif oD;jcm;pmwdkufwckpD zGifhay;&ef/
463
q&mrsm;ESifUywfoufí
1/ q&mrsm;\ pmoifcsdefudk qDavsmfatmif pDpOfowfrSwf&ef?
2/ tu,fí tcsdefydkoif&ygu tydkaMu;ay;&ef?
3/ q&mrsm;twGuf oD;oefYtdrfrsm; vHkavmufpGmay;&ef?
4/ q&mrsm;tm; taMumif;rJh tvkyfrS&yfpJjcif; rjyK&ef? (Oyrm- OD;uHñGefY? OD;pHabmf)
5/ q&mrsm;vpm wdk;jr§ifhay;&ef?
6/ q&mvdktyfaom ,ckvdktcsdefwGif q&mrsm;\ tcGifhta&; wdk;jr§ifhcefYxm;rIudk 'D*&Day:wGif rMunfhbJ
vkyfoufESifhuRrf;usifrIudk Munfhí oifhawmfovdk &mxl;wdk;jr§ifhjcif;? cefYxm;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&ef?
7/ q&mrsm;\qEúdk qefYusifvsuf ausmif;om;ta&;rsm;wGif tpdk;&tmPmjzifh csKyfudkifvsuf 0ifa&muf
pGufzufjcif;rjyK&ef/
upm;ckefpm;
1/ Tennis Court rsm;udk &efukefwuúodkvf? aq;odyÜH? &efuif;aumvdyf? xD;wef;aumvdyf? rEÅav;
wuúodkvf? armfvNrdKifaumvdyfESifh ausmufjzLaumvdyfwGif ausmif;om;tcsKd;tpm;tvdkuf aqmufvkyf
ay;&ef?
2/ rEÅav;wuúodkvfESifh armfvNrdKifaumvdyfwdkYwGif a&ul;uefwpfckpD aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
3/ acwfrDaom tm;upm;½Hkrsm;udk rEÅav;wuúodkvf? armfvNrdKifaumvdyf? ausmufjzLaumvdyf? &efuif;
aumvdyf? xD;wef;aumvdyfESifh aq;odyÜHwdkYwGif wckpDaqmufvkyfay;&ef?
4/ um,Avenf;jyq&mrsm;udk aumvdyftoD;oD;wGif cefYxm;&ef?
5/ acwfrDtm;upm;ypönf;rsm; vHkavmufpGmxm;½Sd&ef?
6/ tm;upm;½HkvHkjcHKrItwGuf oHwHcg;rsm; wyfqifay;&ef?
7/ upm;½Hk½Sd ysufpD;aeaom a&csKd;cef;ESifh tdrfomrsm; tjrefqHk; jyKjyifay;&ef?
8/ ysufpD;aeaom trdk;rsm; jyKjyifay;&ef?
9/ "gwfvdkufaeaom "gwfBudK;rsm; ta&;wBuD; jyKjyifay;&ef?
10/ usKd;yJhaeaom Murf;jyifrsm;udk jyKjyifay;&ef?
11/ upm;½Hkü em&Dwck wyfqifay;&ef? ysufpD;aeaom a&csKd;cef;ESifh tdrfomrsm; tjrefqHk;jyKjyifay;&ef/
usef;rma&;
1/ &efukefwuúodkvfaq;½Hkudk wdk;csJUay;&ef?
2/ wdk;csJUonfh aq;½HkwGif aq;0g;ESifh acwfrD prf;oyfypönf;ud&d,mrsm; vHkavmufpGmxm;½Sd&ef?
3/ t&nftcsif;jynfh q&m0efrsm;ESifh olemjyKrsm; vHkavmufpGmxm;½Sd&ef?
4/ ausmif;om;wdkif; tcrJhaq;xkd;cGifhjyK&ef?
5/ rEÅav;wuúodkvfwGif ausmif;om;OD;a&ESifh udkufnDaom ausmif;aq;½Hkwck aqmufvkyf&ef?
6/ armfvNrdKifaumvdyfESifh ausmufjzLaumvdyfrsm;wGif tvm;wlaq;½HkwckpD aqmufvkyf&ef?
7/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ul;pufwwfaom a&m*gumuG,faq;rsm; tcsdeftcgtvdkuf xdk;ay;&ef ( Oyrm-
Smallpox, T.B, Anti-cholera)?
8/ wuúodkvfe,fajrrsm;wGif usef;rma&;t&m½Sd (Oyrm-Public Health Inspector ) rsm;xm;½Sd&ef/
ausmif;olrsm;twGuf
1/ ausmif;olrsm;twGuf aq;½Hkwckaqmufvkyfí aq;ukocHEdkif½HkrQru tem;,lEdkif&eftxd aqmif½Guf
ay;&ef?
2/ ausmif;olrsm;twGuf tm;upm;½Hkwck wnfaqmufay;&ef?
3/ trsKd;orD;tm;upm;rSL;rsm; cefYtyf&ef/
464
aq;odyÜHausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
1/ aq;odyÜHausmif;om;OD;a&ESifh vuf½Sdq&mOD;a&rSm rnDrrQjzpfaeojzifh aemufxyfq&mrsm; wdk;cefYxm;
ay;&ef?
2/ aq;odyÜH½Sd ausmif;om;OD;a&ESifh vuf½Sd"gwfcGJcef; toHk;taqmifrsm;rSm rvHkavmufí vHkavmufpGm
xm;ay;&ef?
3/ vuf½Sd aq;r[mXmeudk oD;jcm;aumvdyf (Constituent College) tjzpf todtrSwfjyKvkyf ajymif;vTJ
ay;&ef?
4/ aq;odyÜHwGif q&maumif;rsm; &½Sdap&ef ,ckq&mrsm;tm; ay;xm;aom vpmEIef;rsm; wdk;jr§ifhay;&ef?
5/ pde*f Ref;vrf;½Sd ausmif;aqmifrsm; ae&mwGif yHpk cH sNyD;om; tkwaf usmif;aqmifrsm;udk tjrefq;kH aqmufvyk f
ay;&ef?
6/ vuf½dS 'kw, d ESpf aq;oifwef; (3) Budru
f spepfaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm; txl;epfemojzifh repfemap&ef
jyefvnfaqG;aEG; jyKjyifay;&ef? (54 a,muf xkwfy,fNyD; jzpfonf/)
7/ aq;odyÜHpmMunfhwdkufwGif acwfrDaompmtkyfrsm; vHkavmufpGmxm;½Sdí vHkavmufpGm iSm;,lzwfEdkif&ef
&efyHkaiG wdk;csJUydkrdkoHk;pGJay;&ef?
8/ aq;odyÜH½Sd aq;½HkodkY aq;oifwef;qif;Muaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; rqif;rD "gwfrSef½dkufjcif;ESifh
(6) vwBudrf "gwfrSef ½dkufay;jcif;?
9/ aq;odyÜHudk axmufyHhaMu;topfrsm; yxrESpf0uftwGif;wGif tNyD;owf pDpOfxkwfay;&ef/
q&mtwwfoifausmif;rsm;twGuf
1/ bDattD;'D atmifjrifNyD;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; bDt;D 'DoYkd wufa&mufoifMum;vdu
k oifMum;cGijhf yK&ef?
2/ axmufyhHaMu;,lxm;aomausmif;om;rsm;tm; tpdk;&tvkyfudk rvkyfvdkygu axmufyHhaMu;aiG (2) q
avsmf&rnf qdkonfudk ½kyfodrf;&ef?
3/ bDattD;'Drsm; jyefwrf;0ift&m½Sd vpmay;&ef?
4/ bDattD;'Drsm; tajccHvpm (300) rS &½Sda&;/
tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
1/ tif*sifeD,maumvdyfpmMunfhwdkufwGif pmtkyftjynfhtpHkESifh qdwfNidrfaom pmzwfcef;wck xm;½Sd&ef?
2/ vdktyfaeaom vufawGU prf;oyfcef;rsm; jzpfonfh-
(u) Thermodynamic lab:
(c) Mechanical lab:
(*) Sounatary lab: (3) ckudk aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
3/ acwfrDaomyHkpHrsm; ausmif;om;OD;a&tvdkuf jynfhpHkpGm xm;ay;&ef?
4/ acwfrDaom wdkif;onfhypönf;rsm; (Survey Instruments) udk jynfhpHk vHkavmufpGm xm;ay;&ef?
5/ tif*sief ,D modywHÜ ef;rsm;ESio
hf ufqikd af om bmom&yfrsm;udk tif*sief ,
D modyHÜ pmoifcef;rsm;wGif oifMum;
Edkif&ef pDpOfay;&ef?
6/ ,ck aqmufvkyfqJ tif*sifeD,modyÜHtaqmuftODudk tjrefqHk;NyD;pD;atmif aqmufvkyf&ef/
&efukefwuúodkvftwGuf
1/ ausmif;om;wkdif; oHk;pGJEdkifaom w,fvDzkef;wyfqifay;&ef?
2/ trsKd;orD; ausmif;aqmifrsm;ü w,fvDzkef;wckpDxm;&ef?
3/ &efuif;ESif xD;wef;aumvdyfausmif;aqmifrsm;ü ausmif;om;rsm;oHk;&ef w,fvDzkef;wckpD xm;½Sd&ef?
4/ &efuif;aumvdyfESifh xD;wef;aumvdyfrsm;udk ,ckuJhodkY rcGJjcrf;bJ &efukefNrdKUü oifhawmfonfh ae&mwGif
jynfhpHkaom Oypmaumvdyfwckudk wnfaxmifay;&ef?
5/ ausmif;aqmifOya'rsm;onf rvdkufemEdkifatmif wif;usyfvGef;í tjrefqHk;zsufodrf;í ausmif;aqmif
aumfrwDwGif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rS udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; yg0ifcGifhjyK&ef?
465
6/ o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rS awmif;qdck surf sm;udk ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS wdu k ½f ukd f ta&;,laqmif½uG f

&ef?
7/ yk*aH usmif;aqmifajrae&mü ausmif;aqmifopfwckEiS hf tjcm;ae&mü ausmif;aqmifwck aqmufvyk af y;&ef?
8/ pmzwfcef;ESifh xrif;pm;cef;wdkYudk wywf (2) Budrfusom taqmifaumfrwD cGifhjyKcsuf&rSoHk;jcif;udk
y,fzsufí ,cifuuJhodkY ausmif;aqmif ausmif;om;rsm; vdktyfovdk oHk;pGJcGifhjyK&ef?
9/ ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; wckESifhwck pMuFefvrf; cif;ay;&ef?
10/ xrif;pm;csdefrsm;udk oufqdkif&m pmzwftoif;rsm;\ oabmus oifhawmfovdk jyifcGifhay;&ef?
11/ ausmif;aqmif xrif;pm;cef;ü vdktyfaom csdefcGif? tav;? ',ftdk;? ZGef;? yef;uef? cGufrsm; jynfhpHkpGm
xm;ay;&ef?
12/ ausmif;om;rsm; upm;ckefpm;a&;twGuf ypönf;rsm;udk tvHktavmuf xkwfay;&ef?
13/ taqmifopfrsm;ü ausmif;om;OD;a&tvdkuf upm;ckefpm; &efyHkaiGudk tcsKd;us ydkrdkay;&ef?
14/ bwfpuufabmESifh abmfvDabmuGif;r½Sdaom taqmifrsm;wGif tjrefqHk;jyKvkyfay;&ef?
15/ &wemESifh rmvmausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif oD&dESifh tif;vsm;aqmifrsm;uJhodkY Murf;cif;rsm; jyKvkyfay;&ef?
16/ oD&daqmifü (4) a,mufom aeoifhaom tcef;rsm;wGif (6) a,muf rxm;&ef?
17/ ausmif;aqmifü ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aeaom "gwfBudK;ESifh "gwfrD;cvkwfrsm; tjrefqHk;vJay;&ef?
18/ ausmif;aqmifcef;wdkif;wGif "gwfrD;? tkyfaqmif;ESifh vdkaom rD;acgif;rsm; wyfqif&ef?
19/ '*Hkausmif;aqmif xrif;pm;cef;wGif rD;zdkrS rD;cdk;rsm; 0ifa&mufjcif;udk jyKjyif&ef?
20/ &efukefwuúodkvfe,fajrtwGif; arSmifrJaeaom vrf;[loí rD;rsm;wyfqifay;&ef?
21/ ausmif;aqmifcef;cudk (10) odkY avQmhcsí pm;aomufa&;ü aiGydk&ef?
22/ rsufESmMuufvdktyfaom ausmif;aqmifxrif;pm;cef;rsm;wGif wyfqifay;&ef?
23/ oxHak usmif;aqmifwcH g;wGif ta&;½Su d oH;k Edik &f eftwGuf tjcm;taqmifrsm;uJo h Ykd rvG,af ygufxm;í
n (12) em&Dtxd zGifhxm;ay;&ef?
24/ ausmif;aqmifpm;aomufa&;ESifh ywfoufaom pDrHcefYcGJrItcGifhta&;ESifh tmPm? aiGudk ,cifuJhoYdk
ausmif;aqmif pm;aomufa&;trIaqmiftzGJUodkY vTJay;&ef?
25/ ausmif;aqmifrsm;udk ESpfpOf aq;okwfay;&efESifh pmwdkufyHk;wvHk;pD xm;ay;&ef?
26/ vuf½Sd aeYausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; em;ae&mtcef; wdk;csJUay;&ef? yefumESifh vQyfppfrD; wyfay;&ef?
tdrfomudk oefY½Sif;pGm jyKvkyfay;&ef?
27/ aeYausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; pm;aomufa&;twGuf usef;rma&;ESifh nDñGwfí oGm;vma&;vG,ful&ef
pm;aomufqdkifwck zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
28/ ausmif;om;OD;a&tvdkuf upm;ckefpm;&efyHkaiG wdk;ay;&efESifh tm;upm;ypönf;rsm; vHkavmufpGmxm;ay;
&ef?
29/ aeYausmif;om;rsm;tcef;wGif a&'D,dkwvHk;xm;ay;&ef?
30/ wuúodkvf½Hk;cef;udk wdk;csJUí tvkyform;rsm; ydkrdkcefYxm;ay;&ef/
Oya'ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
1/ Oya'oifwef;om;rsm;tm; ausmif;aqmifwGif aecGifhjyK&ef?
2/ ausmif;vcavQmh&ef?
3/ Oya'oifwef;pmar;yGJrsm;udk wESpfvQif (2) Budrf ppfaq;ay;&ef/
&efuif;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
1/ &efuif;aumvdyfwGif ausmif;aqmifESifh A[kdxrif;pm;cef;rudk qufoG,fí pMuFefvrf;rsm; aqmufvkyf
ay;&ef?
2/ vuf½Sd xrif;pm;cef;rsm;wdk;csJUí xrif;pm;cef;wGif xkdifcHk? pm;yGJrStp vdktyfaeaomypönf;rsm; tvHk
tavmuf xm;½Sday;&ef?
3/ csufjyKwf&eftcef;twGuf oefY½Sif;pGmESifh ypönf;tpHktvifay;&ef?
466
4/ aumif;rGefoefY½Sif;aom a&csKd;cef;rsm; tvHktavmufay;&ef?

5/ ysufpD;aeaom a&ydkufrsm; jyifqifay;&ef?
6/ a&csKd;cef;wGif t0wfavQmf&ef a<ucGufrsm; wyfqifay;&ef?
7/ ausmif;aqmif jcHpnf;½dk;udk vHkjcHKpdwfcsatmif vkyfay;&ef?
8/ ausmif;aqmifEiS hf ausmif;odYkomG ;&mvrf;wGif um;wdu
k rf rI sm; a½SmifMuOfEikd af &;twGuf vlomG ; yvufazmif;
rsm; jyKvkyfay;&ef?
9/ tm;upm;&efyHkaiGudk ausmif;om;OD;a&tvdkuf wdk;jr§ifhay;&ef?
10/ &efuif;ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif Owk (3) yg;'PfrS cHEdkif&ef rsufESmMuuf jyKvkyfay;&ef?
11/ &efuif; aeYausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; em;ae&mtcef;udk ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;ESifh tcsKd;tpm;
tvdkuf vHkavmufatmif wdk;csJUaqmufvkyfay;&ef?
12/ ¤if;tcef;rsm;wGif tdrfwGif;upm;ypönf;rsm; xm;ay;&ef/
xD;wef;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
1/ xD;wef;aumvdyf ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif rsufESmMuufrsm; wyfqifay;&ef?
2/ oefY½Sif;aom a&csKd;cef;ESifh tdrfomrsm; vHkavmufpGm xm;ay;&ef?
3/ a&aumif;rGefvHkavmufpGm &½Sda&;twGuf aqmif½Gufay;&ef?
4/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDñGwfaom xrif;pm;cef;wck aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
5/ pm;yGJ? ukvm;xkdif? yk*H? ZGef;? c&if;? xrif;csKdifh? xrif;tkyfaqmif;rsm; xm;½Sday;&ef/
&efuif;aumvdyfESifh xD;wef;aumvdyftwGuf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;
uvnf; awmif;qdkcJhygonf/
(n) (34) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyJGaehtwGuf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf\ tqdkrsm;

(34) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYü Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf atmufygtqdkrsm;udk wifoGif;cJhonf/
(1) ynma&;tqdk
ynma&;&efyHkaiG 10% wdk;jr§ifh&eftwGuf ausmif;om;aygif; (1) oef;txd ½Sdvmí vdktyfvmayonf/
1954-55 ckESpf ausmif;pwif zGifhcsdefwGif tzufzufrS rvHkavmufrIrsm; awGUMuHKae&í xkdodkY wifoGif;&jcif; jzpf
aMumif;/ ausmif;aqmifrsm; topfaqmufvyk af y;&eftwGuf &efuek ?f yJc;l ? awmifi?l yJE, G u f ek ;f ? vufywH ef;? atmifv?H
rdacsmif;&J? puk? [oFmw? ykodrf? zsmyHk? ausmif;ukef;? armfvNrdKifuRef;? a';'&JNrdKUrsm;wGif qE´jyawmif;qdkcJh&m
rdacsmif;&J? puk? a';'&JNrdKUrsm;wGif rdbrsm; yg0ifqE´jycJMh uonf/ yJE,
G u
f ek ;f ? usHKrai;? rd;k ukwNf rdKUrsm;wGif ausmif;om;
rsm;udk,fwdkif aiGaMu;pkaqmif;vsuf pmoifcef;rsm; aqmufvkyfcJhygonf/ ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*? q&mrsm; vdktyfcsuf
twGuf Nrdwf? ausmif;ukef;? [oFmw? awmifil? Aef;armf? rdk;ukwfNrdKUrsm;wGif pmroifMum;awmhbJ qE´jyawmif;qdkrI
jyKvkyfcJhayonf/
ppfom;wa,muftwGuf wvvQif (330) usyfrQ oHk;aecsdef? ausmif;om;wa,muftwGuf (8) usyf
(60) jym;om oHk;aeavonf/
xdkodkY vdktyfcsufrsm;aMumifh aemifwacwfwGif wm0ef,lrnfh ausmif;om;rsm;rSm t&nftcsif; rjynfhjzpfMu
avonf/ xdkYaMumifh ynma&;toHk;p&dwfudk 10% wdk;jr§ifh&ef awmif;qdkcJhygonf/
(2) zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIOya'rsm; ½kwfodrf;&eftqdk

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf tajccHzGJUpnf;yHk tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'wGif vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;ajymqdkcGifh?
vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifh? ,HkMunfcGifh? vGwfvyfpGm pnf;½Hk;cGifh? ta&;qdkcGifh paom tajccH'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
jy|mef; twnfjyKxm;aomfvnf; ,aeYwGif xdktcGifhta&;udk wm;qD;csKyfcs,fjcif; trsKd;rsKd;jzifh zsufqD;cHae&onf/
vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdpk nf;½H;k cGihf r½Sad p&ef tmPm½Syd gwD0ifrsm;tm; raxmufco
H l rSeo
f rQtm; taMumif;rjybJ
zrf;qD;xm;Edkifaom yk'fr (5) jzifh csKyfcs,fzrf;qD;um ESpf½Snfvrsm; tusOf;csxm;jcif;? pDwef; vSnfhvnfqE´jycGifh
467
r½Sdap&ef trdefYcH,lapjcif;? oydwfwm;Oya'rsm;jzifh tcGifhta&;awmif;qdkcGifhudk ydwfyifxm;jcif;? tmPmvuf½SdygwD

rsm;ESihf qefYusiof rl sm;udk aomif;use;f olrsm;[k wHqyd u f yfum opömazmufOya'rsm;jzifh owfjzwfaejcif;? tpd;k &tzGUJ udk
ra0zef&Jatmif yk'fr (500) toa&zsufrIOya'rsm; jyKvkyfMuHpnfaeayonf/
&efukefwuúodkvf? atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&; ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIonf ausmif;om;w&yfvHk; vdk
vm;axmufcrH I &cJo h nft h jyif qdik &f mtmPmydik w f Ykd EiS ahf wGUqHu k m at;csrf;pGm qE´jyawmif;qdck ahJ omfvnf; ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm; tpkvu kd f tjyHKvdu k f ausmif;xkwcf &H jcif;? zrf;qD;cH&jcif; ponfh zdEydS cf sKyfcs,frrI sm; cHpm;cJ&h avonf/
,ckuo hJ Ykd yk'x f ;D yk'rf trsKd;rsKd;udk rvdwk rsKd;vdw k rsKd; oH;k pGv
J suf½o dS nft
h jyif wdww
f w
d yf ek ;f wrsKd;? ajAmifwrsKd;
Ncdrf;ajcmufowfjzwfum 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;aeayonf/ xdkYaMumifh EdkifiHw0Srf;vHk;½Sd jynfol
vlxkrSm ]aponfUuRef? xGefonfUEGm;yrm} vkyfcHae&½kHrQ ae&ayonf/
odYk ygaomaMumifh ArmEdik if t H m; 'Dru kd a&pDenf;pepfus xlaxmifxm;aom wdik ;f oljynfom;rsm; tajccHtcGihf
ta&;ay;um jynfoYl tpd;k & xlaxmifvykd gvQif tajccHpnf;rsO;f \ Oya'udck sK;d azmufum vuf½jdS yKusichf ahJ om csKyfcs,rf I
yk'fxD;yk'frtrsKd;rsKd;udk ½kyfodrf;&ef awmif;qdkvdkuf&ayonf/
a<u;aMumfoHrsm;jzifh-
(1) trsKd;om;aeh 'dkhaeh? 'dkhaeh
(2) ausmif;om;xkudk aoG;rcGJeJh? aoG;rcGJeJh
(3) ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&; wnfaqmufMu? wnfaqmufMu
(4) zrf;xm;wJUausmif;om;awG tjrefvTwf? tjrefvTwf
(5) xkwfxm;wJUausmif;om;awG ausmif;jyefoGif;? ausmif;jyefoGif;
(6) ynma&;&efyHkaiG wdk;ay;? wdk;ay;
(7) zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIOya' ½kyfodrf;ypf? ½kyfodrf;ypf
(8) 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&; rcsKyfcs,feJh? rcsKyfcs,feJh
(9) trsKd;om;nDñGwfa&; wnfaqmufMu? wnfaqmufMu
(10) trsKd;om;opömazmufawG tvdkr½Sd? tvdkr½Sd
trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&; a<u;aMumfoHrsm;jzifh atmifjrifpGm ½kyfodrf;oGm;onf/
(#) (35) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeh tqdkrsm;

ynma&;tqdk
(1) pmar;yGJcsausmif;xkwfpepf usifhoHk;jcif;?
(2) wuúodkvf oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepf usifhoHk;jcif;?
(3) wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJrsm;wGif pmar;yGJ0ifcGifh (3) ESpf ydwfyifjcif;?
(4) wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJESifh [dkufpul;zdkife,f cGJjcm;um pmar;yGJESpfqifh jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;udk
vHk;0uefYuGufvdkufygaMumif;/
(1) atmufwb kd mausmif;wvydwaf &; ta&;awmfyt kH wGuf ausmif;xkwcf x H m;&olrsm;tm; ausmif;0ifciG aUf y;&ef?
(2) atmufwb kd mausmif;wvydwaf &; ta&;awmfyt kH wGuf zrf;qD;0&rf;xkwx
f m;aom ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif
ESpfOD;wdkhtm; zrf;0&rf;½kyfodrf;&ef awmif;qdkvdkufygaMumif;/
'Drdkua&pDynma&; wnfaqmufa&;tqdk
,aeY oifMum;aeaom ynma&;rSm a½S;,cifuo hJ Ykdyif ausmif;rSxu
G v
f Qif bmrQvyk u
f ikd pf rG ;f r½Sb
d J taptyg;
vkyfief;rsm;om vkyfwwfonfh ynma&;yif jzpfonf/ oifMum;&aom ynm&yfrsm;rSmvnf; acwfrrDí avmu"gwf
ynmenf;ESifh udkufnDrSefuefaom ynm&yfrsm;tm; tawG;tac: vGJacsmfapaom ynm&yfrsm;? wdk;wufvsuf½Sdaom
avmu"gwfynmESihf rudu k n
f aD om? rSeu
f efrrI ½Sad om ynm&yfrsm;udk oifMum;ae&ayonf/ wdik ;f jynf BuD;yGm;wd;k wuf
a&;twGuf pufrIvufrIynm&yfrsm;udk wdwdusus oifMum;ay;&rnfhtpm; roifMum;bJ aecJhayonf/ jrefrmtrsKd;
om; ,Ofaus;rIyHkpHESifh udkufnDaom trsKd;om;pmrsm; oifMum;&rnfhtpm; t*Fvdyfbmomudk ,aeYtxd t"duxm;í
468
oifMum; ae&avonf/ oifMum;&aom ynm&yfrsm;rSm jynfolw&yfvHk; tusKd;jyK&rnfhtpm; rdrdwudk,faumif;

ynm&yfrsm;om jzpfaecJhonf/
xkYd aMumifh jrefrmjynf\ ynma&;pepfonf rnfoYkd yif jynfawmfomynma&;yif a<u;aMumfapumrl t*Fvyd f
e,fcsJUorm;rsm; vufxufu oHk;pGJcJhaom ynma&;yifjzpfonf/ þynma&;udk jyKjyifEdkifrSom acwfaemufusaom
b0rS vGwfajrmufEdkifayrnf/ ArmjynfpD;yGm;a&;udk jr§ifhwifEdkifayvdrfhrnf/
þodkY ajymif;vJ&mwGif ynma&;onf vlxktm; tvkyfta<u;jyKaomynma&; jzpf&rnf/ oifMum;aom
ynm&yfrsm;rSmvnf; trsKd;om;pmayjzifh oifMum;í trsKd;om;ynma&; jzpf&rnf/ acwfrí D vufawGU taumiftxnf
ESifh udkufnDaom rSefuefaom ynma&; jzpf&ayrnf/ awG;ac:rIwGif ,xmblw us&ayrnf/ þuJhodkY ynma&;rSom
wdkif;jynfudk wu,fwef; jr§ifhwifEdkifvdrfhrnf/ þynma&;rSm 'Drdkua&pDynma&;yif jzpfavonf/ xdkYaMumifh vlxk
w&yfvHk; tusKd;½Sdaom 'Drdkua&pDynma&;pepfudk wnfaqmuf&eff awmif;qdkvdkufygaMumif;/
jynfot hl a&;tqdk
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk pnf;rsOf;Oya'wGif vGwfvyfpGm a[majymcGifh? a&;om;cGifh?
xkwaf 0cGi?hf vGwv f yfpmG toif;tyif; zGUJ pnf;cGi?hf pnf;½H;k cGiEhf iS hf qE´jyoydwaf rSmufciG hf jzpfaom 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;
rsm; ay;tyf&rnf[k twdtvif; azmfjyxm;ayonf/
odkYaomf ,aeYwkdif;jynfwGifum; zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkpnf;rsOf;ESifh qefYusifum vlxktm;zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;?
'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udk enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh ydwfyifwm;qD;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvsuf ½Sdayonf/ vGwfvyfpGma[majym
cGiu hf kd ydwyf ifwm;qD; cHae&onf/ a[majymolrsm;udk Ncdr;f ajcmufjcif;rsm; jyKvkyv f suf ½So d nf/ e,frsm;wGif tpd;k &tm;
raxmufcHaom a[majymrIrsm;tm; vufeufjzifhNcdrf;ajcmufjcif;? tmPmjzifhwm;qD;jcif; jyKvkyfvsuf ½Sdavonf/
vma&mufem;axmifaom jynfolrsm;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;jcif; trsKd;rsKd;Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfaeayonf/
vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;xkwfa0cGifhrSmvnf; tpdk;&tm; tvdkvdkuf tBudKufa&;rIrsm;udkomvQif tm;ay;um
xkwaf 0a&;om;cGijhf yKvsuf ½Sad eayonf/ qefYusiaf &;om;olrsm;tm; Ncdr;f ajcmufjcif;? zrf;qD;jcif;rsm; jyKvkycf ahJ yonf/
xko d Ykd qefYusifa&;om;olrsm; jzpfaom vlxOk ;D vS? Aef;armfwifatmifwYkd rmS ,aeYtxd xyfwvJvJ w&m;pGq J jkd cif;cHae&
ayonf/ vGwv f yfpmG a&;om;aom owif;pmrsm;qdv k Qif tpd;k &ESihf oufqikd &f mXmersm;wGif rzwf&avatmif ñTeMf um;
jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfaeayonf/ Oyrm- xGef;aeYpOfqdkvQif axmifwGif;ürzwf& ponfjzifh uefYowfxm;ayonf/ twdkuf
tcHrsm;a&;om;aom owif;pmrsm;udkvnf; tpdk;&aMumfjimrsm;ray;bJ pD;yGm;a&;t& Ncdrf;ajcmuf wm;qD;jcif;rsm;
jyKvkyfaeayonf/
vGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif;xlaxmif qE´jycGifhrsm;udkvnf; trsKd;rsKd;enf;jzifh vkyfMuHwm;qD; cHae&ayonf/
toif;tyif; xlaxmifvQif pHkaxmufrsm; ar;jref;pHkprf;jcif;? twdkuftcHtoif;tzGJUrsm;tm; ajray:ü raeEdkifatmif
trsKd;rsKd; vkyfMuHpGyfpGJjcif;? ½SmazGjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfaeayonf/ tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ysufjym;ap&eftwGuf aoG;cGJjcif;? tcGifh
ta&; wm;qD;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfaeayonf/ txl;ojzifh qdk½S,fvpfygwDwckwnf; xm;½Sd&ef pDrHvsuf½Sdaeonf/ Oy
rmtm;jzifh qdk½S,fvpf vufatmufcHr[kwfaom tvkyform;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif vkyfaqmifaeolrsm;tm; tvkyf
jzKwfjcif;? ausmif;om;tzGJUrsm;wGif yg0ifaeolrsm;tm; tvkyfray;[lí Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm; jyKvkyfvsuf ½Sdaeayonf/
,aeYausmif;rsm;ü or*¾zUJG pnf;cGiu hf kd wm;qD;ydwyf ifvsuf ½Sad eayonf/ Oyrm- A[dt k pd;k &wef;jrifah usmif;? Munfjh rif
wdkif? trSwf (1) ausmif;rsm;ESifh jrif;jcH? ajrmif;jr paom ausmif;rsm;wGif jzpfavonf/ tcsKdUausmif;rsm;wGifvnf;
qdk½S,fvpfvufatmufcH 'Dtufpftdkrsm;om zGJUpnf;Edkif&ef q&mrsm;tm; apcdkif;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfaeayonf/
vGwv f yfpmG qE´jycGiu
hf kd oydwaf rSmufwm;jrpfa&;Oya'jzifh ,aeYtxd qufvufxw k jf yefxm;onf/ atmuf
wdkbmta&;awmfyHk 1953 ckESpfudkvnf; ESdrfeif;? owfjzwf½Hkru &moufyefausmif;xkwfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhayonf/
þodkY csKyfcs,frIrsm;udkomru yk'fr (5) umuG,fa&;Oya'xkwfum qefYusifolrsm;udk rppfaq;bJ ESpf
½Snfvrsm; tusOf;csxm;jcif;rsm;? opömazmufOya'udkxkwfum owfjzwfjcif;rsm;? yk'fr (144) xkwfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf
cJah yonf/ ,aeY axmifwiG ;f üqdv k Qif twdu k tf cHEikd if aH &;orm;? ausmif;om;ajrmufjrm;pGmwdYk rmS rw&m;csKyfaESmifjcif;
cHae&onf/
,aeY aemufqHk;jyLapmxD;pDrHudef;jzifh &yfol? ½Gmom;? trIxrf;rsm;udk twif;tMuyf pkaqmif;jcif;? ppfynm
oifapjcif;rsm; jyKvkyaf eonf/ þjyLapmxD;pDru H ed ;f ppfwyfrsm;jzihf vlxu k kd ESrd ef if;jcif;? tcGithf a&;rsm;udk wm;qD;&ef
jzpfonf/
469
xdkYaMumifh ,aeY tpdk;&onf vlxktm; zdESdyfjcif;? 'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm;udk enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh wm;qD;

ydwfyifjcif;rsm;udk av;eufpGm uefYuGufvdkuf&ygonf/
Nidrf;csrf;a&;tqdk
,refEpS u f ynma&;toH;k p&dwf ode;f (900) oH;k &mrS? ,ckEpS w f iG f ode;f (754) ode;f avsmch so;kH pGv
J mayonf/
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ppftoHk;p&dwfudk rsm;pGmoHk;pGJjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ ppfwyftwGuf odef; (4000) ausmf oHk;pGJaeayonf/ ppfom;w
a,muftwGuf vufeufu&d , d mrS tvH;k pHwk yfqifa&;twGuf wESpf (4000) ausmf ukeu f saecsed f ausmif;om;wa,muf
twGuf wESpf (350d^-) om oH;k pGaJ eayonf/ ppfom;wa,muf (1) ESpo f ;kH aiGukd ausmif;om;aygif; (11) a,mufausmf
twGuf oH;k pGEJ ikd af yonf/ ,cktcsdet f xd jyLapmxD;pDru H ed ;f qdNk yD; trIxrf;rsm;? t&yfom;rsm;tm; vufeufwyfqif&ef
twGuf wc½dik v f Qif (1) ode;f owfrw S x
f m;ay&m ¤if;aiGukd ynma&;wGio f ;kH pGv
J Qif ausmif;taqmuftOD taumif;qH;k
waqmifaomf vnf;aumif; (odkYr[kwf) ausmif;om;aygif; (300) rQavmuf vnf;aumif; oHk;pGJEdkifayonf/
þodkY ppfwyfrsm;twGuf oHk;pGJae&jcif;rSm jynfwGif;ppf vufeufudkif wdkufcdkufae&jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
jynfwGif;ppfudk &yfpJum at;csrf;om,mrI½SdrSomvQif ,aeYppftoHk;p&dwfrsm;avsmhyg;um ynma&;udk wdk;wufoHk;pGJ
Edkifrnf jzpfayonf/
jynfwiG ;f ppf jzpfymG ;onfrmS (7) ESpf (7) vausmf MumcJah yNyD/ jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfymG ;&jcif;rSm zdEydS cf sKyfcs,jf cif;ESihf
EdkifiHa&; rauseyfrIrS jzpfay:jcif;udk trSDjyKum vufeufpGJudkif ajz½Sif;jcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vm&ayonf/ ppfaMumifh
vlxkrsm;pGm toufqHk;½IH;jcif;? pnf;pdrfOpömrsm; ysufjyKef;&jcif;ESifh awGUMuHK&NyD; wOD;ESifhwOD; tjywftowf ESdrfeif;Edkif
jcif;iSm rpGr;f ombJjzpfaeonf/ jynfwiG ;f ppfu&kd yfp&J efrmS wOD;ESiw hf OD; awGUqHak qG;aEG;um at;csrf;om,mpGm ajz½Si;f
EdkifrSomvQif jzpfayrnf/
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csrf;a&;udk t&,lMu&ef awmif;qdkvdkufygaMumif;/
urÇmha&;&mtqdk
'kw, d urÇmppfaMumifh vlrsm;pGmaoaMuí taqmuftODrsm;pGm jymyHt k wd a&mufc&hJ onf/ odYktwGuf urÇmol
urÇmom;wdYk rmS ppfukd rsm;pGm½GUH ½Smrke;f wD;vmonf/ awGUMuHKcJ&h aom oifcef;pmaMumifh ppfjzpfa&;udyk if jiif;qdv k sufyif
½Sdonf/
odYk aomf ppfukd ½GUH rke;f um rvdv
k m;aom urÇmol? urÇmom;wdYk EiS q hf efYusifzufjyKum aoG;aqmifol wpkonf
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ppftoH;k p&dwf wd;k jr§iu hf m ppfom;rsm;wd;k csJUjcif;? vufeufwyfqifjcif;? tpkvu kd t
f jyHKvku
d f aoapwwfaom tEkjrLAH;k ?
[duk 'f ½d*k sifA;kH rsm; prf;oyfazmufcjJG cif;rsm; jyKvkyv f suf ½Sad eonf/ ud&k ;D ,m;? AD,uferfwYkd wiG f jzpfymG ;aom ppfyrJG sm;udk
vnf; rNyD;qHk;atmif MuHaqmifcJhMuonf/ aewdk;? qD;wdk; ppftkyfpkrsm;zGJUum ppfjzpf&ef jyifqifjcif;? vIHUaqmfjcif;rsm;
jyKvkyfaeayonf/
þodkY aoG;iwfolwpkonf ppftwGufvIHUaqmfjyifqifjcif;rSm ¤if;wdkY\ tjrwftpGef;&½Sda&;twGuf vlom;
w&yfvHk;tm; ysufjyKef;ap&ef MuHaqmifjcif;? urÇmol? urÇmom;wdkY\qEúdk ypfy,fjcif;om jzpfayonf/ odkYtwGuf
aMumifh aemufxyf ppfBuD;wck ray:aygufa&;twGuf umuG,af &;toH;k p&dwf avsmhcsjcif;? ppfom;rsm; avQmhayghjcif;/
vufeufrsm; prf;oyfjcif;? usL;ausmfapmfum;rIrsm; jyKjcif;? ppftkyfpkrsm; zGJUjcif;rsm;udk wm;jrpf&ef vdktyfayonf/
ppfBuD;rjzpfyGm;ap&eftwGuf wif;rmrIrsm;udk at;csrf;om,mpGm awGUqHkaqG;aEG;ajz½Sif;&ef vdkayonf/ þodkY ajz½Sif;
jcif;aMumifhvnf; AD,uferf? udk&D;,m;wGif ppf&yfpJí ppfajyNidrf;jcif;rsm; xkwfazmfEdkifcJhayonf/
odYk twGuf ausmif;om;xkEiS hf vlxw k &yfv;kH onf aemufxyfwzef ppfBuD; rjzpfymG ;a&;twGuf ppftoH;k p&dwf
avsmhayghjcif;? ppftiftm;avsmhjcif;? vufeufBuD;rsm; prf;oyfjcif; rjyKvkyfjcif;? ppfpmcsKyf? ppftkyfpkrsm;udk zsufodrf;
jcif;? usL;ausmfrrI sm;udk a½SmifuiG ;f jcif;rsm;jyKvkyu f m wOD;ESiw hf OD; awGUqHak qG;aEG;jcif;jzifh urÇmYwif;rmrIrsm; avsmhyg;
um urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf awmif;qdkMu&ef? aqmif½GufMu&ef tqdkwifoGif;vdkufygonf/
þodkYjzifh &mZ0ifrSwfwrf;wif&r,fh (35) BudrfajrmuftrsKd;om;aeYrSm uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om;xkawG[m
(1) udkvdkeDynma&;pepfzsufodrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDynma&;wnfaqmufa&;?
470
(2) zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIawG wGef;vSefypfa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; &½Sda&;?

(3) e,fcsJUpepf (0g) vuf0g;BuD;tkyft&if;½Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;? trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&; xdef;odrf;jr§ifh
wifa&;?
(4) jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;? jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh trsKd;om;nDñGwfa&; wnfaqmufa&;?
(5) wwd,urÇmppfwm;qD;a&;? urÇmYNidr;f csrf;a&; xde;f odr;f umuG,af &;vkyif ef;BuD;awGukd taumiftxnf
azmfEikd zf Ykd twGuf ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;kH [m nDnñ D wG ñ
f wG f wdu
k yf 0JG ifMu&ef qH;k jzwft"d|mefjyKMuygpdUk /
(X) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf pwkw¦tBudrfnDvmcH

pwkw¬tBudrfajrmuf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcHBuD;udk 13? 1? 1955 &uf
aeYwiG f usif;ycJyh gonf/ þnDvmcHonf &efuek w f uúov kd o
f r*¾ (25) ESpaf jrmuf aiG&wkobifyaJG wmfBuD;ESihf wquf
wnf; usif;yaomaMumifh ArmEdkifiHausmif;om;xkBuD; w&yfvHk;ESifh or*¾&mZ0ifwGif xl;jrwfaomt"dyÜg,fudk aqmifcJh
ygonf/ 1954-55 ckEpS f yxrydik ;f wGif tmPmydik rf sm;u or*¾ukd ausmif;aumifpjD zifh tpm;xk;d zsufq;D &ef MuH½,
G cf ahJ y
onf/
qdk½S,fvpfvufyg;ap 'Dtufpftdkrsm;ESifh tmPmydkifrsm;udk ckcHumuG,fum &efukefwuúodkvfor*¾onf
(25) ESpfajrmuf tcrf;tem;udk usif;ycJhayonf/ xdkodkY usif;yEdkifjcif;onf &efukefwuúokdvfor*¾ wnfjrJa&;ESifh
ckcHwdkufcdkufum atmifyGJqifETJjcif; jzpfayonf/ þatmifyGJESifhtwl Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcHusif;yvdkufjcif;onf
a½SUwGif ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mor*¾ tzGJUtpnf;rsm; ysufpD;&ef &nf½G,fcsufudk wdkufzsuf&ef tm;opfavmif;vdkufjcif;
jzpf&m ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;ESifh or*¾&mZ0ifwGif xl;jrwfaom t"dyÜg,faqmifcJhayonf/
(!) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; udkaZmf0if; (Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf) wifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpm

uRefawmfwdkY Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf ausmif;om;vdktyfcsufrsm;ta&;ESifh ywfoufí 1954 ck? ZGefrS
pufwifbmvtxd &efukef? vufyHwef;? awmifil? yJEG,fukef;? atmifvH? rdacsmif;&J? puk? [oFmw? ykodrf? zsmyHk?
ausmif;ukef;? armfvNrdKifuRef;? a';'&JNrdKUrsm;wGif ausmif;aqmifopf aqmufvkyfa&;? a[mif;EGrf;aeaom ausmif;rsm;
jyifqifa&;twGuf awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifcJhygonf/ rdacsmif;&J? a';'&JNrdKUrsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifqE´jycJhygonf/
yJEG,fukef;? usKHrai; paomNrdKUrsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY udk,fwdkifaiGaMu;aumufcHum aqmufvkyfcJhMu
onf/ Nrdwf? awmifil? ausmif;ukef;? Aef;armf? [oFmw? rdk;ukwfNrdKUrsm;wGif qE´jyawmif;qdkcJhMu\/ NrdwfNrdKUü
pmroifMum;bJ xkid o f ydwaf rSmuf qE´jyonftxd tqifah &mufco hJ nf/ þodYk jzifh ArmEdik if tH &yf&yfwiG f ausmif;om;xk
w&yfv;kH vdt k yfcsuftwGuf awmif;qdrk rI sm; jyKvkycf ahJ omfvnf; atmifjrifpmG raqmif½u G Ef ikd o
f nft
h wGuf ausmif;om;
xk vdktyfcsufESifh awmif;qdkrIrSm atmifjrifrIESifh a0;cJh&ayonf/
ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;twGuf ausmif;om;rsm;vkdvm;csuf? epfemcsufrsm;udk zqyv qdk½S,f
vpfwdkY tydkifpD;xm;aom tpdk;&onf ausmif;om;xktm; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fum ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydwfyifwm;
qD;&efBudK;yrf;cJoh nf/ ausmif;om;ta&;wGif pGr;f pGr;f wrHaqmif½u G cf ahJ om ppfawGc½dik af usmif;om;or*¾ Ouú| udak usmf
vSjzLESifh trIaqmif (3) a,muftm; ausmif;xkwfypfcJhjcif;? tzGJUcsKyf 'k-Ouú| udkxGef;azudk zrf;qD;jcif; jyKvkyfcJhay
onf/ ausmif;om;or*¾wiG f acgif;aqmiforl sm;tm; or*¾wiG f rvkyyf gbl;[k 0efcu H wdjyKum ausmif;wGif vufcjH cif;
jyKcJhayonf/ awmifilrS (7) a,muf? tif;pdefrS (4) a,muf? OuúHrS (3) a,mufwdkYtm; ausmif;xkwfjcif;rsm; jyKrl
cJo
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rsm;wGif or*¾rzGJUEdkifap&ef tpdk;&u q&mBuD;rsm;tm; tcGifhray;bJ xm;cJhonf/ &efukefNrdKU A[dktpdk;&ausmif;rS
ausmif;q&mrBuD;u ydwyf ifcahJ vonf/ trsKd;orD; pmoifwef;ausmif;rSm apmapmydik ;f wGif zGUJ cGirhf ay;bJ xm;NyD;aemuf
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ausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;om; aMunmpmwrf;rsm; a0iSjcif;rjyK&ef? ruyf&[laom trdeYf rsm; xkwjf yefco hJ nf/ aemufq;kH
trSwf (4) pH&dyfNidrf? pHy,fjcH? urm½Gwf½Sd tzGJUcsKyfwnf&mudkyif ykvdyfrsm;jzifh0dkif;0ef;um ypönf;rsm;½SmazGjcif;? pm
ul;puf? vufESdyfpuf? pm½Gufpmwrf;rsm; odrf;jcif; jyKvkyfcJhayonf/ þodkY ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; ydwfyifwm;qD;
&m0,f ynma&;XmerS wdww f qdwñ f eT Mf um;um zqyvqd½k , S v
f pfwYkdu q&mrsm;udk "g;pmcHtjzpfapcdik ;f jcif; jyKvkycf hJ
471
ayonf/ odYk aomf q&mtenf;i,frt S y ajrmufrsm;pGmaom q&mrsm;onf cdik ;f aponft h wkid ;f rvky½f rkH Qru tcsKUd a'o
rsm;wGif ausmif;om;xkzufrS yg0ifaqmif½GufcJhayonf/ þodkYjzifh Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;
pkpnf;NyD;umuG,&f ef ½Sv d mayonf/ þwm0efupkd ;l pdu k uf m rxrf;aqmifEikd cf o hJ nft
h wGuf zqyvtpd;k &onf vuf&J
Zuf&Jjzpfum wjznf;jznf; zdESdyfvmonfudk awGU½kHrQru ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;uvnf; tzGJUcsKyftay:wGif rSDcdktm;
xm;jcif;rsm; wjznf;jznf; uG,af ysmufvmonfukd awGU&ayonf/ a½SUwGif tzGUJ csKyfonf ausmif;om;vdt k yfcsurf sm;udk
aqmif½Gufjcif;? tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fjcif;vkyfief;rsm;udk zdzdpD;pD;tm½Hkpl;pkdufum raqmif½GufEdkifygu ausmif;om;
xkw&yfvHk; ,HkMunftm;udk; axmufcHrIrsm;onf avsmhenf;vmrnfyif jzpfavonf/
tzGJUcsKyfonf or*¾tzGJUcGJrsm; zGJUpnf;a&;twGuf rEÅav;? ppfudkif;? a½Tbdk? aumvif;? rdk;n§if;? uom?
Aef;armf? jrpfBuD;em;? jynf? o&uf? armfvNrdKif? xm;0,f? &cdkifwdkif;? jrpf0uRef;ay:a'orsm;? jrif;jcH? rdwD¬vm?
awmifil? om,m0wD? tkwfzdk? wdkufBuD;? yJcl;rS ysOf;rem;txd vnf;aumif;? pnf;½Hk;a&;rsm; qif;cJhMuaomfvnf;
tiftm;wdk;oifhoavmuf rwdk;jcif;um; Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf ausmif;om;tusKd;ESifh tcGifhta&;udk a½SUwef;rS
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w&yfv;kH u rjrifao;onft h wGuf jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;xk pnf;½H;k a&;wGiv f nf; wzufrS tzGUJ csKyfu avsmh&aJ eonf
ESifhtrQ qdk½S,fvpfvufyg;ap ausmif;om;opömazmuf 'DtufpftdkwdkYonf q&mrsm; tultnDjzifh vnf;aumif;?
Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;? tzGJUcsKyfpnf;½Hk;a&;udk zsufqD;&ef MuH½G,fcJhMuonf/ þodkY aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;udk
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tm;? tzGJUcsKyfpnf;½Hk;a&;tm; pepfwusvkyfudkifyg&ef wdkufwGef;vdkuf&ygonf/
jyefMum;a&;AsL½dkonf or*¾*sme,fwapmif xkwfa0&ef tpdk;&xH cGifhawmif;cJhaomfvnf; r&½SdcJhay/ þodkY
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vkyif ef;rsm;udk or*¾crJG sm;u pHak phpmG rod jzpfc&hJ ayonf/ jyefMum;a&;AsL½dt k aeESihf Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf owif;pmapmifukd
(1) BudrfomvQif xkwfa0 jzefYcsdEdkifayonf/ &cdkifwdkif;rS ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ppfwyfrS rw&m;zrf;qD; n§Of;qJjcif;ESifh
ywfoufí ausmif;om;awGudk zrf;NyD[laom aMunmcsufwapmifESifh wwd,tBudrfajrmuftzGJUcsKyf nDvmcHwGif
&efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om; tcGit hf a&;umuG,af &;aumfrwDrS Ouú| udt k ek ;f armif wifoiG ;f onfh atmufwb kd mta&;
awmfyHk tpD&ifcHpmudk xkwfa0jzefYcsdcJhaomfvnf; qufoG,fa&; tcuftcJrsm;aMumifh e,for*¾wdkif;odkY ra&mufcJhay/
jyefMum;a&;AsL½dk ysuf,Gif;csufrsm; ½SdcJhonfrSm b@ma&;csKdUwJhrIaMumifhvnf; wydkif;yg0ifayonf/
ausmif;om;rsm; oufomacsmifcsda&;twGuf tzGJUcsKyfrSOD;pD;um aqmif½Gufoifhayonf/ þvkyfief;rSm
,aeY Armausmif;om;xktwGuf ta&;wBuD; tm½Hkpl;pdkufvkyf&rnfhtvkyfjzpfay&m oufomacsmifcsda&;AsL½dkonf
ausmif;om;rsm; oufomacsmifcsda&; w&yfzGJU&ef BudK;pm;cJhaomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJhay/ urÇmYausmif;om; oufom
acsmifcsda&;aumfrwDESifh tquftoG,f rvkyfonfhtjyif urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rSay;aom oGm;bufXme ud&d,m
rsm;udv k nf; b@ma&;tcuftcJaMumifh ,cktcsdet f xd a½G;,lEikd jf cif;r½So
d nfukd awGU&onf/ [oFmwNrdKU rD;ab;oifh
&mwGif 'ku©a&muf&aom ausmif;om;rsm; twGuf wjynfvHk;½Sd ausmif;om;or*¾rS wwftm;oa½GU 0dkif;0ef;ulnD&ef
ñTefMum;ay;EdkifcJhonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf? [oFmwc½dkif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;yl;aygif;um ausmif;
om;? ausmif;olrsm;xH tvSLaiGaumufcNH yD; pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;udk [oFmw rD;ab;oifh ausmif;om; rsm;tm; tultnD
ay;cJhonf/
EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;aumfrwDtaeESifh urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyfESifh qufoG,fxm;onfh
tavsmuf qufoG,frIvkyfief;rsm; aqmif½Guf&ayrnf/ tjcm;urÇmt&yf&yf½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhvnf; qufoG,f&ef
BudK;pm;&ayrnf/ urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (I.U.S) odkY tpD&ifcHpmtjzpf owif;rsm;? (2) Budrfom ydkYaqmifEdkifcJh
onf/ ay;ydYk aompmrsm;? owif;pm*sme,frsm;rSm vrf;wGif aysmufq;kH ae&m aysmufq;kH rIukd wm0ef,al om pmwdu k zf uf
tm; xda&mufpmG ta&;rqdEk ikd f jzpfco hJ nf/ (I.U.S) ud, k pf m;vS,jf zpfaom trf'AvsL½du k of nf &efuek Nf rdKUodYk acwå0if
a&mufvm&m tzGJUcsKyfudk,fpm;vS,frsm; oGm;a&muf awGUqHkaqG;aEG;onf/ urÇmY'Drdkua&pDvli,frsm;tzGJUcsKyfodkY quf
oG,fa&;pm ay;ydkYcJhonf/ MopaMw;vswuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcHBuD;odkY tzGJUcsKyf o0PfvTm ay;ydkYcJhonf/
urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;aumifpD tpnf;ta0;yGu J kd armfpudw k iG f usif;yrnfukd tzGUJ csKyf ud, k pf m;vS,f jzpfaom udpk ed 0f if;?
udkvSatmif? udkausmfjrifhwdkYtm; a½G;cs,fcJhNyD;aemuf EdkifiHul;vufrSwfrxkwfay;í roGm;a&mufEdkifcJhay/ (___) rS
vli,f*sme,ft,f'Dwm pwDAifyD;aumhonf &efukefodkYvma&mufí tajctaetrsKd;rsKd;udk vli,fa&;? ausmif;om;
472
a&;&mrsm;udk pHkpHkvifvif aqG;aEG;cJhonf/ (W.F.D.Y) rS aumifpD0ifvlBuD; rpöwmyifw&m; vma&mufí tzGJUcsKyfrS

oGm;a&mufawGUqHak qG;aEG;um (W.F.D.Y) tpnf;ta0;odYk wufa&muf&ef zdwMf um;cHc&hJ onf/ Edik if t H pd;k & cGiahf y;csuf
r&í roGm;a&mufc&hJ ay/ (I.U.S) rS ay;ydUk aom rEÅav;wuúov kd tf wGuf vufEydS pf ufwvH;k ? tif*sife, D mXmetwGuf
pmul;puf (6) pHk? ½kyfjypuf? rSefbDvl;wdkYtm; vufcH&½SdcJhonf/ oGm;pdkufud&d,mESifh rSefbDvl;wdkYtm; aq;½Hkrsm;odkY
ausmif;om;rsm; oufomacsmifcsad &;rS vSL'gef;&ef pDpOfco hJ nf/ tjynfjynfqikd &f mausmif;om;yGaJ wmf? bmom&yfqikd &f m
okawoe ½SmazGa&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf zdwfMum;cJhaomfvnf; roGm;a&mufEdkifcJhay/
b@ma&;AsL½do k nf b@ma&;ESiyhf wfoufí xda&mufpmG aqmif½u G Ef ikd jf cif; r½Scd ahJ y/ yJc;l odYk oGm;a&mufum
or*¾trIaqmifrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;um &efyHkaiGwBudrf aumufcHzl;onf/ urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS ay;ydkYaom
½ky½f iS jf ypufEiS hf "gwfreS bf v D ;l wdYk ukd trIaqmifwOD;0ifaiGjzifh pdu
k , f al ½G;cJ&h onf/ tzGUJ csKyf pm½Gupf mwrf;rsm;? aMunm
csufrsm;? ukefusp&dwfrsm;udk trIaqmifrsm; tdwfxJrS ukefuscHum aqmif½GufcJh&onf/ tzGJUcsKyf½Hk;udkyif taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL;u ukefuscHcJh&onf/ þodkY aqmif½Guf&jcif;twGuf tzGJUcsKyfwGif tcsKdUvkyfief;rsm; atmifjrifoifho
avmuf ratmifjrifcJhay/ &HyHkaiG rvHkavmufrIESifh &ifqdkifcJh&onf/
pwkw¦tBudrf Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyfnDvmcHudk atmufygtaMumif;rsm;jzifU ac:qdk&jcif;jzpfonf/
(1) wjynfv;kH ½Sd ausmif;om;xk ud, k pf m;jyKum rSeuf efaom vrf;pOfrsm; csrSwv f suf ausmif;om;wdu k yf rJG sm;wGif
a½SUwef;rS qifETJvsuf½Sdaom Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf pnf;½Hk;rItiftm; wdk;wufcdkifrm&ef vnf;aumif;/
(2) ausmif;om;tm;vHk; ,aeY awGUMuHKcHpm;ae&aom epfemcsufrsm;? awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ausmif;om;tcGifht
a&;ESihf ausmif;om;tusKd; umuG,af &;rsm;twGuf e,fu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;rS rdrw d Ykd c½dik t
f vdu k f tajctaersm;
udk wduspGm wifjyaqG;aEG;n§dEIdif;&ef vnf;aumif;/
(3) rdbjynfolrsm;jzpfonfh ausmif;q&m? q&mrrsm;tzdkY aeYpOfawGUMuHKae&aom epfemqHk;½IH;csufrsm;udk azmf
xkwfum ausmif;om;jyóemrsm;wGif aygif;pyfvsuf q&m? ausmif;om; nDñGwfa&;udk wnfaqmufEdkif&ef
vnf;aumif;/
(4) ausmif;om;tusKd;udk opömazmufum qefYusifcJhaom 'Dtufpftdkrsm;tm; ausmif;om;avmuBuD;rS tNyD;t
ydkif 0dkif;y,fa&;? wckwnf;aom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkBuD;w&yfudk wnfaqmufEkdif&ef vnf;aumif;
(5) tjynfjynfqkdif&m b0wl ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ydkrdk&if;ESD;pGm qufqHEdkif&ef? urÇmYausmif;om; tzGJUcsKyfBuD;
ESifh cdkifjrJrSefuefaom qufoG,frIrsm; rSefuefpGm &,lEdkif&ef/
(6) ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk; awGUMuHK&ifqdkifae&aom tcuftcJjyóem&yfrsm;udk pkaygif; aqG;aEG;tajz&Sm
azmfxw k Mf uum oufqikd &f m tmPmydik rf sm;? tpd;k &rsm;ESihf at;csrf;pGm awGUqHak qG;aEG; ajz½Si;f Edik &f eftwGuf
vnf;aumif; &nf½G,fcJhygonf/
vkyfief;a0zefa&;? acgif;aqmifrI a0zefa&;rsm;tm; rSefuefpGm usifhoHk;vsuf pdppfa&;? csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;tm;
tcsdefrD jyifqifEdkifjcif;aMumifh tzGJUcsKyfpnf;½Hk;a&; wdk;wuf&rnf jzpfonf/
ed*Hk;taeESifh Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf (4) ESpf oufwrf;odkY a&mufcJhayonf/ (4) ESpfwmumv twGif;0,f
rSefuefaomvrf;pOfjzifh csDwufum ausmif;om;xktusKd;? jynfolYtusKd;udk ajymifajrmufatmif o,fydk;cJh\/ þodkY
o,fydk;cJhjcif;jzifhvnf; vlxktm; iwfjywfqif;&J? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fcJhaom zqyvqdk½S,fvpfwdkY\ Ncdrf;ajcmuf zrf;qD;
zdESdyfjcif;ESifh ¤if;wdkYvufyg;ap 'Dtufpftdkrsm; arG;jrLum ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;udk ysufpD;apvsuf Auorsm;tzGJU
csKyfukd ysupf ;D ap&ef MuH½, G cf o
hJ nf/ odYk aomf Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfonf wkev f yI jf cif;r½S?d raMumufr½GUH ausmif;om;xka½SUrS
rm;rm;&yfum aqmif½GufcJhonf/ a½SUwGifvnf; rnfodkYyif tcuftcJrsm;? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;udk awGU&aomfvnf;
Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf ausmif;om;xkudk nDñGwfapvsuf vlxkESifhvufwGJum ausmif;om;tusKd;? jynfolYtusKd;udk
ajymifajrmufatmif aqmif½Gufrnfyif jzpfayonf/
urÇmU'Drdkua&pDvli,frsm;tzGJYcsKyf - t"Gefh½Snfygap
urÇmUausmif;om;rsm;tzGJYcsKyf - t"Gefh½Snfygap
Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf - wnfjrJygap
yHk
(aZmf0if;)
Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf
473
(¡) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJU\ tpD&ifcHpm

aeYpGJ- 7? 2? 55
&Jabmfor*¾0if ausmif;olôm;taygif;wdkh-
1954-55 ckESpf &efukefwuúodkvfor*¾&JU tvkyftpnf;ta0;yGJrSm &JabmfwdkY or*¾&JU vkyfaqmifcsufawGeJY
rNyD;qHk;ao;wJh wdkufyGJtwGuf jyifqifp&mawGudk rwifjyrD wuoBuD; b,fvdk ay:aygufvm&w,f qdkwmudkawmh
rSww f rf;wck taeeJY &JabmfwYkd a½SUarSmufrmS wifjy&vdrrhf nf/ wuo[m ausmif;om;xktcGit hf a&;twGuf wdu k cf u
kd f
ay;r,fh wckwnf;aom tm;xm;&mjzpfovdk ausmif;om;xk&JU qE´? ausmif;om;xk&JU oabmxm;&yfawGudkvnf;
cH,lvkyfaqmifr,fh tzGJUjzpfwJhtwGuf wifjy&rSm jzpfw,f/
wuúov kd o
f r*¾BuD; jyefvnfay:aygufvma&;twGuf wuúov kd rf mS ½Sw
d hJ ausmif;om;xk w&yfv;kH [m b,fykH
BudK;yrf;cJh&w,f qdkwmudkawmh &JabmfwdkUudk,fwkdif rtdyfrae ZGJebJeJU tjyif;txef wdk;wufvIyf½Sm;&if; BudK;yrf;cJh&yHk
awG awG;Munhf&if ay:vmEdkifygw,f/
1952-53 ckESpf wuoa½G;aumufyGJ[m qdk½S,fvpfawG&JU ya,m*eJY ysufpD;cJh&w,f/ 'DvlawG&JU vkyfMuH
csufeJY olwdkY arG;xm;wJh opömazmuf ausmif;om;wpkjzpfwJh 'DtufpftdkawG&JU t½Sufr½Sd tjyKtrlawG[m rw&m;rJcdk;?
rJvrd Nf yD; Ncdr;f ajcmufwmawGeYJ jynfv h mwJt h cg ausmif;om;xk[m rw&m;a½G;aumufyv JG Ykd pD&ifNyD; ½kyo
f rd ;f vdu
k w
f m[m
'Dae&mrSm oifcef;pmw&yf xkwfjywmu ]ausmif;om;xktusK;d qefu h siNf y;D opömazmufvyk if ef;vky&f if b,forl rS vkyf
Ekdifbl;? ausmif;om;xk pnf;½Hk;aewJUtiftm;eJh bmrqdkt&m&mrSm tqHk;tjzwfay;w,f} qdkwmudk igwdkY&½SdcJhw,f/
'Dvdk rw&m;a½G;aumufyBJG uD; NyD;qH;k oGm;wJah emufrmS ausmif;om;xktcGit hf a&; wdu k yf tJG wGuf &mZ0iftquf
quf rm;rm;rwfrwf wdkufcdkufay;cJhwJh wuo r½Sd&if igwdkYwawGrSm epfemqHk;½IH;aew,f qdkwmudk ausmif;om;xku
odjrifw,f/ 'ghaMumifh wuo jyefay:aygufa&;twGuf w&m;rQwwJh a½G;aumufyGJ vkyfay;ygvdkY ausmif;om;xku
wcJeufawmif;qdkMuw,f/ qdk½S,fvpf vufyg;ap opömazmufudkudkBuD;[m a½G;aumufyGJ vkyfray;bl;/ qdk½S,fvpf
tmPmydkifawGu rvkyfap&bl;? wcsdefxJrSm wuúodkvftmPmydkifawGuvnf; or*¾tcef;u@udk jr§Kyfypf csifw,f/
or*¾½Sdae&if olwdkYtwGuf taESmifht,Suf t[efYtwm;vdkY rSm;,Gif;pGm ,lqaew,f/ 'gaMumifh or*¾ae&mrS
ausmif;om; aygif;oif;qufqaH &;eJY oufomacsmifcsad &; (Students Social Welfare Council) wdYkzUJG zdYk tjyif;txef
BudK;pm;Muw,f/ ausmif;om;xku jrifwmu or*¾omvQif aygif;oif;qufqaH &;eJY oufomacsmifcsda&; vkyaf y;r,f
vdkY pGJjrJpGm ,HkMunfxm;w,f/ 'gaMumifh or*¾udk jyefvnfzGJUpnf; wnfaxmifvdkaMumif; qEáwG azmfxkwfMuw,f/
or*¾ukd tpm;xk;d jcif; r[kw?f Mum;r0ifygeJYvYkd b,fvakd jymayr,fv h J um,uHajrmufrmS awmh or*¾ukd acsrIe;f wJah e&m
rSm 'D (S.S.W.C) vkyif ef;[m ,Of,Ofav;eJY acsreI ;f vdYk&w,fvYkd tmPmydik af wGu ,lqxm;NyD; or*¾ukd acsreI ;f wmbJ/
ausmif;om;xkuvnf; or*¾twGufqdk&if toufvJNyD; umuG,fMuw,f/
or*¾om 'dYk twGu?f 'dYk toufqNkd yD; or*¾ukd vIy½f mS ;awmif;qdMk uw,f/ or*¾r½Sw d meJYtrQ igwdYk tcGit hf a&;
usqH;k ½Hrk ubl;? vH;k 0qdwo f Ok ;f oGm;vdrrhf ,fqw kd m ausmif;om;xku odjrifvmwJt h wGuf or*¾jzpfajrmufa&;vkyif ef;
udk pkaygif;nDñGwfpGm vkyfvmw,f/
or*¾jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwDudkzGJU? or*¾a½G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;&ef awmif;qdkcJh&m tmPmydkifrsm;u rvGef
qefEdkifbJ wuúodkvfaumifpDu ygarmu©rsm;ESifh yl;wGJtkyfcsKyfaom a½G;aumufyGJaumfr½Sifonf 1954-55 ckESpf
wuo a½G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;cJh&onf/ yxra½G;aumufyGJudk atmufwdkbm (1) &uf? 'kwd,ywf a½G;aumufyGJudk
Edk0ifbm (3) &ufrSm usif;ycJhw,f/
atmufwdkbm (1) &ufaeh yxrywfa½G;aumufyGJrSm
1/ udkwifxGef; Ouú|
2/ udkeefZifvm (ucsiftrsKd;om;) 'k-Ouú|
3/ udkoef;wif (bDat) b@ma&;rSL; wdkYtm; a½G;cs,fay;cJhw,f/
'kwd,ywfa½G;aumufyGJ Edk0ifbm (3) &ufrSm usif;ywJUtcg trIaqmif (6) OD;a½G;cs,fNyD; atmufygtwdkif; wm0ef
cGJa0,lcJUw,f/
1/ udkwifxGef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
2/ udkarmufZif wGJzuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh jyefMum;a&;wm0efcH
3/ udkapm½Sm;vrdef; EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;wm0efcH
474
4/ udkwifa½T upm;ckefpm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIjr§ifhwifa&;Xmewm0efcH

5/ udk0if;xG#f vlxkqufoG,fa&;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;wm0efcH
6/ udkwifxGef; ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;wm0efcH
wdkYudk wm0efcGJa0cJhNyD; wuo trIaqmiftzGJUrS-
udkcifarmiftkef; tdk;a0wm0efcHtjzpf
udkpdef0if; pmMunfhwdkufrSL; wdkYtm; cefYxm;cJhw,f/
1954-55 ckESpf tdk;a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwDrSm
(1) udkcifarmiftHk; wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
(2) udkoef;wif (bDat) aiGxdef;
(3) udkatmifEdkif tvkyfwm0efcH
(4) udkatmifoef;av; twGif;a&;rSL;
(5) udkcifarmifvwf trIaqmif
(6) udkbkef;vIdif trIaqmif
(7) rcifcifwdk; trIaqmif
1954-55 ckESpf pmMunfUwdkufrSmvJ
(1) udkpdef0if; pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
(2) udkjrifha0
(3) udkxGef;&D ('*Hk)
(4) udkwifxGef;av; (aeY)
(5) udkudkBuD; (aeY)
(6) udk0if;Munf (ppfudkif;)
(7) Owdkudkoef;wif b@ma&;rSL; wdkY wm0ef,lcJhw,f/
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾&JU pm&if;ppftjzpf OD;oef;wltm; cefYxm;cJhw,f/
upm;ckefpm;aumifpDrSmvnf;
(1) udkwifa½T
(2) pwifavr*spf
(3) csmvD
(4) apmodef;a½T
(5) udkcifarmifjrifh wdkY wm0ef,lcJhw,f/
wuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDwGif ausmif;om;awG&JU vdktyfcsuf? vdkvm;csuf? awmif;qdkcsufawGeJYwuG
&efuek wf uúov kd w
f ckv;kH eJY ywfoufwhJ jyóem&yfawGukd pOf;pm;wJah e&mrSm ausmif;om;xku, kd pf m; wuo ud, k pf m;
vS,t f jzpf (1) OD;xGe;f wif (bDat? bDt,f) eJY (2) OD;armifarmifwif (bDat? tDt,f) wdYkukd a½G;cs,w f ifajr§mufcw
hJ ,f/
OD;xGef;wif[m axmufyhHaMu;aumfrwDeJY &dyfomaumfrwDrSmvnf; wuoudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wm0ef,l
aqmif½u G cf w
hJ ,f/ OD;armifarmifwifrmS ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDeYJ aq;½Hak umfrwDrmS qufvufwm0ef,l aqmif½u G v f suf
½Sdaew,f/ ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrSm ausmif;om;xkukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wuorS udkcifarmiftkef;eJY udkwifa½TwdkY
yg0ifcJhw,f/
wuo Ouú| usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJudk (16? 11? 54) rSm ,k'oefcef;rBuD;rSm usif;ycJhw,f/
'Dusrf;opömusdefqdkyGJrSmvnf; wuotrIaqmiftzGJU&JU 0g'ESifhvkyfief;pOfawGudk wifjycJhw,f/
&Jabmfw-hkd
igwdkY wuotrIaqmiftzGJU[m
(1) tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynma&;ESifh ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifhjzL;a&;?
(2) ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;ESifh w&m;rQwaom jyóemwkdif;wGif aqmif½Gufvdkaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk
rsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufa&;?
(3) Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;qdkwJh oabmxm; (3) &yfudk tajccHNyD; vkyfief;awGudk ausmif;om;ôl
awG&JU qEéJY n§dEIdif;NyD; ausmif;om;tjrif? ausmif;om;,lqcsufawGeJY OD;vnfrokef aqmif½Gufr,fqdkNyD; aMunmcJhNyD;
475
atmifjrifonftxd csDwufvkyfaqmifMurSmyJ/ 'ghtjyif 'DtajccH0g' (3) &yf b,favmufxdatmif tusKd;jyKaqmif

½GufcJhwmudk wifjy&r,f/
1/ tqifUtwef;jrifUwJh ynma&;eJh ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifUjzL;a&;

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rdrdwdkY&JUb0 om,majzmifhjzL;a&;? tem*wfrSm tmrcHcsufawG tjynfht0eJY aecsifwJh oabmvu©PmyJ/ 'gayr,fh
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a½SUrSma&m? jynfolawG a½SUrSa&m ½Suf½SufeJY ajymcJh&wmvJ rqHk;awmhbl;/ tppt&m&m csKdU,Gif;aewmawG jzpfw,f/
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aecsifwJh ausmif;om;OD;a&udk vufrcHEdkifwJhtjyif aeqJ½SdwJhausmif;om;OD;a&awGudk armif;xkwfaew,f/ tpm;
taomufrSmqdk&ifvnf; tm[m&"mwfjynfhwJh tpm;tpmtqifhtwef;udk rDatmif reJvdkufae&wJhtjyif usef;rma&;
xdcdkufEkdifwJh ywf0ef;usifrSm &yfwnfaeMu&w,f/ ausmif;aq;½Hkqdk&ifvnf; trnfcHavmufomjzpfNyD; aoaocsmcsm
*½kpdkuf Muyfrwfay;wmr½Sdbl;? 'Dhtjyif aq;xdk;csif&ifvnf; ausmif;om;vlemawG 0,f&w,f/ 0,fvmwJhaq;udk
rodem;rvnfwJh ausmif;om;awGvnf; xdk;NyD; csKdU,Gif;csufudk wdwdusus awGUjrifae&w,f/ 'Dawmh ausmif;usef;rm
a&;eJY vlaerItmrcHcsuf[m csKdU,Gif;ysufjym;aew,f/ 'DtxJrSm pmar;yGJpepf trsKd;rsKd;jzpfaeawmh ausmif;om;awGrSm
pdwf'ku©trsKd;rsKd; jzpf&w,f/ NyD;awmh ausmif;om;awGudkay;wJh axmufyHhaMu; enf;yg;aew,f/
'gawG tm;vH;k udk jynf0h atmifvyk jf cif;[m tqift
h wef;jrihyf nma&;eJY ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifjh zL;a&;
twGuf tkwfjrpfawGyJ/ tcsufawGatmifjrifzdkY wuo trIaqmiftzGJU[m tjrJwap BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfygw,f/
wuúodkvfaygif;pHk aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;
tJ'D wuúov kd af ygif;pHak qG;aEG;yGBJ uD;udk usi;f ywJ&h nf½, G cf suu
f wuúov kd af wG? aumvdycf aJG wGrmS cHpm;epfem
aewmawG trsm;tm;jzifh wlnDaewmawG ½Sdw,f/ oD;jcm; cHpm;ae&wmawGvnf; ½Sdw,f/ 'Dawmh wuúodkvfrsm;rSm
cHpm;ae&wJhtcsufawG wlnDwm n§dEIdif;aqG;aEG;MuNyD; b,fvdkajz½Sif;Mur,fvdkY awGUqHkaqG;aEG;wJh aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;yJ/
rEÅav;wuúov kd rf mS qd&k ifvnf; (rwuo) u acgif;aqmifNyD; epfemcsufawG? cHpm;ae&csufawGukd toif;tzGUJ awGeYJ
aqG;aEG;cJhw,f/ &efukefwuúodkvfrSm qkd&ifvnf; toif;aygif; (62) oif; yg0ifaqG;aEG;w,f/ pmoifcef;? ausmif;
aqmifqdkif&mpwJh Xmetvdkuf cHpm;epfemwJhtcsufawG wifjyMuw,f/ tJ'DaqG;aEG;yGJ wifjycsufawGudk 30? 11?
54 &ufrS 2? 12? 54 &ufxd usif;ywJh wuúodkvfaygif;pHk aqG;aEG;yGJrSm n§dEIdif;azmfxkwf awmif;qdkMuw,f/ tJ'D
jyóem&yftwGuf tmPmydkifawGeJY Nidrf;csrf;pGm rsufESmpHknD awGUqHkajz½Sif;vdkygw,fvdkY tm;vHk;u tajzxkwfcJhMu
w,f/
'Dwuúodkvfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;[m wuo&mZ0ifwavsmuf yxrqHk;tBudrfjzpfw,f/ ausmif;om;xk
vdktyfcsufawG? ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;awG twGuf OD;pm;ay; aqG;aEG;cJhMuw,f/ aqG;aEG;wifjycsufawGudk
wuo[m jynfoleJY ausmif;om;twGuf pmtkyfa& (15000) jzefYjzL; aMunmapcJhw,f/
'Dawmif;qdkcsufawGudk trsKd;om;aeY? ausmif;om;aeY pnf;a0;yGJBuD;awGrSvnf; xyfrHwifjy awmif;qdk
cJhw,f/ 'Dawmif;qdkcsufawGudk Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf pwkw¬tBudrfnDvmcHrSm axmufcHaqG;aEG;cJhw,f/
&efukefwuúodkvftwGufqdk&if-
(1) ausmif;aqmifeJY ywfoufwJhtcsuf?
(2) pmar;yGJeJY ywfoufwJhtcsuf?
(3) ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;tcsufawG yg½Sdw,f/
wuo[m ausmif;om;xkqEúdk tjrJavhvmNyD; ausmif;om;xkeJY wom;wnf;usatmif BudK;pm;aew,f/
'Dawmif;qdck sufawGeYJ ywfoufNyD; wuooabmxm;[m tmPmydik af wGeYJ aqG;aEG;n§Ed idI ;f NyD; w&m;rQwpGm awmif;qdk
&rSmyJ/ wuo[m ausmif;om;awG&UJ tusKd;tcGit hf a&;udk vH;k 0 atmifjrifwt hJ xd csDwufr,fqw kd m ausmif;om;xkukd
uwdjyKygw,f/ wuo[m rSeu f efwahJ cgif;aqmifru I akd y;&if; a½SUurm;rm;rwfrwf csw D ufwukd yf 0JG ifrmS yJ/ ausmif;om;
xkw&yfvHk;uvnf; wufwuf<u<u pnf;½Hk;NyD; wdkufyGJrSm vIyf½Sm;yg0ifzdkY vkdtyfygw,f/
wuo&JU awmif;qdck suaf wG[m wBudrw f cgeJY vH;k 0atmifjrifr,fawmh r[kwyf g/ &oavmuf,Nl yD; qufNyD;
&atmif wdkuf&rSmyJ/ wuo &nfrSef;xm;wJh ]'Dru kd a&pDynma&;} avmuodYk ra&mufrcsif;awmh 'Dynma&;wdu k yf aJG wG
476
udk acgif;aqmifoGm;rSmyJ/
awmif;qdck sufawGeYJ ywfoufNyD; &JabmfwYkd ukd wifjyvdw k muawmh wuo[m ay;oavmuf,Nl yD; Nidraf erSm
r[kwb f ;l / Oyrm- wuo[m rD;vH;k 0&a&; awmif;qdw k ,f/ pmzwfcsiv f Ykd pmar;yGaJ tmifcsivf Ykd awmif;wJh w&m;rQwwJh
awmif;csufjzpf&ufeJY tmPmydkifawGu y,fcsw,f/ cgwdkif; (11) em&Dxday;wm (12) em&Dxd ay;w,f/ reuf (4)
em&Du (6) em&Dxad y;w,f/ 'gayr,fh 'gudv k nf; ,lw,f/ ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrmS ½Sw d hJ wuoud, k pf m;vS,af wG[m
rD; (24) em&DvHk; &a&;twGuf qufNyD; BudK;yrf;&rSmyJ/ wuo taeeJYvnf; qufNyD;awmif;qdkrSmyJ/ wuo[m
awmif;qdkcsufwck taumiftxnfay:vmonftxd BudK;yrf;rSmyJqdkwm tpD&ifcHvdkw,f/
aemufNyD; (65) &mcdkifEIef; ausmif;wufcsdefESifh pmar;yGJ0ifa&;udpörSmvnf; wuo qufNyD;wdkufrSmyJ/
wuo 'Dpepfukd vH;k 0vufcrH mS r[kww f t
hJ wGuf qufNyD; awmif;qdrk ,fqw kd mvnf; &JabmfwYkdukd tpD&ifccH siyf gw,f/
- ausmif;aqmif½Sd pmzwfcef;rsm;wGif pm;yGJ? ukvm;xkdif wpHkus xyfrHwdk;ay;&ef?
- ausmif;aqmifopfrsm;wGif taqmifemrnf urÜnf;xdk;ay;&ef?
- ausmif;aqmifwdkif;wGif vQyfppfem&Drsm; wyfqifay;&ef?
- ysufpD;,kd,Gif;aeaom tdrfomrsm; tjrefjyifay;&ef?
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- ausmif;aqmif0if aemufusaMu; 10d^- rS 5d^- odkY avQmh&ef?
- ausmif;aqmifrsm; pm;aomufa&;ESifh ywfoufaom pDrHcefYcGJrIudk ,cifuJhodkY taqmifpm;aomufa&;
wm0efcHodkY vTJay;&ef?
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- ausmif;aqmifwdkif;wGif vdktyfaeaom "gwfrD;tkyfaqmif;ESifh vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; wyfqifay;&ef?
- &wemESifh aqmufvkyfqJ rmvmausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif opfMurf;jyifcif;ay;&ef?
- oD&daqmifwGif (4) a,mufae tcef;rSm (6) a,muf rxm;&ef/
use½f adS ewJh awmif;qdck surf sm;udvk nf; qufvufawmif;qdo k mG ;r,fjzpfw,f/ wuo[m ausmif;om;ta&;
rubl; q&m? q&mrrsm;ta&;vnf; qufvufavhvmaeygw,f/ q&mOD;a&enf;yg;wmudk ydkrdkwdk;jr§ifhcefYzdkYeJY q&m
awG wuúodkvfrSm pGJjrJpGm pmayoifMum;ydkYcsEdkifatmif wuúodkvfBuD;udk cifwG,fESpfvdkatmif vpmwdk;jr§ifhay;zdkYvnf;
wuo[m awmif;qdkygw,f/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;Edkif&ef ausmif;om;? q&m? tmPmydkifawG vufwGJnDñGwfrS
&EdkifrSmrdkY wuo[m tjrJvufurf;aewmyJ/ wuo[m &efukefwuúodkvfyifrBuD;eJY qufoG,faewJh oufBuD;
wuúodkvfudkawmif oD;jcm;todtrSwfjyK wuúodkvftqifha&mufatmif awmif;qdkxm;wmudk Munfhu wuo&JU
oabmxm;csufudk &JabmfwdkY jrifEdkifygw,f/
(2) ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;ESiUf w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;jyóemwdik ;f wGif aqmif½u G v

f akd om ausmif;om;toif;tzGrYJ sm;ESiUf
yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufa&;
&Jabmfor*¾0if ausmif;olôm;taygif;wdkh-
,aeY igwdkYausmif;om;xkwGif xrf;aqmif&rnfh &mZ0ifay;r[mwm0efrSm ausmif;om;xknDñGwfa&; wnf
aqmuf&efyif jzpfonf/ ,aeY igwdkYausmif;om;xk tcGifhta&;rsm; wpwp usqHk;cJh&onf/ qufvufí ydwfyifjcif;
cHae&ayonf/ ausmif;om;xknDñGwfa&;udk tcdkiftrm wnfaqmufEdkifrSomvQif igwdkY udk;udk,f&m &½Sdayrnf/
wzufwGif ausmif;om;opömazmuf qdk½S,fvpfvufyg;ap 'DtufpftdkwdkY\ toGifoP²mef wnf½Sdaeayonf/ þ
vkyfMuHcsufrsm;udk rsufajcrysufoifh/ olwdkY\ q&mBuD;rsm; apcdkif;csufjzifh ausmif;om;xktiftm;? ausmif;om;xk
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hJ ajccHvv kd m;csu?f vdt
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]ausmif;om;aeh} rsKd;awGrSm tjcm;tzGJUtpnf;awGeJY vufwGJvkyfaqmifcJhw,f/ Edk0ifbm (17) &ufaeY ]urÇmhausmif;
477
om;aeh} rSmqdk&if igwdkYwuo[m Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uoeJY yl;wGJNyD; crf;em;pGm usif;ycJhw,f/ 'DaeYrSmqdk&if

urÇmhausmif;om;awG&JUtajctae? Armausmif;om;awG&JU tajctaeudk qufpyf avhvmwifjyw,f/ 'Dwifjycsuf
awGuyJ ausmif;om;wdkufyGJawG&JU toGifoP²mefudk odjrifapw,f/
(34) BudrfajrmuftrsKd;om;aeUrSmqdk&ifvnf; wrsKd;om;vHk;ta&;udk wuo[m xm0pOfa½SUwef;uygcJhwJh
oabmvu©PmawGudkaqmifNyD; Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkYeJYyl;wGJNyD; ausmif;om;awGu acgif;aqmifusif;yEdkifcJh
w,f/ 'DZifbm (20) &ufaeY atmifausmfaeY (0g) ausmif;om;aeYtwGuu f vkd nf; wuúov kd pf mwdu k af ½SUu jrufcif;jyif
rSm Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfeYJ &uo (&efuek cf ½dik af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾) wdYkeYJ vufwNJG yD; vkyaf qmifcw hJ ,f/ Adv k af tmifausm*f l
½Sd&m MuHawmokóefudkvnf; oGm;NyD; vGrf;olYyef;acGcs&if; ,aeYausmif;om;b0ESifh tajctaeawGudk rNyD;qHk;ao;wJh
wdkufyGJtwGuf ausmif;om;xku t"dXmefjyKMuw,f/
'Dvakd usmif;om;awG&UJ ta&;jyóemawGrmS BudK;yrf;&if;? wbufrmS vnf; wuo[m q&mawGeYJ awGUG qHNk yD;
wuo&JU oabmxm;csufrsm;udk wifjycJhw,f/ 27? 12? 54 aeYrSm wuocef;rrSmyJ wuúodkvfq&mawGeJY wuo
trIaqmiftzGUJ [m ausausvnfvnf aqG;aEG;cJMh uw,f/ Nidr;f csrf;om,mpGm pmayoifMum;a&;rSm q&m? ausmif;om;
vufwGJEdkifa&; twGuf b,fvdkxrf;½GufMur,fqdkwmudk tajzxkwfMuw,f/
'ghtjyif Zefe0g&Dv 13-15 &uftxd usif;ywJh pwkw¬tBudrfajrmuf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf&JU EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;uGefz&ifhrSm wuo udk,fpm;vS,fawG wufa&mufNyD; EdkifiHvHk;rSm½SdwJh ausmif;om;awG&JU jyóemawGudk
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wifoiG ;f cJah o;w,f/ atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwaf &;eJY ywfoufNyD; rw&m;zrf;cH&olawG? rw&m;ausmif;xkwcf &H
olawG twGuv f nf; aqG;aEG;awmif;qdyk gw,f/ wuúov kd af ygif;pHak qG;aEG;yGJ awmif;qdck sufawGuv kd nf; tav;teuf
axmufcHapEdkifcJhw,f/
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trIaqmifawG[m OD;EktdrfrSm aiG&wkobifzGihfay;zdkYawGUpOfu rsufESmpHknDawGUqHk ajz½Sif;vdkw,fvdkY ajymMum;cJhw,f/
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Nidr;f csrf;pGmawGUqHak jz½Si;f Edik zf Ykd 31? 1? 55 &ufaeYrmS wuou t"dywdxH awGUqHzk Ykd urf;vSr;f vdu k w f ,f/ 'DaeYausmif;
om;xk[m rcsdrqefY'Pfqdk;awG cHpm;ae&w,f/ t"dywdtaeeJYawmh rpm;&0cref; ajymoGm;w,f/ 'gudk rsufESmpHknD
awGUNyD; wuou ½Sif;csifw,f/ wuo&JUoabmxm;awG wifjyvdkw,f/ 'gaMumifh awGUqHkcGifh&zdkY awmif;qdkjcif;
jzpfygw,f/
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yxrqH;k tBudrf ac:,lawGUqHak qG;aEG;w,f/ tJ'&D aJ bmfawG&UJ vuf½adS eae&wJh tajctaetcuftcJrsm;udk Mum;emNyD;
¤if;wdkY qufvufynmoifMum;Edkifa&;twGuf wuo[m awmif;qdkzdkY wm0ef,lMuygw,f/
zrf;xm;wJh ausmif;om;awGudkvnf; qufvuf ynmoifMum;Edkifa&;twGuf tjrefqHk;vTwfzdkY awmif;qdkMu
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awmif;qdkcJhygw,f/ 7? 2? 55 aeYu &efukefaxmifrSm½SdwJh &JabmfawG&JU tajctaeudkoGm;NyD; awGUqHkcJhygw,f/
om,m0wDeJY tif;pdefaxmifrSm½SdwJh &JabmfawGqDudkvnf; oGm;a&mufawGUqHkygOD;r,f/
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odkYrSom igwdkYwawGtwGuf Nidrf;csrf;pGm pmayoifMum;rIudk tmrcHrI½Sdr,f/ ppfa&;ppf&mtwGuf aiGodef;oef;csDum
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'gaMumifh ynma&;bwf*sufukd wd;k jr§io f ;kH zdYk awmif;qdjk cif;jzpfw,f/ ppfukd a½Smifvv
JT Ykd &w,f/ ppfukd qefYusifaewmeJY
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wEdkifiHeJYwEdkifiH wOD;eJYwOD; &if;ESD;cspfMunf aygif;oif;qufqHa&;awG cdkifrmatmif vkyf&r,fqdkwmudk ,HkMunfpGm
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478
ausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyf (I.U.S) udk qufoG,fw,f/ urÇmYvli,ftzGJUcsKyfjzpfwJh (W.F.D.Y) udk qufoG,fw,f aiG&wk

obifyGJawmfwkef;uqdk&if 'DtzGJUBuD;awGomrubl;? ukvor*¾ ausmif;om;vli,faumfr½Sif *seDAmu (W.U.S)?
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k
EdkifiHwumausmif;om;tcsif;csif; cspfMunf&if;ESD;rI cdkifrmvmapzdkYyJqdkwm tpD&ifcHvdkygw,f/
urÇmYausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;omrubl; EdkifiHwGif;rSmvnf; wuúodkvfqdkif&m-
(u) rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾
(c) armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfor*¾eJY
(*) ausmufjzLaumvdyf ausmif;aumifpu D ykd g rusef tquftoG,f jyKvkycf w
hJ ,f/ aemufwck txl;jcm;qH;k
u@uawmh wuúodkvfor*¾&JU (25) ESpfajrmuf aiG&wkobif ausmif;om;yGJawmfBuD;ygyJ/
aiG&wkobifausmif;om;yGJawmfBuD;
1955 ckEpS o f nf wuo&mZ0ifwiG f xl;jcm;aomu@ jzpfaeayonf/ þESpw f iG f wuo\oufwrf;onf
(25) ESpfjynfhajrmufcJh\/ xdkaMumifh (25) ESpfajrmuf txdrf;trSwftjzpf aiG&wkobif ausmif;om;yGJawmfMuD;udk
usif;y&ef wuouqHk;jzwfcJhw,f/
aiG&wkobifausmif;om;yGJawmfBuD;udk-
(u) owif;ESifhjyefMum;a&aumfrwD
(c) b@ma&;qyfaumfrwD
(*) uyGJqyfaumfrwD
(C) NydKifyGJqyfaumfrwD
(i) tcrf;tem;jyifqifa&;ESifh ae&mcsxm;a&;qyfaumfrwD
(p) jyyGJqyfaumfrwD [lí aumfrwDXme (6) XmecGJjcm;zGJUpnf;um Xmetvdkuf BudK;yrf;cJhMuayonf/ xdkY
aMumifhyif ,ckESpf wuo\ *kPfowif;ESifh t½Sdeft0gonf jrifrm;cJh&ayonf/ rlvwuo\ 0g'tajccHwGif
,Ofaus;rI xde;f odr;f jr§iw hf ifa&;udk tm;jznfah p½Ho
k mru Nidr;f csrf;pGm pmayoifMum;rIukd a½S;½Ivsuf ausmif;om;tcsif;
csif; &if;ESD;cspfMunfrIudk ykdrdk&,lEdkifcJhayonf/
yGJawmfBuD;\xl;jcm;csufwGif wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;om yg0ifqifETJ½HkrQrubJ wEdkifiHvHk;½Sd ausmif;om;
or*¾rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufum qifETJjcif;uyif ydkrdkajymifajrmuf xif½Sm;apcJhonf/ rEÅav;wuúodkvf?
armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyrf v S nf; yg0ifqifEMJT uonf/ tdref ;D em;csif;Edik if rH sm;½Sd or*¾u,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf urÇmah usmif;
om;or*¾tzGJUcsKyf? urÇmvli,ftzGJUcsKyfwdkYudk zdwfMum;aomfvnf; taMumif;rnDñGwfí rwufEdkifMuyg/
wEdik if v
H ;kH ½So
d r*¾rsm;udk zdwMf um;&mwGif wuoESihf wEdik if v H ;Hk ½So
d r*¾rsm; wnfwchH ikd jf rJa&;twGuf vufwJG
um umuG,fxdef;odrf;jcif;? wnfaqmufjcif;wdkYtwGuf opömjyK&if; yGJawmfBuD;\ pdwf½Tifvef;0rf;ajrmufrIrsm;udk
&½Sv
d suf ausmif;om;tcsi;f csi;f cifrif&if;ED;S rdwjf zpfa&;udyk g &½Svd ukd &f um; yGaJ wmf&nf½, G cf surf sm; atmifjrifcahJ Mumif;/
taxGaxG
wuo\ a<u;aMumfoHjzpfaom ]td;k a0r*¾Zif;} udk aEGausmif;ydwfrwdkifrD xkwfa0&efMuH½G,fygaomfvnf;
tajctaeray;í ausmif;ydwftrD rxkwfa0Edkifyg/ wuo usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJjyefwrf; tjzpf ]]tdk;a0}} pmapmifrsm;
tcrJh ½dkufESdyfjzefYcsd EdkifcJhygonf/
wuúodkvfor*¾taqmufttHktm; (25) ESpfwdkif apmifha½Smufxdef;odrf;cJhaom or*¾apmifha½Smufol bBuD;
OD;uHodef;tm; ]aiG"g;} wpif; aiG&wkobif armfuGef;vufaqmiftjzpf ay;tyfcJhonf/
&efukefwuúodkvf tav;rtoif;\ tav;rNydKifyGJwGifvnf; ESpfpOftm;ay;jrJjzpfonfhtwdkif; wuorS
udk,ftav;csdef wwef;twGuf yxr? 'kwd,? wwd,qkrsm; csD;jr§ifhcJhygonf/
wuorS a[majymyGJwckudkvnf; usif;yEdkifcJhygonf/ 5? 12? 55 &ufwGif wuocef;rü tdE´d,jynfrS
acwåa&muf½Sdvmaom e,l;a'vDNrdKU? &mrmc&pf½Semrpf½Sif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfonfh urÇmausmfyk*¾dKvfMuD;
&mrmc&pf½Sem\ ]odyyHÜ nmESiv l m;wdahk umif;usK;d } a[majymyGJudk usif;ycJhygonf/ psmyeudpEö Sifh ywfoufívnf;
Uf o
yJcl;c½dkifrS ausmif;om; udkwifEG,f\ psmyewGif wuorS um;rsm;jzifh ydkYaqmifcJhygonf/
tJ'gawGjcHKNyD; 'DESpfwuotrIaqmiftzGJU&JU (2) vausmf oufwrf;twGif; NyD;cJhwJhvkyfief;awG jyefvnf
479
qef;ppfr,fqdk&if wuo&JU csrSwfxm;wJh0g'eJY vrf;pOfay:rSmrSDNyD; qef;ppf&vdrfhr,f/ tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;aom

ynma&;eJY ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifjh zL;a&;twGuf uReaf wmfwYkd aqmif½u G cf whJ hJ vkyif ef;awGeYJ ay:vGiEf ikd yf gw,f/
'gayr,fh uRefawmfwYkd arQmfvifx h m;oavmuf vdck sifoavmufawmh raqmif½u G Ef ikd cf b
hJ ;l qdw
k mudk twdtvif; 0efczH Ykd
vdkygw,f/
ausmif;om;nDñw G af &; jyóemawGeYJ ywfoufvYkdawmh uGjJ ym;aewJh ausmif;om;tzGUJ tpnf;awG wpkwpnf;
xJjzpfzdkY BudK;yrf;&r,fvdkY csrSwfayr,fh 'DaeYtxd taumiftxnf ray:ao;bl;/ 'gayr,fh wuúodkvfe,fajrrSm½SdwJh
('Dtufpftdk opömazmufausmif;om;tzGJUrSty) toif;tzGJUawG? rEÅav;wuúodkvfor*¾? armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyf
or*¾? &efuif;eJY xD;wef;aumvdyf o[m,toif;awGeJYawmh &if;ESD;cspfMunf vufwGJrI&aeygw,f/
Nidr;f csr;f pGm pmayoifMum;a&;eJY ,Ofaus;rIjr§iw hf ifa&;vkyif ef;awGtwGuaf wmh t"du aiG&wkobifyaJG wmfBuD;
jzpfajrmufcJhwmudku txift½Sm;½SdaeygNyD/ 'DyGJawmfrSm vlrsKd;pktoif;awG? bmom&yftoif;awG? o[m,ESifh pmzwf
toif;awGeYJ ,Ofaus;rIxed ;f odr;f jr§iw hf if zvS,cf iG &hf cJyh gw,fvYkd tpD&ifcv H ykd gw,f/ toif;tzGUJ eJY wOD;csif;t&vnf;
&if;ESD;rdwfaqGjzpfcGifh &½SdMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkYvnf; wuoBuD;[m ausmif;om;xkudk,fpm; yGJawmfMuD;jzpfvmrIudk
*kP, f rl yd gw,f/ yg0ifwm0ef,Ml uwJh &Jabmfausmif;olôm;awGeYJ c½dik t f oif;awG? pmzwftoif;awG? wuúov kd rf mS ½Sw
d hJ
oD&d? &wem ? tif;vsm; trsKd;orD;aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;awG? ½Srf;? ucsif? u&if? rGef? xm;0,f? &cdkif?
csi;f ? u,m;? w½kw?f tdE, d´ toif;awG? &efuek cf ½dik t f wGi;f u ausmif;om;or*¾awGyg rusef aus;Zl;wif 0rf;ajrmufyg
aMumif; ajymMum;rSwfwrf;wifygw,f/
yGaJ wmfrck 0f BuD;udk vSL'gef;aom vDbmwD pD;u&ufurk P Ü u D vkd nf; wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ u aus;Zl;wif½ydS g
aMumif; rSwfwrf;wifygw,f/
ed*;kH csKyftm;jzifh wifjy&vQif uRefwmfwYkd wuorIaqmiftzGUJ &JU vky&f wJo h ufwrf;[m (2) v (3) vausmfyJ
½Sdygao;w,f/ 'DESpf uRefawmfwdkY vkyfaqmifcsufawG[m 'DavmufeJY tm;r&Edkifao;yg/ a½SUqufNyD; wuo[m
ausmif;om; tusKd;tcGiafh wGtwGuf opömrazmuf? raMumufr½GUH aemufrwGeYf bJ vkyaf qmifzYkd vdt k yfygw,f/ NyD;awmh
or*¾pnf;rsOf;rsKd;[m tcktajctaeawGeJY rudkufnD? vufawGUvkyfaqmifvdkY r&wmawG ½Sdaeao;awmh 1952-53
ck wuo tvkyftpnf;ta0;yGJrSm qHk;jzwfcJhwJh pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDeJY nd§EdIif;NyD; jyifqifrGrf;rHMuzdkYvnf;
tMuHay; arwåm&yfcHcsifygw,f/ 'DESpf wuo[m a½SUESpfa½G;aumufyGJ rusif;yrDtcsdefxd ausmif;om;xktwGuf
opömrazmuf ud, k u f sKd;riJb
h J rSeu
f efwhJ acgif;aqmifraI wGay;&if; ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&; umuG,&f wJv h yk if ef;awGrmS
OD;vnfrokef aqmif½GufoGm;r,fqdkwm av;av;eufeuf &JabmfwdkYa½SUrSm uwday;csifygw,f/
(eefZifvm)
'k-Ouú|
480
OD;wifxeG ;f
(1954-55)
yJc;l c½dik ?f anmifav;yifNrKUd wGif arG;zGm;onf/ wuúov

kd 0f ifpmar;yGuJ kd &efuek pf mppfXmerS atmifjrifNyD; wuúov kd f
wGif qufvuf ynmqnf;yl;onf/ 1950-51 ckEpS w f iG f td;k a0r*¾Zif; t,f'w D mtjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&í
1951-52 ckEpS w f iG f wuotrIaqmiftjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&jyefonf/ 1954-55 ckEpS w f iG f wuo
Ouú| jzpfonf/
1953-54 ckEpS w
f iG f or*¾a½G;aumufyyJG suí
f or*¾r½Sd jzpfaecJoh nf/ or*¾ a½G;aumufyJG jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf
ausmif;om;vIy½f mS ;rIrsm; ay:cJo
h nf/ wuúovkd af umifprD S or*¾0ifaMu;rsm;udk ausmif;om;wdik ;f xHrS aumuf,l
NyD;? q&mrsm;u OD;pD;í or*¾a½G;aumufyGJ jyKvkyfay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
1953 ckESpf? atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfa&;ta&;awmfyHkESifh ywfoufí &moufyef ausmif;xkwfcH&aom

ausmif;om;rsm; pmar;yGaJ jzcGi&hf a&;ESihf zrf;qD;jcif;cH&aom ausmif;om;rsm; vGwaf jrmufa&;wdYk ukd aqmif½u
G f
ay;cJo
h nf/
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ (25) ESpfajrmuf aiG&wkobifyGJawmfBuD;udk crf;em;BuD;us,fpGm

usif;ycJo
h nf/ aiG&wkobifyaJG wmfBuD;udk Ekid if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfO;D Ek ud,
k w
f ikd f zGiv
hf pS af y;cJo
h nf/ atmufwb
kd m
ta&;awmfyHkwGif ay:aygufcJhaom ausmif;om;ESifh tpdk;&Mum; wif;rmrIrsm; wpwp avsmhyg;vmonf/
1955 ck? ZGev

f wGif t*Fvefjynf? bmrif*efNrKdUü usi;f yaom (5) Budraf jrmuf (Cosec) nDvmcHoYkd wufa&muf
onf/ tjyefwiG f qGpZf mvefEikd if üH usi;f yaom urÇmYpm&dwn
å v
D mcHEiS hf tar&duefjynf rDe,
D mydv
k pfNrKdUü usi;f y
aom ½SpfBudrfajrmuf tar&duefjynfvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*¾nDvmcHrsm;odkY wufa&mufcJh\/
OD;wifxGef;onf yJcl;NrKdU? EdkifiHawmfpdkufysKd;a&;bPf½Hk;cGJwGif vufaxmufrefae*smtjzpf EdkifiHawmfwm0efudk

xrf;aqmifvsuf ½Sdonf/
481
tcef; (18)

'Dru
kd a&pDa&; vlUtcGifhta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
(1955 rS 1956)
(u) ausmif;jyefvnf0ifciG &hf a&;vIy&f mS ;rI

1955-56 ckEpS w f iG f wuúov kd f ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;wyfO;D onf atmifjrifrrI sm;wGif ,pfr;l pjyKvmonf/
odYk aomf ausmif;om;xk\ axmufcrH u I kd qufvufxed ;f xm; Edik af o;onf/ wdu k yf rJG sm;udv
k nf; wnfwnfNidrNf idrEf iS yfh if
OD;aqmifvsuf½Sdonf/ ausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm; ausmif;jyef0ifcGifh&a&;twGuf wuo\OD;aqmifrIjzifh um,uH½Sifrsm;
udk,fwdkif qufvufwdkufyGJ0if&ef vIyf½Sm;jyifqif aeMuonf/ udkpdk;odef;wdkYonf owif;pmwdkuftoD;oD;rS udk,fpm;
vS,rf sm; zdwMf um;um ]qef;uzD;} wGif {nhcf í H ausmif;jyef0ifciG &hf a&;udpu
ö kd ½Si;f jyonf/ tqdyk g owif;pm½Si;f vif;yGJ
odkY &efukefNrdKUwGif½Sdaeaom &moufyefausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm;xJrS udkatmifbef;? udk,k? udkausmfNidrf;? udkat;armif?
udkvSxGef;atmif? udkomausmf? udkodef;ñGefY (uomñGefYa0)? udkatmifxGef;? udktkef;armif? udkwifxGwf? udkjrifhodef;?
udkoef;Edkif? udkrsKd;atmifausmfvGif? udkpdk;odef;wdkY wufa&mufcJhMuonf/
(c) wuoa&G;aumufyJG
wyfOD;rS wuo 'k-OuúX udkeefZifvm wbuftkyfpkESifh aygif;oGm;ojzifh ausmif;om;nDnGwfa&;wyfOD;
twGif;½Sd wdkif;&if;om;ausmif;om;rsm;Mum;wGif rsm;pGm*,uf½dkufcJhavonf/ u&if? csif;? ½Srf;? &cdkif paom ausmif;
om;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;yGJjyKvkyf&avonf/ 'DtufpftdkbufrS udkeefZifvm OuúXtjzpf ta½G;0ifcHonf/ odYkaomf wyfOD;
bufrS udkwifxGef; (ewfarmuf) om tEdkif&½SdcJhygonf/
(*) 1955-56 wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ

1/ udkwifxGef; (ewfarmuf) Ouú|
482
2/ udkpodef;[H 'k-Ouú|
3/ udkpHabmf aiGxdef;
4/ udkwifat; (1) taxGaxGtwGif;a&rSL;
5/ udkbkef;vdIif wGJzuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh owif;jyefMum;a&;rSL;
6/ udkjrifhOD; vlxkqufoG,fa&; XmerSL;
&/ udkarmifarmifñGefY ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL;
8/ apmtuf'refwifcsKd EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
9/ udkausmfjrifh upm;ckefpm;ESifh,Ofaus;rIXmerSL;
10/ udkwifat; (2) pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
11/ udk0if;wif tdk;a0wm0efcH
(C) &efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;or*¾ Ouú|opf udw
k ifxeG ;f usr;f opömused q
f ykd JG (1955-56)
1955-56 ckEpS f wuúov kd o
f r*¾ Ouú| usr;f opömused q
f ykd u
JG kd wufa&mufvmMuwJh ausmif;awmfo^l om;rsm;?
wuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJU0ifrsm;? q&m^rrsm;eJYwuG vma&mufcsD;jr§ifhMuwJh NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;;? EdkifiHjcm;oHwrefrsm;udk
wuúodkvfor*¾ trIaqmiftzGJU&JUudk,fpm; uRefawmfu aus;Zl;wif½Sdygw,f/
&efukefwuúodkvfor*¾[mqdk&if olY&JU&mZ0ifwavsmufvHk;rSm jynfolvlxk vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ
0if&if; jynfoludk tvkyftauR;jyKcJhw,f/ ausmif;om;awG vdkvm;csuf? ausmif;om;awG tcGifhta&;udk awmif;qdk&if;
ausmif;om;tusKd;udk o,fydk;cJhw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkY &efukefwuúodkvfor*¾qdk&if vlxkeJYausmif;om;xk&JU axmufcHtm;
ay;rIukd &½Scd whJ ,f/ 'D&mZ0ifordik ;f rSm wuúov kd o
f r*¾&UJ Ouú|tjzpf uReaf wmhu f kd ausmif;om;xku ,H,
k MkH unfMunfeYJ
wm0eftyfESif;jcif;cH&wJhtwGuf rsm;pGm*kPf,lrdygw,f/ 'Dvdk*kPf,lrdwJhtwdkif;vnf; wuo&JU &mZ0ifudkxGef;ajymif
atmif ausmif;om;xku tyfESif;wJhwm0efudk opöm½Sd½SdausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifygr,fvdkY uwdjyKygw,f/
'DESpfwuúodkvfor*¾ trIaqmiftzGJU[mqdk&if ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD;&JU udk,fpm;vS,fawGcsnf;jzpf
ygw,f/ &nf½G,fcsufwl? vrf;pOfwlzGJUpnf;xm;wJh tzGJUtpnf;w&yfxJuvmwJh trIaqmiftzGJUawGjzpfawmh qE´
wlnDrI? vkyfief;awG jzpfay:rIawGrSm atmifjrifrIawG &½Sdvdrfhr,fvdkY arQmfvifhygw,f/
'DaeYwuúodkvf&JU tajctae[mqdk&if ausmif;om;aygif; (8000) avmuf ½Sdygw,f/ ppfrjzpfrDu (2300)
eJY qdk&if (4) qeD;ygcefY ydk½Sdvmygw,f/ 'DvdkwuúodkvfrSm ynmoifMum;olOD;a& wdk;wufvmwm[m wdkif;jynfrSm
txufwef; ynmwwfawG rsm;jym;NyD; wdkif;jynftusKd; jzpfxGef;zdkY wm0efawG xrf;aqmifEdkifvdrfhr,fvdkY wdkif;jynf&JU
BuD;yGm;wdk;wufa&; jzpfvdrfhr,fvdkY uRefawmf qdkcsifygw,f/
'Dvdkausmif;om;OD;a& wdk;wufvmwmeJYtrQ ausmif;om;OD;a&eJYtnD ausmif;taqmuftODawG csJUaqmuf?
ausmif;q&mawG tvHktavmufcefY? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*awG jynfhpHkatmif vkyfay;zdkY vdktyfygw,f/ ausmif;om;rsm;
vmvdkY ausmif;taqmuftODawG wdk;csJUaqmufvkyfum Oypmaumvdyf zGifhay;wmawmh ½Sdygw,f/ 'gayrJh 'DaeYtxd
vH;k 0 rvHak vmufao;ygbl;/ ausmif;q&mawGq&kd ifvnf; [du k vdk onfuvdk jzpfaeygw,f/ xD;wef;aumvdyrf mS qd&k if
,cifwavmu &mZ0ifq&m r½Sad o;wm/ avm*spq f &majymif;oGm;vdYk tpm;rxd;k Edik w
f mawG awGU&wwfw,f/ rEÅav;
uqdk&if tbd"r®mXmetwGuf q&mawmif;wmawG ay:vmw,f/ q&mrvHkravmuf jzpfaeawmh aemufqHk; 'D*&D&&ef
tenf;i,fvdkaewJh ausmif;om;awGudk tcsdefydkif;eJY q&mcefYxm;&wJh tjzpfa&mufcJhw,f/ ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfawGqdk&if
r&ao;wmwdkY? "gwkaA'pwJh avmu"gwfynm prf;oyfcef;awGrSm vdkaeao;wm awGU&w,f/ 'DvdkvdkaewJh txJrSm
tpdk;&u axmufyHhaMu; odef; (70) tpm; odef; (65) odef;odkY avQmhcsvdkufawmh wuúodkvfaxmufyHhaMu; ray;Edkifwm
awG [dkaMu;awmif;? 'DaMu;awmif; wcgMunfh (5) usyfqdkwmrsKd; awmif;cHvm&wmawG awGU&w,f/
'Dvdkausmif;om;eJYtrQ ypönf;urvdkufEdkif? aiGuavsmhay;qdkawmh ausmif;om;avQmhwJh enf;udk ½SmoHk;Mu
w,f/ (3) cg pmar;yGJus&if ausmif;xkwfr,fqdkNyD; pmar;yGJrajzolyg pm&if;xJ xnfhwGufNyD; ausmif;xkwfcJhw,f/
'Dvdk vkyfcJhwJhtwGuf ausmif;om;aygif; (2500) avmuf pmoifcGifhr& jzpfoGm;w,f/ 'D (3) cgus ausmif;xkwfpepf
aMumifh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H zGUJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'u ay;xm;wJh ynmoifMum;ydik cf iG hf uReaf wmfwYkd wuúov kd af usmif;
om;awG qHk;½IH;vmwm awGU&ygw,f/ 'Dvdk ausmif;xkwfpDrHudef;eJY r&yfao;bl;/ wuúodkvfukd ausmif;om;rsm;rsm;
ra&mufapzdkYtwGuf wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJudk (2) qifhvkyfzdkY pDpOfMuw,f/
483
'Dawmh uaeYwuúov kd t
f ajctaeudk Munh&f if vdak ewmawG awGU&vdrrhf ,f/ wuúov kd yf nmwwf enf;atmif
vkyfaewm awGU&r,f/ 'gawG[m wu,fhvufawGU jzpfysufaewmawG jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdkjzpfaewm r[kwfygbl;vdkY
b,folrSvnf; rjiif;Edkifygbl;/ jiif;wJhvl½Sd&ifvnf; wu,fhudk taumiftxnfeJY uRefawmfac:NyD; jyvdkygw,f/
'Dvdk 'DaeYwuúodkvfrSm jzpfysufaewJh tajctaeawG[m bmaMumifhvJqdk&if ynma&;rSm vspfvsL½Ixm;
avawmh wuúov kd &f UJ toH;k p&dw?f ynma&;toH;k p&dwu f dk rsm;rsm;roH;k bl;/ rdrw d Ykd &mxl; wnfjrJa&;jzpfwhJ umuG,af &;
toH;k p&dwaf wGrmS aiGyo kd ;kH vdYk jzpfw,f/ oabmu jynfwiG ;f rSm wdu k cf u kd rf aI wG ppfyaJG wGjzpfaevdYk y/J 'Dawmh uRefawmfwYkd
wuúov kd rf mS jzpfaewJh tajctaeqd;k awGukd aumif;vmatmif uReaf wmfwYkdvv kd m;wJh tajctaeawG vH;k 0a&mufzYkdq&kd if
'g[mawmfawmfyJ eufeJwJhjyóem jzpfvmw,f/ 'DtwGufqdk&if uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om;awGcsnf;yJ rjzpfEdkifbl;/
uRefawmfwdkYeJY vlxkw&yfvHk; yl;wGJaqmif½GufMurS jzpfvdrfhr,f/ ausmif;om;awGbufu qdk&ifvnf; ausmif;om;xk
w&yfv;kH [m pnf;pnf;vH;k vH;k nDnñ D wG ñ
f wG ef YJ aqmif½uG Mf uzdYk vykd gw,f/ uRefawmfwYkd atmify&JG zdYk q&kd if nDñw G jf cif;
qdkwJh vufeufuvGJvdkY bmrSr½Sdygbl;vdkY uRefawmf qdkcsifygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkY taeeJYqdk&if ausmif;om;tusKd;twGuf wuúodkvfrSm ,aeY½SdaewJh jyóemawGudk ajz½Sif;&m
rSm oufqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUeJYyJ jzpfjzpf? tpdk;&tzGJUeJYyJ jzpfjzpf? at;csrf;om,mpGm awGUqHkajz½Sif;zkdY vdkygw,f/
'Dvdkajz½Sif;rIomvQif wuúodkvfavmu&JU Nidrf;at;om,mrIudk ay;pGrf;Edkifvdrfhr,fvdkY qdkcsifygw,f/ 'Dvdkr[kwfbJ
t"r®enf;? zdEydS af omenf;vrf;rsm;udk oH;k NyD;ajz½Si;f &ifawmh wuúov kd af vmu&JU Nidr;f at;om,mrIvnf; &rSmr[kwb f ;l ?
atmifjrifvdrfhr,fvnf; r[kwfbl;qdkwm NyD;cJhwJh atmufwdkbmvta&;awmfyHku xifxif½Sm;½Sm;MuD; jyoaeygw,f/
'DaeYtzdYk q&kd if uRefawmfwYkd at;csrf;om,mpGm ajz½Si;f vdak yr,fh ausmif;om;ta&;eJYywfoufvm&if tpd;k &
tzGUJ xJrmS olwYkd ukd axmufco H al wGr[kwv f Ykd w&m;onfjzpfap? rSeo f nfjzpfap ray;bl;/ wdYk uakd xmufcw H o
hJ al wGq&kd if
ay;r,fqdkwJh at;csrf;pGmajz½Sif;rIudk qefYusifwJhoabmawG vkyfcJhwm? vkyfaewmawG awGU&w,f/ wuúodkvftkyfcsKyf
a&; tzGJU0ifawGxJrSmqdk&if ausmif;om;ta&;eJYywfouf&if a&iHkaewJholawG ½Sdaewm[m wu,fawmh wuúodkvf&JU
tusKd;udk vspfvsL½Iwm? rdrdwdkY[m pdk;½GHUNyD; MuD;pdk;rIcHae&wmawG jzpfygw,f/
'Dawmh ,aeYwuúov kd af vmu&JU Nidr;f at;om,mrIukd vdck si&f if at;csr;f om,mpGmajz½Si;f rI vdt k yfaeygw,f/
ynma&;avmurSm½Sw d hJ ausmif;om;? q&meJY rdbwdYk [m yl;wGNJ yD; ajz½Si;f oifyh gw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm qd&k ifawmh ygarmu©csKyf
rdefYMum;zl;ovdk q&mawGr½Sd&ifvnf; ausmif;om;awG rwnfEdkifygbl;/ 'Dawmh q&m? rdbeJY ausmif;om;awG[m
wavSxJpD;? wc&D;xJoGm;awG jzpfMuwJhtwGuf ,aeYawGUaewJh wuúodkvf&JUjyóem? ynma&;jyóemrsm;udk yl;wGJ
ajz½Sif;Muyg&ef ed*Hk;csKyftaeeJY wuúodkvfor*¾udk,fpm; uRefawmfwdkufwGef; EdI;aqmfcJhygw,f/
(i) urÇmah usmif;om;aeU

Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufaeYonf emZDzufqpfrsm;\ &ufpufpGmowfjzwfrIaMumifh csufudkpvdkAufuD,m;jynf?
y&wfNrdKUawmfrS ausmif;om;rsm; aoG;ajruscJh&aomaeY jzpfonf/ xdkaeYwGif y&wfNrdKUawmf? csm;vf,leDAmpDwD ausmif;
om;wdkYonf zufqpfpepftm;qefYusifonfh aq;ausmif;om; ]*si;f atmfyvDwv J }f tm; owfypfonfhtwGuf tHk<unD
ñGwfpGm qE´jycJhayonf/ qE´jyaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;rsm;rSm emZDzuf
qpfwYkd \ ypfowfjcif;udk cH&onft h jyif ygarmu©rsm;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;pGmwdYk rmS emZDoYkH yef; ppfpcef;odYk tpkvu kd t f jyHK
vdkuf tydkYcHcJh&jyefonf/ wuúodkvfausmif;rsm;tm;vnf; vHk;0ydwfypfcJhMu\/
þEdk0ifbmv (17) &ufaeYonf urÇmhausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIudk topfajymif;vdkufonf/ (topfajymif;jcif;
jzpfonf/) usqHk;cJhaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; opömapmifhaomtm;jzifh urÇmt&yf&yfrS ausmif;om;rsm;onf Edkbmv
(17) &uf a&mufwikd ;f zufqpfpepfukd tNyD;wdik q f efYusifacsrIe;f &ef t"d|mefjyKcJMh uavonf/ zufqpfpepfukd wdu k cf u
kd f
&ef igwdkYü vHk;0wm0ef½Sdonf[k odvmonfESifhtwl Nidrf;csrf;a&;udkumuG,f&ef ta&;BuD;aMumif; ydkrdk,HkMunfodvm
Muonf/ ESpfpOfESpfwdkif;yif tar&duef or®w½kpbJvhfonf þaeYü urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;tm; toHvTifhrdefUcGef;pum;
ajymMum;cJhayonf/
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; NyD;qHk;NyD;aemuf urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾udk wnfaxmifcJhMuonf/Edk0ifbmv (17)
&ufaeYuv kd nf; ausmif;om;rsm; nDñw G pf mG tH<k urIjzifh qE´jycJah om ]urÇmaU usmif;om;rsm;aeh} [k owfrw S v
f u
kd o f nf/
urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾BuD;onf zufqpfpepfudkwdkufzsuf&mrS aygufzGm;cJhonf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;? ausmif;
om;rsm; tcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDynma&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0if&if; urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (I.U.S)
484
onf BuD;xGm;vmonf/ (I.U.S) onf urÇmYausmif;om;tcsi;f csi;f &if;ES;D rdwaf qGjzpfa&;ESihf Nidr;f csr;f a&;aqmif½u G &f mü
tjcm;tvTmtoD;oD;rS vli,frsm;ESifh yl;aygif;cJhonf/ or*¾BuD; zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifNyD;aemuf urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;\
ta&;jyóemrsm;udk ydkrdkvG,fulpGm ajz½Sif;Edkif&ef XmetoD;oD; cGJjcm;aqmif½GufcJhonf/ txl;ojzifh udkvdkeD? udkvdkeD
wydik ;f ESihf rScD akd eaom Edik if rH sm;rS ausmif;om;ta&;udk pGr;f pGr;f wrH aqmif½u
G uf n l aD y;Muonf/ Armjynfausmif;om;rsm;
twGufvnf; rsm;pGmtultnDrsm; ay;cJhavonf/ urÇmYausmif;om;rsm; twGufvnf; pnf;vHk;nDñGwfpGm aqmif½Guf
&if; qufvufcsDwufaeonf/ MuHUcdkifvsuf½Sdonf/ Edk0ifbm (17) &ufaeYrS ay:aygufcJhonfh wdkufyGJonf ,aeYxd
wdkifcdkufjrJaeonf/ opfvGifaeonf/
þEdkbmv (17) &uf urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾aeYudk &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (wuo)?
&efukefc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (&uo)? ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf (Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf)wdkY
yl;aygif;um n (7) em&Dtcsed w f iG f wuo jrufcif;jyifwiG f wcrf;wem; odu k Nf rdKufa0qmpGm qif,ifusi;f yawmhonf/
þaeYonf Armjynfausmif;om;aeh ('DZifbmv 20 &uf) uJhodkYyif aoG;jzifhcsif;csif;eD&JaomaeY jzpf\/
om"koH
a'gif;ysKdxdk;qGyf? b,fnmcGyfí?
vGwfvyf&av? wdkYwawGonf?
tdk;a0-aus;Zl;ygwum;/ /
tdk;a0aus;Zl;? rwdrfjrL;bJ?
cg;OD;aumZm? þtcgwGif?
om"kac:Muygukefavmh/ /
om"koHwGif? aomwqifí?
toif a'gif;i,f? jrefrdr,fudk?
oufES,fapmifha½SmufEdkifapaom0f/ /
(rif;ok0Pf)
(p) 1955-56 ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI

1956 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (23) &ufaeYwGif wuúodkvft"dywd? EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf\ zdwfMum;csuft&
wuúodkvfor*¾ trIaqmiftzGJUonf EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfESifh oGm;a&mufawGUqHkcJhonf/ xdkaqG;aEG;yGJwGif wuo
trIaqmiftzGJUrS ,aeY wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;wGif ta&;wBuD;vdktyfaeaom atmufygawmif;qdkcsuf (5) csuf
udk wifjyawmif;qdkcJhonf/
1/ oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepf y,fzsufa&;?
2/ atmufwb kd mausmif;wvydwaf &;ESihf ywfoufí 0&rf;xkwcf &H ol (2) OD;tm; 0&rf;jyefvnf ½kyo f rd ;f a&;?
3/ atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&;ESifh ywfoufí ausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm;tm; ausmif;jyefvnfwufcGifh
&a&;?
4/ zrf;qD;cH&aom wuotwGif;a&;rSL; udkwifat;ESifh rEÅav;rS &moufyefausmif;xkwfcH&onfh udkausmf
pdk;wdkYtm; jyefvTwfa&;?
5/ tm½SS-tmz&duausmif;om;uGefz&ifhwGif ArmjynfrS wufa&mufEdkifa&;wdkY jzpfonf/
wuotwGif;a&;rSL; udkwifat;onf ajreDukef;ü zrf;qD;cH&jcif;jzpfonf/ (3) cgus ausmif;xkwfpepf
y,fzsufa&;ESifhywfoufí &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (wuo) uwifjy&m ausmif;om;rsm; rsm;jym;vm
onfhtwGuf (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk wDxGifjcif;jzpfaMumif; wifjycJhonf/ þwifjycsuftwdkif; rSefuefygu
(3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfonf vHk;0rw&m;[k 0efBuD;csKyfu vufcHonfhtjyif ygarmu©csKyfuvnf; ausmif;om;xk
u xdkudpöudk vHk;0rvdkvm;aMumif;? (2) cgus ausmif;om;trsm;tjym;½Sdonfhtjyif ausmif;om;rsm;rSm pmudkajzmifh
atmif avhvmEdik jf cif;rjyKEdik b
f J pd;k &drw
f BuD;jzpfaeonf[k ajymqdck o hJ nf/ Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfu þ (3) cgusausmif;
xkwpf epfEiS hf ywfoufí aumifpt D wGi;f ½Sd tpd;k &ud,k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESiv hf nf;aumif;? q&mrsm;ESiv hf nf;aumif; wdik yf ifí
taMumif;jyefygrnf[k uwdjyKajymqdck o hJ nf/ odYkaomf aemufyikd ;f wGif taMumif;jyefcsuf r&½Sad wmhyg/ þtawmtwGi;f
485
ArmhwyfrawmfrS A[do k ifwef;twGuf ac:,laom aMunmcsuf xGuv f mcJoh nf/ þaMunmcsufwiG f (3) cgusausmif;
xkwfcH&olrsm;ESifh ,lwDpD (wuúodkvftaysmfwrf;wyf) tm; Adkvfoifwef;twGuf tcGifhta&;ay;rnf[k yg½Sdonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; pmar;yGJcsNyD; ppfwyfxJ armif;oGif;aeonfhoabm oufa&mufoGm;onf/
ausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm; ausmifjyef0ifcGifh&½Sda&;ESifh ywfoufí aqG;aEG;&mü pmayoifMum;rIonf vlwdkif;\
tcGifhta&;udpjö zpfaMumif;? þtcGifhta&;udk rwm;qD;oifhaMumif;? tjypf½Sdu tjypfay;&efyifjzpfaMumif; wifjyum
EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfu pmayoifMum;rIqdkif&mwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;zufrS 0ifa&mufpGufzufonfrSm rrSefaMumif; vufcHcJh
onf/ ausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm; ausmif;jyef0ifcGifh &½Sda&;twGuf pOf;pm;rnf[k ajymMum;cJhonf/
atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfa&;ESifh 0&rf;xkwcf x H m;&aom ausmif;om; udv k 0S if;? udb
k aumif;wdu hk pd öESifh
ywfoufí wuoonf 0efBuD;csKyftwGif;0ef OD;oefYESifhawGUqHkum ar;jref;cJhonf/ OD;oefYrS þausmif;om; (2)
OD;tm; ,cifuvnf; ausmif;xkwfjcif;r½Sdyg? ,ckvnf;r½Sdyg [k ajymMum;cJhonf/
vkyfMuHzrf;qD;cH&aom wuotwGif;a&;rSL; udkwifat;ESifh yk'f (5) jzifh zrf;qD;cH&aom rEÅav;rS &mouf
yef ausmif;xkwcf &H aom ausmif;om; udak usmfp;kd wdYk twGuv f nf; wuorS rw&m;zrf;qD;cHae&onft h wGuf tjrefq;kH
vTwf&ef ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf (Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf)? &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
(&uo) wdkYESifhyl;aygif;í tjrefqHk;jyefvTwf&ef wdkufwGef;cJhonf/ udkwifat; zrf;qD;cH&onfrSm (3) vcefY MumNyD
jzpfaomfvnf; trI (2) cgrQom &ifqikd &f ygonf/ oufaow0ufrQ ppfrNyD;ao;bJ½o dS nf/ þodYk &ufqx JG m;jcif;onf
oufoufn§Of;qJxm;jcif; jzpf½Hkru rwfvpmar;yGJwGif rajzqdkEdkifjzpf&onf/ udkausmfpdk; zrf;qD;cHxm;&onfrSm
(4) vcefY½NdS yD;jzpfaomfvnf; ½H;k wifppfaq;jcif; ,cktcsed x f rd vkyb
f J csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;cH &ygonf/ jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;
OD;xGe;f 0if;u 13? 2? 56 &ufaeY toHviT rhf ed cf eG ;f ajymMum;&mwGif Edik if aH &;oabmxm; uGv J rJG aI Mumifh zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;
r½Sd[k ajymMum;cJhonf/ udkwifat;rSm zqyv qdk½S,fvpfrsm;jzpfonfh 'Dtufpftdkrsm;udk ,SOfNydKifwufvmoljzpfjcif;?
udak usmpf ;kd rSm atmufwb kd mausmif;wvydwaf &;twGuf qE´jyoljzpfjcif;wdYk aMumifh zrf;qD;jcif;jzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh
zqyvwdkYudk EdkifiHa&;oabmxm; uGJvGJjcif;twGuf vkyfMuHzrf;qD;jcif;om jzpfonf/ odkYaomf jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;\
ajymMum;csufESifh vufawGUvkyfaqmifcsufrSm tajymESifhtvkyf wjcm;pDjzpfaeygonf/
tm½SEiS t
hf mz&duausmif;om;uGezf &ifw h iG f Armjynfrw S ufa&mufEikd af &;ESihf ywfoufí 0efBuD;csKyfEiS hf wuo
rS aqG;aEG;cJhygonf/ xdknDvmcHodkYwufa&muf&ef trsKd;om;jyifqifa&;aumfrwDw&yf zGJpnf;cJhygonf/ xdkaumf
rwDzGJUpnf;&mwGif 'Dtufpftdk? Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkYudkvnf; zdwfMum;cJhygonf/ 'Dtufpftdkrsm; xdktpnf;
ta0;odkY rwufa&mufcJhyg/
0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekvnf; (1953) ck atmufwdkbmta&;awmfyHktwGif;u trSwf (22) ppf&Jrsm; zsufpD;ojzihf
ysufpD;oGm;aom wuúodkvfor*¾ pmMunfhwdkufudk jyKjyif&eftwGuf aiG (2180) usyf vSL'gef;cJhygonf/
(q) udv
k 0S if;ESihf udb
k aumif;aMunmcsuf
uRefawmfwYkd EpS Of ;D onf 1953 ck atmufwb kd mausmif;wvydwaf &;ESihf ywfoufí ausmif;om;xk\ wm0ef
ay;csuft& aqmif½GufcJholrsm;jzpfygonf/
wuúodkvf pwifzGifhvSpfonfrSpí 1952 ckESpftxd atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfay;&jcif;rSm tpOftvm
w&yf jzpfygonf/ þodkYausmif;wvydwf&jcif;rSm ZGefvausmif;zGifhonfrSpí pufwifbmvtxd (4) vvHk;vHk;
oifMum;ydYk cscahJ om wuúov kd f yxrydik ;f oifcef;pmrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;&eftwGuf tcsed af y;onfo h abmjzifh ausmif;
wvydwaf y;jcif; jzpfygonf/ t*Fvef½dS atmufpzdYk wuúov kd Bf uD;rSmyif wBudrv
f Qif (2) vydwaf om tpOftvm½So d nf
[k od&onf/
odkYygvsuf 1953 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif ausmif;wvydwfjrJ ydwfae&mrS (15) &ufom ydwfcJhygonf/
þodkY ausmif;avQmhydwfjcif;jzifh (15) &ufonf rnfonfhausmif;om;udkrS ynmtqifhtwef;jr§ifh&ef rjzpfEdkifyg/
,ck wuúov kd t f ajctaeu vufawGUjzpfygonf/ þodYk wvydw&f mrS (15) &ufom ydwv f ukd jf cif;onf ausmif;om;
wdYk \ &jrJtcGit hf a&;w&yfukd ydwyf ifjcif;? oifNyD;oifcef;pmrsm;udk xyfraH vhvmcGihf r&jcif;wdYk jzpfcyhJ gonf/ odYk twGuf
ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;u atmufwdkbmvwGif ausmif;wvydwfjrJydwf&ef awmif;qdkjcif; jzpfygonf/
þawmif;qdck sufonf w&m;rQwonf rSeu f efonf[k uRefawmfwYkd vH;k 0,HMk unfayonf/ atmufwb kd mv
ausmif;wvydwaf y;jcif;jzifh yxrydik ;f oifcef;pmrsm;udk avhvmEdik ½f rkH u ausmif;om;xktwGuf tusKd;jzpfxeG ;f onf[k
486
,HkMunfayonf/ xdkaMumifhvnf; uRefawmfwdkYESpfOD;tm; atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfa&;twGuf aqmif½Guf&ef

wm0efay;aomtcg uRefawmfwdkY vufcHum aqmif½GufcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
þodYk ausmif;wvydwaf &;udk aqmif½u G &f mwGif uReaf wmfwYkd ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;kH onf at;csr;f pGmqE´jy
cJhMuayonf/ qE´jycJhaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; atmufwdkbm (2) &uf eHeufrSpí zrf;qD;jcif;? nydkif;wGif yk'fr
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jyKusifrh rI sm;udk jyKvkyw f wfaom tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm;udk owdBuD;pGm xde;f odr;f wwf&ef ausmif;om;ta&; aqmif½u G f
aomol rsm;pGmwdYk u em;vnf&ef vdt k yfayonf/ ta&;awmfyw kH cktwGi;f jzpfay:vmaom tusK;d tjrwfEiS hf vlraI &;udpö
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rsm;? tavQmhay;&efvdkaomjyóem? tavQmhray;Edkifaomudprö sm;udk aumif;pGmem;vnfEdkif&rnf/ rSefuefaom acgif;
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487
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wnf; usa&mufaeojzifh ausmif;om; tcGifhta&;rsm;omru vlxk\ vdktyfcsufjzpfaom trsKd;om;a&;udprö sm;udk
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aoG;xdk;ajr§mufay;onf[k vnf;aumif; pGyfpGJcJhonf/ jzpfyGm;cJhNyD;jzpfaom ta&;awmfyHkBuD;wGif yg0ifvIyf½Sm;cJholrsm;
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488
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atmufü ½Sdaeojzifh wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfrsm;\ta&;rSm &efukefwuúodkvfaumvdyfESifh xyfwlxyfrQ jzpfaecJhonf/
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omvQif vufawGUjyEdkifcJhayonf/ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí (34) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYüvnf;
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cJMh uayonf/ þodYk ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGrJ sm;ESihf ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;kH u awmif;qdck MhJ uonft h wGuf atmufwkd
bm ausmif;wvydwaf &;twGuf wdu k yf 0JG ifco
hJ jzifh zrf;qD;cH&aom ausmif;om;&Jabmftm;vH;k udk vTwaf y;cJMh uayonf/
ausmif;om;tm;vHk;udk pmar;yGJajzcGifhjyKonftxd vdkufavsmcJh&onf/
1955-56 ckESpfwGif (3) cgus ausmif;xkwfpepfudk wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;u toHk;jyKcJhojzifh &efukef?
rEÅav;? armfvNrdKifaumvdyfwdkYwGif ausmif;om;ESpfaxmifausmf pmayoifMum;rI &yfqdkif;cJh&onf/ xdkYtwGuf wuo
onf ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&;udk wm;qD;ydwyf ifcsufjzpfonfh (3) cgusausmif;xkwpf epf zsuford ;f a&;twGuf rdbjynf
olrsm;odkY yefMum;vTmxkwfjcif;? owif;pmuGefz&ifhac:,lum 5? 7? 55 aeYwGif wBudrf? 13? 9? 55 aeYwGifwBudrf
ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJBuD;rsm; usif;yuefYuGufcJhonf/ 'kwd,tBudrfuefYuGufqE´jyyGJwGif ausmif;om;aygif; ESpf
axmifhig;&mausmf wufa&mufum NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;xH vSnfhvnfwdkifMum;qE´jycJhonf/ ausmif;om;xkxHrS (3) cgus
ausmif;xkwpf epfuefYuu G jf cif; jzpfaom qE´jyaumufc&H mwGif vufrw S f av;axmifausmf &½Scd o hJ nf/ (3) cgusausmif;
xkwfpepftwGuf qEáwmif;cHyGJ jyKvkyf&m ausmif;om;aygif; (4708) a,muf uefYuGufqE´jyí? (315) a,mufu
¤if;pepfudk oabmusaMumif;ESifh (17) a,muf Mum;aecJhonf/
489
wuúodkvfausmif;om;xk\ tajctaeudk 1955 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm (24) &ufaeYrS (26) &ufaeYxd usif;yaom
vli,faygif;pHk aqG;aEG;yGJwGif wifjycJhNyD; (35) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYESifh (17) Budrfajrmuf ausmif;om;rsm;
aeYwGif wifjyawmif;qdkcJhonf/ 1956 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D (12) &ufaeYESifh (13) &ufaeYrsm;wGif ausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm;\
toHwdwfqE´jyyGJjyKvkyfcJhum ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk; axmufcHrI&½SdcJhonf/ Zefe0g&Dv (13) &ufaeYwGif wuúodkvf
aumifpDü qE´jy&if;yif ausmif;om; (700) ausmfvSnfhvnfqE´jychJonf/
þodkY awmif;qdkcJhMu½HkrQru wuúodkvfaumifpD aqG;aEG;yGJac:,lum or*¾udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u wqifh
awmif;qdkcJhMuonf/ ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;\ wuotvHawmfatmufwGif nDñGwfpGm vufwGJawmif;qdkrIaMumifh-
1/ (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfESifh ywfoufípOf;pm;&ef oifhavsmfaom enf;vrf;rsm; wifjy&eftwGuf
aumfrwDw&yfudkyif zGJUpnf;cJhMuayonf/ (oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepf roifhavsmfonfhtwGuf jyefvnf
pOf;pm;&onfh oabmyifjzpfonf/)
2/ wzefausmif;om;xktm; pmar;yGu J srnfah b;rS oufomap&ef (Overall Moderation) udk &½Scd ahJ yonf/
3/ ,cifausmif;0ifcGifhpnf;urf;rsm;wGif wuúodkvfESifhqefYusifzuf rjyKvkyfyg[laom pnf;urf;rsm; zsuf
odrf;um ajymif;vJtpm;xdk;cJh&ayonf/
4/ ausmif;xkwfcH&olwdkYESifh ywfoufí ausmif;om; (2) OD;tm; ausmif;jyef0ifcGifh&&ef axmufcHjcif;?
(4) OD;tm; jyefvnfpOf;pm;&ef[k qHk;jzwf&jcif;xd vdkufavsmcJh&ayonf/
5/ (Canteen fees) rsm;udk zsufodrf;cJh&½kHrQru ausmif;taqmuftOD wdk;csJUjcif;? q&mvHkavmufpGm
cefYxm;jcif;? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm* jynfhpHkrI&½Sdapjcif; tp½Sdonfh vdktyfcsufrsm;udk rltm;jzifh wuúodkvf
tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUxHrS vufcH&½SdcJhonf/
þodYk awmif;qdck suftcsKdU vdu k af vsm&NyD; tcsKdUjynfvnfpOf;pm;jcif; jyK&onfrmS wuo\ awmif;qdck suf
rsm;onf w&m;rQwrSefuefonfhtjyif wuo\ rSefuefaom acgif;aqmifrIatmufwGif ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;
nDñGwfpGm ta&;qdkcJhonfhtwGuf jzpfonf/
(ps) 'kw,
d tBurd w
f uúov
kd af ygi;f pHak qG;aEG;yGBJ u;D
'kw,d tBudraf jrmuf wuúov kd Ef iS hf aumvdyaf ygif;pHak qG;aEG;yGu
J kd wuotaqmuftODwiG f 1956 ck Zefe0g&D
v 23? 24? 25 &ufaeYrsm;wGif usif;yonfhtcg udk,fpm;vS,f (126) OD;ESifh avhvmol (65) OD; wufa&mufonf/
,if;aqG;aEG;yGJrS jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&; yefMum;vTm xkwfjyef&mwGif-
jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &; yefMum;vTm

&efukefwuúodkvf? rEÅav;wuúodkvf? armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyf? rauG;OypmaumvdyfrS ausmif;om;
ud,k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf wuúov kd af ygif;pHrk S tzGUJ aygif;pHk ud,k pf m;vS,w f Ykd onf &efuek Nf rdKU wuo taqmuftODwiG f
Zefe0g&Dv 23? 24? 25 &ufaeYrsm;wGif awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cJhMuavonf/
xdok Ykd aqG;aEG;yGwJ iG f wuúov kd Ef iS hf aumvdyt f ajctaet&yf&yfukd aqG;aEG; wifjycJMh uayonf/ wuúov kd f
aumvdyrf sm;wGif ynma&;tqift h wef; edru hf sjcif;? ausmif;taqmuftOD? ausmif;q&m? ausmif;oH;k y&dabm*rsm;
jynfpHkvHkavmufjcif;r½SdbJ vdktyfaejcif;? ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm; wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif;wdkYudk cHae&onf/
þodkYjzifh ynma&;tqifhtwef; edrfhusjcif;? vdktyfcsufrsm;jzpfay:vmjcif;rsm;u wjznf;jznf;wdk;wuf
vmum ynma&;tusyt f wnf; ydrk ekd uf½iId ;f &jcif;rSm ynma&;toH;k p&dw&f efyakH iGukd enf;yg;pGmoH;k pGu J m jynfwiG ;f ppf
twGuf toHk;p&dwfudk ydkrdkoHk;pGJjcif;aMumifhjzpfonfudk awGU½Sd&ayonf/
,aeY jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGm;cJhonfrSm (7) ESpfausmfMumcJhNyD/ vlxkw&yfvHk;onf 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;
twGuf awmif;qdw k ukd yf 0JG ifcMhJ uonfukd zdEydS cf sKyfcs,u f m 'Drukd a&pDtcGit hf a&;udk ydwyf ifwm;qD;jcif;? jynfov l x l k
w&yfvHk;wGif pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf; usOf;ajrmif;vmum pD;yGm;a&; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;udk cHMu&NyD; tcGifhta&;
awmif;qdv k maom vlxt k m; vufeufjzifzh Ed ydS rf aI Mumifh jynfwiG ;f ppf jzpfay:vmcJ&h ayonf/ (7) ESpaf usmf jzpfay:vm
aom jynfwiG ;f ppftwGuf ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;kH rSm ynma&;tusyt f wnf; ydrk ekd uf½iId ;f vmjcif;? vlxw k &yfv;kH rSm
pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; ydkrdkeuf½Idif;vmjcif; paom jynfwGif;ppf'Pfudk tjyif;txefcHpm;cJh&ayonf/
490
þodkYjynfolvlxkESifh ausmif;om;xkcHpm;ae&aom jynfwGif;ppfudk jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;u &yfpJ&ef

vdkvm;Muayonf/ ,aeYtajctaewGif ppfa&;t& tMurf;zufESdrfeif;jcif;jzifh jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;rSm rjzpfEdkif
aMumif; (7) ESpfausmf tawGUtMuHKrsm;u oufaoxif½Sm;apcJhNyD jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh
&yfpyJ g&ef 'kw,
d tBudraf jrmuf wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdyaf ygif;pHak qG;aEG;yGBJ uD;rS arwåm&yfcH yefMum;vdu
k yf gaMumif;/
wuúodkvfESifUaumvdyfaygif;pHk aqG;aEG;yGJtqdkrsm;
(u) ausmif;om;tusKd;ESifU vdktyfcsuftqdkrsm;
1/ ynma&;&efyHkaiG q,f&mcdkifEIef; wdk;jr§ifhoHk;pGJ&ef?
2/ wuúodkvfaxmufyHhaMu;udk aiGodef; (100) usyfxufrenf; oHk;pGJwdk;jr§ifhay;&ef?
3/ EdkifiHjcm;ynmawmfoif ausmif;om;OD;a&udk wdk;jr§ifh&efESifh axmufyHhaMu;aiGay;aom ausmif;om;OD;a&udk
wdk;jr§ifh&ef?
4/ q&mrsm; vpmaiGudk vHkavmufpGm wdk;jr§ifhay;&ef?
5/ ausmif;om;OD;a&ESihf tcsK;d us ausmif;taqmuftOD? ausmif;oH;k y&dabm*ESihf ud&, d mypön;f rsm; vHak vmuf
pGm xm;½Sd&ef?
6/ aumvdyftqifh½Sd ausmif;rsm;tm; wuúodkvftqifhxd jr§ifhwif&efESifh vdktyforQaom tajccHjyifqifrI
rsm;tm; tjrefqHk; pDrHaqmif½Guf&ef?
7/ ArmEdkifiHwGif wuúodkvftqifh½Sdaom ausmif; (1) ausmif;? aumvdyftqifh½Sd ausmif; (6) ausmif;rQom
½Sdum aemufxyfvdktyfaeaom ae&mrsm;ü wuúodkvfaumvdyfrsm; vHkavmufpGm wdk;csJUaqmufvkyf
ay;&ef?
8/ wuúov kd af umvdyrf sm;½Sd ausmif;aqmifrsm;tm; acwfraD usmif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf jyifqifay;&efEiS hf ausmif;
aqmifrsm; xyfrHwdk;csJU aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
9/ ausmif;om;OD;a&ESihf vdt k yforQaom aq;½Hrk sm;? q&m0efrsm;? tm;upm;enf;jy q&mrsm;ESihf upm;ckepf m;
ud&d,mrsm;udk vdktyfonfhae&mwGif tjrefqHk; wdk;csJUjznfhpGuf&ef?
10/ ausmif;aqmifcrsm;udk avQmhcsay;&ef? rvdt k yfaom tmrcHaMu;rsm;udk y,fzsufay;&efEiS hf ausmif;oH;k pm
tkyfaps;EIef;rsm;udk oufomacsmifcsdatmif aqmif½Gufay;&ef/
(c) ausmif;om;tcGifUta&;tqdk
1/ (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepftm; tjrefqHk;½kyfodrf;&efESifh aumifpDrS zGJUpnf;xm;aom pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDrS
tjrefqHk; pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf&efESifh pHkprf;qJumvwGif þpepftm; toHk;rjyKbJ &yfqdkif;xm;&ef?
2/ 1953 ckESpf atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&;ESifh ywfoufí &moufyefausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm;tm;
tjrefqHk; ausmif;jyefwufcGifhjyK&ef?
3/ 1953 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&;ESifh ywfoufí &moufyefausmif;xkwfcH&ol (2) OD;
tm; 0&rf;xkwfxm;jcif;udk jyefvnf½kyfodrf;&ef?
4/ Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS ynma&;0efBuD;XmeodkY awmif;qdkcsufrsm; axmufcHjcif;?
5/ 1956 ckESpf rwfvwGif bef;a'gif;NrdKUwGifusif;yrnfh tm½S-tmz&du ausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcHudk BudKqdk
aMumif;? jrefrmausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; wufa&mufEikd &f ef Edik if u
H ;l vufrw
S f xkwaf y;&efEiS hf Edik if aH wmf
tpdk;&u ukefusp&dwfaxmufyHh&eftcsufrsm; qHk;jzwfonf/
xdak qG;aEG;yGo
J Ykd urÇmah usmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS ud, k pf m;vS,f (A.d Thomas) wufa&mufí rdeYf ceG ;f ajymMum;
onf/ aqG;aEG;yGJrS xkwfjyefaom a<u;aMumfoHrsm;rSm-
1/ ausmif;om;tcGifUta&; &,lMu
2/ jynfwGif;ppf &yfpJMu
3/ wuúodkvfaumvdyfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD; wnfjrJygap
4/ urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ t"Gefh½Snfygap
491
rauG;aumvdyfOypmausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ aMunmcsuf
wuúodkvfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJtqdkrsm;
(u) ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;
(1) oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk vHk;0zsufodrf;&ef?
(2) ausmif;ac:csdef 65% ½SdrSomvQif pmar;yGJajzEdkifcGifhay;onfh rw&m;aom owfrSwfcsufudk zsufodrf;
&ef?
(3) ausmif;om;or*¾taqmuftODwck tjrefqHk; aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
(4) rw&m;zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tjrefvTwf&ef?
(5) rw&m;xkwfy,fxm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk ausmif;jyefoGif;&ef?
(6) ausmif;om;tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm usif;ycGifhay;&ef?
(7) ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwGif ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;xufrenf; yg0ifcGifhjyK&ef/
(c) ynma&;
(1) rauG;Oypmaumvdyw f iG f &efuek w
f uúov
kd üf oifMum;Edik af om bmom&yftm;vH;k udk pHv
k ifpmG oifMum;
ydkYcsay;&ef?
(Oyrm- tydkbmom&yfrsm;wGif &mZ0if? wuúaA'? pdwfBudKufjrefrmpm? ygVd? ocFsm? "mwkaA'? ½lyaA'?
ygPaA'rSvGJí tjcm;bmom&yfrsm; rydkYcsEdkifao;yg/)
(2) ynma&;toHk;p&dwfudk odef; (100) txd wdk;jr§ifhay;&ef?
(3) vufawGUprf;oyfcef;ESifh ywfoufaom ud&d,mrsm;udk ausmif;om;OD;a&tvdkuf vHkavmufpGmxm;½Sd
ay;&ef?
(4) ausmif;wGif q&mtvHktavmuf xm;½Sday;&ef?
(5) ausmif;pmMunfhwdkufwck zGifhvSpfay;&ef/
(*) oufomacsmifcsda&;
(1) ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfrsm; aps;EIef;BuD;jrifhaerIudk aps;EIef;oufomatmif aqmif½Gufay;&ef?
(2) vdktyfaomar*smrsm;ü wuúodkvfESifh Oypmaumvdyfrsm; wdk;csJUzGifhvSpfay;&ef?
(3) ausmif;olôm;rsm; c&D;oGm;vm&mü tpdk;&ydkif,mOfrsm;udk w0ufEIef;jzifh pD;cGifhay;&ef?
(4) ausmif;aqmifcrsm; avQmhcsay;&ef?
(5) rauG;aumvdyfwGif rdef;uav;ausmif;aqmif waqmif aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
(6) trsKd;om;ausmif;aqmifwGif wcef;vHk;trsm;qHk; (2) a,mufom xm;½Sd&ef?
(7) aeYausmif;olôm;rsm; em;aecef; xm;½Sday;&ef/
(C) usef;rma&;
(1) rauG;aumvdyfwGif ausmif;aqmifcef;wckudk tjrefqHk; xm;½Sday;&ef?
(2) ruG;aumvdyw f iG f ausmif;om;OD;a&tvdu
k f &oif&h xdu
k af om upm;ckepf m;aMu;rsm;udk tjrefq;kH xkwf
ay;&efESifh acwfrDupm;ypönf;rsm; xkwfay;&ef?
(3) ausmif;aqmifo[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;odkYvnf; upm;ckefpm;aMu; xkwfay;&ef?
(4) um,Avenf;jyq&m wa,muf cefYxm;ay;&ef/
trIaqmiftzGYJ
rauG;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
492
rauG;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾tpD&ifcHpm
,aeYusif;yvsuf½Sdaom wuúodkvfaygif;pHk rauG;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;olôm;rsm;\ b0tajctaeudk
atmufygtwdkif; tpD&ifcHygonf/
uRefawmfwdkY OypmaumvdyfwGif vdktyfcsufrsm;rSm-
1/ ynmoifMum;ae&aom tajctae
uRefawmfwdkY ,aeYynmoifMum;a&; tajctaerSm tzufzufrS csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;ESifh jynfhESufvsuf½SdNyD;
atmufwef;usvSayonf/ rauG;aumvdyfwGif ausmif;q&mrsm; vHkavmufpGm ray;Edkifjcif;? Oypmwef;ü oifMum;
Edkifaom bmom&yftm;vHk;udk rauG;aumvdyfü jynfhpHkpGm roifMum;Edkifjcif; tp½SdonfwdkY jzpfonf/ yx0D? ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fa&;? abm*aA'? blrdaA'ESifh Ak'¨bmom oifcef;pmrsm; roifMum;Edkifjcif; ponfwdkYtwGuf xdkbmomrsm;
oifMum;vdkolrsm;onf &efukefwuúodkvfodkY oGm;a&muf oifMum;ae&ygonf/
uRefawmfwYkd ausmif;wGif rde;f uav;ESihf a,mufsm;av;ausmif;aqmifrsm; oD;jcm;r½Sad o;onft h wGuf pmoif
cef;rsm;wGifyif aexdkif&onf/ q&m? q&mrrsm;vnf; xdkenf;wljzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; ausmif;
om;rsm;twGufESifh q&mrsm;twGuf oD;oefYtaqmuftODrsm; vdktyfvsuf ½Sdaeygonf/
uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om;rsm;twGufvnf; pmMunfhcef;? tyef;ajzcef;? or*¾tcef;rsm; oD;oefY r½Sdao;yg/
oufqdkif&mbmom&yfudk avhvm&ef pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;vnf; tvG,fwul 0,fr&Edkifao;yg/
2/ usef;rma&;tajctae
rauG;aumvdyw f iG f ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf aq;ay;cef;wck vdt k yfvsuf ½Sad eygonf/ upm;ckef
pm;a&;ESifh ywfoufívnf; ausmif;om;OD;a&tvdkuf xkwfay;&ef½Sdaom upm;ckefpm;aMu; aiGudk xkwfay;jcif;r½Sd
cJhyg/
3/ oufomacsmifcsda&;
rauG;aumvdyfwGif ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf oD;jcm;pmwdkufyHk; r½Sdyg/ bmom&yfqdkif&m aps;BuD;aom pm
tkyfrsm; iSm;&rf;Munfh½IEdkif&ef pmMunfhwdkuf r½Sdao;yg/
,ckESpfwGif ausmif;aqmifo[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;twGuf oD;jcm;cef; r&½Sdao;ojzifh ausmif;om;rsm;
twGuf ay;xm;aom a&'D,dkESifh owif;pmwdkYudk q&mrsm;tcef;wGifxm;½Sd&ojzifh q&mrsm;twGufom jzpfae&
ygonf/
rauG;aumvdyfrSm ,ckESpfrS pwifzGifhvSpfaomfvnf; vdkvm;csufrsm;pGm ½Sdaeygonf/ a,bk,sjzpfaom
tjcm;vdt k yfcsufrsm;rSm &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS oD;jcm;wifjyMuNyD; jzpfí rauG;aumvdyaf usmif;om;
rsm; or*¾taeESifh þrQom wifjyvdkygonf/
xdkvdkvm;csufrsm; awmif;qdk&½SdEdkifa&;twGuf nDñGwfa&;ESifh nd§EIdif;wdkifyif vkyfaqmifjcif;onfom atmif
jrifa&; vrf;aMumif;jzpfaomaMumifh ,ckusif;yaeaom wuúodkvfaumvdyfaygif;pHk aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;udk wufa&mufí
rauG;Oypmaumvdyf tajctaersm;udk wifjy&jcif;jzpfygonf/
trIaqmiftzGYJ
rauG;ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
rEåav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm
uRefawmfwYkd rEÅav;wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ taejzifh yxrtBudraf jrmuf aumvdyaf ygif;pHk aqG;aEG;
yGJrS aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfvdkufonfh t&yf&yfqdkif&mawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk &½Sdapa&;twGuf enf;trsKd;rsKd;ESifh awmif;qdkwdkuf
yGJ0ifcJhygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifcJhwJh tpDtpOfudk tenf;tusOf;tm;jzifh tpD&ifcHvdkygw,f/
rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾onf yxrtBudrfajrmuf aumvdyfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;rS qHk;jzwf
vdu k of nfh awmif;qdck surf sm;udk rEÅav;wuúov kd ½f dS toif;tzGUJ aygif;pHo
k Ykd ½Si;f vif;wifjyNyD; oufqikd &f mtmPmydik rf sm;
xH wifjyawmif;qdkjcif;jzifh at;csrf;pGmaqmif½GufcJhygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; ajymyavmufatmif vdkufavsmrI r½SdcJhyg/
rEÅav;aq;odyHÜ ausmif;om;wdkif; axmufyHhaMu;ay;a&;tcsufom vdkufavsmygw,f/
xdkYaemuf ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJBuD; vIHYaqmfpk½Hk;usif;ycJhygonf/ wdkif;jynfrsufpd em;ESifhwlonfh owif;
493
pmq&mrsm;udk ac:qdí k uRefawmfrsm;\ epfemcsufrsm;? vdt k yfcsufrsm;udk owif;pmrSwqifh rdbjynfoo l Ykd rMumcP
wdkifwef; today;awmif;qdkcJhygonf/
wuúodkvftoD;oD;rS ausmif;om;ôlaygif; (2000) ausmfudk ynmoifMum;cGifhydwfí ausmif;xkwfypfap
onfh (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf zsufodrf;a&;udkvnf; tjyif;txef awmif;qdkcJhygonf/ (3) cgus ausmif;xkwf
pepfaMumifh uRefawmfrsm; rEÅav;wuúov kd rf S ausmif;olôm;aygif; (300) rQ ynmoifMum;cGirhf &bJ 0rf;enf;aMuuGJ
pGm ausmif;rSxGufcGm oGm;Mu&ygonf/
(3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf zsufodrf;a&;? zdESdyfrIOya'rsm; ½kyfodrf;a&;? ausmif;q&m? ausmif;oHk;ypönf;?
ausmif;taqmuftOD vHkavmufa&; ponfhtcsufrsm;udk trsKd;om;aeY vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ? ausmif;om;aeY vlxkpnf;a0;
yGEJ iS hf tjcm;jynfov l x l k tpnf;ta0;yGw J ikd ;f wGif tcGit hf a&;&wdik ;f wifjyNyD; oufqikd &f mtmPmydik rf sm;xH awmif;qdak p
cJhygonf/
tqifhqifhawmif;qdk wdkufyGJ0ifcJh&mwGif ausmif;om;xk\ nDñGwfrI wdkufcdkufa&;tm;aMumifh tpdk;&ESifh
wuúov kd t
f mPmydik w f Ykd onf atmufwb kd mta&;ESihf zrf;xm;aom tjypfrhJ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk >cif;csufr½Sd
vTwfvdkuf&ygonf/ &moufyefausmif;xkwfxm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk jyefaecGifhray;ao;aomfvnf; pmar;yGJajz
cGifh ay;vm&ygonf/
odYkaomfvnf; atmufwb kd mausmif;om;ta&;jzifh zrf;xm;aomausmif;om;rsm;udk vTwaf yr,fh ,aeYausmif;
om;awGukd xyfcgzrf;aeonfukd txl;tpD&ifczH Ykd vrdk nfr[kwyf g/ ,aeY&efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ taxG
axGtwGi;f a&;rSL; udw k ifat;ESihf rEÅav;wuúov kd rf S &moufyef ausmif;xkwcf &H ol udak usmfp;kd wdYk rmS trIqifvyk Mf uHNyD;
tcsKyfaESmif cHaeMu&ygonf/ tpdk;&ESifh wuúodkvftmPmydkifwdkYonf olwdkY\ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fa&; puf,EÅ,m;BuD;udk
rSefrSefvnfEdkifa&;twGuf a&yla&at;vJonfhtaeESifh zrf;xm;aom (2) vMumonfh &JabmfawGudk vTwfNyD; rMumrD
rSmyif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk xyfí zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;rsm; usifhoHk;aeygonf/ (3) cguspepfudkvnf;
ausmif;om;xkBuD; w&yfvHk;u uefYuGufzsufodrf;&ef awmif;qdkaomfvnf; tmPmydkifrsm;onf aumif;pGmta&;r,l
ao;ay/
xdkYaMumifh rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾onf (3) cguspepf zsufodrf;a&;? zdESdyfOya'rsm; zsuf
odrf;a&;ESifh tjcm;tcGifhta&;vdktyfcsufrsm; &½Sda&;twGuf ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJBuD;rsm; jyKvkyfusif;yí wnD
wñGwfwnf; awmif;qkdcJhygonf/ rdbjynfolrsm; tultnD&½Sda&;ESifh ausmif;om;xk\ trSefudkodapa&;twGuf
NrdKUwGi;f vSnv hf nfqE´jycJyh gonf/ (3) cguspepf zsuo f rd ;f a&;? or*¾r0ifrae&pepf zsuo f rd ;f a&;? 65% ausmif;wuf
&ufpepf zsufodrf;a&;wdkYtwGuf ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD;tultnDjzifh qE´vufrSwfrsm; aumufcHpk½Hk;í (700)
ausmfaom qE´vufrSwfrsm;udk tmPmydkifrsm;xH wifjyawmif;qdkcJhygonf/ xdkuJhodkY awmif;qdkonfhae&mrSm rEÅav;
wuúodkvfausmif;rSm½Sdonfh ausmif;om; (1200) ausmfteuf (600) ausmfonf ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJrsm;wGif
pk½Hk;vmMuygonf/ vSnfhvnfyGJrsm;wGif vdkufygqE´jyMuonf/ qE´vufrSwfrsm; ay;Muygonf/ usefvlrsm; rtm;
vyfí wdkufyGJwGif ryg0ifEdkifjcif;om jzpfygonf/
rEÅav;wuúodkvf ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;u ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;wdkufyGJrsm;tm; axmufcHtm;ay;onf
udk awGU&ygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; vdkufavsmrIonf rajymyavmufao;ay/ epfemcsuf trsm;tjym; ½Sdaeao;onf/
xdkepfemcsufrsm;udk 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf aumvdyfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;rSm wifjyqkH;jzwfjyD; wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;rnfjzpf
ygonf/ xkdaMumihf þaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;wGif rEÅav;wuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;\ epfemcsufrsm;? vdktyfcsufrsm;udkd
aemiftcdsefwiG f wifjyaqG;aEG;&ef ½Syd gonf/ wuúov kd rf mS epfemqk;H ½I;H rIawG ½Sad eMuonft h m;avsmfpmG &nf½, G cf sufjcif;
wlonfh ausmif;om;xkw&yfvkH; nDñGwfrIwnfaxmifjyD; tcGifhta&;wkdufyGJrsm; wyGJNyD;wyGJ qufumqufum qifEGJzYkd
½Sdygonf/
rEÅav;wuúov dk [
f k ac:qkad eMuaomfvnf; pifppftm;jzifh usaemfrsm;ausmif;rSm rEÅav;wuúov dk f aumvdyf
ausmif; tjzpfjzihfom½Sdaeonfudk udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;? avhvmolrsm;ESifh {nfhonfawmfrsm; od½SdNyD; jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
&efuek wf uúov kd f tkycf sKyfa&;aumifprD S rEÅav;wuúov kd af usmif;tm; 1957 ckEpS w f iG f oD;jcm;wuúov kd Bf uD;
wcktjzpf wnfaxmifay;rnf[k aMunmxm;aomfvnf; oD;jcm;wuúodkvfBuD;wGif ½Sdtyfaom t*Fg&yfrsm;udk BudKwif
zef;wD;ay;&rnfh wm0efwGifrlum; &efukefwuúodkvfaumifpDonf rsm;pGmcsKdU,Gif;aeonfudk awGU&ygonf/ oD;jcm;
wuúov kd Bf uD;twGuf vdt k yfaom r[mXmersm;&½Sad &;twGuf tif*sief , D modyHÜ r[mXmecG?J Oya'r[mXmecG?J odyyHÜ nm
r[mXmecGJ tp½So d nfwYkdtm; BudKwifziG v hf pS x
f m;&efupd rö mS vnf; wpHw k &mzGi[
hf ajymqdjk cif;yif r½Scd yhJ g/ zGivhf pS x
f m;aom
494
aq;odyrHÜ [mXmecJw G iG vf nf; a½SUESpw f iG f wwd,ESpo f ifwef;rsm;udk qufvufziG v hf pS af y;NyD; uxduq&mrsm;? ausmif;
aqmifrsm;? prf;oyfaom ypön;f ud&, d mrsm; jynfph pkH mG xm;½Sad y;&ef vdak eygonf/ &efuek w f uúov kd f tkycf sKyfa&;aumifpD
wGif 0efBuD;csKyfO;D Ekrt
S p tpd;k &0efBuD;rsm; trsm;tjym;yg0ifvsuf ynma&;toH;k p&dwf avQmch sjcif;? wuúov kd af xmufyhH
aMu; odef; (70) rS odef; (65) odkY avQmhcsypfjcif;onf uRefawmfrsm;\ oD;jcm;wuúodkvf &½Sda&;udk wm;qD;ae&m
a&mufygonf/
rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾onf rEÅav;wuúodkvf ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;tm; udk,fpm;jyK
aom w&m;0iftzGJUtpnf; jzpfygaomfvnf; rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ &oifh&xdkufaom w&m;0if
tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; qHk;½HI;epfemvsufyif ½Sdaeao;onf/ ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwGifvnf; or*¾rSudk,fpm;vS,f
apvTwfa&;ü uefYowfcsKyfcs,frIrsm; jyKvkyfxm;jcif;? ausmif;aqmiftkyfcsKyfa&;? upm;ckefpm;a&;? pwdkifyif axmufyHh
aMu;ay;a&; tp½Sdonfrsm;wGif yg0ifcGifhr&½HkrQru rwuopnf;rsOf;tm; ausmif;om;xk (900) cefYrS axmufcH
xm;onfudkyif or*¾vGwfvyfpGm wnfaxmifzGJUpnf;cGifh ydwfyifjcif;? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frI trsKd;rsKd;udkcHae&onf omru
ausmif;taqmuftOD? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*? q&m tp½Sdaom ynmoifMum;a&; vdktyfcsufrsm; rjynfhrpHk rzlrvHk
jzpfae&jcif;? ausmif;om;qE´[lorQ vspfvsL½IcHae&jcif; tp½SdonfwdkYrSm rEÅav;wuúodkvfESifh armfvNrdKif? rauG;?
ausmufjzL? aumvdyfrsm;tjyif &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;xkBuD;tygt0if ArmEdkifiHwuúodkvf ausmif;om;xk
BuD;onf vnf;aumif;? wjynfvHk;ausmif;om;xkonf vnf;aumif;? ,aeY awGUMuHK&ifqdkifae&onf[k uRefawmf
rsm; vufcH,HkMunfxm;ygonf/
rEÅav;wuúov kd af usmif;rSm q&m rvHak vmufr?I ausmif;aqmif rvHak vmufraI wG wifjy&r,fq&kd if ausmif;
om; (200) rSm q&mwa,muf oifMum;ae&onfukd vufawGUrsujf rif jzpfygw,f/ bmomtvdu k f qdik &f mXmewdik ;f rSm
q&mtrsm;tjym; vdak eonfukd awGU½S&d ygonf/ pmoifcef;awGrmS vnf; rjynfrh pH?k rvHak vmufonft h wGuf ae&mxdik f
cif; &,la&;udk tajy;tvTm; tvkt,uf wufa&muf oifMum;ae&ygonf/ ausmif;aqmifaygif;rSmvnf; ,aeYq&kd if
(4) aqmifom ½Sdygao;onf/ jynfawmfomaqmifrSmvnf; x&HumwJwef;jzpfNyD; xdkwJwef; ausmif;aqmifxJrSm
us,fus,fjyefYjyefY raeMu&ygbl;/ ESpfcef;ywfvnf tus,ft0ef;xJrSm (4) a,muf usyfusyfwnf;wnf; aeMu&
ygw,f/ topfaqmufay;xm;aom ausmif;aqmifawGrmS wa,mufomaeoifah omtcef;ESihf xdt k cef;udk (2) a,muf
aeMu&ygonf/ ausmif;aqmifawG[m aemufxyfwdk;csJU aqmufay;zdkYvdkygonf/
ausmif;aqmifawG[m rEÅav;e,fajr tajctaeESihf rudu k n
f ?D roifah wmfwmawG awGU&ygw,f/ av;axmifh
yHkoP²mefaqmufxm;NyD; av0ifavaygufr½Sdí twGif;cef;awGrSm avvHk;0r&½Sdyg/ aEG&moDqdkjyef&ifvnf; raeEdkif
atmifyjl yif;vSygonf/ use;f rma&;ESihf vH;k 0rudu k n f w D m awGU&ygonf/ 'gaMumifh aemufxyfaqmufvyk rf ,fh taqmif
awGrSm av0ifomNyD; usef;rma&;eJYnDñGwfwJh yHkoP²mefrsKd; aqmufvkyfzdkY awmif;qdkcJhygonf/ ,ck aqmufvkyfqJ
ausmif;aqmifawGü av0ifaygufrsm;jzifh jyifqifaqmufvkyfaeonfudk awGU&ygonf/
ausmif;teD;tem; ausmif;aqmife,fajrESifh ausmif;aqmif xrif;[if;tp½Sdaom tpm;taomufrsm;udk
usef;rma&;t&m½Sdu oefY½Sif;? roefY½Sif;udkvnf; rppfaq;cJhyg/ tpm;taomufrsm; roefY½Sif;onfhtwGuf a&m*g
trsm;tjym; &cJMh uygonf/ ,aeYtxd aq;½HMk uD;ü tla&mifa&m*grsm;? tltwufaygufí Adu k cf u JG o k &aom a&m*grsm;?
tpmtdrfaygufí AdkufcGJuko&onfh a&m*grsm;½Sdaeygao;onf/
ausmif;rSmvnf; oD;jcm;aq;½Hk r½Sdao;yg/ q&m0efrsm;vnf; tjrJr½Sdao;bJ usOf;ajrmif;aom aq;ay;cef;
av;om ½Sdygonf/ q&m0ef (1) a,mufwnf;om wywfrSm Ak'¨[l;aeYwaeYomvQif vma&muf wm0ef,lonfudk
awGU&ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh aq;½HkoD;jcm; aqmufvkyfay;&ef? wwfuRrf;onfh q&m0efrsm;tjrJxm;ay;&efESifh aq;0g;
tjynft h pHk xm;½Sad y;&efwYkd ukd ausmif;om;wdik ;f u vdv k m;qE´½adS eojzifh þtcsufrsm;vnf; txl;awmif;qdck yhJ gonf/
ausmif;oHk;bmom&yfqdkif&m pmtkyfrsm;rSmvnf; wefzdk;BuD;jrifhpGmjzifh 0,f,loifMum;ae&ygonf/ tzdk;EIef;
uefYowfrrI ½Sí d pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;\ tcGit hf a&;,lrI atmufwiG f aps;BuD;ay;um 0,f,o l ;kH pG&J onft h jyif tcsKUd pmtkyf
pmwrf;rsm;rSm 0,f,lír&onfh tcuftcJrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifaeMu&ygonf/ þuJhodkY pmtkyfrsm;0,f,lr&í tvm;wl
pmtkyfrsm;avhvm&ef pmMunfhwdkufrsm;rSmvnf; bmom&yfqdkif&m pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; jynfhpHkvHkavmufrI r½Sdao;ay/
bmom&yfqikd &f m pmMunfw h ukd rf sm; zGivhf pS í f pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; jynfph v kH akH vmufatmif pDpOfxm;½Sad y;jcif;rsm;
vnf; r½Sdao;ay/
xdkaMumifh rEÅav;wuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;onf tjyifA[kokwtjzpfomru bmom&yfqdkif&m wdk;wuf
rIrsm;twGuf avhvmvdu k pf m;csiaf omfvnf; avhvmvdu k pf m;cGihf r&ouJoh Ykd jzpfaeMuygonf/ xdYkaMumifh vuf½pdS mMunfh
495
wduk wf iG f bmom&yfqikd &f m pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; jynfjh ynfph pkH kH vHvk akH vmufavmuf xm;½Sad y;&efEiS hf bmomtvdu k qf ikd &f m
pmMunfhwdkufrsm; zGifhvSpfay;&ef trsm;BuD; vdktyfaeao;onf/
rEÅav;aq;odyÜHausmif;ü &ifqdkifaeMu&aom tcuftcJrsm;udk wifjy&ygvQif ,cktxd trsKd;om;ausmif;
aqmif? trsKd;orD;ausmif;aqmif[í l oD;jcm;xm;½Sjd cif; r½Sad o;bJ pmoifcef;ausmif;aqmifay:üom pkaygif;aeMu&yg
onf/ oifwef;tcef;rsm; rvHak vmuf rtm;vyfí prf;oyf&efypön;f ud&, d mrsm;udk rwyfqifEikd ?f roif,El ikd bf jJ zpfae
Muygonf/
pdkufysKd;a&;odyÜHüvnf; q&mvHkavmufrIr½Sdí q&mrsm; iSm;&rf;ay;aeMu&ygonf/ pdkufysKd;a&;ausmif;om;
rsm; aexdkif&eftwGufvnf; oD;jcm;ausmif;aqmif r½Sdao;yg/ xdkolwdkYtwGuf ausmif;aqmifvdktyfaeygao;onf/
xdYk aMumifh ausmif;wdik ;f ausmif;wdik ;f q&mrsm; rvHrk avmuf rjynfrh pHrk w I Ykd tjyif ausmif;aqmif rvHak vmufrI
rsm;? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm* rjynfhrpHkrvHkavmufrIrsm;? zdESdyfrItrsKd;rsKd;rsm;ESifh &ifqdkifawGUMuHKae&onfrSm xif½Sm;vSyg
onf/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vdktyfcsufrsm; &½Sda&;? zdESdyfrIOya'rsm; zsufodrf;a&;twGuf &nf½G,fcsufwl
ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf nDnñ D wG ñ
f w G vf ufwNJG yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef aqmif½u G of mG ;rnfukd today;vsuf þtpD&ifcpH mudk
wifoGif;vdkuf&ygonf cifAsm;/
trIaqmiftzGYJ
rEåav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
rEåav;NrdKY
xdk 'kwd,Budrfajrmuf wuúodkvfESifh aumvdyfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJrS a<u;aMumfoHrsm;rSm-

(1) ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; &,lMu
(2) jynfwGif;ppf &yfpJMu
(3) wuúodkvfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD; wnfjrJygap
(4) urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ t"Gefh½Snfygap
(n) udw
k ifat;udpö uefu
h u
G v
f mT
odkY
---------------
---------------
aeYpGJ- 19? 3? 56
udpö / / txl;wef;aecGifh ½kyfodrf;jcif;udk uefYuGufjcif;/
cifAsm;-
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; udkwifat;tm; uGefjrLepfpm½Gufpmwrf;
rsm; a0iSonf[lí taMumif;jyum rw&m;zrf;qD;cJhygonf/ þodkYzrf;qD;NyD; &efukefaxmifBuD;twGif; csKyfaESmif
xm;ygonf/ xdkcsKyfaESmifxm;pOftwGif; udkwifat;rSm txl;wef;ü aexdkifcGifh&cJhygonf/ odkYaomf 16? 3? 56
rSpí ½Hk;rif;a½SUü &refcH,l&ef rvma&muf[laom tMumif;jycsufjzifh txl;wef;aecGifh ½kyfodrf;vdkufonf[k
od&ygonf/
½H;k rif;a½SUü &refc,H &l efrvma&muf[al om taMumif;jycsufjzifh txl;wef;aecGihf ½kyo f rd ;f jcif;onf r[kwf
rrSeftaMumif;jyum taMumif;rJhzdESdyfvdkíom jzpfonf[k ,lqygonf/ &refcH,l&mwGif rnfonfhtcsKyfom;rqdk
½Hk;rif;a½SUwGif taMumif;udpöw&yf&yfaMumifh rvma&mufEdkifygu pmjzifhvufrSwfa&;xdk; taMumif;Mum;ygvQif
NyD;pD;Edkifonfh udpöjzpfygonf/ ,cifwBudrfuvnf; &refcH,l&mwGif udkwifat; rxGufa&mufEdkifojzifh pmjzifh
vufrSwfa&;xdk; taMumif;Mum;&m &refcH,ljcif;udpö NyD;ajrmufcJhygonf/ þodkYpmjzifha&;om; tMumif;Mum;ygu
NyD;pD;Edkifonfhudpö jzpfojzifh ,cktBudrfwGifvnf; udkwifat;u pmjzifha&;om;um taMumif;Mum;cJhygonf/
odYk vsufEiS hf ,cktBudrw f iG rf S ½H;k rif;a½SU rvma&muf[al om tMumif;jycsufjzifh txl;wef;aecGihf ½kyof rd ;f jcif;onf
vHk;0enf;vrf; rusonfhtjyif cdkifvHkaomtaMumif;jycsufvnf; r[kwf[k ,lqygonf/
496
,ckuJhodkY enf;vrf;rusrcdkifvHkaom taMumif;jycsufjzifh tcGifhta&; ½kyfodrf;jcif;onf ,cifu wuo

taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; udkwifat;tm; &mZ0wfjypfrIusL;vGefolrsm;uJhodkY vufxdyfcwfac:&mwGif rvdkufonfh
tNidK;jzifhom ,ckuJhodkY txl;weff;aexdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;½kyfodrf;jcif;om jzpfygonf/ odkYygí &efukefwuúodkvf
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾u ½SufzG,fvdvd rw&m;þodkYjyKrljcif;udk jyif;xefpGm uefYuGufvdkuf&ygonf/
av;pm;pGmjzifh
(bkef;vIdif)
wuo
odom&ef-
(1) jynfxJa&;
(2) w&m;Xme
(3) ykvdyfrif;BuD;
(4) 'k-ykvdyfrif;BuD; (&mZ0wfrIqdkif&m)
(5) qdkif&mw&m;olBuD;
(6) owif;pmwdkufrsm;
(#) 1955-56 ckEpS f wuo tpD&ifcpH m

&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (1955-1956 ckESpf tpD&ifcHpm)
yxrtywf (wuo) a½G;aumufyu JG kd atmufwb kd mv (10) &ufaeYwiG f usif;y&m wyfO;D ud,k pf m;vS,rf sm;
jzpfMuaom udkwifxGef; (ewfarmuf) onf wuo\ Ouú|tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;;? podef;[ef (u&iftrsKd;om;)
onf wuo 'k-Ouú|tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;? udkpHabmf (&cdkiftrsKd;om;? B .A, B. L) wuo\b@ma&;rSL;tjzpf
jzifhvnf;aumif; toD;oD;a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufjcif;cH&\/
'kwd,tywf wuoa½G;aumufyGJudk atmufwdkbmv (21) &ufaeYwGifusif;y&m atmufygwyfOD; udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;onf wuotrIaqmifrsm;tjzpf rJtjywftowfESifh a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;cH&onf/
¤if;trIaqmiftzGJYwGif-
(1) udkwifat; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (rEÅav;)
(2) udkbkef;vdIif wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL; (tif;0)
(3) apmtuf'refwifcsKd EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;rSL; (u&iftrsKd;om;)
(4) udkausmfjrifh upm;ckefpm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIjr§ifhwifa&;rSL; (½Srf;)
(5) udkjrifhOD; vlxkqufoG,fa&;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;rSL;
(6) udkarmifarmifñGefY ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;rSL;
-ponfjzifh wm0eftoD;oD; cGJa0xrf;aqmifcJhMuayonf/
wuo\ pnf;rsOf;pOfvmt&trIaqmiftzGJYrS-
(1) udk0if;Zif tdk;a0wm0efcH
(2) udkwifat; pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
-tjzpf a½G;cs,fcefUtyfcJhayonf/
1955-56 ckESpftwGuf tdk;a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwDudk-

(1) udk0if;Zif tdk;a0wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
(2) udkpHabmf aiGxdef;
(3) udkodef;[ef tvkyfwm0efcH
497
(4) udkcsdef*Grf twGif;a&;rSL;

(5) udkausmf0if;jrifh trIaqmif
(6) udkwif½Sdef trIaqmif
(7) udkwifhvGif trIaqmif
-wdkYudkzGJUpnf;cJhonf/
1955-56 ckESpf yd#duwfwdkuftwGuf

(1) udkwifat; yd#duwfwdkufrSL;
(2) udkpHabmf aiGxdef;
(3) apmawvm aumfrwD0if
(4) udkcifarmif&if aumfrwD0if
(5) udkvSaz (&cdkif) aumfrwD0if (aemif OD;wifhaZmf)
(6) udkoef;vGif aumfrwD0if
(7) udkapmvGif aumfrwD0if
-wdkY yg0ifaom aumfrwDw&yfudk zGJUpnf;cJhayonf/
wuúodkvfupm;ckefpm;aumifpDudkvnf;-
(1) udkausmfjrifh
(2) udkodef;ñGefU
(3) udkxGef;atmif
(4) udka½TaX;
(5) pwdkifavr,f*spf -wdkYudk wm0efay;zGJUpnf;cJhayonf/
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ pm&if;ppftjzpf OD;oef;wl (bDatbDt,fvf) udk cefYxm;cJhonf/
wuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDwGif ausmif;om;xk\ vdktyfcsufrsm;? qE´rsm;? awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wifjy
aqG;aEG;onft h cgwGif vnf;aumif;? wuúov kd w
f iG ½f adS om jyóemt&yf&yfupkd Of;pm;&mü vnf;aumif;? pnf;rsO;f tpOf
vmt& ausmif;om;xk\udk,fpm; (wuo) \ udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf -
(1) OD;at;armif (w&m;a&;0efBuD;a[mif;ESifh wuúodkvf 'k-t"dywda[mif;)
(2) OD;bNidrf; (tdkifpDtufpf twGif;0ifa[mif;) wdkYtm; a½G;cs,fwifajr§mufcJhMuayonf/
OD;at;armifonf wuúov kd af q;½Hak umfrwDwiG v f nf; wuo\ ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf wm0ef,al qmif½uG af e
ayonf/
OD;bNidrf;onf ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDESifh wuúodkvf&dyfomaumfrwDwGif wuo\ udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
wm0ef,laqmif½Gufvsuf ½Sdayao;onf/
&efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;aqmifaumfrwDwiG f ausmif;om;xku, kd pf m;vS,t f jzpf wuorS udak rmifarmifñeG Yf
ESifh udkausmfjrifhwdkYtm; wm0efay;aqmif½Guf cJhaponf/
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ Ouú|opf usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJudk 1955 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (17)
&ufaeYwiG f ,k'oefcef;rüusi;f ycJo h nf/ xdu k sr;f opömused q f ykd w
JG iG f igwdYk wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ 0if\0g'udk atmufyg
twdkif; ausmif;om;xkodkY wifjy½Sif;vif;cJhayonf/
1/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;? tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynma&;ESifh ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifh
jzL;a&;/
2/ ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;ESihf w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;ta&;jyóemwdik ;f wGif aqmif½u G vf akd om ausmif;
om;tiftm;pkrsm; ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;wGJaqmif½Gufa&;/
3/ Nidrf;csrf;pGmynmoifMum;a&;? ,Ofaus;rIxdef;odrf;jr§ifhwifa&;ESifh ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; &if;ESD;pGmaygif;
oif;qufqHa&; ponfhtajccH0g'rsm;udk csrSwfí ¤if;0g'\atmufü ,ckESpfwGifvkyfaqmifrnfh t"du
vkyfief;BuD; (8) &yfudkvnf; csrSwfcJhonf/
(1) oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepf y,fzsufa&;/
498
(2) pmar;yGu
J sqH;k rI ,kwaf vsmhap&ef bmom&yfvu kd f (Departmentel Moderation) vky½f o kH mru?
tm;vHk;pkaygif;í (Overall Moderation) vkyfa&;/
(3) ausmif;om;or0g,rESifh ausmif;om;pm;aomufqdkif (Canteen) wck azmfxkwfa&;/
(4) or*¾yd#duwfwdkuf pepfwus wnfaqmufzGifhvSpfa&;/
(5) aumvdyfaygif;pHk ajy;ckefupm;yGJESifh aumvdyfaygif;pHk aqG;aEG;yGJjyKvkyfa&;/
(6) 1955 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif usif;yrnfh vli,faygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;wGif yg0ifaqmif½Gufa&;/
(7) wuotaqmuftOD wdk;csJUa&;ESifh pnf;rsOf;jyifqifa&;/
(8) ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;/
&Jabmf ausmif;olôm;taygif;wdkh-
txuf0g'ESifh vkyfief;pOft& 1955-56 ckESpftwGuf ausmif;om;xkwm0efay;tyf a½G;aumufwifajr§muf
cJhaom wuo trIaqmiftzGJU\ vkyfief;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk tvkyftpnf;ta0;yGJwGif atmufygtwdkif; tpD&ifcH
ygonf/
wuoonf wuúov kd af usmif;om;xkw&yfv;kH awGUMuHKcHpm;ae&aom jyóem&yfrsm;? rw&m;Oya'rsm;udk
zsufodrf;&eftwGuf ausmif;om;xka½SUü rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfwdkufyGJ0ifvsuf ½Sdygonf/
13? 1? 56 aeYwiG f usif;ycJah om wuúov kd af umifpD tpnf;ta0;yGüJ ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;kH cHpm;ae&aom
awmif;qdck surf sm; w&mausmu f kd wifjyawmif;qdck yhJ gonf/ ¤if;awmif;qdck surf sm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh ausmif;aqmif
ESifhywfoufaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;? pmar;yGJESifhywfoufaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;? ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,f
aom awmif;qdkcsufrsm; jzpfygonf/ wuo\ awmif;qdkcsufESifhywfoufí aumifpDrS atmufygtwdkif; jyefMum;yg
onf/
(1) ,ckESpfrS pí Overall moderation vkyfay;rnf/
(2) Caution Fees rsm;udk y,fzsufay;rnf/
(3) Laboratory rsm;udk ausmif;om; tvdk½SdcsdefwGif prf;oyfcGifhjyKEdkif&ef Dean of Science ESifh pDpOfí
prf;oyfcGifhjyKrnf/
(4) *kPfxl;wef;ESifh r[m0dZÆmodyÜHwef; axmufyHhaMu;udk 100d^- txd wdk;ay;&ef oabmwlonf/
oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepfESifh 65% pepfwdkYudk pOf;pm;&efESifh tjcm;oifhawmfaom enf;pepf½Sdygu aumifpD
odkY wifjy&ef atmufygaumfrwDudk zGJUpnf;ygonf/
1/ ygarmu©csKyf (cs,f,mrif)
2/ odyÜHr[mXmerSL;
3/ 0dZÆmr[mXmerSL;
4/ ausmif;tkyfBuD; (rEÅav;)
5/ OD;bNidrf; (wuoudk,fpm;vS,f)
6/ OD;xGef;wif (NrdKUawmf0efa[mif;)
wuúodkvfodkY 0ifa&muf&mwGif ,cifvufrSwfa&;xdk;&aom (Any action against University etc.)
tpm; atmufygtcsufrsm;udk tpm;oGif;ay;ygonf/
(1) I will obey all existing future statutes, rules & regulation of the University and decisions
of its constituent authorities.
(2) I will properly conduct myself as a student of the University.
q&mrsm;yg0ifaom aumfrwDw&yf zGJUpnf;í pnf;urf;opfjyK&mwGifvnf; ausmif;om;qEúdk &,lrnf/
ausmif;om; (40) vQif t&nftcsif;jynfh q&mwa,mufxm;½Sda&;? pmoifcef;rsm;? ausmif;aqmifrsm; wdk;csJUaqmuf
vkyfa&;? avmu"gwfynm prf;oyf&efypönf;rsm; jynfhpHkvHkavmufpGm xm;½Sda&;? enf;jyq&mrsm; wdk;csJUcefUxm;a&;
paom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wGif wuúodkvfaumifpDrS rltm;jzifh vufcHvdkufavsmayonf/
rD;&xm;? rD;oabFm? av,mOfysHponfwdkYwGif w0ufcEIef;jzifh pD;eif;cGifhjyK&efjzpfaom oufomacsmifcsda&;
awmif;qdkcsufwdkYwGif aumifpDrS qdkif&mESifhpDpOfaeygonf[k jyefMum;cJhayonf/
tm;upm;½Hjk yifqifa&;paom upm;ckepf m;ESiyhf wfoufaom awmif;qdck sufrsm;? ausmif;om;wdik ;f aq;tcrJh
499
xdk;&efpaom usef;rma&;awmif;qdkcsufwdkYwGifvnf; aumifpDrS pDpOfygrnf[laom jyefMum;csufudk &½SdcJhygonf/

ausmif;olrsm;twGuf aq;½Ho k ;D oefY aqmufvyk af y;ygrnf[al om ausmif;olwYkdtwGuf awmif;qdck surf sm;udk
vnf;aumif;? aq;odyÜHtwGuf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? tif*sifeD,mtwGuf taqmuftODrsm; NyD;pD;ygu
jynfph ykH grnf[al om jyefMum;csurf sm;wGif &efuif;? xD;wef;wuúov kd f ausmif;aqmifupd t
ö &yf&yfwYkdukd vufcyH gonf[l
í vnf;aumif;? tcsKdUudk aumifpDESifh rqdkif[lí vnf;aumif;;? tcsKdUtcsufrsm;udk rjzpfEdkifyg[lí vnf;aumif;;
wuúodkvfaumifpDrS jyefMum;cJhayonf/
&Jabmfw-hkd
ausmif;om;xk\ wcJeufaomqEÉSifh nDñGwfaomtiftm;aMumifh ,aeYtmPmydkifwdkYonf cg;cg;oD;oD;
y,fcscJhaom (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk ,cktcg þuJhodkY pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDyifvQif cefYtyfMu&ayonf/ odkYaomf
þtcsuo f nf atmifjrifjcif; r[kwaf o;ay/ ausmif;om;xk\ cdik rf mawmifw h if; nDñw G af om tiftm;jzifh ¤if;pepfq;kd
ysufokOf;onftxd qufvufwGef;vSef NzdKzsuf&ef vdktyfayonf/
igwdYk onf ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&; umuG,af &;vkyif ef; awmif;qdck sufvyk if ef;tjyif ,ckuo hJ Ykd ausmif;om;
rsm; tcGifhta&; ½kyfodrf;cH&onfhtcsdef ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;udk rw&m;ausmif;pnf;rsOf; Oya'rsm;ESifh &pfywfí
pmoifcef;twGif;rS armif;xkwfjcif;cHae&onfh tcsdefwGif ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&; vufeufudkudkifpGJum awmif;qdk
wdkufyGJ0ifrS atmifjrifEdkifrnf[k wuou ,HkMunfojzifh ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk txl;aqmif½GufcJh
ygonf/
Ed0k ifbm (17) &ufaeY urÇmah usmif;om;aeYwiG f igwdYk wuoonf Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf? &uowdYk EiS hf yl;wGNJ yD;
crf;em;pGm usif;yEdkifcJhonf/ ¤if;aeYrSm urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;\ tajctae? Armhausmif;om;rsm;\ ypöu©tajctae
rsm;tm; qufpyfavhvmwifjyum ¤if;wifjycsufawGxJüyif ausmif;om;wdkufyGJ toGifo@mefrsm;udk odjrifenf;,l
Edik cf MhJ uonf/ (35) Budraf jrmuf trsKd;om;aeYüvnf; wrsKd;om;vH;k \ta&;rsm;udk wuoonf &mZ0iftpOftvmt&
a½SUwef;rS yg0ifaqmif½Gufum Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfESifh &uowdkYygyl;wGJí acgif;aqmifusif;y EdkifcJhonf/ 'DZifbmv
(20) &uf (0g) ausmif;om;aeYüvnf; wuúodkvfpmMunfhwdkuf a½SUjrufcif;jyifwGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkYESifh
vufwGJí vkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/ Adkvfatmifausmf aoG;ajruscJhaom twGif;0efrsm;½Hk;aygufodkY oGm;a&mufNyD; ,aeYwdkif
ausmif;om;rsm; udv k ekd yD nma&;pepfatmufwiG f tvl;tvdrt fh n§O;f yef;cHae&onfuw kd ikd w
f nfNyD;vQif Adv
k af tmifausmv f kd
vm;aom 'Dru kd a&pDynma&;pHepftwGuf qufvufNyD;wdu k yf 0JG ifrnfqo kd nfukd ausmif;om;aeYwiG f t"d|mefjyKMuonf/
,ckEpS w f iG f vkyaf qmifrnfh wuo\ t"duvkyif ef;pOf (8) &yfwiG yf g0ifaom Armwjynfv;kH ½Sd vli,frsm;ESihf
&if;ES;D rdwaf qGjzpfa&; vli,fxpk nf;vH;k nDñw G af &;ESihf vli,fb0tajctae avhvma&;wdYk twGuf 1955 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbm
v (23-24) &ufaeYrsm;wGif usif;yaom vli,faygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;wGif wuoonf tifwdkuftm;wdkuf yg0ifcJhNyD;
,aeYcHpm;ae&aom ausmif;om;jyóemrsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;EdkifcJhonf/
xdYk tjyif ,aeYwuúov kd w
f iG f cHpm;ae&onfh jyóem&yfrsm;udk awGUqHak qG;aEG;vdak Mumif; wuúov kd t
f "dywd
0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkxH urf;vSrf;cJh&m vufcHojzifh 24? 1? 56 aeY? nydkif;wGif awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cJhMuaMumif;/ ¤if;aqG;aEG;yGJodkY
wuotrIaqmifrsm; wufa&mufMuum-
(1) oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepf y,fzsufay;&ef?
(2) &moufyef ausmif;xkwfxm;olrsm;jyefoGef;&ef?
(3) 0&rf;xkwfxm;aom ausmif;om;ESpfOD;ESifh tzrf;cHae&ol wOD; vTwf&ef?
(4) wuopmMunfhwdkuftwGuf aiGvSL'gef;&ef?
(5) tm½S-tmz&duausmif;om;nDvmcHodkY wufa&mufEdkifa&;twGuf EdkifiHul;vufrSwf xkwfay;&efwdkYudk
aqG;aEG;cJh&m wuopmMunfhwdkuftwGuf aiG 2180d^- &½Sdí tm½S-tmz&duausmif;om;nDvmcH wufa&mufa&;
twGuf aqmif½u G af y;rnf/ (3) cguspepf? &moufyefausmif;xkwcf &H olrsm;ESihf 0&rf;xkwcf &H olrsm;twGuf pOf;pm;ygOD;
rnf[lí jyefMum;csuf&cJhaMumif;/
¤if;jyifausmif;aqmifrsm;tkycf sKyfa&;ESiyhf wfoufí ausmif;om;rsm;upDpOf&ef tMuHÓPfay;aqG;aEG;&mwGi-f
(u) vmrnfh azazmf0g&DvrSpí ausmif;om;rsm;u pm;a&;aomufa&; ponfwkdYukd pDrHcefYcGJívkyf&ef/ wuorS
{NyDvqef;rS pwifprf;oyf vkyfaqmifygrnf[k wifjycJhonf/ ]tkycf sKyaf &;pHepfudk ausmif;om;rsm;okhd vJaT o;onf
r[kwf}
500
(c) tkyfcsKyfpDrHrIpepf? ykHpHpnf;urf;rsm;ukd tjrefqkH;avhvm&ef wuorS avhvmrnfukd wifjycJhonf/

(*) tu,fí ausmif;om;rsm; uk, d wf idk af qmif½u G yf gu ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDoYdk vkt d yfaomtcg xkwaf y;aeusaiG
ukd ausmif;om;rsm;ukd,fwkdif aqmif½GufonfhtcgwGif yxrESpfvomxkwfay;NyD; usefvrsm;wGif xkwfray;Edkif
awmhaMumif; wifjyonf/ ]wuorS ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDohdk vkt d yfonft U cg xkwaf y;aeusaiGudk qufvuf
xkwfay;&ef wifjyonf}
txufyg 0efBuD;csKyf\ wifjycsuw f YkdrmS ausmif;aqmifrsm; ud,k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG ahf y;jcif;jzpfonf r[kwaf o;[k
,lqojzifh oufqdkif&mrsm;ESifh n§dEIdif;pOf;pm;ygrnf[k jyefvnfwifjycJhaomaMumifh 0efBuD;csKyfu ygarmu©csKyfESifh
wdkifyifn§dEIdif;vkyf&ef ygarmu©csKyfodkY wm0efvTJvdkufaMumif;/
1956 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (7) &ufaeYu atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;í rw&m;ausmif;
xkwcf &H aom aemifawmfausmif;om;rsm; tm;vH;k udk zdwaf c:í wuotrIaqmifrsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;NyD; rdrw d Ykd ausmif;jyef
0ifcGifh&½Sdap&ef wuotrIaqmiftcsKdUESifh &moufyefausmif;xkwfcH&aom ausmif;om;tcsKdUyg0ifaom ausmif;xkwf
jcif;cH&onfh ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyef0ifa&;aqmif½GufrIaumfrwDw&yfudk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ ¤if;aumfrwDrSaeí
Zefe0g&Dv (12) &ufaeYwGif toHwdwfqE´jyyGJudk vSnfhvnfjyocJhonf/ &moufyefausmif;xkwfxm;jcif;cH&aom
ausmif;om;rsm; vSnfhvSnfqE´jypOf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; 0dkif;0ef;BudKqdkMuonfhtjyif ¤if;wdkYtm; tpm;t
aomufrsm;ESifh {nfhcHauR;arG;cJhonf/ Zefe0g&Dv (13) &uf aumifpDtpnf;ta0;rSm wBudrf toHwdwfqE´jyyGJudk
qufvufjyKvkyMf uonf/ ¤if;aeYrmS &moufyefausmif;xkwx f m;cH&aom aemifawmfausmif;om;rsm;\ cHpm;&csufrsm;
udkMunfhí rcsdwifuJjzpfcJh&aom ausmif;om;xkonf &moufyefausmif;xkwfjcif;cH&aom aemifawmfausmif;om;rsm;
ESifhtwl wcJeufa<u;aMumfqE´jyonftxd jzpfvmcJhonf/ ausmif;xkwfxm;jcif;cH&aom ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;
jyef0ifa&;aqmif½GufrIaumfrwDonf &moufyefausmif;xkwfcHxm;&aom ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyef0ifcGifh&a&;
twGuf qufvufwu kd yf 0JG if awmif;qdv
k su½f ydS gonf/ atmufwb kd mausmif;wvydwaf &;ESihf ywfoufí 0&rf;xkwx f m;
jcif;cH&aom ausmif;om; (2) OD; (udkbaumif;ESifh udkvS0if;) wdkYtm; 0&rf;jyefvnf½kyfodrf;&eftwGuf vnf;aumif;?
rw&m; zrf;qD;jcif;cHae&aom &moufyefausmif;om; udkausmfpdk;\ vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf vnf;aumif;? wuorS
aqmif½GufqJyifjzpfonf/
1955 ck? Ed0k ifbmv (29) &ufaeYwiG f wuotwGi;f a&;rSL; udw k ifat;onf tmPmydik f zqyv qd½k , S v f pf
wdkY\ rw&m;vkyfMuHzrf;qD;jcif; cHcJh&onf/ þuJhodkY wuotwGif;a&;rSL;udk rw&m;vkyfMuH zrf;qD;aomaMumifh
tjrefjyefvTwfa&;twGuf 1955 ck? 'DZifbmv (2) &ufaeYwGif wuorS ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;BuD; ac:í
zqyv qdk½S,fvpftpdk;&udk ½IwfcsuefYuGufcJhMuonf/ twGif;a&;rSL; udkwifat; tzrf;cH&NyD;aemuf wGJzuftwGif;
a&;rSL;jzpfaom udkbkef;vIdifudk twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfwm0ef,lapNyD; wuo\vkyfief;rsm; qufvufaqmif½GufcJhMu
onf/ rw&m;vkyMf uHzrf;qD;jcif;cH&aom wuotwGi;f a&;rSL; udw k ifat;vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf wuorS qufvuf
í BudK;pm;Muonf/
wuoonf ausmif;om;rsm;tcsif;csif; wOD;ESifhwOD; &if;ESD;cspfcifrIcdkifrmap&ef EdkifiHwGif;rSm½Sdonfh
wuúodkvfqdkif&m-
(u) rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
(c) armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
(*) rauG;Oypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
(C) ausmufjzLaumvdyaf usmif;om;aumifpD ygrusef tquftoG,f jyKvkycf o hJ nft
h jyif urÇmah usmif;om;
rsm;ESihf &if;ESpD mG aygif;oif;qufqEH ikd &f ef? urÇmEh ikd if aH usmif;om;rsm;or*¾EiS hf qufo, G o f nf/ urÇmrSm wckwnf;aom
ausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfjzpfaom (tdkif,ltufpf) ESifh urÇmhvli,ftzGJUudkvnf; qufoG,fonf/ ,ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;rS
ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfMuaom ygupöwefjynf 'uúmwuúodkvfrS ausmif;om;rsm;? tdE´d,jynfqdkif&m ausmif;om;or*¾
tzGJUcsKyf twGif;a&;rSL; rpöwmqGef'g;? t*Fvefjynf bmrif*efausmif;om;uGefz&ifhrS aumhqufudk,fpm;vS,frsm;?
tdkif,ltufpf 'k-OuúX rpöwm*sefwm&m? tdkif,ltufpf oufomacsmifcsda&;tBuD;tuJ rpöwmt,f'DaomrwfESifh
MopaMw;vD;,m;jynf rJvfbkef;wuúodkvfrS udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;wdkY toD;oD; wuoodkY vma&mufMuonf/ ¤if;wdkY
a&muf½SdcsdefwGif wuoonf ausmif;om;ta&;jyóemrsm;udk &ifESD;pGm aqG;aEG;EdkifcJhMuonf/ urÇmYausmif;om;
{nfhonfawmfrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGm{nfhcHjyKpkí ArmjynfwGif;ae&mtcsKdUudk vdkufvHjyoay;onf/ rpöwmt,f'Daom
rwfpf udk,fwdkifzdwfMum;csuft&vnf;aumif;? urÇmUausmif;om;or*¾ zdwfMum;csuft&vnf;aumif;? 1956 ckESpf
501
arvwGif tif'dkeD;½Sm;jynf? befa'gif;NrdKUwGif usif;yrnf jzpfaom tmz&du-tm½Sausmif;om;rsm; nDvmcHudk wuf

a&muf&ef vufcHNyD;aemuf &efukefwuúodkvf? rEÅav;wuúodkvf? armfvNrdKifaumvdyf? rauG;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;
or*¾rsm;? AuotzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkUESifh yl;wGJí trsKd;om;jyifqifa&;w&yfudk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ ¤if;aumfrwD\em,u
tjzpfuv kd nf; Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf wuúov kd t f "dywd OD;Ektm; wifajr§muftwnfjyKcJo h nf/ ¤if;aumfrwDwiG f igwdYk \
wuorS ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; &if;ESD;pGmyl;aygif;aqmif½GufEdkifa&;0g'twdkif; 'Dtufpftdkausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;
jzpfaom AuoXmecsKyftm;vnf; zdwaf c:cJah yonf/ odYk aomf 0rf;enf;zG,&f maumif;onfrmS ¤if;wdYk rwufa&mufcahJ y/
,aeYigwdYk onf Nidr;f csr;f pGm ynmoifMum;vdo k nf/ xdYk aMumifyh if tcGit hf a&;qH;k ½H;I rI? rauseyfrI vdiI ;f wHy;kd x
aeonfh ynmoifMum;a&; tajctaeMum;wGif wuoonf oufqikd &f mtmPmydik rf sm;ESihf Nidr;f csr;f pGmawGUqHak jz½Si;f &ef
qE´½Sdonfhtwdkif; aqmif½GufcJhayonf/ odkYaomf igwdkYrSm usqHk;aeao;aom tcGifhta&;rsm; jyefvnfr&½Sdao;ay/
xdkaMumifh igwdkYonf ausmif;om;xk\ nDñGwfa&;vufeufudkpGJudkifum qufvufwdkufyGJ0if&rnfyif jzpfayonf/
,ckESpf wuúodkvf&mZ0ifwGif armfuGef;wifusef&pfrnfh vkyfief;&yfrSm 20? 1? 56 &ufrS 21? 1? 56 &uf
xd usif;yNyD;pDcJhonfh aumvdyfaygif;pHk ajy;ckefupm;yGJESifh 23? 1? 56 &ufrS 25? 1? 56 &ufxd usifyNyD;pDcJhaom
'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf aumvdyfaygif;pHkawGUqkHaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;yif jzpfayonf/ aumvdyfaygif;pkH ajy;ckefupm;yGJBuD;wGif
ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; cspfMunf&if;ESDa&;? rdwfaqGjzpfa&;ESifh usef;rma&; tqifhtwef;jr§ifhwifa&;qdkonfh &nf½G,f
csufjzifh wuo&mZ0ifrSm yxrtBudrf pwifusif;ycJhonf/ ¤if;ajy;ckefupm;yGJBuD;udk Armjynft&yf&yfü ½Sdaom
wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfrsm;;rS upm;ckefpm; ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; tm;wufoa&m wufa&muf ,SOfNydKifupm;Mu
onf/ oGm;vmrItcuftcJaMumifh ausmufjzLaumvdyrf S rwufa&mufEikd af cs/ txufyg aumvdyaf ygif;pHk ajy;ckeu f pm;
yGJBuD; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf q&mESifhausmif;om; &ifESD;pGm vufwGJaqmif½GufEdkifcJhojzifh txl;yif 0rf;ajrmufayonf/
wuoonf ajy;ckeu f pm;yGBJ uD; ydrk akd tmifjrifr½I adS p&eftwGuf A[djk yefMum;a&;aumfrwDBuD;w&yfukd zGUJ pnf;
um-
1/ owif;ESifhjyefMum;a&;? 0g'jzefYcsda&;qyfaumfrwD
2/ {nfhcHBudKqdka&;qyfaumfrwD
3/ tcrf;tem;ESifhae&mcsxm;a&;aumfrwD
4/ pnf;½Hk;a&;aumfrwD
5/ b@ma&;aumfrwDponfjf zifh aumfrwDrsm;udk zGUJ pnf;um tm;BudK;rmefwuf aqmif½u G Mf uonf/ tm;ay;
ulncD MhJ uaom toif;tzGUJ rsm;? vly*k Kd¾ vfrsm;? wuúov kd qf &mrsm;udv k nf; aus;Zl;wif½ydS gaMumif; rSww f rf;wifygonf/
aumvdyaf ygif;pHak wGUqHak qG;aEG;yGJ usi;f y&jcif;\&nf½, G cf surf mS wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdyt
f oD;oD;rS wlnaD om
cHpm;csufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;NyD; rnfuJhodkYtajz½Sm aqmif½Gufrnfhtcsufyif jzpfayonf/
txufyg 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf aumvdyfaygif;pHkawGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;wGif ausmif;om;xkvdktyfcsufrsm;?
ausmif;om;xktcGit hf a&;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;NyD; aqG;aEG;ygonf/ aqG;aEG;yGjJ zpfajrmufa&;twGuf wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdyf
toD;oD;rS ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; OD;pD;aqmif½Gufygonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;udk oufqdkif&mudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifaom-
1/ obmywdrsm;tzGJU
2/ twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;tzGJU zGJUpnf;NyD; ausmif;om;a&;&mjyóem&yfrsm;udk n§dEIdif;aqG;aEG;Muonf/
¤if;aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;rS wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyftoDoD;rS wlnDaomcHpm;csuf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk qufvuftaumift
xnfazmfEikd &f ef obmywdtzGUJ ESihf twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;tzGUJ udk wm0efay;cJo h nf/ wuoonf aqG;aEG;yGrJ S wifjyaqG;aEG;
cJhaom ,aeY wuúodkvfynma&; tajctae? jynfwGif;ppf &yfpJ&efyefMum;vTmESifh wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyftoD;oD;rS
wlnDaomcHpm;csuf? awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk rdbjynfolrsm;odkY xda&mufpGmwifjyEdkif&ef yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;ESifh &efukefNrdKU
tESHYtjym;wGif &yfuGuf½Sif;vif;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfusif;yMuygonf/
ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;kH \epfemcsujf zpfaom (3) cguspepfq;kd udw k u
kd zf su&f mwGif ausmif;om;xk\ axmuf
cHtm;ay;rIudk,lí qE´jyyGJrsm;? pnf;a0;yGJrsm;ESifh qE´vufrSwfrsm; jyKvkyfEdkifcJhayonf/
wuo\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;ta&;jyóem t&yf&yfudk wdkif;jynfodkY wifjy&eftwGuf
wdkif;jynfrsufESmzHk;jzpfaom owif;q&mrsm; tpnf;ta0;udk rMumcPac:,lí ½Sif;vif; wifjycJhygonf/
igwdYk wuoonf ausmif;om;a&;owfowfuo kd m awmif;qdck o hJ nfr[kw?f q&mrsm;twGuq f v kd Qif q&mOD;
a&enf;jcif;udk wd;k jr§ichf efYxm;&efEiS hf q&mrsm;twGuf vHak vmufaom vpmaiGw;kd jr§iahf y;&efyg awmif;qdx k m;ayonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;\ema&;udpjö zpfaom tokbrsm;wGiv f nf; wuorSwwfEikd o f rQ ulnaD qmif½u G cf ahJ yonf/
502
1953 ckESpf ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkwGif wuotaqmuftODtm; qdk½S,fvpfvufyg;ap opömazmuf

'Dtufpftdkrsm;ESifh (22) ,ltrfyDwdkY odrf;ydkufxm;pOf wuopmMunfhwdkufonf zsufqD;acsrIef;cHcJh&onfhtavsmuf
xlaxmif&efvkyfief;w&yftjzpf wuoonf pGrf;aqmifcJh&m wuúodkvft"dywd OD;Ek\ tvSL'gejzifh aiG 2180d^-
&½SdcJhNyD;? pmtkyftMurf;rsm;udk 0,f,lodrf;qnf;xm;ygonf/ aEG&moDtwGif; pmMunfhwdkufudk rGrf;rHjyifqifxm;rnf
jzpfayaMumif;? wuo\ &J&ifhaoma<u;aMumfoHjzpfaom (tdk;a0) udk aEGausmif;ydwf&uftwGif;üom vkyfaqmif&ef
tajctaejzpfay:vmojzifh 0rf;enf;aMumif;ESifh cGifhvTwf&efawmif;yeftyfygaMumif;/
&Jabmfausmif;olausmif;om;taygif;wdkh-
(4) vwmrQ vkyfaqmifcJhMu&aom igwdkY wuotrIaqmiftzGJU\ vkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnfqef;ppfMunfh
vQif wuorScsrSwfxm;aom 0g'ESifhvkyfief;pOfudk rlwnfí atmifjrifjynfhpHkatmif aqmif½GufEdkifonfvnf;½SdcJhay
onf/ ratmifjrifao;bJ usef½Sdaeonfh vkyfief;rsm;vnf; ½Sdayao;onf/ wm0efausyGefonfrsm;vnf; ½Sdonf/
csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;vnf; tenf;ESifhtrsm; ½Sdayonf/
awmif;qdck surf sm;ESihf ywfowfí &½Sx d m;aomtcsut f vufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef tmPmydik rf sm;ESihf
wuorS tpGr;f ukev f yk af qmifO;D rnf jzpfaMumif;/ ausmif;olôm;xk\ igwdYk tay:xm;½Sad om opömESihf wuotay:
cspjf rwfE;kd rI? tm;ay;rI? vkyif ef;aqmifwmt&yf&yfwiG f wuf<upGm yg0ifaqmif½u G rf w
I Ykdukd vIu
d v
f u
dI v
f v
JS JS 0rf;yrf;wom
rSwfwrf;wifaMumif; tpD&ifcHtyfygonf/
ed*Hk;csKyftm;jzifh tpD&ifcHvdkonfrSm igwdkY wuo\ vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;onf vGefcJhaom wuoa½G;
aumufyGJ aESmifhaES;rIaMumifh wdk;awmif;vSaom oufwrf;umvwGif vkyfaqmif&ojzifh rnfodkYrQ tm;&auseyfjcif;
r½SdEdkifay/ ausmif;om;xk\tusKd;? ausmif;om;xk\ta&;wGif 1956-57 ckESpf wuoa½G;aumufyGJ rusif;yrD
tcsde0f ,f raMumufr½GUH aemufrwGeYf bJ ½Gy½f yG cf RHcRH qufvufaqmif½u G f wm0ef,al cgif;aqmif&ef uwday;cJyh gonf/
igwdkYtwGuf tjrJwap Ncdrf;ajcmufaeaom (3) cguspepfqdk;udk tjrefqHk; vufpodrf;Edkif&eftwGuf rarhravQmhaom
nDñGwfrI? opöm½SdrI? ZGJ ?owådwdkYjzifh tqifoifhjyifqifxm;&ef aemufqHk;zdwfac:jcif;jzifh þtpD&ifcHpmudk wifjyvdkuf
ygonf/
podef;[ef
('k-OuúX)
503
OD;wifxeG ;f (ewfarmuf)
(1955-56)
awmifwiG ;f BuD;c½dik f ewfarmufNrKdUe,f? a½Tyef;awm½Gmü arG;zGm;onf/ 1948-49 ckEpS w

f iG f &efuek w
f uúov
kd o
f Ykd
a&muf½Sdum ynmqnf;yl;onf/ 1954-55 ckESpfwGif wuotrIaqmiftjzpf a½G;aumufwifjr§mufjcif;cH&í
twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1955-56 ckEpS w f iG f wuoOuú| jzpfonf/
1953 ckESpf atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&; ta&;awmfyHkESifhywfoufí &moufyef ausmif;xkwfcH&aom

ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyef0ifciG &hf ½Scd o
hJ nf/ a½Smifwrd ;f ae&aom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif (2) OD;tm; vGwv
f yfpmG
aexdik cf iG &hf apcJo
h nf/
wuúovkd Ef iS ahf umvdyaf ygif;pHk ajy;ckeu

f pm;yGBJ uD;udk yxrqH;k tBudrf &efuek w
f uúov
kd üf usif;yonf/ tm½S -
tmz&du ausmif;om;nDvmcHudk tif'dkeD;½Sm;jynf befa'gif;NrKdUü usif;y&m jrefrmEdkifiHrS udk,fpm;vS,f (4) OD;
wufa&mufonf/
OD;wifxGef;onf yrnwtzGJUodkY 0ifa&mufí yrnwXmecsKyf pnf;½Hk;a&;Xme twGif;a&;rSL;? jynfolYvli,f

tzGJUcsKyf (ArmEdkifiH) 'k-Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½Gufvsuf½Sdonf/ Armjynftvkyform;ygwD\ t&HA[dkaumfrwD
wOD;vnf; jzpfonf/
504
1955 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&v

D (7) &ufrS (9) &ufaehtxd usi;f ycJaU om &efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;or*¾\
(25) ESpaf jrmuf a½T&wkobif ydpk wm
Source: KAT's Original Cppy
atmufwb kd mausmif;wvydwaf &; atmufwb kd mausmif;wvydwaf &;

twGuf twGuf
0&rf;xkwcf &H aom udv
k 0S if; 0&rf;xkwcf &H aom udb
k aumif;
505
tcef; (19)

'Dru
kd a&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
(1956 rS 1957)
(u) wwd,tBurd af jrmuf wuúov

kd Ef iS ahf umvdyaf ygi;f pHak qG;aEG;yGJ
wwd,tBudrf wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJudk rEÅav;wuúodkvf? abm*aA'cef;raqmifwGif
1957 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&D (19) &ufaeYrS (21) &ufaeYtxdusi;f ycJo h nf/ &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (wuo)?
rEÅav;wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (rwuo)? armfvNrKdiOf ypmaumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (rwuo)? &efuek f
aq;odyÜHor*¾? rEÅav;aq;odyÜHor*¾? pdkufysKd;a&;r[mXmeor*¾? xD;wef;aumvdyf? &efuif;aumvdyfwdkYrS udk,fpm;
vS,rf sm;? &efuek w f uúov kd f ausmif;om;nDñwG af &;wyfO;D ? &JacgiftzGUJ ? rEÅav;wuúov kd f 'Dtufpt
f pkd onhf toif;t
zGJUaygif; (43) zGJUrS udk,fpm;vS,f (82) OD;ESifh avhvmolaygif; (48) OD; wufa&mufonf/ ,if;aqG;aEG;yGJrS ausmif;
om;jyóem tMurf;rzufbJ at;csrf;pGmawGUqHak jz½Si;f Edik &f ef Edik if aH wmftpd;k &odYk yefMum;vTmwapmifEiS hf 'kw, d tBudrf
ajrmuf wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJrS xkwfjyefaom Nidrf;csrf;a&;yefMum;vTmudk xrfrHtwnfjyKonf/
(c) 1956-57 &efuek w

f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾trIaqmiftzGUJ
1/ podef;[ef Ouú|
3/ rjrjr aiGxdef;
4/ udkpdk;odef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
5/ udktuf'DxGef; wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh owif;ESifhjyefMum;a&;rSL;
6/ udkpGefwdwf ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL;
7/ udkcspfodef;OD; upm;ckefpm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIXmerSL; (aemif pma&;q&mpDwDtdk)
8/ udkvSaz EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL; (aemif OD;wifhaZmf)
506
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1956 rS 1957 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif
9/ apmodk;rm; vlxkqufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
10/ udkatmifoef; tdk;a0wm0efcH
11/ udk0if;wif yd#uwfwdkufrSL;
(*) rNy;D jywfao;aom oH;k cgusausmif;xkwpf epfwu

kd yf JG
(3) cgusausmif;xkwpf epf zsuford ;f ay;&ef wuotrIaqmifwYkd u tbufbufu enf;rsKd;pHjk zifh awmif;qdk
wduk yf 0JG ifco
hJ nf/ (3) cgusausmif;xkwpf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;udk tzGUJ tpnf;toD;oD;uvnf; awmif;qdck o hJ nf/ wuorS
OD;aqmifí ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;wyfO;D ESihf ausmif;om;&JacgiftzGYJ tpnf;rsm; pnf;vH;k pGm tpmiwfcq H E´jycJMh uonf/
odYk &mwGif wuúov kd t
f mPmydik w f Ykd u tavQmhray;bJ (3) cgusausmif;xkwpf epfukd qufvufusifo h ;kH cJoh nf/ wuo
enf;AsL[monf ¤if;udpEö iS hf ywfoufí tmPmydik rf sm;ESihf rsufEmS pHn k pD mG awGUqHí
k Nidr;f csrf;pGmaqG;aEG;ajz½Si;f a&;yifjzpf
onf/ ¤if;udpu ö kd wuúov kd ef ,fajrtwGi;f omru ygvDrefvw T af wmftpnf;ta0;yGBJ uD;rsm;wGif 0efBuD;rsm;ESihf twdu k f
tcHrsm; tajctwifajymqdí k rJcq JG ;kH jzwf&onftxd jzpfvmonf/ 1955 ck? pufwifbmv (22) &ufaeY ygvDrefvw T f
awmf tpnf;ta0;wGif ynma&;0efBuD;OD;xGe;f wifu ynma&;toH;k p&dwf awmif;qd&k mü twdu k t
f cHtrwf OD;wifa½Tu
]ausmif;om;avmuwGif wapäBuD;waumifonf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ajcmufvSefhaeygonf} [k ed'gef;ysKd;NyD; (3) cg
usausmif;xkwpf epfukd uefYuu G af qG;aEG;&mü twdu k t f cHtrwfrsm;jzpfaom Adv k pf ed x
f eG ;f ? OD;vSxeG ;f jzLESihf Adv
k af tmifp;kd
wdkYu OD;wifa½Tudk axmufcHaqG;aEG;Muonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u (3) cguspepfjzifh ausmif;om;OD;a& enf;atmif
ynma&;toHk;p&dwf avQmhcsjcif;jzifh vkyfaejcif;udk &yfqdkif;NyD; (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf y,fNyD;? jynfwGif;ppfudk
aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJjzifh &yfpJNyD; umuG,fa&;toHk;p&dwf avQmhayghum pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&; tusyftwnf; vGwfajrmufrI
½SmazG&ef jzpfonf/ wuo\ (3) cgus pepfESifh jynfwGif;ppf qufEG,fí oabmxm;yHkrSm zqyvtpdk;&tay:
twdkuftcHaygif;pHk\ ½IjrifyHkESifh wxyfwnf; jzpfonf/
odkYaomfvnf; 1953 ckESpf? pufbmv (23) &ufaeY qD;edwftpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;wGif (3) cgusausmif;xkwf
pepfusifhoHk;&ef xyfrHwifoGif; qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ 1951 ckESpf? pufwifbmv (19) &ufaeY qD;edwfu qHk;jzwfcJhaom
qHk;jzwfcsuf jzpfonf/ ,if; 1951 ckESpfu 'k-t"dywd OD;at;armifOD;pD;NyD; aumifpDrS twnfjyKjyXmef;ay;cJhonf/
,if;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk 1953 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv (10) &ufaeYu usif;yaom aumifpDtpnf;ta0;rS twnfjyK
ay;cJhojzifh 1954 ckESpf? ZGefv (15) &ufaeYwGifwBudrf? Edk0ifbmv (11) &ufaeYwGifwBudrf? (2) Budrfwdkifwdkif (3)
cgusausmif;xkwpf epfukd twnfjyKcJah Mumif; &efuek w f uúov kd f ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmxifatmifu vufrw S af &;xd;k í
xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/
wuúov
kd Ef iS aUf umvdyaf usmif;aygi;f pHk aqG;aEG;yJcG ef;raqmifa½Sw
Y iG f ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; pk½;kH aepOf (rEåav;)
507
(C) ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;zsuo
f rd ;f &efEiS hf ywfoufaom ynma&;0efBu;D Xme\trdejhf yefwrf;
1/ EdkifiHawmf\ausmif;trsKd;rsKd;wGif uGefjrLepfaomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh qufoG,folrsm;\ ya,m*aMumifh
rMumrDu ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm;udk tBuD;tus,f csKd;azmufzsufqD;rIrsm; ay:aygufcJhayonf/
2/ ,if;uJhodkY ausmif;pnf;urf; zsufqD;csKd;azguf&mü q&m^rrsm;tm; Ncdrf;ajcmufrI? &mZ0wftjypf'Pf
xdu k o f ifo
h nfh tEdik t
f xufjyKusifrh ?I ausmif;olôm;rsm;tm; ausmif;pnf;urf;csKd;zsufap&ef ausmif;wGi;f ausmif;
jyif t"r®enf;jzifh tEdkiftxuf Ncdrf;ajcmufapcdkif;rI/ ausmif;rsm;wGif pmoifysufuGufatmif enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh
taESmifht,Sufay;rI tp½Sdaom tvGefrESpfNrKdUzG,fjzpfonfh tMurf;zufrIrsm;ukd ausmif;om;oli,ftcsKdUu jyKrl
aqmif½GufcJhonf/
3/ txufyg w&m;rJrh rI sm;ukd rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf qkd wm;qD;ydwyf if&ef Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &u qk;H jzwfNyD;jzpfojzifh
EkdifiHawmfausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;q&mBuD;rsm;u OD;pD;ízGJUpnf;xm;aom ausmif;aumifpDrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;tzGJU
rsm;rSty pifNydKiftzGUJ tpnf;rsKd; oabmoufa&mufonf?h okYd wnf;r[kwf ausmif;pnf;urf;ukd xdcu dk cf sKd;azmufap
Ekid o f nf[k ,lqEkid o f nh?f okYdwnf;r[kwf ausmif;om;vli,frsm; tcsi;f csi;f y#dyu©jzpfapEkid o f nf[k ,lqEkid o f nfh
rnfonfU ausmif;om;or*¾ toif;tzGrYJ sK;d ukrd Q Ekid if aH wmfausmif;rsm;wGif zGpYJ nf;cGirUf jyK&/ tb,folrqkd trdefYxkwf
jyefonfhtcsdefü ausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;q&mBuD;OD;pD;í zGJUpnf;aomausmif;aumifpDrSwyg; ausmif;om;or*¾
toif;tzGJU tp½SdonfhtzGJUrsKd;rsm;ukd EkdifiHawmfausmif;rsm;wGif zGJUpnf;NyD;½SdaecJhvQif ,cktrdefY&onfh aeYrSpí
&ufaygif; (30) twGif; ausmif;om;or*¾? toif;tzGJU tp½Sdonfrsm;ukd ausmif;q&mBuD;u trdefYxkwfqifh
zsufodrf;ap&rnf/
4/ trdefYESihftnD EkdifiHawmfausmif;q&mBuD;rsm;u aqmif½Gufonfukd aESmifh,Suf? okdYwnf;r[kwf zsufqD;?
okYd wnf;r[kwf remcH? okYd wnf;r[kwf ausmif;pnf;urf;ukd zsufq;D aeol ausmif;om;rsm;ukd q&mBuD;u tjypfudk
vku d í f ausmif;rS &moufyefxw k yf ,fonftxd ta&;,l tjypfay;Ekid o f nf/ þuJo h Ydk ta&;,ljcif;rsK;d ukd tu,fí
ckcHawmfvSefaomtm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;uaomfvnf;aumif;? tjcm;olrsm;uaomfvnf;aumif; wpkHw&m jyKrl
cJhvQif xkdtjyKtrlaMumifh ausmif;ukdqufvufzGifhvSpfí Nidrf;csrf;pGmynmoifMum;&ef roifh[k ausmif;q&mBuD;
u ,lqcJah omf ausmif;uk&d uftuefYtowfjzifh jzpfap? &uftuefYtowfr½Sb d J jzpfap ydwxf m;Ekid o
f nf/ ynma&;
Xmet&m½Srd sm;onf xku d pd u
ö dk atmifjrifpmG aqmif½u G Ef idk af &;twGuf ausmif;q&mBuD;rsm;tm; vkt d yfonfh tultnD
rsm; ay;Mu&rnf/
5/ txufygtrdeYft& ta&;,laqmif½u G rf rI sm;ukd rnforl qkd qlyal omif;use;f onfh enf;jzif?h okYdwnf;r[kwf
t"r®enf;jzifh aESmuf, h uS zf sufq;D cJvh Qif ausmif;q&mBuD;onf e,ftyk cf sKyfa&;t&m½Srd sm; (okYd r[kw)f &Jt&m½Srd sm;
okdY taMumif;Mum;í tultnDukd&,lvsuf tajctaeukd Ekdifeif;pGmxdef;odrf;&rnf/
(i) 1956 atmufwb

dk mv (16) &ufaeY n (8) em&D ArmhtoHrS 'k-0efBu;D csKyo
f cifwif\
ausmif;om;ta&;ESiyhf wfoufaomrdechf eG ;f
ausmif;om;oli,frsm;&JU ta&;eJYywfoufNyD; jynfov l x
l t k m; tpk;d &uk,
d pf m; uRefawmf tpD&ifcv
H ydk gw,f/
1948 vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;onfaemuf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH&JU *kPfodu©meJY tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;rItwGuf
tpdk;&[m jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tm; b0opfzefwD;a&;twGuf vkyfief;trsKd;rsKd;udk aqmif½GufcJhygw,f/ ¤if;vkyfief;
rsm;teuf jynfaxmifpk&JU tñGefYtzl;rsm;jzpfwJh ausmif;om;oli,frsm;udk vlawmfvlaumif;rsm; jzpfvma&;twGuf
tpdk;&u txl;ta&;ay;NyD; aqmif½GufaewmvdkY uRefawmfxGifNyD; tpD&ifcH&ef vdkr,frxifygbl;/
tpd;k &u ausmif;om;oli,frsm;udk aemifwacwfrmS jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if &H UJ wm0efukd xrf;aqmifEikd Mf urJh
om;aumif;&wem jzpfay:vma&;twGuf b0opfzefwD;rIynma&;pDrHudef;udk a&;qGJNyD; 1952 ckrS pwifí aqmif½Guf
aewmudkvnf; jynfolvlxku rsufjrifudk,fawGU jzpfygw,f/
b0opfzefwD;rIynma&;pDrHudef;t& tpdk;&u ½kyfvHk;azmfaewJUvkyfief;rsm;uawmU-
1/ jynfaxmifpkom;rSeforQ ta&;? tzwf? twGuf em;vnfolrsm; jzpfvmap&ef?
2/ pufrvI ufrv
I yk if ef;rsm; uRrf;usifpmG aqmif½u
G af y;Edik rf ,fh jynfaxmifpo k m;rsm; tvHtk avmuf ay:xGuf
508
vmap&ef?
3/ jynfaxmifpk&JU wm0eftoD;oD;udk uRrf;usifvHkavmufpGm xrf;aqmifEdkifr,fh t&nftcsif;jynfh0olrsm;
jzpfvmap&ef?
4/ jynfaxmifpktwGif; Avig;wefeJY jynfpHkr,fh jynfaxmifpkom;rsm; aygrsm;vmap&ef?
5/ jynfaxmifpktwGif; 'Drdkua&pD0g' wnfwHhcdkifjrJ&efwdkY jzpfygw,f/
aemufwcsufuawmh jynfaxmifpkom;rSeforQ ynmoifMum;a&;rSm tcGifhta&;wef;wl½Sdap&ef twGuf
rlvwef;rSwuúodkvftxd tcrJhynmoifMum;ay;wJhpepfudk tpdk;&u wDxGifcJhygw,f/ vGwfvyfa&; &½SdNyD;csdefrSpNyD;
,cktcsdefxd (8) ESpfcefYtwGif; rlvwef;ausmif;aygif; (10226)? tv,fwef;ausmif;aygif; (415)? txufwef;
ausmif;aygif; (220)? q&mtwwfoifausmif; (6) ausmif;? pufrIvufrIodyÜHausmif; (3) ausmif;? pdkufysKd;a&;odyÜH
ausmif; (1) ausmif;? pdkufysKd;a&; txufwef;ausmif; (1) ausmif;? wuúodkvfausmif; (1) ausmif;? tjcm;aumvdyf
ausmif; (8) ausmif;wdYk ukd zGiv hf pS f oifMum;ydYk cs aeygw,f/ ,ckuRefawmf tusOf;rQtpD&ifccH w hJ hJ aqmif½u G cf sufrsm;udk
axmuf½jI cif;tm;jzifh ynma&;bufrmS tpd;k &uxm;½Sw d hJ apwem[m b,favmufBuD;rm;w,f qdw k m ay:vGix f if½mS ;
aeygw,f/
aemufwcsuf rlvwef;upNyD; txufwef;ausmif;awGrSm ynm&nfEdkYaomufpdkYaeMuwJh ausmif;om;oli,f
rsm;rSm touft½G,t f m;jzifh i,f½, G Ef ek ,forl sm;jzpfwthJ wGuf aemifwacwfrmS vlawmfval umif;rsm; jzpfvmap½Hrk u
EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya't& 'Drdkua&pDpepfjzifh jynfaxmifpkBuD;udk uRrf;usifpGm tkyfcsKyfxdef;odrf;Edkifolrsm;
jzpfvmapa&;twGuf txufwef;ausmif;rsm;ESifh tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm;rSm q&meJYwynfh yl;aygif;aqmif½GufwJh
ausmif;aumifprD sm; zGUJ pnf;aewJt h jyif ausmif;om;vli,frsm;&JU touft½G,?f ynmt&nftcsif;? A[kow k tqift h
wef;tvdkuf pmawGUvufawGU jyKpkarG;jrL avhusifhoifMum; ydkYcsrIrsm;udkvnf; aqmif½Gufaeygw,f/
tpdk;&[m ausmif;om;oli,frsm;twGuf 'DrQavmuf arQmfvifhjcif;BuD;rm;pGm *½kpdkufNyD; aqmif½Gufaewmudk
uGefjrLepfaomif;usef;olrsm;eJY ¤if;wdkY&JU tay;t,ltquftoG,f jyKvkyfaeMuwJh EdkifiHawmfopömazguftcsKdUwdkYu
]wjynfv;kH aocsiaf oygap uGejf rLepfawGrmvQiNf y;D a&m} qdkwJh ¤if;wdkY&JU0g'vkyfief;pOftwdkif; ,ckwavmrSm EdkifiHawmf
ausmif;tcsKdU½Sd ausmif;om;oli,ftcsKdUudk jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmif ajr§mufyifah y;jcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;pnf;urf;udt k BuD;
tus,f qlylcsKd;azmufzsufqD;apw,f/ aemufqHk;rSm pmoifMum;a&;avmuwckvHk; NydKysufapNyD; EdkifiHawmf&JU Nidrf0yf
ydjym;a&;udkyg Ncdrf;ajcmuf&ef BudK;yrf;rIrsm;[m xif½Sm;pGm ay:xGufvmcJhygw,f/
jynfaxmifpk ynma&;avmu&JUtajctaerSm ,ckuReaf wmfwYkd ajymqdak ecJw h thJ wdik ;f qd;k 0g;pjyKvmwJt h wGuf
jrifhjrwfwJhvkyfief;rsm;udk wm0ef,lNyD;aqmif½GufaeMuwJh q&m^q&mrrsm;tm; vnf;aumif;? ynmudkat;csrf;pGm
qnf;yl;vdkMuwJh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tm; vnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkY&JUom;i,forD;i,frsm;udk ynmwwfapvdkwJh rdb
tkyfxdef;olrsm;tm; vnf;aumif;? w&m;Oya'twGif;rSm vGwfvyfpGm ynmoifMum;cGifh½SdwJh jynfolvlxktm; vnf;
aumif;? tpdk;&u tpGrf;ukefumuG,frIay;&ef oHEéd|mefcsxm;NyD; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh Edik if aH wmfausmif;rSm pnf;urf;ao0yfpmG eJY at;csr;f pGm ynmoifMum;jcif;udk aESmif, h u S f (odYk r[kw)f
taESmifht,SufjzpfaprJh tjyKtrI[lorQudk xda&mufpGmta&;,lNyD; tjypfay;ap&ef? ausmif;q&mBuD;rsm;eJY ynma&;
Xme t&m½Srd sm;&JU ta&;,laqmif½u G rf rI sm;udk tMurf;zufenf;eJY? odYk wnf;r[kwf t"r®enf;eJY aESmuf,u S zf sufq;D cJ&h if
tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m½Sdrsm;eJY &Jt&m½Sdrsm;&JU tultnDudk&,lNyD; aqmif½Gufap&efudkvnf; tpdk;&u ñGefMum;csufrsm;ay;NyD;
tpDpOfrsm; jyKvkyfaeaMumif;udkvnf; jynfolvlxktm; uRefawmfxyfavmif;NyD; tpD&ifcHvdkygw,f/
,ckupd u ö kd uReaf wmfwYkdjywfom;pGm wm;qD;jcif;rjyKEdik v f Qif jynfaxmifpBk uD;wckv;kH rSm pnf;rJu h rf;rJ?h Oya'rJh
jyKvkyfjcif;rsm; vTrf;rdk;vmNyD; EdkifiHawmfBuD;wckvHk; NydKuGJysufpD;oGm;apEdkifygw,f/ tpdk;&Oya't& tMurf;enf;udk
toHk;jyKwJh tajctaetxd qdk;0g;vmjcif;rsKd;udk vHk;0vdkvm;jcif;r½Sdayr,fh tajctaeudk Edkifeif;pGmxdef;odrf;Edkifa&;
twGuf vdt k yfwahJ qmif½u G rf rI sm;udk jyKvky&f ygvdrrhf ,f/ wu,fvYkd tpd;k &u rvTrJ a½Smifwt hJ wGuf wm0efux kd rf;½Gucf &hJ
&if uGefjrLepfaomif;usefolrsm;eJY ¤if;wdkY&JU ajray:'vefrsm;[m ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tpdk;&u &ufpufMurf;MuKwfpGm
jyKrlaeNyD;vdkY [pfatmfa<u;aMumfMuNyD; wdkif;jynfqlyGufvmatmif vIHUaqmfMuOD;rnfqdkwmudkvnf; tpdk;&[m BudKwif
arQmfvifx h m;NyD; jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh tpd;k &u jynfov l x
l t
k m; wdusjywfom;pGm tpD&ifcv H w kd muawmh ,ckupd rö mS
ausmif;om;oli,frsm;&JU avmuudk pwifx;kd azmuf0ifa&mufvmNyD; qlyrl eI YJw&m;rJrh rI sm;udk zef;wD;aeMuwJh aomif;use;f
ol uGefjrLepfrsm;eJY ¤if;wdkY&JUya,m*aMumifh at;csrf;pGmynmoifMum;jcif;udk t"r®enf;eJY aESmifh,SufzsufqD;aeMuwJh
ausmif;om;ta&jcHK vlqdk;rsm;udk tpdk;&wm0eft& ta&;,l&r,fqdkwmudk jynfolvlxkBuD;w&yfvHk;u od½Sdem;vnf
509
xm;&ef jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh aomif;usefou l eG jf rLepfrsm;eJY ¤if;wdYk &UJ taygif;tygrsm;jzpfwhJ Edik if aH wmfopömazmufwYkd &UJ ,kwrf m
qd;k oGr;f wJh tMuHtpnfuakd csrIe;f zsufq;D NyD; jynfaxmifp&k UJ om;aumif;orD;aumif;rsm;jzpfMuwJh ausmif;om;oli,frsm;
at;csrf;pGmynmoifMum;Edkifa&;twGuf tpdk;&tm; ausmif;om;? rdb? tkyfxdef;olrsm;u vnf;aumif;? EdkifiHawmf\
pwkwr¬ @dKifBuD;jzpfaom owif;pmq&mrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? jynfaxmifpBk uD;udk opöm½SMd uukeaf om jynfaxmifpo k m;
rsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? tbufbufrS yl;aygif;aqmif½GufMu&ef arwåm&yfcH yefMum;vdkufygw,f/
(c) ausmif;om;rsm;0efc*H wdvmT yHpk H

atmufü vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;ol uRefawmf - - - - - - - - - - - - - onf twdtvif;uwday;0efcHonfrSm-
1/ uRefawmfonf wuúodkvf\ enf;Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk ½dkaoygr,f/ ¤if;tjyif wuúodkvfausmif;
aqmifü aecJhvQif wuúodkvfausmif;aqmif\ enf;Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk vdkufemygrnf/
2/ uRefawmfonf wuúodkvfESifh zDvmqefYusifaom rnfonfhvkyfief;&yfrsKd;wGifrS yg0ifjcif;rjyKyg/
3/ uRefawmfonf txufyguwd0efcHcsuf w&yf&yfwdkYudkazmufzsufusL;vGefvQif wuúodkvfrSxkwfy,fjcif;
cH&rnfudk odygonf/
1/ ausmif;om;\xdk;jrJvufrSwf ---------
2/ ausmif;om;\trnf ------------------------------
3/ udk,fydkifeHygwfESifh oifwef; ----^-----
4/ ausmif;aqmiftrnfESifh tcef;trSwf -----------------------
5/ rdb (odkYr[kwf) tkyfxdef;ol\trnf ------------------------
xyfqifUvufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef
1/ rdb (odkYr[kwf) tkyfxdef;olxdk;jrJvufrSwf ---------
2/ rdb (odkYr[kwf) tkyfxdef;ol\ trnf -----------------------
3/ vdyfpm -------------------------------------------
4/ &ufpGJ ---------
(q) Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;\ ausmif;om;b0a&;cJah omaqmif;yg;
ausmif;om;0wÅ&m;
t*Fvdyfpma&;q&mBuD; ½SdwfpyD;,m;u urÇmhtvHk;pHkonf ZmwfcHkrQomwnf;[k rdefY>rufbl;\/ xdkurÇmhZmwfcHkwGif
vltrsKd;rsKd;? t½G,ftrsKd;rsKd;? twef;tpm;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYonf udk,fhtcPf;udkudk,fudkifí ZmwfEdkifatmif cif;oGm;&avonf/
odkYjzpf&m vlwdkif;vlwdkif;rSm odMum;wwfaom tcsdeft½G,frSpí aoonfxdatmif rdrd\ tvkyf0wå&m;tjzpf½Sd\/ xdk
0wå&m;udk aMu>yefrSomvQif avmuü vljzpfusKd;eyfayrnf/ urÇm\aemifacwf tarGcHjzpfMuaom uRefawmfwdkYausmif;
om;wdkYrSmvnf; txl;ojzifh touf (16) ESpf (17) ESpfrSpí txufodkY½Sdaom ausmif;om;rsm;rSmvnf;? tqdkyg0wå&m;
Oya'rS ruif;vGwfMuacs/ ,if;odkYjzpfvQif-ausmif;om;\0wå&m;onf tb,fenf;/
tjrifus,fus,f? Munfhavh½SdaomolwdkYonf ausmif;om;qdkonfrSm wef;pmusufí pmar;yGJatmif½HkrQ[laom trsm;
t,ltq\wdrfjcif;tjzpfudk od½SdMuavNyD/ xdkt,ltqum; acwfatmufusonfh t,lrQom jzpfayonf/
ynma&;udkuRrf;usifaom urÇmhynm½SdwdkYonf avmua&;? "r®a&;jyóemt&yf&yfwdkYudk pdppfa0befajz½Sif;wwfaom
ynmrS pmtkyfpmayudktHí&aom trSwfonmESpf&yfudk cGJjcm;íxm;avonf/ pmar;yGJudkatmifjrifolonf avmu
ppfyGJwGifvnf; atmifjrifEdkifonfh t&nftcsif;½Sdonf[k rkcsqwfqwf rqdkomacs/ þodkYvQif pmar;yGJtaMumif;oepfudk
azmfxkwfMu\/ An Examination of Examination pmar;yGJrsm;\ tusKd;tjypf ppfaq;csufqdkaom pmtkyfwGif
þtcsufudk ½Sif;vif;jyo xm;ay\/ pmar;yGJwck\ tajzpm½Gufrsm;udk pmppfoltrsKd;rsKd;tm;-ppfaq;p&m tajzwck
wnf;udkyif trSwfay;yHkjcif; rwlnDonfudk awGY&ayonf/ wbef-pmppfolwOD;wnf; ¤if;wESpfcefYu zsufcJhaomtajzudk
aemufxyf ppfaq;onfhtcg yxrtrSwfay;yHkESifh aemufwcgtrSwfay;yHkjcif;rSm uGmjcm;onfudk awGU&ayonf/ urÇm
ausmf-jyZmwfa&;q&m bm;emwfa½Smuvnf; w&Ha&mtcgu twef;xJwGif xdyfusaom ausmif;om;onf avmuwGif
atmufqkH;xpf a&mufwwfonf[k rdefYqdkcJhbl;onf/
þwGif urÇmausmfpma&;q&m\ ta&;tom;udk ¤if;a&;om;ojzifh ,HkMunf&rnf[k rqdkvdk? odkY&mwGif ¤if;um;
rSwfcsuf- jr[ef - AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\pmayvuf&m - pm- 83-88 (y^98) ESifh wdkufqdkifppfaq;í rl&if;pm;omtwdkif; azmfjyonf/
510
taMumif;rJh ra&;om;&m/ ,if;odkYjzpf&jcif;um; uREfkyfwdkYonf urÇmh&mZ0ifwGif om"utaxmuftxm;rsm;udk Munfhrnf

qdkvQif urÇmhxdyfwef; usa&mufaom yk*¾dKvfwdkYonf pmar;yGJrsm;wGif xdyfwef;usolcsnf; r[kwfay/ Oyrm tenf;i,f
xkwfjy&aomf ,ckacwf urÇmYxdyfwef;orm;rsm;wGif? [pfwvmESifh rwfqdkvdkeDwdkYonf ausmif;rSyif aumif;pGmraecJhMu
&ay/ r[wår*E´Donfvnf; aumvdyfausmif;wGif a&mufzl;½kHkrQom½Sdí? ausmif;om;tjzpf aepOftcgu xl;xl;cRefcRef
r½Sday/ yef'pf*s0g[vmae½l;onfvnf;? t*Fvefjynf½Sd emrnfausmfausmif;ESifh wuúodkvfwdkYrS atmifjrifcJhvifhupm;
ausmif;om;tjzpfjzifh rsm;pGmrxl;cRefvS/ bD-at*kPfxl;wef;wGif 'kwdwef;rQom&avonf/ odkY&mwGifxdktcgu ¤if;
txuf-yxr &cJhaomolwOD;rSm? &efukefwGif ygarmu©wOD;tjzpf ¤if;uJhodkY ausmfMum;jcif; r½Sday/ t*Fvdyfpma&;q&m
BuD;rsm;jzpfaom *dk;vfprpf? qm0gvwmpaumh-paom yk*¾dKvfwdkYrSmvnf; ausmif;aepOfu xl;cRefjcif;r½Sd? qm0gv
wmpaumhrSmrl? vlYiEGm;[kyif-q&m\tac:cH&avonf/ þum;? O'g[½kPfudk tusOf;rQ o½kyfay:atmifjyKvdkufjcif;
aywnf;/ þodkYjzpf&jcif;\ taMumif;udkppfvQif? vlwOD;wa,muf\ wefzdk;udk rnfrQ½Sdonf[k csdefq&ef wxpfcsowf
rSwfxm;aomenf; r½SdaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/
pifppfaomfum; ausmif;wGifwcgrQraezl;í pmwpfvHk;rQ roifbl;olyif ynm½SdjzpfEdkif\/ þum; jzpfEdkifonfh
taMumif;udk tvGefqdkjcif; jzpfayonf/ ,ckurÇmay:rSm½Sdonfh pmtkyftm;vHk;onf t&if;ppfvQif avmu\taMumif;udk
trsKd;rsKd;rSwfom;csufrsm;om jzpfayonf/ xdkrSwfom;csufrsm;udk a&;olrsm;\ tmabmf? ¤if;wdkYa&;&ma'o? a&;onfh
tcsdefumv ponfwdkYudkMunfhí? a0befNyD;vQif? avmutvkyf0wå&m;wGif oHk;pGJwwfrSom pmwwftrSefjzpfayonf/
tu,fí pmrwwfolonf? avmutrSwftom; aumif;rGefí ae&mcswwfvQif pmwwfae&efrvdkacs/ xdkaMumifhyif-
rwfqdkvdkeDu ¤if;tw¬KyÜwdåwGif uREfkyfbwfcJUaom tBuD;qHk;aompmtkyfum;? uREfkyfaecJU aeqJaom avmuBuD;yifwnf;[k
a&;xm;\/ xdkuJhodkY pmtkyfpmayrS ausmfvGefaomynmudk? tb,fodkY&tHhenf;/
xdkynmppfudk&&ef vGwfvyfpGm awG;awmajymqdk aqG;aEG;vkyfudkifvdkaom pdwf"gwfudk arG;&efvdk\/ þtcsufudk
ynma&; uRrf;usifol yk*dK¾ vfrsm;u (Academic Freedom) ynmoifMum;a&; vGwfvyfcGifh[k ac:Muonf/ þtcsufum;?
urÇmh&mZ0ifudk-wrsKd;wrnf ajymif;vJGaponfh &DaeqefYESifh &Dazmifar;½Sif;ac: acwfopf0g'? avmu"gwfynm jyefYyGm;&m
taMumif;&if;wnf;/ þtcsufum;-uREfkyfwdkY\ a*gwrbk&m;ocif? a[mMum;aom umvmrokwåef oabmt&yifwnf;/
xdkvGwfvyfpGmawG;awmajymqdk aqG;aEG;vkyfudkifvdkaom pdwf½Sd&rnfqdk&mwGif/ uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdxif&m awG;awm
ajymqdk vkyfudkifjcif;r[kwfay/ avmu½Sd vltaygif;wdkYonf a&wGif;xJ½Sdbm;oli,fuJhodkYaeí rjzpfay/ wOD;ESifhwOD;
ul;vl;qufqH& avonf/ ,ckacwftcgwGif? þodkY ul;vl; qufqHjcif;rSm? ydkrdkíyif e,fus,fvmavonf/ ,ck-
twdkif;wdkif; tjynfjynf MuHKawGUae&aom ½Sm;yg;a&;acwfonf xdkOya'udk vGefqefí udk,fhbuf? udk,fhoabmudkom
jrifaom? 0g'aMumifhjzpfaom urÇmhppfBuD;\yJhwifoH jzpfayonf/ xdkodkYjzpf&m vlwdkif;vlwdkif; wOD;ESifhwOD; taygif;
toif;or*¾½SdrSom trsKd;rsKd;aom t,ltq trSwftom;wdkYudk awGUjrifod½Sd&í? ydkrdktjrifus,fvmEdkifavonf/ odkY-
tjrifus,frS wOD;udkwOD; emcHwwfjcif;-apmifrulnDwwfjcif;? tajymtqdk taetxdkif jyKjyifvmjcif;? pojzifh-
avmuvlvkyfwwfonfh t&nftcsif;rsm; &Edkifavonf/
xdkaMumifh? xdkodkYul;vl;qufqH tjrifoefatmif? ausmif;rsm;? wuúodkvfrsm;wGif? ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;xm;jcif;?
toif;tyif;rsm; axmifjcif; ponfwdkY jyKMu&avonf/ odkY&mwGif taygif;toif;or*¾twGuf jyKvkyf&mwGif vGwfvyfpGm
rajym& rqdk& raqG;aEG;&vQif? rsufpdydwfxm;onfESifh wljyefonf/ odkYjzpf&m (2) buf (2) csufpHkrSom ynma&;tppfrnf
avonf/
wbef ,aeY jzpfaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf eufjzefjynfBuD;om;rsm; jzpfMu\[k? qdk½dk;pum; ½Sd\/ odkYjzpf&m?
jynfBuD;om;wdkY\ t*Fgvu©PmwdkYESifhnDatmif tkyfcsKyfenf;? rdrdtcGifhta&;twGuf wdkufcdkufenf;? pum;ajymenf;?
pnf;urf;ao0yfenf;? udk,fvuf usef;rma&; ponfjzifh enf;rsKd;pHkatmif toiff;tyifrsm;? &Jwyfrsm;? upm;enf;rsm;
udk xGifMu&\/ xdkrQru? ,cktcg wEdkifiHESifh wEdkifiHrSm cGJpyfí rjzpfEdkif/ w½kwfjynf? pydefjynf? ygvufpwdkif;jynfwGif
tjzpftysufrsm;onf? þwdkif;jynfudk vnf;aumif;? urÇmh,Ofaus;jcif;udk vnf;aumif;? vlowå0gwdkYtm; vnf;aumif;
rnfodkYrnfyHk xdcdkufrnf[k odEdkifatmif urÇmhtajctaeudkvnf;? rdrd&&od&efvdk\/ þonfwdkYum; tMurf;rQ ausmif;
om;wdkY jyKvkyf&rnfh 0wå&m;rsm; jzpfMu\/ xdkYaMumifh-urÇm½Sdausmif;om;taygif;wdkYonf vIyfvIyf½G½Gjzpfí? ppfruf
wm;jrpfa&;? tvkyfvufrJhyaysmufa&; taMumif;pepfudk ½SmazGaeMu\/ tajctxl;rvSaom pydefjynfESifh w½kwfjynfwdkY
wGif ausmif;om;wdkYrSm udk,fxdvufa&muf wdkufcdkufaeMu&\/ xdkaMumifh tcsdefESifh tcgtavsmufvnf;? ausmif;om;
\ 0wå&m;vnf; uGJvm\/ þjyqdkcJhNyD;aom ausmif;om;0wÅ&m; tm;vHk;udk odjrifonfESifhtnD aemifacwfArmjynfudk
zefwD;rnfh ausmif;om;rsm;onf? ,ckvlrsm;uJhodkY rnDrñGwf? rvkyfwwf? rudkifwwf rjzpf&atmif? uREkfyfwdkYonf,cktcg
H ;kH qdik &f m-ausmif;om;rsm; or*¾toif;Bu;D udk txift½Sm; wnfaxmifxm;\/ xdktoif;udk 0ifa&muf tm;ay;&efrSm
jrefrmEdik if v
ausmif;om;wdkif; wdkif;jynfcspfpdwf½Sdaom olwdkif;wdkY\ wm0ef0wå&m;yifwnf;/
atmifqef;
511
(Z) 1956-57 td;k a0r*¾Zif;yg uAsm
aoG;pnf;Mupdkh
eDarmif;armif;vQif
cGyfa'gif;atmifvH? av0,fysHwnfh/ /
twdwfZmwfaMumif;? ordkif;a[mif;udk
jyefajymif;avhvm? qef;ppfygu
nDnmzszs? pnf;vHk;Mu\/
qE´rSefvQif? wdkufyGJqifí
eDvGifaomaoG;? ajrrSmajy;vnf;
a<u;aMumfcsDwuf? wcJeufvQif
vufwGJumom ½SdcJhonf/ /
,ckESpfa½S;? EIdif;&efa0;pG
aoG;uGJNydKqif;? usqHk;jcif;udk
½dkif;yif;nDnm? wdkYuG,fumrS
aemifvmnDaxG;? nDrav;wdkY
aoG;pnf;cspfcif? O'gef;wGifvdrfh/ /
eDarmif;armif;vQif
cGyfa'gif;atmifvH? av0,fysHwnfh/ /
jrefatmif vSarmf
tdk;a0tm;yefMum;csuf
a'gif;\pGrf;tif? urÁnf;wifonf
jynfcGiftESHY? csif;csif;ysHUvsuf
qGwftHhbG,fyif? vGwfcswifwnhf/ /
tdk - rdcifa'gif;ysKd? uRefyefqdktHh?

[dk ,cifacgif? twdwfaqmifaomf?
rsm;ajrmifom;wGuf? a½SUrSxGufí
toufudkpGefY? &efñGefYudkcsKd;
]]ocifrsKkd;}} [k? rn§Kd;arS;rSdef
OD;rESdrfwnfh/ /
rdcifcGyfí? þ,aeY0,f
½TifajrUp&m? wdkif;jrefrmü
aZ,smatmifyGJ? qif,ifETJvnf;
EGHxJaoG;yGuf? zdwfpifpuf\
idkrsuf&nfqif? &efyGJusif;Mu
jymusrD;avmif? tavmif;aumifESifh
om;armifrSDcdk? wuúodkvfvnf;
]]pdrf;pdkjruRef;}} rjzpfxGef;cJh
usnfvTrf;,rf;aiGU? wa0ha0hESifh
512
aqG;ajraoG;yGuf? tHxGufcJh&
'dkU'ku©csnf;? rIdif;ysyifv,f
*,ufES,fwnfh/ /
þor,wGif? uREfkyfjrifonf
rdcifa'gif;vS? ajcudk<uí
a½SUrSa&mifeD? ysKdUwufonfESifh
]]csDap? nDap}} ]]a'gif;tdk;a0}} [k
wGefav&ifha<u;? atmifoHay;onf
___ ___ ___
a'gi;f rdcifohkd yefMum;csuf

1/ zsufap zsufap? wufavNyD;rS
or*¾udk? jrpfuNzdKvJS
uGJatmifcGJonf
rdkufrJolwdkY? MuHpnfwum;/ /
yrmqdkaomf? yifysKd&dyfatmuf
cdkNyD;aemufrS? udkif;ajcmufudkcsKd;
rD;0,fxdk;odkY/ /
2/ &yfap &yfap? oufaoNyD;rS?
'dkYb0udk? okneJYa&;
tatmifay;onf
pmar;yGJvnf;? ryDwum;/ /
yrmqdkaomf? ½Tef;pdkvSwihf
rD;ES,fyGifhonf? aygufyGifh&J&J
eHYrpGJodkY/ /
3/ odap odap? zdacsNyD;rS
ya,m*[k? ,HkMupwrf;
csKyfudkifzrf;onf? Nidrf;csrf;vGwfcGifh
rjrifwum;/ /
yrmqdkaomf? &efvdkrIvkyf
oifr[kwfvQif? oifhrdcif[k
pm;csif&J&J? olpGyfpGJodkY/ /
4/ om;vSrsuf½Sif? a'gif;rdcif
odjrifMum;avmh? aqmifOD;avmhwnfh
vnfarmh ajc<u? uaeícsnf;
rNyD;ao;acs? ]]tdka0}} wpfcGef;
rmefopfoGef;í? epfrGef;onfhom;
'dkYtrsm;udk? ñTefMum;
acgif;aqmifygavOD;/ /
*kPf0if;
513
or*¾zsufodrf;a&;udpeö JY ywfoufNyD; tpdk;&\aMunmcsufudk wuúodkvf0ef;usifü Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfESifh

wuowdkY yl;aygif;í BuD;us,fpGm qE´jyyGJrsm; jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/
or*¾zGJY cGifU rydwfeJh? rydwfeJh
csKyfcs,frIOya'awG ½kyfodrf;ypf? ½kyfodrf;ypf
ausmif;om;or*¾awGudk xdef;odrf;umuG,fMu? xdef;odrf;umuG,fMu
þodkY yJhwifoHrsm; jrnf[D;odrfhodrfh wkefcref;aom wcJeufa<u;aMumfoHrsm; ae&mtESHYrS wuúodkvfwGif
qufumqufum xGufay:vmayonf/
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifudkEkrdefhcGef;
,ckvufiif; cifAsm;wdYk wuúov kd u
f kd Munfyh gvm;/ twef;xJukd q&m0ifvmNyD;&if rxwmeJY ausmif;xkw?f
q&mhukd tusKd;eJYtMumif;eJY jyefajymrdwmeJY ausmif;uxkw?f ? ½Iyyf gw,f? rsufpu
d av; eJezJ iG Nhf yD; ausmif;om;awG&UJ
tusKd;enf;enf; aqmif½GufwmeJY ausmif;uxkwf?
(1936 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 25 &ufaeh? nae 4 em&D or*¾üusif;yaom ausmif;om;tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;rS)
EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkrdefhcGef;
ausmif;om;or*¾awG[m qlyrl aI wGuzkd efw;D aew,f/ uGejf rLepf 'vQK'd vefawGjzpfw,f/ ausmif;pnf;urf;
udk azmufzsuf usL;vGew
f ,f/ t"r®pepfukd toH;k jyKaew,f? q&mawGr½dak obl;/ 'gaMumifh vdt k yfovdk wif;wif;
usyfusyf ta&;,l&vdrfhr,f/
(1956 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 7 &ufaehn toHvTifhí wdkif;jynfodkhaMunmonf/)
(ps) wuotvkyt
f pnf;ta0; (Business meeting) ü awGU½S&d aom jyóemrsm;
wuopnf;rsOf;t& ESpyf wfvnfyrkH eS t f pnf;ta0; (Business meeting) udk trIaqmifoufwrf; rukerf D
usif;y&onf/ xdktpnfta0;rsKd;udk 1950 ck ywf0ef;usifu oefY½Sif;aomausmif;om;tif;tm;pk wuowGifta½G;
cHcJh&pOfu a½SmifcJhonf/ wyfOD;tzGJUrsm;onf xdktpnf;ta0;rsKd;udk raMumufay/ wuopnf;rsOf;ESifhtnD usif;y&ef
tm½Hx k m;cJo
h nf/ wuo trIaqmiftaejzifh rdrw d Ukd \ aqmif½u
G cf surf sm;udk or*¾toif;0ifrsm;tm; jyefvnftpD&ifcH
wifjyjcif;jzpfonf/ wuo toif;0ifausmif;om;rsm;u wuo pnf;rsOf;ESit hf nD BudKwifyYdk xm;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;ukd
pepfwus w&m;0if½iS ;f vif; ajzMum;&onf/ ½Si;f vif;ajzMum;csuftay: pnf;rsOf;ESit hf nD a0zefaqG;aEG;cGijhf yKonf/
vkdtyfaomtqkdrsm;ukd wifjyqkH;jzwfEkdifonf/ trIaqmiftzGJU\ tokH;p&dwfukdvnf; tpkd;&todtrSwfjyK pm&if;ppf
ppfaq;awGU½Sdcsuf? rSwfcsufrsm;ESifhtwl twnfjyK&ef wifjy&onf/ wuo toif;0ifaMu;ukd r0ifrae&jzpfí
wuúokdvf½kH;u wm0ef,l aumufcHay;onf/ ¤if;0ifaMu;rsm;ukd wuúokdvf½kH;uyif bPfwGif tyfESHxm;ygonf/
wuotrIaqmif\ qk;H jzwfcsut f & ok;H vkad omaiGukd wifjyaomtcg wuúov dk ½f ;Hk u csuv
f ufrw S f xkwaf y;ygonf/
¤if;aiGukd okH;pGJa&;ESifhywfoufí wuúokdvftmPmykdifrsm;u wpkHw&m pGufzufcGifhr½Sdyg/ pGufzufcGifhvnf; rjyKcJhyg/
wuo\ aiGtok;H p&dw½f iS ;f wrf;ukd pnf;rsO;f t& 'k-Ouú|u tvkyt f pnf;ta0;wGif wm0ef,w l ifjyí twnfjyKcsuf
&,lygonf/
wuo aiGpm&if;ukd ppfaq;rnfh rSwfykHwifpm&if;ppftzGJUukd trIaqmiftzGJU qkH;jzwfcsuft& cefYtyf&yg
onf/ xkdtcsdef 'k-OuúXukdausmfjrifh EkwfxGufoGm;ygonf/ tvkyftpnf;ta0;wGif ¤if;ukd,fpm; ukdpkd;odef;u
tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;cJh&ygonf/ tvkyftpnf;ta0;ukd Mo*kwfv (16) &uf? rGef;vGJ (1) em&D (35) rdepfwGifusif;ycJh
onf/ twku d tf cHtaejzifh wyfO;D tzGUJ ukd tjyif;txef a0zefx;dk ESuo f nf/ wuorS ukcd ifarmiftek ;f ESihf udak rmifarmif
ñGefYwkdYu tjyeftvSef a0zefaqG;aEG;rIrsm; jyKvkyfygonf/ aiGpm&if;½Sif;wrf; udpöESifhywfoufí wcgw&H wzuf
ESifhwzuf r[kwfbl;? [kwfw,f ponfjzifh vufoD;vufarmif;wef;í atmf[pfjiif;ckHMuonf/
ausmif;om;wOD;u owåd½SdvQifxajymyg[k atmf&mrStp tkwftkwfusufusufjzpfvmí "gwfykHowif;
axmufrsm;u "gwfykH½dkuf,lonf/ xkdtcgausmif;om;wOD;u t"du½kPf;jzpfvQif "gwfykHygoGm;rnf pkd;onfhtwGuf
"gwfyo Hk wif;axmufwOD;ukd atmufoYdkqcJG s&mrStp tcsKUd owif;axmufrsm; rausreyfjzpfum jyefuek Mf u\/ xku d pd u
ö dk
ae½Sif;owif;pmwkduf\ ykHMuD;csJUvIHYaqmfcsuft& owif;axmuftoif;onf wuoukd (6) voydwfarSmuf&ef
514
qkH;jzwfcJhonf/
aemufqkH; wuo aiGpm&if;½Sif;wrf;ukd twnfjyKa&;twGuf rJcGJ&m (761) rJ? (540) rJ twnfjzpfonf/
¤if;tpnf;ta0;u twnfjyKaomtqkdrsm;rSm-
(1) trsKd;om;ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrI aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;w&yftm; EkdifiHawmftpkd;&rS OD;pD;usif;y&ef?
(2) oHk;cguspepf y,fzsufay;&ef?
(3) atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwf&ef?
(4) atmufwdkbm aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJwGif us½IH;olrsm;tm; wcgus rowfrSwfa&;? 0dZÆmwef;pmar;yGJwGif
ar;vGe;f vTm (1) ESihf (2) tm; waeYxJ (2) Budrf rppfaq;a&;ESihf t&pfuspepfa[mif;jzifh ajzqdok rl sm;tm;
atmufwdkbm aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJwGif 0ifa&mufajzqdkcGifhjyK&ef?
(5) &efukefwuúodkvfwGif owif;pmq&m twwfoifoifwef;ydkYcsay;&ef arwåm&yfcHaMumif;wdkY jzpfonf/
or*¾EiS phf yfvsO;f í udpw
ö ckct k wGuf a½G;cs,cf efYtyfxm;aomaumfrwDukd cefYtyf&eftqduk kd &Jacgifuzkd ek ;f jrifh
u wifoGif;&m xdktqdkrSm wuopnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (12)? tydk'f (6)? tydk'fi,f (6) t& aiGpm&if;½Sif;wrf;udk
uefYuGufpOf ½HI;edrfhoGm;aomtqdkESifh eD;pyfí xdktqdkrsm;udk ,ckrSaemuf (6) vrSmrS wifoGif;cGifh½Sdonfqdkum wuo
Ouú|u y,fcsvdkufavonf/ xYdkaemuf wuotpnf;ta0;udk ]wuownfjryJ gap} [k a<u;aMumfNyD; &Jacgifudkzkef;
jrifhu ]t"r®0g' usq;kH ygap} a<u;aMumfum nae (6) em&D? (30) rdepfwGif t"du½kPf;rjzpfaomfvnf; qlqlylylESifhyif
NyD;pD;oGm;\/
'k-Ouú| udak usmfjrifh Ekwx f uG jf cif;udprö mS wuotaqmuftOD atmufxyf½dS pm;aomufcef;wGif qdik zf iG v hf kd
olrsm;xHrS wif'gac:,l&mwGif ¤if;wifjycJhaomrlMurf;udk vufrcHonfhudpEö Sifh wuG tjcm;rauseyfzG,f udpt ö &yf&yf
wdkYaMumifh ZGefv (28) &uf? rGef;vGJ (1) em&Du wifoGif;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf/
owif;axmufrsm;ESihf jyóemrjzpfap&efEiS hf ajyvnf&majyvnfaMumif; twGuf wuoOuú| udpk ode;f [ef?
udkpdk;odef;wdkYonf prf;acsmif;BuD; owif;axmuftoif; Ouú|BuD;xH oGm;a&muf½Sif;jyonf/ owif;axmuftoif;
Ouú|BuD;uvnf; em;vnfoabmaygufcJhonf/ xdktcsdefu wuoESifh wyfOD;udk jynfolu tm½Hkpdkufaecsdef jzpfav
onf/
&efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;wyfO;D owif;axmufrsm;odhk yefMum;vTm
owif;axmufrsm;cifAsm;-
16? 8? 57 &uf wuo tvkyftpnf;ta0;wGif owif;axmuftcsKdUESifh ausmif;om;wOD; jzpfoGm;aom
udpEö Sifhywfoufí &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;wyfOD;tm; jrefrmjynfowif;axmufrsm;toif;u (6) vwdwd
tqufjzwfum oydwfarSmufvdkufonf[k 18? 8? 57 &ufaeYu aMunmvdkufygonf[k od&ygonf/
þodYk aMunm&müvnf; (wuotvkyt f rIaqmifrsm;onf pnf;urf;rJrh ?I &rf;um;rIukd tcsed rf rD ajz½Si;f Edik b
f J
tjypfusL;vGefol\ y&d,m,fudkyif vdkufavsmcJhonf/ xdkaMumifh wuotrIaqmifrsm; wm0efruif;) [lí vnf;
aumif;? (wuo trIaqmifrsm;rSm ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD;tzGJU0ifrsm;jzpfí rvTJra½SmifombJ tjypf½SdolESifh
wm0ef ruif;olrsm;) [lí vnf;aumif; yg½Sdonfudk awGU&ygonf/
þudpEö iS yhf wfoufí owif;axmufrsm;tm; jzpf&yfreS u f kd wifjyvdo
k nfrmS tvkyt f pnf;ta0;yGw J iG f jzpfymG ;
jcif;onf omrefausmif;om;wa,mufESifh owif;axmuftcsKdU jzpfyGm;jcif;yif jzpf\/ tpnf;ta0; wm0efcHusif;y
aom trIaqmifrsm;ESifh jzpfyGm;jcif;r[kwfojzifh wuotrIaqmifüvnf; wm0efr½Sday/ þausmif;om;onf wyfOD;
trIaqmifvnf; r[kw?f aumifp0D ifvnf; r[kwo f jzifh wyfO;D üvnf; wm0efr½S/d xdak usmif;om;ESihf owif;axmufrsm;
tcif;jzpfyGm;csdefwGif tpnf;ta0;\ obmywdjzpfaom wuoOuú|u (owif;axmufrsm;tm; "gwfyHk½dkufcGihf
½SdaMumif;ESifh rwm;jrpfrydwfyif&ef) ajymMum; aMunmcJhavonf/ þodkY obmywdu ajymMum;NyD;aomtcg owif;
axmufrsm;u tpnf;ta0cef;rrS xGufcGmoGm;ygonf/ xdkaeYnaeuyif jzpfyGm;&müygaom ausmif;om;udk,fwdkif
owif;axmufrsm;tm; awmif;yefpm ay;ydkYcJhygonf/
,if;odYk ausmif;om;wcsKdUESihf owif;axmuftcsKdU y#dyu©jzpfymG ;jcif;udk wuou rvdv k m;onft h avsmuf
xdkausmif;om;u ¤if;tvdkqE´tavsmuf awmif;yefapygw,f/ xdkuJhodkY rdrdwdkY tvdkqE´tavsmuf awmif;yefonf
udyk if t"r®tEdik uf sifí h awmif;yefaponf[al omoabmrsKd; owif;axmuftzGUJ \ aMunmcsufwiG yf g½So d nf/ wzef
515
wyfO;D tm; (6) v oydwaf rSmufonf qdjk cif;rSmvnf; bmrQ roufqikd o f nfh wyfO;D tm; rw&m;oufouf qH;k jzwfcsuf
jzpfonf[k ,HkMunfygonf/
wyfOD;onf owif;axmufrsm;tay:ü apwemaumif;xm;vsuf oabmxm; rSefuefcJhygonf/ 1955
ckEpS f bGUJ ESi;f obifwiG f owif;axmufrsm;tm; "gwfyrHk ½du
k &f [k wm;jrpfonfukd wuou 0rf;enf;aMumif; aMunmcJh
zl;yg\/ xdkaMujimcsufukd wyfOD;u axmufcHcJhonf/
xdkuJhodkY wyfOD;ESifh owif;axmufrsm; apwemoefY½Sif;pGm qufqHonfudk wyfOD;0ifr[kwfonfh omref
ausmif;om;wOD;ESifh jzpfyGm;rIudk ckwHk;vkyfvsuf wyfOD;tm;w&m;cHvkyfonfh vkyfMuHrIaMumifh wyfOD;owif;tm; (6)
v oydwfarSmufjcif; jzpf&yfudk rw&m;[k,lqaMumif; owif;axmufrsm;tm; tav;teuf wifjyvdkufygonf/
&efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD;taeESifh ,cifuvnf; owif;axmufrsm;tay: oabm
xm; rSefuefcJhygonf/ ,ckvnf; rSefuefygonf/ aemiftpOfojzifhvnf; rSefuefpGm qufqHoGm;rnfqdkonfudkvnf;
od½Sdapvdkygonf/ þuJhodkY wyfOD;tay:wGif rw&m;csrSwfxm;aom qHk;jzwfcsufudk trSefodkY a&muf½SdEdkif&ef pOf;pm;
aqmif½GufEdkif&eftwGuf owif;axmufrsm;odkY wifjy yefMum;tyfygonf/
trIaqmiftzGYJ
ausmif;om;nDnGwfa&;wyfOD;
&efukefwuúodkvf
aehpGJ- 19? 8? 57
(n) &Jacgiu
f akd rG;zGm;cJjh cif;
(1955- 56) ckESpf yxrtokwf wuoa½G;aumufyGJwGif wyfOD;rsm; tjywftowfjzifh jyefta½G;cH&NyD;
tmPm&ygwD tzGUJ tpnf;onf rsm;pGmtxdemapum ¤if;wdYk u ausmaxmufaemufcjH yKolrsm;udk woD;yk*v ¾ rsm;tjzpf
ausmifom;xktm; vSnfhpm;aomtm;jzifh qdk½S,fvpfygwDrS ppfNyD;acwf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wOD;jzpfaom
udkñGefYodef;? tvif;0if ppfNyD;acwfausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfcJhaom udkcspfoef;xGef;? udkzkef;jrifhwdkY OD;aqmifum
&JacgiftzGJUudk zGJUNyD; 1956-57 ck wuo 'kwd,tokwf 0ifNydKifcJhonf?/ 1953-54 ck uJhodkYyif tmPm&ygwDrS
acgif;aqmifrsm; uGif;qif;í OD;aqmiftm;ay;Muonf/ 0efBuD;OD;ausmfNidrf;\ZeD; a':EGJYEGJY&Donf r,fArmrpdefat;
twGuf a&yef;pm;vSaom A½du k w
d v
f ckH snfwxnf vufaqmifay;cJoh nfh owif;udk udck ifarmiftek ;f u toHcsJUpufjzifh
aMunmcJhonf/
(#) 1956-67 &efuek w

f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 0g'ESiv
hf yk if ef;pOf
0g'
1/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;? tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynma&;ESifh ausmif;om;b0 om,m
ajzmifhjzL;a&;/
2/ ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;ESifh w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;ta&;jyóemwdkif;wGif aqmif½Gufvdkaom
ausmif;om;tif;tm;pkrsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; yl;wGJaqmif½Gufa&;/
3/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;? ,Ofaus;rIxdef;odrf; jr§ifhwifa&;ESifh ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; &if;ESD;pGm
aygif;oif;qufqHa&;/
t"duvkyfief;rsm;
1/ (u) 3 cgus ausmif;xkwfpepf y,fzsufa&;/
(c) wuúodkvfqD;edwf qHk;jzwfcsuf taumiftxnfazmfa&;/
(8) t&pfusajzqdkcGifhpepfopf taumiftxnfazmfa&;/
2/ ausmif;om;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh (Hostel Autonomy) &½Sda&;/
3/ axmufyHhaMu; qufvuf&½Sda&;/
4/ ausmif;om;pm;aomufqdkif (Student Canteen) zGifhvSpfa&;/
516
5/ wuúodkvf ausmif;om;yGJawmfusif;ya&;/
6/ wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHkawGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD; usif;ya&;/
7/ wuúodkvfynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJw&yf usif;ya&;/
8/ Edik if w
H um½Sd wuúov
kd rf sm;ESihf &efuek w
f uúov
kd f q&m? ausmif;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ apvTwzf vS,af &;/
9/ tm½S-tmz&du ausmif;om;abmvHk;yGJw&yf &efukefNrdKUwGifusif;ya&;/
oD;jcm;Xmetvdkuf aqmif½Guf&rnfUvkyfief;
tif*sifeD,maumvdyf
1/ (3F) pepf zsufodrf;a&;/
2/ ausmifwuf&ef 75% rS pmar;yGJajzcGifh avQmhaygha&;/
3/ tif*sifeD,mpmMunfhwdkufwGif tif*sifeD,mbmom&yfESifh ywfoufaompmtkyfrsm; jynfhpHkpGmxm;½Sda&;/
4/ aEG&moD vufawGUoifwef;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf c&D;p&dwfESifh aeYpOf toHk;p&dwfay;a&;/
5/ tif*sifeD,maumvdyf½Sd Xmetvdkufypönf;rsm; tjynfhtpHkxm;ay;a&;/
(u) Architect ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ypönf;rsm;jynfhpHka&;? (Oyrm- Basil wood)
(c) Mechanical wGif Working Model rsm; jynfhpHkpGmxm;½Sda&;?
(*) Civil Eng: twGuf ypönf;ta[mif;rsm; vJvS,fay;a&;? (Oyrm- ajrwdkif;u&d,mrsm;)
6/ Lab: rsm;wGif ypönf;rsm; jynfhpHkapa&;/
(u) Heat Eng: Lab: Oyrm- (Boiler ta[mif;rsm; xm;½Sday;a&;)?
(c) Mining Eng: twGuf Lab: wckxm;½Sda&;?
(*) Electrical Communication wGif Lab: xm;ay;a&;/
7/ (u) Workshop twGuf Workshop Assist: tjynfhtpHktvHktavmuf xm;½Sda&;?
(c) a[mif;EGrf;aomypönf;rsm; vJvS,fay;a&; (Oyrm- wHuif;)/
8/ pwdkifyifrsm; qufvufwdk;wufay;a&;/
9/ trSwfMunfh&mwGif 10d^- ay;&mrS 5d^- odkY avsmhcsay;a&;/
10/ tif*sifeD,mpmar;yGJrsm; qufwdkufrusif;yay;bJ oifhavsmfovdk em;&ufay;umusif;ya&;/
ynma&;r[mXme
1/ 65% ausmif;wuf&uf pepfy,fzsufa&;/
2/ pmar;yGJatmifpm&if; xGuf&mwGif (In order of merit) trSwftenf;trsm; tpDtpOftvdkuf aMujim
jcif;udk y,fzsufay;&ef/
3/ tpdk;&pwdkifyif,lolrsm;udk B.Ed qufvufwufcGifhay;&ef/
4/ q&mrsm;\tajccHvpmEIef;xm; jyifqifay;a&;/
5/ ynma&;r[mXmewGif vuf½SdtkyfcsKyfjyKvkyfaeyHkudk jyKjyifajymif;vJay;a&;/
6/ tjcm;aomXmeuJhodkY xl;cRefolrsm;? yxr&olrsm;tm;qk csD;jr§ifhay;a&;/
aq;odyHÜ
1/ oD;jcm;aq;wuúodkvf jzpfajrmufa&;/
2/ aq;odyÜHwGif vuf½SdtaqmuftOD wdk;csJUa&;/
3/ aq;odyÜHwGif ausmif;olrsm;twGuf ausmif;aqmifwaqmifESifh aq;odyÜHausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ausmif;
aqmifwaqmif tjrefqHk;xm;½Sday;a&;/
4/ aq;odyÜHwGif "gwfcGJcef;ypönf;rsm;? tjcm;vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; vHkavmufpGm½Sda&;/
5/ aq;odyÜHwGif q&mrsm;vHkavmufpGm wdk;csJUcefYxm;&efESifh q&mrsm;tm; vpmwdk;jr§ifhay;a&;/
6/ 'kwd,ESpf aq;odyÜHoifwef;wGif (3) Budrf us½HI;pepfaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm;txl; epfemaeojzifh
wwfEdkiforQ aqG;aEG;jyKjyifa&;/
7/ aq;odypHÜ mMunfwh u
kd w
f iG f acwfrpDS mtkyrf sm; pHv
k ifpmG xm;½S&d ef ausmif;om;rsm; vHak vmufpmG iSm;&efzwf½I
&ef pmMunfhwdkuf&efyHkaiG wdk;wufoHk;pGJay;&ef/
517
8/ aq;odyÜHwGif axmufyHhaMu;topfrsm; &yfqdkif;xm;jcif;udk zsufí axmufyhHaMu;topf tjrefjyefvnf

xkwfay;&ef/
&efuif;aumvdyf
1/ &efuif;OypmaumvdyfwGif vHkavmufaom ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;ESifh q&mjynfhpHkpGm xm;½Sda&;/
2/ jynfpHkvHkavmufaom pmMunfhwdkufwck xm;½Sda&;/
3/ upm;uGif;rsm; aqmufvkyfay;a&;ESifh vdktyfaomypönf;rsm;? axmufyHhaMu;rsm;udk ausmif;om;OD;a&
tvdkuf ay;a&;/
4/ ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; em;ae&eftcef; (L.C.R) (G.C.R ) udk wd;k csUJ í ypön;f rsm; jynfph kH vHak vmufpmG
ay;a&;/
5/ t0iftxGufvrf;rsm; jyKvkyfay;um vrf;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;jyKjyifay;&ef/
6/ &efuif;ausmif;aqmif (Hostel) rsm;wGif toHk;taqmifrsm; jynfhpHkpGmjyifqifa&;/
7/ ysufqD;aeaomausmif;aqmifrsm;? a&ydkufrsm; jyifqifay;&efESifh ausmif;aqmif oefY½Sif;a&;twGuf
aqmif½Gufay;a&;/
8/ &efuif;ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif Owk (3) yg;cHEdkif&ef twGuf rsufESmMuufjyKvkyfay;a&;/
xD;wef;aumvdyf
1/ pmoifcef;rsm;wGif rD;vHk;rsm;? yefumrsm; wyfqifa&;/
2/ em;aecef;twGif; owif;pmrsm;? upm;ckefpm;ud&d,mrsm; jynfpHkpGm&½Sda&;/
3/ xD;wef;aumvdyftwGuf ydkrdkoifhavsmfaom ae&m½SmazGí aumvdyftqifhESifhnDaom pmoifcef;rsm;
aqmufvkyfa&;/
4/ ausmif;aqmifü csKdUwJhaomypönf;rsm; tjrefqHk;ay;&ef/
5/ pmMunfhwdkufESifh tdrfwGif;upm;a&;twGuf taqmifoD;oefY aqmufvkyfay;a&;/
6/ upm;ckefpm;a&;twGuf upm;uGif;rsm; jyKjyifay;a&;/
7/ oefY½Sif;aom a&csKd;cef;ESifh tdrfomrsm; jyKjyifay;a&;/
8/ aq;rsm;tcrJh vHkavmufpGmay;a&;ESifh tcrJhaq;xdk;ay;a&;/
A[dkausmif;aqmifrsm;
1/ ausmif;aqmifc t&pfusay;oGif;aom pepftm; ,cifpepfa[mif; twdkif;ay;a&;/
2/ ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif a½S;,cifuuJhodkY rD; (24) em&D&½Sda&;/
3/ ausmif;aqmifwGif aexdkifvdkaom ausmif;om;wdkif; aecGifhjyKa&;/
4/ aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; ausmif;aqmifü aecGifhjyKa&;twGuf tpDtpOfjyKvkyfay;a&;/
5/ a&vHkavmufpGm &½Sda&;/
6/ ukwiftopfrsm; vJvS,fay;&efESifh pmtkyfpifrsm; tvHktavmufay;a&;/
7/ tdrfomjyKjyifay;a&;/
aehausmif;olrsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;
1/ um;crsm; oufomacsmifcsdap&ef avQmhayghaom aps;EIef;xm;½Sda&;/
2/ ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; em;aecef;rsm; (L.C.R) (G.C.R) wdkYtm; o,m,ESifh pmzwfcef; tqifhodkY
xm;½Sday;&efESifh ypönf;rsm; vHkavmufpGmxm;½Sday;a&;/
3/ aeYausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tm;upm;aMu;rsm;udk 200d^- rS 500d^- txd wdk;jr§ifh&½Sda&;/
vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;
1/ r,lrae& jrefrmbmomtpm; rdrdwdkY jynfe,fqdkif&m bmom&yfrsm; oifMum;ajzqdkcGifhjyKa&;/
2/ jynfe,fausmif;om;rsm;ta&;udk jynfe,ftpdk;&u 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rjyKa&;/
518
3/ jynfe,fausmif;om;rsm;tm; axmufyHhaMu;wdk;ay;a&;/
4/ axmufyHhaMu;ay;&mwGif oif,laom bmom&yfESifh owfrSwfcsKyfcs,frI rjyKa&;/
5/ vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIxkwfazmfay;a&;/
6/ ausmif;om;vkyfief;rsm;wGif vlrsKd;pkwdkY qEýg½Sdvkyfaqmifa&;/
q&mrsm;
1/ q&mrsm;pmoifcsdefudk qDavsmfatmif pDpOfowfrSwfí tcsdefydkoifMum;ygu tydkaMu;cHpm;cGifhjyKa&;/
2/ q&mrsm;vdkaecsdefwGif tvkyfrS&yfpJjcif; rjyKa&;/
3/ q&mrsm; vpmEIef;xm; wdk;jr§ifhjyifqifay;a&;/
4/ q&mrsm;vdt k yfaecsdewf iG f wd;k jr§ichf efYxm;rIukd 'D*&Day:wGio
f mrxm;bJ vkyo
f ufuRrf;usifru
I ykd g Munfí
h
&mxl;wdk;jr§ifhay;a&;/
5/ q&m? rrsm;\ qEÉiS q hf efYusifvsuf ausmif;om;ta&;wGif 0ifa&mufcsKyfcs,f&ef tmPmjzifh apcdik ;f jcif;
rjyKa&;/
txufazmfjyyg 1956- 57 ckEpS tf wGuf vkyif ef;rsm;udk ausmif;omxkw&yfv;kH udk aoG;pnf;nDñw
G af pum
ausmif;om;tjrif ausmif;om;qE´jzifhom jyKvkyfaqmif&Gufí atmifyGJ&onftxd csDwufoGm;rnfjzpfaMumif; uwd
jyKygonf/
trIaqmiftzGYJ
(X) &efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú|opf pode;f [ef usr;f opömused q
f ykd t
JG crf;tem;rdechf eG ;f
&efuek w
f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú| usrf;opömusdeq f ykd t
JG crf;tem;udk wufa&mufMuwJh NrdKUrdNrdKUz
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b,fyHkzefwD;ajz½Sif;vdkY &rvJ/ 'Denf;vrf;awGeJY vTrf;jcHKMunfhNyD;rS pGrf;tm;awGay;NyD; trsm;qHk; ulnDcJhMuygw,f/
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519
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awGukd nDñGwf aoG;pnf;MuNyD; ckcHumuG,fMu&rSmyJ/
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520
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awmif;qkdwkdufyGJ0ifoGm;r,fqkdwm 'Dae&mu aMunmvkdufygw,f/
ed*kH;csKyftaeeJY uRefawmf wifjywkdufwGef;csifwJh tcsufuawmh-
1/ wuúokdvfausmif;om; e,fajravmuBuD;[m wuúokdvft"dywda[mif; ukdEk ajymcJhzl;ovdk Nidrf;at;
om,mwJh ]jruRef;om} uav;tjzpf wnfaxmifvkdygw,f/
2/ 'Dom,mwJh jruRef;omtjzpfa&mufatmif rajyvnfwJhjyóemawG? ½IyfaxG;aewJh epfemcHpm;&wJh
jyóemawG? ql;an§mifhcvkwfuefoif;awGukd rdb? q&m?ausmif;om;awG vufwGJyl;aygif;NyD; ajz½Sif;
vkdygw,f/
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uG,f ajz½Sif;vkdygw,f/
'Dtcsuf (3) csufudk r&rae aqmif½Gufae&r,fh ae&mrSmvnf; uRefawmfwdkYor*¾trIaqmiftzGJU taeeJU
ausmif;om;tjrif? ausmif;om;qE´? ausmif;om;,lqcsufawGeJYom xm0pOfBudK;yrf; wnfaqmufoGm;r,fvdkY wifjy
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ausmif;om;ta&;eJY ywfoufNyD; atmufwdkbmv (7) &ufaeYu zqyv Ouú| OD;Eku toHvTifhrdefYcGef;
w&yf ajymMum;cJhygonf/ xdkaemuf atmufwdkbmv (16) &ufaeYwGif 'k-0efBuD; ocifwifu rdefYcGef;pum;w&yf
ajymum EdkifiHawmftpdk;& ynma&;XmerS trdefYw&yfudk xkwfjyefaMunmcJhayonf/ xdktrdefYpmwGif-
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rsm;ESifU or*¾rzGJYpnf;&/ zGJYpnf;NyD;aomor*¾rsm;udk &ufaygif; (30) twGif; q&mBuD;rsm;u trdefhxkwfqifU zsufodrf;
&rnf/ trdefhudkremcHaomf &moufyefausmif;rS xkwfypf&rnf/ uefhuGufawmif;qdkcJUaomf ausmif;udkydwfxm;Edkifonf/
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vsuf½Sdjcif;aMumifh wuo trIaqmiftzGJUonf av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;um wuo\oabmxm;rsm;udk xkwfjyef
aMunmvdkuf&ayonf/
ArmEdkifiHwGif ausmif;om;toif;tzGJUrsm;udk 1920 ckESpf avmufrSpí pwifzGJUpnf;vmcJhMuayonf/ 1929
cka&mufrS wuúodkvfor*¾[lí twdtvif; wnfaxmifzGJUpnf;í wjynfvHk;wGif 1936 ckESpf ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;
wGirf S Auo (ArmEdik if vH ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾) tzGUJ cGrJ sm; tESYH tjym; ay:aygufí vmcJah yonf/ 'kw, d urÇm
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tultnDjzifh jyefvnf zGJUpnf;cJhMuayonf/
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47 ckrsm;wGif jynfolvlxkESifhtwl vufwGJum wdkufcdkufMuonf/ 1948 ckESpfrS pí Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;?
ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;? ynmoifMum;rItajctae aumif;rGefa&;? ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wdkYtwGuf
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at;csrf;pGmajz½Sif;&ef aqmfMocJhonfrSmvnf; txift½Sm;yif jzpfayonf/
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ausmif;oH;k y&dabm*rsm; vHak vmufpmG ay;&rnfjzpfayonf/ odYk aomf ynma&;toH;k p&dwf enf;yg;rIaMumifh vHak vmuf
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tae aumif;rGefa&;twGuf vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk xyfwvJvJ awmif;qdkvmaomtcg ausmif;om;ta&;[lí jzpfay:vm
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awmif;qdkaomtcg ray;½kHrQru atmufwdkbm ausmif; (1) vydwfa&;rS? (15) &ufudkavQmhcsum awmif;qdkvmaom
ausmif;om;rsm;udk tMurf;zufNzdKzsufum ajz½Sif;cJhzl;ayonf/ ,ckvnf; ausmif;om;rsm; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk
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ynma&;tusyt f wnf;jzpfru I kd or*¾rsm;zsuo f rd ;f &ef BudK;yrf;jcif;onf rajyvnf½rkH Qru ,aeYausmif;om;
rsm; Nidrf;csrf;pGmynmoifMum;jcif;udk ysufjym;ap&ef jyKvkyfjcif;? ausmif;om;rsm;udk qlylrIjzpfatmif jyKvkyfjcif;yif
jzpfayonf/
or*¾rsm; zsuford ;f cdik ;f &müvnf; Edik if aH wmftpd;k &onf q&mrsm;BuD;rsm;tm; trdeYf xw k u
f m zsuford ;f &rnf?
ausmif;xkwyf pf&rnf? ausmif;ydwyf pf&rnf? &JtzGUJ jzifh ESrd ef if;&rnf[k cdik ;f apjcif;onf q&mESiahf usmif;om; &if;ES;D cspf
cifrI? nDñGwfrIudk ysufjy,fap&ef jyKrljcif;om jzpfayonf/ q&mrsm;tm; wynfhrsm;ESifh toufxufqHk; NidK;ol&ef
bufyrm jzpfap&ef rw&m;apcdkif;jcif;om jzpfayonf/
Edik if aH wmftpd;k &ausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;aumifprD sm;om ½S&d rnf[k qdck ahJ yonf/ ausmif;aumifprD mS q&mESihf
wynfhrsm; aygif;pyfxm;aom tzGJUtpnf;jzpfí ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;ESifh vHk;0toGiftjyif jcm;em;vsuf½Sdonf/
ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;onf ausmif;om;oufoufyg0ifaom tzGJUtpnf;jzpfí 'Drdkua&pDpepft& zGJUpnf;xm;aom
tzGUJ tpnf;jzpfayonf/ vGwv f yfpmG aqmif½u G Ef ikd cf iG ?hf vkyaf qmifEikd cf iG rhf sm; ½Sad yonf/ ausmif;aumifprD mS q&mBuD;rsm;
om tmPmydik jf zpfí ausmif;om;ta&;udk aqG;aEG;jcif;? rJjzifh qH;k jzwfciG rfh sm; r½Sad y/ ausmif;om;u a½G;cs,fxm;olukd
yif q&mBuD;u jzKwfcsEdkifcJhayonf/ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&; vHk;0rygaom tzGJUtpnf; jzpfonf/ odkYtwGuf ausmif;
aumifpDjzifh tpm;xdk;jcif;onfvnf; vHk;0rjzpfEdkif[k ,lqayonf/
odkYtwGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;& ynma&;Xme\ &ufaygif; (30) twGif; or*¾rsm;zsufodrf;&ef trdefYonf
'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;udk wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif;? Nidrf;csrf;pGmynmoifMum;a&;udk zsufqD;jcif;? q&mESifh ausmif;om;
cspfcif&if;ESD;rIudk zsufqD;um ausmif;om;rsm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;om jzpfayonf[k wuúodkvfor*¾u tcdkiftrm
,lqayonf/
&Jabmfausmif;olausmif;om;taygif;wdkh-
Edik if aH wmftpd;k &ausmif;wGif or*¾rsm;tm; zsuford ;f cdik ;f jcif;onf Edik if aH wmfausmif;rsm;wGiof m &yfwnfrnf
r[kwfay/ a½SUwGifwqifhwqifhwdk;um wuúodkvfor*¾udk wm;qD;jcif;? zsufodrf;jcif; jyKvkyfrnfh ajcvSrf;yifjzpfay
onf/ 1953-54 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvfor*¾ae&mwGif ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;aumifpD (SSWC) rsm;jzifh
tpm;xd;k &ef MuH½, G cf zhJ ;l ayNyD/ ,cktcgwGiv
f nf; or*¾rsm;zsuo
f rd ;f &ef trdeYf ut kd rSjD yKum wuúovkd o
f r*¾ukd zsuo
f rd ;f
&efBudK;pm;jcif; (odkY) wuoae&mwGif tpm;xdk;&ef ausmif;om;^q&m cspfcif&if;ESD;rI[lí bef;jyum q&mâusmif;
om; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk zGJUpnf;&efMuH½G,f jyKvkyfvsuf ½Sdayonf/
odkYtwGuf &Jabmfausmif;olôm;wdkif;onf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ausmif;rsm;wGif or*¾rsm; (AuotzGJUcGJrsm;)
522
zsufodrf;&eftrdefYonf ausmif;om;i,frsm;udkomrubJ wuúodkvfodkYyif xdcdkufvmawmhrnfjzpf&m or*¾rsm; wnf

axmifcGifhESifh qufvufwnfjrJcGifhtwGuf EdkifiHawmfausmif;om;xkBuD;w&yfvHk;ESifh vufwGJum aqmif½GufMuyg&ef
wdkufwGef;EId;aqmf vdkufygaMumif;/
wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf or*¾zGJUpnf;cGifh&a&;? or*¾wnfwHhEdkifa&;twGuf ArmEdkifiHausmif;om;xk
w&yfvHk;ESifh yl;wGJaqmif½Guf&mwGif at;csrf;om,mpGm ajz½Sif;Edkifa&;twGuf BudK;pm;aqmif½Gufrnf jzpfonfhtjyif
q&m? rdb? ausmif;om;rsm;yl;wGJ ajz½Sif;Edkifa&;twGuf tpGrf;ukefBudK;pm; aqmif½GufrnfjzpfaMumif; xkwfjyefaMunm
vdkufygonf/
tMurf;zufESdrfeif;rI0g'usqHk;&rnf
ausmif;om;ta&;atmif&rnf
trIaqmiftzGJY
odhk
ynma&;0efBuD;
twGif;0efrsm;½Hk;
&efukefNrdKY
taMumif;t&m / / 16? 10? 56 aeYpGJjzifh ynma&;0efBuD;XmerS ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;ESifh ywfoufí

xkwfjyefaomtrdefYudk &nfñTef;ygonf/
cifAsm;-
16? 10? 56 aeYwGif ynma&;0efBuD;XmerS tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;½Sd ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tm; trdefYxkwfjyef
onfrS (30) &uftwGif; zsufodrf;&efESifh xdkuJhodkY zsufodrf;&mwGif vdktyfygu jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,lrnf
[laom oabmyg½Sdonfh trdefYw&yfudk xkwfjyefcJhygonf/
xdt
k rdeYfEiS hf ywfoufí uReaf wmfrsm; wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ rS avhvmoH;k oyfMunfo h nfwiG f ¤if;trdeYfonf
1/ ynma&;avmuü vuf½Sdjzpfay:aeaom taxGaxGtusyftwnf;rsm;udk ajz½Sif;ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k
r,lqjcif;/
2/ ¤if;trdefYaMumifh ynma&;avmutwGif;ü at;csrf;pGmynmoifMum;a&;udk xdcdkufvmvdrfhrnf[k
,lqjcif;/
3/ xdktrdefYonf EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;yHk tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (2)? tydk'f (17^*) üyg½Sdaom toif;
tzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;Edkifaom tcGifhta&;[lonfudk csKd;azmuf&ma&mufvsuf 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;udk
ydwfyif&ma&mufjcif; jzpfonf[lí cdkifcdkifrmrm ,HkMunf,lqygaomaMumifh txufyg ynma&;XmerS
xkwfjyefcJhaomtrdefYtm; av;eufpGm uefYuGufygaMumif;/
qHk;jzwfcsuft&
av;pm;pGmjzifU
(pdk;odef;)
(wuo)
rdwÅLrsm;udk
1/ 0efBuD;csKyf 6/ Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf
2/ w&m;a&;Xme0efBuD; 7/ &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (&uo)
3/ ygarmu©csKyf (&efukefwuúodkvf) 8/ owif;pmwdkuf
4/ q&mrsm;toif; (&efukefwuúodkvf) 9/ ynmrif;BuD;½Hk;
5/ jrefrmEdkifiHq&mrsm;toif;csKyf
523
(¡) 1956-57 wuotpD&ifcpH m
&efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾
1956-57 ckESpf tpD&ifcHpm
tcef; (1)
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾\ yxrtywf a½G;aumufyGJjzpfaom Ouú|? 'k-Ouú|ESifh aiGxdef;
a½G;aumufyu JG kd 1956 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv (27) &ufwiG f usi;f ycJ&h m? ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;wyfO;D \ ud, k pf m;vS,f
rsm; jzpfaom podef;[eftm; Ouú| tjzpfvnf;aumif;? udkausmfjrifhtm; 'k- Ouú| tjzpfvnf;aumif;? rjrjrtm;
aiGxdef; tjzpfvnf;aumif; ausmif;om;xku a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcJhayonf/ 'kwd,tywf trIaqmif (6) OD;
a½G;aumufyu JG kd 1956 ckEpS f atmufwb dk mv (9) &ufaeYwiG f usi;f ycJ&h m ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;wyfO;D \ ud, k pf m;vS,f
rsm;jzpfMuaom udpk ;kd ode;f ? udpk eG w
f w
d ?f udvk aS z? rpöwmtuf'xD eG ;f ? apmod;k rm? udck spo
f ed ;f OD;wdYk ta½G;cHc&hJ ayonf/
xdktrIaqmif (6) OD;tm; atmufygtwdkif; wm0efcGJay;cJUonf/

(1) udkpdk;odef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
(2) rpöwmtuf'DxGef; wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh jyefMum;a&;rSL;
(3) udkpGefwdwf ausmif;om;ouffomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL;
(4) udkcspfodef;OD; upm;ckefpm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIXmerSL; (aemif pma&;q&m C.T.O)
(5) udkvSaz (&cdkif) EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL; (aemif OD;wifhaZmf)
(6) apmodk;rm vlxkqufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
wuo\ zGJYpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (10)? tydk'f (2) t&-

(1) udkatmifoef; tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcH
(2) udk0if;wif yd#duufwdkufrSL;
-tjzpfjzifh trIaqmiftzGJUrS a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufcJhayonf/
wuo\ zGJYpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (19)? tydk'f (1) t& tdk;a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwDudk atmufygtwdkif;zGJYpnf;cJUonf/

(1) udkatmifoef; wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
(2) udkodef;wef twGif;a&;rSL;
(3) udk0if;Munf tvkyfrefae*sm
(4) udkwifarmifarmif trIaqmif
(5) udkndKjrifh trIaqmif
(6) rcifeef;jrifh trIaqmif
wuo\ zGpYJ nf;yHpk nf;rsO;f Oya' tcef; (18)? tyd'k f (1) t& yd#u
d ufwu
kd af umfrwDukd atmufygtwdik ;f zGpYJ nf;cJo
U nf/
(1) udk0if;wif yd#duufwdkufrSL;
(2) rjrjr aiGxdef;
(3) udkaumif;pH
(4) csm;vf (xGef;)
524
(5) udkwifatmifMunf
(6) udk&Jjrifh
wuúodkvfupm;ckefpm;aumfrwD (University Sport Council)) odkh wuorS atmufygudk,fpm;vS,frsm; a½G;cs,f

cefhtyfcJUonf/
(1) udkcspfodef;OD;
(2) udkausmf'if
(3) udkwifxG#f
(4) udkwifarmifMunf
(5) udkae0if;
ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDohkd wuo 'k-Ouú| udak usmjf rifEU iS Uf wuotrIaqmifa[mif; udak rmifarmifñeG w

hf t
hkd m; wuo
udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a½G;cs,fapvTwfcJUayonf/
wuúodkvfaumifpDodkh
(1) OD;at;armif (w&m;0efBuD;a[mif;ESifh 'k-t"dywda[mif;)
(2) rpöwmwDyD0rf; (wuoaiGxdef;a[mif;? vTwfawmfa½SUae)
-wdkYtm; a½G;cs,fwifajr§mufcJhayonf/
OD;at;armiftm; wuúodkvfaq;aumfrwD0ifESifh wuúodkvf&dyfom aumfrwD0iftjzpf vnf;aumif;? rpöwm
wDyD0rf;tm; ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD0ifESifh axmufyHha&;aumfrwD0iftjzpf vnf;aumif; wuúodkvfaumifpDrS a½G;cs,f
xnfhoGif;cJhayonf/
tcef; (2)
wuotrIaqmiftzGJY\ 0g'ESifUvkyfief;pOf
wuoOuú|opf\ usr;f opömused q f ydk u
JG dk 1956 ck? Ed0k ifbmv (9) &ufaeYwiG f ,k'oefcef;rü usi;f yjyKvkyf
í wuotrIaqmiftzGJUopf\ 0g'ESifhvkyfief;pOfrsm;ukd atmufygtwdkif; aMunmcJhayonf/
0g'
1/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;? tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynma&;ESifh ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifhjzL;a&;/
2/ ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;ESifh w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;ta&; jyóemwdkif;wGif aqmif½Gufvdkaom ausmif;om;
tif;tm;pkrsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; yl;wGJaqmif½Gufa&;/
3/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;? ,Ofaus;rI xdef;odrf;jr§ifhwifa&;ESifh ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; &if;ESD;pGmaygif;oif;
qufqHa&;/
t"duvkyfief;rsm;
1/ (u) oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepf y,fzsufa&;?
(c) wuúodkvfqD;edwfqHk;jzwfcsuf taumiftxnfazmfa&;?
(*) t&pfusajzqdkcGifh pepfopf taumiftxnfazmfa&;?
2/ ausmif;om;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh (Hostel Automanmy) &½Sda&;?
3/ axmufyHhaMu; qufvuf&½Sda&;?
4/ ausmif;om;pm;aomufqdki(f Student Canteen) zGifhvSpfa&;?
5/ wuúodkvfausmif;om;yGJawmfusif;ya&;?
6/ wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHk awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD; usif;ya&;?
7/ wuúodkvf ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJw&yfusif;ya&;?
8/ EdkifiHwum½Sd wuúodkvfrsm;ESifh &efukefwuúodkvf q&m? ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU apvTwfzvS,fa&;?
9/ tm½S-tmz&du ausmif;om;abmvHk;yGJw&yf &efukefNrdKUwGifusif;ya&;/
525
tcef;(3)
wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ onf usr;f opömused q f ykd w JG iG f aMunmcJah om 0g'ESiv hf yk if ef;pOfrsm;udk taumiftxnf
ay:aygufvmap&ef aqmif½u G cf o hJ nf/ aqmif½u G cf ahJ om t"ducsrSwx f m;onfh vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí wifjyvdu k f
ayonf/
1/ (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk 1954-55 ckESpfrSpí wuúodkvfwGifpwifusifhoHk;cJh\/ xdktcsdefrSpí ausmif;
om;xk w&yfvHk;onf (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf zsufodrf;a&;twGuf trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk uefYuGufqE´jycJhayonf/
þodkY qE´jycJhojzifhvnf; ausmif;om;? q&m? rdb jynfolwdkY\ axmufcHrIudk &½SdcJhayonf/ 1955-56 ckESpfwGif
wuúodkvfaumifpDrS (3) cgusESifh (65) &mcdkifEIef;pepftwGuf pHkprf;a&;aumfr½Sifudk zGJUpnf;ay;cJh&onf/ 1956 ck
ESpf Mo*kwv f wGif wuúov kd yf nma&;pkpH rf;rIaumfr½Siu f kd zGUJ pnf;ay;cJ&h onf/ xkad umfr½Sirf S (3) vtwGi;f tpD&ifcpH m
wifoGif;&rnf[k owfrSwfay;cJh&onf/
(3) cgusausmif;xkwpf epfonf vuf½w dS uúov kd yf nma&;pepf rrSeu f efraI Mumifh ay:xGuv f m&jcif; jzpfonf
[k ,lqonfh tm;avsmfpmG wuúov kd yf nma&; pHpk rf;rIEiS yhf wfoufí wuorS vufccH ahJ yonf/ pHpk rf;a&;aumfr½Si\ f
tpD&ifcpH m tjrefq;kH ay:xGuaf p&ef awmif;qdck ahJ yonf/ þodYk awmif;qdck o hJ jzifv
h nf; owfrw S xf m;aom tcsed v f eG af e
&mrS xGufay:vmcJhayonf/
odYk aomftpD&ifcpH monf owfrw S v
f monft h wdik ;f wuúov kd yf nma&;wckv;kH tm; pHpk rf;jcif;rjyKbJ (Admi-
ssion) ausmif;0ifjcif;? (Teaching) oifMum;ydkYcsjcif;? (Examination) pmar;yGJ[lí tydkif; (3) ydkif;udkom ppfaq;
tpD&ifccH ohJ nf/ ausmif;om;xk vdv k m;csufjzpfaom (3) cgusausmif;xkwpf epf zsuford ;f a&;ESihf ywfoufí rnfoYkd rQ
azmfjyjcif;r½SdbJ (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudkom qufvufxm;½SdcJhjcif;aMumihf wuorS oabmxm;udk xkwfjyef
aMunmcJhonf/ qufvufí ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;w&yf usif;yjyKvkyfay;&ef wkdufwGef;cJh
ayonf/
(3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf zsufodrf;a&;twGuf wuoonf wuúodkvf½Sd wyfOD;? &Jacgif? oefY½Sif;?
ausmif;om;a&;&m tiftm;BuD; (4) ck? tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;or*¾? aq;odyÜHausmif;om;or*¾wdkYESifh yl;wGJum
1956 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv (13) &ufaeYwiG f ausmif;w&ufrwufbJ qE´jy oydwaf rSmufco hJ nf/ wuorS OD;aqmifonfh
qE´jyoydwfonf vHk;0atmifjrifcJhayonf/
ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;\ nDñGwfpGm qE´jycJhEdkifonfhtwGufvnf; (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfonf tajc
,dkifvmum wuúodkvfynma&; pepfBuD;wckvHk;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;&jcif;? pOf;pm;cJhaom tpD&ifcHpmudk wdkif;jynfodkY
wifjyum tMuHOmPfEiS hf xifjrifcsufrsm; awmif;cH&jcif;wdYk ukd jyKvkycf &hJ ayonf/ (3) cgusausmif;xkwpf epf zsuford ;f
a&;onf umvMum½Snpf mG wdu k yf q JG ifrS &Edik rf nfjzpfonfEiS t hf nD ravsmah omvkYH v? rqkwrf epfaomZGEJ iS t hf nD ausmif;
om;xkw&yfv;Hk nDñw G pf mG jzifh qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifEikd yf gu atmifjrif&ef½adS yonf/ vuf½ydS nma&;pepfBuD;yif jyKjyif
ajymif;vJoGm;Edkif&ef t&dyfedrdwfrsm; ay:xGufcJhNyD[k ,lqrdayonf/
(3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf zsufodrf;a&;twGuf 1956 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (30) &ufaeYwGif wuorS
BuD;rSL;um tpmiwfcHqE´jyyGJw&yfudk usif;ycJhayonf/ xdktpmiwfcHqE´jyyGJudk &efukefwuúodkvf? odyÜHr[mXme
jrufcif;a½SUü vnf;aumif;? &efuif;ESifh xD;wef;aumvdyfwdkYü vnf;aumif; usif;ycJhayonf/ wuorS tpmiwfcH
qE´jyyGJtwGuf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;udk zdwfac:cJh&m &efukefwuúodkvfrS ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;aygif; (100)
ausmf? &efuif;rS (60) ausmf? xD;wef;rS (40) ausmf? tm;vkH;aygif; (200) ausmf yg0ifqifETJcJhMuayonf/ tpmiwfcH
qE´jyyGJwGif wuúodkvf½Sd ausmif;om;tiftm;pkBuD; (2) ckjzpfaom &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD;ESifh
ausmif;om;&JacgiftzGJUwdkYu pdwftm;xufoefpGm yg0ifqifETJcJhayonf/ trsKd;orD;ausmif;aqmifrsm;rSvnf; pdwftm;
xufoefpGm tultnDrsm; ay;cJhayonf/ eHeuf (6) em&DrS nae (6) em&Dxd tpmiwfcHqE´jyyGJBuD;? onfhaemuf
ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;yGJBuD; usif;yjyD;vQif tqdkrsm;wifoGif;qHk;jzwfum wuúodkvfe,fajrtwGif; qE´jyvSnfh
vnfyGJw&yfudk usif;yEdkifcJhonf/
2/ ausmif;aqmifu, kd yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&;udk 1954-55 ck wyfO;D ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;jzpfaom wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ rS
wifoGif;awmif;qdkcJhayonf/ 1956 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (24) &ufaeYwGif wuoudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh wuúodkvf t"dywd
0efBuD;csKyfO;D Ek awGUqHak qG;aEG;&mwGif ausmif;aqmifu, kd yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&;udk oabmwl½rkH Qru? {NyDvwGif pwiftyk cf sKyf
&ef wkdufwGef;cJhonf/ wuoudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u {NyDvonf ausmif;ydwf&ufjzpfí ZGefvrSm pwiftkyfcsKyf&ef jyef
Mum;cJhayonf/
526
1959 ck? ZGefvwGif taumiftxnfazmf&ef BudK;yrf;cJhNyD;vQif ausmif;aqmiftkyfcsKyfa&; pDrHudef;udk a&;qGJ

wifjycJah yonf/ xdpk rD u H ed ;f udk wuúov kd af umifpo D Ykd wifjy&m rNyD;rjywfjzpfc&hJ mrS 1957 ck? azazmf0g&D (7) &ufaeYwiG f
usif;yaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS wuoudk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;yg0ifaom tzGJUi,fwckudk zGJUpnf;cJhayonf/ xdk
tzGJUi,ffrS wuopDrHudef;udk tajcjyKNyD; tao;pdwfa&;qGJ wifjycJh&m ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS vufcHtwnfjyKjyD;
jzpfayonf/ ,ckEpS f ausmif;aqmiftoD;oD;wGif ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&; tzGUJ i,fuav; zGUJ pnf;um tkycf sKyf&awmhrnfjzpf
&m pwifvkyfaqmifMu&efyif ½Sdayawmhonf/
ausmif;aqmifwikd ;f wGif tkycf sKyfa&;tzGUJ rsm; zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyfciG hf &½SNd yD;jzpfaomfvnf; wuorS arQmfreS ;f cJo h nfh
twdkif; jynfhpHkaom udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhum; r&ao;ay/ ,ck&½Sdxm;onfrSm udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhwGif ta&;BuD;aom
tpdwt f ydik ;f w&yfjzpfonf/ pDraH qmif½u G cf iG hf (Management) udo k m &½Sxd m;jcif;jzpfay&m qufvufí vH;k 0ud, k yf ikd f
tkyfcsKyfcGifh &½Sdonftxd aqmif½GufoGm;&ef vdktyfayonf/
3/ wuúodkvfwGif axmufyHhaMu;rsm;ay;cJh&mrS 1954-55 ckESpfurS tpjyKum &yfqdkif;xm;cJhayonf/ þodkY
&yfqdkif;xm;cJh&mrS axmufyHhaMu;rsm; qufvufay;&ef awmif;qdk&mwGif rltm;jzifh vufcHaomfvnf; EdkifiHawmf
tpdk;&xHrS ray;ojzifh r&½Sd jzpfaeayonf/ odkYtwGuf axmufyHhaMu;&½Sda&;ESifh ywfoufNyD; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&xHwGif
awmif;qdkum qufvufta&;qdk wdkufyGJ0if&rnfjzpfayonf/
4/ ausmif;om;pm;aomufqdkif (Student Canteen) zGifhvSpfa&;twGuf wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf yxr
tqifhtjzpf pmtkyfpmwrf; ausmif;okH;y&dabm* a&mif;csonfhqdkifwckrS pwif&ef &nf½G,fcJhaomfvnf; t&if;tESD;
rwnfa&;ESifh ywfoufí tcuftcJ awGUcJh&ayonf/ t&if;tESD;rwnfEdkif&eftwGuf tpk½S,f,mrsm; ac:qdkum
or0g,rtjzpf wnfaxmifrnf qdkyguvnf; pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; &½Sd&ef vdktyfygojzifh qufvuf raqmif½GufEdkif
ao;bJ &yfqdkif;xm;cJh&ayonf/
5/ 1952- 53 ckESpfrSpí wESpfwBudrfusif;ycJhaom wuúodkvfausmif;om;yGJawmfudk wwd,tBudrf tjzpfjzifh
1956 ck? 'DZifbmv (20-21) &ufaeYrsm;wGif wuúodkvfe,fajrü NcdrfhNcdrfhoJ usif;yEdkifcJhayonf/
ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; &if;ESD;rdwfaqGjzpfa&;
,Ofaus;rIjr§ifhwifa&;
ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;
Nidrf;csrf;a&;
-[laom &nf½, G cf sufjzifh usif;yjyKvkycf jhJ cif;jzpf&m ausmif;aqmifrsm;? vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ ulnrD u I kd trsm;tjym;
&½SdcJhayonf/
6/ 1954-55 ckEpS rf S tpjyKí usi;f ycJah om wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdyaf ygif;pkH awGUqkaH qG;aEG;rIukd rEÅav;wuúov kd f
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? rauG;Oypmaumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm;or*¾? armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm;or*¾wYkd EiS hf
ndE§ idI ;f aqG;aEG; oabmwlncD suft& rEÅav;NrdKU? a½Tref;wuúov kd ?f abm*aA'cef;raqmifwiG f 1957 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv
(19-20-21) &ufaeYrsm;ü wwd,tBudrfajrmuf awGUqkHaqG;aEG;yGJBuD; xajrmufatmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifcJhayonf/
&efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾? rEÅav;wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾? armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyaf usmif;om;
rsm;or*¾rsm;? &efuek ?f rEÅav;aq;odyo HÜ r*¾? pdu k yf sKd;a&;r[mXmeor*¾? xD;wef;? &efuif;aumvdyf ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGUJ
rsm;tjyif ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;wyfO;D ? ausmif;om;&Jacgif? rEÅav;wuúov kd f 'Dtufptf pkd onfh ausmif;om;tiftm;pk
rsm;ESihf toif;tzGUJ aygif; (43) zGUJ rS ud, k pf m;vS,af ygif; (82) a,mufEiS hf avhvmolaygif; (48) a,muf wufa&mufcahJ y
onf/
xdkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;wGif wuúodkvfrsm;? aumvdyfrsm;? r[mXmersm;\ tajctaersm;udk wifjytpD&ifcHMuNyD;
vQif epfemcsurf sm;udk azmfxw k Ef ikd cf ahJ yonf/ ausmif;om;jyóemrsm;udk tMurf;rzufbJ at;csr;f pGm awGUqkaH jz½Si;f ay;
&ef Edik if aH wmftpd;k &odYk yefMum;vTmwapmifEiS hf 'kw, d tBudraf jrmuf wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdyaf ygif;pkH awGUqkaH qG;aEG;yGBJ uD;rS
xkwfjyefcJhaom Nidrf;csrf;a&;yefMum;vTmudkvnf; xyfrHtwnfjyKcJh ayonf/
7/ ,aeYwuúodkvfESifh Armjynfw0Srf;wGif wnf½Sdaeaom ynma&;pepfonf e,fcsJUacwfu a&;qGJxm;aom
ynma&;pepfjzpfay&m vGwv f yfaomArmEdik if EH iS hf vk;H 0rudu k nf aD y/ vuf½ydS nma&;pepfBuD;wckv;Hk udk jyKjyif ajymif;vJ
&ef vdktyfvmNyD[k ,lqojzifh ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;w&yf jzpfajrmufEdkif&eftwGuf
wuo trIaqmiftzGJUonf aqmif½GufcJhayonf/ yxrtqifhtaejzifh ynma&;wwfuRrf;olrsm;? q&mrsm;xHodkY
ynma&;jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf pmrsm;ay;ydkYum tMuHÓPf awmif;cHcJhayonf/
527
wuúodkvfynma&;pkHprf;rIaumfr½Sif tpD&ifcHpm xGufay:vmaom tcgwGifvnf; xdktpD&ifcHpmtwGuf

oabmxm; xkwfjyefcJhayonf/ xdkaMunmcsufwGif ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf ynma&;Xme udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;? ynma&;uRrf;usifolrsm;? ausmif;om;? q&m? rdb udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tygt0if ynma&;aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;w&yf
usif;yjyKvkyf&ef wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfcJhayonf/
þodkY EId;aqmfcJhonfhtwGufvnf; wuúodkvfynma&;pkHprf;rIaumfr½Sif tpD&ifcHpmudk wdkif;jynfodkY xkwfjyef
aMunmum tMuHÓPfrsm; xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk jynfolvlxkxHrS awmif;cHcJh&ayonf/ EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf\
av;ESpfpDrHudef; a&;qGJ&mwGifyifvQif ynma&;ESifhywfoufí ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ r[kwfaomfvnf; tzGJUzGJUum EdkifiHjcm;rS
yg&*lrsm;udk ac:,lum tMuHÓPfrsm; awmif;,lcJh&ayonf/ þonfyifvQif ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf
awGUqkHaqG;aEG;yGJjzpfEdkif&ef vrf;pay:NyD[k ,lqrdayonf/
8/ EdkifiHwumwuúodkvfrsm;odkY &efukefwuúodkvfq&m? ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU apvTwfa&;udk t"du
vkyif ef;pOftjzpf csrSwcf ahJ omfvnf; raqmif½u G Ef ikd cf ahJ cs/ uvuwåm;wuúov kd f ESpw
f &mjynfah jrmufyaJG wmfoYkd &efuek f
wuúodkvfrS tm;upm;toif; apvTwfcJh&m wuorS tultnDay;cJhonf/
9/ tm½S-tmz&du ausmif;om;abmyGJw&yf &efukefjrdKUü usif;ya&;udk tif'dkeD;½Sm;jynf? befa'gif;jrdKUü usif;y
aom ]tm½S-tmz&duausmif;om;nDvmcHBu;D } ü Armjynf ausmif;om;rsm;taeESifh wifoGif;cJhjcif;jzpf\/ wuúodkvf
tm;upm;aumifpüD wifjyaqG;aEG;cJ&h mwGif jzpfajrmufEikd &f ef tm;ay;cJ\ h / odYk aomf tquftoG,jf yKvkyf ndE§ idI ;f &efyif
rvG,u f vl oS jzifh atmifjrifpmG raqmif½u G Ef ikd cf ahJ y/ ,d;k ',m;Edik if H ausmif;om;rsm;rS abmvk;H toif;woif; vma&muf
upm;&ef csed ;f qdck ahJ omfvnf; atmifqef;tm;upm;uGi;f wGif rtm;rvyf jzpfaeaomaMumifh urf;vSr;f csuu f kd jiif;y,fchJ
&ayonf/
wuo trIaqmiftzGJUonf usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJü aMunmcJhaom t"duvkyfief;BuD; (9) &yfudk taumif
txnfay:&ef aqmif½u G cf &hJ mwGif txufü tpD&ifccH o hJ nft
h wdik ;f atmifjrifco hJ nfrsm;vnf; ½Scd \
hJ / atmifjrifEikd af &;
twGuf tajccHrsm;&EdkifcJhonfvnf; ½Sd\/ ratmifjrifao;onfh tcsufrsm;vnf; ½SdcJhaMumif;udkvnf; azmfjyvdkuf&ay
onf/
tcef; (4)
tjcm;vkyfaqmifcJhaom vkyfief;rsm;
1/ 1956 ck? atmufwb dk mv (19) &ufwiG f Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u txufwef;ausmif;rsm;ESihf tv,fwef;ausmif;
rsm;½Sdor*¾rsm;udk &ufaygif; (30) twGif; zsufodrf;ay;&rnf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ausmif;rsm;wGif q&mBuD;rsm; zGJUpnf;
xm;onfh ausmif;aumifpDrSwyg; tjcm;toif;tzGJUrsm; rzGJUpnf;&[k xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/
or*¾rsm;zsuo f rd ;f cdik ;f jcif;? ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;Hk \ tcGit hf a&; ydwyf ifwm;qD;½krH Qru Edik if aH wmf zGUJ pnf;ykH
tajccHpnf;rsOf; Oya'wGifyg½Sdaom 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;udkyg ydwfyifwm;qD;onfh trdefYjzpfjcif;aMumifh wuorS
uefYuGufcJhayonf/ Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS BuD;rSL;onfh 1956 ck? Edk0ifbmv (15) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom
or*¾zsufodrf;rI uefYuGufqE´jyyGJodkY wuorS wufa&mufyg0ifcJhonf/ 1956 ck 'DZifbmv (13) &ufaeYwGifvnf;
wuúodkvfe,fajrü (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf zsufodrf;a&;? or*¾zsufodrf;a&;trdefY uefYuGufa&;twGuf ausmif;r
wufbJ qE´jyoydwfarSmufum ulnDwdkufyGJ0ifcJhayonf/ xdkqE´jyoydwfarSmufyGJwGif ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD;?
ausmif;om;&Jacgif? oefY½Sif;? ausmif;om;a&;&m paom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifhwuG ausmif;om;xkw&yfvkH;
nDñGwfpGm yg0ifqE´jyrIaMumifh qE´jyoydwfonf atmifjrifcJhayonf/
2/ 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf wuúodkvfaygif;pkH ajy;ckefupm;yGJudk 1956 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (17-18) &ufaeYrsm;wGif
rEÅav;wuúodkvfü usif;ycJhayonf/ xdkajy;ckefupm;yGJBuD;udk &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? rEÅav;
wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS OD;pD;usif;ycJh&m tm;upm;orm;
aygif; (100) eD;yg;cefY yg0ifqifETJcJhMuayonf/
3/ 1957 ckEpS ?f arvü wuúov kd f jyefvnfrzGiv
hf pS rf D ausmif;aqmifrsm; rvkaH vmufrEI iS yhf wfoufí wuorS
BudKwifjyifqifxm;yg&ef xkwjf yefaMunmcJah vonf/ xkYd aemuf wuúov kd f jyefvnfziG v
hf pS af omtcgwGif ausmif;om;
aygif; (300) eD;yg; ausmif;aqmifcef;rsm; r&½Sdojzifh wuorS ,m,Dtm;jzifh wcef;ESpfa,mufxm;í ajz½Sif;&efESifh
ausmif;aqmifrsm; aqmufvkyf&ef awmif;qkdcJh&m ,m,Dtm;jzifh wcef;ESpfa,mufxm;í ajz½Sif;rIudk &½SdcJhayonf/
4/ ZGefv wuúodkvfpmar;yGJrsm; ajzqdkaepOftwGif; wkwfauG;a&m*g ysHUESHYvmojzifh ausmif;om;rsm; wkwfauG;
528
a&m*g pGJuyfcJhayonf/ þodkYpGJuyfrIaMumifh pmar;yGJajza&;wGif taESmifht,Sufjzpfvmojzifh wuorS oGm;a&muf

awGUqkHum aq;½kHwGif ae&mcsxm;Edkifa&;? vufawGUpmar;yGJrsm; aeY&ufajymif;vJEdkifa&;? rdrdwdkYae&mwGif ajzqdkEdkifa&;
wdkYtwGuf aqmif½Gufay;cJhonf/
5/ xrif;a<u;usefojzifh pmar;yGrJ ajzqd&k onfh udprö sm;? pmar;yG0J ifaMu; &ufa½TUqdik ;f a&;udprö pS í tao;pdwf
udpörsm;udk wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf ay:aygufvmvQif csufcsif;yif ta&;,l aqmif½GufcJhayonf/
tcef;(5)
txdrf;trSwfaehrsm; usif;yjcif;
1/ urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;aeh / / Edk0ifbm (17) &ufaeYonf urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;aeY jzpfayonf/ 17? 11? 56
&ufaeYwGif usif;y&efjzpfaomfvnf; wefaqmifwdkifyGJawmfESifh wdkufqdkifaeojzifh urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;aeYudk &uf
owåywf aemufqkH;aeY 23? 11? 56 &ufaeYwGif wuúodkvftm;upm;½kHESifh or*¾Mum; jrufcif;jyifwGif ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifonfh uyGJrsm; wcrf;wem; usif;yjyKvkyfcJhayonf/
2/ trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeh / / (36) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYudk wuoonf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uo
wdYk EiS hf yl;aygif;OD;pD;um &efuek Nf rdKU? ql;avbk&m;vrf;? tvkyo f rm;ausmufwikd üf usif;yjyKvkycf &hJ m ausmif;om;aygif;
ajrmufrsm;pGm wufa&mufcJhNyD;vQif trsKd;om;a&;tqdkESifh ynma&;tqdkrsm;udk qkH;jzwfcJhMuayonf/
3/ ausmif;om;aeh / / (18) Budrfajrmufausmif;om;aeYudk wuoonf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkYESifh yl;
aygif;um ql;avbk&m;vrf;? tvkyform;ausmufwdkifü 21? 12? 56 &ufaeY? nae (4) em&DwGif usi;f ycJah yonf/
ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&;? ausmif;om;vdv k m;csurf sm;ESihf ywfoufaomtqdrk sm;udk qk;H jzwfcMhJ uayonf/
4/ udkvdkeDpepfqefhusifa&;aeh / / 1946 ck? azazmf0g&Dv (21) &ufaeYwGif tdE´d,a&wyfrawmfrS rsKd;cspfvl
i,frsm;u NAdwo d Qe,fcsUJ orm;udk ajymifajrmufpmG awmfveS w f u kd cf u
kd cf jhJ cif;? 1947 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv (21) &ufaeYwiG f
tD*spfjynftm; odr;f ydu k xf m;onfh NAdwo d Qe,fcsJUorm;rsm;tm; qefYusifwu kd cf u
kd cf o
hJ nfukd taMumif;jyKí udv
k ekd pD epf
tm; qefYusifwdkufcdkufaeMuaom vli,fausmif;om;rsm;ESifh aoG;pnf;nDñGwfrIudk jyoaom urÇmYwdkufyGJaeYBuD;[lí
owfrSwfcJhMuonfhtm;avQmfpGm udkvdkeDqefYusifa&;aeYudk vli,fausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;um wuo
cef;rü usif;ycJhayonf/
tcef;(6)
taxGaxG
tdk;a0r*¾Zif;udk ,ckESpf wuo oufwrf;rukefqkH;rD xkwfa0Edkif&ef tdk;a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwDrS BudK;yrf;aqmif
½GufcJhayonf/ odkYaomf pmrlrsm;udk 1957 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGifrS awmif;cHcJh&aomaMumifh pmrlrsm; vkHavmufpGm
r&½Sad y/ pmrlrsm;r&½Sjd cif;aMumifh ½ku
d Ef ydS af eqJrmS yif &yfxm;cJ&h jcif;? pmrlrsm;&rS xyfr½H u
dk Ef ydS af e&jcif;wdYk ukd jyKvkyaf e&
ojzifh r*¾Zif;xGuaf y:a&;rSm aESmifah ES;vsuf½adS yonf/ ,ckEpS f wuoa½G;aumufyrJG wdik rf D r*¾Zif;xGuEf ikd &f ef BudK;yrf;
vsuf½Sdayonf/
&Jabmfw-hkd
1957 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (9) &ufaeY Ouú|opf usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJ NyD;aemufrS ,aeYxd (9) vwmrQaom
umvtwGi;f 0,f wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ onf ausmif;om;xkrS wm0eftyfEiS ;f vdu k of nfEiS t hf nD aqmif½u G cf ahJ yonf/
þodkYaqmif½Guf&mwGif atmifjrifonfhtcsufrsm;? atmifjrifEdkif&ef vrf;p½Sdonfhtcsufrsm;? ratmifjrifao;onfh
tcsufrsm; ½SdcJhayonf/
wuo\ aqmif½u G cf ahJ omvkyif ef;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; nDnñ
D w
G ñf wG Ef iS hf yl;aygif;aqmif½u G rf aI Mumifh
atmifjrifcJh&jcif; jzpfayonf/ txl;ojzifh (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf zsufodrf;a&;twGuf tpmiwfcHqE´jyyGJwGif
yg0ifMuaom ausmif;om;rsm;? wyfO;D ? &Jacgiftp½Sad om ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;tm; wuorS csD;usL;*kPjf yKaMumif;
rSwfwrf;wif½Sdayonf/ (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfESifh or*¾zsufodrf;a&; uefYuGufaom ausmif;w&ufrwuf qE´jy
oydwaf rSmufyw JG iG f yg0ifMuaom ausmif;om;rsm;? ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm; yg0ifMuonfh wdu k yf aJG umfrwDEiS hf tif*sif
eD,m? aq;odyÜHausmif;om;or*¾wdkYtm; wuorS csD;usL;*kPfjyKaMumif; rSwfwrf;wif ½Sdayonf/
ausmif;om;yGJawmfBuD; atmifjrifa&;twGuf tzufzufrS ulnDMuaom tvSL½Sifrsm;? yg0ifqifETJMuaom
529
vlrsKd;pk ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tif;vsm;? &wem? rmvm? oD&d? wDwDpD? aq;odyÜHausmif;olrsm;? ausmif;om;

rsm;ESifh tzufzufwGif BudK;yrf;Muaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;tm; wuorS aus;Zl;wif½SdygaMumif;/
þuJhodkY ausmif;om;xk\ yl;aygif;rIaMumifh BuD;rm;aomatmifjrifrIudk &½Sdonfhtwdkif; a½SUwGifvnf;
ausmif;om;xk w&yfvkH;onf wuo\tvHawmfatmufrS wnDwñGwfwnf; yl;aygif;aqmif½GufMu&ef wdkufwGef;
vdkufygaMumif;/
ykH
(ausmfjrifU)
'k-Ouú|
wuo
aumvdyaf ygi;f pHak qG;aEG;yJw

G iG f &[ef;wyg; rdechf eG ;f >rwfMum;aeyHk
530
OD;pode;f [ef
(1956-57)
ajrmif;jrc½dik ?f tdrrf NJ rKdUe,f BuKdUuke;f ½GmwGif arG;zGm;onf/ u&if trsKd;om;wOD; jzpfonf/ 1954-55 ckEpS w
f iG f
&efukefwuúodkvfodkY a&muf½Sdum ynmqnf;yl;onf/ 1955-56 ckESpf wuo 'k-Ouú|tjzpf a½G;aumuf
wifajr§mufjcif;cH&í? 1956-57 ckEpS w f iG f wuo Ouú|jzpfvmonf/
1955-56 ckESpfwGif (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk usifhoHk;&m ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; ynmqufvufoif

Mum;cGirhf &bJ ausmif;rS xGucf mG oGm;cJ&h onf/ (3) cgusausmif;xkwpf epf zsuford ;f a&;twGuf wuúov
kd w
f iG f
pwdoydwfarSmufjcif;? tpmiwfcH qE´jyjcif;rsm; jyKcJhí? wuúodkvfaumifpDrS (3) cgus ausmif;xkwfpepfESifh
(66) &mcdik Ef eI ;f ausmif;wuf&ufrsm;twGuf pHpk rf;a&;aumfrwD zGUJ pnf;cJo
h nf/
wwd,tBudraf jrmuf wuúov kd af usmif;om;yGaJ wmfBuD;udk crf;em;pGm usi;f yEdik cf \

hJ / OD;pode;f [efonf u&ifa&;
&mtusKd;aqmiftzGUJ twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif½u G v f suf½odS nf/ Armhwyfrawmf ynma&;ESihf pdw"f gwfa&;&m
ñTefMum;Xme vufaxmuft&m½Sd (pdwf"mwfa&;) wOD;vnf; jzpfonf/
rEåav;aumvdyw
f iG f usi;f yaom aumvdyaf usmif;aygi;f pHak qG;aEG;yJrG S obmywdEiS Uf twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;tzJYG
531
tcef; (20)

'Dru
kd a&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
(1957 rS 1958)
(u) 1957-58 wuoa½G;aumufyJG

1957-58 ckESpf wuoa½G;aumufyGJü tBudwfte,f
NydKifMuonf/ wyfOD;ESifh 'DtufpftdkwjzpfvJ toif;0ifrsm; qdk
½S,fvpfygwD tEG,fa[mif;rsm;ESifh wyfOD;rSzGJU&oltcsKdUudk pk
pnf;í &Jacgiftrnfjzifh 0ifa&muf ,SOfNydKifMuonf/ wuo
a½G;aumufyw JG iG f rEÅav;wuúov kd f aq;ynmr[mXmetwGuf
rJy;kH oGm;a&mufxm;ay;&onf/ wuoonf rEÅav;wuúov kd f
rS aq;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf w&m;0ifudk,fpm;jyK&ef jzpf
onf/ xdktcsdefu wuúodkvfonf ynma&;0efBuD;Xme vuf
atmufcH tzGJUtpnf;r[kwfyg/ &efukefwuúodkvfonf tpdk;&
taxmuftyHh vGwfvyfaomtzGJUtpnf;jzpfonf/ &efukef
wuúodkvf\ tjrifhqHk;tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;rSm wuúodkvf
aumifpjD zpfonf/ uGejf rLepfrsm;? qd½k , S v
f pfrsm;? vuf0aJ usmif;
om;rsm;? olyek u f , kd pf m;vS,rf sm;[k pGypf t JG rnfwyfjcif;cH&aom
wyfOD;ESifh tmPm& zqyv qdk½S,fvpfygwDrS ausmaxmuf
aemufcjH yKxm;aom &JacgifwYkd \ NydKifyjJG zpfonf/ owif;pmrsm;
uvnf; xdak ½G;aumufyo JG wif;ESihf "gwfyrkH sm;udok m tom;ay;

xnfMh uonf/ uGejf rLepf olyek u f , dk pf m;vS,rf sm;[k trnfwyf
jcif;rSm wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;twGuf xda&mufaom acwfrD
rnfou
Yl kd rJxnfv
U u
kd yf goenf; aom pGyfpGJcsuf r[kwfawmhyg/ a½G;aumufyGJ rJa&wGufaom
532
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1957 rS 1958 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif
nwGif &JacgifEiS hf wyfO;D &Jabmfrsm; vIYH aqmfa<u;aMumfvn

S v
hf nf&if; rmvmaqmifa½SUwGif &ifqikd rf u
d m y#dyu©jzpfvek ;D
jzpfcJhonf/ wuúodkvfa½G;aumufyGJonf ausmif;om;a½G;aumufyGJom jzpfonf/ xdktcsdef wuúodkvfü toif;tzGJU
ajrmufrsm;pGm ½SdaeMuygonf/
Union Student Association (U.S.A)? wuúokdvfvli,f? S.S.W.C (Student Social and Welfare
Council)? ausmif;om;a&;&m? ausmif;om;ppf (S.O.F)? wyfOD;? &Jacgif? ausmif;om;a½SUaqmif? ocifqkdNyD; rsKd;pkH
½Sdaeayonf/
(c) wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ (1957- 58)

1/ ukdpkd;odef; Ouú|
2/ ukdpD 'k-Ouú|
3/ ukdodef;½Sef aiGxdef;
4/ ukdcifarmiftkef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
5/ ukdcifarmifBuD; wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
6/ apmwmomuvm;Ä EkdifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
7/ ukdcifatmif ,Ofaus;rIESifh upm;ckefpm;XmerSL;
8/ ukdatmifxGef; oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL;
9/ armifukd,k vlxkqufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
10/ ukdÓPf&if tkd;a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcH
11/ ukdatmifomausmf pmMunfhwkdufrSL;
aumifpD / / wuúokdvftmPmykdifqkH;tzGJUjzpfonf/ r[mXmerSL;rsm;? bGJU&jyD;olrsm;\ ukd,fpm;vS,f?

vTwaf wmf (2) &yf uk,
d pf m;vS,?f t"dywdcefYu,
kd pf m;vS,?f wuoud,
k pf m;vS,Ef iS hf ausmif;q&mtoif; ud,
k pf m;vS,f
wkdY yg0ifonf/ wuúokdvfwckvkH;\ tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mukd MuD;Muyf\/
qD;edwf / / aumifpD\ vufatmufwGif qD;edwf½Sd\/ ygarmu©rsm;ESifh aumifpDrScefYaom ukd,fpm;vnfwkdY

yg0ifonf/ ynmoifMum;a&;ESifh ywfoufí aqmif½Gufvkyfukdif\/
wuo / / ausmif;om;xkykdif tzGJUtpnf;jzpfonf/ wuúokdvftufOya't& wckwnf;aom w&m;0if

ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf; jzpfonf/ 1931 ckESpfrS pwifíwnfaxmifcJhonf/ ausmif;om;ta&;omru jrefrmwrsdK;
om;vkH;\ ta&;ukdyg aqmif½GufcJh\/
ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD / / taqmifrSL;rsm;? r[mXmerSL;rsm;? wuoukd,fpm;vnfwkdY yg0ifí ausmif;aqmif

ESifh ywfouforQukd vkyfukdifaqmif½GufMuonf/
(*) wuoOuú| ukpd ;dk ode;f usr;f opömused q

f ydk JG rdecf eG ;f
usrf;opömusdefqkdyGJwGif 0g' (3) &yfukd ajymMum;cJhonf/
(1) ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;? tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;aom ynma&;ESifh ausmif;om;b0
om,majzmifhjzL;a&;/
(2) ausmif;om;nDnGwfa&;ESifh w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;jyóemwkdif;wGif aqmif½Gufvkdaom
ausmif;om; tiftm;pkrsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufa&;/
(3) Nidr;f csr;f pGm ynmoifMum;a&;? ,Ofaus;rI xde;f odr;f jr§iw
hf ifa&;ESihf ausmif;om;tcsi;f csi;f &if;ES;D pGm
aygif;oif;qufqHa&;/
xkdYtjyif-
rSwfcsuf- apmwmomuvm; Ä [k rl&if;wGifaygif;xm;aomfvnf; pmvHk;aygif;trSefrSm apma';Apfwmouv,fjzpfí ,cktcg
u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t½Hk;wGif A[dkaumfrwD0ifwOD;jzpfaom apma';Apfoufuay:jzpfonf/ 533
1/ EkdifiHawmftpkd;&ESifh ausmif;om;xkMum;½Sd wif;rmrIrsm; aysmufatmifvkyfaqmif&ef?

2/ vuf½SdwuoMuD;\ tcef;u@ukd ykdrkdjrifhrm;atmifvkyfaqmifoGm;&ef?
3/ wuúodkvfrSm½SdaewJh vuf½Sd ynma&;pepfBuD;[m rvdkvm;tyfwJhtwGuf jyKjyifajymif;vJzdkY wdkufwGef;
aqmif½GufoGm;&ef?
4/ q&m? ausmif;om; yl;wGJnDñGwfpGm vkyfaqmifoGm;a&;udka½SU½I&ef?
5/ ,aeY ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk; awGUMuHKcHpm;ae&wJh tusyftwnf;trsKd;rsKd;? jyóemtrsKd;rsKd;rS vGwf
ajrmufa&;udk ausmif;om;xknDñGwfa&;? ausmif;om;xkqE´jzifh vkyfaqmifoGm;&efwdkY jzpfonf/
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifhywfoufí oabmxm;rSm-
]]uRefawmfwdkY wuotaeeJYawmh ausmif;om;xk tusKd;½SdrJhvkyfief;awGudk tpdk;&uvkyfvkyf? b,foluyJ
vkyv f yk f axmufct H m;ay; ulno D mG ;rSm jzpfygw,f/ ausmif;om;xktcGit hf a&; tusKd;aus;Zl;udk xdyg;vm&if b,forl
qdk ckcuH muG,o f mG ;rSm jzpfygw,f/ uRefawmf[m tpd;k &vkyx f m;wJh tvkyw f ikd ;f udk rsufprd w
Sd Nf yD; usm;usm; rD;,yfqw kd hJ
oabmeJY twdu k t f cHrvkycf ohJ vdk tpd;k &vkywf ikd ;f udv
k nf; ykwo f ifnKd vdk acgif;ndwEf ikd rf ,f r[kwyf gbl;/ ckeuwifjycJh
ovdkyJ ausmif;om;xk tusKd;½Sd? r½dSqdkwJh rSwfausmufay:rSm wifNyD;ppfaq;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/ tckaecgrSm uRefawmf
wdkY wuo&JU tBuD;rm;qHk;qdk&r,fh qE´wcku EdkifiHawmftpdk;&eJY ausmif;om;or*¾awGMum;rSm ½SdaewJhwif;rmrIudk
at;at;csr;f csr;f enf;awGeYJ ajz½Si;f vdw k hJ qE´jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvq kd E´½w
dS mudk jzpfajrmufatmif aqmif½u G &f mrSm wOD;eJYwOD;
oabmxm;rSefrSefuefuefeJY ½SdzdkYtcsuffudk tkwfjrpfcs&ygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dtkwfjrpfcs&mrSmvnf; wOD;udkwOD;u ysufqD;ap
aMumif; MuHpnfvyk af eorQawmh t&mxifvrd rhf ,f r[kwyf gbl;/ qdv k &kd if;rSm wuúov kd t
f mPmydik ef YJ tpd;k &u bmvkyf
vkyf twdkuftcHvkyfrnfr[kwfbJ Nidrf;csrf;a&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh ausmif;om;xktusKd;jzpfygu axmufcHívnf;
aumif;? yl;aygif;ívnf;aumif; aqmif½GufoGm;rnf jzpfaMumif; oabmxm;udk aMunmcJhygw,f}}
tqdkygoabmxm;udk udkpdk;odef;u xkwfazmfcJhjcif;tusKd;qufrSm 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek\ tMuHay;t&m½Sd OD;tHk;
onf &efukefwuúodkvf t*FvdyfpmXmewGif enf;jyvkyfaeaom udkatmifausmf (b0opftvGwfynmoifausmif;) rS
wqifh udkpdk;odef;udkawGU&ef pum;urf;vSrf;vmonf/ xdkYaemuf OD;tHk;ESifh udkpdk;odef; awGUqHk&mwGif tusKd;qufrSm-
(u) 0efBuD;csKyfonf uRefawmfwdkY wou trIaqmiftzGJUwzGJUvHk;udk ¤if;\½kH; tpnf;ta0;cef;odkY
zdwfMum;um tpdk;&tzGJUtaejzifh ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrItwGuf &nf½G,faqmif½Gufaeaom tcsuf
rsm;udk ½Sif;jyonf/
(c) jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifhywfoufí awmxJrSuGefjrLepfygwD udk,fpm;vS,fa&mufaeaMumif;ESifh typf
tcwf&yfpJa&;twGuf qufoG,faqG;aEG;aMumif; ½Sif;jyonf/
(8) wuou OD;aqmifum wuúodkvf½Sduseftoif;tzGJUrsm;ESifh nd§EIdif;aqG;aEG;í rdrdwdkYxHwifjyvdkaom
tcsufrsm;udk wifjya&;twGuf wuotoif;tzGJU udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh awGUqHkyGJvkyfvdkaMumif; ½Sif;jy
onf/
(C) 1957-58 ckEpS f wuovIy½f mS ;rI? pwkwt

¦ Burd f wuúov
kd Ef iS ahf umvdyaf ygi;f pHak qG;aEG;yGBJ u;D
wuorS OD;aqmifí ausmif;om;rsm; ynmoifMum;rI tcGit hf a&;udk ydwyf ifaejcif;jzpfaom (3) cguspepfukd
uefYuGufaomtaejzifh oifwef;XmetoD;oD;wGif qE´jyoydwfarSmufcJhMuonf/
pwkw¬tBudrfajrmuf aumvdyfESfh wuúodkvfaygif;pHk aqG;aEG;yGJudk wuúodkvf? aumvdyfor*¾rsm;ESifh n§dEIdif;í
1957 ck? 'DZifbmv (28-29) &ufaeYrsm;wGif armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyf tpnf;ta0;cef;rBuD;wGif wuo? rwuo?
Auo? rauG;Oypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾wdkY OD;pD;í usif;ycJh&m &efukefaq;odyÜHor*¾? rEÅav;aq;odyÜH
or*¾? &efuif;ESifh xD;wef;aumvdyfwdkYrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? &efukefESifh rEÅav;wuúodkvf toD;oD;rS ausmif;om;tzGJU
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; toif;tzGJU (44) zGJUwdkYrS udk,fpm;vS,fESifh avhvmolaygif; (126) a,muf wufa&mufMuonf/
('k) ESifh (w) tBudrf wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;wGif xkwfjyefcJhaom jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf
tpdk;&ESifhawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkwdkY ESpfzufrsufESmcsif;qdkif awGUqHkajz½Sif;jcif;jzifh jynfwGif;ppfrD;udk Nidrf;owf&ef
arwåm&yfcHaom yefMum;vTmwapmif xkwfjyefonf/ ausmif;om;xktm; 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&; jyefvnfay;tyfa&;?
EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; w&yfudk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u OD;pD;usif;ya&;? jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;topf
jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;? urÇmYwif;rmrI avsmhyg;a&;twGuf tNydKiftqdkifvufeufwyfqifrIrsm;? tEkjrLvufeuf
534
prf;oyfazmufcGJjcif;rsm; rjyKvkyf&efESifh vufeufppfonftiftm; avQmhaygha&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;vkyfudkifaqmif

½GufMu&ef arwåm&yfcHonfh aMunmpmwrf;udk aqG;aEG;yGJrS xkwfjyefonf/
aeYpGJ -11? 1? 58
pmtrSwf- yc-0114^58
odhk
wuúodkvfaumifpD
rS-wqifU^ ygarmu©csKyf
&efukefwuúodkvf
taMumif;t&m / / pwkw¬tBudrfajrmuf wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJrS awmif;qdkcsufrsm;tm;

ta&;,l aqmif½Gufay;yg&ef wifjyawmif;qdkjcif;/
cifAsm;-
wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdyt
f oD;oD;rS or*¾u,kd pf m;vS,rf sm;? toif;tzGUJ ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf pwkwt
¬ Budrf
ajrmuf wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHkawGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;udk armfvNrdKifNrdKU? armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyf taqmuf
tODü 28? 12? 57 &ufaeYrS 29? 12? 57 &ufaeYtxd usif;ycJhygonf/ xdkaqG;aEG;yGJü wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyf
toD;oD;rS ausmif;om;b0 tajctaersm;? cHpm;csufrsm;ESifh vdktyfcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwfaqG;aEG;cJhygonf/
xdkaqG;aEG;yGJrS yl;wGJazmfjyyg wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyftoD;oD;twGuf vdktyfaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wifjyaqG;
aEG;um wnDñGwfwnf; twnfjyKcJhygonf/ odkYygí xdkawmif;qdkcsufrsm;tm; oufqdkif&mrS tjrefqHk;ta&;,l
aqmif½Gufay;yg&ef av;eufpGmarwåm&yfcH wifjyawmif;qdktyfygonf/
qHk;jzwfcsuft&
av;pmpGmjzifh
(cifarmiftkef;)
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (wuo)
pwkwt
¦ Burd af jrmuf wuúov
kd Ef iS ahf umvdyaf ygi;f pHak wGUqHak qG;aEG;yGBJ u;D ü
&efukefwuúodkvftwGuf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS
wifjyaqG;aEG;twnfjyKcJUaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
tydkif; (u) ynma&;tqdkrsm;
1/ vuf½Sdynma&;pepfBuD;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ&eftwGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u OD;pD;um EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ynma&;
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;w&yf usif;yay;&ef (EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf
wuo\ wifjycsufudk yl;wGJay;ydkUvdkufygonf/)
2/ (u) oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk vHk;0zsufodrf;ay;&ef?
(c) ynma&;pHpk rf;rIaumfr½Sirf S a&;qGrJ nfh ynma&;pDru H ed ;f topfay:rvmrDtwGi;f (3) cgus ausmif;xkwf
pepftm; avmavmq,f zsufodrf;xm;&ef?
3/ wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdyrf sm;wGif ynma&;qdik &f m Edik if jH cm;tultnD vufc&H mü oufqikd &f mausmif;om;or*¾
rsm;odkY BudKwiftoday;í n§dEIdif;aqmif½Guf&ef?
4/ Armjynfü oifah wmfaom NrdKUBuD;rsm;wGif Oyrm- ykord ?f ½Sr;f jynfwYkd wiG f Oypmaumvdyrf sm; wd;k csJUzGivhf pS af y;
&efESifh ,ckzGifhvSpfNyD;aom aumvdyfrsm;? Oyrm- ausmufjzL ponfwdkYudk acwfrDaomtaqmuftODESifh
oufqdkif&mypönf;rsm; tjynfhtpHkxm;½Sday;&ef?
5/ wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfrsm;twGuf oHk;pGJaiGudk tvHktavmuf wdk;jr§ifhoHk;pGJay;&ef?
6/ &yfqdkif;xm;aom axmufyHhaMu;rsm;udk tjrefjyefvnfxkwfay;&ef?
535
7/ pmoifcef;rsm; rvHkavmufrIwdkYudk tjrefqHk;ajz½Sif;ay;&ef?

8/ wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfrsm;½Sd Xmetvdkuf qdkif&mpmMunfhwdkufrsm;twGuf wdk;csJUzGifhvSpfí vdktyfaom
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; tjynfhtpHkvHkavmufpGm xm;½Sday;&ef/
tydkif; (c) 'Drdkua&pDa&;tqdkrsm;

9/ Armjynfw0Srf;vHk;wGif ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; zsufodrf;xm;jcif;udk ½kyfodrf;í jyefvnfzGJUpnf;cGifhjyK&ef?
10/ zrf;xm;aomausmif;om;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;vTwfí ausmif;xkwfxm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tjrefqHk;
ausmif;0ifcGifhESifh pmar;yGJajzqdkcGifh jyK&ef?
11/ wuúodkvfESifh aumvdyfwdkif;wGif atmufwdkbmausmif; wvydwfay;&ef/
tydkif; (*) ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;tqdk

12/ wuúodkvfESifh aumvdyfwGif aq;½kHwckpDxm;½dSí vHkavmufaom ypönf;u&d,mESifh q&m0efrsm;
cefYxm;ay;&ef?
13/ ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGuf ae&yfXmeodkYjyefaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u _
___________/
tydkif; (C) taxGaxGtqdkrsm;

14/ wuúodkvfwGif q&mrsm; rvHkravmufjzpfaeaom tcsdefjzpfojzifh touf (60) ausmfNyD;aom q&mrsm;
qufvuf trIxrf;EdkifpGrf;½Sdygu tNidrf;pm;ray;bJ qufvufcefYxm;&ef?
15/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif bmom&yfqdkif&mrsm;ü vG,fulpGm 0,f,lEdkifaom pmtkyfrsm;udkom jy|mef;&efESifh
pmtkyfrsm; aps;EIef;BuD;jcif;udk oufomacsmifcsdpGmjzifh 0,f,lEdkif&ef oufqdkif&mwdkYu aqmif½Gufay;&ef?
16/ aeYausmif;om;ôlrsm;em;aecef; (G.C.R) ESihf (L.C.R) rsm;udk o[m,ESihf pmzwfcef;rsm;uJo h Ykd ausmif;om;
OD;a&ESifhtnD jynfhpHkvHkavmufaom taqmuftODypönf;rsm; wyfqifxm;½Sday;&ef?
17/ aeYausmif;olôm;rsm;toHk;jyKaom-
(u) aomufa&ydkufrsm;ysufpD;aeí a&rsm;roefY½Sif;jcif;?
(c) tdrfomrsm;ydwfqdkYaejcif;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;jyifqifay;&efESifh vHkavmufpGmxm; ½Sday;&ef?
18/ ul;pufwwfaoma&m*grsm; umuG,fa&;twGufudk tcsdeftcgtvdkuf umuG,faq;xdk;ay;&ef?
19/ aeYausmif;om;ôlrsm; toGm;tvmvG,u f al p&ef oufqikd &f mwdYk u o,f,yl Ykdaqmifa&;twGuf pDpOfay;&ef/
&efukefaq;odyÜHtwGuf &efukefaq;odyÜHausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS wifjyaqG;aEG;twnfjyKcJhaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;

tydkif; (u) t"duawmif;qdkcsufrsm;
1/ aq;odyÜH oD;jcm;aumvdyf jzpfajrmuf&ef?
2/ aq;odyÜH (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk y,fzsufay;&ef?
3/ ynma&;zufqdkif&m q&mBuD;rsm;u ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;wGJí (Medical Seminar) jyKvkyf
ay;&ef/
tydkif; (c) taxGaxGawmif;qdkcsufrsm;

1/ axmufyHhaMu;aiGrsm;udk topfxyfrHxkwfay;jcif;ESifh &½SdNyD;aom axmufyHhaMu;aiGrsm;udk vpOfrSefrSef
xkwfay;&ef axmufyHhaMu;aiGrsm;udk ausmif;om;OD;a&ESifh vpOf&aiG 60d^- xufydkrdk½Sd&ef?
2/ trdefYusNyD;aom ausmif;aqmiftwGuf tjrefqHk;taumiftxnfazmfí aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
3/ aq;odyÜHpmMunfhwdkuf tjrefqHk;wdk;csJUay;&ef?
4/ aq;odyÜHtaqmuftODudk vuf½Sdausmif;om;OD;a&ESifh nDrQatmifaqmufvkyfay;&ef?
5/ vuf½Sdausmif;om;OD;a&ESifh udkufnDrnfh q&mOD;a&&½Sd&ef? q&mrsm; xyfrHwdk;csJUcefYxm;&ef?
6/ aq;ynmwdk;wufrItwGuf aq;odyÜHqdkif&m vufawGUoifMum;rIaq;½Hk (Teaching Hospital) tjzpf
ajymif;vJay;&ef?
536
7/ aq;odyÜHvufawGUcef;rü ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm; jynfhpHkpGmxm;½Sd&ef/
rEåav;aq;odyÜHr[mXmecGJtwGuf rEåav;aq;odyÜHr[mXmecGJausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS wifjyaqG;aEG;cJUaom

awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
1/ ausmif;aqmifrsm; (3) xyfaqmif? vl (250) cefY ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf (1) aqmifESifh ausmif;olrsm;
twGuf (1) aqmif tjrefqHk; aqmufvkyfay;yg&ef (,cktcgwGif ausmif;olrsm;rSm pmoifcef;wGif aexdkif
Mu&ygonf/)
2/ XmetoD;oD;rS vdktyfaeaom q&mrsm;cefYxm;ay;&ef?
3/ axmufyHhaMu; wu,fvdktyfaeonfh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; axmufyHhaMu;ay;&ef?
4/ aq;odyÜH (3) cgus ausmif;xkwfpepf zsufodrf;ay;&ef?
5/ 1953-54 ckESpf aq;odyÜHr[mXmecGJ pwifzGifhvSpfonfrSpí wcgrQr&ao;aom upm;aMu;? pmMunfhwdkuf
aMu;? aq;0g;ukoaMu;rsm;udk tm;vHk;ESpfrsm;twGuf tjrefxkwfay;&ef?
6/ wuúodkvfwGif½Sdaeaom (3) cgus ausmif;xkwfpepfudk zsufodrf;ay;&ef?
7/ rEÅav; oD;jcm;wuúov kd f jzpfajrmufaomtcg rdrEd pS o
f ufaom wuúov kd rf sm;wGif a½G;cs,f oifMum;Edik &f efEiS hf
rdrdESpfoufaom aq;odyÜHrsm;wGifoifMum;&ef?
8/ rw&m;csKyfcs,fxm;aom ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; jyefvnfzGJUpnf;cGifhjyK&ef?
9/ aq;odyrHÜ [mXmecGJ (rEÅav;) taqmuftODonf aumvdyt f *FgESihf rnDñw G af omaMumifh taqmuftODopf
aqmufvkyf tpm;xdk;ay;&ef/
xD;wef;aumvdyftwGuf xD;wef;ausmif;aqmif o[m,ESifUpmzwftoif;

aehausmif;olôm;rsm;toif;wdkh wifjyaqG;aEG; twnfjyKcJhaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
1/ xD;wef;aumvdyfudk tqifhtwef;rDaom aumvdyfwcktjzpf wkd;csJUjyKjyifay;&ef?
2/ ausmif;om;OD;a&ESifhtnD q&m? q&mrrsm; ydkrdkcefYxm;ay;&ef?
3/ wuúodkvfaxmufyHhaMu; wdk;jr§ifhoHk;pGJay;&ef?
4/ wuúodkvf½Sd bmom&yfwdkif;udk jzpfEdkifvQif Oypmwef;rSpí oifMum;cGifhay;&ef?
5/ oufqdkif&m bmom&yfrsm;twGuf taxmuftuljyKrnfhynm&yfrsm;udk qnf;yl;Edkif&eftwGuf
(u) a'oEÅ&A[kokw½SmazGa&;twGuf oufqdkif&mrS aqmif½Gufay;&ef?
(c) okawoe (Research Dep:) zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
6/ pmMunfhwdkufwck zGifhvSpfay;&efESifh pmMunfhwdkufwGif ausmif;oHk;jy|mef;onfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; jynfpHk
vHkavmufpGm xm;½Sday;&ef?
7/ ausmif;oHk;tjzpf jy|mef;onfhpmtkyfrsm;udk
(u) aps;EIef;csdKompGmjzifh&½Sd&ef oufqdkif&mrSaqmif½Gufay;&ef?
(c) 0,fr&aom pmtkyfrsm;udk rjy|mef;&ef?
8/ ausmif;om; (100) xuf ausmfvGefaom pmoifcef;rsm;wGif toHcsJUpufwyfqifay;&ef?
9/ wuúodkvfwGif ,ck½Sdaom (Combination) rsm;tjyif tydkbmomw&yf oif,lcGifhjyK&ef?
10/ Ak'üsrf;pm *kPfxl;wef; zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
11/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; axmufyHhaMu;rsm; qufvufay;&ef?
12/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u BuD;rSL;í ]ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;} twGuf aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;wck tjrefqHk;usif;y&ef/
tydkif; (c) ausmif;om;tcGifUta&;

13/ (3) cgus ausmif;xkwfpepfudk tjrefqHk;zsufodrf;ay;&ef?
14/ atmufwdkbmausmif; (1) vydwfay;&ef?
15/ or*¾rsm; tjrefqHk;jyefvnf zGJUpnf;cGifhjyK&ef? zrf;xm;aomausmif;om;rsm; tjrefqHk;jyefvnf vTwfay;&ef?
16/ ausmif;om;OD;a&ESifhtnD q&m0efrsm;? olemjyKrsm; xm;½Sday;&ef?
17/ aq;0g;ypönf;rsm;ESifh acwfrDprf;oyfu&d,mrsm; vHkavmufpGmxm;½Sday;&ef?
537
18/ ausmif;om;ôlwdkif; tcrJhaq;xdk;cGifh&½Sd&ef?

19/ ausmif;om;ôlwdkif;tm; ul;pufwwfaoma&m*grsm;rS umuG,fay;aomaq;rsm;udk tcsdeftcg vdkufí
vdktyfovdkxdk;ay;&ef?
20/ oD;jcm;aq;½Hkwck wnfaqmufay;&ef/
&efuif;aumvdyftwGuf &efuif;ausmif;aqmif o[m,ESifUpmzwftoif;? &efuif;aehausmif;olôm;toif;wdkhrS

wifjyaqG;aEG;twnfjyKcJUaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
1/ &efuif;aumvdyftm; aumvdyftqifhtwef;rDaom oD;jcm;aumvdyftjzpf wdk;csJUay;&ef?
2/ q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*rsm; vufawGUprf;oyfaomu&d,mrsm; vHkavmufpGmxm;½dSay;&ef?
3/ &efuif;aumvdyfwGif bmom&yfqdkif&m pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; tjynfhtpHk½Sdonfh pmMunfhwdkufwck xm;ay;&ef?
4/ ausmif;taqmuftODrsm;? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*rsm;? q&mrsm; vHkavmufpGm wdk;csJUaqmufvkyf cefYxm;&ef?
5/ wuúodkvfaxmufyHhaMu;aiGESifh ynma&;toHk;p&dwfudk ydkrdkwdk;jr§ifhoHk;pGJay;&ef?
6/ &efuif;aumvdyfwGif q&mrsm;vHkavmufpGm rcefYxm;Edkifao;rD tcsdeftwGif; pmoifcef;wdkif;wGif
ausmif;om; (100) xuf renf;½Sdu toHcsJUpufrsm; wyfqifay;&ef?
7/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u BuD;rSL;usif;yí ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fonfh aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;wck tjrefqHk;jyKvkyfay;&ef/
tydkif; (c) usef;rma&;tqdkrsm;

8/ &efuif;ausmif;aqmifwGif aq;ay;cef;wck oD;jcm;aqmufvkyfay;&efESifh tcsdefjynfhq&m0ef wa,muf
xm;ay;&ef?
9/ &efuif;aumvdyfoGm;vrf;rsm;ESifh ausmif;aqmiftwGif;½Sd vrf;rsm;udk ½TGHUAGufa&tdkifrsm; r½Sdap&eftwGuf
tjrefjyKjyifay;&ef?
10/ ul;pufwwfaoma&m*grsm; jzpfymG ;Edik af om tcsdeu
f mvrsm;wGif &efuif;aumvdyf aeYausmif;olôm;rsm;udk
vnf; ausmif;aqmifaeolrsm;uJhodkY umuG,faq;xdk;ay;&ef?
11/ &efuif;ausmif;aqmifteD;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;tzdYk tusifph m&dwå xdcu
kd af prnft
h rIupd rö sm;udk z,f½mS ;ay;&ef/
tydkif; (*) ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;

12/ ausmif;om;ôlrsm;twGuf em;aecef;rsm;udk ausmif;om;OD;a&ESifhtnD wdk;csJUay;&efESifh yefum? a&'D,dk?
rD;vHk;rsm; wyfqifxm;½Sday;&ef?
13/ &efuif;aumvdyf½Sd pm;aomufqdkifwGif pepfwusESifhoefY½Sif;pGm pDrHay;&efESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf pm;
aomufcef; oD;oefYxm;½Sday;&efudk jzpfEdkifonfenf;ESifh tjrefqHk;pDrHay;&ef?
14/ aumvdyf½Sd aeYpOftoHk;jyKaom aomufa&twGuf a&ydkufrsm; ydkrdkwyfqifay;&ef?
15/ aeYausmif;olôm; oGm;vmrIvG,fulap&ef ausmif;um;rsm;pDpOfay;&ef?
16/ ausmif;wGif vQyfppfacgif;avmif;rsm; xm;½Sday;&ef/
tydkif; (C) ausmif;om;tcGifUta&;tqdkrsm;

17/ oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk tjrefqHk;zsufodrf;ypf&ef?
18/ atmufwdkbmausmif;ydwf&ufudk cgwdkif;uJhodkY (1) vydwf&ef?
19/ ArmwjynfvHk;wGif zsufodrf;cHxm;&aom ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk tjrefqHk; jyefvnfzGJUpnf;cGifhay;&ef?
20/ ArmwjynfvHk;wGif zrf;qD;cHae&aomausmif;om;rsm;tm; tjrefvTwf&ef?
21/ ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf axmufyHhaMu; ydkrdkoHk;pGJ&ef/
538
armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyftwGuf armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS wifjyaqG;aEG;twnfjyKcJUaom

awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
1/ armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfudk 'D*&DaumvdyftjzpfodkY (1958-59) ckESpftwGif; wdk;jr§ifhzGifhvSpfay;&ef?
2/ armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyw f iG f &efuek w
f uúov
kd rf S oifMum;ydYk csaom bmom&yftm;vH;k udk oifMum;ydYk csay;&ef
(Oyrm- jyifopf? *smref? Ak'¨bmom)
3/ avmu"gwfbmom&yfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí vufawGUprf;oyfonfh ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;udk jynfpHkvHkavmufpGm
xm;½Sday;&efESifh ausmif;om;OD;a& tcsKd;tpm;tvdkuf xm;½Sday;&ef?
4/ aumvdyfwGif oifMum;ydkYcsay;aeonfh bmom&yfrsm;ESifhqdkifaom pmMunfhwdkufwckudk pmtkyfrsm;jynfhpHkvHk
avmufpGmjzifh zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
5/ ausmif;om;OD;a&tvdkuf q&mrsm;cefYxm;ay;&ef?
6/ 0gPdZÆaA'XmewGif enf;jyq&mr½Sdonfjzpfí q&mwa,muf cefYxm;ay;&ef?
7/ t*FvdyfpmXmewGif vufaxmufuxdu q&mwOD; xyfrHcefYxm;&ef?
8/ ½ku©aA'XmewGif enf;jyq&mr½Sdonfjzpfí q&mwa,muf cefYxm;ay;&ef?
9/ ,ckaqmufvkyfqJ aumvdyfausmif;opfBuD;udk tjrefqHk;NyD;pD;atmif aqmufvkyfay;&efESifh vmrnfhESpf
ZGefvwGif ajymif;a½TUzGifhvSpfay;&ef?
10/ wuúodkvfaumifpDwdkif;wGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkwdkY\ bmompmayudk oifMum;ydkYcsaomXmersm; zGifhvSpf
ay;&ef/
tydkif; (c) ausmif;om;tcGifUta&;tqdkrsm;

11/ jynfe,ftvdu k af y;aom axmufyahH Mu;rsm;udk ausmif;om;OD;a&tvdu k f ESppf Ofw;kd jr§iahf y;&efEiS hf oufqikd &f m
odkY awmif;qdkay;&ef?
12/ aumvdyfa&muf ytdk0fhausmif;olôm;rsm;twGuf oD;oefYaxmufyHhaMu;ay;&ef?
13/ rGefausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf oD;oefaxmufyHhaMu;ay;&ef?
14/ jrefrmwjynfvHk;wGif zsufodrf;cH&aom ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk tjrefqHk; jyefvnfzGJUpnf;cGifhjyK&ef?
15/ jrefrmwjynfvHk;wGif zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;ôlrsm;tm; tjrefqHk;vTwfay;&ef?
16/ (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk tjrefqHk;zsufodrf;ay;&ef?
17/ atmufwdkbmausmif;ydwf&ufudk ,cifuJhodkY (1) vydwfay;&ef?
18/ ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif ,cifuJhodkY rD; (24) em&Day;&ef?
19/ wuúodkvfaxmufyHhaMu;udk tvHktavmuf wdk;jr§ifhoHk;pGJay;&ef?
20/ armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfodkY tjcm;wuúodkvfESifh aumvdyfrsm;rS cdkifvHkpGmaom ausmif;ajymif;vufrSwfjzifh
ajymif;a½TUvmaom ausmif;olôm;rsm;tm; armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfwGif >cif;csufr½Sd vufcH&ef?
21/ ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;olôm;vufrSwfa&;xdk;&aom uwd0efcHcsufrsm;udk ,cifESpfrsm;uJhodkY ESpfpOf
ESpfwdkif; y,fzsufay;&ef?
22/ &efuek w f uúov kd rf mS uJo
h Ykd ausmif;aqmifwaqmifwiG f owif;pm (6) apmifEiS hf tjcm;upm;ckepf m;ypön;f rsm;
jynfhpHkpGm xm;½Sday;&ef?
23/ armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyf ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwGif ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; yg0ifcGifh
jyK&ef?
24/ armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyf ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwGif or*¾udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; yg0ifcGifhjyK&ef/
tydkif; (*) ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;

25/ aumvdyfausmif;aqmifopfBuD;ESifhtwl rdef;uav;ausmif;aqmifESifh a,mufsm;av;ausmif;aqmifrsm;udk
tjrefqHk; aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
26/ aumvdyfausmif;aqmifopfBuD;ESifhtwl pmMunfhwdkufwck oD;jcm;aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
27/ aumvdyfausmif;aqmifopfBuD;ESifhtwl pmwdkufwck aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
539
28/ &yfpJxm;aom axmufyHhaMu;rsm;udk tjrefqHk; jyefvnfxkwfay;&ef?

29/ ausmif;oHk;tjzpf jy|mef;xm;aom pmtkyfrsm;udk aps;EIef;csKdompGmESifh 0,f,l&½Sda&;twGuf oufqdkif&mrS
aqmif½Gufay;&ef/
tydkif; (C) usef;rma&;

30/ ynmoifMum;aeaom ausmif;om;ôlrsm;tm; &moDtvdkuf umuG,faq;rsm; tcrJhxdk;ay;&ef?
31/ aumvdyfausmif;opfBuD;ESifhtwl ausmif;olôm;rsm;twGuf oD;jcm;aq;½Hkwck aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
23/ rdef;uav;ausmif;aqmiftwGuf q&m0efrwOD;udk oD;oefYcefYxm;&ef/
tydkif; (i) upm;ckefpm;ESifUtm;upm;a&;

33/ t&nftcsif;jynfh tm;upm;ESifh upm;ckefpm;q&mwOD; oD;oefYxm;½Sday;&ef?
34/ upm;ckefpm;a&;bufwGif vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; vHkavmufpGm xm;½Sday;&ef?
35/ tm;upm;½Hkwck oD;jcm;aqmufvkyfay;&ef/
rauG;OypmaumvdyftwGuf rauG;Oypmaumvdyfausmif;om;or*¾rS wifjyaqG;aEG;? twnfjyKcJUaom

awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
1/ oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk y,fzsufay;&ef?
2/ 65% ausmif;ac:csdefpepfudk zsufodrf;ay;&ef?
3/ axmufyHhaMu;rsm; qufvufay;&ef?
4/ rw&m;zsufodrf;cH&aom ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; jyefvnfzGJUpnf;cGifhay;&ef?
5/ rauG;OypmaumvdyfwGif jynfhpHkvHkavmufaom yd#uwfwdkufwckxm;ay;&ef?
6/ pmoifcef;rsm;wGif rD;ESifhyefumrsm; wyfqifay;&ef?
7/ ausmif;olôm;rsm; em;ae&eftaqmifwdkYwGif ypönf;rsm; vHkavmufpGmxm;½Sday;&ef?
8/ tm;upm;½Hkwck aqmufvkyfNyD; ypönf;rsm; tvHktavmufxm;ay;&ef?
9/ rauG;OypmaumvdyfwGif &oifh&xdkufaom bmom&yfrsm; pHkvifpGmxm;½Sday;&ef?
10/ bmom&yftvdu k f q&m? q&mrrsm; vHak vmufpmG xm;ay;&ef? ¤if;wdYkuv
kd nf; tcsed rf aD pvTwf cefYxm;ay;&ef?
11/ bmom&yfqdkif&m ypönf;toHk;taqmif pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; tvHktavmufxm;ay;&ef?
12/ aemufxyf trsKd;om;ausmif;aqmifwck aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
13/ trsKd;orD; ausmif;aqmifwckudkvnf; tjrefqHk;aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
14/ ½SdNyD;jzpfaom trsKd;om;ausmif;aqmifudkvnf; tqifhtwef;rDatmif jyKjyifay;&ef/
(Oyrm- pmtkyfpif? a&csKd;cef;? tdrfomESifh wa,mufwcef;us ae&mcsxm;ay;&ef)
ausmufjzLaumvdyf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
1/ ausmufjzLaumvdyfudk tqiftwef;rDí jynfhpHkaom OypmaumvdyftjzpfodkY wdk;jr§ifhay;&ef?
2/ ausmufjzLaumvdyfwGif ausmif;olôm;rsm;twGuf acwfrDaomausmif;aqmifrsm; vHkavmufpGm ay;&ef?
3/ odyÜHynmrsm;twGuf vdktyfaom ypönf;ud&d,m wefqmyvmrsm; vHkavmufpGm xm;½Sday;&ef?
4/ t&nftcsif;jynfh q&mrsm; vHkavmufpGm cefYxm;ay;&ef?
5/ ausmufjzLaumvdyfwGif ynmoifMum;vdkaom ausmif;om;ôlrsm;tm; axmufyHhaMu;ay;&ef/
rEåav;wuúokdvftwGuf rEåav;wuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS wifjyaqG;aEG;? twnfjyKcJhaom

awmif;qkdcsufrsm;
ynmoifMum;a&;tqkdrsm;
1/ jrefrmpmayXmewGif uxdu (2) OD; wkd;í cefYxm;ay;&efESifh *kPfxl;wef; xm;ay;&ef?
2/ t*FvdyfpmayXmewGif uxdu (1) a,mufESifh vufaxmufuxdu (2) a,muf? enf;jyq&m (5) a,muf
wkd;í cefYxm;ay;&ef?
540
3/ pdwfynmXmewGif uxdu (2) OD;ESifh enf;jyq&m (1) OD; xyfrH cefYxm;ay;&ef?

4/ wuúaA'XmeESifh tbd"r®mXmewGif uxdu (2) OD;ESifh enf;jyq&m (3) OD; xyfrH cefYxm;ay;&ef?
5/ blrdaA'XmewGif uxdu (2) a,mufESifh vufaxmufuxdu (4) a,muf wkd;ícefYxm;ay;&efESifh *kPfxl;
wef; xm;ay;&ef? jywdkufrS ypönf;rsm; iSm;,lavhvmcGifhjyK&ef?
6/ ygPaA'XmewGif Oypm (c) ykdif;ESifh odyÜHwef;rsm;twGuf vufawGUprf;oyf&mwGif ig;? ,kef ponfhrsm;ukd
tenf;qkH; (3) Mudrftxd avhvmcGifh&&ef?
7/ &mZ0ifXmewGif uxdu (2) OD; xm;½Sday;&ef?
8/ ocFsm*kPfxl;wef; zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
9/ bDtufpD (tyvdkif;) "gwkaA'wGif uxdu (2) OD; xyfrHcefYxm;&ef?
10/ Xmetvdu k f qdik &f mpmMunfw
h u
kd rf sm;xm;ay;&efEiS hf Xmevdu
k q
f ikd &f m pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; jynfph pkH mG xm;ay;&ef?
11/ oifcef;pm,l&eftwGuf tcef; (40) ygaom ausmif;aqmifBuD;wck aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
12/ abm*aA'ESifh 0gPdZÆaA'Xme,lí oD;jcm;Xme wckpD zGifhvSpfay;&efESifh xdkXmersm;wGif uxdu (2) OD;pD
xyfrHcefY xm;ay;&ef?
13/ r[m0dZÆmESifh r[mynmXme? Oya'r[mXmersm; zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
14/ oD;jcm;wuúodkvf *kPft*Fg&yfESifh udkufnDaom tqifhrDoifMum;rIqdkif&m ypönf;rsm;ESifh q&mrsm; xm;½Sday;
&ef?
ausmif;om;tcGifUta&;
1/ oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepf tjrefqHk;zsufodrf;&ef?
2/ ausmif;om;xk qE´rygaom Oya'rsm; jyefvnf½kyfodrf;&efESifh xyfrHrjy|mef;a&;?
3/ ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; vGwfvyfpGm zGJUpnf;wnf½SdcGifhay;a&;?
4/ zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; rn§Of;yef;&efESifh tjrefqHk;vTwfay;&ef?
5/ atmufwdkbmausmif; (1) vydwfay;&ef?
6/ armifatmifarmif;udpöudk w&m;ojzifh qdkif&mrS tjrefqHk;ta&;,l aqmif½Guf&ef/
ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifU
1/ ynmoifMum;rIESifhtkyfcsKyfrIwGif jyifyrS0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;rjyK&ef?
usef;rma&;
1/ wuúov kd af q;½Hw
k ck jzpfajrmuf&ef or*¾rS BudK;pm;aeonfukd tpd;k &rS tultnDay;&ef? ausmif;om;OD;a&ESihf
nDrQaom q&m0ef? olemjyKrsm;cefYxm;&ef? rNyD;pD;rDumvtwGif; vuf½Sdaq;ay;cef;udk wdk;csJUvsuf q&mr
wOD; xyfrHcefYxm;ay;&ef?
2/ wuúodkvfe,fajroefY½Sif;a&;twGuf oufqdkif&mtpdk;& usef;rma&;XmerS tenf;qHk;wv (1) Budrf vm
a&muf ppfaq;rIjyKay;&efESifh ausmif;rSowfrSwfxm;onfh twdkif; wywfwBudrf xufrenf; aq;t&m½Sd
vma&muf ppfaq;&ef?
3/ ausmif;om;rsm; pm;aomufa&;wGif oefY½iS ;f rItwGuf wuúov kd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;tzGUJ rS aqmif½u
G f ppfaq;ay;&ef
4/ ausmuf? ykvdyf? wdkufzdGKufa&m*grsm; umuG,fa&;twGuf aq;rsm;udk ESpfpOftcsdefrD BudKwifxdk;ay;&ef/
upm;ckefpm;
1/ ausmif;om;ôlrsm;twGuf acwfrDaom oD;oefYtm;upm;½Hk wckpD aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
2/ aeYausmif;olôm;rsm;twGuf acwfrDaom tyef;ajz&dyfomwckpD aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
3/ upm;ckefpm;ESifhqdkif&m oD;oefYt&m½SdwOD; tjrefqHk;cefYxm;ay;&ef?
4/ ausmif;om;ESifh q&mOD;a& tnDtrQyg0ifaom upm;ckefpm;aumifpDwck zGJUpnf;ay;vsuf upm;ckefpm;rI
qdkif&mrsm;udk BuD;Muyfvkyfaqmifay;&ef?
5/ acwfrDa&ul;uef (1) ck aqmufvkyfay;&ef/
541
oufomacsmifcsda&;
1/ ausmif;om;rsm; c&D;oGm;vma&;twGuf oufqdkif&mXmersm;rS w0ufcavQmhEIef;ay;&ef?
2/ wuúodkvfwGif oD;jcm;pmwdkuf (1) ck zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
3/ wuúodkvf axmufyHhaMu;rsm;udkqufvufay;&ef/
taxGaxGvdktyfcsufrsm;
1/ wuúodkvfA[dk ausmif;aqmifBuD;atmufrS tpdk;&pdkufysKd;a&;½Hk;rsm; tjrefqHk;a½TUay;&ef?
2/ ausmif;aqmiftkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf ausmif;om;or*¾udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? trIaqmifrsm;yg0ifaom ausmif;
aqmif tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwDw&yf zGJUay;&ef?
3/ wuúodkvf0if;twGif; vrf;rsm;jyKjyifay;&efESifh vQyfppfrD;vHk;rsm;xGef;n§day;&ef?
4/ Assembly Hall BuD;wck aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
5/ usef;rma&;ESifh udkufnDaom trsKd;orD;? trsKd;om; abmf'gaqmifrsm; wdk;csJUaqmufvkyfay;&ef?
6/ Social Science/ International Relation/ Statistic tp½Sdaom bmom&yfrsm; qdkif&mXmersm; wdk;csJU
zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
7/ csif;wGif;aumvdyf tjrefqHk; zGifhvSpfay;&ef/
(i) rEåav;wuúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ vIy½f mS ;rIrsm;
rEÅav;wuúov kd Bf uD;udk oD;jcm;wuúov kd Bf uD; jzpfajrmufvm&ef q&mr? q&m? rdbjynfo?l ausmif;olôm;
rsm; qE´½Sdí qE´jycJhMuygonf/ rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾onfvnf; twuf<uqHk;tcef;rS yg0ifcJhay
onf/ þuJo h Ykd rEÅav;wuúov kd uf kd oD;jcm;aumvdyt f jzpf a&muf½v
dS maomtcg 0rf;om&rnft h pm; 0rf;enf;a<uuGJ
zG,f&mrsm; &ifqdkifvm&onf/
oufqdkif&m ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmydkifwdkY\ pnf;urf;wif;Muyfrnf[laom aMunmcsufaemufwGif
ausmif;xkwfyGJrsm; jzpfvmonf/ ausmif;xkwf&mwGif ½dk;½kd;wef;wef; aMunmíxkwfonf r[kwfbJ emZD[pfwvmu
ol\qefYusifbufrsm;tm; wdwfwqdwf owfypfonfhenf;wl tjcm;olrsm;rodapbJ wdwfwqdwfxkwfypfjcif; jzpf
onf/ aemufxyf ausmif;xkwf&ef pm&if;½Sdonf owif;rsm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ajcmufvSefYaeonf/ xdkYtjyif
rcH&yfEdkifqHk;udprö Sm w&m;0ifzGJUpnf;xm;aom ausmif;om;or*¾\ tcGifhtmPmudk ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUu xdcdkuf
vmonf/ þudpörsm;jzifh &efukefwuúodkvfodkY (400) ausmf ajymif;a½TUoGm;avonf/
þodkYjzifh 4? 6? 58 &uf? nae (4) em&DcGJü abm*aA'taqmuftODü ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;w&yfudk
ausmif;tkyfBuD;a[mif; OD;udkav;u usif;ycJh&m rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS (rwuo) rS Ouú|?
'k-Ouú|? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;wdkY wufa&mufcJhonf/
tpnf;ta0;pvsifpjcif; OD;udkav;u zqyvtuGJaMumifh rEÅav;wuúodkvftm; tkyfcsKyfrnfh 'k-t"dywd
ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpD rzGJUEdkifjzpfaeaMumif;? ,cifu½SdcJhaom tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrSmvnf; arv (31) &ufaeYu ysuf
oGm;NyD jzpfaMumif;? þtajctaewGif rdrdtaeESifh tvHk;pHktepfemcHum ausmif;BuD; tcsdefrDzGifhEdkif&eftwGuf wm0ef,l
vkyfaqmif oGm;&rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymjyonf/ qufvufí ¤if;taeESifh 0efBuD;csKyf? 'k-0efBuD;csKyf (vlrIa&;) ESifh
ynma&;0efBuD;wdkYxH aMu;eef;½dkufxm;aMumif; 3? 6? 58 aeYpGJjzifh jyefvmaom 'k-0efBuD;csKyf (vlrIa&;) \ aMu;eef;
t& ,ciftpDtpOftwdik ;f qufvufaqmif½u G yf gqdí k ¤if;taeESihf qufvufwm0ef,&l rnfo h abm oufa&mufae
aMumif;udk ajymjyonf/ xdYk aMumifh ZGev f (1) &uf? (2) &ufaeYrsm;wGif ¤if;ütcGit hf mPmr½Sb
d J aqmif½u
G cf ahJ omudprö sm;
ESifh ywfoufí tjypf½SdvQifcHrnf jzpfaMumif; ajymjyonf/
ausmif;om;ta&;ESifh ywfoufí rwuo udk,fpm;vS,frsm;taeESifh q&mBuD;wifjycsufudk vufrcHEdkif
ojzifh trIaqmiftzGJU\ qHk;jzwfcsuft& rwuoudk,fpm;vS,frsm;? q&mBuD;? r[mXmerSL;rsm;ESifh XmerSL;rsm;
yg0ifaom wuúodkvf ,m,Dxdef;odrf;a&;aumfrwDudk zGJUpnf;a&;wifjyonf/
þuJo h Ykd tkycf sKyfa&;aumfrwDwck zGUJ pnf;&efwifjyaomtcg q&mBuD;OD;udak v;u rdrzd UJG pnf;Edik af om tmPm
r½SdaMumif; tm;vHk;oabmwl qHk;jzwfcsufudk vdkufemrnfjzpfaMumif;ajymí tpnf;ta0;cef;rS xGufcGmoGm;onf/
rwuo ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; ½kww f &uf em;rvnfEikd af tmifjzpfaeonf/ odYk &mwGif usef½adS om q&mrsm;ESihf qufvuf
542
aqG;aEG;&m q&mrsm;uvnf; wwfEdkifaomtajctaer½Sdí avmavmq,f ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;udpöudkom pOf;pm;

aqG;aEG;Muonf/ taqmifrSL; (4) OD;? aiGwdkufpdk;? 0if;rSL;ESifh wuoudk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;aygif; (8) OD;yg0ifaom
,m,D ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDw&yfudk trsm;oabmwl zGJUpnf;cJhMuonf/ q&mBuD;OD;oef;xGef;u Ouú|? rwuo
udk,fpm;vS,fu twGif;a&;rSL; tjzpfaqmif½GufcJhavonf/
(p) ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGUJ csKyf yÍörtBurd af jrmuf jynfv;kH uRwn
f v
D mcHBu;D rS
qH;k jzwftwnfjyK awmif;qdck surf sm;

ynma&;tqdkrsm;
1/ ,aeYvuf½Sd (18) odef;eD;yg; ½Sdaomausmif;om;OD;a&twGuf ynma&;toHk;p&dwfudk 20% xufrenf;
wdk;jr§ifhoHk;pGJí ausmif;taqmuftODrsm;? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*rsm;? ausmif;q&mrsm; vHkavmufpGmay;&efESifh
toufarG; 0rf;aMumif; ynm&yfrsm;udk ausmif;wdkif;wGif oifMum;ay;&ef?
2/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u owfrSwfxm;aomNrdKUrsm;ESifh r½Sdrjzpfaom NrdKUrsm;wGif Oypmaumvdyfrsm; wnfaxmif
ay;&ef? jyXmef;csufrsm; tjrefqHk;taumiftxnfazmfí ½Srf;jynfwGif Oypmaumvdyf (1) ck zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
taqmuftOD? ausmif;oH;k ud&, d m? q&mrsm;vHak vmufpmG xm;í bmompHo k ifMum;Edik af &;twGuf pDpOfay;&ef?
3/ ausmif;rsm;wGif trsKd;om;nDñw G af &;? trsKd;om;pm&dwEå iS hf trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rIukd qefYusifaom ausmif;oH;k
pmtkyfrsm; rjy|mef;&ef? (Oyrm-jynfaxmifpkyef;wdkifESifh vlxkatmfoHuJhodkYaom pmtkyfrsm;)
4/ (3) wef;rSpí acwfreD nf;pepfjzifh t*Fvyd b f momoif&efEiS hf oif½;kd oifwef; tqift h wef;ESihf udu
k n
f aD om
pmtkyfrsm;udk ausmif;oHk;tjzpf jy|mef;&ef? (Oyrm- wuúodkvf0ifoifwef;rS t*Fvdyfpmtkyf --- aysmuf)
5/ ausmif;q&m? q&mrrsm; vHkavmufpGm wdk;jr§ifhcefYxm;ay;&ef? usef;rma&;tajctaeaMumifh tvkyfrScGifh,l
&aom q&m? q&mrrsm;udk vpmtjynfhESifh vHkavmufaom cGifh&ufrsm;ay;&efESifh vpmwdk;jr§ifhay;&ef?
6/ ausmif;q&m? q&mrrsm;cefYtyf&mwGif oufqdkif&m t&nftcsif;ppfaq;rIrsm;rSty jynfxJa&;XmeESifh
EdkifiHa&;ygwD toif;tzGJUrsm;rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rjyK&ef?
7/ ynma&;Xme vGwv f yfciG uhf kd rpGuzf uf&efEiS hf ausmif;q&m? q&mrrsm;tm; ynmoifMum;a&; wm0efrw S yg;
tjcm;rnfonhf vkyif ef;udrk Q tpd;k &tmPmjzifh apcdik ;f jcif; rjyKvky&f ef? (Oyrm- q&mrsm;tm; tpd;k &OD;pD;aom
tiftm;jyyGJ tcrf;tem;rsm;odkY wufa&mufapjcif;ESifh ausmif;om;ta&;wGif pGufzufapjcif;)
8/ ausmif;q&mrsm;tm; ausmif;zGifh&uftwGif; ajymif;a½TUojzifh ausmif;om;rsm; pmoifysufapaomaMumifh
aEG&moDrSom ajymif;a½TUjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&ef?
9/ Edik if aH wmf pufrvI ufrvI yk if ef;rsm;½Sad om jrpfi,f? a&eHacsmif;? acsmufNrdKUrsm;wGif pufrv I ufryI nmoifausmif;
rsm; zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
10/ ausmif;wGijf y|mef;xm;aom pmtkyrf sm;udk tcrJv h akH vmufpmG iSm;&rf;&efEiS hf jyeftyf&mwGif rw&m;avsmfaMu;
rawmif;&ef?
11/ wuúodkvfpmar;yGJwGif t*Fvdyfwbmomwnf; us½IH;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; jrefrm (10) wef;atmif
vufrSwfxkwfay;&ef?
12/ wuúodkvf0if pmar;yGJaMu;rsm;udk 15d^- rS 10d^- odkYavQmhcsay;&ef?
13/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; usef;rma&;twGuf tpdk;&ausmif;wdkif;wGif pma&;ud&d,mrsm;? upm;uGif;rsm;?
upm;½Hkrsm;ESifh um,ynmq&m? q&mrrsm;udk vHkavmufpGmcefYxm;ay;&efESifh ausmif;aq;ay;cef;rsm;?
aq;ppfjcif; jyKvkyfay;&ef?
14/ avmavmq,foHk;rjzpfatmif ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aeaom ausmif;rsm;tjrefqHk; jyKjyifay;&ef/
ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;tqdk
1/ (u) &uf (30) twGif; or*¾rsm;zsufodrf;&rnf [laom ynma&;XmetrdefYudk jyif;xefpGm ½IwfcsaMumif;
(c) or*¾rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifcGifhjyK&ef?
2/ wjynfvHk;wGif wckwnf;aom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkudk wnfaqmuf&efESifh ausmif;om; opömazmufrsm;udk
543
ausmif;om;avmuwGif 0dkif;y,fxm;&ef?
3/ txufwef;ausmif;½Sd NrdKUwdkif;wGif wuúodkvf0ifpmppfXmersm; zGifhvSpfxm;½Sd&ef?
4/ rw&m;zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;vTwf&efESifh aemufxyfzrf;qD;jcif; rjyKvkyf&ef?
5/ vuf½Sdausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&wif;rmrIrsm;udk toif;tzGJUaygif;pHkESifh ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;?
tmPmydkifrsm; yg0ifí at;csrf;pGm ajz½Sif;&ef?
6/ (u) oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk uefYuGufaMumif;?
(c) pmar;yGJcsausmif;xkwfpepfudk uefYuGufaMumif;?
7/ rw&m;Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm; rjyKvkyf&efESifh rw&m;aom taMumif;jycsufESifh ausmif;xkwfcH&aom ausmif;
om;rsm;udk tjrefqHk; ausmif;jyefoGif;&efESifh aemufaemif þodkYrjyKusifh&ef?
8/ ausmif;om;xkqE´rygbJ jyKvkyx f m;onfh zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf rI sm;jzpfaom rw&m;ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm; zsuo f rd ;f
ay;&efESifh ausmif;om;xkqEÉSifh udkufnDonfh pnf;urf;rsm; owfrSwfay;&ef?
9/ ausmif;ydw&f uftwGi;f rdb&yfxjH yefvakd om ausmif;om;rsm;tm; wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm; enf;wl tpd;k &
ydkif ,mOf? &xm; ponfrsm;wGif toGm;tjyefw0ufc &½Sd&ef?
10/ [,f&w D efusqH;k jcif;ESihf ywfoufonfh tpD&ifcf pH mudk wdik ;f jynfoYkd tjrefq;kH azmfxw k w
f ifjy&efEiS hf w&m;cH
rsm;tm; tjypfay;&ef?
11/ ausmif;oHk;ypönf;rsm; aps;EIef;oufompGmESifh oufqdkif&mwdkYu wm0ef,ljzefYcsday;&ef?
12/ w&m;ojzifh wnfaxmifzGJUpnf;xm;aom ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk 0ifa&muf aESmifh,SufzsufpD;jcif; rjyK&ef?
vGwv f yfpmG zGUJ pnf;wnfaxmifciG hf ay;&efEiS hf w&m;ojzifah wmif;qdak om ausmif;om;qEúkd todtrSwjf yKí
tkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJUrsm;wGif ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifcGifhjyK&ef?
13/ ynma&;qdkif&mvGwfvyfcGifh rcsKyfcs,f&ef?
14/ wuúov kd 0f ifpmar;yGu
J kd owfrw
S x f m;aom toufjynfo h w l ikd ;f tm; rnforl qdk tuefYtowfr½Sd 0ifa&muf
ajzqdkcGifhjyK&ef/
(3) trsKd;om;a&;tqdkrsm;
1/ jynfwGif;ppfudk awGUqHkaqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh &yfpJ&ef yefMum;aMumif;?
2/ BuD;rm;aeaom ukefaps;EIef;rsm; csay;&efESifh vGwfvyfpGm ukeful;oef;cGifh rydwfyif&ef?
3/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;ü rw&m;zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fonfh Oya'rsm;udk tjrefqHk;½kyfodrf;&efESifh 'Drdkua&pD
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jyefvnfay;tyf&ef?
4/ t*Fvdyf? tar&duefvuf0g;BuD;tkyf t&if;½Sifpepfzsufodrf;í trsKd;om; tusKd;pD;yGm;wnfaxmif&ef
5/ trsKd;om; jynfolvlxk aoG;pnf;nDñGwfa&;jzifh e,fcsJUorm;tpdk;&wdkY\ pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiHa&;? ppfa&;?
zdESdyfusL;ausmfrIwdkYudk [efYwm;um wm;qD;Mu&ef?
6/ (u) urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; xdef;odrf;umuG,f&ef?
(c) tEkjrL? [dkuf'½dk*sifAHk;ESifh EsL;uvD;,m;AHk;rsm;? tqdyfydk;rTm;AHk;rsm; prf;oyfjcif;rsm;? toHk;jyKjcif;rsm;udk
wm;qD;ydwfyif&efESifh vufeufavQmhaygha&;rsm; jyKvkyf&ef?
7/ udkvdkeDpepf qefYusifwdkufzsuf&ef?
8/ jrefrm-tpöa&;pmcsKyft& ½Srf;jynfwGif qefpyg;pdkufysKd;vkyfudkif&ef MuH½G,fcsufudk uefYuGufaMumif;?
9/ tm½S-tmz&du nDvmcHqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk axmufcHaMumif;?
10/ (6) Budrfajrmuf urÇmhvli,fausmif;om;yGJobifBuD;tm; BudKqdkaxmufcHaMumif;ESifh ArmjynfrS wufa&muf
rnfh udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUtm; EdkifiHul;vufrSwfrsm; xkwfay;&ef?
11/ puFmyl? rav;½Sm;? qdu k yf &yf? t,f*sD;,m;Edik if rH sm;ESihf ¤if;ausmif;om;rsm;tm; e,fcsJU t&if;½Sitf pd;k &rsm;u
zdESdyfowfjzwf n§Of;yef;jcif;udk jyif;xefpGm ½IwfcsuefYuGufí þtjyKtrlrsm;udk tjrefqHk;&yfpJ&ef/
(4) taxGaxGtqdk
1/ {&m0wDwdkif;? ½Srf;jynfvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;nDvmcHBuD;ESifh &efukefc½dkif? jynfc½dkif? zsmyHkc½dkif? rHk½Gmc½dkif
ausmif;om;nDvmcHrsm;rS tqdkrsm;udk axmufcHaMumif;?
544
2/ tvGwfynmoifausmif;q&mrsm; nDvmcHrS qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk axmufcHaMumif;/
(5) ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;tqdk
ausmif;om;r*¾rsm; wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;ESifh ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;twGuf wyfOD;? 'Dtufpftdk?
&Jacgifpaom rnfonfh ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhrqdk ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½Guf&ef/
1958 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (15) &ufaeYpGJjzifhvnf; ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾tzGJUcsKyfrS zsufodrf;jcif;
cH&jcif;ESifh ausmif;xkwfcHcJh&aom ausmif;om;ta&;ESifh ywfoufí aMunmcsufwapmif xkwfjyefcJhonf/
xkwjf yefaMunmcsuf (3^58)

14? 7? 58 aeYpGJjzifh ynma&;0efBuD;XmerS ausmif;xkwfcH&aom ausmif;om;ta&;ESifh ywfoufí
xkwfjyef aMunmcsufwapmifudk owif;pmwGif awGU½Sd&ayonf/
¤if;xkwfjyefaMunmcsufwGif 1956 ck ausmif;om;or*¾ta&;ü ausmif;xkwfjcif;cH&aom ausmif;om;
rsm;tm; csrf;omcGifhay;í ausmif;jyefaecGifhay;rnf[laom tcsufrsm;\ tESpfom&rSm ausmif;om;rsm;onf
,cifvyk cf ohJ rQ vkyif ef;rsm;wGif rSm;,Gi;f cJyh gonf? tjypf½cdS yhJ gonf/ xdrk mS ;,Gi;f tjypf½cdS o hJ rQtwGuf 0efcsawmif;
yefygonf[al om t"dygÜ ,fEiS hf aemufaemifwiG f rnfonfv h yk if ef; vIy½f mS ;rIrsm;udrk S rjyKvkyaf wmhyg[k uwd0efccH suf
ay;&rnfh t"dyÜg,foabmrsm;yg½Sd aeygonf/ AuotzGJUcsKyfoabmrSm 1956 ckESpf or*¾udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u
rw&m;zsuford ;f cJ&h mwGif ausmif;om;xku rdrt d m;ud;k &m trdor*¾rsm;twGuf Oya'twGi;f rS 'Dru kd a&pDuspGmjzifh
vIyf½Sm;umuG,fMujcif;jzpf&m EdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'rS ay;tyfaom 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonfh
or*¾xlaxmifcGifhudk ½dkufcsKd;zsufqD;½HkrubJ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;&,lvdkonfh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ausmif;
xkwfjcif;? zrf;qD;jcif;rsm;jzifh rw&m;zdESdyfjcif;udkyif tmPmydkifrsm;ujyKusifhcJhjcif;? usL;vGefcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/
xdkuJhodkY tmPmydkifrsm;u usL;vGefrSm;,Gif;cJhaom 'Drdkua&pDcsKd;zsufrItjypfrsm;udk rdrdwdkYuwm0efr,lbJ ausmif;
om;tay:odkY yHkcsjcif;rSm rvkyfxdkufaom jyKrlcsufjzpfayonf/
ausmif;om;xkrSm -
1/ rdrdwdkYw&m;0if tm;udk;&mor*¾udkvnf; rw&m;zsufqD;jcif;cHcJh&onf/
2/ vlñGefYwHk;atmif ausmif;rSxkwfy,fjcif;udkvnf; cHcJh&onf/
3/ ,ckwzef tjypfr½SdtrSm;rusL;vGefcJhygbJeJY 0efcsawmif;yefOD;rnfqdkvQif rnfrQxdepfemaernfudk
rdbjynfolrsm;u pOf;pm;apcsifygonf/
xdkaMumifh Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS rdbjynfolrsm;ESifh ausmif;xkwfcH&aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;tm;
wifjyvkdonfrSm tedrfhqHk;tjzpf wlnDxm;onhf atmufygrlrsm;twdkif; vkyfaqmif&rnf jzpfonf/
1/ atmufü vufrw S af &;xd;k ol wynfrh sm;onf q&m^rrsm;ESihf a½S;tcgu ausmif;om;ta&;ESihf ywfoufí
y#dyu©jzpfcJhzl;Muygonf/ xdkodkYjzpf&onfhtwGuf uRefawmfwdkY wynfhrsm;u 0rf;enf;ygonf/
2/ uRefawmfwdkYwynfhrsm;onf ZGefv (24) &ufaeYu a&'D,dkrS aMunmxm;aom 0efBuD;csKyf\ rdefYcGef;wGif
tpdk;&ESifh ausmif;olôm;wdkYonf ausmif;om;ta&;ESifh ywfoufaomudpörsm;wGif ajz½Sif;Mu&mü
twdkuftcHvkyfí rajz½Sif;bJ q&m&if;? wynfh&if;wdkYvdk &if;&if;ESD;ESD; ajz½Sif;rnfqdkonfhrludk
uRefawmfwdkYonf >cif;csufr½Sd vufcHMuygonf/
aemiftzdkYwGif ausmif;om;udprö sm;ay:aygufvmwdkif; tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh uRefawmfwdkYausmif;om; acgif;
aqmifrsm; wynfhrsm;onf wOD;ESifhwOD;y#dyu©jzpfí ajz½Sif;jcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ q&m&if;? wynfh&if;uJhodkU
&if;&if; ESD;ESD; ajz½Sif;jcif;rsKd;jzifh ajz½Sif;ygrnf[k uRefawmfwdkY av;eufpGm uwdjyKygonf/
3/ uReaf wmfwYkdonf ausmif;pnf;urf;Oya'rsm;udk vdu k ef m½dak oygrnf[í
l xyfraH v;eufpmG uwdjyKygonf/
txufygrl (3) csuft&omvQif rSeu f efw&m;rQwí taumif;qH;k aomtajctae jzpfEikd rf nf[k ,HMk unf
ojzifh txufygrltwdkif; vkyfaqmifMu&efESifh ausmif;jyefaecGifh&a&; BudK;yrf;Mu&ef rdbjynfolrsm;ESifh
ausmif;xkwf cHae&aom ausmif;olôm;rsm;tm; today; xkwfjyefaMunmtyfygonf/
545
(q) 1958 OD;EkEiS hf ausmif;om;qufqaH &;

tmPmudk vuf½Sd&xm;onfh 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Eku 1958 ck? ZGefvwGif ArmhtoHrSaeí ]tpdk;&eJh ausmif;om;
qufqaH &;wif;rmcJw U ,f? raumif;bl;/ 'Dtpd;k &eJh ausmif;om; qufqaH &;ysujf ym;&mrSm ausmif;om;awGrmS yg wm0ef½w dS ,f/
tpdk;&[m vlBuD;awGjzpfwJUtwGuf ydkNyD;wm0ef½Sdw,f} [k rdefYcGef;ajymMum;cJhonf/
1958 ck? atmufwdkbmv (2) &ufaeYwGif OD;Eku bGJUESif;obifcef;rü ]usKyef hJ ausmif;om;xkqufqaH &;udk
topfajymif;vJvu kd w f UJ aehupNy;D ausmif;om;xk&YJ apwemawG[m usKyt f ay:rmS b,fvw kd ;kd wuf rsm;jym;vmw,fqw kd m
usKytf xl;ajymzdrhk vdb k ;l } [k rdefYcGef;ajymí 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekonf ausmif;om;wdkYtm; rdrdtrSm;rsm;udk 0efcHí ausmif;om;
rsm;ESifh qufqHa&; ajymif;vJvdkufonf/ ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udkvnf; ausmif;om;rsm; udk,fwdkifOD;pD; usif;yí
usyfaiG 50000d^- cGifhjyKcJhonf/ 1953 ck? atmufwdkbmvrSpí (15) &ufom ydwfcGifhjyKcJhonfudkvnf; jyefvnf
½kyfodrf;NyD; 1958 ckESpfrSpí atmufwdkbm (1) vausmif;ydwfcJhonf/
(Z) Ek-wifâqGNird ;f tuJt

G jyEJ iS hf or*¾rsm;
zqyvtwGif; Ek-wifESifh aqG-Nidrf;tuGJtjyJ wGif ausmif;om;rsm;u aMunmcsufrsm; xkwfjyefuefYuGuf
cJhonf rsm;½Sdonf/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf) trIaqmiftzGJUuvnf; arv
(13) &ufaeYwGif aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefcJhonf/ ¤if;aMunmcsufwGif-
Ek-wifacgif;aqmifaomtkyfpku-
1/ Mum;ae0g'udk wduspGmvdkufemusifhoHk;rnf/
2/ jynfwGif; Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf zqyvnDvmcHrdefYcGef;udk taumiftxnfazmfrnf/
3/ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; tjynfht0ay;rnf/
4/ vlrsKd;pkta&;ESifhywfoufí w&m;rQwpGmjzpf&rnf[k aMunmcJhayonf/
aqG-Nidr;f acgif;aqmifaomtkypf u k zqyvwnfjrJa&;wnf;[laom wygwDtzGUJ tpnf;w&yf\ ta&;udo k m
wifjyNyD; wdkif;jynfta&;jzpfaom vGwfvyfa&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;wdkYtwGuf tmrcHcsufray;[k Auorsm;
tzGJUcsKyfu ,lqonf/
xdkYaMumifh 'Drdkua&pDjrwfEdk;aom AuotzGJYcsKyfonf OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom zqyvtzGJYudk axmufcHaMumif;
azmfjyonf/ Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfESifh ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD;rS tmPm&½Sdxm;aom &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;
rsm;or*¾ wuorSvnf; (oefY½Sif;aom) zqyvtzGJUudk axmufcHaMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ ¤if;wdkYu qdk½S,fvpf
wdYk onf ausmif;om;avmuwGif ausmif;om;rsm;udk aoG;cGu J m 'Dtufpt f Ekd iS hf &Jacgifrsm;udk zGUJ pnf;cJo h nf/ aqGNidr;f tzGUJ
rsm;onf tjyKwfwdkufa&;udk a<u;aMumfum Nidrf;csrf;a&;awmif;qdkolrsm;udk zrf;qD;jcif;? Adkvfcifarmifuav;u
atmufwb kd mvta&;awmfyükH ausmif;om;rsm;tm; aoewfEiS yhf pfí zrf;qD;ESyd pf uf&mwGif ud, k w
f ikd af oewfazgufum
tcsufay;jcif;? 1956 [,f&Dwef aoqHk;jcif;? ausmufyef;awmif;? rif;vS? &cdkifjynf ponfwdkYwGif ausmif;om;rsm;
vkyfMuHowfjzwfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhaMumif; pGyfpGJcJhonf/
arv (16) &uf wuorS aMunmcsufwapmif xkwfjyef&mwGif jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;?
vlrsKd;pkrsm;ta&;? Mum;aeEdkifiHjcm;a&;ESifh ynma&;jyKjyifa&;? ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhwdkYtwGuf tmrcHcsuf½Sdaom OD;Ek
acgif;aqmifonfh tpd;k & qufvufwnfjrJa&;twGuf nDñw G pf mG 0kid ;f 0ef;BudK;yrf;Mu&efEiS hf tpk;d &tmPm&½Sad &;twGuf
vufeuftm;ukd; tMurf;zufMudK;pm;rIrsm;ESifh e,fcsJUtar&duef pGufzufrIrsm;ukd 0kdif;0ef;wm;qD;&ef jynfolrsm;tm;
0kdif;0ef;EId;aqmfcJhonf/
&efukefwuúokdvfta&;awmfykHaumfrwDuvnf; aMunmcsufw&yf xkwfjyefcJhonf/
¤if;aMunmcsufwGif-
1/ zqyv ESpzf uftyk pf \ k wm0efcaH cgif;aqmifrsm;onf q&mawmf? oHCmawmfrsm;? Ekid if aH wmf q&m0efBuD;
rsm;ESifh owif;pmq&mrsm;a½SUwGif tMurf;zufvufeufrokH;yg[k uwd0efcHcsuf vufrSwfa&;xkd;Mu
yg&ef/
2/ Munf;? a&? av ponfw h yfrsm;\ wm0efcAH v
dk rf LS ;? wyfrLS ;rsm;ESihf ppfbufwm0efcrH sm;u rnfonft h yk pf k
ukdrS ulnDrnfr[kwf[k aMunm&ef/
546
3/ avmavmq,f wkid ;f jynftajctaeukd xde;f odr;f &ef wyfrawmfEiS hf &Jrw S yg; tjcm;vufeufuikd w f yfrsm;
(Oyrm- jyLapmxD;? umuG,fa&;? vQyfppfvkHjcHKa&;wyfrsm;) ponfwkdYukd ygvDref&ufrwkdifrD tjrefqkH;
zsufodrf;&ef/
1958 ck? pufwifbmv (28) &ufwiG f wuotaqmuftODü Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf? &uo? wuorSMuD;rSL;
í trIaqmifrsm; awGUqkHum ]ppfwyfrS tmPmodrf;jcif;ESifUywfoufí oabmxm;} xkwfjyefaMunm&mwGif-
],aehjzpfay:aeaom ta&;udpöonf wrsKd;om;vkH;\ ta&;udpöjzpfaMumif;? rNidrfoufívnf;aumif;?
w&m;rQwaom a½G;aumufyt JG wGuv f nf;aumif; ppfwyfrS tmPmodr;f &onf[al om taMumif;jycsurf mS rckid v f aHk Mumif;?
ppfwyfrS tmPmodr;f onft U wGuf Nird ;f csr;f a&;ukd tvSr;f a0;apNy;D ? Nird ;f csr;f a&;rvkvd m;aom aqGNird ;f ESiUf e,fcso YJ rm;wk\ hd
tvku d sjzpfapaMumif;? ,if;okhd tmPmodr;f jcif;rsK;d ukd cGijUf yKvQif tmPmukjd ynfox Yl rH rS [kwb f J t"r®tmPmodr;f onfU
tpOftvmay:vmrnf jzpfaMumif;ESiUf 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit Uf a&;rsm;ukd twm;tqD;jzpfvmrnf jzpfaMumif;} azmfjyxm;onf/
1958 ck? pufwifbmv (29) &ufwGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? wuo? &uo wkdYrS ]wkev f yI af csmufjcm;atmif
rvkyfygESifU} [laomacgif;pOfjzifh aMunmcsufxkwfjyef&mwGif-
pufwifbmv (26) &ufaehwGif OD;Eku AkdvfcsKyfae0if;tm; tmPmvTJajymif;ay;rnf[k aMunmNyD;aemuf
ArmUwyfrawmfrS armfvNrKd i?f jynfNrKd rY sm;wGif Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;ukd zrf;qD;jcif;? a&vrf;? uke;f vrf;wavQmuf toGm;tvm
rsm;ukd &yfwef½h mS azGjcif;wkohd nf jynfow l t
hdk m; wkev f yI af jcmufjcm;aponft U jyif vGwv f yfpmG zGpYJ nf;? pnf;½k;H a[majymjcif;ukd
csKycf s,jf cif;onf ppftmPmykid t f yk pf ;dk a&;okhd ykahd qmifay;jcif; jzpfaeonft U wGuf oufqidk &f mrS&yfqidk ;f ay;&ef awmif;qkd
ygonf/
1958 ck? pufwifbmv (30) &ufaeY or*¾BuD; (3) ckrS OD;pD;NyD; ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;yGJ w&yfudk
wuotaqmuftODü usif;yonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif-
1958 ck? pufwifbmv (28) &ufaeY aeYpyJG g or*¾BuD; (3) ck\ ]ppfwyfrS tmPmodr;f jcif;ESihf ywfoufaom
oabmxm;} [laom aMunmcsufuakd xmufcaH Mumif; tqdw k ifoiG ;f &m &JacgiftzGUJ 0ifausmif;om;rsm;jzpfaom udck u kd f
a½TvS tygt0if (4) OD;u uefYuGufaomfvnf; trsm;pku axmufcHMu&m tqdkrSmtwnf jzpfoGm;onf/ nae (2)
em&DcGJ tcsdef tpnf;ta0;tNyD;wGif bwfpfum; (26) pD;jzifh NrdKUwGif;odkY vSnfhvnfqE´jy&if;-
]wyfrawmf0if rpGufeJh? wyfrawmfudk ckwHk;rvkyfeJh}
]wyfrawmftpOftvm xdef;Mu}
]Ncdrf;ajcmufNyD; tmPmrodrf;eJh}
]vufeufjzifUtmPmodrf;wm uefhuGufMu}
]e,fcsJYtMuHtpnf wm;qD;Mu}
]'Drdkua&pDtcGifUta&; umuG,fMu}
]jynfolhtmPm jynfolhjyeftyf}
]jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; t&,lMu}
]zrf;xm;olawG tjrefvTwf} wuo? Auorsm;tzJcYG sKy?f &uo (3) zJaYG ygi;f um
]ausmif;om;ESifUjynfol vufwGJMu} pnf;a0;uefu h u
G í f ,ckuo UJ hkd vSnv
Uf nfqE´jycJo U nf
(0JbufrS pa&vQif wwd,ajrmuf- Ouú| udck ifarmiftek ;f )
547
-paom a<u;aMumfoHrsm;jzifh a<u;aMumfMuonf/ tcsKdUowif;pmrsm;u Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;vdkaom

ausmif;om;rsm;? ygwDcsif; tmPmvkyGJwGif 1949 ckESpfuJhodkY 1958 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ MoZmcH ausmif;om;
rsm;rS wqifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; ckwHk;vkyfcH&onf[k a&;om;NyD; tcsKdUowif;pmq&mrsm;u ausmif;om;rsm; trsKd;om;
a&;udk aqmif½GufMuonf[k a&;om;Muonf/
(ps) 1958 ck 'DZifbmv (2) &ufaeh bGUJ ESi;f obifcef;rü rdeMhf um;aom
wuúov
kd t
f "dywd Edik if aH wmf0efMu;D csKyf Adv
k cf sKyaf e0if;\ rdechf eG ;f tESpcf sKyf
(1) ausmif;om;avmurSm pnf;urf;rJhaew,f? ausmif;BuD;udkrD;½IdUcsifwJh ausmif;om;rsKd;[m olwdkYvlBuD;jzpfwJh
acwfa&muf&if b,fvw kd ikd ;f jynfrsKd; zefw;D r,fqw kd m rawG;0Hb
h ;l / usKyftpd;k &vufxufrmS pnf;urf;ao0yf
rI&atmif tkwfjrpfcscJhr,f/ 'grSvnf; rif;wdkYaemifa&;eJY wdkif;jynfaemifa&;twGuf aumif;vmr,f/
(2) Armausmif;om;awG vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf rJG mS a½SUqH;k uaeyg0ifcwhJ ,f/ tajctaeuvnf; 'Dvykd grSjzpfw,f/
olwdkYuvnf; tm;udk;&ma&mufatmif aqmif½GufcJhw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; ausmif;om;awG&JUwm0ef[m
ynmoifMum; zdkYyJ/ ynmrwwf&if ta&;rBuD;bl;qdk&if rSm;wJhtawG;tac:yJ/ EdkifiHa&;orm;awGuvnf;
ausmif;om;ta&jcHKNyD; ausmif;om;awG&JU ynmoifysufatmif rvkyfMueJY/ 'Dvdk EdkifiHa&;orm;awGawGU&if
jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,l&rnf/
(3) 'DaeYbGJU,lNyD; ausmif;om;avmuu xGufoGm;rJh yk*d¾KvfawGtwGufjzpfw,f? 'D*&D&&ifNyD;wmyJqdkNyD; urÇmY
tqifhtwef;udk rrDao;bl;/
(n) 1957- 58 td;k a0r*¾Zif; (armifo[

D ) aqmif;yg;
wuúov
kd ef ,fajrrS e,fcsaYJ jcukwpf cef;
wuúodkvfe,fajrodkY ra&muf&onfrSm Mumovdkvdk pdwfxJwGif½Sdonf/ trSefpifppf (1) vMumrQom ½Sdao;onf/
rdk;zGJzGJav;rsm; cyfyg;yg;MuJcsaeaom weHeufcif;wGif wuúodkvfe,fajrqDodkY csOf;uyfcJhonf/ OD;pGmyxr wuo
pm;aomufqdkifBuD;xJodkY 0ifoGm;rdonf? eHeufapmapm (7) em&DcGJavmufwGif wuoacgif;aqmiftcsKdU 0dkif;zGJUí vÇuf&nf
aomufaeMuonfudkvnf; owd&rdonfu waMumif;? ajcvsifavQmuf&aom 'PfaMumifh 0rf;[maeonfudk jznfhwif;&ef
0ifvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ NyD;awmh½Sdao;onf? wuúodkvfavmuESifh ArmEdkifiHavmuwvTm;\ vIyf½Sm;rIowif;rsm;udkvnf;
Mum;Edkifonfjzpfí wckckawmh xl;wmqef;wm Mum;&rSmyJ[laom n§dKUuvnf; &pfywfae\/
w,faxmifwJU tar&duef
vÇuf&nfqdkifzGifhprdkY vÇuf&nfwcGufaomufEdkif&ef a&aEG;qlatmif apmifh&jyefonf/ pm;yGJay:rS wckaomowif;pm
pkwfudk qGJ,lMunfhrdonf/ wrsufESmrS wrsufESmul;í MunfhvQifyif owif;pmaxmifhwae&mü tar&duefjyefMum;a&;Xme
rSxkwfa0rnfh vif;a&mifjcnfr*¾Zif;BuD; xGufawmhrnf/ Zlvdkifv (1) &ufaeYuyif c½dkif&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;xHrS trdefY
pm&NyD;/ Armhpmayacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; b,folb,f0gawG a&;Murnfqdkaom aMumfjimcsufav;udk awGUjrifzwf½Irdygonf/
onfaMumfjimcsufav;udkyif rsufawmifrcwfEdkifbJ pl;pl;pdkufpdkufMunfhaerd&if; ]w,fNyD; tar&duefawG axmifaeygvm;}
[k wifpm;rdygonf/
vÇuf&nfwcGufvmcsrSyif tpOf;pm;&yfoGm;onf/ rMumrDyif rdwfaqGtcsKdUESifh wuoacgif;aqmifwOD; a&mufvm
onf/ vÇuf&nf0dkif; zGJUrdawmhonf/
reufapmapmpD;pD; wuúodkvfe,fajrtwGif;odkY a&mufvmjcif;udk trsKd;rsKd;ajymqdk aemufajymifMuNyD;aemuf uRefawmf
awGUjrifcHpm;rdaom tar&duefjyefMum;a&; aMumfjimtaMumif; ed'gef;ysKd;rdonf/ onfuyifpí wuúodkvfe,fajrtwGif;odkY
usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmaom tar&dueftEÅ&m,frsm;txd pum;abmifus,foGm;onf/
[kwfayonf/ ,aeYwuúodkvfBuD;wGif ynma&;Muyfwnf;rIomru wuúodkvfBuD;tm; &pfoef;zHk;vGrf;oGm;rnfh tar
&duef tEÅ&m,frsm;uvnf; Ncdrf;ajcmufaeayonf/
0g½SifwefcHwyfBuD;
wuúodkvfe,fajrudk yHkqGJMunfhvQif tawmfyif pdwfxdcdkufrdonf/ tar&duefwdkY\ ajcukwfpcef;rsm;ESifh &Ha½Gvsuf
wuúodkvfBuD;onf Mum½Snf pnfyifEdkiftHhavm[lívnf; oHo,jzpfrdonf/ ta½SUuqDrS wuúodkvfodkYvm&m vrf;rBuD;
548
(wuúodkvf&dyfomvrf;) eHab;wGif tar&duefaysmfpH&dyfNidrf 0g½SifwefygwfBuD;udk cHwyf0if;BuD;ozG,f awGUjrif&onf/

tif;vsm;vrf;ra&mufcif bDtdkpDrefae*sm rpöwmvufzf½GdKif;\ aetdrf½Sd&modkYoGm;onfh vrf;ajrmifuav; (Green
Bank) axmifhwGif jrefrm-tar&duef,Ofaus;rItoif;\ {&mrtaqmuftOD tkwfjrpfrsm; awGU&awmhonf/ xdkrS
taemufzuf wac:rQoma0;onfhae&m tif;vsm;axmifhwGifum; tar&duefjyefMum;a&;Xme\ 0g'jzefYjyyGJrSeforQ
cif;usif;&ef aqmufvkyfxm;aom (Gerdesic Doom) ac: EdkifvGef½Gufxnf½HkBuD;udk awGU&onf/ tif;vsm;vrf;awmifESifh
ajrmufydkif;wGif um;vrf;awGU&onf/ 1957 ckESpfu wckaom taqmuftODwGif t*FvdyfaeYpOf owif;pmq&mBuD;wOD;u
uGefjrLepfqefYusifa&;w&m;a[mNyD; uGefjrLepfqefaomwyfOD;tm; rJray;&efa[majymcJhonfudk owif;pmxJwGif zwfrdMu
vdrfhrnf/
,if;azmfjyygXmersm;rSaeí jrefrmjynf½Sd tar&duefwdkYonf jynfwGif;a&;udk pGufzufajc½Iyfvsuf ½Sdonf/ jynfvrf;
rBuD;\ wckwnf;aom jcHtwGif;üum tm½Sta½SUawmifydkif;qdkif&m tar&duefajc½IyfEdkifa&;? uGefjrLepfqefYusifa&;
tkwfjrpfcsa&;tzGJU (0g) tm½Sazmifa';&Sif;vkyfief;wnf&m ½Hk;BuD;½Sdao;onf/
tar&duefaumif;yHkawG
t"du þXmeBuD;ESifh tar&duefjyefMum;a&;XmewdkYyl;aygif;um tEl;nHhqHk; yHkoP²mefrsm;jzifh wuúodkvfe,fajrwGif
tar&duefyHkpHoGif;? 0g'jzefYvkyfief;rsm; wGifwGifBuD; vkyfudkifaeMuonf/ ]tar&duef,Ofaus;rI qdkonfum;} ]tar&duef
ynm[lonf} ]tar&duefulnDrI t&mwdkhum;} wdkYESifhcsnf; 0g'jzefYvsuf½Sdonf/ xdk0g'jzefYcsufrsm;üyif tar&duefom
urÇmYrdwfaqGppf? urÇmY&efolum; uGefjrLepfpaom 0g'jzefYrIwdkYrSm zHk;uG,fír&Edkif/
(Family of Man) avmuZmwfcHk "gwfyHkjyyGJwckwGif vljzpf&mrS cspfcifMuifem arwåmwG,fNidyHk? vltpOftquf
aygufzGm;yHk BuD;jyif;vmyHk? ausmif;om;? tvkyform;b0ponfh usifvnfBuD;xGm;vmMu&aom tqifhqifhb0rsm;udk
jyocJh&mwGif ]a'gopdwjf zifU awmfveS Mf u&mü} [laom acgif;pOf"gwfyHkwGif [efa*&DwefjyefawmfvSefa&; owif;"gwfyHkum;
jy\/ uGefjrLepfrsm;\ n§Of;yef;'Pfudk rcHEdkifí tHk<uawmfvSefMuyHk[lí tar&duefwOD;u ½Sif;jyaejcif;uyif olwdkYZmwd
bGm;bGm;BuD; ay:onf/ "gwfyHkwyHk\ tEkynmvuf&majrmufonfudk [efa[&DwefjyefawmfvSefa&; oHcsyfum;tm;
cJESifhypfaeyHk jyo&rnfavm/ tb,faMumifh awmiftar&du½Sd *GmwDrmvmtm; tar&duefwdkY 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufonfudk
vuf&majrmufaom um;wum; ½kduful;rjyoenf;[k ar;rdaom ausmif;om;tm; xdk;rcef;? Budwfrcef;ESifh bkajymjcif;rSm
tonf;uRJcwfrdonfh twGufaMumifhom jzpfonf/
'vHawGvmNyD;
,if;odkY 0g'jzefYjyyGJrsKd;pHkudk usif;yap&m cef;raqmifBuD;udk tjrJwap rGrf;rHcs,foxm;onfhenf;wl wuúodkvfwGif;ü
arTaESmufae&ef 'vHrsm; vTwfxm;ayao;onf/ tar&d'vHtcsKdUrSm wuúodkvfausmif;om;tcsKdU\ taqmifrsm;wGifvnf;
aumif;? wuúodkvfq&ma*[mrsm;üvnf;aumif;? ygarmu©\aetdrfüvnf;aumif; tjrJvdkawGUjrifMu&onf/ ,if;odkY
0ifxGufoGm;vmaeMuaom tdrfrsm;wGif tar&duefwdkYonf tBudKufudkay;í usKH;oGif;avonf/ tar&duef jyefMum;a&;
XmerS (16) rDvDrDwm ½kyf½Sifjypufrsm;rSm tar&dueft&m½Sdrsm;ESifh ykvJeHyoifhaeaomolrsm;\ taqmif? tdrfrsm;üyif
tjrJvdkyifay;xm;onf/ ygarmu©wOD;tdrfwGif jyefMum;a&;XmerS aemufqHk;tar&duefjynfrS a&mufvmaom urÇmhowif;
um;rsm;yif &½SdjyoaeMuonf/ tar&duef-jrefrmcspfMunfa&; wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;onfudk auseyfrdaomfvnf; cspfMunfa&;
xuf cdkif;wdkif;&Edkifa&;twGufom ESpfodrfhqkrsm;jzpfaeí 0rf;enf;p&maumif;onf/ azmifa';½Sif;tpHkpHkrS ta&;ygt&m
a&mufolrsm;ESifh 0ifqefY&if;ESD;um olwumxufapmí tar&duefynmawmfoif rnfírnfrQ ,ckESpfac:rnfudk od½Sd&aom
olwdkYrSm tar&duefoGm;a&;twGuf jyifqifNyD;om;csnf;jzpf&onf[k owif;rsm;jyefYvGifhcJhí 0ifqefYcsifolrsm;uvnf;
rsm;vm\/ tar&duefESifhaygif;vQif tcGifhta&;&onf[laom tpGJtvrf;wdkUrSm q&ma&m ausmif;om;wdkY pdwfüyg
udef;0yfapjcif;onfyif tEÅ&m,fjzpfvmacs\/ olwdkYESifh &if;ESD;olwdkYajymorQ emcHacgif;NidrfhaewwfolwdkYrSm ynmawmfoif
oGm;&mü taocsmqHk;jzpfNyD; tar&duefoH½Hk;ESifhvnf;aumif; qufoG,f&m vufatmufcHoH½Hk;? tzGJUtpnf;toif;wdkY
txl;ojzifh U.S.I.S ponfwdkYü vc½Spf&mwaxmifpm;&zdkY rcJ,Of;? tenf;qHk; ½kyf½Sifjypufoifwef;wufolrsm;tm;
vc (300) pm;ESifh waeY (2) em&DavmufyJ cdkif;onf[laom tar&duefxrif;tdk;taMumif; 0g'jzefYolrsm;uvnf;
,ef;uD;qefaom vli,fydkif;üvnf; oumwifvJuJhodkY csKdjraeMuonf? wuúodkvfrSygarmu©tcsKdUyifvQif jrefrmynm½Sd
rsm;[laom*kPfoa&udkyif rq,fMubJ tar&duefrsm;ESifhaygif;í a&cJaowåm tacsmif&atmif0,fjcif;? tat;cef;puf
wywfEGrf;udk aps;aygaygESifh&½Sda&;twGuf rsufESmcsKdaoG;jcif;? ½kyf½Sifjypuf? &Daumf'g? uifr&mrStp tar&duefum;txd
tpm;pm;paom ypönf;rsm;udk aps;aygaygvnf;&rnf/ t&pfusqyfEdkifaomtcGifhta&;vnf; &Edkifrnf[k cspfMunfa&;
xrif;auR;&jcif; paom c,0yfwGm;rIrsm; jyKvkyfaeMuonfESifhtrQ ,ef;uD;wdkYuvnf; ]jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkhrSm olrwlaom
apwemydkMuonf} [k wefjyefaumif;csD;Mobmay;vsuf ]'geJhcifAsm; wqdwfavmuf a[m'gav;ulnDygOD;? wjcm;awmU
r[kwfygbl;? wuúodkvfe,fajrrSm tpDtpOfav;vkyfcsifw,f} [k awmif;qdkvmonf/ ao;i,foa,mifESifh vnfrsKdn§pfrnfh
tpDtpOfjzpfrSef;vnf; rodbJ acgif;ndwf&½Sm\/
549
bD;vl;pnf; vlpnf;uGJNyD;
tpDtpOfuav;qdkonfu wuúodkvfor*¾ESifh,SOfNydKifEdkif&ef ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf pm;aomufqdkiftaqmuftODwck
zGifhvSpfa&;tpDtpOfyif jzpfonf/ wuúodkvfor*¾acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; jzm;a,mif;&efjzpf\/ onftpDtpOf atmifjrifvQif
azmifa';½Sif;\taxmuftyHhjzifh wif;epf? bufwrifwefupm;uGif; taqmuftODwck aqmufay;rnf[k avypfxm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ upm;ckefpm;bufwGif wuúodkvftmPmydkifwdkYu ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tar&duefodrf;oGif;a&;jzpfaom (pm;
aomuf0if;? uifwif;) zGifhEdkifvQif upm;uGif;taqmuftODudk yGJctjzpfay;&ef ,kwfrmaomtMuHjzpfonf/ ygarmu©wOD;ESifh
t&m½SdwOD;u acR;'D;'D;usatmif wuoacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ac:,laqG;aEG;\/ wuorS vufrcHrS tm;avQmhoGm;&aom
tjzpfuav;rSm rarhEdkifacs/
þodkY tajctaeqdk;rsm;teuf txl;ta&;tBuD;qHk;tcsufrSm ygarmu©csKyfudk,fwdkifonfyif tm½Sazmifa';½Sif;?
zdkY'fazmifa';½Sif;wdkYü ta&;ygaom tzGJU0ifwOD;jzpfaeNyD; ,if;azmifa';½Sif;wdkYrS ay;orQtcGifhta&;wdkYudk,lum wuúodkvf
ü tjrJaeonfr½SdawmhbJ (1) ESpfwGif (10) vcefY EdkifiHjcm;rsm;üom tcsdefukefaejcif;jzpfonf/ pHkprf;od½Sd&oavmufrSm
þodkY tar&dueftaxmuftyHhrsm;jzifh EdkifiHjcm;odkYvSnfhvnfaejcif;twGuf zdwfac:csufrStp tcGifhta&;&yHkwdkYudk
wuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmtydkifqHk;jzpfaom wuúodkvfaumifpDudk rwifjyjcif;jzpfonfqdkonf/ þudpötwGuf tawmf
yif*,uf½dkufaeonf/ tar&dueftaxmuftyHhjzifh pm;aejcif;udk cGifhjyKxm;csufaMumifh wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif tjypfBuD;
av;pGm usa&mufaeavonf/ tar&duefwdkY wuúodkvfe,fajrü ajc½Iyfaejcif;udk tao;pdwfazmfjy&vQif qHk;tHhrxifaom
tajctaeodkY a&muf½SdaeNyD;jzpf&m wuúodkvfausmif;om; avmuBuD;twGuf wuoonf t"duwm0ef½Sdonfhenf;wl
wuúodkvfavmuBuD;wckvHk;twGuf wuúodkvfaumifpDu txl;wm0ef½Sdaeayonf/ tcsdefrD ppfaq;wm;qD;ygrS &efukef
wuúodkvfonf tar&duef\aESmifBudK;rS vGwfajrmufrnfjzpfonf/
armifoD[
(#) ausmif;om;rsm;OD;pD;usi;f yonfh (38) Burd af jrmuf trsK;d om;atmifyaGJ eh csw

D uf&efE;dI aqmfpm
ausmif;om;rsm;OD;pD;usiyf onfh (38) Burd af jrmuf trsK;d om;atmifyaJG ehohkd wcJeufcsw D ufMuavmU rdbjynforl sm;ESiUf
&Jabmfausmif;olôm;taygif;wdkh-
(38) Budraf jrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyaJG eYukd ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGUJ csKyf? &efuek af usmif;
om;rsm;or*¾ (wuo)? &efuek cf ½dik af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (&uo) ausmif;om;or*¾ (3) ckrS OD;pD;um toif;tzGUJ
aygif;pHkyg0ifvsuf 1958 ck? 'DZifbmv (5) &uf? aomMumaeY? eHeuf (7) em&DwGif &efukefNrdKU? ql;avbk&m;vrf;?
tvkyform;ausmufwdkifü usif;yrnfjzpfonf/
1920 jynfhESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf (10) &ufaeYwGif &efukefwuúodkvfü ynmoifMum;vsuf½Sdaom
ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;onf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;rsm;u jyKvkyfaom wuúodkvftufOya'udk rESpfoufojzifh
oydwfarSmufum uefYuGufqE´jycJhayonf/ xdkodkY wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;u oydwfarSmuf? uefYuGufqE´jy
vdkufjcif;onf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm; vufatmufodkY usa&mufvsuf½Sdaom uRefoabmufb0udk pwifwGef;vSef
wduk cf u
kd jf cif; jzpfayonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh t*Fvyd ef ,fcsJUorm; vufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf wrsKd;om;
vHk;udk qufvufwdkufyGJ0if&ef wyfvSefYEId;aqmfvdkufjcif; jzpfayonf/
odkYtwGufvnf; 1920 jynhfESpf wuúodkvfoydwfta&;awmfyHkBuD;udk wrsKd;om;vHk;u tHk;tHk;<uuf<uuf
wcJeufaxmufcHcJh½HkrQru xdkaeYudkyif e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? trsKd;om;a&; pdwf"gwfpwifvIHYaqmfay;&m trsKd;om;
atmifyGJaeYtjzpf owfrSwfum ESpfpOfusif;ycJhjcif; jzpfonf/
1920 jynfhESpf wuúodkvfoydwfta&;awmfyHkBuD;\ vIHUaqmfay;rIaMumifh e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? trsKd;om;
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf Armjynfolw&yfvHk;onf qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifcJh&m 1948 ck? Zefe0g&D (4) &ufaeYwGif
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;rsm;onf tavQmhay;um Armjynftm; vGwfvyfa&;ay;cJhonf/
odkYwapvnf; t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;rsm;? tar&duefe,fcsJUorm;wdkYonf vGwfvyfNyD;p jrefrmEdkifiHtm;
¤if;wdkYvufatmuf jyefvnfa&muf½Sdapa&;twGuf acwfopfudkvdkeDpepfjzpfaom ppftkyfpktwGif;odkY oGwfoGif;
ap&ef tjrJwap BudK;yrf;vsuf½Sdonf? e,fcsJUorm;vufyg;aprsm;rS wqifhBudK;yrf;vsuf½Sd&m ,aeYtcsdefwGif
vGwfvyfa&;udk yg xdyg;onfh e,fcsJUtEÅ&m,fonf BuD;rm;rsm;jym;vsuf½Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh tm½Stv,fydkif;ESifh
ta½SUawmiftm½SwGif e,fcsJUorm;wdkY\pGufzufvmrI? MuHpnfvmrIESifh jzpf&yfrsm;u oufaojyvsuf½Sdonf/
550
e,fcsJUorm;\vIHYaqmfrIaMumifhvnf; ArmjynftwGif;0,f trsKd;om;tcsif;csif; ppfwvif;cif;um jynf

wGi;f ppfr;D BuD; [ke;f [ke;f awmufco hJ nf/ ,aeYqv kd Qif (10) ESpaf usmf (11) ESpt f wGi;f odYk csif;eif;vkNyD jzpfayonf/
jynfwGif;ppfrD;BuD; rNidrf;EdkifonfESifhtrQ wdkif;jynfwGif waeYwjcm; 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;rSm avsmhyg;qHk;½IH;
vmcJhonf/ ,aeYqdkvQif 'Drdkua&pDa&mifjcnfrSm aysmufuG,fvkrwwf jzpfíaeayNyD/ ukefaps;EIef;rsm;rSm waeY
wjcm; jrifhrm;vmum pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;vSonf/ vlxkrSm waeYwjcm; qif;&JEGrf;yg;vmcJh&onf/ ynma&;?
,Ofaus;rItygt0if vlrIa&;rsm;rSmvnf; ysufjym;vsuf½Sdayonf/
odYk twGuf waeYwjcm; wd;k yGm;rsm;jym;vmaom e,fcsUJ orm;tEÅ&m,fukd umuG,u f m trsK;d om;vGwv f yfrI
xde;f odr;f umuG,af &;? Nidr;f csr;f a&;? 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;? pD;yGm;zGUH NzdK;wd;k wufa&;twGuf wrsK;d om;vH;k pnf;vH;k nDñw G &f ef
tcsdefusa&mufvsuf½Sdayonf/ 1920 jynfhESpfu pwifvIHUaqmfay;cJhaom trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"gwfwdkYudk tm;opf
arG;um wrsKd;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;twGuf tav;ay;&ef tcsdefwefayNyD/
þ (38) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYBuD;wGif wrsKd;om;vHk; nDnGwfa&;twGuf tm;opfarG;um
wnfaqmufMu&ef ausmif;om;ôlrsm;? tvkyform;rsm;? v,form;rsm;? NrdKUaevlwef;pm;? pma&;pmcsDtrIxrf;
rsm;ESifhwuG vlrsKd;pkrsm;? EdkifiHa&;toif;tzGJUrsm;yg ausmif;om;rsm; OD;pD;usif;yonfh (38) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;
atmifyGJaeYodkY tHk;tHk;<uuf<uuf wcJeufcsDwufMuyg&ef wdkufwGef;EIdaqmf vdkufygaMumif;/
- wrsKd;om;vHk; pnf;½Hk;nDñGwfMu
- jynfwGifNidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aqmif½GufMu
- 'Drdkua&pDtcGifUta&; umuG,fMu
- e,fcsJYvkyfMuHrItEå&m,f wm;qD;Mu
aehpGJ- 24? 11? 58

trsKd;om;atmifyGJaehusif;ya&;aumfrwD (&efukefNrdKY)
(X) oD;jcm;rEåav;wuúov
kd f txdr;f trSwyf aJG wmf
rEÅav;wGif ppfBudKacwfu Oypmaumvdyftjzpfom½SdcJhonf/ ppfNyD;acwfü OypmtxdomrubJ (4) ESpf
oifwef; txd½cdS o hJ nf? pduk yf sK;d a&;ynmr[mXmeudv k nf; zGix
hf m;onf/ oD;jcm;wuúov kd f jzpfvmaomtcg aq;ynm
r[mXmewck wdk;csJUzGifhvSpfcJhonf/ oD;jcm;wuúodkvf[k w&m;0ifrjzpfrD rEÅav;wuúodkvfonf &efukefwuúodkvfESifh
qufoG,fxm;aom wuúodkvfaumifpD (&efukefwuúodkvf) vufatmufcHjzpfcJhonf/
rEÅav;ausmif;tkyfBuD; OD;udkudkav;? qdk½S,fvpfygwDrS ta&;ygaom rEÅav;om;0efBuD;rsm;? wuowdkY
BudK;pm;rI? wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif wuoudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfaom wuoOuú|a[mif; OD;armifarmifausmf (,ck
A[kd w&m;½k;H a½SUae) ESihf OD;vSwif (A[kw d &m;½k;H a½SUae) wkYdonf wuooabmxm;ukd tav;teufxm; wifjyBudK;pm;
cJhonf/
1957-58 ynmoifEpS w f iG f Oya'jy|mef;í rEÅav;wuúov dk u
f dk oD;jcm;wuúov dk t
f jzpf zGUJ pnf;vdu
k o
f nf/
rEÅav;rS aq;ynmr[mXmeESif pkdufysdK;a&;r[mXmewkdYonf rEÅav;wuúokdvfESihf wGJzufxm;aom r[mXmersm;
jzpfoGm;onf/ rEÅav;wuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS oD;jcm;rEÅav;wuúokdvf tMudKyGJawmfukd usif;ycJhonf/
551
(!) &efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpD&ifcpH m (1957-58)
1957 ck? pufwifbmvrS 1958 ck? Zefe0g&Dvukeftxd vkyfaqmifNyD;pD;cJUaom vkyfief;tpD&ifcHpm
tcef; (1)
þtpD&ifcHpmwGif yxrOD;qkH;azmfjyxm;vdkonfrSm uRefawmfwdkY trIaqmiftzGJU oufwrf;ig;vtwGif;
ausmif;om;tusKd;jyK vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; aqmif½GufcJhjcif;udk azmfjyxm;onfhtwGufaMumifh 1957-58 ckESpf
wuo trIaqmiftzGJU\ 0g'ESifhvkyfief;pOfrsm; tm;vkH;udk t<uif;rJh vkyfudkifNyD;pD;í taumiftxnfazmfNyD;aMumif;
r,lqapvdjk cif; jzpfonf/ ,aeYxd vkyu f ikd Nf yD;pD;aom vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf ¤if;wdYk\ atmifjrifcsuf ratmifjrifcsurf sm;udok m
t"duxm;í azmfjytpD&ifcHoGm;rnfjzpfNyD; vkyfudkifaeqJ rNyD;jywfao;aom vkyfief;rsm;ESifh rvkyfudkif&ao;aom
vkyfief;&yfrsm;udkvnf; tvsOf;oifhovdk qufpyfazmfjy oGm;rnfjzpfonf/
&efuek w
f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ yxrywf Ouú|? 'k-Ouú|ESihf aiGxed ;f ae&mrsm;twGuf a½G;aumuf
yGu
J kd 1957 ck? Mo*kwv f (31) &ufaeYwiG f usi;f ycJ&h m &efuek w f uúov kd f ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;wyfO;D \ ud,
k pf m;vS,f
rsm;jzpfaom udkpdk;odef;tm; Ouú|tjzpf vnf;aumif;? udkpDtm; 'k-Ouú|tjzpf vnf;aumif;? udkodef;½Seftm; aiGxdef;
tjzpf vnf;aumif; ausmif;om;xk\ wcJeuf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cHcJh&ayonf/
'kwd,ywftrIaqmif (6) OD; a½G;aumufyGJudk 1957 ck? pufwifbmv (10) &ufaeYwGif usif;ycJh&m
ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; jzpfaom udkcifarmiftkef;? udkcifarmifBuD;? udkcifatmif? apmwm
omuvm;? udkatmifxGef;ESifh armifudk,kwdkY ta½G;cH tEdkif&½SdcJhonf/
trIaqmif (6) OD;tm; 17? 9? 57 &ufaeYrSpí atmufazmfjyyg wuo\vkyfief;twdkif; wm0efrsm;
xrf;aqmif&ef cGJa0ay;tyfcJhonf/
(1) udkcifarmiftkef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
(2) udkcifarmifBuD; wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;
(3) apmwmomuvm; EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
(4) udkcifatmif upm;ckefpm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIXmerSL;
(5) udkatmifxGef; oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL;
(6) armifudk,k vlxkqufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
wuo\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHpnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (11)? tykd'f (1)? tykd'fi,f (2) t& atmufyg &Jabmf
ESpfa,muftm; tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcHESifh yd#uwfwdkufrSL; wm0efrsm;xrf;aqmif&ef trIaqmiftzGJUrS a½G;aumuf
cefYtyfcJhonf/
(1) udkÓPf&if wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
(2) udkatmifomausmf yd#uwfwdkufrSL;
wuozGJUpnf;ykHpnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (19)? tykd'f (1) t& tdk;a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwDudk atmufygtwdkif;
zGJUpnf;cJhonf/
(1) udkÓPf&if wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
(2) udkodef;½Sef aiGxdef;
(3) udkwifat; twGif;a&;rSL;
(4) udkaX;atmif tvkyfrefae*sm
(5) rMunfat; aumfrwD0if
(6) udkzdk;[ef aumfrwD0if
(7) udkvSjrifh aumfrwD0if
wuo\zGJUpnf;ykHpnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (18)? tydk'f (1) t& yd#uwfwdkufaumfrwDudk atmufygtwdkif;
zGJUpnf;cJhonf/
(1) udkatmifomausmf yd#uwfwdkufrSL;
(2) udkodef;½Sef aiGxdef;
(3) udkcifarmifñGefY
(4) udkaxG;
552
(5) udkpef;atmif
(6) udkñGefYazoef;
(7) udkausmfpdef
&efuek w
f uúov kd u f pm;ckepf m;aumifpD (University Sport Council) odYk wuorS atmufygud, k pf m;vS,f
rsm;udk a½G;cs,fcefYtyfcJhonf/
(1) udkcifatmif upm;ckefpm;XmerSL;
(2) udkae0if;
(3) udkpGefwdwf
(4) udkjrifhxGef;
(5) udkwifarmifaqG (ausmufbD;vl;wifarmifaqG)
tjcm;qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; twGufvnf; qyfaumfrwDrsm; zGJUpnf;vkyfudkifcJhayonf/
&efuek wf uúov kd f ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDoYkd wuo taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; udck ifarmiftek ;f ESihf trIaqmif
a[mif; udkatmifoef;wdkYtm; wuoudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a½G;cs,fapvTwfcJhonf/
(W.U.S) aumfrwDodkY wuotrIaqmif apmwmomuvm;ESifh trIaqmifa[mif; udkvSazwdkYtm; wuo
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf a½G;cs,fapvTwfcJhayonf/
&efukefwuúodkvfaumifpDodkY-
(1) a'gufwmOD;{armif (w&m;0efBuD;a[mif;ESifh &efukefwuúodkvf 'k-t"dywda[mif;)
(2) rpöwmwDyD0rf; (wuoaiGxdef;a[mif;ESifh vTwfawmfa½SUae) wdkYtm; wuo udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tjzpf
,refESpftwdkif; a½G;cs,fwifajr§mufcJhayonf/
a'gufwmOD;{armiftm; wuúodkvfaq;½kHaumfrwD0ifESifh wuúodkvf&dyfom aumfrwD0iftjzpf vnf;aumif;?
rpöwmwDyD0rf;tm; ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD0ifESifh axmufyHha&;aumfrwD0iftjzpf vnf;aumif; wuúodkvfaumifpDrS
a½G;cs,f xnfhoGif;cJhayonf/
wuopm&if;ppftjzpf tpdk;&rSwfykHwifpm&if;ppf OD;pHausmfOD;tm; cefYxm;cJhonf/
,ckESpfwGif ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk ydkrdkwdk;csJU vkyfudkif
a&;twGuf oD;jcm;qyfaumfrwDuav;rsm; zGJUpnf;cJhayonf/
tcef; (2)
wuotrIaqmiftzGJY\ 0g'ESifUvkyfief;pOf
wuoOuú|opf\ usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJudk 1957 ck? pufwifbmv (24) &ufaeYwGif ,k'oef cef;rü
usi;f yjyKvkyí f wuotrIaqmif tzGUJ opf\ 0g'ESiv hf yk if ef;pOfrsm;udk atmufygtwdik ;f aMunmcJah yonf/ vkyif ef;pOf
rsm;udk (u) oufqdkif&mwdkhESifU awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifrnfUvkyfief;rsm;ESifU? (c) wuorS OD;pD;vkyfaqmif&rnfUvkyfief;
[lí ESpfydkif;cGJjcm;xm;onf/ xdkYjyif wuo\ EdkifiHwumausmif;om;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;twGuf tajccHoabmxm;
w&yfudkvnf; xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/
0g'
(1) ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;? tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynma&;ESifh ausmif;om; b0om,m ajzmifhjzL;a&;/
(2) ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;ESifh w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;ta&;jyóemwdkif;wGif aqmif½Gufvdkaom ausmif;om;
tiftm;pkrsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;wGJaqmif½Gufa&;/
(3) Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;? ,Ofaus;rIxdef;odrf;jr§ifhwifa&;ESifh ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; &if;ESD;pGm aygif;oif;
qufqHa&;/
t"duvkyfief;pOfrsm;
(u) oufqdkif&mrsm;ESifU awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifrnfU vkyfief;rsm;-
1/ ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrItwGuf EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ynma&;aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;w&yf jzpfajrmufa&;/
2/ oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepf zsufodrf;a&;/
3/ atmufwdkbmausmif; (1) v ydwfa&;/
4/ ausmif;aqmifESifh aq;½kH wdk;csJUa&;/
553
5/ aq;odyÜHoD;jcm;aumvdyf jzpfajrmufa&;/
6/ xD;wef;ESifh &efuif;? Oypmaumvdyftqifhxd a&muf½Sda&;/
7/ axmufyHhaMu;rsm; qufvuf&½Sda&;/
(c) wuorS OD;pD;vkyfaqmifrnfU vkyfief;rsm;-

1/ tm;upm;ckefpm;jr§ifhwifa&;ESifh aumvdyfaygif;pkH ajy;ckefupm;yGJusif;ya&;/
2/ wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pkHawGUqkHyGJBuD; jzpfajrmufa&;/
3/ ausmif;om; oufomacsmifcsda&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfa&;/
4/ ausmif;om;q&m yl;wGJvkyfaqmif nDñGwfa&;/
5/ jynfhpkHaom ausmif;aqmifudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh &a&;/
EdkifiHwumausmif;om;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;twGuf tajccHoabmxm;

,aeYurÇmwGi½f adS eaom urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (I.U.S) ESihf urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcH\ twGi;f a&;
rSL;rsm; yl;wG½J ;Hk (Coordinating Secretariat of The International Students’ Conference) [lonfh tzGUJ tpnf;
ESpf&yfwdkYtm; rnfonfhtzGJUESifhrQ tzGJU0iftjzpf qufoG,frnf r[kwfay/ ¤if;tzGJUESpf&yf vkyfief;rsm;wGif wuo\
vkyfudkifaom tajccH0g'ESifh udkufnDaom vkyfief;rsm;wGifom yl;wGJyg0iffvkyfudkifoGm;rnf jzpfayonf/ urÇmYausmif;
om;nDñw G af &;twGuf (I.U.S) ESihf (Co-sec) odYk yl;wGvJ yk u
f ikd af &;twGuv
f nf; wuorS BudK;yrf;oGm;rnfjzpfonf/
,aeY urÇmYausmif;om;avmuodYk vljzLvlrrJ a½G;? bmomra½G;? ,kMH unfcsufra½G;bJ ausmif;om;xktcsif;
csif; cspfMunf&if;ESD;a&; vdktyfvSonf/ ¤if;tay:rSDí tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynma&;twGuf yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifMu
&ayrnf/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;&½Sd&ef urÇmYppfwm;qD;a&;ESifh udkvdkeDe,fcsJUpepfudk qefYusif&rnf jzpfonf/
xdYk aMumifh befa'gif;wGif usif;ycJah om tm½S-tmz&duausmif;om;nDvmcHrS wuo ud, k w
f ikd f yg0ifcsrSwf
vdkufaom Nidrf;csrf;a&;? udkvdkeDe,fcsJUpepf qefYusifa&;? tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynma&; yl;wGJvkyfaqmifa&; wdkYudk
tajccHum tm½S-tmz&du aoG;pnf;nDñGwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf&if; EdkifiHwum½Sd ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh
qufoG,fvkyfudkif oGm;rnfjzpfonf/
tcef;(3)
t"duvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
1/ wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ onf usr;f opömused q f ykd w
JG iG f aMunmcJah om 0g'ESiv hf yk if ef;pOfrsm;udk taumiftxnf
ay:aygufvmap&ef usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJNyD;onfrS pwifí tm;BudK;rmefwuf wufnDvufnDjzifh vkyfudkifaqmif½Guf
cJhay&m xdkodkYaqmif½GufcJhaom t"ducsrSwfxm;onfh vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí wifjyvdkufayonf/
1948 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufaeYwiG f jrefrmEdik if o H nf vGwv f yfaom Edik if w
H Edik if t
H jzpfoYkd a&muf½cdS ahJ yonf/
e,fcsJUorm;vufatmufrS vGwfajrmufum vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHwEdkifiH jzpfvmonfESifhtnD e,fcsJUorm;vufxuf
ynma&;? ,Ofaus;rI taqmufttkw H Ykd ukd y,fzsufum jynfov l xl t
k usKd;twGuf taqmufttkt H opfukd xyfrw H nf
aqmuf&rnf jzpfayonf/
odkYaomf ,Ofaus;rIa&;&m tygt0ifjzpfonfh ynma&;taqmufttkHudkum; vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfESifh udkufnDpGm jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; r½Sdao;ay/ odkYtwGufaMumifhvnf; ,aeY ynma&;avmuwGif
tcuftcJ tusyftwnf;rsm; ay:aygufaeNyD;vQif rvdktyfaom tjzpftysufrsm; ay:xGufaeonfrSm rsufjrifxif
½Sm;yif jzpfayonf/
þodkY ay:aygufvmrIrsm;udk wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf tav;teufpOf;pm;cJhonf/ ynma&;tajct
aeudk rsufajcrjywfavhvm Munfh½IcJhayonf/ ,aeYjzpfay:aeaom tcuftcJrsm;? tusyftwnf;rsm;udk jyKjyifzm
ax;½kjH zifh raysmufEikd af wmhbJ vuf½ydS nma&;pepfBuD; wckv;Hk udk ajymif;vJvsu½f adS om jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H tajct
aeESihf udu
k n f pD mG jyKjyifa&;qGrJ o
S m ajyaysmufEikd rf nf[k awGU½Scd ahJ yonf/ þodYk awGU½Scd o hJ nfh tm;avsmfpmG vuf½ydS nm
a&;pepfBuD;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef twGuf Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u OD;pD;um ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; w&yfukd usi;f yay;&ef
wuorS awmif;qdkcJhayonf/
þodYk ynma&;pepfopfw&yf ay:aygufvma&;twGuf 1957-58 ckEpS rf S pwifí BudK;yrf;vm&m ,ckEpS w f iG f
554
tawmftwef atmifjrifvmonf[k qdk&ayrnf/ wuoonf ynma&;pepfopf w&yfay:a&;twGuf yxrtqifh

taejzifh Edik if vH ;Hk qdik &f m ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;w&yf vdt k yfonf[k ,kMH unfojzifh þtcsuu f kd t"duvkyif ef;tae
ESifh csrSwf aqmif½GufcJhayonf/
wuo\ ynma&;aqG;aEG;yGJBuD; jzpfajrmufa&;vkyfief;ESifh ywffoufNyD; ynma&;aumfr½Sifu 1957 ck?
Ed0k ifbmv (3) &ufaeYwiG f wuoud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk zdwaf c:aqG;aEG;cJo h nf/ xdak umfr½SiEf iS ahf qG;aEG;yGw
J iG f wuo
ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;taeESihf Edik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ynma&;aqG;aEG;yGEJ iS hf ywfoufaom wuo\oabmxm;rsm;udk tao;pdwf
wifjyaqG;aEG;cJo h nf/ aumfr½Siu f vnf; þwifjycsufrsm;udk tav;teuf cH,pl Of;pm;cJah yonf/ xdYk jyif aumfr½Siu f
wuo\ oabmxm;udk tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm;ESifhwuG rnfonfhykHpHjzpfonfudk aumfr½SifodkY wifjy&ef
tMuHÓPfay;cJhayonf/
xdYkaMumifh wuo\ Edik if v H ;Hk qdik &f mynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tao;pdwo f abmxm;
wifjycsufudk 1957 ck? Edk0ifbmv (11) &ufaeYwGif wdkif;jynfESifh ausmif;om;xkodkY wifjyaMunmcJhayonf/ ynm
a&;aumfrwDodkYvnf; ay;ydkYwifjycJhavonf/
1957 ck? 'DZifbmv (28-29) &ufaeYrsm;wGif armfvjrdKifOypmaumvdyf pnf;a0;cef;rü usif;ycJhaom
pwkwt ¬ Budraf jrmuf wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdyaf ygif;pkH awGUqkaH qG;aEG;yGBJ uD;wGiv f nf; ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf
EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udk tpdk;&u OD;pD;usif;yay;&ef wuorS wifjyaqG;aEG; awmif;qdkcJhavonf/
þynma&;aqG;aEG;yGJESifh ywfoufonfh wuo wifjycsufpmwrf;udkvnf; þuGefz&ifhBuD;wGif wifjycJhonf/
xdkYaMumifh onfESpf wuotrIaqmiftzGJU\ t"duwm0efjzpfaom ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; jzpfajrmuf
atmif aqmif½Gufa&;twGuf azmfjycJhonfh vkyfief;&yfrsm;ESifh wdk;wufajymif;vJvmaom tajctaersm;aMumifh wpkH
w&maom twdkif;twmxd atmifjrifvsuf½Sdonf[k wuorS tav;teuf ,kHMunfonf/ tqkH;wdkifatmifjrifrI
&½Sda&;twGufvnf; ravsmhaom vkHYvjzifh qufvuf BudK;yrf;oGm;rnf[k uwday;cJhygonf/
2/ (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfudk 1954-55 ckESpfrSpí usifhokH;vmcJh&m ¤if;pepfonf q&mrvkHavmufrI?
pmoifcef;rvkaH vmufr?I pmoifu&d , d m rvkaH vmufr?I ausmif;taqmuftOD rvkaH vmufrEI iS hf qxufxrf;yd;k wd;k wuf
vmaom tvkyfvufrJhjyóem rajz½Sif;EdkifrI paom tcuftcJtusyftwnf;rsm;udk ajz½Sif;onfhtaejzifh wuúodkvf
wGif usifhokH;vmaomaMumifh þpepfonf ausmif;om;xktusKd;ESifh vkH;0qefYusifum ,aeYynma&;avmuwGif
rvkdvm;tyfqkH;? tqdk;0g;qkH; epfemcsufjzpfonf[k wuou cH,layonf/ xdkYaMumifh (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf
pwifusifhokH;cJhonfh 1954 ckESpfpí wuoacgif;aqmifrIjzifh ausmif;om;xkwdkufyGJrsm; qufwdkuf0ifcJh&m 1955-
56 ckESpfwGif (3) cguspepfESifh 65% pepftwGuf pkHprf;a&;aumfr½SifzGJUpnf;ay;cJh&NyD; 1956 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif
wuúodkvfynma&; pkHprf;a&;aumfr½Sifudk zGJUpnf;ay;cJh&onf/
odkY&mwGif (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfonf rnfodkYrQ ajymif;vJrvmbJ ,aeYxd ausmif;om;ôlaygif;
okH;axmifausmfrSm (3) cguspepf\ 0g;rsKdcHvdkuf&NyD; wuúodkvfe,fajrrS ESifxkwfjcif;cHvdkuf&ayNyD/ þrQ &ufpufqdk;
0g;pGm ausmif;olôm;rsm; ESpfpOf axmifESifhcsDí ynmoifMum;a&; ydwfyifjcif;cHae&aom (3) cguspepfqdk;BuD;udk
wuorS acgif;aqmifí ausmif;om;xkBuD;\ nDñGwfa&;ESifh wcJeuf0dkif;0ef;qE´jyawmif;qdkjcif;? rdbjynfolrsm;
uyg þrw&m;rIudk odjrifvmatmif vkyfjcif;jzifh w&m;rQwí wdkufyGJudk 0dkif;0ef;ulnD axmufcHvmapjcif;jzifh (3)
cguspepfudk vkH;0wuúodkvfe,fajrrS usqkH;oGm;onftxd wdkufyGJ0ifawmif;qdkoGm;rnf[k wuorS csrSwfxm;cJh
ayonf/
odYk jzifh (3) cguspepfukd ausmif;om;xknñ D w
G af &;? wcJeuft<Hk uawmif;qdjk cif;jzifh vk;H 0atmifjrifEikd o f nf[k
wuorS ,kHMunfonfhtavsmuf rysufrcsif; OD;vnfrokef qufvufvkyfudkif oGm;rnfjzpfaMumif; uwday;cJhonf/
3/ &efukefwuúodkvf &mZ0ifwGif tpOftquf atmufwdkbmvwGif ausmif;wvydwfvmcJh&m 1953 ckESpfü
tmPmydkifwdkYu wuúodkvfynma&; tqifhtwef; tvGefedrfhusaeí pmoifcsdef ydkay;jcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;xk\
t&nftcsif;jrifw h ufvmap&ef[k taMumif;jyum atmufwb kd mvü (15) &ufom ausmif;ydwcf o hJ nf/ þodYk ausmif;
ydwf&uf tajymif;tvJvkyfvmjcif;onf apwem½kd;ESifh ynma&;tqifhtwef; wdk;wufvm&ef vkyfjcif;r[kwfbJ
ynma&;vGwv f yfciG u hf kd xdyg;vmjcif;? jyifyEdik if aH &;ya,m*rsm; wuúov kd ef ,fxJ pGuzf ufvmjcif;? ausmif;om;xk\
rSeu f efw&m;rQwaom tcGit hf a&;udk ydwyf ifvmjcif;jzpfonf[k wuorS tav;teufc, H o l nf/ xdYk aMumifh ausmif;
wvydwfa&; jyefvnf&½Sd&ef ausmif;om;? q&m? rdbyl;aygif; ta&;qdk&ef csrSwfcJhonf/
1957 ck? pufwifbmv (25) &ufaeYwiG f wuoonf aq;odyaHÜ usmif;om;rsm;or*¾? tif*sife, D mausmif;
555
om;rsm;or*¾EiS hf &efuek w f uúov kd f aeYausmif;olôm;rsm;toif;wdYk rS ud, k pf m;vS,w f Ykd ukd zdwMf um;ac:,lum atmuf
wdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&;\ t"duta&;BuD;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/ þausmif;wv
ydwaf &;onf q&mrsm;twGuf jyifqifcsdef ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf jyefvnfavhvmjcif;twGuv f nf;aumif;? a'oEÅ&
A[kow k ½SmrS;D a&;? tcgBuD;&ufBuD; rdbaqGrsKd;rsm;xHjyefa&;? tem;,la&;rsm;twGuv f nf;aumif;? wuúov kd yf nma&;
wGif r½Sv d Qirf jzpfaom tcsujf zpfaMumif;? (15) &uf pmydo k if½jHk zifh ynma&; rwd;k wufEikd af Mumif; ponfh tcsut f vuf
rsm;udk azmfxw k af qG;aEG;MuNyD; atmufwb kd mausmif;wvydw&f efEiS hf þudpw ö ifjya&;twGuf &efuek w f uúov kd tf "dywd
OD;EkESifh awGUqkH&ef oabmwlnDcsufrsm; csrSwfEdkifcJhonf/
1957 ck? pufwifbmv (27) &ufaeYwGif atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&;udpö ta&;wBuD;aqmif½Guf
&ef½dSonf/ pnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (5) tydk'ft& wuo txl;tpnf;ta0; w&yfac:,lum atmufwdkbmausmif;
wvydwfay;&ef? þudpöpOf;pm;&ef ta&;ay: wuúodkvfaumifpD tpnf;ta0; ac:,lay;&efESifh þudpöudk tusKd;t
aMumif;ESifhwuG jynfhpkHpGm aqG;aEG;wifjyEdkif&ef tqdkrsm;udk þtxl;tpnf;ta0;wGif wifoGif; qkH;jzwfcJhavonf/
þodkY qkH;jzwfcsuft& atmufwdkbm (3) &ufaeYwGif wuoudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh wuúodkvft"dywd
OD;EkwdkY awGUqkH&mwGif wuo udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ atmufwdkbmausmif;wv ydwfoifhaMumif; aqG;aEG;wifjyonfh
tcsuftvufrsm;? tudk;tum;taxmuftxm;rsm;udk wuúodkvft"dywd OD;Ekudk,fwdkifvufcHvmNyD; ,ckESpf tcsdef
vGefaeNyDjzpfaomaMumifh rjzpfEdkifawmhaMumif;? þudpu ö dk ynma&;aumfr½SifwGifvnf; wifjypOf;pm;rnf jzpfaMumif;?
vmrnfhESpf ausmif;wvydwfEdkifa&;twGuf BudK;pm;ay;rnf jzpfaMumif;wdkYudk uwday;cJhavonf/
xdkYaMumifh wuo\ atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&; aqmif½Gufcsuf\ atmifjrifrIonf ,ckESpfwGif
taumiftxnfESifhwuG rawGUjrif&aomfvnf; vmrnfhESpfrsm;wGif atmifjrifEdkif&ef vrf;prsm;yGifhvmNyD[k wuo
rS,lqayonf/ xdkodkY vrf;pyGifhvmaomfvnf; vkH;0atmifjrifrI&½Sdvm&ef wuoonf pnf;vkH;nDñGwfaom ausmif;
om;xktm;jzifh rnfrQxd wdkufyGJ0ifawmif;qdkEdkifrnf enf;[lonfh tcsufay:wGifom ausmif;om;xk\ atmifyGJwnf
onf[k ,lqayonf/
4/ vuf½w Sd uúov kd af q;½ko H nf ppfrjzpfru D ¤if;acwf\ ausmif;om;OD;a&tcsK;d tpm;ESihf udu k nf pD mG aqmif½u G f
xm;jcif;jzpfí ,ckacwfwiG f tqrwefrsm;jym;vmaom ausmif;om;OD;a&ESihf vk;H 0 rvkaH vmufawmhay/ vlemcef;rsm;?
acwfrDaq;ESifh aq;ud&d,mrsm;? tcrJhaq;xdk;ay;jcif;rsm; ponfwdkYudk wdk;csJUay;&ef tcsdefusaeayNyD/
wuúodkvfaq;½kHudk aq;ukonfh aq;½kHoufoufwGifom r[kwfbJ ausmif;om;rsm; tem;,l&dyfomwck
jzpfvmonftxd aqmif½Guf&ef wuorS &nfrSef;xm;ayonf/ odkYaomf þudpo ö nf wjznf;jznf; aqmif½Guf&rnfh
vkyfief;jzpfayonf/ uaeYavmavmq,f taeESifh wuúodkvfaq;½kHwdk;csJUa&;? aq;0g;rsm;tcrJhukocGifh&a&;/ tcrJh
aq;xk;d cGi&hf ½Sad &;? olemjyKq&mrrsm; vkaH vmufpmG cefYxm;a&;twGuf awmif;qdx k m;ayonf/ awmif;qd&k ½Sd xm;ayNyD/
tjrefqkH;jzpfajrmufatmif taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;&ayrnf/
ausmif;aqmifrsm; rvkHavmufrIjyóemudk tmPmydkifwdkYu (3) cgusausmif;xkwfpepfESifh ajz½Sif;ay;ae
aomfvnf; ESpfpOfwuúodkvfrS rvTJombJ xGufoGm;&aom ausmif;om;ESifh 0ifvmaom ausmif;om;OD;a& rrQojzifh
tcef;rvkHavmufrI jyóemrsm; ay:aygufvsuf ½Sdayonf/ ,ckESpfpwGif ausmif;om;aygif; (201) a,mufausmf
tcef;r½Sdí wcef;ESpfa,mufpepfudk ,m,DtokH;jyKí tcef;rvkHavmufrI jyóemudk wuorS ,m,Dajz½Sif;cJh&av
onf/ þtcuftcJrsKd; vmrnfEh pS w f iG f ydrk Bkd uD;rm;pGm &ifqikd &f OD;rnf[k wGucf sufEikd af yonf/ xdYk aMumifh ausmif;aqmif
opfrsm;udk wdk;wufvsuf½Sdonfh ausmif;om;OD;a& tcsKd;tpm;udk vdkufí tjrefqkH; tvkHtavmuf aqmif½Gufay;&ef
wuorS awmif;qdkvsuf½Sdayonf/
5/ aq;odyÜHwGif ausmif;om;OD;a& waeYwjcm; rsm;jym;vsuf rEÅav;üyif aq;odyÜH cGJjcm;zGifhvSpfEdkifonftxd
jzpfvmonf/ ppfrjzpfrDuvnf; aq;odyÜHonf oD;jcm;jzpfcJhNyD; ,ckESpfwGif ausmif;om;OD;a& tqrwef wdk;wuf
vsuf½SdonfhtwGuf oD;jcm;&yfwnfEdkifonfh tajctaewGif½Sdonf/ þoD;jcm; aumvdyfjzpfjcif;jzifh t"duvdktyfcsuf
rsm;udk ydrk akd wmif;qdk wdu k yf 0JG ifEikd jf cif;aMumifh (Constituent College) &½Sad &;twGuf aq;odyaÜH usmif;om;rsm;or*¾EiS hf
wuowdkY n§dEIdif;wdkifyifaqG;aEG;NyD;vQif tjrefEdkifqkH; taumiftxnfazmf&ef wuorS wifjyawmif;qdkxm;vsuf
½Sdayonf/
6/ &efuif;ESihf xD;wef;aumvdyw f Ykdonf Oypmaumvdyt f qifo h Ykd a&muf½&dS ef tvGev f tkd yfvsu½f o
dS nf/ tb,f
aMumifq h akd omf vuf½t dS qifo h nf aumvdyEf iS v hf ;Hk 0rwlbJ txufwef;ausmif; omomom½So d nf/ ausmif;aqmifrsm;\
csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;? t&nftcsif;jynfh q&m^rrsm; rvkHavmufjcif;? ausmif;okH;y&dabm*rsm; rvkHavmufjcif;? ynmoif
556
Mum;a&;tqifh rwdk;wufjcif;paom tcsuftvufwdkYrSm ,aeY &efuif;ESifh xD;wef;aumvdyfwdkY\ cHpm;&csufrsm;

jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh cHpm;&csufrsm; yaysmufa&;? tqifhtwef;rDaom Oypmaumvdyfwck jzpfay:a&;wdkYtwGuf
wuorS oufqdkif&modkY wifjyawmif;qdk wdkufyGJ0ifvsuf½Sdavonf/ xdkodkY tqifhtwef;rSom Oypmaumvdyf
wcktjzpfnrD Qaom ausmif;aqmifrsm;? pmoifcef;rsm;? q&mrsm;? ausmif;ok;H ypön;f y&dabm*rsm;? "gwfccJG ef;ypön;f rsm;
udk wdk;csJUxm;&ef oufqdkif&modkY awmif;qdkxm;vsuf ½Sdayonf/
7/ 1958 ckrSpí &yfqdkif;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm; axmufyHhaMu;udk ,cktcsdefwdkif &yfqdkif;vsufyif ½Sdao;
onfukd tjrefq;Hk jyefvnf qufvufay;&ef wuorS awmif;qdv k suf½adS yonf/ þjyóemESihf wqufwnf;jzpfaom
wuúov kd f tok;H p&dwcf iG ûhf yaiG (University Grant) udv k nf; ,aeYausmif;om;OD;a& tcsKd;tpm;ESihf udu k nf rD Qatmif
wdk;wufcGifhjyK xkwfay;&ef wygwnf; awmif;qdkxm;ayonf/ wuúodkvfwGif ynmt&nftcsif; aumif;aomfvnf;
pD;yGm;a&;csKdUwJrh aI Mumifh ausmif;om;aygif;rsm;pGm ynmoifMum;vdyk gaomfvnf; roifMum;Edik Mf uacs/ aq;ESihf tif*sifeD
,mXmewdkYwGif jyifybkwfaumfr½Sif? ppfwyf paomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS axmufyHhaMu;rsm;,lí ynmoifMum;ae&aom
ausmif;om;aygif;rsm;pGm ½Sad vonf/ trSepf ifppf þodYk jyifyrS axmufyahH Mu;rsm; ay;jcif;xuf wuúov kd b f @maiGxrJ S
ay;jcif;u ydrk akd umif;í ydrk rkd eS u
f efayonf/ ,ckuo hJ Ykd wuúov
kd w
f iG f axmufyahH Mu;r½Sjd cif;onf wuúov kd üf ½So
d if½h t
dS yf
onfh *kPft*Fg&yf *kPfodu©mESifhvnf; rnDñGwfay/ xdkYaMumifh wuoonf tpdk;&u wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfrsm;
twGuf okH;pGJaiG (University Grant) udk tvkHtavmuf wdk;csJUay;&efESifh wqufwnf; t&nftcsif;xl;cRefí
pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; axmufyHhaMu;rsm; jyefvnfay;yg&ef awmif;qdkxm;vsuf ½Sdayonf/
(c) wuorS OD;pD;vkyfaqmifcJhaom vkyfief;rsm;

1/ upm;ckepf m;jr§iw hf ifa&;ESihf ywfoufí ,ckEpS t f rIaqmiftzGUJ onf upm;ckepf m; ausmif;om;rsm;udk rMumcP
pkaygif;aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;? vdktyfcsufrsm; epfemcsufrsm;udk ½SmazGazmfxkwfí ¤if;tcsufrsm; jynfhpkHap&ef enf;vrf;rsm;
½SmazGjcif;rsm;udk vkyu f ikd cf ahJ yonf/ tm;upm;orm;wdYk tm; wuorS twwfEikd q f ;Hk tm;upm;ypön;f tultnDrsm;udk
vnf; ay;cJhayonf/
wuotaejzifh wuúov kd f upm;ckepf m;aumifpD vkyif ef;rsm;wGif ta&;BuD;qk;H tydik ;f u yg0ifaqmif½u G cf ahJ y
onf/ Oyrm abmfvDabmjydKifyGJrsm;? bwfpuufabmjydKifyGJrsm; paom vkyfief;rsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? þjydKifyGJrsm;
jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf vIHYaqmfpnf;½kH;a&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif wuo udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wm0ef,lxrf;aqmifcJhayonf/
rEÅav;tBudKyGJawmfodkYvnf; wuorSOD;pD;í &efukefwuúodkvfESifh rEÅav;wuúodkvfwdkY½Sd ausmif;om;csif;
cspfMunf&if;ESD;a&;wdkYtwGuf abmvkH;toif;? bwfpuufabmESifh abmfvDabmtoif;wdkY rEÅav;odkY oGm;a&mufí
rdwfaqGjzpfyGJrsm; ,SOfjydKifupm;cJhMuayonf/
oufqdkif&mor*¾rsm;ESifh n§dEIdif;í wwd,tBudrfajrmuf aumvdyfaygif;pkH ajy;ckefupm;yGJBuD;udk 1957 ck?
'DZifbmv (27) &ufaeYwiG f armfvNrdKifNrdKU NrdKUrupm;uGi;f BuD;wGif atmifjrifpmG usif;yEdik cf o hJ nf/ þaumvdyaf ygif;pkH
ajy;ckefupm;yGJBuD;odkY &efukefwuúodkvfrS ajy;ckefupm;orm;rsm;? rEÅav;wuúodkvfrS tm;upm;orm;rsm;ESifh armfv
NrdKifOypmaumvdyfrS tm;upm;orm;rsm; pkpkaygif; (100) ausmfrQ yg0if,SOfNydKif upm;cJhMuayonf/ wuúodkvfESifh
aumvdyftoD;oD;rS tm;upm;orm;rsm;onf pdwftm;xufoefpGmESifh vnf;aumif;? wOD;ESifhwOD; tvGefcspfMunf
&if;ES;D pGmjzifh vnf;aumif; upm;ckepf m;Muojzifh Armjynf wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdytf oD;oD;wdYk \ upm;ckepf m;a&;tqifh
twef; jrifhrm;vma&;twGuf BuD;pGmtaxmuftul jzpfapayonf/
&efuek w
f uúov kd f ESpyf wfvnfupm;ckepf m;yGBJ uD;udk 1958 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (18) &ufaeYu usif;yNyD;pD;cJah yNyD/
þupm;ckepf m;yGBJ uD; jzpfajrmufvma&;twGuf upm;ckepf m;orm;rsm; pkpnf;jcif;? ausmif;om;xk tm;ay;ulnrD &I ½S&d ef
0g'jzefYvIHYaqmfjcif; paomtultnDrsm; wuúodkvf upm;ckefpm;aumifpDESifh wuo yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifcJhayonf/
,ckESpf usif;yaom ESpfvnfupm;ckefpm;yGJBuD;wGif pHcsdefopf (5) ck wifvdkufEdkifayonf/
wuorS þrQxd upm;ckefpm;ESifhywfoufí vkyfudkifaqmif½GufcJhygaomfvnf; arQmfrSef;xm;onfh upm;
ckefpm; tqifhjrifhwufokdY ra&muf½Sdao;ay/ þarQmfrSef;xm;aom tqifhodkY a&muf½SdEdkif&efrSm wuúodkvfupm;ckefpm;
aumifpD ydkrdkêud;pm; vkyfudkifvmjcif; tay:wGifvnf;aumif;? wuorS rnfrQxd upm;ckefpm;a&;wGif qufvufNyD;
acgif;aqmifpnf;½k;H vkyu f ikd o f mG ;onfh tay:wGiv f nf;aumif;? ausmif;om;xk\ tm;ay;ulnrD I tay:wGiv f nf;aumif;
wnf½adS eayonf[k ,kMH unfayonf/ wuorS &efuek w f uúov kd f tm;upm;avmu jr§iw hf ifEikd af &;twGuf pmwrf;wck
a&;om;í wifjyEdkif&ef BudK;yrf;vsuf½Sdayonf/
557
2/ pwkw¬tBudrfajrmuf wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pkHaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;udk wuúodkvfESifh aumvdyftoD;oD;wdkY

nd§EIdif;wdkifyifí 1957 ck? 'DZifbmv (28-29) &ufaeYrsm;wGif armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfpnf;a0;cef;rBuD;wGif &efukef
wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;
or*¾ESifh rauG;Oypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾wdkY OD;pD;acgif;aqmifum atmifjrifpGm usif;yNyD;pD;cJhavonf/
þuGezf &ifBh uD;odYk &efuek w f uúov kd \f r[mXmersm;jzpfaom &efuek af q;odyaHÜ usmif;om;rsm;or*¾? rEÅav;
aq;odyÜHr[mXmecGJausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh &efuif;? xD;wef;aumvdyfrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;?
&efukefwuúodkvfESifh rEÅav;wuúodkvfrS ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? wuúodkvfESifh aumvdyf
toD;oD;½Sd toif;tzGUJ tpnf; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; wufa&mufcMhJ uayonf/ toif;tzGUJ aygif; (44) zGUJ ? ud, k pf m;vS,Ef iS hf
avhvmolaygif; (126) a&mufwdkY wufa&mufcJhonf/
þawGUqkHaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;wGif &efukefwuúodkvf\ tajctaeESifhywfoufaom tajctaepmwrf;w&yfudk
wufa&mufol ud, k pf m;vS,Ef iS hf avhvmoltaygif;wdYktm; wifjyaqG;aEG;cJah yonf/ tjcm;wuúov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;u
vnf; rdrdwdkYepfemcsuf vdktyfcsufrsm;udk wifjycJhayonf/
'kw, d ESihf wwd,tBudrf wuúov kd Ef iS hf aumvdyaf ygif;pkaH qG;aEG;yGJ usif;y&mü xkwjf yefcahJ om jynfwiG ;f Nidr;f
csrf;a&; &½Sda&;twGuf tpdk;&ESifh awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkwdkY ESpfOD;ESpfzuf rsuffESmcsif;qdkif awGUqkHaqG;aEG;ajz½Sif;jcif;
jzifh jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D BuD; Nidr;f owf&ef arwåm&yfco H nfh yefMum;vTmwapmifukd þuGezf &ifBh uD;wGif xkwjf yefEikd cf ahJ yonf/
xdkYjyif ausmif;om;xk 'Drdkua&pDta&;rsm; jyefvnfay;tyfa&;? EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; w&yfudk
Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u OD;pD;usif;yay;a&;? jynfwiG ;f Nidr;f csrf;a&; tjrefq;Hk wnfaqmufay;a&;ESihf urÇmYwif;rmrI avQmhaygh
a&;twGuf tjydKiftqdkif vufeufwyfqifrIrsm;? tEkjrLvufeufrsm; prf;oyfazmufcGJjcif;rsm; rjyKMu&ef wdkufwGef;
awmif;qdak Mumif;ESihf vufeufppfonftiftm; avQmah ygha&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk tjrefq;Hk vkyu f ikd af qmif½u G Mf u&ef arwåm&yf
cHonfh aMunmpmwrf;udkvnf; uGefz&ifhBuD; wckvkH;u wnDwñGwfwnf; xkwfjyefEdkifcJhonf/
xdYk aMumifh pwkwt ¬ Budraf jrmuf wuúov kd Ef iS hf aumvdyaf ygif;pkaH qG;aEG;yGBJ uD;udk uRefawmfwYkd wuoESiw hf uG
nDaemifor*¾wdkY yl;wGJum atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifcJhaMumif;/
3/ &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ vkyfief;pOfwGif ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;vkyfief;onf
wcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ ¤if;vkyfief;pOfudk taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;qdkif wck zGifh
vSpf&ef BudK;pm;cJhonf/ oufqdkif&mwdkYESifh aqG;aEG;cJh\/ or0g,rqdkiftjzpfodkY &nfñTef;aomfvnf; tcuftcJrsm;
½Sdaeayonf/ or0g,rpepfrSm wa,mufpD tpk½S,f,mjzifh rwnf&rnfhjyif vuf½Sdtajctaet&vnf; or0g,r
rSwfykHwif&ef cufcJaeayonf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fwdkif OD;pD;vkyfudkifonfh ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;qdkif jzpf
ajrmufa&;twGuf jzpfEikd o f nft h ajctae? jzpfEikd o f nfyh pHk rH S wd;k csJUvkyu
f ikd o
f mG ;&ayrnf/ qdik rf wnfa&;twGuf ausmif;
aqmif o[m,ESiphf mzwftoif; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf awGUqkaH qG;aEG;cJo h nf/ tcsed t f cg tajctaet& ausmif;aqmif
o[m,ESifhpmzwftoif;rsm;rS aiGaMu;tultnD&&ef tcuftcJrsm; ½Sdaeayonf/ wuotaeESifhvnf; vkHavmuf
aom rwnfaiGudk xkwfay;Edkifonf r[kwfay/ odkYaomfvnf; wuotaeESifh xkwfay;onfhaiGESifhyif jzpfEdkifonfh
&efukefwuúodkvf wHqdyfyg½Sdonfh pma&;puúLuwfrsm;? pmtdwfrsm;ponfwdkYudk tzdk;EIef;csKdompGmESifh ½kdufESdyfa&mif;
cscJhonf/ ,cktcg pma&;puúLuwfrsm;ESifh pmtdwfrsm; (2300) ausmfzdk;rQ a&mif;csNyD;cJhNyD;jzpf\/ azmfjycJhonfhtcuf
tcJrsm;½Sad eaomfvnf; use½f adS eao;onfh aiGEiS yhf ifrwnfí ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsad &;qdik w f ck jzpfay:vmatmif
BudK;pm;&OD;rnfom jzpfonf/ ESppf Of wuo\ ynmoifaxmufyahH Mu;qk (2) qkuv kd nf; ynmvdv k m;NyD; pD;yGm;a&;tm;
jzifh taxmuftul vdktyfaomausmif;om;rsm;tm; tenf;ESifhtrsm; tultnDjzpfap&eftwGuf ,ckESpfrS pwifí
&efykHaiGw&yf zGifhvSpfxm;&ef BudK;pm;vsuf ½Sdayonf/ tjcm; tao;pdwfvkyfief;taeESifhrl NyD;pD;cJhaom atmufwdkbm
pmar;yGüJ &efuif;ESihf xD;wef;aumvdyrf sm;odYk oGm;a&mufajzqd&k rnfh ausmif;aqmiftoD;oD;rS ausmif;olôm;rsm;tzdYk
oGm;vmrIv, G u f al p&ef armfawmfum;rsm; pDpOfay;cJah yonf/ aEG&moDausmif;ydw&f ufrsm; ausmif;om;rsm; rdrw d Ykd &yfxH
jyefMu&mü ESppf Of&tyf&jrJjzpfaom Edik if aH wmf avaMumif;o,f,yl Ykdaqmifa&;XmerS txl;avQmEh eI ;f udk ½kyo f rd ;f vdu
k of jzifh
jyefvnf ay;tyf&ef awmif;qdkxm;cJhayonf/
4/ ausmif;om;-q&m yl;wGJvkyfaqmifa&;ESifh ywfoufí ,ckESpfwGif tawmfatmifjrifonf[k ,lq&ayrnf/
a½G;aumufyGJESpfckvkH;ü q&mBuD;rsm;\ tm;BudK;rmefwufulnDjcif;rsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh yl;wGJpDpOfvkyfudkifjcif;rsm;
onf xif½Sm;aomatmifjrifcsuf om"ursm; jzpfayonf/ þodkY ausmif;om;wdkY\ vkyfief;wGif 0dkif;0ef;ulnDaom
558
aMumifhvnf;aumif;? q&mESifh ausmif;om; tjrJwrf; yl;wGJvkyfaqmifa&;? nDñGwfa&; a½SUtvm;tvm aumif;rGefvm

ap&efvnf;aumif;? NyD;pD;cJhonfh ulnDrItwGuf aus;Zl;wif*kPfjyKonfh taeESifhvnf;aumif;? a½G;aumufyGJwGif
yg0ifun l cD ahJ om q&m^rrsm;tm; wuorS aus;Zl;wif*P k jf yKyGw
J &yf usi;f ycJah yonf/ þonfrmS vnf; q&mausmif;
om;nDñGwfpGm yl;wGJvkyfaqmifa&;twGuf ydkrdkav;eufpGm tkwfjrpfcsay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; q&mBuD;rsm;
jzpfonfh ygarmu©O;D bñGeYf ? a'gufwmomvS? a'gufwmnDnw D Ykd onf wuorS OD;pD;onfh a[majymyGrJ sm;wGif pmayESihf
ywfoufaom a[majymcsurf sm;udk vma&mufa[majymcJMh uavonf/ Edik if jH cm; ynma&;yg&*lrsm;tm; *kPjf yK{nfch yH o JG Ykd
q&mrsm;tm; zdwMf um;jcif;tm;jzifv h nf; q&mESiahf usmif;om; ydrk &kd if;ES;D rI &½Scd ahJ vonf/ þtcsufrsm;udk axmufjcif;
tm;jzifh ,ckESpfwGif q&mESifhausmif;om; &if;ESD;cspfcifrI? yl;wGJvkyfaqmifrIrsm; ,cifESpfrsm;uxuf ydkrdkwdk;wufvm
aMumif; awGUEdkifayonf/ aemifwGif ,ckxufydkrdkí &if;ESD;rI? yl;wGJvkyfaqmifrIrsm; jyKvkyfoGm;&efvnf; wuorS
cH,lcsrSwf xm;ayonf/
5/ ausmif;aqmifudk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ywfoufí ,cifESpf wuorS awmif;qkdwdkufyGJ0ifcJhaomaMumifh
ausmif;aqmifpDrHtkyfcsKyfcGifh &½SdcJhaomfvnf; ,aeYxdyif wdwdusus taumiftxnfazmfNyD; raqmif½GufEdkifjzpfaeay
onf/ tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif oufqdkif&myk*¾dKvfwdkYu tkyfcsKyfcGifh vTJtyfray;jcif;? vTJtyfay;&ef aESmifhaES;xm;jcif;ESifh
ausmif;om;rsm;ud, k w f ikd f vufrcH&ef enf;trsK;d rsK;d rsm;jzifh BudK;pm;aejcif;rsm;udk awGU½S&d avonf/ þrvdv k m;tyfonfh
tcsurf sm;tjyif ausmif;aqmifu, kd yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;udk ausmif;om;rsm; em;rvnfoabmraygufap&ef ½Iyaf xG;atmifvyk f
jcif;? roufqdkifaomvkyfief;rsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm;tm; cdkif;apjcif;jzifh ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; oabmuGJvGJrIrsm;
ay:apjcif;paom rzG,&f monfh tcsut f vufrsm;vnf; ay:aygufvsuf ½Sad yonf/ þjyóemrsm;udk uReaf wmfwYdktrI
aqmiftzGJUonf ,cktcsdefxd xda&mufpGm bmrQrajz½Sif;cJhaomfvnf; vmrnfhESpf ausmif;zGifhcsdefrSpí pepfwuspDrH
ude;f cs udik wf , G vf yk af qmifomG ;&ef owfrw S x f m;ayonf/ vmrnfEh pS w f iG f ausmif;aqmifu, kd yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;ESiyhf wfouf
í wzufrS ynmay;½Sif;vif;a&;ESifh 0g'jzefYcsdvIHYaqmfa&; tpOfojzifhvkyfudkifoGm;NyD; tjcm;wzufrS ausmif;aqmif
tvdu k f owfrw S xf m;onfah umfrwDrsm; zGUJ pnf;jcif;? aumfrwDrsm;\ tcGit hf mPm twdtusazmfxw k Nf yD; pDrt
H yk cf sKyfru I kd
taumiftxnfay:vmap&ef vufawGUñTejf yvkyu f ikd jf cif;rsm; aqmif½u G &f efpaom vufawGUvkyif ef;rsm;udk udik w f , G f
vkyfaqmifoGm;&ef pDpOfvsuf½Sdayonf/
wzufwiG f azmfjycJo h nft h wdik ;f wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ onf usrf;opömusdeq f ykd üJG aMunmcJah om wuo\
t"duvkyfief;pOf wm0ef (12) &yfudk taumiftxnfay:atmif aqmif½GufvkyfudkifcJh&mwGif vkyfNyD;? vkyfqJESifh
vkyfvwHåUaom vkyfief;rsm;ü atmifjrifcJhonfh vkyfief;rsm;vnf;½Sdayonf/ ratmifjrifao;onfh vkyfief;rsm;vnf;
½Sdayonf/ wpdwfwa'o ratmifjrifao;onfh qufvufvkyf&rnfh vkyfief;rsm;vnf; ½Sdayonf/ rvkyfudkif rxrf;
aqmif&ao;onfh vkyfief;rsm;vnf; ½Sdao;onfudk xyfrHwifjyvdkayonf/
tcef;(4)
tjcm;vkyfaqmifcJhaomvkyfief;rsm;
1957 ck? atmufwkdbmv (24) &ufaeYwGif EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekonf wuoodkY tvnftywfvm&m
0,f wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ rS vIu d vf u dI v
f vJS BJS udKqdck ahJ yonf/ OD;EkEiS hf trIaqmifwYdk cspcf if&if;ES;D yGiv hf if;pGm ausmif;om;
a&;&mjyóemrsm;udk aqG;aEG;cJhMuavonf/ wuorS t"duxm;í wifjycJhonfhtcsufrsm;rSm EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ynm
a&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;w&yf tpdk;&rS OD;pD;usif;ya&;? zsufodrf;cHae&aom or*¾rsm;ta&;? tzrf;cHae&aom ausmif;
om;rsm;ta&;? ausmif;xkwfcHae&aom ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;ESifh pmar;yGJajzqdkcGifh ydwfyifcHae&aom ausmif;om;rsm;
ta&;udk t"duxm;í wifjyaqG;aEG; cJhayonf/
1/ 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek\ tMuHay;csuft& ynma&;aumfr½Sif\ tultnDjzifh Edk0ifbmESifh 'DZifbmvrsm; twGif;
wGif qdkAD,uf,leD,H? jynfolYw½kwfjynf? t*Fvefpaom EdkifiHrsm;rS a&muf½Sdaeaom ynma&;yg&*lrsm;udk wuorS
OD;pD;zdwaf c:um ynma&;a[majymyGrJ sm; qufwu kd u f sif;ycJah yonf/ þyg&*lrsm;onf rdrw d Ykd Eikd if t
H oD;oD;D ½Sd ynma&;
pepf toD;oD;taMumif;udk tao;pdwfa[majymvsuf r½Sif;vif;onfhtcsuftvufrsm;udk pdwf½SnfpGm ajzMum;onfh
twGuf ausmif;om;xkod½Sdvdkonfh tcsuftm;vkH;udk od½SdcGifh &½SdcJhayonf/
2/ þodYk wuo\zdwMf um;csut f & vma&mufa[majymMuonfh Edik if jH cm;yg&*l {nfo h nfawmfrsm;tm; cs;D usL;
*kPûf yonft h aejzifh {nfch yH wJG &yfukd 1957 ck? Ed0k ifbmv (27) &ufaeYwiG f wuocef;rü jyKvkycf ahJ yonf/ þ{nfch yH üJG
q&m^rrsm;? wuúov kd ½f dS toif;tzGUJ tiftm;pku, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;? jyifyEkid if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf owif;axmufrsm;udk
559
zdwMf um;cJoh nft h jyif wuo\ Edik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; usif;ya&;ESihf ywfoufaom oabmxm;
wifjycsufrsm;udk xkwfjyefcJhayonf/
3/ 1957 ck? Ed0k ifbmv (26) &ufaeYwiG f *syefjynfv;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGUJ csKyf Ouú|ESihf *syefjynf
tEkjrLvufeufqefYusifa&;tzGJU (Japanese Council Against A&H Bomb) onf urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
(I.U.S) ud, k pf m;vS,t f aejzifh ArmjynfoYkd vma&mufvnfywf&m wuorS *kPjf yK{nfch cH ahJ Mumif;/ wuo\{nfo h nf
tjzpf &efuek Nf rdKUwGif wywfMumrQaexdik Nf yD; ausmif;om;a&;&mjyóemrsm; urÇmYNidr;f csr;f a&;jyóemrsm;udk &efuek jf rdKU½Sd
toif;tzGJUaygif;pkHESifh cspfcif&if;ESD;pGm awGUqkHaqG;aEG;oGm;cJhayonf/
4/ 1957 ck? 'DZifbmv (6-7-8) &ufaeYrsm;wGif rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS OD;pD;usif;yaom
oD;jcm;wuúov kd f tBudKyGaJ wmfoYkd rwuo\ zdwMf um;csuft& wuorS OD;pD;acgif;aqmifí tm;upm;orm;rsm;ESihf
,Ofaus;rIudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifwufa&mufcJhMuayonf/
wuorS xdkodkh rEÅav;tBudKyGJawmfodkh wufa&muf&mwGif-
(1) vmrnfhESpfrSpí rEÅav;wuúodkvfudk oD;jcm;wuúodkvfjzpfawmhrnfudk vIdufvSJpGm axmufcHjcif;ESifh
(2) rEÅav;wuúodkvf nDaemifausmif;om;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;cspfcifa&;? yl;wGJvkyfaqmifa&;[lonfh tajccH
oabmxm;ESpf&yfjzifh wufa&mufcJhjcif;jzpfayonf/
xkdYaMumifhvnf; wuúodkvfabmvkH;toif;? bwfpuufabm? abmfvDabmtoif;wdkYESifh yGJawmfwGif ulnD
ujya&;twGuf tutzGJUrsm;udkyg wuorS zdwfac:pkpnf;í nDñGwfpGm tm;ay;wufa&mufcJhayonf/ odkYaomf
rEÅav;wGif rarQmv f ifo
h nfh jyóemwckEiS hf &ifqikd cf &hJ í wuorS xdu k pd Eö iS yhf wfoufNyD; 0rf;enf;aMumif; rSww f rf;wif
xm;cJah yonf/ rEÅav;odYk a&mufaomtcg q&mrsm;OD;pD;onfh uyGrJ sm;ppfaq;a&;tzGUJ u &efuek rf v S monfh uyGrJ sm;udk
tprf;ujyppfaq;cHNyD;rS ujy&rnfqdkvm&m wuotaejzifh þrludk vkH;0vufrcHEdkifaomaMumifh uRefawmfwdkY\
uyGrJ sm; vk;H 0ujyjcif; rjyKcJah y/ rwuotaeESihf þppfaq;a&;tzGUJ tm; tjyif;txef ta&;qdak omfvnf; tcsnf;ES;D
yif jzpfcJhayonf/ xdkYaMumifh ppfaq;a&;tzGJUwGifyg0ifaom q&mwpk\tjyKtrlESifhywfoufNyD; rwuorSvnf;
0rf;enf;aMumif; rSww f rf;wifcahJ vonf/ aemif þtjzpftysurf sK;d ay:aygufrjI zpfrvm&efEiS hf wm;qD;Edik &f efwYkdtwGuf
þtjzpftysufu or*¾ESpfckwdkYtm; BuD;pGmaomoifcef;pm ay;tyfcJhayonf/
5/ rEÅav;wuúodkvf tMudKyGJawmfodkY {nfhonfawmftjzpf wufa&muf&if; rEÅav;jrdKU½Sd pdkufysKd;a&;twwf
oifr[mXmeausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmifrsm;ESihf 'DZifbm (11) &ufaeYwiG f vnf;aumif;? rEÅav;aq;twwfoif
r[mXmecGaJ usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGUJ ESihf (9) &ufaeYwiG f vnf;aumif; wuotrIaqmifwYkd &if;ES;D cspfMunf
a&;twGuf awGUqkHaqG;aEG;cJhMuayonf/
6/ tif*sifeD,mr[mXmeausmif;om;rsm;tm; ausmif;wuf 75% rjynfhvQif pmar;yGJajzcGifh ray;onfhudpu ö dk
wuoonf tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh vufwGJwdkufyGJ0ifvsuf ½Sdayonf/ þudpöudk wuorS 1957
ck? Edk0ifbmv (29) &ufuwnf;u qD;edwfodkY wifjyxm;aomfvnf; tif*sifeD,mr[mXmerSL;u aESmifhaES;xm;ojzifh
Mum½Snv f m&m ,cktcg pmar;yGrJ sm; eD;uyfvmNyDjzpfaomaMumifh þudpu ö kd ajz½Si;f ay;&ef wuoESihf tif*sief , D mor*¾
udk,fpm;vS,fwdkYonf ygarmu©csKyfESifh (3) Budrfwdkif oGm;a&mufawGUqkH awmif;qdkaomfvnf; r&½Sdao;ojzifh a½SUquf
vufaqmif½GufoGm;&ef tif*sifeD,mor*¾ESifh nd§EIdif;wdkifyifvsuf ½Sdayonf/
7/ wuoa<u;aMumfoH td;k a0pmapmifukd 24? 9? 57 &ufaeY Ouú|opf usrf;opömusdeq f ykd w
JG iG f yxrqk;H tBudrf
taejzifh xkwaf 0cJah yonf/ xdYk aemuf (37) Budraf jrmuf trsKd;om;aeYwiG f trsKd;om;aeYtxl;xkwt f jzpf tk;d a0pmapmif
udk wwd,tBudrf 16? 11? 57 &ufaeYwGif xkwfa0jzefYcsdcJhayonf/
ESpfywfvnf tdk;a0r*¾Zif;udk þESpfrukefrD xkwfa0Edkifa&;twGuf tdk;a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwDrS pmrlrsm;awmif;cH
jcif;? aMumfjimrsm;aumufcHjcif; paomvkyfief;rsm;udk tylwjyif;BudK;yrf;vsuf ½Sdayonf/ ESpfvnf tdk;a0r*¾Zif;udk
aumif;rGeaf ooyfNyD; tqift h wef;rDaom r*¾Zif;wcktjzpf xkwaf 0Edik af &;twGuf BudK;pm;vsuf½adS y&m r*¾Zif;aumif;
wck jzpfvma&;twGuf ausmif;om;xktm;ay; ulnDrIrsm; vdktyfvsuf½SdaomaMumifh ausmif;om;xkrS ulnDyg&ef
av;eufpGm arwåm&yfcHvdkufygaMumif;/
tcef; (5)
txdrf;trSwfaehrsm;usif;yjcif;
(1) trsKd;om;aeh / / (37) BudrfajrmuftrsKd;om;aeYudk 1957 ck? Edk0ifbmv (16) &ufaeYwGif wuoonf
560
Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkYESifh yl;aygif;OD;pD;um &efukefjrdKU ql;avbk&m;vrf; tvkyform;ausmufwdkifü usif;y

jyKvkyfcJhayonf/ þatmifyGJaeYü ynma&;tqdk? 'Drdkua&pDa&;tqdkESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;tqdkrsm; wifoGif;qkH;jzwfcsuf
csrSwfEdkifcJhayonf/
(2) urÇmhausmif;om;aeh / / 1957 ck? Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufaeYonf urÇmYausmif;om;aeYjzpfonfh tavsmuf
wuoonf Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf? &uowdYkEiS hf yl;aygif;vsuf udv k ekd pD epfqefYusiaf &;? trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;? urÇmYNidr;f
csrf;a&;? urÇmYausmif;om;xk aoG;pnf;nDñGwfa&;wdkYtwGuf a[majymyGJrsm;? uyGJrsm;ESifh wcrf;wem; usif;ycJhav
onf/ urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;aeYudk *kPfjyKaomtm;jzifh yef;csDjyyGJESifh pmpDpmukH;jydKifyGJrsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyfcJhayonf/
yef;csDjyyGJudk wywfMumrQ wuocef;rwGif jyocJhayonf/
(3) ausmif;om;aeh / / (19) Budrfajrmufausmif;om;aeYudk wuoonf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkYESifh yl;
aygif;um Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;? AdkvfatmifausmfpuGJ,m;ü 1957 ck? 'DZifbmv (20) &ufaeYwGif usif;ycJhavonf/
þausmif;om;aeYtcrf;tem; vlxkpnf;a0;yGJBuD;wGif ynma&;tqdkrsm;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;tqdkrsm;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;tqdk
rsm;udk wifoGif;qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfcJhayonf/
tcef; (6)
taxGaxG
&Jabmfw-hkd
wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf csrSwfxm;aom vkyfief;udk taumiftxnfazmf&if; wuoBuD; BuD;xGm;wdk;
wufa&;? *kPfodu©mjrifhwufa&;ESifh t"GefY½SnfpGmwnfjrJa&;wdkYtwGuf 0dkif;0ef;ulnD tm;ay;cJhMuaom yk*dK¾ vftoD;oD;
wdkYtm; atmufazmfjyygtwdkif; aus;Zl;wif*kPfjyKaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifvdkufayonf/
wuoyd#uwfwdkufodkY pm;yGJukvm;xdkif (2) pkHESifh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; ay;vSLcJhaom EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf
OD;EkodkY rsm;pGmaus;Zl; Oyum&wif½SdaMumif; wuorS rSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf/ pmMunfhwdkuf wdk;wufrItajctaeESifh
ywfoufí yd#uwfwdkufrSL;u oD;jcm;tpD&ifcHpmwapmif wifoGif;OD;rnf jzpfayonf/
a½G;aumufyGJwGif yg0ifulnD BuD;MuyfcJhMuaom &efukefwuúodkvf q&m^rtaygif;wdkYtm; vnf;aumif;?
rEÅav;r[mXmetoD;oD;rS q&m^rtaygif;wdkYtm; vnf;aumif;? wuo\ ynma&;a[majymyGJrsm;wGif pdwftm;
xufoefpGm vma&mufa[majymulnDMuaom &efukefwuúodkvfq&mtoif;rS q&mBuD;rsm;tm; vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;
Oyum& txl;wif½SdaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf/
wuorS zdwfMum;csuft& vma&mufa[majymMuaom EdkifiHjcm;yg&*ltoD;oD;wkdYtm; þodkY vma&muf
a[majymjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? þodYk a[majymEkid &f ef tpDtpOfrsm;vkyaf y;onfh ynma&;pkpH rf;rIaumfr½Sif wGb J uf
twGif;a&;rSL; q&mOD;bjrifhtm; vnf;aumif; txl;aus;Zl;wifaMumif; *kPfjyKrSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf/
wuo\ zdwMf um;csuft& pmaytEkynmtaMumif; vma&mufa[majymcJah om pma&;q&mrsm;tm; vnf;
aumif;? pma&;q&mtoif;tm; vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;wif½SdaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf/
rEÅav;tBudKyGaJ wmf wufa&mufpOf 11? 12? 57 &ufaeYwiG f rwuo? wuo ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGUJ 0ifrsm;tm;
rdwfquf*kPfjyKyGJw&yf {nfhcHcJh&m xdk{nfhcHyGJtwGufvnf;aumif;? yGJawmfwufa&mufyg&ef zdwfMum;rItwGufvnf;
aumif;? yGJawmfumvtwGif; jyKpkapmifha½Smuf {nfhcHrIrsm;twGufvnf;aumif;? wuorS rsm;pGmcsD;usL;*kPfjyKaus;Zl;
wif½SdaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf/
urÇmYausmif;om;aeY txdrf;trSwfyGJwGif urÇmYausmif;om;rsm; owif;ywftwGif; (Edk0ifbm 17 rS 24
&ufaeYxd) zdwfrEÅujyKcsufaMumifh cif;usif;jyoaom yef;csDjyyGJjzpfatmif MudK;pm;aqmif½GufcJhonfh yef;csDq&m
OD;eef;a0ESifh rdrdwdkYyef;csDum;csyfrsm; jyocGifhjyKaom yef;csDq&mBuD;toD;oD;wkdYtm; wuorS rsm;pGmaus;Zl;wif
*kPfjyKygaMumif;ESifh rSwfwrf;wiftyfayonf/
urÇmYausmif;om;aeYtxdrf;trSwf ya'omuyGJwGif yg0ifujyaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhwuG
0dkif;awmfwD; tzGJUom;rsm;tm; aus;Zl;wif*kPfjyKaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf/
&Jabmfw-hdk
azmfjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f igwdYk wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ rS csrw
S cf o
hJ nfh vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif
atmifjrifonfh tcsufrsm;vnf;½Sad yonf/ ratmifjrifao;onfh tcsufrsm;vnf;½Syd gonf/ wpdww f a'oom atmif
561
jrifao;onfh tcsufrsm;vnf; ½Sdygonf/ tcuftcJtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh tajctaetrsKd;rsKd;udk &ifqdkifaqmif½GufcJh&ojzifh

csKdU,Gi;f wdr;f yg;csufrsm;vnf; ½So
d nfukd igwdYk ziG [
hf 0efccH yhJ gonf/ þodYk qufvufí vkyu
f ikd &f ef usef½adS eao;aom
vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; OD;vnfrokef qufvufvkyfudkifoGm;rnf[k av;eufpGm uwday;cJhygonf/ ausmif;om;xk\
wcJeufnDñGwfrItiftm;jzifh þvkyfief;rsm;udk atmifyGJyef;wdkifodkY a&mufonfhwdkifatmif aqmif½GufoGm;Ekdifrnf[k
wifjy&if; ed*kH;csKyfcJhonf/
ausmif;om;xknDñGwfa&;rS atmifyGJodkh
(yk)H
armifpD
'k-Ouú|
&efukefwuúodkvf
aehpGJ- 1958 ck? azazmf0g&Dv (4) &ufaehwGif xkwfjyefaMunmonf/
(¡) pmMunfw
h u
kd Xf metpD&ifcpH m
(tpD&ifcHpm tpydkif;aysmufqHk;aeonf/)
or*¾pmMunfw h ukd o
f nf þodYk tultnDawmif;cH&mü or*¾tcGit hf mPmESihf 0g'udk xdyg;apaom rnfonfh
tultnDudkrQ vufcHpOf;pm;rnf r[kwfay/
pmtkyfrsm;xm;½SdyHkpepf
wuopmMunfwdkuf½Sd pmtkyfrsm;udk (Decimal Classification) ac: bmomESifhvnf;aumif;? bmom
&yfqdkif&m trsKd;tpm;tvdkuf eHygwfrsm;a&;xdk;um olYbmomESifhol oDjcm;pD½Sdayonf/ þenf;pepfaMumifh pmtkyf
iSm;&rf;olonf tvdk½Sdaombmom&yfudk wdkuf½dkufa½G;cs,fEdkifonf/ þodkY or*¾pmMunfhwdkuftwGuf pmtkyfrsm;udk
cJGjcm;í pepfwusxm;&mü wm0ef,laqmif½Guf vkyfudkifay;aom OD;tefYarmiftm; pmMunfhwdkufaumfrwD udk,fpm;
aus;Zl;wif½SdaMumif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf/
wuopmMunfhwdkuf\ owif;pm? *sme,fESifh ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;pm&if;udk atmufygtwkdif; jzpfayonf/
jrefrmowif;pmrsm; t*Fvdyfowif;pmrsm; r*¾Zif;rsm; *sme,frsm;

jrefrmhtvif; ae½Sif; jr0wD Time
[Hom0wD e,l;wdkif; aoG;aomuf New Time
vlxk vlxk*sme,f
&efukef pD;yGm;a&;*sme,f
xGef;aeYpOf jynfolY*sme,f
vif;,kef
ol&d,
aMu;rHk
pm;yJGukvm;xdkif (3) pHkESifh bD½dk (15) vHk; ½Sdonf/ owif;pmESihf *sme,frsm;rSm (enf;yg;ao;&m) wdk;csJU&ef
vdktyfayonf/
wuo pmMunfhwdkufonf 1956 ckESpf topfwzef wnfaxmifEdkifcJhonfrSpí ,aeYtcsdefxd (2) ESpf
oufwrf; ½Scd ahJ yonf/ odYk&mwGif or*¾pmMunfw h u
kd rf mS ppfrjzpfru
D vdk jrefrmjynf\ taumif;qH;k aom Edik if aH &;pmMunfh
wdkufwck rjzpfvmao;ay/
562
ppfNyD;acwf jrefrmEdkifiH\ taumif;qHk;aom EdkifiHa&;pmMunfhwdkufwck jzpfajrmufa&; uREfkyfwdkY qufvuf

BuKd;yrf;MuygpdkY/
- or*¾pmMunfUwdkuftm; 0dkif;0ef;ulnDMu
- or*¾pmMunfUwdkuf wdk;wuf&rnf
atmifomausmf
pmMunfUwdkufXmerSL;
&efukefwuúodkvf
563
OD;pd;k ode;f
(1957-58)
ajrmif;jrc½dkif? tdrfrJNrKdUe,f? ykvkanmif0dkif;½GmwGif arG;zGm;onf/ ykvkanmif0dkif;½Gm jrefrmtxufwef;ausmif;?

ajrmif;jrNrKdU tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoifMum;cJo h nf/ 1947-48 ckEpS w f iG f &efuek w f uúov kd o
f Ykd
a&muf½u dS m ynmqnf;yl;onf/ 1953 ckEpS ?f atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwaf &;ta&;awmfyw kH iG f zrf;qD;cH&NyD;
&moufyef ausmif;xkwcf cH &hJ \/ 1956-57 ckEpS w f iG f ausmif;jyef0ifciG hf &½So
d nf/ 1956-57 ckEpS rf mS yif wuotrI
aqmifwOD;tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;cH&í twGi;f a&;rSL;wm0efukd ay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1957-58 ckEpS f
wGif wuo Ouú|jzpfonf/
Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u ynma&;pHpk rf;rIaumfrwDw&yfukd zGUJ pnf;cJo

h nf/ ynma&;ESihf ywfoufí pHpk rf;ar;jref;jcif;rsm;?
Edik if jH cm;yg&*lrsm;udk zdwaf c:um tMuHOmPfawmif;jcif;rsm; jyKvkycf \hJ / Edik if aH wmftpd;k & tultnDjzifh ausmif;
om;rsm; ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; w&yfudk wuo? Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfESifh wuúodkvfaumvdyfor*¾wdkYu
OD;pD;um usif;ycJ\ h /
Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u &efuek w

f uúov kd rf S ausmif;om;cspMf unfa&;tzGUJ wzGUJ udk w½kwjf ynf? ,leefe,foYkd yxrqH;k
tBudrf apvTwfcJh\/ w½kwfjynf? yDuif;NrdKUawmfü usif;yaom yÍörtBudrfajrmuf urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;
or*¾nv D mcHoYkd wufa&mufc\ hJ /
&efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ - td;k a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwD (1957-1958) Source: Oway Magazines
564 ukdodef;½Sef (aiGxdef;) udkÓmPf&if (tdk;a0wm0efcH) udkwifat; (twGif;a&;rSL;) rMunfat; (trIaqmif)

udkvSjrifU (trIaqmif) udkbdk;[ef (trIaqmif) udka|;atmif (tvkyfwm0efcH)
&efuek w
f uúov
565

aY½Swef; - udkcifarmifBuD; udkpD udkpdk;odef; udkodef;½Sef udkcifarmiftkef;
(wJGzuftwGif;a&;rSL;) ('k-Ouú|) (Ouú|) (aiGxdef;) (twGif;a&;rSL;)
'kwd,wef; - udkcifatmif armifudk,k udkÓmPf&if udkatmifxGef; udkatmifomausmf udkapmwomuvm;
(,Ofaus;rIESifhupm;ckefpm;) (vlxkqufqHa&;) (tdk;a0wm0efcH) (oufomacsmifcsda&;) (pmMunfwdkufrSL;) (EdkifiHjcm;a&;)
aemufqHk;wef; - udkvSausmf &efuem; OD;uHodef; ygy,m;
1957-58 ckEpS f
wuo rnfohkd
a½G;aumufvdkuf
oenf;
a½G;aumufyt
JG BuKd nDñw G af &;wyfO;D
ydpk wm vSnv Uf nfyJG
wyfO;D rS a<u;aMumfrq
J ,
G Mf upOf
&Jacgiaf rrsm;uvnf; þodw

hk oG,f
566
a½G;aumufyu JG kd atmifjrifpmG
Ny;D qH;k Ny;D aemuf? wnwmvH;k
rJtEkid t f ½I;H udk
apmifUíem;axmifMuaom
&Jabmfrsm;rSm
bGJYESif;obifta½SYwGif
cJvsuyf if? aemufq;kH eHeuf
(4) em&DwiG f tEkid t f ½H;I
ausnm&m
&efuif;rJ½rkH S rJy;kH ,lvmpOf
aq;odyw
HÜ yfO;D rSvnf; þodhk
wyfO;D rJy;kH udk uckeí

f BuKd vifv
U mMupOf
567
ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD;
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
ta½G;cH&aMumif;
ausnmjcif;cH&í
aysm½f iG pf mG jzifU a½G;aumufyJG
NyD;qHk;cJUNyD;wum;/
rJrsm;udak &wGu&f ef rJy;kH oGev

f u
kd pf Of
wnwmvH;k tEkid t f ½I;H apmifq

U ikd ;f í
'd;k ywfw;D aeMuaom wyfO;D &Jabmfrsm;
tEkid &f ½Sad om wyfO;D &Jabmfrsm;

wuúov kd ef ,fajrudk
vSnv
Uf nfuckepf Of
568
tcef; (21)

'Dru
kd a&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
(1958 rS 1959)
(u) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if v

H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG
1958 ck? Mo*kwf (9) &uf rS (13) &uf
A[djk yifqifa&;aumfrwD obmywd wuo Ouú| OD;pd;k ode;f rdechf eG ;f ajymaepOf (&efuek w
f uúov
kd b
f EYGJ iS ;f obifcef;r)
569
ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJusif;y&mü A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDwGif &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS

(10) OD;? rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS (5) OD;? armfvNrdKifaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS (5) OD;?
rauG;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS (5) OD;? ausmif;jzLaumvdyfausmif;om;or*¾rS (5) OD;? Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS
(5) OD; aygif;tzGJU0ifaygif; (40) yg0ifonf/
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJOD;pD;tzGJYwGif-
1/ udkpdk;odef; obmywd (wuo)
2/ udkapmvGif 'k-obmywd (rwuo)
3/ udkcifarmiftkef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (wuo)
4/ udkwifa½T wGJbuf-taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (rwuo)
5/ udkausmfvS tzGJU0if (armfvNrdKifaumvdy)f
6/ udkrif;axG; tzGJU0if (armfvNrdKifaumvdy)f
7/ udkñGefYaZmf (rauG;aumvdyf)
8/ udkrif;ausmf (rauG;aumvdyf)
9/ (ausmufjzLaumvdyf)
10/ (ausmufjzLaumvdyf)
11/ udkcifxGef; (ykord af umvdy)f
12/ (ykord af umvdy)f
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;wGif 0efBuD;csKyfudk,fwdkif wufa&muf rdeYf cGef;ajym&efjzpfaomfvnf; c&D;vGefaeojzifh
o0PfvTmom ay;ydkYcJhonf/ 'k-0efBuD;csKyf ocifwifuvnf; o0PfvTmay;ydkYcJhonf/
'k-0efBuD;csKyfocifwif\o0PfvTm
odhk
jynfaxmifjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ usif;ya&;aumfrwD
ausmif;om;ôltaygif;wdkh-
armifwdkY usKyfwdkY ,aeYta&;BuD;qHk;aom jyóemonf tb,fenf;/
armifwdkY usKyfwdkY\ ,aeYta&;BuD;qHk;aomjyóemrSm jynfaxmifjrefrmEdkifiHawmfBuD;onf tbufbufrS
wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;yif jzpfonf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmfBuD; tbufbufrS wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf p&ef rnfonfu h pd u
ö kd aqmif½u G Mf urnf
enf;/
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHolôm;rsm;tbufbufrS wdk;wufaumif;rGefatmif aqmif½Guf&efyif jzpfonf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if o H ^l om;rsm;tbufbufrS wd;k wufaumif;rGev f matmif rnfonfu h pd u
ö kd aqmif½u G f
Murnfenf;/
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHolôm;rsm;tm; vlawmfvlaumif;rsm;jzpfvmatmif aqmif½Guf&efyif jzpfonf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if o H ^l om;rsm;tm; vlawmfval umif;rsm;jzpfvmap&ef ynmay;jcif;ESihf ynm½Smjcif;yif
jzpfonf/
ynmay;jcif;? ynm½Smjcif;qdk&mü arG;onfaeYrSpí aoonfaeYtxd aqmif½Guftyfaom vkyfief;jzpfay
onf/ tvGefus,fajymaom vkyfief;BuD;w&yfvnf; jzpfayonf/
ynmay;jcif;? ynm½Smjcif;wdkYonf ynma&;vkyfief;jzpfí us,fajymoavmuf tvGefeufeJcufcJaom
udpöBuD;vnf; jzpf\/ aeY½Sdoí? tcsdef½Sdoí vIyf½Sm;wdk;wufaeaom udpövnf;jzpf\/
xdkodkYwNyD;um; usKyfnDi,f? nDri,frsm;onf ,aeYtcsdefü rdrdwdkY ESD;aESmzvS,ftHhaom udpö\oabm
obm0udk vnf;aumif;? twdrfteufESifhyrmPudk vnf;aumif;? aumif;pGmtm½HkjyKMuvsuf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
awmfBuD; tbufbufrS wdk;wufaumif;rGefap&ef pGrf;aqmifEdkifMuap[k qkrGefaumif;awmif;vdkufygonf/
(yH)k
'k-0efBuD;csKyf
(jynfaxmifpkvlrIa&;)
570
ynma&;0efBuD; OD;ausmfZHuvnf; <ua&mufrdefYcGef;ajymMum;cJhonf/
ynma&;0efBu;D OD;ausmZf \
H rdechf eG ;f
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf ausmif;aygif;pHkynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;odkh wufa&mufMuwJU
ausmif;olôm; udk,fpm;vS,ftaygif;wdkh-
,aeY þausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,faygif;pHkwJh ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; pwifzGifhvSpfcsdefrSm pum;tenf;
i,fajym&vdkY rsm;pGm0rf;ajrmufygw,f/ ,ckESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; jzpfajrmufatmif w&uf? ESpf&uftwGif; pDrHvdkYNyD;wm
r[kwyf gbl;/ Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf BuD;rSL;wJh ynma&;pHpk rf;rIaumfrwD tvkypf wifaqmif½u G of nfh 1957 ZGev f upNyD;
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾uvnf; ausmif;om;aygif;pHkynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ wckjyKvkyfNyD; aumfrwDudk
tMuHay;cGifhjyK&ef awmif;qdkygw,f/ ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwDuvnf; ,cka&;qGJrnfh ynma&;pHepf[m jynfolvlxk?
ausmif;om;rdb? ausmif;q&m? ausmif;om;rsm;ponfh ynma&;ESio hf ufqikd w f hJ yk*Kd¾ vftm;vH;k \ tMuHÓPf? tultnD?
yl;aygif;aqmif½GufrIwdkYudk txl;vdkvm;wJhtwGuf ausmif;om;csnf;oufouf pka0;wdkifyifapNyD; tMuHtÓPfrsm;ay;
&ef qE´½Sdygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;&JUqE´? ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwD\oabmxm;? Ouú|BuD; EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf\
qEÉSifh udkufnDwJhtwGuf wESpfeD;ygrQ tvDvDaqG;aEG;NyD;rS xajrmufatmifjrifvmwJh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;jzpfygw,f/
,ckESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;&JU tpDtpOft& ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk aqG;aEG;rJhtaMumif;t&m tvdkuf
tpkcGJNyD; aqG;aEG;ygvdrfhr,f/ aqG;aEG;&mrSm ay:aygufvmwJh tMuHaumif;ÓPfaumif;rsm;udk aemufqHk;aeYusif;yr,fh
ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,af ygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;yGBJ uD;rSm xyfraH qG;aEG;twnfjyKNyD; tJ't D pnf;ta0;yGBJ uD;u a½G;aumuf
wifajr§mufvdkufwJh ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwDodkY wifjyaqG;aEG;ygr,f/
'DvdkvkyfwJhpepf[m EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rSm 'Drdkua&pD,HkMunfrI½SdwJhtaMumif;/ cdkifrmwJh om"uBuD;wck jzpfyg
w,f/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif;rSm ÓPf½Sdw,f/ wa,mufeJYwa,muf yHkoP²meftrlt&m uGJjym;ovdkyJ t,ltqoabmxm;
rSmvnf; uGJjym;w,f/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif;rSm ÓPf½Sdw,fqdkwm ,HkMunfrI? xdkÓPf½SdrIudk,HkMunfNyD; jynfolvlxkudk
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf trsm;tusKd;½SdrItwGuf ajymqdktMuHÓPfay;cGifh½SdrI? wOD;ESifhwOD;uGJjym;rIaMumifh ,ckavmurSm
wd;k wufr½I wdS ,fqw kd hJ ,HMk unfr?I 'gawG[m tajccHoabmeJY 'Dru kd a&pDrmS ude;f atmif;aewJh tqDtESpaf wG jzpfygw,f/
,ck ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;&JU ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udkvnf; tJ'DtajccH 'Drdkua&pD,HkMunfrIeJY ynma&;pHkprf;rI
aumfrwDu ulnDusif;yay;&jcif; jzpfygw,f/
ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;? jrefrmEdik if aH wmf&UJ ynma&;udk aqG;aEG;wJt h cgrSm tajccHoabmeJY odrw S t f yf
wJh tcsufuav;½Sdygw,f/ tenf;i,f ajymjyygr,f/
(1) ynma&;qdkonfrSm EdkifiHwEdkifiH&JU vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? trsKd;om;a&;eJY qufpyfaeygw,f? vlrIa&;?
pD;yGm;a&;? trsKd;om;a&;rSm jyóemrsm;½SdaeovdkyJ ynma&;rSmvnf; jyóemrsm;tpOf ½Sdaeygw,f/
tJ'jD yóemrsm;[m wd;k wufr&I UJ t&if;cHy/J jyóem½Srd S wd;k wufr½I rdS ,f/ ynma&;jyóemr½Sw d hJ Edik if [H m
ynma&;oabmeJU wd;k wufrrI ½Sad wmhb;l vdYk ,lq&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh urÇmay:rSm b,fEikd if rH S ynma&;
jyóemuif;½Sif;NyD;vdkY r½SdEdkifyg/ ynma&;jyóemudk ajz½Sif;&ef tm;xkwfwJhyk*¾dKvfrsm;[m aEGtcg
opfyifwyifatmufrSm wHjrufpnf;vSJaewmeJY wlygw,f/ a½SUuvSJoGm;? aemufu opf½GufajcmufawG
xyfusovdkyJ/ ynma&;jyóemudk a½SUu½Sif;oGm;&if;eJY aemufjyóemopfawG xyfvdkufvmwmyJ/
½Si;f ray;&ifawmh tpd;k &tqd;k yJ/ tckqakd wmh jynfaxmifprk mS ynma&;eJYywfoufNyD; cPcP ajz½Si;f ay;
ae&wmudkawmh todMuom;ygyJ/
(2) jynfaxmifp[ k m vGwv f yfwhJ tcsKyftjcmtmPmeJU Edik if w H Edik if b
H /J tJ'aD wmh urÇmay:rSm½Sw d hJ tjcm;vGwf
vyfwhJ Edik if aH wGeYJ EdiI ;f ,SOMf unf&h r,f/ ud, k Ef ikd if aH v;udk ud, k Mf unfah er,fq&kd if ]]a&tdik x f uJ zm;oli,feYJ
wlaeygvdrrhf ,f/}} EIid ;f ,SOw f t
hJ cgr,f ynm½SBd uD;OD;ykna&;ovdyk ?J tojymwyfxm;wJh ig;Muif;acgif;udk
awmh udik v f Ykd rjzpfao;bl;/ ESpaf ygif;ESpaf xmifausmf oH;k axmifupNyD; wu,fu h kd BuD;yGm;csifwikd ;f BuD;yGm;?
wdk;wufcsifwdkif; wdk;wufaewJh EdkifiHawGeJYawmh EIdif;,SOfvdkY oifhr,frxifbl;/ jrefrmEdkifiHeJY tajctae
trsKd;rsKd;wlwJh EdkifiHrsm;eJY EdIif;,SOfrS ,xmblw trSefa&mufEdkifvdrfhr,f/ ½Sif;oGm;atmif Oyrmjyygr,f/
wufa&mufvmMuwJh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ua&m? ausmif;om;rdbrsm;ua&m? owif;pmq&mrsm;ua&m
EdkifiHawmftxufwef;ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;q&mOD;a&eJY wynfhOD;a&rrQbl;vdkY ,HkMunfaew,f/ trSef
wu,f urÇmYpHcsdefeJY xdk;Munfhawmh NAdwdefEdkifiHrSm q&m (1) a,mufr,f ausmif;om; (28) a,muf½Sd
571
w,f/ tar&duefeYJ qdAk , D ufrmS q&m (1) a,muf ausmif;om; (24) a,mufuspD ½Syd gw,f/ tdref ;D csif;
tdE´d,jynfBuD;rSm ausmif;om; (32) a,muf q&m (1) a,muf½Sdygw,f/ jrefrmjynfrSm q&m (1)
a,muf ausmif;om; (26) a,muf½Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk trSefa&mufatmif EIdif;,SOfapvdkygw,f/
(3) ynma&;qdkonfrSm vlxk\oabmxm;? vlxk\,HkMunfrIrsm;rSm tjrpfwG,faeygw,f/ vlxkoabm
xm;? vlxk\,HkMunfrIudk wr[kwfjcif; pGefYvTwfap&ef cJ,Of;ovdkyJ tjrpfwG,fNyD; ynma&;pepfudk
vnf; wr[kwfjcif; tjrpfrSEkwfypf&ef cJ,Of;wwfygw,f/ Oyrmjyr,fqdk&if b0opfzefwD;rIpDrHudef;
[m wuúov kd f wvrf;oGm;pepfrS pufrv I ufrtI oufarG;0rf;aMumif; ynma&;bufoYkd vrf;vT&J efjzpfí
(Dignity of Labour) ac: pufjzifhvkyf&onhftvkyf/ ,if;rrQwrIudk ukef;atmfaeaomfvnf; ,ck
ausmif;toD;oD;rSmaeMuwJh ausmif;om;aygif; (1) oef;cGaJ usmaf usmaf &m? olwYkdrb d ? aqGrsK;d ? rdwaf qGrsm;
a&m? wuúodkvf wvrf;oGm;ynm? vcpm;ynm (0g) uRefynmudkyif ESpfoufaeMuygao;w,f/
tay:,Hay:vmwJh ynma&;pepfav;udk ref;rIwfNyD; jyKjyifvdkYr&yg/ tjrpfwG,fxm;wJh vlxk\,HkMunf
rI? oabmxm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJay;rS &Edkifygw,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHuJhodkY 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrSmawmh tJ'Dvlxk
\,HMk unfraI wG? oabmxm;awGajymif;vJypfzYkd&m tcsed af wmh enf;enf;Mumw,f/ 'gayrJh wcgajymif;vJ
NyD;&ifawmh urÇmwnfoGm;Edkifygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pD[m 'Dvdkoabmawmh ½Sdygw,f/
ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwDonf vdk&myef;wdkifodkY a&mufatmif vrf;ESpfoG,fjzifh csDwuf&ef pDpOfxm;ygw,f/
wvrf;rSm ESpfwdkpDrHudef;? tJ'DpDrHudef;eJY ,ckvuf½Sdtajctaet& ajz½Sif;ay;EdkifwJh ynma&;jyóemudk csufjcif;
ajz½Sif;ay;r,f/ wvrf;rSm ESpf½SnfpDrHudef;? tJ'DpDrHudef;rSm wjznf;jznf; a&½Snfajz½Sif;ay;rS&rnfh jyóemrsm;yg0if
r,f/ oabmrSmawmh iSufzsm;zsm;NyD; acgif;udkufaewJh vlwa,mufudk yxracgif;udkufaysmuf&ef aq;wdkuf&ovdk
acgif;uduk af ysmufaq; wdu k w f mu ESpw f pkd rD u
H ed ;f ? tzsm;jywfomG ;atmif ukojcif;u ESp½f nS pf rD u
H ed ;f jzpfw,f/ tJ'aD wmh
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrSm acgif;udkufaysmufatmif? tzsm;jywfaq;[lí ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;cGJNyD; pOf;pm;apvdkygw,f/
ESpwf pkd rD u
H ed ;f ud?k ESp½f n
S pf rD u
H ed ;f rsm;twGuf tcsut f vufrsm;udk ½SmazGonfah e&mrSm atmufygtcsut f vuf
uav;awGudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;apvdkygw,f/
1/ vlOD;a&oef; (20) ½Sd jrefrmEdkifiHawmfrSm ,ckynma&;twGufaiG (13) uka# oHk;pGJygw,f/ EdkifiHawmftwGuf
oHk;aiGtm;vHk;\ 10.6% jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DoHk;aiG (1) uka#eJY &mcdkifEIef; (2.5) u (16) ESpftwGif; wjznf;jznf;
wufvm&ygw,f/ vlOD;a&oef; (20) ½Sd ,dk;',m;EdkifiHrSm 10.5%? vlOD;a&oef; (20) ½Sd tD*spfEdkifiHrSm 11%? vlOD;
a& (10) oef;½Sd oD[dkVfrSm 18.1% ponfoHk;ygw,f/
2/ ,ck jrefrmEdkifiHawmfrSm txufwef;ausmif;om;aygif; (3) odef;eD;eD;½Sdojzifh vlOD;a&eJYpmaomf vl (60)
wGif txufwef;ausmif;om;aygif; (1) a,muf½adS eNyD; tdref ;D csiEf ikd if jH zpfwhJ tdE, d´ rSm vl (313) a,mufrmS txufwef;
ausmif;om; (1) a,muf? oD[dkVfwGif vl (38) a,mufwGif (1) a,muf? *syefwGif vl (26) a,mufrSm (1) a,muf?
qdkAD,ufEdkifiHjynfwjynfwGif vl (36) a,mufrSm (1) a,muf? ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;wGif vl (35) a,mufrSm (1)
a,muf½Sdwm awGU&ygw,f/ *syef? qdkAD,uf? ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHrsm;rSm txufwef;ausmif;ynmrSm roifrae&
jzpfygw,f/
3/ ynm&nftqifhtwef;rSmvnf; EdkifiHjcm;ynmawmfoif ausmif;om;aygif; ,cktcsdefrSm (500) ausmfrQ
½Sd&m oufqdkifwuúodkvfrsm;rS tJ'Dausmif;om;rsm;&JU ynm&nfwdk;wufrItwGuf auseyfw,fqdkwJh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;
&½Sdxm;ygw,f/
4/ pmoifMum;&rnfh tcsdefumvtydkif;tjcm;[m ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm;[m oifcef;pm
wckudk jrefjrefoif,lEdkifNyD;? tcsKdUrSmawmh aES;Muygw,f/ aemufawmhrS &Muygw,f/ 'gaMumifh (3) cguspepf/
rufx&pf atmifcsufnHhrIrsm;udk atmufyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk rSDNyD; pOf;pm;xdkufygw,f/
(u) jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ausmif;om;wa,muf[m (15) ESpfjynfh&if wuúodkvf0ifcGifh&ygw,f/ tjcm;EdkifiHrSm
tenf;qkH; (17) ESpf½SdrS &ygw,f/ NAdwdefEdkifiHrSm (18) ESpf? w½kwfEdkifiHrSmvnf; (18) ESpfjzpfygw,f/
(c) jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ausmif;om;wa,muf wuúodkvfa&mufatmif ausmif;rSm (9) ESpf pmoif&ygw,f/
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rSm (11) ESpf (12) ESpfausmf ae&ygw,f/ NAdwdefrSm (12) ESpf? tdE´d,jynfrSm (11) ESpf?
w½kwfjynfrSm (12) ESpf jzpfygw,f/
(*) jrefrmEdkifiHrSm aygif; (13) ESpfausmif;aeNyD;&if 'D*&D&Edkifygw,f/ tjcm;EdkifiHrSm tenf;qHk; (14) ESpf
Mumygw,f/ NAdwdefEdkifiHrSm (15) ESpf? tdE´d,jynfrSm (13) ESpf? tar&duefrSm (16) ESpfjzpfygw,f/
572
tJ'vD kd urÇmYtajctaeeJY EIid ;f ,SONf yD;rS tMuHtÓPfrsm; ay;apvdyk gw,f/ 'grSvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;&JU
taMumif;jycsuf[m ydkrdkcdkifrmawmifhwif;vmygr,f/ ynmwwfyk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ tMuHÓPfay;csufrsm;eJY
vnf; wlvmNyD; trsm;&JU½dak oav;pm;rIukd &Edik v f mygvdrrhf ,f/ ,ckjynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf ausmif;
aygif;pHyk nma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;[m jrefrmEdik if yH nma&;&mZ0ifwiG f wcgrQrMuHKbl;wJh 'Dru kd a&pDpepf
BuD;\ tajccHobm0w&yfjzpfygw,f/
tJ'aD wmh ed*;kH csKyftaeeJY ajymvdw
k mu rdryd g0iftMuHÓPfay;wJt h ydik ;f rSm &mZ0ifwiG o
f mG ;atmif tjyKoabm
jzifh wnfwHhcdkifjrJwJh ynma&;pepfBuD;wck ay:aygufvmatmif rnfonfh tarSmifyh a,m*rS ruyfapbJ 'dYk ArmjynfBuD;&JU
ynma&;pepfBuD;[m ArmyDyAD rmqefqef aumif;&rnf[al om jzLpifwhJ pdwaf epdwx f m;awGeYJ tMuHaumif;ÓPfaumif;
rsm; ay;Edkifygap[k qkawmif;tyfygw,f/
ynmrifBuD; pnfola'gufwmOD;buvnf; wufa&mufrdefYcGef;ajymMum;cJhonf/
ynmrif;BuD; pnfola'gufwmOD;b\rdefhcGef;
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf ausmif;om;aygif;pHkynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;odkh te,fe,frS wufa&mufvmMuwJU
ausmif;om;ôl udk,fpm;vS,ftaygif;wdkh-
ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; pwifzGifhvSpfwJhaeYrSm pum;tenf;i,fajym&vdkY rsm;pGm0rf;ajrmufrdygw,f/
,ck ausmif;aygif;pHkESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; rnfuJhodkY jzpfay:vm&w,fqdkwmudk tm;vHk;odNyD;jzpfygw,f/ 'DESD;aESmzvS,f
yGBJ uD;rSm jynfaxmifpw k ckv;kH u ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifawmh ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;[m e,faygif;
pHu
k ausmif;om;rsm;eJY twlpm;? twlae? twlaqG;aEG; jyKvky&f awmhr,f/ ynma&;oabmw&m;? vlraI &;oabmw&m;
eJY Munfhr,fqdk&if 'g[m tvGefaus;Zl;½Sdygw,f/ 'DESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;om rjzpfajrmuf&if b,frSmwOD;eJYwOD; ,ck
uJhodkY awGUEdkifMurSmvJ/ 'gaMumifh tultnDay;wJh ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwD[m rjzpfraeBudK;pm;vmwJh &efukef
wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾a&m rsm;pGmaus;Zl;wifzdkYaumif;ygw,f/ 'DvdktcGifhtcgrsKd; jrefrmjynf ynma&;&mZ0ifrSm
wcgrQr&ao;ygbl;/ 'DtcGifhtcgBuD;udk tjyKoabmoufoufeJY toHk;jyKNyD; rSwfwrf;wif? &mZ0ifxdk;avmufr,fh
tMuHÓPfrsm;udk &vdrfhr,fvdkY arQmfvifhygw,f/
'DE;DS aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;udk jynfaxmifpw k ckv;kH u apmifMh unfh em;pGiahf eMuw,f/ jynfaxmifpBk uD;wif ruao;
bl;/ jynfaxmifpBk uD;rSm½Sw d hJ Edik if jH cm;om;rsm;uvnf; apmifMh unfah eMuw,f/ bmaMumifv h nf;qdak wmh ,aeY ausmif;
om;rsm;[m aemifwaeY jynfaxmifpkBuD;rSm ae&mXmetoD;oD;uaeNyD; acgif;aqmif&r,f/ ynmrif;BuD;ae&mawG?
ygarmu©csKyfae&mawG? 'k-t"dywdae&mawG? 0efBuD;csKyfae&mawG? pufq&mBuD;ae&mawG? Adou k mBuD;ae&mawG? armifwYkd
r,fwdkY ,lMu&awmhr,f/ ]tayG;jrif tyifo}d qdkovdk armifwdkYr,fwdkY ,ckESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;rS ay;onfhtMuHrsm;&JU
tqifhtwef;? tus,fteuf? ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udk usif;yyHkrSaeNyD; ,ckacwfausmif;om;rsm;\ tem*wfudk od½SdcefY
rSe;f Edik rf ,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dwm0efBuD;[m tifrwefta&;BuD;wJt h wGuf aumif;rGeaf om tMuHÓPfrsm;&½Sv d rd v
hf Ykd ,HMk unf
ygw,f/
,ck ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;udk usif;yay;wJt h wGuf Edik if aH wmftpd;k &rSm (0g) vlxrk mS aiGaygif; (5) aomif;ausmfrQ
ukefusygw,f/ tpdk;&uay;wJh c&D;p&dwf? pm;p&dwfeJYvnf; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,fawG b,favmufvdrfhrvJ/
ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;vnf; rdrdwdkYtdwfxJu tenf;i,fawmh aiGukefMu&OD;r,f/ 'gwifruao;bl; pDpOf
ay;wJh ausmif;om;awG? e,frSvm&wJh udk,fpm;vS,fausmif;om;awGvnf; awmfawmfyifyef;MuvdrfhOD;r,f/ tJ'Dawmh
aiGukefvlyef; usKd;eyf&atmif udk,fpm;vS,fausmif;om;rsm; BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&OD;r,f/ 'grS EdkifiHBuD;om;yDor,f/
udk,fhwm0efudkodwJh ausmif;om;rsm; jynfaxmifpkom;rsm; jzpfw,f/ ,ck'Dwm0efudk xrf;aqmifEdkif&ifawmh aemif
jynfaxmifpkwm0efBuD;udk xrf;aqmifEdkifwJh pGrf;&nf½SdNyD;vdkY rSwfwrf;wif&rSmyJ/
ynma&;pepf[m awmfawmfu h kd oem;p&maumif;w,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf ynma&;yJ tjypfwifMuwmyJ/ aps;awG
wufuek Nf yD? ynma&;pepf nHv h Ykd y/J ynmwwfawG tvkyrf ½SMd ubl;? ynma&;pepfnv hH Ykd y/J (3) cguswmvnf; ynma&;
pepfnHhvdkYyJ/ rufx&pfatmifcsuf nHhw,f? ynma&;pepf nHhvdkYyJ/ ausmif;aqmifawG jynfhaeNyD ynma&;pepfnHhvdkYyJ/
trsKd;rsKd;a0zefoHawG Mum;&w,f/ 'gaMumifh tJ'Dvdka0zefoHawG aysmufoGm;atmif 0dkif;0eftMuHÓPf&½SdzdkY BudK;pm;&ef
vdktyfygw,f/
ynma&;pepf aumif;onfjzpfap? nHo h nfjzpfap oifMum;rI (Teaching) eJY oif,rl I (Learning) uawmh
½S&d r,f/ oifMum;ay;wm q&m? oif,w l m wynf/h tJ'aD wmh ,ckw;kd wufaewJh pdwyf nmt& q&m-wynfh qufqaH &;
573
[m oif,o l ifMum;wJah e&mrSm awmfawmfc&D;a&mufygw,f/ q&meJYoufqikd w f hJ udpaö wGuakd wmh jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m
ausmif;q&mrsm;toif;csKyfESifh yl;aygif;apmifha½Smufaeygw,f/ ausmif;om;rsm;bufu aumif;oxufaumif;oGm;
atmifawmh 'DESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;rS ay:xGufvmygvdrfhr,fvdkY ,HkMunfygw,f/
tar&duefwdkY? NAdwdefwdkY pwJhEdkifiHjcm;awGrSm enf;rsKd;pHkeJY q&mwynfh qufqHa&;aumif;atmif BudK;pm;Mu
w,f/ tJ'Dwdkif;jynfu q&mawGu jrefrmjynfrSm q&mwynfqufqHa&; b,fvdkvJar;awmh q&mwdkYu jrefrmjynf
rSm Ak'¨bmom xHk;wrf;pOfvmt& tmp&d,*kaPmteaEÅm½Sdw,f/ q&m[m bk&m;eJYwef;wl teaEÅmteEÅ*dkPf;0ifvdkY
ajymawmh 'gjzifq h &mudo k ydwaf rSmufwmawG ½Srd mS r[kwb f ;l aemfvYkd ajymMuw,f/ olwYkd wawGxifovdjk zpfatmif q&m
awGeYJ ausmif;wGi;f udpaö wGrmS qufqw H t
hJ cgrSm teaEÅmteEÅ*P kd ;f 0if[k wrsK;d wnf;owfrw S &f ef (odYk r[kw)f owfrw S f
xm;Edkif&ef? ,ckESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;rS enf;vrf;rsm; ay:aygufvmvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhygw,f/
pmudkoif,lwJhae&mrSm rSefygw,f/ q&muvnf; aumif;&r,f/ oif&rJhpmuvnf; wynfh&JU touf?
ynmÓPfyg&rDeYJ udu k n
f &D r,f/ wynfu h ,
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f vnf; ausmif;om;rsm;eJYwal tmif rSerf eS Bf udK;pm;tm;xkwrf ½I &dS r,f/
armifwYkd r,fwYkd i,fi,fu zwfz;l cJMh uwJh vSn;f orm;eJYa&ewfom;&JU yH0k w¬KrSm vSn;f orm;wa,muf[m rdrv d n S ;f bD;
½THUxJrSmepfaeawmh a&ewfom;udkulnDygvdkY ½Sdcdk;awmif;yefw,f/ a&ewfom;u ]][,f vSnf;orm; udk,fwdkifcGeftm;
pdkufxkwfjcif;r½SdbJ ighudk½Sdcdk;aejcif;onf tv[óyifjzpf\/ oif\ykcHk;jzifh vSnf;bD;udkwGef;í EGm;udk½kef;apavmh}}
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aygif;pHyk nma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;udk ulnu D sif;yay;&jcif;[m xd'k rD u kd a&pD,MkH unfrEI iS hf aqmif½u G &f jcif; jzpfygw,f/
'Drdkua&pDrSm onf;cHpdwfawmfawmf arG;&w,f/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh 'Drdkua&pDrSm wOD;eJYwOD; oabmxm;tjrif
t,ltqjcm;em;jcif;udk vufc&H ygw,f/ trsm;oabmeJY n§Ed idI ;f NyD; taumifq;kH enf;vrf;udk trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf
jyKvkyfay;&ygw,f/ aqG;aEG;wdkif;yifMuwJhtcgrSmvnf; 'Dvdk'Drdkua&pDpdwfeJY aqG;aEG;wdkifyifapvdkygw,f/ ynma&;
pHkprf;rIaumfrwDodkY tMuHÓPfrsm;ay;wJhtcgrSmvnf; 'Drdkua&pDpdwfxm;eJY ay;apvdkygw,f/
tJ'D 'Drdkua&pD,HkMunfrIt& ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwDrSm a&;ajzolaygif; (600) ausmfxHrS tajzvTmrsm;
&½SNd yD;ygNyD/ aumfrwDukd (3) pkcNJG yD; jynfaxmifpw k 0Sr;f vH;k udk vSnv hf nfí oufaoaygif; (500) ausmx f rH S EIwjf zifth MuH
ÓPfay;csurf sm;udk ,lNyD;ygNyD/ Edik if aH &;? bmoma&;toif;tzGUJ toD;oD;eJYvnf; awGUqHak qG;aEG;NyD;ygNyD/ Ekid if jH cm;ynm
a&; yg&*lBuD;rsm;\ tMuHÓPfrsm;ukd EIwjf zifah omfvnf;aumif;? a&;om;apíaomfvnf;aumif; ,lNyD;ygNyD/ aumfrwDrmS
vnf; tpnf;ta0;aygif; (75) Budrf usif;yNyD;ygNyD/ ,ck aemufqkH;taeeJY ausmif;om;rsm;&JU oabmxm;ukd&,l&ef
,ck ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJMuD; usif;yay;&jcif; jzpfygw,f/
ed*kH;csKyftaeeJY ajym&r,fqkd&if ausmif;om;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;[m &efukefrSm½SdpOf wOD;eJYwOD; &if;&if;ESD;ESD;
rdwfaqGrsm;zGJUNyD; cspfcspfcifcif aygif;oif;aexkdifapvkdygw,f/ NyD;awmhvnf; ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;rSmvnf;
tvGeftzkd;xkdufwefwJh tMuHÓPfrsm;ay;EkdifMuNyD; urÇmwnfatmifckdifjrJrJh ynma&;pepfBuD; ay:aygufvmatmif
yl;aygif;aqmif½GufEdkifygapvkdY qkawmif;vdkufygw,f/
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJonf yxrqkH;tBudrf usif;yjcif;jzpfNyD; tus,fjyefYqHk;ESifh pepftusqHk;jzpfonf/ A[dkjyif
qifa&;aumfrwD obmywd wuoOuú| udkpdk;odef;u rdefYcGef; ajymMum;cJhygonf/
A[djk yifqifa&;aumfrwD obmywd wuoOuú| udpk ;kd ode;f \rdechf eG ;f

<ua&mufvmMuwJU {nfUonfawmfrsm;ESifU &Jabmfausmif;olôm;rsm;cifAsm;-
ausmif;om;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ zGifhyGJtcrf;tem;odkY <ua&muftm;ay;csD;jr§ifhMuwJh ynma&;0efBuD;?
ynmrif;BuD;eJY ynmydkif;qdkif&myk*¾dKvfrsm;? wuúodkvf 'k-t"dywdeJY wuúodkvfrS q&m^rrsm;? {nfonfawmfrsm;eJY
ausmif;om;&Jabmfrsm;udk jyifqifa&;aumfrwD&JUudk,fpm; aus;Zl;wifpum; uRefawmfajymMum;ygw,f/
uRefawmfwYkd jrefrmEdik if [
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vlaetdrfajc? ausmif;ueftaqmuftOD? apwDykxdk;rsm;[m ppf'PfaMumifh ysufqD;cJh&ygw,f/ 'DysufqD;oGm;wJh t
574
xJrSm ausmif;taqmuftODeJY ausmif;oHk;qdkif&m ypönf;rsm;[m 61% avmufygoGm;w,f/ rysufqD;bJusefcJhwJh

ausmif;taqmuftODawG[mvnf; rysufpD;½HkavmufyJ usefaecJhygw,f/
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; NyD;aemuf ausmif;awGjyefzGifhNyD; ynma&;vkyfief;awG pcJhygw,f/ 'DvdkvkyfaqmifcJhwJh
tcsdefupNyD; ,aeYtxd ausmif;taqmuftOD? q&m? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*awG[m vHkavmufw,fvdkY r½SdcJhbl;/
ynma&;vkyfief;awG? pepfawG[mvnf; twnfwusr½Sdbl;? cPcP ajymif;cJh&ygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om;
awG[mvnf; ynmoifMum;a&;eJYywfoufNyD; rvHkavmufrIawG? ynma&;vkyfief; twdtusr½SdrIawGtwGuf ,aeY
txd awmif;qdkjcif;? wdkufyGJ0ifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&ygw,f/
'Dvdkynma&;twGuf vdktyfcsufawG? ynma&;twGuf epfemcsufawGeJY ywfoufNyD; ta&;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifcJh&
wm rsm;vmawmh 'gawG[m bmaMumifjh zpfay:vmcJ&h ovJvYkd tav;teuftm½Hpk u kd Nf yD; avhvmMu&ygw,f/ 'Dvt kd m½kH
pdkufNyD; avhvmwJhtcgrSm wdkif;jynftajctaeeJY ynma&;pepfudk avhvmMuw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY wdkif;jynf[m 1948
ckupNyD; vGwfvyfwJh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH jzpfvmwJh vGwfvyfcgpjzpfwJh uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiH0,f pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;? vlrIa&;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufjcif; r½Sdao;wmudk awGU&ygw,f/ ynma&;pepfudk avhvm
wJhtcgrSm ynma&;pepf[m tajccHtm;jzifh t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;&JU acwftwdkif;jzpfaew,f/ rxl;jcm; rajymif;vJbJ
½Sdaewmudk awGU&w,f/
'Dawmh wdik ;f jynftajctaeeJY ynma&;pepf[m rudu k n
f bD jJ zpfaewmudk uReaf wmfwYkd awGU&w,f/ urÇmYEikd if H
t&yf&yf½dS ynma&;udk uRefwmfwYkd avhvmwJt h cgrSm wdik ;f jynftajctaeudk rS;D NyD; ynma&;pepfukd a&;qG&J w,fqw kd m
odcJhMu&w,f/ wdkif;jynftajctaeeJY ynma&;pepf[m udkufnD&w,f/ ynma&;pepfeJY wdkif;jynftajctae[m
cGjJ cm;vdYk r&bl;vdYk od&w,f/ tck uRefawmfwYkd ArmEdik if u H kd Munfv h ukd w f thJ cg wdik ;f jynfu vGwv f yfw,f/ ynma&;u
rvGwv f yf? ,ciftwdik ;f qdak wmh vlysKdayguft½G,u f kd EkYd pYkd oil ,favmufyx J ifNyD; EdYk pYkd t½G,tf 0wftpm;awGukd 0wfcikd ;f
xm;ovdk jzpfaew,f/ 'DtwGuf ynma&;rSm ydkrdktusyftwnf; jzpfvmw,fqdkwm uRefawmfwdkY awGU&w,f/
'Dvdk avhvm&cJhwJh tcsufay:rSm rlwnfNyD; uRefawmfwdkYpOf;pm;Muygw,f/ ynma&; vdktyfcsufawGtwGuf
uRefawmfwdkYwawG[m awmif;qdkjcif;? wdkufyGJ0ifjcif; jyKcJhwm[m rSefvnf;rSefw,f? obm0vnf;usw,f? odkYaomf
'Dvdkawmif;qdkwmeJY vHkavmufNyDvm;? rvHkavmufao;bl;/ awmif;qdkvdkY &wmawG[m ynma&;pepfBuDudk zmax;½HkyJ
jzpfw,f/ aemufNyD; jyefay:vmrSmyJ/ tJ'Dawmh ynma&;udk zmax;½Hkr[kwfbJ tjrpfupNyD; jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifrSom
jzpfr,fvdkY ,HkMunfcJhw,f/
'D,HkMunfcsuftwdkif; 1954-55 ckESpfupNyD; vuf½Sdynma&;pepfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJay;zdkY awmif;qdkcJhMu
w,f/ 1956-57 rSmqdk&if wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJUu wuúodkvfynma&;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJzdkY
wifjycJhMuw,f/
uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om;awG&JU awmif;qdkaomaMumifhwaMumif;? ynma&;XmerSmvnf; vkyf&if;udkif&if;
tusyftwnf; awGUvmwmuwaMumif; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u ynma&;udk jyKjyifzdkY BudK;pm;wmawGudk wcsufwcsufrSm
yd;k pke;f MuL;vufovdk jrifawGUvdu k &f w,f/ 'Dvjkd yKjyifzYkd BudK;pm;&if;u 1957 ckEpS rf mS Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfO;D Ek ud, k w f ikd f
obmywdtjzpf aqmif½GufNyD; ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwD zGJUpnf;cJhw,f/ ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwDuaeNyD; EdkifiHjcm;
yg&*lawG ac:NyD;avhvmcJhw,f/ ynma&;eJYywfoufwJh ar;cGefawG ar;jref;wmawG jyKvkyfcJhw,f/
uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om;awG[mvnf; ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwDudk vufcHBudKqdkNyD; ynma&;ar;cGef;awG
ajzMum;cJhwJhtjyif EdkifiHa&;toif;tzGJUrsm;? vlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;? vlxktzGJUtpnf;rsm;? ynma&;uRrf;usifolrsm;
yg0ifwhJ ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; usi;f yzdYk tMuHay;wifjycJw h ,f/ 1957 ck? 'DZifbm (28-29) &ufaeY? armfvNrdKifNrdKU
rSm usi;f ycJw h hJ wuúov kd af umvdyaf ygif;pHk aqG;aEG;yGrJ mS vnf; ynma&;ES;D aESmyGBJ uD;w&yf usi;f yzdYk wifjyqH;k jzwfcw hJ ,f/
'DtMuHay;csuftay: rlwnfNyD; uRefawmfwYkd [m Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfO;D EkeYJ awGUqHak qG;aEG;cJw h ,f/ ynma&;
pHpk rf;rIaumfrwDrv S nf; wifjyw,f/ uRefawmfwYkd eYJ Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf[m rMumrMum aqG;aEG;MuwJt h cgrSm ausmif;
om;rsm;omyg½SdwJh ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;w&yf usif;y&efeJY 'Dvdkusif;ywJhtcgrSm EdkifiHawmftpdk;&uyg ulnDr,f
qdkwJh oabmwlnDrIudk &½Sdygw,f/ 'Dvdk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&eJY ynma&;Xmeuyg tm;wufoa&m ulnDwJhtwGuf 'DaeY
'DtcsdeftcgrSm ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udk atmifjrifpGmusif;yEdkifjcif; jzpfayw,f/
'Dvjkd zpfay:vm&csuu f kd avhvm&if uReaf wmfwYkd ausmif;om;awGa&m? Edik if aH wmftpd;k &uyg vuf½ydS nma&;udk
jyKjyifajymif;vJzYkdqw kd t
hJ csuu f kd oabmwlMuw,f/ 'DoabmwlncD suu f kd tajccHxm;NyD; awGUqHjk cif;aqG;aEG;jcif;jyKvkyf
cJwh t hJ wGuf ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; usif;yEdik cf w hJ ,f/ atmifjrifcw hJ ,fqw kd mxif½mS ;cJw h hJ tcsufw&yf jzpfygw,f/
575
a½SUrSmvnf; ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJ&efqdkwJh tcsufudkrlwnfNyD; 'Dvdkaqmif½GufoGm;Mu&if; uRefawmfwdkYeJYwuG

wdkif;jynfuvdkvm;wJh ynma&;pepfBuD;udk rvGJraoGa&mufEdkifvdrfhr,fqdkwm wxpfcs,HkMunfygw,f/
'Dvdkynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ qdkwmrsKd;[m uRefawmfwdkY&JU &mZ0ifrSmr½SdcJhygbl;/ 'g[m yxrOD;qHk;tBudrfyJ
jzpfygw,f/ 'DE;DS aESmzvS,yf rJG mS uRefawmfwYkd &UJ tawGUtMuHKeJY Edik if w
H umavhvm&wJh A[kow k udak ygif;NyD; vuf½ydS nm
a&; tajctaeudk a0zefo;kH oyfwifjyw,f/ a0zefo;kH oyfNyD;MuwJah emuf ynma&;eJYywfoufNyD; vdt k yfaewJt h csuaf wG?
ynma&;vkyfief;pepfawGudk wifjytMuHÓPf ay;rSmyJjzpfygw,f/
'Dvw
kd ifjy tMuHÓPfay;wJph mwrf;awG[mqd&k if (1) ynma&;0g'eJYoabmxm;rsm;? (2) rlvwef;eJY rlvwef;
vGefynma&;? (3) txufwef;vGefynma&;? (4) pufrIvufrI toufarG;0rf;aMumif;rIynma&;? (5) vlrsKd;pkynm
a&;? (6) oufBuD;ynma&;ESihf vlxyk nma&;wdYk jzpfygw,f/ tjcm;pmwrf;rsm;tjzpf oifMum;rIr@dKif bmom&yfpmwrf;
eJY q&mxkwfvkyfa&; pmwrf;wdkY jzpfw,f/
'Dvdk uRefawmfwdkYausmif;om;awG[m ynma&;pepf? ynma&;pDrHudef;rsm; csrSwfrItwGuf wwfEdkifwJh tul
tnDawGay;a&;? ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifa&;twGuf wwfEdkifwJh tultnDawGay;a&;/ ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJ
Edkifa&;twGuf n§dEIdif;wdkifyif aqG;aEG;MuwmudkyJ ]EdkifiHa&;rSuif;ygp} qdkwJh oHo,MunfhMu? a&;Mur,fqdk&ifawmh
'Dyk*¾dKvfrsm;[m tifrwef tjrifusOf;NyD; ausmif;om;awGtay:rSm rvdkwrm tmCmwxm;olawGyJ jzpfw,fvdkY
uRefawmf ajymcsifygw,f/
ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJzdkYeJY ywfoufNyD; uRefawmfwdkY&JU &mZ0ifordkif;rSm 1920 ckESpfu wBudrf? ,ckwBudrf
(2) Budrf jzpfygw,f/ 1920 jynfhESpf ausmif;om;oydwfta&;awmfyHkudk avhvmr,fqdk&if EdkifiHa&;t& t*Fvdyfe,fcsJU
orm;&JU zdESdyfrIudkwGef;vSefNyD; rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwf aygufzGm;vmzdkY vIHYaqmfcJhwm½SdcJhw,f/ ynma&;t&qdk&if ]trsKd;om;
ynma&;} qdkwJha<u;aMumfoH[m ynma&;jyKjyifzdkY trsKd;om;ynma&;udk tpm;xdk;zdkY BudK;pm;cJhMuwmjzpfw,f/ trsKd;
om;ausmif;awG trsKd;om;aumvdyfawG ay:aygufcJhwm[m xif½Sm;wJh trSwftom;awGyJ jzpfygw,f/
,ckwBudrf 1958 ckEpS rf mS awmh Edik if aH wmftpd;k & ud,
k w
f ikd u
f ynma&;pHpk rf;rIaumfrwDukd zGUJ um uRefawmfwYkd
ausmif;om;awGu ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJzYkd awmif;qdNk yD; tckvakd usmif;om; ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG sK;d usi;f ywm[m
ynma&;jyKjyifEdkifa&;twGuf 'kwd,tBudrf BudK;pm;jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ 1920 ckrSm uRefynma&;pepfudk zsufodrf;NyD;
trsKd;om;ynma&;udk tpm;xdk;um jyKjyifajymif;vJzdkY BudKpm;cJhwm[m wdkif;jynftajctaeu rvGwfvyfao;wJhb0?
uRefb0rdkY ratmifjrifcJhayr,fh 'DwBudrf? 'DwcgrSmawmh uRefawmfwdkYa&m? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&uyg yl;aygif;aqmif½Guf
Mur,fq&kd ifawmh atmifjrifrI rvGrJ aoG&vdrrhf ,f/ ynma&;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJEikd v f rd rhf ,fvYkd vIu
d vf u
dI v
f vJS JS ,HMk unf
vsuf½Sdygw,f/
ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG usi;f yEdik af &;twGuf tultnDay;aom Edik if aH wmftpd;k &? vdt k yforQ
pdwfa&mudk,fyg wwfpGrf;EdkiforQ aqmif½GufulnDay;Muaom ynma&;XmeeJY rGefjrwfvSaom tMuHÓPfay;MuwJh
jyifyyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; aus;Zl;wifaMumif; xyfavmif;í uRefawmfajymcJhygw,f/
- ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; atmifjrifygap
- ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI &½SdEdkifygap
(1958 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 9 &uf? paeaeY)
xdkESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif atmufygpmwrf;rsm;wifjycJUonf/
1/ ynma&;0g'wifjycsufpmwrf;
2/ oifMum;rIr@dKifbmom&yfESifh ywfoufaom oabmxm; (Language Policy)
3/ ynma&;vGwv f yfciG phf mwrf; (Academic Freedom)
4/ ausmif;om;or*¾pmwrf;
5/ rlvwef;ynma&;pmwrf;
6/ rlvwef;vGefynma&;pmwrf;
7/ pufrIvufrIESifh toufarG;0rf;aMumif;ynma&;pmwrf; (Teaching and Vocational Education)
8/ vlrsKd;pkynma&;pmwrf;
576
9/ oufBuD;ynma&;pmwrf;
10/ vlxkynma&;pmwrf;
11/ tvGwfynmoifausmif;rsm;jyóempmwrf;
12/ aq;odyÜHr[mXmepmwrf;
13/ tpdk;&pufrIvufrItxufwef;ausmif;pmwrf;
14/ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJay:aygufvmyHkESifh tajccHoabmxm; taxGaxGtpD&ifcHpm
ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf wuo\wifjycsuf
(1)
1948 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufaeYwiG f jrefrmEdik if o H nf vGwv f yfaom Edik if w
H Edik if t
H jzpfoYkd a&muf½cdS ahJ yonf/
e,fcsJUorm;vufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufum vGwv f yfaom Edik if w H Edik if H jzpfvmonfEiS thf nD e,fcsJUorm;vufxufu
¤if;wdkYtusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf vkyfaqmifcJhaom pD;yGm;a&;taqmuftOD? vlrIa&;? ynma&;? ,Ofaus;rItaqmuftOD
wdkYudky,fcsum jynfolvlxktusKd;twGuf vlxktusKd;jyK taqmufttHkopfudk xyfrHwnfaxmif&rnf jzpfayonf/
odkYaomf ,Ofaus;rIa&;&m tygt0ifjzpfonfh ynma&;taqmuftODudkum; vGwfvyfaomjynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfESifh udkufnDpGm jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; r½Sdao;ay/ odkYtwGufaMumifhvnf; ,aeY ynma&;avmuwGif
tcuftcJ tusyftwnf;rsm; ay:aygufaeNyD;vQif rvdt k yfaom tjzpftysufrsm; xGuaf y:aeonfrmS rsufjrifxif½mS ;
jzpfayonf/
þay:aygufrIrsm;udk wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf tav;teufpOf;pm;cJhonf/ ynma&;tajctaeudk rsuf
ajcrjywf avhvmMunf½h cI o hJ nf/ ,aeYjzpfay:aeaom tcuftcJrsm; tusyftwnf;rsm;udk jyKjyifzmax;½Hjk zifh raysmuf
Edik af wmhbJ vuf½ydS nma&;pepfBuD;wckv;kH udk ajymif;vJvsu½f adS om jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf tajctaeESihf udu k n
f D
pGm jyKjyifa&;qGrJ o
S m ajyaysmufEikd rf nf[k awGU½Scd &hJ ayonf/ þodYk awGU½S&d onft h m;avQmfpmG vuf½ydS nma&;pepfBuD;udk
jyKjyifajymif;vJ&eftwGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u OD;pD;um ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; w&yfudk usif;yay;&ef wuorS
awmif;qdkcJhayonf/
,ckuJhodkY vIHYaqmfawmif;qdkaepOf 1957 ckESpf? ZGefv (8) &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUawmfcef;rBuD;ü EdkifiHawmf
0efBuD;csKyfOD;Eku EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ (4) ESppf rD u H ed ;f aMunmcsuf wGif ynma&;ESifhywfoufí atmufygtwdkif;awGU&
ayonf/
]ynma&;pDrHudef;w&yfudk a&;qGJapcsifw,f/} tJ'D ynma&;pDrHudef;[m-
1/ jynfaxmifpkeJY toifhawmfqHk;jzpfNyD; uRefawmfwdkY tajctaeeJY wu,fwrf; taumiftxnfazmfEdkifwJh
pDrHudef;jzpfapcsifw,f/
2/ ynma&;rSmpdwf0ifpm;wJh jynfaxmifpkom;rSeforQ pkaygif;wdkifyifa&;qGJwJh pDrHudef; jzpfapcsifw,f/
3/ wjynfaxmifpkvHk;u vufcHEdkifwJh pDrHudef;jzpfapcsifw,f/
wzef (4) ESpfpDrHudef;ñTefMum;csufwGif-
ynma&;onf ,ckvuf½Sdynma&;pepfudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfNyD;vQif jyKjyifapcsifw,f/ tu,fí vdktyfu
wckvHk;zsufypfNyD; topfwck jyefvnfa&;qGJapcsifonf[k ñTefMum;NyD; 0efBuD;csKyfu obmywdjyKvkyfum (9) OD;
ygaom ynma&;aumfrwDudk zGJUpnf;cJhayonf/ xdkaumfr½Sifudkyif aemufxyfcsJUxGifum zGJUpnf;cJhjyefonf/
þuJodkY ynma&;ESifhywfoufí jyKjyifajymif;vJoifhu ajymif;vJ&ef ynma&;aumfr½Sif zGJUvmjcif;onf
wuooabmxm;ESihf udu k n f o
D nfth m;avsmpf mG xdak umfr½Siu f kd wuoonf c&D;OD;BudKqdjk cif;jyKcJo h nf/ xdak umfr½SiEf iS hf
ywfoufí yl;aygif;ulnD&ef qHk;jzwfcJhayonf/
xdkYaemuf wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf 24? 11? 57 &ufaeYwGif wuocef;rü EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfESifh
awGUqHu k m ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf wifjycJah yonf/ Edik af wmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekuvnf; wuo\
wifjycsufudk ynma&;aumfr½SifwGif tav;teuf pOf;pm;ygrnf[k jyefMum;ajymqdkcJhayonf/ xdkaqG;aEG;csuft&
ynma&;aumfr½SifwGif wuoudk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufwifjycGifhudk &½SdcJhayonf/ wuoudk,fpm;vS,frsm;
wifjy&mwGif ynma&;aumfr½SifrS wuo\vdkvm;csufrsm;udk jynfhpHkpGma&;om;wifjy&ef ajymMum;cJhayonf/ xdk
ajymMum;csuft& wuotrIaqmiftzGJUrS pOf;pm;um ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJESifh ywfoufí ESD;aESmzvS,f&ef tcsuf
577
rsm; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ\yHkpHrsm;udk xyfrHía&;om; wifjyvdkufygaMumif;/
(2)
ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJESifhywfoufí-
1/ ynma&;0g'csrSwfjcif;ESifh ynma&;pepfudk avhvmoHk;oyfjcif;
2/ ynma&;pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif; [lí u@ESpf&yf ½Sdoifhonf[lí ,lqayonf/
xdo
k Ykd ,q
l onfh tm;avsmfpmG ynma&;0g'csrSwjf cif;? ynma&;pepfrsm;udk avhvmoH;k oyfjcif;ESihf ywfoufí
wuorS atmufygtwdkif; wifjyvdkayonf/
(2-u)
wdik ;f jynfwck\ ynma&;pDru H ed ;f onf wdik ;f jynf\ &nfreS ;f &myef;wdik o f Ykd csDwufa&;twGuf vH;k 0taxmuf
tul jzpfayonf/ wdkif;jynf\ pD;yGm;a&;pepf? vlaerIpepf? ,Ofaus;rIpepfwdkYESifh udkufnD&ayonf/ þodkY udkufnDrS
omvQif a&;qGJxm;aom ynma&;pDrHudef; (odkY) ynma&;pepfonf jynfoludktusKd;jyKaom pDrHudef;? wdkif;jynfu
vufcEH ikd af om pDru H ed ;f jzpfayvdrrhf nf/ xdu
k o hJ Ykdr[kwb f J wdik ;f jynf\ csw D uf&mvrf;aMumif;? wdik ;f jynf\tajctaeESihf
uif;vGwfum a&;qGJvQif xdkynma&;pDrHudef; (odkY) ynma&;pepfonf av;axmifhESifhpuf0dkif;uJhodkY cGifrusbJ tusyf
twnf;rsm; ay:aygufum ysufpD;&rnf jzpfayonf/
odkYtwGuf ynma&;pDrHudef;? ynma&;pepfwckudk a&;qGJrnfqdkvQif yxrOD;qHk; wdkif;jynf\ &nfrSef;&m
yef;wdkif? pD;yGm;a&;pepf (Economic System)? vlaerItaqmufttHkwdkYESifh udkufnDonfh ynma&;0g' (Education
Policy) udk csrSwfoifhzdkYvdkayonf/
Oyrm- w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHwGif ¤if;wdkY jyKjyifajymif;vJypfvdkufaom pD;yGm;a&pepf? vlaerIpepfwdkYESifh
udkufnDonfh ynma&;0g'udk EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&muGefz&ifhBuD;rS csrSwfvdkufí ynma&;pDrHudef;udk xdkcsrSwfvdkufaom
0g'tay:wGif tajccHum aemufrS a&;qGJay;cJhayonf/
ynma&;0g'ESif ywfoufí 1948 ckEpS w f iG ?f Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u 1946 ckEpS wf iG f zGUJ pnf;cJah om (Educational
Policy Enquiry Committee) \ tpD&ifcHpmudk tajcjyKum ynma&;0g'[lí atmufygtwdkif; aMunmzl;\/
1/ Adoption of a centralized control and administration of Education as in interim
and experimental measure;
2/ The discernment of the system of grant in aid; and the adoption of in its stead of a
system of state schools.
3/ The introduction of a pilot project for Compulsory Primary Education.
4/ The new grading of schools.
5/ The Provision of Vocational training and technical education and
6/ The adoption of Burmese as the medium of instruction in single unifiedsystem of
schools.
xdkYaemuf 1952 ckESpfwGif jynfawmfomynma&;pDrHudef; ESifh ywfoufí a,bk,srludk atmufygtwdkif;
aMunmcJhjyefonf/
1/ To ensure a universal knowledge of the three R’s* among the citizens of the Union.
2/ To ensure the production of a sufficient number of technicians and technologists.
3/ To train and equip young man and woman so that they can adequately and efficiently
perform their various duties as citizens of the Union.
4/ To eradicate illiteracy and produce man and woman who posses the five strengths
(Bala Ngadan) and
5/ To perpetuate democracy within the Union.
txufazmfjyygtwdik ;f ynma&;rl? ynma&;0g'rsm;yif½o dS nf[k qd&k jim;aomfvnf; wdik ;f jynf\ &nfreS ;f &m
yef;wddkif? pD;yGm;a&;? vlaerIpepfwdkYay:wGif pepfwusoHk;oyfum a&;qGJvmaom 0g'r[kwfjcif;? xdkynma&;0g'
aMunmcsurf sm;onf Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf vdv
k m;ouJo
h Ykd jynfow
l &yfv;kH yg0ifa&;qGx
J m;aom 0g'r[kwo f nft
h jyif
Note- the three R’s* - Reading, W'rting, A'rithemetic.
578
wdik ;f jynf&nfreS ;f &m yef;wdik o

f Ykd csDwufa&;twGuf taxmuftuljyKrnfh pDru H ed ;f rsm;ryg½Sjd cif;? pDru
H ed ;f ESi0hf g'oabm
xm;rsm; a&maxG;aejcif;? vuf½Sdynma&;avmu tajctaersm;? jzpf&yfrsm;udk avhvmMunfh½IvQifyif xdkynma&;0g'
onf rSefuefonf[k r,lqEdkifjcif;wdkYtwGuf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH\ &nfrSef;&myef;wdkif pD;yGm;a&;? vlaerIpepfwdkY
udkufnDonfh ynma&;0g'w&yfudk atmufygtcsuftvufrsm;wGif tajcjyKuma&;qGJ&ef vdktyfonf[k wifjyvdkay
onf/
1/ vuf½dS jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf\ pD;yGm;a&;vlaerIpepf (Social Economic System) udk avhvmjcif;/
2/ vuf½dS jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf\ &nfreS ;f &myef;wdik f ]qd½k ,S vf pfEikd if aH wmf} udk avhvmaqG;aEG;jcif;/
(2-c)
xduk ohJ Ykd Edik if aH wmf\ &nfreS ;f csufyef;wdik o
f Ykd csDwuf&mwGif taxmuftuljyKNyD;vQif Edik if aH wmf\ pD;yGm;a&;?
vlaerIpepfwdkYESifh udkufnDaom ynma&;0g'w&yfudk csrSwfNyD;vQif xdk0g' taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf taxmuf
tuljzpfap&ef vuf½Sdynma&;pepfudk avhvmoHk;oyfjcif;? EdkifiHjcm;ynma&;pepfrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; avhvmjcif;
jyKoifhonf[k wifjyayonf/
1/ vuf½Sdynma&;pepfrS jzpfyGm;ay:aygufvmcJhaom jzpf&yfrsm;ESifh aumif;usKd;qdk;usKd;rsm;/
2/ vuf½Sdynma&;avmuBuD; wckvHk;\ tajctaersm;? ausmif;rsm;? toufarG;0rf;aMumif;rsm;? q&mrsm;
ponf EdkifiHjcm;ynma&;pepfrsm; avhvma&;ESifhywfoufí-
(1) qdk½S,fvpfEdkifiHawmf wnfaxmifqJjzpfaom EdkifiHrsm;rS ynma&;pepfudkavhvmjcif;?
(w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiH? ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;)
(2) qdk½S,fvpfEdkifiH xlaxmifNyD;jzpfaomEdkifiHrS ynma&;pepfudkavhvmjcif;? (qdkAD,uf½k½Sm;)
(3) pufrIvufrIzGHUNzdK;aeaomEdkifiHrS ynma&;pepfudkavhvmjcif;? (tar&du)
(4) v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;EdkifiHrS ynma&;pepfudkavhvmjcif;? ('def;rwf)
(5) vGwfvyfNyD;pEdkifiHrsm;rS ynma&;pepfudkavhvmjcif;? (tif'dkeD;½Sm;-tdE´d,)
(2-*)
txufazmfjyyg yxrydkif;jzpfonfh ynma&;0g'csrSwfjcif;? ynma&;avhvmokH;oyfjcif;ESifh ywfoufí
rnfonfhykHpHjzifh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJjyKvkyfrnfudk wuorS atmufygtwdkif; oabmxm;cJhayonf/
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ (aysmuf)
csDwuf&mwGif wjynfaxmifvHk;u yg0if&ef vdkayonf/ þodkYyg0ifrSomvQif atmifjrifayonf/ odkYtwGuf ynma&;
0g'csrSwf&mwGif wjynfaxmifvHk;u yl;aygif;csrSwfEdkif&efvdk\/ wenf;qdkaomf csrSwfvdkufaom ynma&;0g'onf
wjynfaxmifvHk;u vufcH&efvdktyfrnf[k ,lqayonf/
wzefvuf½Sd ynma&;pepfBuD;udk avhvmoHk;oyfa&;rSm jynfaxmifpkwGif;½Sd jynfolw&yfvHk; awGUMuHKcJhonf
jzpfí tm;vHk;ESifhoufqdkifjcif;? EdkifiHjcm;ynma&;pepfudk avhvmjcif;rSmvnf; ynma&;pepf a&;qGJ&eftwGufvnf;
aumif;? rdrw d Ykdynma&;pepfEiS hf EIid ;f ,SO&f eftwGuv f nf;aumif; jzpfonft h m;avsmpf mG jynfov
l xl w k &yfv;kH ESihf oufqikd f
ayonf/
þodYk oufqikd of nfh tm;avsmpf mG yxrydik ;f jzpfonfh ynma&;0g'csrw S jf cif;? ynma&;pepfukd avhvmoH;k oyf
jcif;ESihf ywfoufí wEdik if vH ;kH ½Sd jynfoYlu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifoifo
h nf[k ,lqayonf/ xdo k Ykd ,lqonfh tm;avsmpf mG
azmfjyyg tcsufrsm;twGuf ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;wGif-
1/ EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; (zqyv? yrnw? r[mArm? qdk½S,fvpf? tvkyform; v,form; ygwD?
wdkYArm-------ponf)
2/ vlwef;pm;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; (awmifolv,form;? Awvp? wvnp? tvkyform;? wD,lpDbD? bDwD,lpD
ponf/)
3/ vlxktzGJUtpnf;rsm; (ausmif;om;vli,f? ukefonfyGJpm; ponf)
4/ ,ckvuf½Sdynma&;aumfr½Sif
5/ ynma&;Xmeudk,fpm;vS,frsm;
6/ ynma&;wwfuRrf;olrsm;
579
7/ vlrsKd;pkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;
yg0ifumEdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrIjzifh usif;yjyKvkyf oifhonf[lí wifjyvdkayonf/
(3)
Edik if aH wmf½dS toif;tzGUJ aygif;pHk ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;rS ]ynma&;0g'} w&yf csrSwNf yD;pDcv
hJ Qif xd0k g'udk
taumiftxnf azmf&eftwGuf ynma&;pDrHudef;w&yf wenf;qdkaomf ynma&;pepfw&yfudk a&;qGJ&ayvdrfhrnf/
þuJhodkY a&;qGJ&mwGifum; tpdk;&ynma&;Xme udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? ynma&;wwfuRrf;olrsm; yg0ifaom ESD;aESmzvS,f
yGJBuD; w&yfrSaeí wm0ef,lum a&;qGJ&rnf jzpfayonf/ EdkifiHawmf½Sd toif;tzGJUaygif;pHk taeESifhaomfum; rdrdwdkY
tvdu k s ynma&;0g'w&yf csrw S Nf yD;pD;onfh tm;avsmpf mG yg0ifvyk af qmif&ef wm0efr½Sad wmh[k ,lqayonf/ odYktwGuf
csrSwfxm;aom ynma&;0g'? ynma&;rlESifhtnD ynma&;pDrHudef;udk a&;qGJ&mwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;qGJ&efvdktyf
ayonf/
(1) rlvwef;ynma&;
rlvwef;ynma&;wGif u@ESpf&yf yg0ifayonf/ emp&D (ac:) uav;oli,fausmif;ESifh rlvwef;ausmif;
jzpfayonf/
rlvwef;ausmif;onf ynma&;twGuf tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm ta&;tBuD;qHk; pOf;pm;&rnfh
tcsufjzpfayonf/ tajccHtkwfjrpf rcdkifrmvQif xdkynma&;pepfonf NydKuGJrnfjzpfayonf/ rlvwef;ynma&;udk
pOf;pm;&mwGif vlwdkif;ynmwwfa&;udk tajccHum roifrae&ynma&;pepfESifh xdkpepfjy|mef;cJhaomf pD;yGm;a&;t&
vkyfaqmifaeaom uav;oli,frsm; ynmoifMum;Edkif&ef pDpOfrIudkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonf[k ,lqayonf/
þae&mwGif roifrae& ynma&;prf;oyfonfh (Project) tawGUtMuHKay:wGif tajccHoifhayonf/
(2) rlvwef;vGefynma&;
(5) wef;? (9) wef;rSonf wuúodkvf0iftxd yg0ifaom ynmoifMum;a&;yifjzpfonf/ þtqifhwGif
EdkifiHawmfynma&;0g'twGuf tav;xm;um pOf;pm;a&;qGJ&rnf jzpfayonf/
(3) txufwef;ynma&;
wuúodkvfESifh (Institute) rsm; tygt0if jzpfayonf/
(4) toufarG;0rf;aMumif;rIynmoifMum;a&;rsm;
rlvwef;atmifjrifNyD;í ynmqufvufroifMum;Edik af om uav;oli,frsm;twGuf vnf;aumif;? rlvwef;
vGeftqifh½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf vnf;aumif;? wuúodkvfodkY ynmqufvufrqnf;Edkifolrsm;twGuf vnf;
aumif;? 'D*&DbGJU& toufarG;0rf;aMumif;ynm&yfrsm;twGuf vnf;aumif; pOf;pm;a&;qGJ&rnf jzpfayonf/
(5) oif½dk;oifwef;rsm;
(Curriculum) ,ckvuf½dS oif½;kd oifwef;rsm;udk aocsmusepGmppfaq;í acwfaemufusjzpfaeaom oif½;kd
oifwef;rsm;? wdk;wufaomacwfESifh rudkufnDaom oif½dk;oifwef;rsm;udk avhvmjzKwfy,fjcif;? acwfESifhnDatmif
jyKjyifjcif;? EdkifiHawmfynma&;0g'udk taumiftxnfazmfaprnfh oif½dk;oifwef;rsm; jzpfap&ef pDpOf&rnfjzpfayonf/
(6) q&mjzpfoifwef;rsm;
(u) vuf½Sdq&m? q&mrrsm;wGif a[mif;EGrf;aomt,ltqrsm; 0ifa&muf cdkatmif;vsuf½Sd&m EdkifiHawmf\
0g'? ynma&;0g'ESifhtnD jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;/
(c) q&mjzpfoifwef;ausmif;rsm; Teachership Training rsm;ta&;/
(*) q&mrsm;tcGifhta&;? vpmaiGowfrSwfjcif;rsm;udk pOf;pmaqG;aEG;&rnf jzpfayonf/
(7) ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfxkwfvkyfa&;
(8) oufBuD;ynma&;ESifU tm;vyfcGifUoifwef;rsm;ta&;
(9) okawoe½SmazGa&; wdkhjzpfonf/
txufygtcsurf sm;udk Edik if aH wmfynma&;0g'ESit hf nD a&;qG&J mwGif ynma&;Xmeud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; ynma&;
wwfuRrf;olrsm;\ wm0ef½o dS nfah vsmuf vuf½zdS UJG pnf;xm;aom ynma&;aumfr½Sif yk*Kd¾ vfrsm;tjyif jyifyrS ynma&;
vkyo f uf&ifo h rl sm;? ynma&;aumfr½Sirf sm;? aumfrwDrsm;wGif yg0ifczhJ ;l olrsm;? ynma&;uRrf;usiforl sm;udyk g xyfrjH znfh
pGufum n§dEIdif;a&;qGJ oifhonf[kí ,lqygonf/
(4)
580
odYktwGuf wuorS xyfrwH u

kd wf eG ;f vdo
k nfrmS ta&;BuD;qH;k jzpfaom (Education Policy) udk jynfaxmifpk
om; w&yfvHk; vufcHonfh ynma&;0g'jzpfEdkifa&;? ynma&;pepf jzpfEdkifa&;twGuf tzGJUaygif;pHkESifh ynma&;qdkif&m
uRrf;usifolrsm; yg0ifaom ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;wckudk tjrefqHk;usif;y&ef wdkufwGef;vdkufygaMumif;/
trIaqmiftzGYJ
&efukefwuúodkvf
aehpGJ- 7? 11? 57 &efukefNrdKY
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG
ay:ayguv
f myHEk iS hf tajccHoabmxm; taxGaxGtpD&ifcpH m
&Jabmfudk,fpm;vS,ftaygif;wdkhcifAsm;-
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDrS þ
ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ ay:aygufvmyHk? ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udk rnfuJhodkY usif;yoGm;rnfudk tpD&ifcHvdkyg
onf/ txl;ojzifh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ\ tajccHoabmxm;udk azmfjytpD&ifcHrnf jzpfygonf/
þESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; rnfonfhtwGufaMumifh rnfodkYay:aygufvmonfudk OD;pGmtpD&ifcHygrnf/ ESD;aESm
zvS,fyGJ obmywd\ rdefYcGef;wGif azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfojzifh þtcef;udk tusOf;rQom tpD&ifcHrnf jzpfayonf/
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; NyD;qHk;NyD;aemuf vGwfvyfa&;&½SdcJhonfh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif ynma&;avmuü
tusyftwnf; trsKd;rsKd;awGUMuHKcJh&onf/ þodkYawGUMuHKcJh&aom tusyftwnf;rsm;udk ajz½Sif;&ef ausmif;om;xk
onf tBudrfBudrf tHk<uawmif;qdk wdkufyGJ0ifcJhMuonf/ jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;uvnf; ynma&;tusyftwnf;udk
ajz½Sif;&ef vdktyfonfudk od½SdvufcHcJhayonf/ tpdk;&onfvnf; ajz½Sif;Edkif&ef trsKd;rsKd; BudK;yrf;cJhayonf/
odkYaomf ,ckwdkif EdkifiHawmfonf ynma&;tusyftwnf;rS ½kef;xGufí r&Edkifao;ay/
udv
k ekd pD epf <uif;usef&pfaom tarGq;kd aMumifyh if þodYk tusyftwnf; awGUae&jcif; jzpfayonf/ tajccH
usus pepfwckv;kH udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ rypfEikd o f a½GU rnfoYkd yif jyKjyifzmax;onfjzpfap tusyftwnf; qufvuf
awGUaernfom jzpfayonf/
þtcsufudk ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;u ydkifEdkifpGm Munfh½IEdkifcJhojzifh ynma&;a&;pepfwckvHk; jyKjyif
ajymif;vJypfNyD; ynma&;0g'opfudkcsrSwfum ynma&;pDrHudef;w&yf a&;qGJEdkifa&;twGuf or*¾rsm;rSOD;aqmifum
wdkufyGJ0ifcJh ayonf/
þodkY wdkufyGJ0ifcJh&mwGif 1956 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS wuúodkvfynma&;
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf a<u;aMumfcJhonf/ xdkESpfwGif ausmif;om;xkqEáMumifh wuúodkvfrS (3) cgusESifh
65% ausmif;wuf&ufpepfudk pHkprf;a&;aumfr½Sif zGJUpnf;cJhayonf/ pmwrf;wapmifudk xdkaumfr½SifrS xkwfjyefcJh
onf/ xdkpmwrf;tay: wuorS oabmxm;udk 31? 55? 67 aeYu xkwfjyef&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH\ynma&;udk
zmax;Edkifa&;twGuf BuKd;yrf;½HkrQjzifh tusyftwnf;rsm;rS rvGwfajrmufEdkif/ ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf
Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;? vlxv k wl ef;pm;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;? q&mrsm;? vli,fausmif;
om;rsm;ESifh ynm½Sifrsm;tm;vHk;\ awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS OD;pD;usif;y&ef wifjycJhayonf/
þodkY wifjyNyD;aemuf 8? 6? 57 &ufaeY EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf\ (4) ESpfpDrHudef;rdefYcGef;wGif ynma&;jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&;twGuf azmfjycJah yonf/ (4) ESppf rD u H ed ;f tpdwtf ydik ;f w&yftjzpf ynma&;pHpk rf;rIaumfrwD zGUJ pnf;ay:
aygufvmcJhayonf/ þodkY ajymMum;cJhonfhrdefYcGef;ESifh zGJUpnf;cJhonfh aumfr½SifwdkYtm; ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI
tvm;tvmtwGuf c&D;OD;MudKjyKcJhayonf/
BuKdq½kd rHk Qru ydrk akd tmifjrifEikd af &;twGuf tMuHÓPfrsm; ay;cJah yonf/ Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f mynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,f
yGJudk vlxkvlwef;pm;rsm;? EdkifiHa&;ygwD? ynm½Sifrsm;? q&mrsm;? vli,fausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifNyD;
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS OD;pD;usif;yjyKvkyfay;&ef 7? 11? 57 &ufaeYwGif xyfrHwifjycJhjyefonf/
581
þodYk wifjy&mwGif ynma&;pHpk rf;rIaumfrwDEiS hf tBudrBf udrf awGUqHak qG;aEG;cJ&h m ausmif;om;rsm;\ wifjy
csuftwdik ;f jynfph okH nfh Edik if aH wmf½dS jynfovl x
l w
k &yfv;kH udk ud,
k pf m;jyKEdik o
f nfh ynma&;ES;D aESm zvS,yf BJG uD;w&yf
usif;yEdkifa&;udk oabmwlnDcsuf r&½SdEdkifbJ ausmif;om;rsm; ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; usif;yEdkifa&;udkom
ulnDcJhayonf/ þodkY usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf wuotm; wm0efvTJtyfcJhNyD;aemuf usif;yvQif ynma&;pHkprf;rI
aumfr½SifrS ulnD&efwdkYudk ulnDcJhayonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tm; udk,fpm;jyKEdkifonfh ESD;aESm
zvS,fyGJBuD;w&yf usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf tm;xkwfBudK;yrf;onfhtaejzifh ,ckausmif;om;rsm; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;
atmifjrifa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;cJh&ayonf/
,ckE;DS aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;udk &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾? rEÅav;wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾?
armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? rauG;Oypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? ausmufjzLOypmaum
vdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? ykodrfOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
tzGJUcsKyfwdkY yl;wGJum A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDw&yf zGJUpnf;vkyfaqmifcJhayonf/
A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwD
wuorS
1/ udkpdk;odef; (obmywd) 6/ udkÓPf&if
2/ udkcifarmiftkef; (taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;) 7/ udkcifarmifBuD;
3/ udkodef;½Sef 8/ udkatmifomausmf
4/ udkcifatmif 9/ udkvSwif
5/ udkatmifxGef; 10/ udkav;ñGefY
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if v
H ;kH qdik &f m
ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJu
G ;D
A[djk yifqifa&;aumfrwD
( 1958 - 1959 )
582
rwuorS armfvNrdKifrS
11/ udkapmvGif 16/ udkausmftkef;
12/ udkcsKd 17/ udkausmfvS
13/ udkwifa½T 18/ udkrif;axG;
14/ udkcifarmif0if; 19/ udkausmf½Sdef
15/ - 20/ rjrifhjzL?
rauG;rS ausmufjzLrS
21/ udkñGefYarmif 26/ udkbwif
22/ udkrif;ausmf 27/ udkpdk;0if;
23/ udkwifOD; 28/ udkxGm;csKd
24/ udkxGef;EG,fOD; 29/ udkbdk;wif
25/ udkcspfaiG 30/ udkpHvdIif
ykodrfrS Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS
31/ udkcifxGef; 36/ udkaZmf0if;
32/ udkñGefY0if; 37/ udkvSjrifh
33/ udkjrifhodef; 38/ udkpGefwdwf
34/ udkarmifarmifpdef 39/ udkjrifhOD;
35/ - 40/ udkndK0if;
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJOD;pD;tzGJY
1/ udkpdk;odef; (obmywd) 7/ udkñGeYfarmif
2/ udkapmvGif ('k-obmywd) 8/ udkrif;ausmf
3/ udkcifarmiftkef; (taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;) 9/ -
4/ udkwifa½T (wGJbuf-axGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;) 10/ -
5/ udkausmfvS 11/ udkcifxGef;
6/ udkrif;axG; 12/ -
OD;pD;tzGJUudk azmfjyygtwdkif; wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfor*¾rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;uspD yg0ifzGJUpnf;xm;

ayonf/ þodYk ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;atmifjrifa&;twGuf jyifqifBudK;yrf;Mu&mwGif 0rf;omtm;&pGmESihf tm;ay;BudKqdak om
jynfot l aygif;wdYk \ axmufct H m;ay;rIukd &½Scd MhJ uaomfvnf; wbufwiG v f nf; rrSeuf efaomoabmrsm;ESihf Munf½h rI I
rsm;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ESrd chf sMunf½h t I xifao;rIrsm;aMumifh vnf;aumif; taESmift h ,Sut f zsuf
tqD;rsm; &ifqdkifcJhMu&ayonf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap ,aeYEdkifiHESifht0Srf; a'otoD;oD; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,ftaygif;wdkY pka0;a&muf½Sd
aeMuayNyD/ Edik if aH wmf\ ynma&;0g'opf csrSwEf ikd af &;ESihf ynma&;pDru
H ed ;f w&yf a&;qGEJ ikd af &;twGuf pkaygif;aqG;aEG;
ESD;aESmzvS,f wdkifyifMuawmhrnf jzpfayonf/
&Jabmfudk,fpm;vS,ftaygif;wdkh-
rnfoYkdE;DS aESmMurnfenf;/ ES;D aESmNyD;aemuf Edik if aH wmftwGuf aumif;rGeaf om tMuHÓPfrsm;udk rnfoYkdpak ygif;
Murnfenf;/ þonfwdkYum; ta&;BuD;aom pepfuspGmpOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufBuD;rsm; jzpfayonf/ þtcsufrsm;
½Sif;vif;aqmif½GufEdkifa&;twGuf ,aeY&JabmfwdkY pkaygif;ESD;aESmMurnfh oabmtajccHrsm;udk wifjyvdkygonf/
OD;pGmyxr ES;D aESmzvS,yf \
JG qdv k ckd suEf iS t
hf jccHukd ½Si;f vdyk gonf/ ES;D aESmzvS,yf q
JG o
kd nfrmS &JabmfwYkdMuHKawGU
aeus tpnf;ta0;rsm;? nDvmcHrsm;uJhodkY r[kwfay/ pkaygif;awGUqHkum qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf? awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
awmif;qdk&ef pnf;a0;awGUqHk nDvmcHoabmrsKd; r[kwf/ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrSm pkaygif;awGUqHkum tajctaew&yf?
583
jyóemw&yfudk tawGUtMuHKtoD;oD;ESifh,SOfí ESD;aESmzvS,fMuNyD;aemuf xdktajctae odkYr[kwf jyóem&yfrsm;udk

ajz½Sif;&efn§dEIdif; tajz½SmMujcif;jzpfonf/
þodkYESD;aESmzvS,f&mwGif tajctaersm;udk ay:vGifEdkifatmif aqG;aEG;&mwGif tajctaerSef &½SdapEdkif&ef
twGuf pmwrf;rsm;udk zwfMum;um xdkpmwrf;rsm;tay: tajcjyKaqG;aEG;Muayonf/ wifjyaom pmwrf;rsm;onf
aqG;aEG;twnfjyK&rnfh pmwrf;rsm;r[kwf? tpD&ifcHpm oabmrsKd;r[kwf/ aqG;aEG;&mwGif tajccHoabmjzpfap&ef
wifjyonfh pmwrf;rsm;jzpfayonf/
pmwrf;rsm;tay:wGif tajccHum jynf0h pGmaqG;aEG;NyD;aemuf axmufc&H nfñeT ;f csufrsm;? tMuHay;csufrsm;udk
pkaygif;xkw, f l &ayonf/ axmufc&H nfñeT ;f csurf sm;? tMuHay;csurf sm;udk pkaygif;xkw,
f o
l nft
h cef;wGif jynfph pkH mG yg½Sd
Edkifa&;udk t"du*½kjyK&ayonf/
þodkY ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ tajccHoabmxm;rsm;udk wifjyNyD;aemuf &JabmfwdkYtm; ,aeYusif;yrnfh ynma&;
ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;onf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if \
H ynma&;twGuf rnfonft h cef;u@rS rnfoYkd aqmif½u
G o
f mG ;&rnf
udk wifjyvdkygonf/
&Jabmfw-hkd
,aeY Edik if aH wmfynma&;twGuf vdt k yfcsurf mS wdusaomtajctaeESihf udu k nf aD om ynma&;0g'opfw&yf
csrSwfEdkifa&;ESifh xdkcsrSwfaom ynma&;0g'tay:wGif tajccHí EdkifiHawmf\vdktyfcsuf tvHk;pHkudk jznfhpGrf;Edkifaom
ynma&;pDrHudef;w&yf a&;qGJEdkifa&;jzpfonf/
þynma&;0g'opfw&yf csrSwfEdkifa&;ESifh ynma&;pDrHudef;w&yf a&;qGJEdkifa&;wdkYtwGuf þESD;aESmzvS,f
yGJBuD;rS xrf;aqmifMudK;yrf; ay;Mu&rnf/ ynma&;0g'opfw&yf csrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf EdkifiHawmf\ ,cifESifh ,ck
vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh ynma&;tajctaersm;udk wdusydkifEdkifpGm oHk;oyfNyD;aemuf EdkifiHawmf\ ,ckvuf½Sd tajctae?
EdkifiHawmf\ &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh tudkufnDqHk; ynma&;0g'opfw&yfudk csrSwfEdkif&ef vdktyfayonf/
xdkodkYcsrSwfaom ynma&;0g' tay:wGif tajccHí ynma&;pDrHudef;w&yf a&;qGJ&mrSm ynma&;yg&*lrsm;\
wm0efomjzpfayonf/ ynma&;yg&*lrsm; a&;qGJrnfh ynma&;pDrHudef;twGuf þESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;rS tydkif;vdkuf?
u@vdkuf ydkif;jcm;um csrSwfxm;aom 0g'ay:wGiftajccHí tMuHÓPfrsm;ay;tyf&ef vdktyfayonf/ tMuHÓPfay;
csufrsm;rSmvnf; tao;pdwí f ausmif;wausmif;? NrdKUwNrdKU? a'owcktwGuf pdppfay;tyfcsufrsm; r[kwb f J ynma&;
pDrHudef;\ tpdwftydkif;? u@rsm;twGuf ay;tyfonfhu@rsm; jzpfayonf/
þtajccHoabmxm;rsm;ESihf ES;D aESmzvS,yf w JG iG f ta&;BuD;onfw h m0efrsm; xrf;aqmifEikd af &;twGuf ta&;
BuD;ayonf/ þES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG sKd;rSm Edik if aH wmf\&mZ0ifwiG f yxrqH;k tBudru f sif;yonfh ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; jzpfonfh
tjyif ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG tawGUtMuHKtvGeef nf;um nDvmcHrsm;? uGe*f &ufrsm;\ tawGUtMuHKrsm;ESihf a&maxG;oGm;rnfukd
txl;*½kjyK&rnf jzpfayonf/
xdkYjyif ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;twGif; aqG;aEG;Muaom aqG;aEG;csufrsm; tm;vHk;onf ynma&;twGuf tajccH
&nf½G,fum aqG;aEG;&rnf jzpfayonf/ &JabmfwdkY\ rwluGJjym;jcm;em;onfh ,kHMunfcsuf? ,lqcH,lcsufrsm; tm;vkH;
z,f½mS ;um Edik if aH wmf\vdt k yfcsurf sm; jznfph rG ;f Edik af &;ESihf &nfreS ;f csurf sm; xajrmufatmifjrifEikd af &;wdYk twGuf OD;wnf
aqG;aEG;&rnf jzpfayonf/
þodkY ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJtajccHrsm;udk ydkifEdkifpGm oabmaygufqkyfudkifrdum BudK;yrf;Mu&rnf jzpfNyD;vQif þ
ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;onf Edik if aH wmf\ tajctaevdt k yfcsufrsm;udk jznfph rG ;f Edik o
f nfh ynma&;0g'opfw&yf csrSwEf ikd Nf yD;
vQif xd0k g'ay:wGif tajccHía&;qGrJ nfh ynma&;pDru H ed ;f twGuf tvGet f a&;wBuD;vdt k yfrnfh tMuHÓPfay;csufrsm;
ay:xGufvmrnfjzpfayonf/
- ynma&;0g'opfcsrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;Mu
- ynma&;pDrHudef;opftwGuf tMuHÓ Pfay;csufrsm; xGufay:vma&;twGuf BudK;yrf;Mu
1958 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (9) &uf (paeaeh) (wuotaqmuftOD? &efukefwuúokdvf)
584
ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifUpmwrf;
( aumfr½Sif )
Mo*kwfv (11) &uf bGJYESif;obifcef;r (&efukefwuúodkvf)
ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;wGif ynma&;vGwv
f yfciG Ehf iS hf ywfoufí tajctae pmwrf;wck
wifjyaqG;aEG;&ef vdktyfayonf/
(1) ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhoabmxm;
(2) ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifh ydwfyifrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaomtEÅ&m,f
(3) aqmif½Gufxdkufonfh axmufcH&nfñTef;csuf (Recommendation) ponfh (3) ydkif;udk jyifqifa&;
aumfrwDrS wifoGif;vdkayonf/
(1) ynma&;vGwfvyfcGiUfoabmxm;-
ynma&;\&nfrSef;csuf (0g) OD;wnfcsufonf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tm; rdrdwdkY\oabmtavsmuf
rdrdBudKufESpfouf&m rdrdwdkYoefpGrf;&mwdkYudk avhvmoif,lcGifh? A[kokwwdk;yGm;EdkifcGifh &½Sdjcif;jzifh vlrItaqmufttHk\
vdktyfcsufrsm;? ,if;\tusKd;twGuf jynfoljynfom;aumif; wa,mufyDyD OD;vnfrokef xrf;½GufEdkif&ef zefwD;ay;
Edik af om &nfreS ;f csufjzpf&ayrnf/ ¤if;jyif ynma&;\&nfreS ;f csufonf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tm; rdrw d Ykd \ trsKd;om;
,Ofaus;rIudk av;pm;aponfhtjyif tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIudkvnf; em;vnfav;pm;apjcif;jzifh ¤if;wdkYtm;
trsKd;om;vGwv f yfa&;? 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;? Nidr;f csrf;a&;? tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;\ jynforl sm;udk em;vnfav;pm;rI
½Sdapjcif;udk zefwD;Edkifrnfh ynma&;&nfrSef;csuf jzpf&ayrnf/
¤if;&nfrSef;csuf (0g) ynma&; &nf½G,fcsufrsm;\ tESpfom&toGifonf vlom;wdkY\ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
tywfwukwf BudK;pm;&if;rS ay;pGr;f Edik af om 0dZmÆ ynm&yfrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;jcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;? tjyKoabmjzifh
wd;k wufxeG ;f um;atmif aqmif½u G jf cif;jzifh vnf;aumif; ay:vGix f if½mS ;ap\/ qdv k o kd nfrmS ynma&;onf wckwnf;
aom vlrItaqmufttHk\ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhpGrf;Edkifaponfh oabm½Sd&rnf/ ynma&;ydkif;jcm;csufudk (Oyrm)
pufryI nm? pmayynm oif,&l rnfyh nm (Obligatory) ESihf oifvu kd oifEikd af omynm (Non-obligatory Training)
ponfh tqufqufukd pkaygif;pyfvsOf; avhvm&onf/ þavhvmjcif;jzifh ynma&;\ tESpfom&toGifudk aqmifap
onf/ ta&;BuD;aomtcsufrSm ynma&;udk rdrd\trsKd;om;bmom pum;jzifh t"duxm; oif,l&rnf/ odkY&mwGif
EdkifiHjcm;bmompum;udkvnf; txl;tm;ay;xdkufayonf/
txufyg&nfreS ;f csuEf iS hf tESpo f m&toGiu f akd qmifaom ynma&;onf 'Dru kd a&pDtoGiaf qmifonfh (Demo-
cratic Education) jzpfayonf/ þ&nfrSef;csuf tESpfom&udk taumiftxnfazmfaom ynma&;vkyfief;wGif-
- rlvwef;ESifh rlvwef;vGefynma&; oifMum;cGifh
- EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? bmoma&; rcGJjcm;bJ vlwdkif;vGwfvyfpGm tcvGwf ynmoif,lcGifh
- tpdk;&rS wuúodkvfynm&yfudk vlwdkif; wufa&mufoifMum;Edkif&ef tcvGwfynma&; aqmif½Gufjcif;?
axmufyHhaMu; vHkavmufpGmay;a&;? ausmif;aqmif ae&mxdkifcif; vHkavmufí oufomacsmifcsda&;
- þausmif;om;taqmufttHkyHkpHudk pepfwusjyifjcif;jzifh vlrItaqmufttHkwGif ausmif;om;rsm; rdrd
wdkYyg0ifonfh tcef;u@wdkif;ü vG,fvifhwul 0ifa&mufxrf;aqmifjcif; ponfhvkyf&yfrsm; (0g) vkyfief;
rsm;udk OD;aqmifaponf/
odkYvQif txufyg &nfrSef;csuftESpfom&ESifh vkyf&yfyHkpHwdkYjzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom ynma&;udk csKyfudkif
onfh oabmonf ynma&;vGwv f yfciG u hf kd ay;pGr;f Edik o f nfo h abm ouf0ifvmonf/ þ'Dru kd a&pDusaom ynma&;ü
ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhonf þodkY½Sd&rnf/
(u) ausmif;\vkyfief;wGif vGwfvyfcGifh? vkyfudkifaqmif½GufEdkifcGifh oabm½Sd&rnf/ þuJhodkY vkyfudkif&mü
ausmif;om;? rdb? q&m oH;k yGiq hf ikd cf sdecf iG o
f zG,f (Balanced Participation) yl;wGaJ qmif½u G &f rnf/
(c) ausmif;\wdk;wuf&mwdk;wuffaMumif; vkyfief;rSeforQ vkyf&mwGif raESmifh,Sufonfhjyif rdrdwdkY\ rlrrSef
aom oabmw&yfudk ausmif;xJwGif roGwfoGif;ap&ef aqmif½Guf&rnf/
(*) pD;yGm;a&;ESihf Oya'vGwv f yfciG hf tmrcHcsuf ½S&d rnf/ wcsed w f nf;wGif avmu"gwfoyd EHÜ iS hf ,Ofaus;rIynm
wdk;wuf&m wdk;wufaMumif; avhvmvdkufpm;cGifh ½Sdap&rnf/
585
(C) ynmoifMum;pepf acwfrD&rnf/ qdkvdkonfrSm ynmoifMum;a&;ESifh vlYavmu tquftpyf½Sd&rnf/

trsKd;bmomtoGiaf qmifí 0dZmÆ enf;usaom ausmif;oH;k pmtkyrf sm; jy|mef;&rnf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
wuúodkvfESifh txufwef;ausmif; tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif yg0ifcGifh½Sd&rnf/ wuúodkvfodkY ay;tyfxm;onfh
tcGifhta&;udk ½dkaoMu&rnf/
(i) ynma&;\qefYusifbufjzpfaom ppfom;pkaqmif;jcif;udk r½Sdap&/
(p) trsKd;orD;wdkif; trsKd;om;ESifh wef;wlynmoifMum;cGifh ½Sd&rnf/
(q) q&mrsm;cefYxm;&mü ynmt&nftcsif;jzifh jzpf&rnf/ Edik if aH &;cGjJ cm;rI ryg0if&/ ¤if;jyif q&mrsm;onf
rdrdwdkY BudKufESpfouf&m EdkifiHa&;0g'udk avhvmydkifcGifh ½Sd&rnf/
(Z) atmifjrifNyD;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdwdkYt&nftcsif;t& tvkyfvkyfydkifcGifh ½Sd&rnf/
(2) ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifUydwfyifrIaMumifU jzpfay:vmwwfaomtEå&m,f

ynma&;tcGifhta&; aESmifh,Suf&mü tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;ESifh jynfywdkif;wyg;rS 0ifa&mufzsufqD;jcif;udk
cH&wwfonf/ Oyrmjy&vQif tar&duefEdkifiHwGif ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhydwfyifrIudk rsm;pGmawGU½Sd&ayonf/ Oyrm-
vljzL-vlrJcGJjcm;oifMum;jcif;? vljzLausmif; vlrJrwufa&mufEdkif? wufa&mufvQif 0dkif;0ef;owfjzwfcH&onftxd
Oyrm- (Little Rock Affair in Sept 1957) ynmwwfygarmu©rsm;pGmudk zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif ausmif;xkwfjcif;rsm;?
ppfaq;jcif;rsm;? Oyrm- (Loyalty Oath, Un-American Act) ponfjzifh tEkjrLygarmu©BuD; Oppenheimer
uJo h Ykdaom vly*k Kd¾ vfrsm; w&m;pGcJ &H onf/ tvkyx f w k cf &H onf/ pmtkyjf y|mef;&mü tenf;i,fw;kd wufaom toGit f jyif
aqmifonfh pmtkyfrsm;udkydwfyifonf/ Oyrm- Mark Twain a&;om;aompmtkyfrsm; (A Connecticut Yankee
in King’s Author Court) ponfrsm; jzpfayonf/ ¤if;aemuf ppfom;pkaqmif;jcif;? tEkjrL-[du k Nf 'dK*siAf ;kH wdr;f a½Smif
enf; ppfynm&yftaxGaxGukd ausmif;rsm;üoifMum;jcif;? rdrw d Ykd tvdu k s ygarmu©rsm;cefYí azmifa';½Si;f trsKd;rsKd;emrnf
jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom ausmif;rsm;/ Oyrm- Morgan, Rockefeller career, and Ford ponhf taxmuf
tyHw h nfausmif;rsm; urÇmYtESYt H jym;wnfaqmufí 0g'oGwo f iG ;f jcif; ponfh ynmvGwv f yfciG u hf kd ydwyf ifzsuq f ;D onfh
oabm oufa&mufojzifh wdkif;jynf\ynma&;udk tEÅ&m,fusa&mufaponf/
,aeYjrefrmjynf ynma&;avmuwGif ynma&;vGwv f yfciG ½hf ydS g\avm[laom awG;ac:csufonf ay:ayguf
vmonf/ þawG;ac:csufudk ajzqdk&vQif ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhonf r½Sdao;[k qdkvdkonf/ ydkrdkxif½Sm;vdkayonfrSm
,ckavmavmq,f awGU½Sdae&aom jyóemESifh ,cifMuHKawGUcJh&aom jyóemrsm;udk OD;cdkufwifjy vdkayonf/
ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf jy|mef;&mü trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rI xdef;odrf;Edkifonfh zGHUNzdK;Edkifonfh jynfoltcsif;csif;
&if;ES;D cspfMunfa&;udk zefw;D Edik of nfh pmtkyrf sm;udk jy|mef;onfxuf tcsif;csif; pdw0f rf;uGaJ paom ,Ofaus;rIacgif;yg;
aom ppfom;pkaqmif;onfh oabmyg0ifaom tpd;k &\ rlrrSeaf om t,ltqwdYk ukd oGwo f iG ;f apaom npfnrf;onfh
toHk;tEIH;rsm; yg0ifaom pmtkyfrsm;udk ,ckxufwdkif tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm;rS wuúodkvfausmif;rsm;txd jy|mef;
oifMum;vsufyif ½Sdaeao;onf/
Oyrm- tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek a&;om;xm;aom vlxkatmfoHjyZmwfuJhodkY pmtkyf?
wyfxJu jrwfudkudk ponfwdkY jzpfonf/
wuúodkvfrsm;wGifvnf; Oypmwef;wGif OD;Eka&;om;xm;aom ]jynfaxmifpyk ef;wdik }f uJhodkYaom 0g'oabm
oGwo f iG ;f onfh pmtkyrf sm;jy|mef;jcif;/ qdv
k o
kd nfrmS wdik ;f jynftaMumif; odapvdv k Qif txufygpmtkyf jy|mef;&efrvd/k
wdkif;jynf\ tkyfcsKyfyHk? zGJUpnf;yHkpmtkyfrsKd;? tajccHOya'uJhodkYaom pmtkyfrsKd; avhvmaponfum; rlrSefayOD;rnf/
,ckum; þuJhodkYr[kwfbJ rdrdwdkYBuKdufESpfouf&m 0g'vrf;pOfudk twif;oGwfoGif;rnfh yHkpHkrsKd;jzpfvmí vGwfvyfpGm
avhvmvdkufpm;cGifh ydwfyifjcif;w&yfyif/ ¤if;aemuf wuúodkvfodkY EdkifiHjcm;tultnDjzifh oifMum;ydkYcsay;aeaom
tjynfjynfqdkif&m qufoG,fa&; (International Relation) wGif ¤if;oifMum;aom tar&duefq&mrsm;u rdrdwdkY
tar&duef0g'udkom OD;pm;ay;onf/ wzufowfusaom pmtkyfrsm;jy|mef;jcif;? oifMum;ay;jcif;? Oyrm- Perkins
a&; International Relations ponfESifh vlrIqufqHaA' (Sociology) wGifvnf; wzufowfusaom pmayrsm;
ydkYcsaejcif;wdkYonf ynma&;vGwfvyfrItEÅ&m,frsm; jzpfayonf/
ausmif;q&mrsm; cefYxm;&müvnf; ygwDtvdkuscefYxm;jcif;aMumifhvnf; t&nftcsif;r½Sdaom q&mrsm;
aygrsm;apjcif;/ t&nftcsi;f jynf0h aom q&mrsm;\tcGit hf a&; ydwyf ifc&H jcif;/ Edik if aH &;0g't& qefYusio f nfxif&ol
rsm;tm; tvkyfrcefYjcif;? jzKwfjcif;/ (Oyrm-OD;wifa½T (ac:) &Jabmfcsrf;at;tm; abm*aA' vufaxmufuxdurS
586
jzKwyf pfjcif;) q&mrsm;cefYtyf&mü ygwDtvdkusqdk&mwGif ,aeYvufawGUvkyfae&mü tv,fwef;? txufwef;ausmif;

rsm;wGif q&mrsm;cefYxm;&mü oufqdkif&m zqyv axmufcHcsufyg½SdrS cefYxm;jcif;onf txift½Sm;jzpfayonf/
¤if;tjyif wuúodkvfüvnf; q&mrsm;cefYxm;&mü wuúodkvfu vGwfvyfpGmaqmif½GufcGifh r&EdkifbJ tjyifEdkifiHa&;
avmurS tpdk;&tmPmydkifrsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;onf 0ifa&mufjc,fvS,fMuonfrSm txift½Sm;yif? txl;ojzifh &efukef
wuúodkvfwGif þudpö rMumcPawGUae&ojzifh wuúodkvfaumifpDonf Mum;raumif;avmufatmif owif;xGufcJh&
onfum; om"ujzpfayonf/
ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhwGif tusKH;0ifaom ausmif;om;rsm; rdrdwdkY\ynma&;tcGifhta&; wdkufyGJwGif tmPm
ydik rf sm; 0ifa&mufaESmif, h u S jf cif;? Oyrm- 1953 ck? atmufwb kd mv ausmif;wvydwaf &;vIy½f mS ;rIwiG f ausmif;om;rsm;
vGwv f yfpmG pnf;½H;k cGihf qE´jycGirhf sm;udk rw&m;ydwyf ifjcif;? zrf;qD;jcif;ESihf ausmif;xkwyf pfjcif;onf ynma&;vGwv f yf
cGifhudk zsufqD;aESmifh,Sufaom aMumufrufzG,ftEÅ&m,fBuD; jzpfayonf/
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f ta&;BuD;qk;H aom ynma&;vGwv f yfciG hf zsufq;D jcif;wckrmS or*¾rsm;udk rw&m;zsuford ;f ypf
vdu k jf cif;jzpfonf/ þuJo h Ykdaom tjyKtrlonf vlYtcGit hf a&;vGwv f yfciG hf txl;ojzifh ynma&;avmuwGif vGyv f yfpmG
zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifcGifhudk ydwfyifonfhtjyKtrl jzpfayonf/
ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhESifh ywfoufí ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ynma&;avmuwGif emrnfxif½Sm;aom yk*¾dKvf
ausmfrsm;? ynm½SifBuD;rsm;u tus,fw0ifhrdefYMum;Muonf/ Oyrm- t*Fvdyfynm½SifBuD; bmx&ef&yfq,fu ]ynm
a&;avmuwGif ausmif;om;a&m q&myg vGwv f yfpmG awG;ac:ciG ?Uf aqmif½u G cf iG ?Uf oifMum;cGiaUf y;&rnf} [k qdkxm;onf/
ynma&;avmuwGif twm;tqD;jzpfaprnfh taESmifht,SuftrsKd;rsKd;? ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhudk ydwfyif onfh
csKyfcs,fjcif;? vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:cGifh ydwfyifjcif;? q&mrsm;vkyfief;wGif 0ifa&mufaESmifh,Sufjcif;? ausmif;om;rsm;
\ ynma&;avmuwGif 0ifa&mufjc,fv, S jf cif;? ynma&;rsufEmS vdu k rf I jyKvkyjf cif;? ynma&;avmuwGif ppfpakH xmuf
ygwD0ifpakH xmufciG hf ponfh tmPmydik t f pd;k &wdYk\ Ncdr;f ajcmufonfh toGiaf qmifonfh trIxrf;rsm; oGwo f iG ;f jcif;wdYkukd
jyKvkyfaejcif;wdkYonf ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifh (0g) ynma&;avmu\ 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vHk;0zsufqD;ydwfyifjcif; jzpfay
onf/
(3) txufyg ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhoabmxm;

tajctaersm; axmuf½aI vhvmí þES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;rS ynma&;vGwv f yfciG u
hf kd xde;f odr;f umuG,Ef ikd af om
atmufygvkyf&yfrsm;udk vkyfxdkufaMumif; &nfñTef;vdkonf/
(u) 'Drdkua&pDusaom ynma&;pepfjyKjyifjcif;?
(c) wuúodkvfausmif;rsm;wGif ynma&;vkyfief;rsm;ü oD;jcm;udk,fydkifjy|mef; aqmif½GufEdkifcGifh½Sdjcif;?
(*) wuúodkvfausmif;rsm;wGif csKyfcs,fxm;aom Oya'rsm;ESifh pnf;urf; (Unilateral Discipline)
rsm;udk ½kyfodrf;jcif;?
(C) ausmif;q&mrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;t&r[kwfbJ t&nftcsif;tvdkuf cefYxm;jcif;?
(i) q&m? ausmif;om; yl;wGJumuG,foifhjcif;?
(p) ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; zGJUpnf;cGifhay;vsuf ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif yl;wGJwm0ef,lEdkifjcif;jzifh ynma&;
vGwfvyfcGifhudk xdef;odrf;Edkifjcif;?
-ponfwdkYudk t"duoabmt& aqmif½GufoifhaMumif; þESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuDrS wifjytyfygonf/
þuJhodkY rdefYcGef;ajymMum;jcif;? pmwrf;rsm; wifjyjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ ynma&;0g'ESifh ynma&;&nfrSef;

csufyef;wdkifrSm 'Drdkua&pDynma&; (Democratic Education) jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf r[mAsL[mjzpfonf/ odkYaomf
vnf; wuojzpfysufcJhaom tawGUMuHKt& vuf½SdEdkifiHi,ftqifhwGif enf;AsL[mtaejzifh ausmif;omb0 om,m
ajzmifjh zL;a&;? oifMum;rItajctae wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf &; (Better Condition of Life and Study) om jzpf&rnf/
urÇmhausmif;om;or*¾ (I.U.S) uvnf; uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiHrsm;twGuf þtwdkif;yif oabmxm;ygonf/
wuo? Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf? wyfO;D rS ausmif;om;rsm;yl;aygif;í ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG wdik rf u
D wifjyrnfh pmwrf;
toD;oD;twGuf wm0efc, JG í
l tcsuftvufpak qmif;jcif;? pmwrf;a&;jcif;rsm;udk rem;raevkyu f ikd Mf u&onf/ wdik yf if
oifholrsm;udk wdkifyif? tMuHÓPf&,loifhonfrsm;udk ,lcJhMuonf/ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk urÇmat;
ukef;ajr½Sd taqmiftoD;oD;wGif pepfwus ae&mcsxm;&onf/ tkyfpkcGJ tm;NydKifpnf;½Hk;rIrsm; ½SdcJhygonf/ &efukef
587
wuúov kd vf rl sKd;pktoif;tzGUJ aygif;pHEk iS hf em;vnfr&I ½Sad tmif aqmif½uG &f jcif;? A[djk yifqifa&;aumfrwDrS udck sKd (rEÅav;
wuúodkvf) ESifhtcsKdU EkwfxGufoGm;onfrSvGJí usefESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udk 13? 8? 58 &uf? eHeufykdif;wGif wuo
Ouú| udkpdk;odef; acgif;aqmifonfh wyfOD;tkyfpku atmifjrifpGm usif;yNyD;pD;cJhonf/
ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;ESifh apwemrSefESifh ½dk;om;pGm&yfwnfjcif;udk odem;vnfonfESifhtrQ 0efBuD;csKyf
onf ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ wufa&mufolrsm;udk npmjzifh {nfhcHonf/ azsmfajza&; tpDtpOfrsm;ygonf/ yxrwGif rlt&
vufcjH cif;rjyKcJah om txuausmif;om;or*¾rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;twGuf c&D;p&dwx f wk af y;&ef 0efBuD;csKyfu oabm
wlcJhygonf/ qufoG,fa&;wm0efcH ynma&;okawoet&m½Sd OD;bjrifhtm; xdkwm0efudk aqmif½Guf&ef 0efBuD;csKyf
u ausmif;om;rsm;a½SUüyif EIwfrdefYay;cJhavonf/
þESD;aESmzvS,fyGJaMumifh tpdk;&\odu©mrsm;pGm wufoGm;onf/ tpdk;&ESifhausmif;om;Mum; tjrJwrf;uP³
aump jzpfaerIrsm;udk ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;ESifh tpdk;&yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;? em;vnfrI½Sdvmjcif; jzpfonf/
þES;D aESmzvS,yf JG tusKd;qufrmS yDuif;NrdKUawmfwiG f usif;yrnfh urÇmah usmif;om;or*¾ (I.U.S) nDvmcHoYkd Auorsm;
tzGJUcsKyf? wuoESifh usefaumvdyfwuúodkvf or*¾udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufcGifh&&ef vrf;yGifhoGm;jcif; jzpfayonf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG S
xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf
1/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;½Sd wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHkrS OD;pD;usif;yum jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;
qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJudk 1958 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (9) &ufaeYrS (13) &ufaeYtxd &efukef
wuúodkvf bGJUESif;obifcef;raqmifü usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf/ wuúodkvfESifh aumvdyftoif;tzGJUrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f
aygif; (215) a,muf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&wef;jrifhausmif;rS udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (441) a,muf? NrdKUe,fausmif;om;rsm;
or*¾rS udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (110) a,mufESifh pufrIvufrIESifh pdkufysKd;a&;ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (11)
a,muf wufa&mufí pkpkaygif; udk,fpm;vS,f (789) a,muf wufa&mufMuonf/
2/ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;wGif jyifqifa&;A[dkaumfrwDrS a&;qGJum-
1/ ynma&;0g'wifjycsufpmwrf;
2/ oifMum;rIr@dKifbmom&yfESifh ywfoufí oabmxm;wifjycsuf
3/ rlvwef;? rlvwef;vGefynma&;ESifh tvGwfynmoifausmif;pmwrf;
4/ twef;vGefynma&;pmwrf;
5/ pufrIvufrItoufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynma&;pmwrf;
6/ vlrsKd;pkynma&;pmwrf;
7/ ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhESifh or*¾zGJUpnf;cGifhpmwrf;
8/ vlxkynma&;ESifh oufBuD;ynma&;pmwrf;[lí pmwrf;aygif; (13) ck a&;om;wifjycJhonf/ aumfr½Sif
(8) pkcGJum aqG;aEG;cJhonf/
3/ ynma&;0g'wifjycsufpmwrf;udk 1958 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (10) &ufaeYwGif wufa&mufvmaom udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;tm; tpk (5) pkcGJum aqG;aEG;cJhonf/ xdkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif wufa&mufvmaom udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;
pdwtf m;xufoefpmG yg0ifaqG;aEG;Muonf/ ynma&;0g' wifjycsupf mwrf;udk wufa&muf aqG;aEG;olrsm;u oabmwl
nDí vIdufvSJpGmvufcHMuygonf/ pmwrf;a&;om;rIESifh ywfoufí EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ ynma&;0g'ESifh ynma&;
vkyfief;rsm;udk oHk;oyfa0zef&mwGif ydkrdkjynfhpHkvHkavmufpGm a0zef&efoifhaMumif;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;Muonf/ þwifjy
aqG;aEG;csufuv kd nf; jyifqifa&;A[dak umfrwDrS wifjycsufjzpfaom ynma&;0g' (8) &yfEiS yhf wfoufí wufa&mufol
rsm;u ,ckxufydkNyD; tcsuftvufjynfhpHkpGm a&;oifhaMumif; tMuHay;&m A[dkaumfrwDrS vufcHoabmwlnDaMumif;?
wufa&mufol udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJrS tcsKdUolrsm;u e,fcsJUya'o&mZfqefYusifa&; [laomtcsufudk tcsufw&yft
jzpfEiS hf vnf;aumif;? 'Dru kd a&pDynma&;0g'udk tcsuw f csut f jzpf vnf;aumif;? (cultural autonomy) ,Ofaus;rI
vGwfvyfcGifh[laomtcsufudk vnf;aumif;? pm&dwår@dKifjr§ifhwifa&;? vlwdkif;usef;rma&;twGuf upm;ckefpm;tm;
ay;a&;[laomtcsufukd vnf;aumif;? Ak'b ¨ momrl Ak'y¨ nma&;jzpf&rnf [laomtcsufrsm;udk vnf;aumif; jznhpf u G f
csrSwfoifhaMumif; wifjyaqG;aEG;Muonf/ xdktcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí jyifqifa&;A[dkaumfrwDESifh oabmxm;jcif;
wlnrD rl ½Syd g/ rwlnrD o I nfh taMumif;jycsuu f rkd u
l m; aumfr½Sitf oD;oD; wifjyaqG;aEG;csuuf kd tpD&ifcaH om oD;jcm;pm
588
wrf;rsm;wGif yg½SdNyD; jzpfygaMumif;/

4/ oifMum;rIr@dkKifbmom&yfESifh ywfoufaom oabmxm;wifjycsufpmwrf;udk 11? 8? 58 rS 12? 8? 58
&ufaeYwGif &efukefwuúodkvf? *syfqifcef;rü udkcifarmiftkef; (wuo) twGif;a&;rSL; obmywdjyKvkyfí tcsuf
tvuf ½SmazGpak qmif;a&;aumfrwDrS udak tmifxeG ;f u wifjyoltjzpfaqmif½u G í
f aqG;aEG;MuaMumif;? xdak qG;aEG;yGw J iG f
ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,af ygif; (35) a,muf wufa&mufygaMumif;? oifMum;rIr@dKifbmom&yfonf jrefrmpmjzpf&rnf
qdkonfhtcsufudk wufa&mufolrsm;tm;vHk;u vIdufvSJpGm axmufcHoabmwlMuygonf/
]jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm;rSty tjcm;aom vlrsK;d rsm;oifMum;onfU rlvwef;ausmif;rsm;ü ¤if;wdu hk ,
kd yf ikd f bmompmay
udk oifMum;rIr@dKib f mom&yftjzpf toH;k jyK&rnf} [laomtcsufudk >cif;csufxm;½Sd&ef udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u wifjy&m
jyifqifa&;A[dkaumfrwD\ qEÉSifhudkufnDonf[k ,lqygaMumif;/
jrefrmbmomudk oifMum;rIr@dKifbmom&yftjzpf toH;k jyKaomfvnf; Edik if jH cm;pmayrsm;wGif t*Fvyd b f mom
onf ta&;BuD;onfh tcef;rSm½Sad eao;onft h wGuf t*Fvyd b f momudk 'kw, d roifrae& bmom&yftjzpf jy|mef;um
rlvwef;vGefrS pwifoifMum;oifhonf[laom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ wifjycsufrSmvnf; jyifqifa&;A[dkaumfrwD\
oabmESifhwlnDygaMumif;? oifyHkoifenf; ajymif;vJa&;? rlvwef;? rlvwef;vGefESifh wuúodkvfwdkYonf ynmoifMum;
a&;ü pepfwusqufoG,f&ef vdktyfaeaMumif;udk wifjyMu&m jyifqifa&;aumfrwDrS vufcHobmwlnDygaMumif;/
5/ rlvwef;ynm? rlvwef;vGefynma&;? tvGwfynmoifausmif;rsm; [laom pmwrf; (3) apmifudk wuo
Ouú| udpk ;kd ode;f (obmywd)? ykord Of ypmaumvdyo f r*¾ Ouú| udck ifxeG ;f u (obmywd) tjzpfaqmif&u G í
f tcsuft
vuf pkaqmif;½SmazGa&;aumfrwDrS udkbaumif;? udkeef;a0? udkatmifMunfwdkYu wifjyygonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJudk 1958
ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (11) &ufaeYrS (13) &ufaeY? nae (5) em&DcGJtxd bGJUESif;obifcef;raqmifü aqG;aEG;Muygonf/
wufa&mufol udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (30*) a,mufjzpfygaMumif;? aqG;aEG;olaygif; (30) jzpfygonf/
rlvwef;ynma&;pmwrf;udk aqG;aEG;Mu&m A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwD\ wifjycsufpmwrf;udk wufa&muf
aqG;aEG;Muolrsm; oabmwlnD vufcMH uygonf/ pmwrf;yg tcsut f vufrsm;ESihf ywfoufí wifjyaqG;aEG;Mu&m0,f
t*Fvyd b f momudk rlvwef;rS pwifívnf;aumif;? (3) wef;rS pwifívnf;aumif; oifMum;&ef ud, k pf m;vS,t f csKUd u
wifjy aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ xdkaqG;aEG;csufrSm jyifqifa&;A[dkaumfrwDESifh qEćsif;rwlnDyg/ oifMum;rIr@dKifbmom
&yf wifjycsufpmwrf;wGif wifjyNyD;jzpfygonf/ Ak'b ¨ momudv k nf;aumif;? pm&dwjå yKjyifa&;udv k nf;aumif;? rlvwef;
wGif pwifoifMum;ay;&efESifh ywfoufívnf; A[dkaumfrwDESifh oabmqEćsif; rudkufnDyg/ ynmoifMum;a&;\
&nf½G,fcsufwGif jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwfudef;atmifa&; xnfhoGif;&ef wifjyaqG;aEG;Mu&m A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDrS
xnfhoGif;oifhonf[k oabm&½Sdygonf/
txl;ojzifh rlvwef;ynmoifMum;a&; tydik ;f wGiyf g½Sad om rlvwef;ESihf q&mjyóemtcef;udk wufa&muf
aqG;aEG;Muolrsm;u txl;wifjy aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ q&m? q&mrrsm; rvHak vmufrrI sm;? t&nftcsif; rjynfrh rI sm;udk
wifjyaqG;aEG;Mu&m jyifqifa&;A[dkaumfrwDESifh oabmxm;csif;wlnDonf/
rlvwef;vGeyf nma&;ESihf ywfoufí ud, k pf m;vS,af ygif; (19) a,muf aqG;aEG;G cGi&hf ½Sad Mumif;? A[dak umfrwD
\ wifjycsufpmwrf;udk aqG;aEG;oltm;vHk;uyif axmufcHaqG;aEG;Muí ¤if;wdkY\ e,fajra'orsm;wGif ay:aygufae
aom vdt k yfcsurf sm;? tjzpftysurf sm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG; axmufco H mG ;Mu&mwGif A[dak umfrwDtaeESihf oabmwlnrD yI g
onfhtwGuf tvGwfynmoifausmif;pmwrf;wGif aqG;aEG;Mu&mwGifrlum; A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwD\pmwrf;udk >cif;
csufr½Sd axmufcHaqG;aEG;Muygonf/ omoemjyKausmif;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&uodrf;ydkuf&ef[laom udk,fpm;vS,f
wdkY\ wifjycsufrlum; A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDu omoema&;ESifhywfoufaeí pOfpm;oifhonf[k wifjyygaMumif;?
txl;ojzifh raqG;aEG;vdkufMuaom ausmif;om;rsm;xHrS pmjzifhwifjyMuonfh wifjycsuf (131) csuf &½SdaMumif;/
6/ txufwef;vGef ynma&;pmwrf;udk 11? 8? 58 &ufaeY? nae (3) em&DwGif wuocef;rü vnf;aumif;?
12? 8? 58 &ufaeYwGif t*fvdyfpmcef;rü vnf;aumif; aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ obmywdtjzpf rwuoOuú| udkapm
vGiu f aqmif½u G íf tcsut f vufpak qmif;a&;aumfrwDrS udak rmifarmifñeG Yf? udwk ifxw
G w
f Ykdu wifjyygonf/ ud, k pf m;
vS,faygif; (47) a,mufwufí (29) a,muf aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ pmwrf;wGifyg½Sdonfhtwdkif; tydkif; (6) ydkif;
aqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif wufa&mufolrsm;\ oabmwlnDrI &½Sdygonf/ oifMum;yHkpepfwGifyg½Sdaom pmar;yGJpepfESifh
ywfoufí udk,fpm;vS,fawmf (2) OD;u rausvnfojzifh A[dkaumfrwDESifh qE´jcif;rwlnDjzpfcJhygonf/ ausmif;om;
r@dKifydkif;wGif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u pmwrf;ygtcsufrsm;[lí ,lqonf/ jynfhpHkpGma&;om;oifhonf[k wifjyMu&m
A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDtaeESifh oabmwlvufcHygonf/ tjcm;tcsuftvufrsm;rSm jznfhpGuftMuHay;csufrsm;
589
jzpfí oD;jcm;aumfr½Siftvdkuf wifjyonfh pmwrf;rsm;wGif yg½Sdygonf/

7/ pufrIvufrI toufarG;0rf;aMumif;ynm&yfwifjycsuf pmwrf;rsm;udk 11? 8? 58 ESifh 12? 8? 58 &ufaeY
wGif avmu"gwfcef; (1) ü usif;yjyKvkyyf gaMumif;? obmywdtjzpf rwuo twGi;f a&;rSL; udw k ifa½Tu aqmif½uG f
í wifjyoltjzpf tcsuftvuf½SmazGpkaqmif;a&;aumfrwDrS udkpdk;ausmfuaqmif½Gufonf/ udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (50)
wufa&mufMuygonf/ A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDrS wifjyaompmwrf;udk aqG;aEG;Muol udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u vufcH
oabmwlí ,aeYxkwfvkyfvsuf½Sdaom vufrIynmonfrsm;tm; ta&twGufuefYowfrI r½Sdap&efudk vnf;aumif;?
tkycf sKyfa&;ydik ;f wGif Edik if jH cm;rSpu
G zf ufrI uif;vGwaf &;[laom tyd'k u f kd xnfo h iG ;f &ef wifjytMuHay;Mu&m A[dak umfrwD
ESifh oabmqE´jcif; wlnDrI½SdcJhygonf/
8/ vlrsKd;pkynma&;pmwrf;udk 11? 8? 58 &ufaeYrS 12? 8? 58 &ufaeYxd aumifppD nf;a0;cef;rwGif usif;yjyKvkyf
ygonf/ obmywdtjzpf wuotrIaqmif udkcifatmifu aqmif½Gufí tcsuftvuf½SmazGpkaqmif;a&;aumfrwDrS
udkatmifoef;? udkatmifomausmfwdkYu wifjyolrsm;tjzpf aqmif½Gufygonf/ udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (58) a,muf
wufa&mufaqG;aEG;Muí vlrsKd;pkpmwrf;yg oabmxm;wifjycsufESifh ywfoufí aqG;aEG;oludk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh
oabmwlnD Muygonf/ odkYaomf vlrsKd;pkpmwrf;onf jynfhpHkaompmwrf;wck r[kwfao;aMumif;udk wifjy&m A[dk
jyifqifa&;aumfrwDrS vufcHygonf/
jynfaxmifpkpdwf"gwfzGHUNzdK;a&;pmydk'fudk tydk'f (2) a½SUrSxnfhoGif;ay;&ef? rGefbmomudk tydkbmomtjzpfrS
pdwfBudKufbmomtjzpf jy|mef;&ef? vlrsKd;pkrsm;tm; ynma&;twGuf txl;&efyHkaiGxm;½Sd&ef? ytdk0fhpmwrf;wGif ygaom
pmwrf;wckudk jznfhpGuf&ef tMuHay; wifjyMuygonf/
9/ ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhESifh ausmif;om;or*¾pmwrf;udk 11? 8? 59 aeY? aeYvnfydkif;? 12? 8? 58 aeY?
eHeufydkif;wGif aqG;aEG;Mu&m udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (253) a,mufwufa&mufí aqG;aEG;olaygif; (47) a,muf½SdNyD;
pdwftm;xufoefpGm aqG;aEG;MuaMumif;? obmywdtjzpf udkaZmf0if; (Auorsm;zGJUcsKyf Ouú|) u aqmif½GufNyD;?
t&Hobmywdtjzpf udkpHvIdif (ausmufjzLOypmaumvdyfor*¾) u aqmif½Gufí tcsuftvuf½SmazGpkaqmif;a&;
aumfrwDrS udkaxG;wdkY wifjyMuygonf/ wifjycsufpmwrf;udk wufa&mufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u vufcHaqG;aEG;
Muygonf/ ynma&;vGwv f yfciG Ehf iS hf or*¾zUJG pnf;cGiuhf kd tm;vH;k u vufcMH uayonf/ ausmif;aumifprD sm; rzGUJ pnf;&ef
ESifh zsufodrf;ay;&ef[laom tcsufudk udk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdUu wifjy&m A[dkaumfrwDESifh qE´wlnDrI r&½SdygaMumif;/
vlxkynma&;ESifh oufBuD;wuúodkvfynma&;pmwrf;udk 11? 8? 58 &ufaeYwGif avmu"gwfcef;r (2) ü
aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ obmywdtjzpf AuotzGJUcsKyfrS trIaqmif udkpGefwdwfu aqmif½Gufí tcsuftvuf½SmazG
pkaqmif;a&;aumfrwDrS udkaX;atmifESifh udkodef;oef;xGef;wdkYu wifjyygaMumif;? udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (9) a,muf
wufa&mufaqG;aEG;í 11? 8? 58 &ufaeY? nae (5) em&DwGif NyD;qHk;ygonf/ A[dkaumfrwD\ wifjycsufpmwrf;rsm;
ESifh ywfoufí oabmxm; uGJvGJrIvHk;0r½Sdyg/ aqG;aEG;olrsm; vIdufvSJpGm axmufcHMuygonf/
10/ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf w JG iG f A[djk yifqifa&;aumfrwDrS pmwrf;aygif; (13)
ck wifjyum aumfr½Sif (8) ckrS aqG;aEG;cJh&m a,bk,stm;jzifh A[dkaumfrwD\ wifjycsufpmwrf;udk vufcHí udk,f
pm;vS,rf sm; oabmrwlno D nfh tcsut f vufrsm;½So d nfukd awGU½S&d ygonf/ oabmrwlnrD rI sm;vnf; pmwrf;wckv;kH
tay:wGifr[kwfbJ tpdwftydkif;tvdkuf wifjycsufay:wGif rwlnDrIjzpfaMumif; xkwfjyefaMunmvdkufygonf/
11/ 9? 8? 58 &ufaeYrS 13? 8? 58 &ufaeY? eHeufydkif;txd (5) &ufwdkifwdkif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhaom jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tultnDay;aom jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdik if tH pd;k &? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H tpd;k &ynma&;XmeESihf Xmeqdik &f m t&m½Srd sm;? e,frsm;½Sd ausmif;tkyq f &mBuD;
rsm;? &efukefwuúodkvf 'k-t"dywdESifhwuG q&m? q&mrrsm;? tvkyform;rsm;tm; aus;Zl;wif½SdygaMumif;? þESD;aESm
zvS,fyGJBuD;rS rSwfwrf;wifaMumif; xkwfjyefaMunmygonf/
ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI atmif&rnf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ
wuotaqmuftOD
1958 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (13) &uf (Ak'¨[l;aeh) &efukefwuúodkvf
590
(c) Edik if jH cm;c&D;pOfrsm;

1958 ck Mo*kwfvwGif *syefEdkifiH? [D½dk½SD;rmNrdKUü EsL;uvD;,m;AHk;qefYusifa&;nDvmcHudk wufa&muf&ef
wuoOuú| udpk ;kd ode;f tm; zdwMf um;cJah vonf/ udpk ;kd ode;f onf ausmif;om;ES;D aESmzvS,yf ½JG í dS udak pmwmomuvm;
udk vTwfvdkuf&onf/
yDuif;NrKdUü usif;yaom urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾tzGJU nDvmcHodkY Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf Ouú| udkaZmf0if;
OD;aqmifí wufa&mufcJhavonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾?
armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ ponfwdkYonf urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾wGif tzGJU0ifr[kwfay? odkY
aomfvnf; urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh qufoG,frI½Sdjcif; ¤if;\vkyfief;pOfudk vufcHtaumiftxnf azmfcJhjcif;
ponfrsm;aMumifh avhvmoltjzpf wufa&mufciG &hf onf/ wuotzGUJ udk Ouú| udpk ;kd ode;f u OD;aqmifívnf;aumif;?
rEÅav;wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ukd udak pmvGiu f OD;aqmifívnf;aumif; wufa&mufMuonf/ tm½S? tmz&du?
vufwiftar&du? Oa&myEdik if aH ygif; (70) ausmfrS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; wufa&mufMuonf/ jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,t f zGUJ rSm
OD;a&trsm;qHk; jzpfonf/ jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUonf OD;a&rsm;jcif;? wdk;wufaom EdkifiHa&;cH,lcsuf½Sdolrsm; ygjcif;?
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; ordkif;tpOftvm ½Sdjcif;wdkYaMumifh EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;\ ta&;xm;cH&aom udk,fpm;vS,f
tzGUJ jzpfonf/ w½kwjf ynfoYl or®wEdik if H (10) ESpaf jrmuf vGwv f yfa&;tcrf;tem;udv k nf; wufa&mufco hJ nf/ 0efBuD;
csKyf csLtifvikd ;f u vma&mufawGUqHEk w I q
f ufonf/ xrif;pm;yGw J iG f 'k-0efBuD;csKyfwOD;jzpfol rm½S,[ f vkd ;kH u EIwqf uf
{nfch oH nf/ Edik if t H oD;oD;rS ud,
k pf m;vS,tf zGUJ acgif;aqmifrsm;udk armfpw D ek ;f u vufcaH wGUqH&k m udak Zmf0if; wufa&muf
cJhonf/
xdktcsdefjrefrmEdkifiHü OD;Eku AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tm; tmPmvTJajymif;ay;vdkufonf/ tajc
taerSefudk odap&efESifh tzrf;cH&&ifvnf; tzrf;cH&ygapawmh oabmjzifh udkaZmf0if;udk jyefvTwfvdkufonf/
(tay:-0J) wuoOuú| udpk ;kd ode;f u ausmif;om;txdr;f

trSwtf vHtm; AD,uferfor®w [dck srD if;xH ay;tyfpOf
(tay:-,m) ulrif;[dw
k ,fa½Sw
Y iG f EIwq
f ufaysmjf rL;MupOf
(atmuf) wuo Ouú| udpk ;kd ode;f tm; twif;ucdik ;f &mwGif

591
(*) 1958-59 ck wuoa&G;aumufyJG

1958-59 ck ynmoifESpfwGif zqyvNydKuGJonfh*,ufjzifh wuotrIaqmifa½G;aumufyGJwGif &Jacgif
wzGJUvHk; vIyf½Sm;Edkifjcif; r½Sdawmhyg/ wyfOD;om NydKifbufr½Sd ta½G;cH&onf/
1/ udkcifarmiftkef; Ouú|
2/ udkbaumif; 'k-Ouú|
3/ udkcifatmif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
4/ udkjrifhodef; wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh owif;ESifhjyefMum;Xme
5/ udkwifatmif aiGxdef;
6/ udkzdk;omab; upm;ckefpm;ESifh,Ofaus;rIXme
7/ rcifcifwdk; ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL;
8/ udkom'dk; EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
9/ udkndK0if; vlxkqufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
10/ udkvSwif tdk;a0wm0efcH
11/ udkodef;wef yd#uwfrSL;
(C) yÍörtBurd af jrmuf wuúov

kd Ef iS ahf umvdyaf ygi;f pHak qG;aEG;yGJ
1959 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (2 - 3) &uf
wuotaqmuftOD? &efukefwuúodkvf
&efuek wf uúov kd ?f rEÅav;wuúov kd ?f armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdy?f ykord Of ypmaumvdy?f &efuek f aq;odyrHÜ [m
Xme? rEÅav;aq;odyrHÜ [mXme? tif*sief , D mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾EiS hf wuúov kd af umvdyt
f oD;oD;rS vlrsK;d pktoif;rsm;?
ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;? o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rsm;? c½dik t f oif;rsm;? bmom&yfqikd &f mtoif;rsm;rS ud, k pf m;vS,f
aygif; (96) OD;? avhvmol (35) OD; pkpkaygif; (131) OD;wdkYonf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ taqmuftOD
wGif 1959 ck? Zefe0g&D (2-3) &ufaeYrsm;wGif cspfMunf&if;ESD;pGm awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cJhMuayonf/
,if; wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdyaf ygif;pHak qG;aEG;yGBJ uD;rSm wuúov kd Ef iS hf aumvdyt f oD;oD;½Sd vuf½cdS pH m;ae&aom
tajctae? pmwrf;rsm;udk qdkif&mwuúodkvfaumvdyfESifh r[mXmeor*¾rsm;rS wifoGif;zwfMum;cJhMuayonf/ xdkwif
oGi;f pmwrf;rsm;? tajctaersm;ay:rlwnfí ,aeY wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdyrf sm;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;\ b0tajctaeay:
wGif vnf;aumif;? wrsKd;om;vHk;ESifh ywfoufaom trsKd;om;a&;qdkif&m jyóemrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? EdkifiHwum
tajctaersm;ay:wGif vnf;aumif; tav;teuf wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhMuum atmufygtwdkif; oabmwlnDcsufrsm;?
oabmxm;rsm;ESifh tMuHay;csufrsm;udk wnDwñGwfwnf; jy|mef;vdkufygonf/
yÍörtBudrfajrmuf wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHk aqG;aEG;yGJrS atmufygtwdkif; oabmxm;rsm; xkwfjyef
vdkufonf/
(1) jrefrmEdkifiH½Sd wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfrsm;\ ausmif;om;b0a,bk,s tajctaersm;udk pkaygif;xkwf
jyef&ef jy|mef;onf/
(2) wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfrsm;\ pnf;urf;ESifhywfoufaom oabmw&yfudk xkwfjyefaMunm&efjy|mef;
onf/
(3) ,aeY ausmif;om;rsm;\ &ifqdkif&onfh tcuftcJjyóemrsm;udk ausmfvTm;Edkifa&;twGuf ausmif;om;
aoG;pnf;nDñGwfa&;twGuf vdktyfonfhtm;avsmfpGm ausmif;om;xknDñGwfa&;twGuf yefMum;vTm
wapmif xkwfjyefjy|mef;cJhonf/
pkaygif;wdkufyGJ0ifMu&eftwGuf aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;rSjy|mef;vdkufaom oabmwlnDcsufrsm;

1/ 1958 ck? Mo*kwfv (9) &ufaeYrS (12) &ufaeYtxd &efukefwuúodkvfü usif;yNyD;pD;cJhaom jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrS csrSwfcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfMu&efESifh wrsKd;
om;vHk;yg0ifaom ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJw&yf usif;ya&;?
592
2/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS ynma&;toHk;p&dwf wdk;jr§ifhoHk;pGJ&efESifh wuúodkvfaxmufyHhaiG wdk;jr§ifhay;&ef?

3/ ausmif;rS xGufcGmoGm;aom ausmif;om;ôlrsm;twGuf tmrcHcsuf&½Sda&;?
4/ oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepf y,fzsufa&;?
5/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS axmufyHhaMu; (stipend)?
6/ ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; vGwfvyfpGmzGJUpnf;cGifh &½Sdap&efESifh or*¾zsufodrf;a&;trdefYudk ½kyfodrf;&ef?
7/ ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;u OD;aqmifvkyfudkifvsuf½Sdaom oufomacsmifcsda&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmf
tpdk;&rS ulnDtm;ay;&ef?
8/ zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tjrefqHk;vTwfay;a&;?
9/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;aexdkif&mjynfe,frsm;ü Oypmaumvdyfrsm; zGifhvSpfay;&ef? vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ôlrsm; ynm
oifMum;a&;vG,u f al p&ef tpd;k &rSppD Ofay;&efEiS hf tajctaersm; aumif;rGev
f ma&;twGuf zefw;D ay;&ef?
(Oyrm- c&D;oGm;vma&;ESifh axmufyHhaMu;rsm;)
10/ 1958 ck? pufwifbmvwGif yDuif;NrdKUü usif;ycJhaom (5) Budrfajrmuf urÇmhausmif;om;uGef*&ufudk
axmufcHaMumif;/
wrsKd;om;vHk;ESifU oufqdkifaomta&;ESifU ywfoufí atmufygtwdkif; xkwfjyefjy|mef;vdkufaMumif;

1/ jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf olremudk,fremNidrf;csrf;a&;rludk axmufcHí ausmif;om;rsm;\ vlaerI?
pD;yGm;a&;½IaxmifhrS oHk;oyfum yefMum;vTmwapmif xkwfjyef&ef?
2/ trsKd;om;vGwv f yfa&;ESihf zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'udk xde;f odr;f umuG,Mf u&ef? yefMum;vTmwapmif
xkwfjyef&ef?
3/ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;twGuf xkwfjyefaMunm&ef/
EdkifiHwuma&;&mrsm;ESifUywfoufí oabmxm;rsm;ESifUoabmwlnDcsufrsm;
1/ tEkjrL EsL;uvD;,m;vufeufrsm; prf;oyfazmufcGJjcif;udk &yfpJa&;? vufeufavQmhaygha&;? ppfpmcsKyf
ppftkyfpkrsm; zsufodrf;a&;twGuf awmif;qdk&efESifh urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&; xdef;odrf;umuG,fMu&ef?
2/ 1959 ck? azazmf0g&Dv (2) &ufaeYrS (8) &ufaeYtxd tD*spftm&yfor®wEdkifiH udkif½kdNrdKUwGif usif;yonfh
tm½S-tmz&duvli,fnDvmcHBuD;tm; axmufcHBudKqdkaMumif;/
aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;rS atmufygtMuHay;csufrsm;udk jy|mef;vdkufaMumif;

1/ aumvdyfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; usif;ya&;twGuf tpOftvmw&yfjzpfap&ef xdef;odrf;Mu&ef? 1959-
60 ckwGif ykodrfNrdKUwGif usif;ya&;twGuf 0dkif;0ef;BudK;yrf;Mu&ef?
2/ ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; cspfMunf&if;ESD;a&;? ,Ofaus;rI xdef;odef;jr§ifhwifa&;wdkYtwGuf wuúodkvfESifh
aumvdyfrsm;yg0ifonfh ausmif;om;yGJawmfrsm; usif;ya&;? (1959-60 ckwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü usif;ya&;
twGuf BudK;yrf;&ef)
3/ ausmif;om; oufomacsmifcsda&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifMu&ef?
4/ ausmif;om;vkyfief; owif;rsm;zvS,fa&;twGuf wuúodkvfESifh aumvdyfaygif;pHk jyefMum;a&;AsL½dkwck
zGJUí tcsdefrD pmapmifxkwfa0&ef/
593
(i) cGx
J u
G cf iG Ehf iS hf ½Sr;f ausmif;om;rsm;aMunmcsuf
&efukefNrdKY ? ½Srf;jynfausmif;olâusmif;om;rsm;toif;
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif;rS ½Srf;jynfcGJxGufEdkifcGifUESifUpyfvsOf;í
&efukefNrdKY ? ½Srf;jynfausmif;olâusmif;om;rsm;toif; trIaqmiftzGJY\
oabmxm;xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf
½Srf;jynfoltaygif;wdkhcifAsm;-
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH? zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' tcef; (10) yg yk'frrsm;t& vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf
(10) ESpfausmfvQif ½Srf;jynfonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;rS cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufEdkifcGifh &½Sdxm;ayonf/
odYk &½Sx d m;onfukd ½Sr;f jynfu xdck x JG uG cf iG hf pGeYf vw
T &f ef tajccHOya' tcef; (10) yg yk'rf rsm;udk vdt k yfovdk
jyifqifzdkY erfhcrf;trwf OD;xGef;at;u ,ck 1959 ckESpf rwfvwGif awmifBuD;NrdKUwGif usif;yrnfh ½Srf;jynfe,faumifpD
tpnf;ta0;wGif tqdkwifoGif;rnf[k 11?2? 59 aeY &efukefxkwf ]ae;½Si;f } owif;pmwGif twdtvif; aMunmxm;
onfudk awGU½Sdzwf½I&ojzifh uRefawmfwdkY &efukefNrdKU ½Srf;jynfe,fausmif;om;rsm;toif; trIaqmiftzGJUu xdkudpu ö dk
av;eufpGm pOf;pm;oHk;oyfMuNyD;vQif oabmxm;udk xkwfjyefaMunmvdkufayonf/
OD;xGef;at; taMumif;jycsufrSm ½Srf;jynfu jynfaxmifpktwGif;rS cGJxGufEdkifcGifh½Sdaejcif;onf-
1/ jynfaxmifpkwnfjrJa&;twGuf tEå&m,fjzpfapí
2/ wdkif;wyg;wdkh 0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkif&eftwGuf vrf;cif;ay;&ma&mufonf [lí jzpfayonf/
odYk aomf trSew f &m;rSm OD;xGe;f at;\,lqcsufEiS hf ajymif;jyef jzpfaeayonf/ trSerf mS cGx J u G Ef ikd cf iG hf r½Sjd cif;
(0g) cGJxGufEdkifcGifhudk zsufodrf;jcif;wdkYuomvQif jynfaxmifpkwnfjrJa&;udk tEÅ&m,fjzpfapí wdkif;wyg;wdkY 0ifa&muf
pGufzufEdkif&eftwGuf tuGufaumif;qifay;&m a&mufayonf/ owdcsyfoifhonfrSm uRefawmfwdkY\ EdkifiHonf
jynfrESifhjynfe,frsm; pdwfwloabmwl yl;aygif;wnfaxmifxm;Muaom jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHBuD;wck jzpfaMumif;yif
jzpfayonf/ jynfaxmifpw k &m;ay:wGif tajcpdu k íf zGUJ pnf;wnfaxmifvmcJah om uReaf wmfwYkd jynfaxmifpt k "dygÜ ,fukd
tjynft h 0aqmifapNyD; jynfaxmifpk xm0&wnfjrJa&;udk tBuD;rm;qH;k aom taxmuftuljzpfapí udv k ekd eD ,fcsUJ orm;
wdkY\ tEÅ&m,fudkwGef;vSefEdkifum vlrsKd;pkcsif; ppfrSefcdkifjrJaom cspfcif,HkMunfrIudk wnfaqmufEdkifayonf/ wcGef;xJ
qdk&vQif þcGJxGufEdkifcGifhudkom tajccHOya'wGif cdkifcdkifrmrmBuD; xnfhoGif;xm;jcif; rjyKcJhygu jynfaxmifpkBuD;yif
ay:aygufEdkifcJhrnf r[kwfay/ þodkYjzpfvQif vGwfvyfa&;udk aMunmEdkifcJhMurnf r[kwfay/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
1947 ck yifvpkH mcsKyfBuD; rcsKyfru D ½Sr;f paom vlrsKd;rsm;u? ArmvlrsKd;BuD;tay: twdw&f mZ0ifu taMumif;rsm;aMumifh
pdwcf s,MkH unfjcif; r½Scd ahJ omaMumifjh zpfayonf/ odYkaomf zufqpf*syefqefYusiaf &;wGif vufwv JG yk u
f ikd cf zhJ ;l í waMumif;?
vlrsKd;pkrsm;tay: AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY\ oabmxm;rSefuefcJhí waMumif; þtaMumif;wdkYaMumifh yifvHkpmcsKyfudk
csKyfqdkEdkifcJhNyD; jynfaxmifpk wnfaxmifEdkifcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/
txufuqdkcJhonfhtwdkif; ½Srf;paom vlrsKd;pkrsm;u ArmvlrsKd;BuD;tay:wGif twdwf&mZ0ifu taMumif;
rsm;aMumifh pdwfcs,HkMunfjcif; r½SdjzpfaecsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYu ½Srf;wdkY\ pdk;&drfaMumifhMurIrsm; yaysmufoGm;
atmif-
1/ vGwfvyfa&;udk ArmjynfeJY vufwGJ,lyg/
2/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;wJhtcg ArmawGeJY aygif;csifrSaygif;Muyg? raygif;csifvnf;aeMuyg/
3/ ArmawGeJYaygif;vdkY½Sd&if ArmawGu rESdyfpuf&atmif Oya'awGbmawGeJY pepfwuscdkifcdkifvHkvHk pDrHjy|mef;
ay;ygr,f/
4/ tJ'Dvdk aygif;wmvnf; tjrJxm0pOf aygif;oGm;&r,f? b,fawmhrS cGJrxGuf&bl;&,fvdkY r[kwfygbl;?
oabmusoavmufaygif;? oabmrus&if cGJxGufoGm;Muyg/
5/ aygif;aewJhtcgrSm ]Armwusyf? ½Srf;wusyf} qdkwJh tcGifhta&; wef;wlnDrQrIeJY aygif;ygr,f/
6/ ½Srf;jynf&JUjynfwGif;a&;rSm bmrS0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rjyKygbl;/
7/ ½Srf;jynf&JUudk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifhudk ½dkaoav;pm;yghr,f ponfjzifh oabmxm;rSefuefpGmjzifh uwday;onfh
twGuf ½Srf;jynfu jrefrmjynfeJYvufwGJí vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ0if&ef auseyfpGmqHk;jzwfvdkufNyD; yifvHk
pmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/
594
xdkodkY yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfqdkMuNyD;aemuf vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;vQif ½Srf;? Arm? u&if? u,m; tp½Sdaom trsKd;om;
rsm; rnfuJhodkY yl;aygif;zGJUpnf; aexdkifMurvJqdkonfh jyóemudk pOfpm;ajz½Sif;&eftwGuf wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf
ac:í jynfaxmifpzk UJG pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk a&;qGMJ uayonf/ tajccHOya'a&;qGMJ upOfu ½Sr;f jynftwGuf ta&;BuD;
qHk; jyóemrSm jynfaxmifpkxJwGif rnfuJhodkY yl;aygif;aexdkifoGm;MurvJ qdkonfhtcsufyif jzpfonf/ þtcsufudk
pOf;pm;&mü wd;k wufaeaom Edik if BH uD;rsm;wGif aqmif½u G Mf uouJo h Ykd vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ ud, k yf ikd jf y|mef;cGiu hf kd tjynfth 0ay;
&ef qHk;jzwf owfrSwfcJhMuayonf/
]udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifUqdkonfrSm ½Srf;jynf\ ,aeh vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;? eufjzefwGif cGJxGufí oD;jcm;EdkifiHxlaxmif
csifonfqdkvQif xlaxmifEdkifcGifU½Sd&rnf/ xdkhtjyif ½Srf;jynfwGif ½Srf;jynfoltrsm; BudKufaompepft& tkyfcsKyfoGm;EdkifcGifU
vnf; ½Sd&rnf} [líyif jzpfayonf? þtcsufudk rnfolrQ jiif;y,fEdkifrnf r[kwfay/
þodkYr[kwfbJ ]cifAsm;wdhk usKyw f ehkd hJ bmyJjzpfjzpf tjrx J m0&aygi;f ae&r,f? usKyw f o hkd abmuswUJ tkycf sKyaf &;
rsKd;yJ wnfaxmif&r,f} [líqdkvQif ½Srf;jynf\vGwfvyfa&;rSm wef;zdk;r½Sd? udk,fwdkifjy|mef;cGifhvnf; t"dyÜg,fr½Sd
jzpfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/
odkYaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYu ]vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;&if? jynfaxmifpkwckvHk; wdk;wufBuD;yGm;atmif
(5) ESppf rD u H ed ;f Bu;D (2) ckavmuf aoaocsmcsma&;qGNJ y;D vkyjf yyg&ap/ 'Dvkd wd;k wufatmif vkyjf yNy;D vdhk rauseyfao;bJ
½Srf;jynfu udk,fUzmomudk,f MuHpnfvkyfaqmifcsifao;oyqdk&if cGJxGufNyD; oabmusvkyfyg/ 'D (10) ESpfudkawmU
onf;cHNyD; ESpfOD;ESpfzuftusKd;twGuf yl;aygif;aeapcsifao;ygw,f} [lí apwemjzifh azsmif;zsajymqdkonfh twGuf
uRefawmfwdkY ½Srf;jynfolYacgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; vdkufavsmoabmwlMuNyD; ](10) ESpftwGif;awmU jynfaxmifpkxJ
rSmyJ aeoGm;yghr,f? aemif (10) ESpfausmfNyD;rS b0tajctaetopft& wrsKd;wzHk jyefvnfpOf;pm;oifU&if pOf;pm;
yghr,f} [lí uwdjyKcJhMuayonf/
xdkodkY jynfaxmifpk zGJUpnf;yHktajccH Oya'a&;qGJpOf tcgu uRefawmfwdkY ½Srf;jynfolUacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;\
tajrmftjrifBuD;pGmjzifh awmif;qdkBudK;yrf;rIaMumifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'tcef; (10)
yg yk'rf rsm;t& vGwv f yfa&;&NyD;aemuf (10) ESpaf usmfvQif ½Sr;f jynfonf jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f rS cGx
J u
G vf u
kd f
cGx
J u G Ef ikd cf iG u
hf kd &½Scd jhJ cif; jzpfayonf/ þodYk cGx J u G Ef ikd af om tcGit hf a&;onf ½Sr;f jynfow l &yfv;kH twGuf tvGejf rwfE;dk
zG,&f maumif;aom tcGit hf a&;BuD; jzpfayonf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf þcGx J uG Ef ikd af om tcGit hf a&;onf ½Sr;f jynfol
w&yfvHk;\ vGwfvyfpGm udk,fydkifqHk;jzwf vkyfaqmifEdkifa&;twGuf tajccHOya't& tmrcHxm;aom aomhcsuftcGifh
ta&;BuD; jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ þcGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;udk tajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;onf (10)
ESpjf ynfv h Qif cGx J u G Ef ikd &f eftwGuf xnfo h iG ;f xm;jcif;r[kwaf y/ ,ckvnf;cGx J u G &f ef vHUI aqmfaejcif;r[kwaf y/ odYk aomf
jynfaxmifpkoabmrSm qdkif&mjynfe,frsm;\ oabmqE´tavsmuf wu,fharwåmppfESifh ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tusKd;&½Sda&;
twGuf yl;aygif;aqmif½u G jf cif;om jzpfoifah yonf/ þodYk jzifh yl;aygif;aqmif½u G rf o S mvQif ppfreS af om yl;aygif;aqmif
½Gufjcif; jzpfEdkifNyD; jynfaxmifpkBuD; xm0&wnfjrJoGm;Edkifrnf/ ]rif;wdkhbmyJjzpfjzpf rcGJxGuf&bl;? yl;aygif;ae&r,f}
[lí t"r®pepfjzifh Ncdrf;ajcmufNyD; "g;rdk;aygif;cdkif;jcif;onf rrSefuefay/ ]½Sr;f wusy?f Armwusy}f qdkonfh wef;wlnD
rQaom tcGifhta&;awGvnf; tjynfht0&rnf/ ½Srf;jynf\jynfwGif;a&;udkvnf; vHk;00ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rjyKbl;
qdkvQif ]a[U ½Sr;f awG rif;wdjhk ynfaxmifpx k u J cGx J uG Mf u} [lí twif;armif;xkwfonfh wdkifatmif cGJxGufrnfr[kwf
ay/
þodkY rcGJxGufjcif;rSm obm0usayonf/ Oyrm vifESifhr,m; qufqHa&;udk Munfhyg? vifu r,m;udk
xrif;0atmif rauR;? t0wfvnf; vSatmifrqifay;? t&ufr;l vmNyD; ½du k v f nf;½ku d ?f qJvnf;qJao; ti,ftaESmif;
vnf; xm;ao;qdkvQif ]]ighudkruGm&bl;}} [lí aoewfjzifh &if0udkawhum Ncdrf;ajcmufonfhwdkifatmif b,frdef;rurS
ruGmbJaernf r[kwfay? uGmrSm aocsmonf/ þodkY uGmjcm;onfrSm obm0usí rSefuefayonf/ odkYaomf tpm
vnf; 0atmifauR;? t0wfvnf; vSatmifqifay;? vcvnf; tukeftyf? cifcifrifrif ,k,k,,aernfqdkvQif
]]rde;f ra& rif;uGmcsif&ifumG a[h}} qdo k nfw h ikd af tmif b,fred ;f rrS uGmcsifrnfr[kwaf y/ wlEpS u f , kd &f moufyef ½d;k ajrus
aygif;oGm;rnfom jzpfayonf/ aocsmayonf? þodkYaygif;oifjcif;onfvnf; obm0us rSefuefvSayonf/
odYk twGuaf Mumifh ta&;BuD;onfrmS ]]rif;wdYk ½rS ;f awG cGrJ xGu&f bl;}} qdNk yD; vufeufjzifh Ncdr;f ajcmuf&efrvdak y/
]]rif;wdYk cx JG u G &f r,f}} qdNk yD; twif;ESix f wk &f efvnf;rvdak y/ wu,frcGx J u G af pcsiv f Qif wu,frcGx J u G af tmif apwem
jzLjzLpifpifESifh wef;wl&nfwl aygif;oif;qufqHoGm;Mu&efom t"duvdktyfayonf/ ESpfOD;ESpfzufvHk;u oabmxm;
rSefuefzdkY um,uHajrmuf vufawGU tjyKtpk? t,kt,½SdzdkYomvQif y"mejzpfayonf/
595
twdkcsKyfqdk&vQif tajccHOya'wGif þrGefjrwfvSaom cGJxGufEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;udk tcdkiftrm xnfhoGif;

xm;EdkifcJhonfh twGufaMumifhom jynfrESifh jynfe,frsm; pdwfwloabmwl yl;aygif;í vuf½SdjynfaxmifpkBuD;udk zGJU
pnf; wnfaxmifEdkifcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ þcGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;udk tajccHOya'wGif xm0pOfwnfjrJatmif
umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f Edik rf o
S mvQif ½Sr;f jynfow
l &yfv;kH twGuf Oya't& rdrwd Ykd \uHMur®mudk rdrw
d Ykd u,
kd w
f ikd f vGwv
f yfpmG
zefwD; vkyfaqmifEdkifcGifh½SdaevQif ½Srf;jynf\ wnfwHhBuD;yGm;a&;udk tm;oGefcGefpdkuf BudK;yrf;vkyfaqmifonfESifhtrQ
jynfaxmifpkBuD; wnfwHhBuD;yGm;a&;twGuf vkyfaqmifaeorQ umvywfvHk; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY toufxif½Sm;
½SdpOftcgu tajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftrmxnfhoGif;cJhaom rGefjrwfvSonfh þcGJxGufEdkifcGifhudk rnfolrQ wpHkw&m
xdyg;jcif;? jyifqifjcif;? ½kyfodrf;jcif;? ao;odrf,kwfnHhatmif wenf;enf;jzifh MuHpnfjyKvkyfjcif; tvsOf;rjyKoifh
aMumif; uRefawmfwdkY trIaqmiftzGJUu tav;teufcH,lygonf/
odkYtwGufaMumifh ½Srf;jynfu þtajccHOya't& cGJxGufEdkifcGifhudk pGefYvTwf&ef tajccHOya' tcef; (10)
Hygyk'frrsm; jyifqifzdkY erfhcrf;trwf OD;xGef;at;u rMumrDusif;yawmhrnfh ½Srf;jynfe,faumifpD tpnf;ta0;wGif
tqdkwifoGif;rnf[k twdtvif; aMunmvmjcif;onf-
- AdkvfcsKyfatmifqefESifUwuG ½Srf;jynfolacgif;aqmifrsm; tajrmftjrifBuD;pGmjzifU jynfaxmifpkay:xGef;a&;
twGuf tajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftrmxnfUoGif;cJUaom ½Srf;jynfolwdkh\ rGefjrwfvSonfU udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifU
udk udkvdkeDe,fcsJYorm; tvdkawmfus rdkufrJpGmzsufqD;ypf&ef tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifvmjcif;/
- yifvHkpmcsKyft& jynfrESifUjynfe,frsm; pdwfwloabmwl yl;aygif;wnfaxmifMuaom oabmw&m;udk
ysufjym;atmif e,fcsJYorm;tvdkus tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifvmcJUjcif;ESifU
- jynfaxmifpk zGJYpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk puúLpkwfjzpfoGm;atmif ,kwfrmpGm tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifvmjcif;
wdkhyif jzpfayonf/
,ckuJhodkY OD;xGef;at;u ½Srf;jynftoufjzpfaom tajccHOya'yg cGJxGufEdkifcGifhudk jyifqif&ef? zsufodrf;
ypf&ef tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifvmcJhjcif;onfomvQif ½Srf;jynf\ wnfjrJa&;udk vnf;aumif;? jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;\
wnfjrJa&;udk vnf;aumif;? tEÅ&m,fjzpfapí wdik ;f wyg;wdYk 0ifa&mufpu G Ef ikd &f eftwGuf vrf;cif;ay;&m a&mufayonf/
,if;odkY jynfaxmifpkcspfpdwf? rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwf acgif;yg;vSaom e,fcsJUolvQKd? udk,fusKd;½Smorm;? tmPm½l;?
trsKd;om;opömazmuf OD;xGef;at;u ½Srf;jynfolwdk\ tusKd;? jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;\ tusKd;udk ausmcdkif;í ½Srf;jynf
tygt0if jynfaxmifpkwckvHk; qHk;½IH;epfemap&eftwGuf udkvdkeDe,fcsJUorm;\ tvdkawmfus rdkufrJpGm tm;xkwfvkyf
aqmifvmjcif;udk uRefawmfwdkY &efukefNrdKU? ½Srf;jynfausmif;olôm;rsm;toif; trIaqmiftzGJUu tjyif;txef ½Iwfcs
uefYuGufvdkufayonf/
xdkYjyif ½Srf;jynfolw&yfvHk;\ rGefjrwfvSpGmaom þcGJxGufEdkifcGifhudk ao;odrf,kwfnHhoGm;atmif apmfbGm;
tcsKdUu rdrdwdkYtusKd;twGuf apmfbGm;tmPmpGefY avsmfaMu;awmif;&mü aps;qpfonfhvufeuftjzpf toHk;jyKaejcif;
udkvnf; tjyif;txef½Iwfcs vdkufayonf/
½Srf;jynftusKd;? jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;tusKd; vdkvm;Muaom ½Srf;jynfudk,fpm;vS,f trwfrsm;? apmfbGm;rsm;?
rdbjynfolrsm;? &[ef;oHCmrsm; tm;vHk;wdkYuvnf; ½Srf;jynfolwdkY\ udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifhjzpfaom tajccHOya'yg
cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;udk wvHk;wyg'rQ tjyiftqifrcH? t½kwfodrf;rcHMubJ udkvdkeDe,fcsJUorm;wdkY\ vufudkif
wkwf? udk,fusKd;½Sm tmPm½l; OD;xGef;at;\ t,kwfwrmjyifqifcsuf zsufodrf;&ef tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifvmjcif;udk
vSnf;aeavSatmif; jrif;apmif;rusef tjyif;txef ½IwfcsuefYuGufMuyg&ef EId;aqmfyefMum;tyfygonf/
- e,fcsJYolvQKd udk,fusKd;½Smorm; tmPm½l; trsKd;om;opömazmuf OD;xGef;at;udk 0dkif;y,fMu

- ½Srf;jynf\ udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifhudk umuG,fMu
- ½Srf;jynfolw&yfvHk; aoG;pnf;Mu
trIaqmiftzGYJ
½Srf;jynfausmif;olâusmif;om;rsm;toif;
&efukefNrdKY
(15? 2? 59)
596
(p) wuúov
kd t
f ufOya'udjk yifqifa&;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;
tpdk;&rS 1959 ck? Zefe0g&D (17) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom wuúodkvfaumifpD tpnf;ta0;wGif &efukef
wuúodkvftufOya'udk jyifqif&eftwGuf wifjycJhayonf/
xdktcg ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (wuo) u atmufygtwdkif;jyefMum;cJhygonf/
1/ vuf½SdEdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf tdrfapmifhtpdk;& jzpfonf/ w&m;0iftpdk;&tzGJU jzpfay:vma&;twGuf w&m;rQ
waom a½G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;&efEiS hf Mum;umvtwGi;f wdik ;f jynfukd xde;f odr;f apmifah ½Smufxm;&ef wm0efom jzpfonf/
wdkif;jynftwGuf ta&;BuD;aomtufOya'udk? jyifqifcsufrsm;udk jyKvkyf&ef wm0efr½SdonfhtwGufvnf;aumif;/
2/ tufOya'jyifqifcsufudk avhvmvQifvnf; wuúodkvf0,fwOD;wnf; tmPm½Sifpepf jzpfay: vmap&ef
ESifh ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhudk xdyg;um tjyiftyrS 0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkif&ef jzpfonf[lívnf;aumif;/
wuorS ausmif;omxkESifh jynfolvlxktm; wifjyí tufOya'jyifqifjcif;udk uefYuGufcJhayonf/ xdkodkY
uefYuGufonfhtwGuf wuúodkvfaumifpDrS axmufcHcsuft& jyKvkyfjyifqif&ygonf[laom tMuHtpnfysufjym;
í wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif tMuHÓPfawmif;cHjcif;om jzpfygonf[k aemufqkwfcJhavonf/
wuúodkvfaumifpDrSvnf; wOD;wnf; tmPmydkifpepfodkY a&muf½Sdaprnfh jyifqifcsufrsm;ESifh ynma&;
vGwfvyfcGifhudk xdyg;aprnfh jyifqifcsufrsm;udk jznfhpGufxkwfy,f tMuHÓPfay;jcif; jyKcJhayonf/
xdkodkY ausmif;om;xku jyKvkyfcJhaomfvnf; azazmf0g&D (8) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom jynfolYvTwfawmf
tpnf;ta0;yGw J iG f &efuek w f uúov kd f tufOya'jyifqifcsuf rlMurf;wifoiG ;f &ef txl;trdeYfjyefwrf; xGuaf y:vmonf/
¤if;wGif wuúov kd af umifprD S wuoud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD;udk xkwyf pf&ef jyifqifcsuf ygvmonf/ þonfrmS
tdrfapmifhtpdk;&\ r½dk;om;aom tjyKtrljzpfonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif wifjypOfu ryg½SdcJhaomtcsufrsm;udk
,ckrSwifoGif;jcif;onf wuúodkvfaumifpDudk vSnfhjzm;apmfum;vdkufjcif; jzpfavonf/ tpdk;&tzGJU\ *kPfodu©mudk
xdcdkufapaom vdrfvnfrIBuD;w&yf jzpfayonf/
wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif wuoudk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;udk jzKwfypfí ausmif;om;rsm;u rJjzifha&G;aumuf&rnfh
udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;udk tpm;xdk;jcif;onf-
1/ wuoonf ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;u w&m;0ifwifajr§mufxm;onfh tzGJUtpnf;jzpfonf[laom tcsuf
udky,fcsum ausmif;om;xktm;vHk;\ udk,fpm;vS,fr[kwf[laom oabmxm;oufa&mufjcif;? wenf;qdkaomf
&mZ0if tpOftquf½SdcJhaom wuo\tcef;u@udk ESdrfhcsapmfum;jcif; jzpfonf/
2/ wuo\tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ,ckuJhodkYxdyg;um or*¾tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydwfyif&ef MuH½G,fjcif;jzpfonf/
xdkrQruao; ausmif;om;wdkif; or*¾0ifjzpf&rnf[laom tcsufudk zsufodrf;um or*¾zGJUpnf;cGifhudk yifydwfyif&eft
wGuf pwifjyifqifvmaom ajcvSrf; jzpfonf/
3/ wuoudk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;udk jzKwfcsNyD;aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;u 'D*&D&NyD; (11) ESpf oufwrf;½Sdaom
tjyiftyrS yk*dK¾ vf (2) OD;tm; rJjzifh a½G;aumuf&rnf qdkjcif;onf ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;\ w&m;0ifoabmxm;udk
wuúov kd af umifpw D iG f wifjyjcif;rjyKEdik &f ef pDpOfjcif;vnf; jzpfonf/ tjyiftyrS wuúov kd w
f iG f 0ifa&muf ta½G;cH&jcif;
onf wuúodkvfe,fajrudk jyifyEdkifiHa&;tzGJUrsm; ,SOfNydKifp&m ppfwvif;tjzpfodkY a&muf½SdoGm;&ef um,uHajrmuf
jyKusifhvdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/
þodkY jyKvkyfonfhtjyif q&mrsm;? XmerSL;rsm; cefYxm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufívnf; ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhudk
0ifa&muf pGufzufvmonf/
xdo
k Ykd ausmif;om;rsm; vIy½f mS ;rIrsm; jzpfay:vmaomtcgwGif ppfum;rsm; wuo0if;xJoYkd a½SU0ifaygufrsm;
u 0ifvmum ppfom;rsm; ckefqif;vmNyD; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; 0ifa&muf zrf;qD;Muavonf/ udkaZmf0if;? udkpdk;odef;?
udkbaumif;? udkcifarmiftkef;wdkh xGufajy;Muavonf/
597
OD;cifarmiftek ;f
(1958-59)
&efuek Nf rKdUwGif arG;zGm;cJo

h nf/ wuúov
kd 0f ifpmar;yGu
J kd a&eHacsmif;NrKdUrS 1951 ckEpS w
f iG f atmifjrifcí
hJ wuúov
kd f
ynm&yfrsm;udk qufvufoifMum;onf/
1954-55 ckEpS f wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ wGif td;k a0r*¾Zif;t,f'w

D mtjzpf aqmif½u
G cf o
hJ nf/ 1957-58 ckwiG f
wuotrIaqmifwOD;tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&í twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif; cH&onf/
1958-59 ckwiG f wuoOuú|jzpfonf/
1958 ckwiG f zqyvESpjf crf;uGNJ yD; Edik if aH &;ajymif;vJrrI sm;jzpfc\

hJ / xdpk Ofu Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf jzpfol OD;Eku
tpdk;&tmPmudk AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;tpdk;&tm; vTJajymif;ay;cJh\/ tmPmvTJajymif;ay;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí
ausmif;om;rsm;u uefYuGufqE´jycJhonf/
wuúov kd t
f if*sief ,
D mr[mXme ausmif;om;rsm; qE´jyoydwaf rSmufco hJ nf/ tif*sief , D mr[mXmerSL; a½TUajymif;
ay;&\/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; tpdk;&vufxufwGif wuúodkvftufOya' jyifqifcsufjyKvkyfonf/ tufOya'
jyifqifcsuft& wuúov kd af umifpw D iG f yg0ifaom wuo ud, k pf m;vS,Ef pS Of ;D tm; xkwyf pfjcif;? ausmif;om;
a&;rSL;rsm; cefYxm;jcif; jyKvyk cf \
hJ / ausmif;pnf;urf;ESihf ywfoufívnf;aumif;? wuúov kd t
f ufOya' jyifqif
csuftwGufvnf;aumif; ausmif;om;rsm;qE´jyjcif; jyKcJhMuonf/
wuúovkd w
f iG f ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmxifatmif Ekwx
f u
G o
f mG ;ojzif?h ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmvSjrift
h m; cefYxm;
onf/ tcuftcJrsm;Mum;rS pwkw¬tBudrfajrmuf wuúodkvfausmif;om;yGJawmfBuD;udk usif;yEdkifcJhonf/
1959 ck? {NyDv (3) &ufaeYwiG f Adv k cf sKyfBuD;tpd;k &u wuotaqmuftODukd 0dik ;f um ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
rsm;udk zrf;qD;onf/ Ouú| udkcifarmiftkef;? trIaqmif udkzdk;omab;wdkY tzrf;cH&NyD;? 'k-Ouú| udkbaumif;
ESihf twGi;f a&;rSL; udck ifatmifwYkd wdr;f a½SmifaecJ&h onf/ wuo twGi;f a&;rSL;a[mif; udak tmifbef;? trIaqmif
a[mif; udkjrifhOD;wdkYvnf; tzrf;cHcJh&\/ udkcifarmiftkef;? udkzdk;omab;wdkYtm; EdkifiHtusOf;om;rsm;ESifhtwl
uduk ;kd uRef;odYk ydYk aqmifjcif;cH&onf/
udck ifarmiftek ;f onf wuúov kd w f iG f ynmqufvufqnf;yl;qJ jzpfonf/ (6) Budraf jrmuf ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾tzGUJ csKyn
f v D mcHrS Ouú|tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;cH&í ,ckwm0ef,l vkyaf qmifvsuf
½Sdonf/ (tdk;a0) 1962 rwfv (2) &uf tmPmodrf;rIESifh ywfoufonfh xkwfjyefrIaMumifh Ouú|tjzpfrS
z,f&mS ;cH&onf/ OD;cif armiftek ;f onf rd;k [de;f uk?d cifarmiftek ;f ponft
h rnfrsm;jzifh Edik if w
H umta&;tcif;rsm;ESihf
ywfoufí EG,feDr*¾Zif;? rdk;*sme,fwdkYwGif a&;om;cJhonf/ 2006 ckESpf? arv (5) &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrKdUwGif
uG,v f eG o
f nf/
598
&efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGUJ (1958-1959)
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if v
H ;Hk qkid &f m
ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG
(1958 ck? Mo*kwf 9 &ufrS 13 &uf)
armfvNrKid Of ypmaumvdyaf usmif;om;or*¾

Ouú| udak usmt f ek ;f tzGit
Uf rSmpum;
ajymMum;aepOf
oD;jcm;u@tvdu
k f ae&mcJí
G aqG;aEG;Muonf
599
1958 ck? Mo*kwvf (9) &ufaehrS (13) &ufaehwikd f &efuek w f uúov kd f bGEYJ iS ;f boifcef;raqmifwiG f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if v
H ;kH qdik &f m
ausmif;om;rsm; ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG u;D usi;f yjyKvyk pf Ofu pkpak ygi;f ud, k pf m;vS,f (789) a,muf wufa&mufco UJ nf
(0J) ES;D aESmzvS,yf u

JG si;f y&modhk vmMupOf? (,m) rGe;f vGJ (1) em&DrS (2) em&D acwÅ&yfem;csed w
f iG f
(0J) vlrsK;d pku, k ifpmG jzif?h (,m) ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG Ny;D qH;k rnfn
kd pf m;vS,rf sm; pHv U wGif ud,
k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;tm; uyGrJ sm;jzifU *kPjf yK{nfcU MH uavonf
atmifjrifpmG usi;f yNy;D qH;k aemuf? bGEYJ iS ;f obifcef;rrS wuotaqmuftODohkd csw
D ufvmMupOf
600
w½kwjf ynfoo
Yl r®wEkid if ?H ,leefjynfe,fomG ;
601
&efuek w
f uúov
kd f ausmif;om;cspMf unfa&; rdwq f uftzG0YJ ifrsm;ESiUf
w½kwt f rsK;d om;? trsK;d oD;® rsm;
ulrif;a[mfw,fa½Y w S iG f ½ku
d uf ;l xm;pOf

tcef; (22)

'Dru
kd a&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY
trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1959 rS 1960)
(u) 1959-60 wuoa½G;aumufyJG

1958 tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;rSm rsm;pGmjyóem wufcJhavonf/
1958-59 wuoOuú|opf usr;f opömused q f ykd üJG zqyvu Adv k cf sKyfBuD;ae0if;tpd;k &tm; tmPmvTaJ jymif;ay;cJjh cif;udk
wuoonf oabmxm;rsm;xkwfjyefaMunm uefYuGufcJhavonf/ tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;oydwfta&;udk
OD;aqmifraI y;cJ\ h / ausmif;pnf;urf;udt k aMumif;jyKí tEÅ&m,fay;vmrnft h csuu f kd uefYuu G cf o
hJ nf/ 1958 wuúov kd f
Oya'jyifqifcsuftwGuf xdcu kd cf sufrsm;udk azmfxw k w f ifjycJo h nf/ ausmif;ydwcf geD;wGif ]or*¾Ouú| udck ifarmiftek ;f ?
trIaqmif udzk ;kd omab;wdt hk m; zrf;qD;í udu k ;kd uRe;f odyhk o
hkd nf? or*¾'-k Ouú| udb k aumif;ESiUf twGi;f a&;rSL; udck ifatmifwhkd
wdrf;a½Smifae&onf/} 1958 wuúodkvftufOya'jyifqifcsuft& wuo udk,fpm;vS,f aumifpDvlBuD; (2) OD;tm;
jzKwfypfco hJ nf/ or*¾u, kd pf m;vS,yf gaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDuv kd nf; zsuo f rd ;f cJ\
h / 1954-55 ckrpS í aumufcH
ay;cJhaom or*¾0ifaMu;udk ausmif;om;wdkif;xHrS aumufray;? tcGifhta&;[lorQ ½kyfodrf;oGm;cJhonf/ or*¾udk
tzufzufrSNzdKzsuf&ef vHk;yef;cJhMuonf/ or*¾rsm; rNydKysuf? ausmif;om;tiftm; ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIjzifh &yfwnf
vsuf ½Scd o hJ nf/? ausmif;aqmifae&mcsxm;a&;rlukd qefYusifuefYuu G af om rD;wkwu f ikd q
f E´jyyG?J rD;rSw
d q
f E´jyyGrJ sm;jzifh
zdESdyfrIBuD; rem;onfhMum;u vIyf½Sm;aecJhonf/
1958-59 ckESpf or*¾ tvkyftpnf;ta0;tm; wuotwGuf rSwfwdkifw&yf jzpfapcJhonf/ or*¾Ouú|
udkudk;uRef; a&mufaeonf? or*¾'k-Ouú| a½Smifwdrf;ae&onf? odkYaomf or*¾tvkyftpnf;ta0;udkum; tcuftcJ
Mum;rS usif;yEdik cf ohJ nf/ wuoa½G;aumufyt JG wGuf a½G;aumufyt JG &m½Scd efYum jyifqifEikd cf jhJ cif;? or*¾ukd qufvuf
&yfwnfEikd af pcJo h nf/ or*¾ yxrESpyf wfvnfa½G;aumufyu JG kd taESmift h ,Suaf y;ao;\/ ausmif;om;wdYk tm; ausmif;
xkwx f m;jcif;udk y,fzsuEf ikd cf o
hJ nf/ or*¾Ouú|opf usr;f opömused q f ykd uJG kd xdpk Ofu tmPmrJjh zpfaom oefY½iS ;f zqyv
Ouú| OD;Eku jyKvkyfay;cJhonf/
or*¾Ouú|opf usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJNyD;aemuf or*¾trIaqmiftzGJUtm; rD;wkwfudkif qE´jycJhonfhtwGuf
602
awmif;yef&rnf[k qufvuftusyfudkifvmonf/ or*¾trIaqmiftzGJUonf tcsdefumvtajctaersm;udk Munfh½I

avhvmonf/ or*¾wnfwHh&yfwnfEdkifa&;udk tav;teufxm;Muonf/ or*¾trIaqmiftzGJUu awGUqHkaqG;aEG;ajz
½Sif;&ef qHk;jzwfrI jyKcJh&avonf/ 1960 ck vTwfawmfa½G;aumufyGJ usif;yí OD;Ek acgif;aqmifaom jynfaxmifpk
ygwD tpd;k &tzGUJ jzpfvmonf/ wuúov kd f t"dywd Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfu vdu
k af vsmrIay;ojzifh ausmif;om; awmif;qdk
csufta&; ajyat;cJhonf/ zrf;qD;um udkudk;uRef;ydkYcH&aom ausmif;om;rsm; vGwfcJh&onf/ a½Smifwdrf;aeaom
ausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; w&m;0if&yfwnfcGifh &½SdcJhMuayawmhonf/
1959-60 wuotrIaqmifrsm;rSm
udkvSwif Ouú|
udkpdef0if; 'k-Ouú|
udkAaqGav; aiGxdef;
udkndK0if; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
udkjroef; wGJbuf-taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh jyefMum;a&;XmerSL;
udkausmfvIdif EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
udkudkMunf vlxkqufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
udkatmif0if; ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;
rcifcifapm tdk;a0wm0efcH
udkatmifodrf;Edkif pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
(c) td;k a0r*¾Zif;rS ay;tyfaom0efccH surf sm;

1959 ckESpf yHkESdyfxkwfa0olrsm; (rSwfyHkwif) tufOya' yk'fr 7 (1) t& ay;tyfaom 0efcHcsufrsm;
atmufwGifvufrSwfa&;xdk;ol uRefawmf ------------- onf 1959 ckESpf? yHkEdSyfolrsm;ESifh xkwfa0ol
rsm; (rSwyf wkH if) tufOya'\ 'kw, d Z,m;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh atmufyg0efccH surf sm;ESit hf nD wm0ef,al qmif½u G &f ef
uwd0efcHcsufjyKygonf/
(u) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGifyg½Sdaom rlvtcGifhta&;rsm;udk ysufjym;ap&ef
MuH½G,faom? odkYwnf;r[kwf ysufjym;rnfhtaMumif; jzpfay:apaom rnfonfh tMuHay;rI? wdkufwGef;rI? vIHUaqmfrI?
tm;ay;rI? odkYwnf;r[kwf 0g'jzefYrIrsKd;udkrqdk rnfonfhtcgrQ rjyKvkyfyg/
(c) bmoma&;qdik &f m ud;k uG,rf u I akd omfvnf;aumif;? ,HMk unfru
I akd omfvnf;aumif; rnfonht f cgrQ rykwcf wf?
odkYwnf;r[kwf r½Iwfcsyg/
(*) EdkifiHa&;tmPmudk vufeufjzifhodrf;,l&ef rnfonfha½SU½Icsuf? odkYwnf;r[kwf usifhoHk;csufrsKd;udkrqdk
rnfonfhtcgrQ axmufcHjcif;? wdkufwGef;jcif;? vIHUaqmfjcif;? tm;ay;jcif;? odkYwnf;r[kwf 0g'jzefYcsday;jcif; rjyKyg/
(C) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif rnfodkYaomEdkifiHa&; tmPm½SifpepfrsKd;udkrqdk a½SU½I&ef? wnfaxmif&ef
odkwnf;r[kwf usifhoHk;&ef? rnfonfhtcgrQ axmufcHjcif;? wdkufwGef;jcif;? odkYwnf;r[kwf 0g'jzefYcsday;jcif; rjyKyg/
(i) twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; xm;½SdcGifhjyKaom ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfudk ysufjym;ap&ef MuH½G,f
aom? odkYwnf;r[kwf ysufjym;rnfhtaMumif; jzpfay:apaom rnfonfhtMuHay;rI? wdkufwGef;rI? vIHUaqmfrI? tm;ay;rI?
odkYwnf;r[kwf 0g'jzefYcsdrIrsKd;udkrqdk rnfonfhtcgrQ rjyKyg/
(p) vQKdU0Suf&JtzGJU (Secret Police) zGJUpnf;í pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfonfhpepfrsKd; wnfaxmifjcif;udkaomfvnf; aumif;?
wnfaxmif&ef BudK;yrf;tm;xkwjf cif;udak omfvnf;aumif; rnfonft h cgrQ tMuHay;jcif;? vIUH aqmfjcif;? wduk wf eG ;f jcif;?
axmufcHjcif;? tm;ay;jcif; odkUwnf;r[kwf 0g'jzefYcsday;jcif; rjyKyg/
(q) tjcm;EdkifiHwckckrS jzpfap? EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;xHrS jzpfap? &efykHaiGtwGuf aiGaMu;? odkYwnf;r[kwf ypönf;
tultnD taxmuftyHu h kd rSwyf w
kH iftmPmydik \ f BudKwifoabmwlciG jhf yKcsufr&bJ wduk ½f ukd jf zpfap? oG,0f u
kd jf zpfap
rnfonfhtcgrQvufcHjcif; rjyKyg/
(Z) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'\rlrsm;udk qefYusifaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;
rsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrQ axmufcHjcif;? tm;ay;jcif;? odkYwnf;r[kwf 0g'jzefYcsday;jcif;rjyKyg/
rSwfcsuf- tdk;a0r*¾Zif;rS ay;tyfaom0efcHcsuf rl&if;udk pmrsufESm (637) wGifMunfhyg/
603
txufyg0efcHcsufrsm;twdkif; xm0pOfvdkufem&ef wm0ef,lygonf/
tdk;a0wm0efcH
wuotaqmuftOD? &efukefwuúodkvf
(rSwfcsuf- 1959-60? twJG (1)? trSwf (10)? tdk;a0r*¾Zif;rS 0efcHcsufudk jyefvnfwdkufqdkif ul;,lazmfjyonf/)
(*) rGejf ynfe,fazmfxw

k af &;twGuf &efuek w
f uúov
kd rf eG af usmif;om;rsm; oabmxm;
,aeY rGew f rsK;d om;vH;k \ pdwq f E´jyif;jyaeMuonfh jyóemrsm;? rGejf ynfe,fazmfxw k af &; (0g) rGejf ynfe,f
&,la&; jyóemyifjzpfonf/ jynfe,fazmfxkwfa&;onf jynfaxmifpktwGif;½Sd rsm;jym;aomwm0eftcsKdUudk cGJa0
ulnDxrf;aqmifjcif;? ½kdif;yif;jcif;? 0dkif;0ef;aqmif½Gufjcif; ponfh oabmrsm;yif jzpfavonf/ jynfe,fwck
ay;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpk\ tiftm;NydKuGJjcif;? pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI ysufjym;jcif; ponfrsm;udk zefwD;
ay;Edkifonfh oabmw&m;rsm; ay:aygufrIr½SdaMumif;udkvnf; ½Srf;? csif;? ucsif? u&if? u,m;ponfh jynf
e,frsm;udk azmfxw k af y;xm;onfuyifvQif cdik rf maomom"uw&yftaejzifh wnf½adS eonfomru jynfaxmifpk
pdwf"gwf ydkrdkcdkifjrJwdk;wufonfh tvm;tvmrsm; ½SdaeaMumif;udkvnf; txift½Sm; awGUjrifEdkifayonf/
rGefwrsKd;om;vHk;\ qE´jzpfaom rGefjynfe,f&,la&; (0g) azmfxkwfa&;udk yxptzGJU Ouú|BuD;jzpfaom
0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekonf wBudrfru rGefvlxkrsm;tm; uwday;cJhonfudk yxptpdk;&\ t"duvkyfief;pOf rlw&yfjzpf
aMumif; uREkfyfwdkY tav;teuf ,HkMunfrdonf/ Ouú|BuD;\ uwdESifhtnD rGefjynfe,fazmfxkwfa&;udpt ö wGuf
tMuHay;tzGJUBuD;tm; wm0efvTJtyfvdkuf&mwGif rGefjynfe,fazmfxkwfa&;ESifh ywfoufaomqE´rsm; avhvmjcif;?
pkpH rf;ppfaq;jcif; vkyif ef;wdYk onf qufvufvyk af qmifomG ;&ef rvdt k yfawmh? trSet f m;jzifth MuHay;tzGUJ BuD;onf
rGefjynfe,fudk rnfyHkay;rnf? rnfodkY taumiftxnfazmfrnf? rnfonfha'oudk rGefjynfe,ftwGif; xnfhoGif;
owfrSwfoifhonfudkom pHkprf;&efom vdktyfayonf/
jynfe,fwck azmfxw k af &;ü vlxrk q
J E´tm;jzifU tqH;k tjzwfay;aomrlonf 'Dru kd a&pDa&mifjcnfoef;aeouJo U hkd
xif&aomfvnf; trSet f m;jzifU wtlwq kH if; uREykf wf rhkd eG t
f csi;f csi;f tm; aoG;uGaJ paompepfq;kd jzpfaMumif; tcdik t f rm
,HkMunfonf/ ¤if;pepfonf e,fcsJYt*Fvdyfwdkhu usifUoHk;cJUaom pepfa[mif;pepfaqG; r[kwfygavm/
trSet f m;jzifh wdik ;f jynfBuD;wcktm; vGwv f yfa&;ay;jcif; jzpfap? wdik ;f jynfi,frsm;tm; jynfe,fcaJG y;onf
jzpfap? vlxkrJqE´jzifh qHk;jzwf½dk;xHk;pHvnf; r½Sd? tpOftvmvnf; r[kwfay/ txufazmfjycJhaom ½Srf;? ucsif?
u&if? u,m;? csi;f jynfe,frsm; ay;cJph Oftcsed t f cgu vlxrk q J Eúkd toH;k jyKcJjh cif;r½Sad omrlukd rGejf ynfe,fazmfxw k f
a&; udpu ö srSom toH;k jyKjcif;onf tvGerf oifah wmf ravsmfuefaom rlq;kd jzpfaMumif; uREfyk w f Ykd ,MkH unfrad yonf/
NyD;cJhaom taxGaxGa½G;aumufyGJwGif rGefvlxkw&yfvHk;u wdusjywfom;pGm rGefjynfe,fvdkvm;aMumif;
tjyif;tjyqE´jycJNh yD; wqufwnf;yif &efuek Nf rdKU½Sd rGeaf cgif;aqmifvBl uD;rsm;? rGeaf 'o½Sd rGet f iftm;pktoD;oD;wdYk
uvnf; tpdk;&tMuHay;tzGJUBuD;tm; waoG;woHwnf;? rGefjynfe,f&,la&;udkom jyif;jyaomqE´jzifh wcJeuf
ajzMum; awmif;qdkcJhonf/
xdak Mumifh rGew f rsK;d om;vH;k \qE´jzpfaom rGejf ynfe,f azmfxw k af &;jyóemudo k m tvsit f jref azmfxwk f
ay;oifhonf[k uREfkyfwdkY,HkMunfxm;onfhtwdkif; vmrnfh 1960 ck? Mo*kwfvtwGif; usif;yrnfh bwf*sufygvD
refwGif oufqdkif&mtpdk;&tzGJUrS rGefjynfe,fazmfxkwfa&; Oya'Murf;w&yfudk tcsdefrDwifoGif; owfrSwfay;&ef
uREfkyfwdkY &efukefwuúodkvf rGefausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;u tav;teufawmif;qdktyfygonf/
trIaqmiftzGYJ
&efukefwuúodkvfrGeftoif;
&efukef
604
(C) jrefrm&mZ0ifta&;
&efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS aemufqufwpJG mar;yGt J a&;? jrefrm&mZ0ifo;D jcm;oifa&;ESihf 0&rf;
xkwfcHxm;&aom ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;twGuf ZGefv (24) &ufaeYwGif wuúodkvft"dywd EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf
ESifh oGm;a&muf awGUqHkaqG;aEG; awmif;qdkcJhygonf/
xdak qG;aEG;yGw J iG f aemufqufwpJG mar;yGJ usi;f ya&;ESiyhf wfoufí wuorS Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyftm; ynma&;
tajctaeaumif;rGefí ausmif;om;rsm; pmar;yGJtatmifrsm;ygu wuúodkvfpmar;yGJwckom ½SdoifhaMumif;? odkYaomf
wuúov kd w f iG f ynma&;tajctae aumif;rGev f matmif rvkyEf ikd bf J pmar;yGw
J ckwnf;om usi;f yojzifh ausmif;om;rsm;
pmBudK;pm;aomfvnf; pmar;yGJtusrsm;í epfem&aMumif;/ ,cifESpfpmar;yGJrsm;\ atmifcsuf&mcdkifEIef; rrDaMumif;?
jyKjyifajymif;vJvdkufaom ynma&;pepfwckonf ausmif;om;rsm;udk tusKd;jyKap&rnfhomjzpfNyD; ausmif;om;rsm;
epfemxdcu kd rf I rjzpftyfaMumif;? odYk aomf ausmif;om;rsm; epfemae&ojzifh aemufqufwpJG mar;yGJ jyKvkyaf y;oifah Mumif;
tus,fw0ifh wifjycJhygonf/
Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfuvnf; xdt k a&;ESiyhf wfoufí ¤if;oabmxm;udk wuo trIaqmifrsm;tm; jyefvnf
aqG;aEG;ojzifh t,ltqcsif; zvS,fEdkifcJhonf/ aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJusif;ya&;udk qD;edwftzGJUodkY wifjyay;rnf[k
jyefMum;vdkufygonf/ odkYaomf wuoESifh or*¾toD;oD;rS awmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; 29? 6? 60 &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom
qD;edwftpnf;ta0;rS aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJ rusif;yay;awmh[k qHk;jzwfvdkufaMumif; xkwfjyef aMunmcJhonf/
jrefrm&mZ0ifudkvnf; ausmif;om;xktm; vSnfhpm;onfhoabm trnfajymif;½Hkom ajymif;ay;cJhonf/ odkYtwGuf
or*¾rsm;u jrefrm&mZ0ifudpu ö dkvnf; qD;edwfrS rvdkufavsmhcJhaMumif; xif½Sm;onf[k ,lqayonf/ þjyóemrsm;
omru wef;cGJwef;cspepfudkyg qD;edwfrS xyfrHtwnfjyKvdkuf jyefonf/
xdktcg ausmif;om;xkonf wcJeuftHk<uum 29? 6? 60 &ufaeYn ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmvSjrifh\
aetdrfodkY 0dkif;0ef;qE´jycJhMuonf/ ygarmu©csKyfonf ausmif;om;xk\ a½SUarSmufwGif atmufygtcsuf (2) csufudk
uwday;cJhonf/
1/ qD;edwf txl;tpnf;ta0; ac:ay;&ef t"dywdodkY wdkufwGef;ay;rnf/
2/ qD;edwf txl;tpnf;ta0;wGif ausmif;om;xk\ qE´bufrS rdrd&yfwnfí awmif;qdkay;rnf/
odkYaomf aemufwaeYreufwGif ygarmu©csKyfonf wuoudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh awGUqHk&mü tav;teuf
ay;cJhaom uwdrsm;udk rddrdodu©mudkyif rapmifhxdef;awmhonfhtvm; y,fzsufcJhjyefonf/ xdktcsdefü tpdk;&ESifh ausmif;
om;xkrSm qufqHa&; ajyvnfvsuf½Sdonf/ ¤if;tajctaeudk ysufjym;atmif ygarmu©csKyfu vkyfaqmifaeouJhodkY
½Sdonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;\ vIyf½Sm;rIrsm; jzpfay:vmayonf/ qE´jyMu&m-
- aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJ usif;yay;a&;
- jrefrm&mZ0if oD;jcm;oifay;a&;
- tpdk;&ESifU ausmif;om;xkqufqHa&; ysufjym;atmifrvkyfeJh
- ausmif;om;xkqE´ rkcsatmif&rnf
(i) wuo? Auorsm;tzGUJ csKy?f &uowdOhk ;D pD;usi;f yaom ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;tqdrk sm;

1/ tar&duefpGufzufrIESifh autrfwDusL;ausmfrIudk jynfolvlxkBuD;u rsufajcrysuf qufvufwdkufyGJ0if&ef
2/ tMurf;zufrI ½Iwfcsa&;tqdk-
(u) azazmf0g&Dv (21) &ufaeY vli,f? ausmif;om;? trsKd;orD;ESifh jynfolvlxkqE´jyyGJwGif yxptpdk;&u
tMurf;zuf ESdrfeif;jcif;udk ½IwfcsaMumif;/
(c) qE´jyyGJESifhywfoufí zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;tm; tjrefvTwfay;&ef/
(*) qE´jyyGJü (2) OD;aoqHk;í tajrmuftrsm;'Pf&m&jcif;twGuf wm0ef½Sd jynfxJa&;0efBuD;? w&m;olBuD;
ESifh wm0ef½Sdaom &JtzGJU0ifrsm;tm; ta&;,l&ef/
3/ yk'fr (144) udk tjrefqHk;½kyfodrf;&ef/
605
(p) q|rtBurd af jrmuf ArmEdik if v

H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGUJ csKyf nDvmcH
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcH q|rtBudrfudk wuotaqmuftODü 1960
ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv (20) &ufaeYrS (22) &ufxd usif;ycJhonf/ ¤if;nDvmcHodkY q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;u
o0PfvTmay;ydkY&mwGif-
q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\ o0PfvTm
q&marwÅma½SYxm;vsuf o0PfvTmyg;vdkuf&ayonf/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾tzGJYcsKyf\ (6) Budrfajrmuf
nDvmcHobmywdESifUwuG ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,ftaygif;wdkh-
,aeYrSpí usif;yjyKvkyfvsuf½Sdaom armifwdkY\ausmif;om;rsm; nDvmcHobifBuD;udk atmifjrifNyD;ajrmuf
onftxd aqG;aEG;usif;yEdkif&ef q&mtav;teuf qkawmif;arwåmydkYovdkufygonf/
,if;odkY qkawmif;arwåmydkYoNyD;aemuf q&mtenf;i,fqufvufí trSmpum;a&;om;ay;ydkYvdkufonfrSm
q&mwdkY jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif tem*wfwdkif;oljynfom;wdkY\ aumif;usKd;csrf;omtwGuf tbufbufu pGrf;
aqmifEdkifrnfholrsm;wGif armifwdkYausmif;om;wdkYonf t"duyk*d¾Kvfrsm; jzpfMuayonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUvufatmufrS
jrefrmEdik if v
H w G af jrmufa&;twGuf ESv;kH &nf? vuf½;kH &nf trsKd;rsKd;wdu k yf q
JG if&mwGif 1920 ckEpS f ausmif;om;ta&;awmf
yHkBuD;onf txufjrwfqHk;ESifh tcdkiftrmqHk; vufeufBuD;ozG,f jzpfcJhayonf/ ,aeYjrefrmEdkifiHonf txufyg
ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkBuD;udk tajccHum vGwfvyfa&;&½Sd aMunmEdkifcJhNyDjzpfaomfvnf; ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\
ynmoifMum;a&;qdkif&mwGif rjynfh0rajyjypf½Sdvsufyif ae&ao;aMumif; q&mMum;od&ayonf/ trSefpifppf ,if;odkY
jzpf&jcif;rSm t&if;ppftjrpfajru qdkouJhodkY q&mwdkYwdkif;jynfwGif (12) ESpfausmfrQ jynfwGif;ppfjzpfae&aomaMumifh
jzpfonf[k ,lq&ayonf/
odYk jzpf&m Nidr;f csrf;pGmynmoifMum;vdok rl sm;? pD;yGm;Opömudk Nidr;f csrf;pGmvkyuf ikd ½f mS azGvokd rl sm; ponfh jynfol
w&yfv;kH udk jynfwiG ;f ppf &yfpNJ idr;f csr;f &efuv
kd nf; wwfEikd o f rQBudK;yrf;&efvakd yonf/ armifwYkdausmif;om;rsm; taeESihf
vnf; 0dkif;0ef;BudK;yrf;Mu&efvdkonf[k q&mxifjrifayonf/
þuJhodkY Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk pkaygif;BudK;yrf;Mu&if; rdrdwdkYynmoifMum;a&;rsm;twGufudkvnf; qdkif&m rdb?
q&mwdkYESifh twwfEdkifqHk; nDñGwfrQwpGmjzifh aqmif½GufoifMum;oGm;&efudkvnf; EId;aqmfwdkufwGef;vdkayonf/
ed*;kH csKyftaejzifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf jrefrmEdik if t H em*wfumvwGif om,m0ajyma&;twGuf acgif;aqmif
rIay;Edik &f ef? wzufryS nma&;udk rdbq&mwdYk EiS hf rQwnDñw G pf mG BudK;yrf;oifMum;vsuf wzufrv S nf; jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpJ
Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf 0dkif;0ef;BudK;yrf;Mu&ef q&mxyfrH wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfvdkuf&ayonf/
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AuotzGJUcsKyf (6) Budrfajrmuf nDvmcHBuD;udk atmifjrifpGmusif;yEdkifa&;twGuf <uvmaom e,fajrtoD;
oD;rS nDtpfuakd wmf ausmif;om;rdwaf qGrsm;tm; trIaqmiftzGUJ ud, k pf m; uRefawmftaeeJY c&D;OD;BudKqdí
k *kPjf yKaMumif;
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rac:qdEk ikd cf yhJ J tckru
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zvS,&f mnDvmcHBuD;jzpfygw,f/ 'Dnv D mcHBuD;rSmyg0ifMuwJh ud,k pf m;vS,ef YJ avhvmolrsm;? wuoor*¾rsm;? pnf;½H;k
a&;aumfrwDrsm;? wef;cGw J ef;cswduk yf 0JG if aumfrwD0ifrsm;rS jzpfMuvdYk ydík <u,f0aom tawGUtMuHK½SMd urSm jzpfygw,f/
nDvmcHtwGif;rSm nD&if;tpfudkwrQ yGifhvif;&if;ESD;pGm aqG;aEG;wdkifyifa0zefppfaq;MuzdkY? oifcef;pmaumif;rsm;½SmazG
606
MuzdkY? a½SUausmif;om;tusKd;jyK ynma&;wm0efrsm;twGufrS rSefuefwdusaom ynma&;vkyfief;pOfw&yfudk pkaygif;

csrSwfEdkifa&; &nf½G,fMuzdkY wdkufwGef;yefMum;vdkygw,f/ txl;ojzifh ynma&;wdkufyGJ? ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIwdkYESifh
ywfoufaom oabmxm;rsm;? t,ltqrsm;udk taumif;qH;k aom vrf;ñTerf w I &yftaeeJY &,lEikd zf Ykd vdt k yfygvdrrhf ,f/
'DaeY uRefawmfwYkd vkyu f ikd af eMuwJw
h m0ef[m vGecf ahJ omtESpf (40) umv ynma&;vIy&f ½Sm;rI&UJ tquft
EG,jf zpfNyD; rNyD;qH;k ao;wJh 'Dru kd a&pDynma&; vkyif ef;wm0efyjJ zpfygw,f/ 1920 ckEpS rf mS armfueG ;f 0if trsK;d om;atmifyJG
aeYBuD;udk arG;zGm;cJhNyD; tESpf (100) ausmf uRefjyKcJhwJh t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;wdkYudk yxrqHk; qefYusifawmfvSefcJhwJh
trsKd;om;vGwv f yfa&;vIy½f mS ;rIBuD; pwifcjhJ cif; jzpfygw,f/ ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh uRefynma&;? udv k ekd yD nma&;rS
ocifynma&;? trsKd;om;ynma&;odYk ul;ajymif;a&; wm0ef½o dS vdk jynforl b d rsm;rSmvnf; uRefp;D yGm;a&;? udv k ekd pD ;D yGm;
a&;rS ocifpD;yGm;a&; trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;odkY ul;ajymif;a&; wm0ef½SdcJhygw,f/ 'DwlnDrI (2) &yf[m yl;aygif;rdcJhwJh
tjyif ausmif;om;rsm;taeESihf trsK;d om;ynma&;&,la&;[m Edik if v H w G v
f yfa&;jyóemeJY cGcJ mG vdYkr&bl;vdYk em;vnfcMhJ u
w,f/ 'gaMumifh 1938 ckESpf 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHkBuD; ay:aygufcJh&w,f/ 1941 ckESpf t*Fvdyftm; jrefrmhajrrS
armif;xkwcf &hJ w,f/ 1945 ckEpS f zufqpfqefYusiaf &; jrefrmajrrS armif;xkwaf &;udk qufvufwu kd yf JG qifcMhJ uwm[m
vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf tJG qifq h ifrh sm; jzpfMuygw,f/ ausmif;om;rsm;taeeJY 'Dvw G vf yfa&;vIy½f mS ;rIwavQmufrmS wuf<u
pGm yg0ifcJhwJh &mZ0iftpOftvm ½SdcJhygw,f/
1948 ck vGwfvyfa&; aMunmNyD;aemuf trsKd;om;wnfaqmufa&; wm0efrsm;eJYtwl trsKd;om;ynma&;
wm0ef[m 'GefwGJygvmcJhvdkY ausmif;om;xktaeeJY 'Dwm0efudk qufvufxrf;aqmif&if; ,aeY uRefawmfwdkYwawG[m
vnf; a&mufwJhae&mu rwnfrNidrfjzpfaeao;wJh trsKd;om;ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;wm0efudk qufvuf xrf;
aqmifae&jcif; jzpfygw,f/
'g[m rsuaf rSmuftqifh ynma&;vrf;ñTerf I jzpfaeygw,f/ 'Doabmxm;awGukd taumiftxnfazmfae&wJh
Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfacgif;aqmifrI[m cdkifrmvsuf½Sdaewm[mvnf; tpOftvmt&wm0efausyGefwJh pnf;½Hk;a&;acgif;
aqmifrIaMumifh jzpfygw,f/ 1920 ckESpf? 1928-1929 ckESpf trsKd;om;ynma&; wdkufyGJrsm;Mum;rSm 1936 ckESpf
ajymif;vJrrI mS Auo (A.B.S.U) XmecsKyfukd tkwjf rpfcsEikd cf yhJ gw,f/ AuoXmecsKyf[m ajymif;vJvm&wJh tajctaersm;
eJYtwl vGwv f yfa&;aMunmNyD; (3) ESpaf jrmuf 1951 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f (15) &ufaeYrmS Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf (A.B.F.S.U)
udk wnfaxmifEdkif cJhjcif; jzpfygw,f/
Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf[m trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&; xdef;odrf;a&;wm0efBuD;udk aqmif½Guf&if; ynma&;jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&;? ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;? ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifhjzL;a&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;wm0efrsm;
wdkYudk qufvufxrf;aqmifEdkifcJhygw,f/ 1956 ckESpf or*¾rsm;zsufodrf;ypfwJh zqyvtpdk;&trdefYudk qefYusif&if;
or*¾rsm; vGwv f yfpmG zGUJ pnf;cGi?hf ynma&;vGwv f yfciG t
hf wGuf t"duwm0ef,l aqmif½u G cf yhJ gw,f/ 1958 ck oefY½iS ;f
zqyv tpdk;&vufxufrSm tpdk;&eJY wGJzufvkyfaqmifrI&,lcJhNyD; ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; usif;ycJh
ygw,f/ ausmif;jyifyor*¾awGtm;vH;k w&m;0if todtrSwjf yKEdik cf iG &hf cJNh yD; ausmif;om;or*¾wnfwyhH ikd cf iG ehf YJ zsuford ;f
a&;trdeYf ½kyo f rd ;f a&;twGuf 0efBuD;csKyfO;D EkeYJ aqG;aEG;&mü 0efBuD;csKyfu obmywdvyk af ewJh ynma&;pHpk rf;rIaumfrwD
rSm pmwrf;wifxm;apzdkYeJY pHkprf;rIaumfrwDrSm qufvufaqG;aEG;zdkY tpDtpOfrsm;txd jzpfcJhygw,f/ 'gayrJh 1959
ckESpfrS 1960 ckESpfwdkifatmif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tm; ygvDref'Drdkua&pDudkyif qefYusifNyD; a½G;aumufyGJrvkyfbJ tmPm
vTJajymif;ay;vdkuf&wmeJYtwl wdkif;jynfeJYwuG ynma&;avmurSm rdk;arSmifuscJh&w,f? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG
tzrf;cH&? udkudk;uRef;tydkYcH&? 0&rf;xkwfcH&wJh zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIaygif;pHk &ifqdkifcJh&wm tm;vkH;odNyD;ygyJ/ 1960 ck
azazmf0g&DvxJrSm ausmif;om;awG rdbjynfolawG&JU pnf;½Hk;rItiftm;eJY qEáMumifh ygvDref'Drdkua&pD vrf;yGifhNyD;
yxptpdk;&jyefwufvmwJhtcgrSm usaemfwdkY&JU 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;tcsKdUudk jyefvnf&½SdcJhw,f/ ausmif;om;acgif;
aqmifawG vGwfvyfpGm vIyf½Sm;aeEdkifcJhw,f/ ausmif;om;or*¾awG jyefvnfzGJUpnf;EdkifcJhw,f/ cktzGJUcsKyfnDvmcHudk
ac:qdkaeEdkifjcif;vnf; jzpfw,f/
Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf[m e,fcsUJ NAdwo d Qtpd;k &acwf Auoacgif;aqmifrI tquftEG,jf zpfNyD; ausmif;om;xk&UJ
udk,fpm;jyK&m ausmif;om;xkydkif tzGJUtpnf;w&yftaeeJY acgif;aqmifrIudk qufvufay;aewm jzpfw,fvdkY em;vnf
oabmaygufMu&ef jzpfw,f/
ynma&;oabmxm;eJY tzGUJ csKyftaetxm;wdYkukd wifjyNyD;wJah emuf nDvmcHac:qd&k wJt h aMumif;udk ajymMum;
yg&ap/
1956 ck atmufwb kd mvrSm yÍörtBudraf jrmufnv D mcHac:qdck &hJ mrSm tifrwefus,jf yefYwhJ ausmif;om;ud, k f
607
pm;vS,af wmfrsm;? avhvmolrsm; yg0ifcyhJ gw,f/ zqyvtpd;k &&JU or*¾zsuford ;f a&;trdeYf ukd uefYuu G &f if; or*¾rsm;
wnfwchH ikd jf rJa&;eJY ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf trsKd;om;a&;aqG;aEG;yGBJ uD; jzpfajrmufa&;? Nidr;f csrf;pGm ynmoif
Mum;Edkifa&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk nDvmcHBuD;rSm csrSwfEdkifcJhygw,f/ azmfjywJh ynma&;wm0ef&yfrsm;udk acgif;aqmifNyD;
taumiftxnfazmfzdkY twGuf uRefawmfwdkY trIaqmiftzGJUudk vTJtyfcJhygw,f/
nDvmcHNyD;wJah emufyikd ;f rSm cufcw J chJ sKyfcs,frrI sm;wJh vrf;c&D;udk jzwfoef;&jcif;jzpfvYkd ESppf Ofnv D mcH ac:,l&
rSm jzpfayrJh rusif;yEdkifcJhygbl;/ 1957 ckESpf rEÅav;rSm yxrOD;pD;nDvmcHeJY 1958 ckESpf &efukefwuúodkvfrSm
'kwd,wdk;csJU OD;pD;nDvmcH xyfac:EdkifcJhw,f/ vkyfief;awGtay:rSm ppfaq;wm? a0zefwm? a½SUvkyfief;pOfawG twGuf
jyifqifwmawGudk vkyfEdkifcJhNyD; 'DaeYnDvmcHuGef*&uf ac:qdkEdkifwmjzpfygw,f/
1957 ck zqyvtpdk;&? 1958 ck zqyvtuGJ oefY½Sif;tpdk;&? 1959 ck AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tpdk;&? 1960
ckESpf yxp oefY½Sif;zqyvtpdk;&qdkwJh EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&; ajymif;vJrItrsKd;rsKd;rSm tzGJUcsKyfwm0efrsm;udk xdef;odrf;vkyf
aqmifcJhwmrdkY or*¾rsm;&JU tqifhtaetxm;& trsKd;rsKd;ajymif;vJcJh&ygw,f/
or*¾wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&; wdkufyGJwavQmuf 1957 ckESpftwGif;rSm ausmif;olâusmif;om;aygif; (20) ausmf
tzrf;cH&NyD;? ausmif;olâusmif;om;aygif; (300) eD;yg; ausmif;xkwfcHcJh&wJhxd &Jabmfrsm;[m wm0efudkra½SmifbJ
vkyfaqmifMucJhygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYeJY jynfolawG nDñGwfvmwJhtcg? oabmxm;awmif;qdkrIawG rSefuefwJhtcg
vIyf½Sm;rIt½SdefMoZmaMumifh 1958 ckESpf oefY½Sif;zqyvtkyfcsKyfa&;rSm tzrf;cH&olawG jyefvTwfay;cJh&w,f/ ausmif;
xkwfxm;olawG ausmif;jyefoGif;ay;cJh&w,f/ Ncdrf;ajcmufrIawG ½kwfodrf;ay;vm&w,f/
&mZ0ifrmS rMuHKbl;ao;wJh 1958 ckEpS f Mo*kwv f ausmif;om;rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; usif;yEdik cf NhJ yD; or*¾awG
w&m;0if&yfwnfciG ?hf or*¾*P k o f u d m© awGukd jrifrh m;atmif vkypf rG ;f Edik cf yhJ gw,f/ a½SUrSmqufvufNyD; 'D atmifjrifraI wGukd
taumiftxnfazmfzdkY jyifqifae&if; uRefawmfwdkYwawG yDuif;NrdKUawmfrSm usif;ywJh urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
tzGJUcsKyf uGef*&ufrS jyefra&mufrD EdkifiHa&;tajctaeajymif;vJNyD; ppftpdk;& wufvmcJhygw,f/ wygwnf; ynma&;
avmurSm ppfrkefwdkif;awG xefcJhw,f/ EdkifiHeJYt0Srf; usD;vefYpmpm; ocFsKdif;wpjyifvdk jzpfae&pOfrSm usefae&pfcJhwJh
trIaqmifrsm;[m or*¾wm0ef&yfawGudk qufvufacgif;aqmifcJh&ygw,f/ or*¾qdkwmudk tpwkef;ZD0defcsKyfatmif
vkyfcJhwJh tEÅ&m,fudk [efYwm;EdkifcJhwJh BuD;rm;aomwm0efudk ,lEdkifcJhygw,f/ txl;ojzifh wuúodkvf? aumvdyfor*¾
awGrSm a½G;aumufyGJawG jzpfajrmufcJhw,f/ or*¾vIyf½Sm;rIawG vkyfaqmifcJhwm[m or*¾&JUacgif;aqmifrI tquf
rjywfwmudk oufaocHjcif;ygyJ/
{nfUonfawmfrsm;? udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;eJh avhvmolrsm;cifAsm;-
trsK;d om;ynma&; wnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;awGrmS wuf<upGmwm0ef,v l yk af qmifcv
hJ Ykd atmifjrifpmG usi;f yEdik f
cJhwJh 1958 ck? Mo*kwfv ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;rSm or*¾awG[m wcrf;wem;yg0ifcJhNyD; tzGJUcsKyf
&Jabmfrsm;[m wm0efausyeG pf mG ,lcw hJ ,f/ uReyf nma&;rS trsK;d om;ynma&;udk ul;ajymif;Edik af &;wm0efawG[m rNyD;qH;k
ao;ygbl;/ pyful;ryful;umvrSm rwnfrNidrfjzpfae&wJh 'Dynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;pcef;rSm or*¾awGomr½Sd&if
rjzpfb;l vdYk em;vnfreI YJ twl vGwv f yfa&;acwfwavQmufv;kH rSm or*¾awGupkd nf;½H;k NyD; trsKd;om;wnfaqmufa&;vkyf
ief;awGeYJwygwnf; ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;udk aqmif½u G cf jhJ cif; jzpfygw,f/ uReaf wmfwYkdrmS jrefrmEdik if yH nma&;
0g' (ay:vpD)? ynma&;pepf? ynma&;vkyif ef;eJYywfoufNyD; aqG;aEG;ES;D aESmcsufawG &,lxm;NyD;ygNyD/ ausmif;om;rsm;
ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ&JU atmifjrifcsufawG &½Sdxm;ygNyD/ 'Dxuf ydkrdkus,fjyefYwJh wrsKd;om;vHk;udk,fpm;jyK aqG;aEG;rJh
ynma&;aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;rSm wifjyppfaq;cHNyD; or*¾rsm;&JU wm0efcef;taeeJY ,laqmif&ef tqifoifhjzpfaeygw,f/
wavmuusif;ywJU q&mBuD;rsm;nDvmcHudk avUvmjcif;jzifU EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rSm-
(1) ynma&;tusyftwnf;jzpfaeaom
(2) jznfhpGufa&;twGuf pepfwckpkaygif;½SmazG&ef qdkwJh vufcHrIudk tuJcwfvdkY&ygw,f/
'Daumif;rGeaf om vufcrH u I kd rlwnfNyD; rMumrDumvrSm trsKd;om;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; jzpfajrmufa&;
twGuf jyifqifzdkYvdktyfovdk 0dkif0ef;vkyfaqmif&ef tpdk;&eJY q&mBuD;rsm;? rdbjynfolrsm;udk yefMum;ygw,f/ tpdk;&
oabmudk jynfolausmif;om;awGrSm csjy? aqG;aEG;jyNyD; tMuHÓPfaumif;awG ,loifhw,fvdkY wifjycsifygw,f/
ynma&;udk trsKd;rsKd;prf;oyfcJhvdkY EdkifiHrSmepfemcJhwmawGudk tpdk;&taeeJYoifcef;pm,lwwfzdkY tav;teufwifjycsif
ygw,f/ ynma&;vdktyfcsufawG zefwD;ay;a&;[m t"dujzpfygvdrfhr,f/ rxdkifcif ajcqif;vdkY r&ovdk tajctae
r½Sdao;? rjyKjyif rjznfhpGufEdkifao;bJ pepfwckudk t&rf;vkyf&if ratmifjrifbJ xdcdkufrSmawG pdk;&drf&ygw,f/ uRef
awmfwdkY ausmif;om;awG&JU wifjycsuf? ausmif;om;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrS &,lcsufawGudk 'Drdkua&pDudk av;pm;ygw,f
608
qdk&if vlwpkeJYpDpOfpOf;pm; aqmif½Gufwmxuf uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om;awG&JUqEúdk cH,lavhvm aqG;aEG;oifhw,f

qdkwm tpdk;&taeeJY oabmaygufzdkYvdkygw,f/
a½SUrSm trsKd;om;ynma&;udk EdkifiHawmftusKd; wu,fjyKEdkifa&;twGuf trsm;BuD;vufawGUvkyfjzpfr,fh
tajctaersKd;a&mufatmif uRefawmfwdkYwawG trsm;BuD;yJ BudK;pm;&vdrfhOD;rnfqdkwm owday;vdkufygw,f/
udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;cifAsm;-
trIaqmiftzGJU (4) ESpfoufwrf;rSm 'DaeYwrsKd;om;vHk;ta&;jzpfwJh jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;wm0efrsm;udkvnf;
uRefawmfwdkYwawG twwfEdkifqHk; yg0ifcJhygw,f/ or*¾vIyf½Sm;rIBuD;rsm;rSm jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&; oabmxm;awGudk
vnf; csrSwfvkyfaqmifcJhygw,f/ jynfwGif;ppf[m trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;udkcsdeJYapNyD; tysufeJYtjzKef;twGufom jzpf
w,fvdkY? e,fcsJUorm;udkom tusKd;jyKNyD; EdkifiHawmfrSmepfem&vdkY? ynma&;udkxdcdkufapvdkY uRefawmfrsm; or*¾rsm;[m
tESpf (40) jynfwGif;ppf jzpfpupNyD; Nidrf;csrf;rI&a&;twGuf a<u;aMumfcJhygw,f/ ausmif;om;wdkif;pmoifEdkifa&;?
ausmif;wdkif;zGifhEdkifa&;? ynm½Sifaumif;rsm; ay:aygufa&;? jrefrmhvlUtzGJUtpnf;eJY jrefrmEdkifiHtm; tvkyftauR;jyKa&;
twGuf trsKd;om;tiftm;pkaumif;rsm; ay:aygufvma&;udk uRefawmfwYkd vv kd m;ygw,f/ 'DtwGuf tmrcHcsufay;Edik zf Ykd
jynfwGif;ppf &yfEdkifrSjzpfr,f/ jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk ausmif;om;b0cHpm;csufrsm;t& tifrwefvdkvm;Muw,f/
'gaMumifh Nidr;f csr;f a&;vIy½f mS ;rIawGrmS yg0ifcwhJ ,f/ q&mBuD;rIid ;f &JUMo0g'udck , H Nl yD; ay;orQaomwm0efrsm;udk rem;rae
vkyfcJhMujcif; jzpfw,f/ ynmaumif;pGmoifEdkifa&;? ynmjyKjyifa&;vkyfief;[m jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; &,lzdkYeJYwquf
wnf; jzpfvdkYvnf; uRefawmfwdkYb0[m jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;eJY wxyfwnf;jzpfaeygNyD/ 'gaMumifh tpdk;&eJYolykef
ESpfzufauseyfwJhenf;eJY &&? ppf&yfpJEdkifzdkY q&mBuD;rIdif;&JU aemufqHk;yefMum;csufudk uRefawmfwdkYaxmufcHaewmrdkY
a½SUNidr;f csrf;a&;vkyif ef;rSeo
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wjyHKBuD; ½Sdaewmudk rsufjcnfrjywfMuzdkYvnf; wdkufwGef;vdkufygw,f/
&Jabmftaygif;wdkhcifAsm;-
nDvmcHBuD;rSm &if;ES;D yGivhf if;pGm nD&if;tpfuw kd rQ tawGUtMuHKrsm;? tjrifrsm;udk zvS,Mf uyg? aqG;aEG;Muyg?
oifcef;pmaumif;awGudk ½SmazGMuyg? tem*wfynma&; wm0efrsm;twGuf rSefaom oabmxm;? vrf;pOf? vkyfief;pOf
rsm;udk csrSwfEdkifMuygapvdkY wdkufwGef;tyfygw,f/
or*¾rsm; pepfwuszGJUpnf;&if;? Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk us,fjyefYvmatmif vlrsKd;pkrsm;? aumvdyfrsm;?
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&Jabmfor*¾rsm;udkvnf; wm0efBuD; (3) &yf ay;vdkufcsifwmuawmU-
1/ ausmif;om;b0udk rSefuefpGmusifhoHk;Edkif&ef?
2/ or*¾wm0ef? ausmif;om;tusKd;jyK vkyfief;rsm;udk pGrf;pGrf;wrH vkyfaqmifMu&ef?
3/ wrsKd;om;vHk;ta&;? wEdkifiHvHk;ta&;jzpfwJh trsKd;om;a&; wm0efrsm;vkyfaqmifMu&ef wdkY jzpfygw,f/
uRefawmfUoufwrf;rSm awGY MuHKcJU&wJU oifcef;pmtaeeJh-
1/ ausmif;om;obm0? ausmif;om;[efeJY rudkufnDwJh or*¾todkif;t0dkif;rS ausmfvGefvkyfcJhrdjcif;rsm;?
2/ ausmif;om;epfemcsuf? ausmif;om;wdkufyGJvkyfief;rsm;rSm wm0efausyGefcJhoavmuf jyKjyifa&;vkyfief;?
pmay? upm;ckefpm;? ,Ofaus;rIvkyfief;rsm;rSm tav;teuf xdef;odrf;ñTefMum; ray;cJhjcif;rsm; jzpfyg
w,f/
a½SUrSmor*¾awGukd pnf;urf;wusav;pm;pGm pnf;½H;k Mu&ef ausmif;om;xky;l wGv J yk af qmifa&;ESihf nDñw
G af &;
udk wnfaqmufMu&ef ausmif;om;? q&m? rdbem;vnfrIeJY vufwGJjcif;rsm; &,l&ef? urÇmYausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIeJY
trSefwu,f qufpyfEdkif&efpwJh taxGaxGaom or*¾pnf;½Hk;a&; oabmxm;rsm;udk ay;cJhcsifygw,f/
twdwfumv nDñGwfrIaMumifh&cJhaom atmifyGJrsm;udk om"ujyKNyD; tem*wfumv atmifyGJrsm;twGuf
tpGr;f ukef jyifqifMu&ef? tiftm;opf arG;Mu&efeYJ rdbjynforl sm;uvnf; om;orD;awGta&;rSm tm½Hpk u kd í f vufwJG
vkyfaqmif&efyefMum;&if; ed*Hk;csKyfyg&ap/
- ausmif;om;tcGifUta&; umuG,fMu
- or*¾rsm; wnfwHUcdkifjrJygap
- ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; atmifjrifygap
- Nidrf;csrf;a&; atmifjrifygap
609
xdkYaemuf trIaqmiftzGJU\ tpD&ifcHpmudk taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; udkvSjrifhu wifoGif;cJhonf/

¤if;tpD&ifcHpm tESpfcsKyfrSm-
zqyv[m or*¾udkzsufodrf;a&;twGuf trdefYxkwfNyD;aemuf Auorsm; wnfwHha&;twGuf yÍörtBudrf
ajrmufnDvmcHudk atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifcJhw,f/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;eJY trsKd;om;a&;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhw,f/ 1956
rS 1960 av;ESpftwGif; zqyvESpfjcrf;uJGpOf 'Drdkua&pDqefYusifa&;? tjyKwfwdkufa&;? e,fcsJUvufyg;apudk 0dkif;y,f
NyD; 'Drdkua&pDa&; tpOftvm½SdwJh tiftm;pkudk axmufcHcJhw,f/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tpdk;&wufvmawmh 'Drdkua&pDqefY
usifa&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifvmcJhw,f/ ausmif;om;awG tzdESdyfhcHcJh&w,f/ ausmif;xkwf? 0&rf;ajy;&jcif;[m txG#f
txdyfa&mufcJhw,f/ olykefeJY aqGrsKd;awmfpyfw,fqdkNyD; vlrr,fausmif;om;rsm;udk e,fESifawmxkwfyGJBuD; usif;ycJh
w,f/
ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rSm vuf½ydS nma&;pepf pepfwusr½Syd ekH YJ trsK;d om;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG usi;f y
&ef a<u;aMumfcJhonf/ xdkodkYBudK;yrf;rIaMumifh 1958 ck Mo*kwfv (9) &ufaeUrSm jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udk atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifcJhw,f/
ynma&;toHk;p&dwf wdk;jr§ifhoHk;pGJa&;ESifhywfoufí rsm;jym;aom ausmif;om;OD;a&ESifhtnD ynma&;toHk;
p&dwf wdk;jr§ifh&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ 1958-1959 ck &efukef xD;wef;OypmaumvdyftwGuf toHk;p&dwfrSm (42000)
jzpf&m ppfom; (10) OD;rQygaom wyfpdwfwpdwf toHk;p&dwfrQyifjzpfaMumif; axmufjycJhonf/ toHk;p&dwf enf;yg;rI
aMumifh ausmif;om;rsm; usef;rma&;? tawG;tac:&ifhoefrIESifh MuHcdkifwDxGifMuHqEdkifrIwdkY csKdU,Gif;&onfh'Pfudk
wdkif;jynfu aumif;pGmcHpm;ae&onf/ tusyftwnf;rsm; &ifqdkif&um ausmif;xkwfcH&ol ydkrdkrsm;jym;í toHk;p&dwf
wdk;jr§ifh&ef wdkufyGJ0ifaom ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk zdESdyfzsufqD;vmonf/
'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;twGuf 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJrsm;ü wcJeufnDñGwfpGm wdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf/ xdktcg or*¾udk
NzdKvJSzsufqD;&ef BudK;yrf;vmMuonf/ or*¾wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;twGuf qufvufwdkufyGJqifEGJcJhMuonf/ or*¾rsm;
zsuford ;f &ef trdeYf xw k cf ahJ om zqyvtpd;k &onf 'Dru kd a&pDwu kd yf JG vIid ;f wHy;kd rsm;Mum; NydKuGcJ sKyfNidr;f cJo
h nf/ tpd;k &ESihf
ausmif;om;qufqaH &; aumif;rGe&f ef yxptpd;k &onf ausmif;om;or*¾ zsuo f rd ;f a&;trdeYf ukd ½kyo
f rd ;f ay;&efvo kd nf/
or*¾rsm; w&m;0ifxlaxmifcGifh ray;vQif tpdk;&ESifh ausmif;om;qufqHa&;ü oabmxm;rSefuefonf[k rqdkEdkif/
wuúov kd o
f r*¾ OD;aqmifrt I cef;udv
k nf; ½du k cf sK;d í wuúov kd tf yk cf sKyfa&;aumifprD S or*¾u, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;udk xkwyf ,f
cJhonf/
Nidr;f csr;f a&;twGuv f nf; ausmif;om;xkonf jynfwiG ;f ppf'Pf? jynfwiG ;f rNidr;f csr;f rI'Pfukd jynfow l &yfv;kH
ESithf wl cHpm;cJ&h onf/ jynfwiG ;f ppfukd taMumif;jyKí zdEydS rf 'I PfccH &hJ onf/ jynfwiG ;f ppfaMumifh ppfp&dwf ydrk o kd ;kH pGv
J mum
ynma&;toH;k p&dw\ f (4) qausmf jzpfco hJ nf/ jynfwiG ;f Nidr;f csrf;a&; (8) OD;aumfrwD\ olremud, k rf em Nidr;f csrf;a&;
vrf;pOfudk axmufcHcJhonf/ ausmif;om;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf tvm;tvmr½Sdonfh wnfjrJzqyvudk
qefYusifí Nidrf;csrf;a&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&; tvm;tvm½Sdonfh oefY½Sif;zqyvudk axmufcHcJhonf/
EdkifiHwumvIyf½Sm;rIESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½GufrItwGuf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfrSm urÇmUausmif;om;or*¾tzGJUcsKyf
(I.U.S) ESihf urÇmY'r Dukd a&pDvil ,frsm;tzGUJ csKyf (W.F.D.Y) wdYk\ tzGUJ 0ifjzpfonf/ or*¾zUJG pnf;cGiyhf w d yf ifrI trdeYfxw k f
jcif;udk wjynfv;kH uefuu G q f E´jywdu
k yf 0JG ifaejcif;udk urÇmYausmif;om;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;rSwqifh wifjycJah yonf/ urÇmY
ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;u axmufcHtm;ay;rIrsm; rw&m;Oya'½kyfodrf;&ef jrefrmtpdk;&tm; awmif;qdkuefYuGufpmydkY
ulncD o hJ nf/ 1957 ck urÇmUausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f ud[ k mrm (*syef) jrefrmjynfoYkd a&mufvmNyD;? *smref'rD u kd &ufwpf
ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f rpöwmzd*k ,fvf a&mufvmjcif;? pnf;a0;yGrJ sm; aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf/ zqyvruGrJ u D
urÇmYausmif;om;yGJawmfrsm;twGuf EdkifiHul;vufrSwfrsm; rxkwfay;cJhyg/ 1958 ck aEG&moDwGif w½kwf-Armtpdk;&
cspMf unfrt I & wuoOD;aqmifum ud, k pf m;vS,f (50) ausmt f zGUJ onf w½kwjf ynfomG ;um ESpjf ynfaxmif ausmif;om;
vli,fwdkY\ cspfMunfa&; tkwfjrpfcsEdkifcJhonf/ zqyvzGJUNyD; oefY½Sif;tpdk;&vufvuf wuo? rwuo? rwuo?
ykodrfaumvdyfor*¾wdkYrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; w½kwfjynf? yDuif;NrdKUwGif usif;yaom (5)Budrfajrmuf urÇmYausmif;om;
rsm;or*¾tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcHodkY wufa&mufEdkifcJhayonf/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if; ppftpdk;&vufxuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
rsm;pGm tzrf;cH&NyD; tcsKdUa½Smifwdrf;cJh&onf/ 1958 ck 'DZifbmvwGif ausmif;om;or*¾tzGJUcsKyf 'k-Ouú| rpöwm
[efeufonf jrefrmjynfodkYa&mufvmcJhNyD; pwkw¬tBudrf ausmif;om;yGJawmfodkY wufa&mufcJhonf/ (6) Budrfajrmuf
urÇmYausmif;om;nDvmcH wufa&mufa&;twGuf oufqdkif&mtpdk;&ESifh wm0efcHwdkYu EdkifiHul;vufrSwf rxkwfay;í
roGm;EdkifcJhay/
610
wef;cGJ? wef;cspepfwdkufyGJ0if pmwrf;udk wifoGif;cJhonf/ pmar;yGJrsm;ppfaq;&mwGif wcsKdUEdkifiHrsm; txl;

ojzifh tar&duefü a&;ajz&aompmar;yGJrsm; r½Sd? ausmif;om;wdkY\ aeYpOftwef;wGif; vkyfief;rsm;? oifcef;pmrsm;?
avhusifhcef;rsm;udk MunfhNyD; tatmifay;aom ppfaq;enf;ESifh jrefrmjynfwGif toHk;jyKaeaom a&;ajzpmar;yGJ[lí
ESpfrsKd;½Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a&;ajzenf;ay:rlwnfum ausmif;om;rsm; aeYpOfvkyfief;? avhusifhcef;?
oifcef;pmudkyg xnfhoGif;wGufcsufaom pmar;yGJppfaq;enf;udk jyKoifhonf[k ,lqayonf/
EdkifiHawmfausmif;rsm;wGif (4) wef;? (7) wef;? (10) wef;rsm;wGif tpdk;&ppf pmar;yGJjyKvkyf&ef? azmfjyyg
tpd;k &ppfpmar;yGrJ sm; atmifjrifygu oufqikd &f mtqifEh iS hf udu
k n
f o
D nfh toufarG;0rf;aMumif;ynmudk oifMum;Edik &f ef
zefw;D ay;&rnf/ (10) wef; pmar;yGo J nf wckwnf;aom pmar;yGjJ zpfaomfvnf; pmar;yGaJ tmifpm&if;wGif wuúov kd o
f Ykd
oGm;Edkif&ef tqifhtwef;rDolrsm;tm; wuúodkvfodkY qufvufynmoifMum;EdkifcGifh½SdaMumif; yl;wGJaMunmay;&rnf/
rSwcf su-f þaMunmcsufonf ,cktpdk;&toHk;jyKaeaom (A-3) pepfESifhrwl/ wuúodkvf? Oypm? odyÜHpmar;yGJrsm;wGif

atmifolrsm;xHrS tif*sifeD,m? aq;odyÜHodkY ynmoifMum;Edkifonfh oabmrsKd;jzpfonf/ wuúodkvfodkY
roGm;jzpfolrsm;onf wuúodkvfodkY0ifEdkif&eftwGuf xyfrHpmar;yGJajzqdk&ef rnfodkYajz&rnf[k n§dEIdif;
owfrw S &f rnf/ (10) wef;pmar;yGJ atmifjrifow l ikd ;f tm; atmifvufrw
S w
f rsKd;wnf;udo
k m xkwaf y;&rnf/
þodkYjzpf wef;cGJ? wef;cspepfudk uefYuGufcJhygonf/
(q) &efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 1959-60 trIaqmiftzGUJ tpD&ifcpH m
( 1959 - 1960 )
trIaqmiftzGt
YJ pD&ifcpH m
1/ zGJUpnf;jcif;
2/ trIaqmiftzGJU0g'ESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;
3/ trsKd;om;a&;twGuf aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;
4/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm; xdyg;vmjcif;ESifh aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;
5/ ynmoifMum;a&;ESifhywfoufaom aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;
6/ yGJobiftcrf;tem;rsm;
7/ taxGaxGvkyfief;rsm;
8/ Xmeqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;
9/ aus;Zl;wif½Sdjcif;
10/ ed*Hk;
611
(1)
zGJYpnf;jcif;
(u) a½G;aumufyt JG &m½Scd efjh cif;- 1959-60 ckESpf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmifrsm; a½G;aumufyGJ
twGuf wm0ef,laqmif½Gufrnfh 1958-59 ck &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú| udkcifarmiftkef; tzrf;cH
ae&NyD; 'k-Ouú|jzpfaom udkbaumif;rSm 0&rf;xkwfxm;rIaMumifh wdrf;a½SmifaecJh&onf/ xdkYaMumifh 1959-60 ckESpf
trIaqmifa½G;aumufyt JG wGuf 1959 ck? Mo*kwv f (8) &ufaeYwiG f jyKvkyu f si;f yaom 1958-59 ckEpS f &efuek w f uúov kd f
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ tvkyftpnf;ta0;rS a½G;aumufyGJt&m½Sd udkndK0if;ESifh a½G;aumufyGJt&m½Sdtm; ulnD&ef
(Fore Teller) (4) a,mufudk a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcJhayonf/
xdo
k Ykd a½G;aumufyt JG wGuf a½G;aumufyt JG &m½Srd S BudK;yrf;jyifqifaepOf 1959 ck? Mo*kwvf (14) &ufaeYwiG f
rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? Ouú| udkapmvGiftm;vnf;aumif;? Mo*kwfv (16) &ufwGif rEÅav;
wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 'k-Ouú| udpk ed jf rift h m;vnf;aumif; zrf;qD;jcif;twGuf a½G;aumufyt JG &m½Srd S ,if;uJo
h Ykd
zrf;qD;jcif;udkuefYuGufí zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tjrefjyefvTwf&ef awmif;qdkcJhayonf/
(c) a½G;aumufyrJG sm;- 1959-60 ckESpf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 'k-Ouú|ESifh aiGxdef;wdkYudk a½G;aumufyGJ

wifajr§muf&ef yxrtywf wuoa½G;aumufyGJudk 1959 ckESpf pufwifbmv (3) &ufaeYwGif usif;yrnf[k a½G;
aumufyGJt&m½SdrS aMunmcJhonf/ 0ifa&mufta½G;cHvdkolrsm;\ avQmufvTmrsm;udk 1959 ck? Mo*kwfv (28) &ufaeY
eHeuf (10) em&DrSpí (31) &ufaeY? nae (3) em&DrwdkifrD a½G;aumufyGJt&m½SdxH wifoGif;&rnf[k aMunmcJhonf/
Ouú|ESifh aiGxdef;ae&mrsm;twGuf ,SOfNydKifta½G;cH&ef avQmufvTmwifoGif;ol wOD;pDom½SdNyD;? 'k-Ouú|
ae&mtwGuf avQmufvTmwifoGif;ol (3) OD; ½SdcJhonf/ xdk,SOfNydKifta½G;cH&ef wifoGif;Muaom 'k-Ouú| ae&mt
wGuf (3) OD; ½Sdonhfteuf (2) OD;rSm rdrdwdkYqE´tavQmuf avQmufvTmrsm; jyefvnf½kyfodrf;Edkifaom pufwifbmv
(1) &uf? nae (2) em&DwGif avQmufvTmrsm;udk jyefvnf½kyfodrf;oGm;cJhonf/
xdkYaMumifh Ouú|? 'k-Ouú|ESifh aiGxdef; (3) ae&mpvHk;wGif ,SOfNydKifta½G;cHrnfholr½SdawmhaomaMumifh Ouú|
udkvSwif? 'k-Ouú| udkpdef0if; (oHk;cG) ESifh aiGxdef; udkAaqGav; (bDat) wdkY a&G;cs,fjcif; cHcJh&onf/
trIaqmif (6) OD;ae&mtwGuf wuo 'kwd,ywfa½G;aumufyGJudk a½G;aumufyGJt&m½Sdtjzpf udkvSwifu
aqmif½u G uf m 1959 ck pufwifbmv (10) &ufaeUwGif usif;yrnf[k aMunmcJo h nf/ ,SONf ydKifta½G;cH&ef avQmufvmT
wifoGif;Muolrsm; (14) a,muf½Sdonfhteuf (2) OD;rSm rdrdwdkY qE´tavQmuf avQmufvTmrsm; jyefvnf½kyfodrf;ojzifh
use½f o
dS l (12) a,mufEiS hf a½G;aumufyjJG yKvkycf &hJ m ,SONf ydKiforl sm; teuf udn
k Kd 0if;? udjk roef;? udak usmv
f idI (f udx
k eG ;f ausm)f ?
udkxGef;vIdifaz (udkwifarmifaqG)? udkudkMunfESifh udkatmif0if;wdkYrSm rJtrsm;qHk;&Muojzifh 1959-60 ckESpf wuo
trIaqmiftjzpf ta½G;cHcJh&onf/
(*) trIaqmiftzG-YJ &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 1959-60 \ yxrtBudrf trIaqmiftpnf;ta0;yGJudk

1959 ck? pufwifbmv (19) &ufaeYwGif jyKvkyfusif;ycJhonf/ xdktpnf;ta0;rS tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcHtjzpf rcif
cifapmESihf pmMunfw h ukd f yd#uwfwu
kd rf LS ;tjzpf udak tmiford ;f Edik w
f Ykd tm; a½G;cs,fwifajr§mufMuNyD; atmufygtrIaqmif
tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/
udkvSwif Ouú|
udkpdef0if; 'k-Ouú|
udkAaqGav; (bDat) aiGxdef;
udkndK0if; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
udkjroef; wGJzuf-taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;ESifh jyefMum;a&;XmerSL;
udkausmfvIdif EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
udkwifarmifaqG upm;ckefpm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIXmerSL; (ausmufbDvl; wifarmifaqG)
udkudkMunf vlxkqufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
udkatmif0if; ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL;
rcifcifapm tdk;a0wm0efcH
udkatmifodrf;Edkif pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
612
(C) qyfaumfrwDrsm;- tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcHESifh pmMunfhwdkufwm0efcHwdkYudk ajymif;vJcefYtyf&ef (4) Budrfajrmuf

trIaqmiftpnf;a0;wGif pOf;pm;í? td;k a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcjH zpf udak tmiford ;f Edik tf m; ajymif;vJcefYtyfí rcifcifapmtm;
pmMunfhwdkufrSL;tjzpf ajymif;vJcefYtyfcJhonf/
&efuek wf uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya't& zGUJ pnf;&rnfh qyfaumf
rwDrsm;ESifh vdktyfaomXmersm;twGuf qyfaumfrwDrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; zGJUpnf;cJhonf/
tdk;a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwD
udkatmifodrf;Edkif tdk;a0wm0efcH
udkxGm;pdef twGif;a&;rSL;
udkoef;armif tvkyfrefae*sm
udkvSa½T (aq;ausmif;) aumfrwD0if
udkeE´ (jrefrmpm*kPfxl;) aumfrwD0if
rcifcifapm (bDat-'DwD) aumfrwD0if
pmMunfUwdkufaumfrwD
rcifcifapm pmMunfhwdkufwm0efcH
udkeef;a0 twGif;a&;rSL;
udkoef;atmif (0dZÆmodyÜH-u) aumfrwD0if
udkarmifudk (OypmodyÜH-c) aumfrwD0if
udkMunfrif; (0dZÆmodyÜH-u) aumfrwD0if
udkatmifoef; (0dZÆmodyÜH-u) aumfrwD0if
ausmif;om;acsmifcsda&;aumfrwD
udkatmif0if; wm0efcH
udkpdef0if; (oHk;cG) wuo'k-Ouú|
udkwifvIdif twGif;a&;rSL;
udkjrifhaz (aq;ausmif;) aumfrwD0if
udkav;&D (0dZÆmodyÜH-c) aumfrwD0if
rpdefjrifh (0dZÆm-u) aumfrwD0if
rtrmpef; (bDat-tD;'D) aumfrwD0if
(i) tzGiYJ ,frsm;twGuf wuoud,k pf m;vS,rf sm;- &efuek w

f uúovkd u
f pm;ckepf m;aumifpt
D wGuf wuo ud,
k pf m;vS,f
rsm;tjzpf atmufyg (5) OD;tm; a½G;cs,fcJhonf/
udkwifarmifaqG upm;ckefpm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIXmerSL;
udkausmfvIdif wuotrIaqmif
udkjroef; wuotrIaqmif
udkbñGefY wuotrIaqmif
udkwifñGefY wuotrIaqmif
(p) trIaqmiftpnf;ta0;rsm;- wuotrIaqmif tpnf;ta0;udk tBudrfaygif; (19) BudrfrQusif;ycJhonf/ tdk;a0

r*¾Zif;wm0efcHESifh pmMunfhwdkufrSL;rsm;twGuf (18) Budrfomjzpfonf/ trIaqmiftoD;oD; tpnf;ta0; wufa&muf
Muaom tBudrfrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/
udkvSwif- (17) Budrf? udkpdef0if;- (16) Budrf? udkAaqGav;- (11) Budrf? udkndK0if;- (18) Budrf?
613
udkjroef;- (17) Budrf? udkausmfvIdif- (19) Budrf? udkwifarmifaqG- (13) Budrf? udkudkMunf- (17) Budrf?
udkatmif0if;- (17) Budrf? rcifcifapm- (15) Budrf? udkatmifodrf;Edkif- (15) Budrf/
(2)
trIaqmiftzGJY0g'ESifU vkyfief;pOfrsm;
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 1959-60 \ Ouú|opf usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJudk 1959 ck? pufwif
bmv (25) &ufaeY &efukefwuúodkvf? ,k'oefcef;raqmifwGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhNyD; &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;
or*¾ 1959-60 \ 0g'ESifhvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; aMunmcJhonf/
0g'
1/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;? tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynma&;ESifh ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifhjzL;a&;?
2/ ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;ESifh w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;ta&;jyóemwdkif;wGif aqmif½Gufvdkaom ausmif;om;
tiftm;pkrsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;wGJaqmif½Gufa&;?
3/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;? ,Ofaus;rI xdef;odrf;jr§ifhwifa&;ESifh ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; &if;ESD;pGmaygif;oif;
qufqHa&;/
vkyfief;pOfrsm;
1959-69 ckESpf vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk a,bk,s ausmif;om;xk vdktyfcsuftajccHrsm;udk csrSwfvdkufygonf/
xdktajccHvkyfief;rsm;udk rlwnfí tao;pdwfvkyfief;csJUxGif vkyfaqmifoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/
1/ ,aeYtcsdeftcgwGif 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; ½kyfodrf;cHae&onf/ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;½IH;ae&onf/
ausmif;om;xktygt0if jynfov l x
l \k 'Dru
kd a&pDtcGithf a&; umuG,af &;wdu k yf u JG kd wuotaeESihf qifEw JT u kd yf JG
0ifrnf/
2/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; ½kyfodrf;cH&NyD; qHk;½IH;vsuf½Sdonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpDwGifvnf;aumif;? ausmif;aqmif
aumfrwDwGifvnf;aumif; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; z,fxkwfjcif;cH&onf/ pepftrsKd;rsKd;? pnf;urf;trsKd;rsKd;
udk ausmif;om;xkqE´rygbJ jyKvkyfvsuf½Sdonf/ ausmif;om;xkqE´rygbJ ausmif;aqmifrlopfudk twif;csrSwf
vkyaf qmifco hJ nf/ rvduk ef mEdik o
f nfh pnf;urf;rsm; twif;tusyv f yk cf ikd ;f vsuf ½So d nf/ xdt k csurf sm;rSm ausmif;om;
tcGifhta&; ½kyfodrf;cH&jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm; wuouvkyf
aqmifrnf/
3/ ynma&;wDxiG cf suf a<u;aMumfojH zifh ynma&;jyifqifcsurf sm; vkyaf qmifc\ hJ / xdjk yifqifcsuaf Mumifh ausmif;om;xk
ynma&;tusyftwnf;ESihf &ifqikd &f \/ ausmif;vcay;&jcif;? pmar;yGpJ epfopfaMumifh ynmoifMum;rI tcGit hf a&;
qHk;½HI;&jcif;? (2) cgusvQif ausmif;rSxGuf&jcif; ponfh tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifh &ifqdkifcJh&\/ xdktcsufrsm;rSm
ynma&;wDxGifcsufaMumifh jzpf\/ wuoonf ynma&;wDxGifcsuf ysufokOf;a&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;rnf/
ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf aqmif½Gufrnf/
4/ aESmifBudK;wnf;í pGufzufrI½Sdonfh tar&duef\ wuúodkvftaxmuftyHhrsm;onf ,aeY ausmif;om;xktwGuf
vnf;aumif;? tem*wfwuúodkvftwGuf vnf;aumif; BuD;pGmaomtEÅ&m,f jzpfayonf/ wuúodkvfe,fajrudk
0dik ;f &Hvsuf½adS yonf/ aESmifBudK;wnf;í pGuzf ufr½I o dS nfh tar&duef\ wuúov kd o f Ykd axmufyrhH rI sm; wm;qD;a&;udk
wuorS aqmif½Gufrnf/
5/ rSefuefaom vkyfenf;vkyf[efESifh ppfrSefonfh ausmif;om;tusKd;jyK oufomacsmifcsda&;vkyfief;rsm; wuou
wdk;csJUvkyfaqmifoGm;rnf/
6/ tqifhtwef;jrifhaom wuúodkvfjzpfvma&;? wuúodkvfoD;jcm;vGwfvyfcGifh umuG,fa&;twGuf q&mausmif;om;
cspfMunfpGm yl;wGJvkyfaqmifa&;udk taumiftxnfazmf vkyfaqmifoGm;rnf/
(3)
trsKd;om;a&;twGuf aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; wuúodkvfESifhausmif;toD;oD;wdkYü ynmoifvsuf½SdMuaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;
onf jynfolvlxk\ tpdwftydkif;w&yf jzpfonf/ jynfolvlxk\ &ifESpfom;orD;rsm;om jzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh
614
rdbjynfolwdkY\ jyóemt&yf&yfwdkYonf om;orD;rsm;jzpfaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ ta&;tcif;rsm;om

jzpfayonf/ odkYtwGuf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdbjynfoltaygif;ESifhqdkifaom ta&;tcif;rsm;wGif wm0ef
odpmG jzifh xrf;aqmifc&hJ onf/ þjzpfpOfordik ;f udk 1300 jynfh tvkyo
f rm;? v,form;? ausmif;om;wdYk \ ta&;awmfykH
BuD;u txift½Sm; oufaojycJhayonf/
(u) yk'fr (5) ESifU vdyfaomifuRef; / / 1958 ck? atmufwdkbmv (28) &ufaeYwGif ygvDreftpnf;ta0; ac:,l
um? 0efBuD;csKyfO;D Ek Ekwx
f u
G Nf yD; Adv
k cf sKyfBuD;ae0if; acgif;aqmifaom tpd;k &tzGUJ wufvmNyD;onfah emuf Nidr0f yfjym;a&;
yk'fr (5) ESifh ta&;ay:yk'frrsm;xkwfum ausmif;om;ESifhEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk zrf;qD;cJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk udkudk;uRef;odkY ydkYcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf udkudk;uRef;rS jyefvnfac:,lNyD; tcsKdUudkom jyefvTwfNyD;
tcsKdUudk qufvuf csKyfaESmifxm;onhfjyif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tpdk;&onf xdkolrsm;tm; vdyfaomifuRef;odkY ydkYaqmif&ef
jyifqifcJhjyefonf/
þodYk tEÅ&m,frsm;vSaom vdyaf omifuRe;f odYk ydYk aqmifjcif;onf oem;n§mwmrIuif;rJph mG n§O;f yef;ESyd pf uf&m
oma&mufojzifh ¤if;wdkYtm; vdyfaomifuRef;odkY rydkYaqmifyg&efESifh jyefvTwfyg&ef EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;ae0if;xHodkY
awmif;qdk arwåm&yfcHpmydkYcJhonf/
(c) ygvDrefa½G;aumufyGJ rJay;a&; / / 1960 ck? azazmf0g&Dv (6) &ufaeYwGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonfh jynfolYvTwf
awmf a½G;aumufyGJBuD;onf jrefrmjynfolwdkY\ tem*wfta&;udk qHk;jzwfapNyD;? aoa&;½Sifa&;wrQ ta&;BuD;vSaom
a½G;aumufyJG jzpfayonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; Edik if o H m;jzpfonfth m;avsmfpmG rdrwd Ykd yikd q
f ikd af om rJjzifh yg0ifq;kH
jzwf&rnf jzpfayonf/
odkYtwGuf a½G;aumufyGJwGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;wGif tvm;tvm½Sdí ynma&;wGifvnf; jynfol
vlxkw&yfvHk;u vufcHaom ynma&;pepfa&;qGJum ynma&;wDxGifvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk jyKjyifay;jcif;? ynma&;
toHk;p&dwf wdk;jr§ifhay;jcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifygrnf[k twdtvif;uwday;olrsm;tm; axmufcHtm;ay;Mu&ef wdkuf
wGef;cJhonf/
wuúodkvfausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; vGwfvyfpGmrJay;Edkifa&;twGuf avQmufvTmyHkpH (18-u) jzifh rdrdwdkY
wuúov kd rf oS m rJay;Edik af &; pDpOfay;cJoh nf/ avQmufvmT rsm;udv k nf; wuorS vnf;aumif;? c½dik t f oif;rsm;rSwqifh
ydrk v
kd ,
G u f al &;twGuf wm0ef,x l wk af y;jcif;jzifh vnf;aumif; aqmif½u
G cf o
hJ nf/ odYk twGuf e,fraS usmif;ol? ausmif;
om;rsm;onf rJqEáy;jcif; jyKEdkifcJhonf/
(*) wJtdrfa½TYajymif;aom &ufa½TYa&; / / &efukefjrLeDpDy,frS &efukefNrdKUtwGif;½Sd a½TUajymif;&ef usef½Sdaeao;aom

&yf uGufrsm;rS wJtdrfrsm;udk 1960 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv (17) &ufaeUrS (19) &ufaeYtNyD; ajymif;&rnf[k aMunmcJhay
onf/ xdktcsdefrSm aq;odyÜHausmif;om;ESifh wuúodkvfausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;wdkY pmar;yGJajzqdkaecsdef jzpfNyD;?
wuúodkvfESifh tpdk;&ausmif;rsm; pmar;yGJajzqdkcsdef eD;uyfaeojzifh xdk&yfuGufwGif aexdkifolrsm;\ tcuftcJrsm;
ajyvnfa&;twGuf owfrSwfaom&ufrsm;wGif rajymif;a½TUapyJ pmar;yGJNyD;rSompDpOf&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/
(4)
ausmif;om;tcGifUta&;rsm; xdyg;vmjcif;ESifU aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;
tpdk;&tzGJUonf jynfolvlxk tusKd;jyKjzpfap&efrSm jynfolvlxk udk,fydkifa½G;cs,fjcif;jzifhom &Edkifrnfjzpf
onf/ 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& wufvmaom tpdk;&omvQif jynfolYtpdk;&jzpfayrnf/ ygvDref'Drdkua&pDenf; r[kwfbJ
tpd;k & tmPmajymif;,lco hJ jzifh Adv
k cf sKyfae0if;tpd;k &tm; wuorS uefYuu G cf ahJ yonf/ wuorS BudKwifazmfjycJo h nfh
twdik ;f yif jynfov l x
l tk wGi;f zrf;qD;jcif;rsm;? Ncdr;f ajcmufjcif;rsm;tm;jzifh 'Drukd a&pDtcGit
hf a&;rsm; ydwyf ifccH &hJ onf/
jynfov l xl \
k om;orDrsm;jzpfaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;wGiv f nf; &½Sx d m;onft
h cGit
hf a&;rsm; ydwyf ifc&H jcif;?
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frI trsKd;rsKd;udkcHcJh&jcif;rsm; jyKcJhayonf/
(u) ausmif;om;oHk;OD; ausmif;0ifcGifUy,fjcif; / / &efukefwuúodkvfwGif wuoESifhwuG ausmif;om;xktm;

zdEydS &f efMuHpnfaeMuonfrmS MumcJNh yDjzpfonf/ odYk&mwGif wuo\ wGe;f vSeuf muG,Ef ikd rf rI sm;aMumifh twefaemufqw
k f
615
oGm;&mrS AdkvfcsKyftpdk;& wufvmcsdefwGif ajAmifzdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;yif jyKrlvmawmhonf/

1959 ck? Mo*kwfv (31) &ufaeYwGif wuúodkvf½Hk;rS ausmif;om; (3) OD;jzpfonfh wuoaiGxdef; udkA
aqGav; (Oya'0dZmÆ yxrESp)f ESihf wuotrIaqmifa[mif;rsm;jzpfMuaom udÓ k Pf&if (r[m0dZmÆ -yxrESp)f ? udjk rifo
h ed ;f
(0dZÆmtaxGaxG*kPfxl;wef;-yxrESpf) wdkYtm; ausmif;0ifcGifhrS y,fzsufvdkufaMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ þjzpf&yfwGif
wuúodkvf\ tcGifhtmPmtydkifqHk;jzpfaom ygarmu©csKyfudk,fwdkif rodvdkufaom jyKrlcsufjzpfaMumif; ygarmu©csKyfrS
0efcHum ausmif;jyef0ifcGifh jyKcJhayonf/ þodkYjzpf&onfrSm oufqdkif&mXmerS ñTefMum;csufw&yfom jzpfaMumif;
ygarmu©csKyf\ xkwaf zmfajymjycsut f & tmPmydik w
f Ykdonf ygarmu©csKyfuykd if ausmvf eG u
f m ½kyyf suq
f if;ysuf usL;ausmf
zdESdyfvmjcif;jzpfonf/
(c) atmufwdkbmausmif;aqmifaecGifU / / atmufwdkbm ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif jynfe,fausmif;om;rsm;ESifh

jyef&ef vrf;yef;c&D;cufcJaom ausmif;om;rsm;udkom taqmifaexdkifcGifh,lNyD; tr&ESifh &mrnaqmifrsm;wGifom
taqmifaecGifh jyKrnfjzpfaMumif; ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS aMunmcJhayonf/ xdkxkwfjyefaMunmcsufonf ausmif;
om;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;udk ½kyfodrf;jcif;om jzpfonf/ tpOftvmrsm;udk qefYusifum ausmif;om;rsm; pmayavhvm
jcif;udk taESmifht,Suf jzpfaponf/ atmufwdkbmausmif;ydwf&ufonf pmoifESpfukefqHk;í ausmif;ydwfjcif;r[kwf?
acwåausmif;ydwfjcif;om jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;aqmifom;tm;vHk;wGif pmoifESpfrukefqHk;rcsif; ausmif;aqmif
rsm;wGif aexdkifcGifh½SdaMumif;/
ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS ,if;ausmif;ydw&f ufwiG f ausmif;aqmifaexdik cf iG ahf y;xm;onfh ausmif;om;rsm;xHrS
aiG 14d^- aumufcHjcif;onfvnf; vHk;0rw&m;ay/ ausmif;aqmifaexdkifoltm;vHk;onf atmufwdkbmvtwGuf
aiGay;oGif;NyD;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh atmufwdkbmausmif;ydwf&ufwGif ausmif;aqmifom;wdkif; rdrdwdkY taqmifrsm;wGif
tcrJhaexdkifcGifhonf rdrdwdkY\ udk,fydkiftcGifhta&;om jzpfaMumif;/
ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD\ jyKvkyv f mcsufrsm;onf ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&;udk csKd;zsufjcif;omjzpfNyD; ausmif;
om;udk,fpm;vS,f rygonfh aumfrwDrS ausmif;om;qEÉSifhqefYusifpGm tmPm½Sifqefqef jyKrlvmcsufrsm;om jzpf
aMumif;rsm;jzifh uefYuGufcJhonf/
wuoESifhtoif;tzGJUrsm;rS uefYuGufawmif;qdkaecsdefwGif ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif wuúodkvft&Hwyf&if;udk
xm;½Srd nfjzpfaMumif; aMunmvdu k jf yefonf/ a½S;OD;pGm ausmif;aqmifrsm;jyif&eftwGu[ f í
l ajymNyD;aemufwiG f wuúov kd f
t&Hwyf&if;awmh xm;Edik o f nfqo kd nfh jyóem xyfqifch jhJ yefonf/ xdYkaMumifh ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD\ qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;
onf ausmif;om;rsm; taqmifwGifraea&;om &nf½G,faom zdESdyfrIoufoufomjzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;ayonf/
odkYtwGuf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú|\ tcGifhtmPmt& wuorS ausmif;om;xk
tpnf;ta0;w&yfudk 1959 ck? pufwifbmv (23) &ufaeY? n (7) em&Dtcsdef wuocef;rwGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf/
,if;pnf;a0;yGJrS atmufygtqdkrsm;udk wifoGif;qHk;jzwfcJhonf/
1/ atmufwdkbmausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; rdrdaexdkifonfh ausmif;aqmifwGif aexdkifcGifhrjyKbJ aiG 14d^-
ay;oGif;um tjcm;ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif ajymif;a½TUae&rnfqdkaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD\ qHk;jzwf
csufudk uefYuGufaMumif;/
2/ atmufwb kd mausmif;ydw&f uftwGi;f wuúov kd t
f &Hwyf&if;udk ckw;kH vkyí
f wuúov kd ef ,fajrwGif ppftajc
cHpcef;zGifhvmjcif;udk uefYuGufaMumif;/
3/ þodYk zdEySd cf sKyfcs,v f mjcif;udk ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGrJ S wqufwnf; wuúov kd ef ,fajrwGi;f vSnv hf nf
í qE´jyuefYuGuf&ef/
pufwifbmv (23) &ufaeYnwGif ausmif;om;xkq;kH jzwfcsuft& qE´jycJMh uayonf/ xdu k pd Eö iS yhf wfoufí
&efukefwuúodkvfaumifpDrS wuotrIaqmifrsm;onf ausmif;pnf;urf;azmufzsufNyD; qlylonf[laom taMumif;jy
csufjzifh ygarmu©csKyftm; (7) &uftwGif; awmif;yef&rnf? vufrSwfa&;xdk;&rnf[k qHk;jzwfaMunmcJhonf/
xdkjyóemESifh ywfoufí wuotrIaqmiftpnf;ta0;rS tav;teufpOf;pm;MuNyD;-
1/ xdkta&;onf q&mausmif;om; at;aq;ausvnfpGm ajz½Sif;oifhaom jyóemw&yfom jzpfonf[k
wuorS ,HkMunfonf/
2/ xdkta&;aMumifh wuúodkvf\ at;csrf;om,mpGmwnf½Sda&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;pGmynmoifMum;a&;udk rxdcdkuf
ap&ef/
616
3/ xdkta&;aMumifh q&mausmif;om; yl;wGJaqmif½Gufa&;ESifh cspfMunf&if;ESD;a&; ysufjym;roGm;ap&ef/

4/ xdkta&;aMumifh rdbjynfolrsm;? q&m? q&mrrsm; pdwfrcsrf;rom rjzpfap&efESifh pdwfcsrf;omrI&ap&ef
[laom oabmxm;udk xkwjf yefaMunmum? atmufwb kd m (1) &ufaeYwiG f trIaqmifrsm;onf ygarmu©
csKyfxo
H mG ;a&mufí þodYkjzpfysu&f onfu
h pd Eö iS yhf wfoufí rsm;pGm0rf;enf;ygaMumif;jzifh ajymum ausat;
cJhonf/
wuúodkvfausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif wuúodkvft&Hwyf&if;udk xm;&eftpDtpOfvnf; ysufoGm;cJhonf/
(*) atmufwdkbmv0ufxrif;zdk; / / atmufwdkbmvwGif ausmif;aqmifaeaom ausmif;olôm;rsm; ausmif;

aqmifrae&ojzifh ¤if;wdYk tm; taqmifrS xrif;rpm;aomaMumifh atmufwb
kd mv0uf xrif;zd;k rsm;udk jyef xkwaf y;&ef
awmif;qdkcJhonf/ ,if;awmif;qdkcsufaMumifhyif xrif;zdk; 21d^- 50 jym;udk taqmifaeausmif;olôm; rsm;
jyefvnf&½SdcJhMuonf/
(C) ausmif;pnf;urf;jyóem / / ausmif;aqmifXmerS ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm;udkxkwfjyefcJh&m xdkpnf;urf;rsm;

wGif ausmif;om;rsm; rvdkufemEdkifonfhtcsufrsm; yg0ifaeonf/ wuoonf ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí
ausmif;pnf;urf;½Srd u I kd vdv
k m;onf/ ausmif;pnf;urf;½Srd u
I kd ausmif;om;ESihf q&myl;aygif;um ynmay;vkyaf qmif&ef
vdktyfaMumif;rsm; wifjycJhonf/ pufwifbmv (8) &ufaeYwGif ygarmu©csKyfESifh wuotrIaqmifrsm; awGUqHkpOfu?
ygarmu©csKyfrS ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm;udk ausmif;om;or*¾ESifh o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;udk wdkifyifn§dEIdif;NyD;rS
twnfjyKrnf[k ajymqdkcJhonf/
xdak jymqdck surf sm;t& xkwjf yefxm;onfh pnf;urf;rsm;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;yg&efEiS hf ausmif;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,f
rsm;ESifh tajytvnfn§dEIdif;NyD;rS twnfjyKyg&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/
(i) ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDESifU ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,fjyóem / / &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;aqmifta&;

jyóemrsm;udk pDrt H yk cf sKyf&eftwGu?f wuúov
kd af umifpv
D ufatmufwiG f ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD½NdS yD; ,if;aumfrwDwiG f
wuo ud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD; yg0ifcahJ yonf/ 1959 ck ausmif;zGiphf wGif wuoud,k pf m;vS,rf sm; Ekwyf ,fxm;cJo h nf/
xdkYaemuf ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;rsm;odkY tvSnfhus ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; wufa&muf&ef
ausmif;aqmif (2) aqmifodkY aumfrwDu zdwfac:cJhonf/ wuoESifh o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;tzGJUcsKyfwdkYrS ,cift
wdkif; wuo udk,fpm;vS,ftm; jyefvnfay;&ef awmif;qdkaepOfwGif xdkuJhodkYxyfrHjyKjyifjcif;onf ausmif;om;xkudk
udk,fpm;jyK zGJUpnf;xm;aom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk todtrSwf rjyKvdkjcif;om jzpfonf/
xdYkaMumifh ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD\ rlrrSeaf om ausmif;aqmif (2) aqmifrS ud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD; zdwaf c:jcif;
udk uefYuGufí wuoESifh o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGJUcsKyfwdkYrS cefYtyfxm;aom udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;udkom
vufcH&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ ,ckwGifrl wuo taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;tzGJUcsKyf
Ouú| wdkYudk vufcHxm;½Sdayonf/
(p) aumifpDa½G;aumufyGJ / / 1959 ck? rwfv (2) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom jynfolYvTwfawmf nDvmcHrS
&efukefwuúodkvftufOya' jyifqifcsufudk twnfjyKcJhavonf/ &efukefwuúodkvftufOya' jyifqif&eftwGuf
wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif tMuHÓPfawmif;cHpOfu rygcJhaom ]wuo udk,fpm;vS,fvlBuD; (2) OD;tm; jzKwfypf&ef}
jyifqifcsufudkvnf; txl;trdefYjyefwrf;xkwfum xnfhoGif;jyifqifcJhonf/
xdkodkY jyKvkyfjcif;onf wuoonf ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;\ udk,fpm;vS,fr[kwf[laom oabmouf
a&mufNyD;vQif wuo\ tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk ydwyf if&efjyKvkyjf cif;? ausmif;om;wdik ;f or*¾0ifciG u
hf kd zsuford ;f í or*¾zUJG
pnf;cGifhudk ydwfyif&ef jyKvkyfjcif;? wuúodkvfe,fajrudk EdkifiHa&;tzGJUrsm;,SOfNydKif&m ppfwvif;tjzpfodkY a&muf½Sd&ef
jyKvkyfjcif; jzpfojzifh wuorS qE´jyuefYuGufcJhonf/
ausmif;om;rsm; qE´jyuefYuGufonfhMum;rSyif wuúodkvftufOya'jyifqifcsufudk 1959 ck? rwfv (2)
&ufaeYwGif usif;yaom jynfolUvTwfawmfnDvmcHrS vufcHtwnfjyKcJhonf/ wuoonf xdktufOya'jyifqifcsuf
zsufodrf;a&;? wuo udk,fpm;vS,f aumifpDvlBuD; (2) OD; &½Sda&;twGuf qufvufawmif;qdk wdkufyGJ0ifrnfjzpf
aMumif; aMunmcJhonf/
617
wuúov kd t
f ufOya' jyifqifcsut f & ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f wuúov kd af umifpv D Bl uD; (2) OD; a½G;aumuf
yGJudk 1959 ck? 'DZifbmv (17) &ufaeYwGif usif;yrnf[k wuúodkvfaumifpDrS aMunmcJhonf/ wuo\qEÉSifh
udkufnDrIr½Sdaomfvnf; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f trnfcHum ausmif;om;qE´twdkif; raqmif½Gufaom wuúodkvf
aumifpDvlBuD; (2) OD; rjzpfap&efESifh ausmif;om;qE´rsm;udk wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif wifjyEdkif&eftwGuf ausmif;om;
udk,fpm;vS,f aumifpDvlBuD; (2) OD;tm; wuoonf toif;tzGJUaygif;pHkESifh n§dEIdif;a½G;cs,fum 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifap
cJhonf/
EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkYvnf; (1) wuúodkvfe,fajrwGif EdkifiHa&; ppfwvif;rjzpfa&;? (2) ausmif;om;
tusKd; epfemcsufrsm;udk ausmif;om;xkqE´? ausmif;om;xktjriftwdkif; aqmif½GufEdkifa&;twGuf wuúodkvfaumifpD
ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f a½G;aumufyGJwGif 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifjcif; rjyK&ef arwåm&yfcHcJhayonf/
odkY&mwGif EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;wckjzpfaom oefY½Sif;zqyvrS 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif&ef jyifqifvmjcif;aMumifh?
oefY½Sif;zqyv\ qE´t& wuoonf (3) Budrfwdkifwdkif awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cJhonf/ xdkodkY aqG;aEG;&mwGif oefY½Sif;
zqyvESihf wuoonf (1) 'Dru kd a&pDa&; aqmif½u G rf rI sm;wGif wlncD surf sm;½Sod nf? (2) ynma&; oabmxm;rsm;wGif
em;vnfrrI sm; ½Scd jhJ cif;wdYkaMumif?h ,aeY wuúov kd af usmif;om;xk\ vdv k m;csurf sm;jzpfonfh ynma&;vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;
y,fzsufay;a&;? ynma&;epfemcsufrsm;udk aumifpDwGif wifjyawmif;qdkay;a&; ponfh rl (2) csufudk vufcHNyD;
Edik if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf;jzpfonfh oefY½iS ;f zqyv\ ud, k pf m;vS,t f aeESihf r0ifb?J wuo\a½G;cs,faom ud, k pf m;vS,f
tjzpf 0ifrnfqdkygu wuorS axmufcHay;rnf[k wifjycJhonf/
odYk aomf oefY½iS ;f zqyvtaeESihf vufrcHaomaMumifh wuoonf wuo\ aiGxed ;f a[mif; OD;wDy0D rf;ESihf
Ouú|a[mif; OD;armifarmifausmf wdkYtm; udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a½G;aumufum oefY½Sif;zqyv udk,fpm;vS,f OD;0if;?
OD;&m½Spw f YkdEiS hf ,SONf ydKifco
hJ nf/ wuoud, k MkH unfjcif;? ausmif;om;xk\ tpOftvmESio hf pömudck ,
H íl ausmif;om;tusK;d
o,fy;kd xrf;½Gurf nfh wuoud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk ,HMk unf&if;pG½J jdS cif;wdYk aMumifh wuoud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u tEdik &f ½Scd hJ
ayonf/ trdwuo\ *kPfodu©mudk pnf;vHk;nDñGwfjcif; t&nftaoG;jzifh wifay;vdkMuojzifh armfvNrdKif? ykodrf?
ausmufjzLaumvdyf or*¾rsm;ESifh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;rS nDñGwfpGm rJay;cJhMuonf/
wuoonf aumifpaD ½G;aumufyw JG iG f wuoud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD; tEdik &f cJah omfvnf; wuoud, k pf m;vS,f
aumifpDwGif yg0ifcGifh&½Sda&;rludkum; qufvuf udkifpGJjrJudkifpGJí wuúodkvf jyifqifcsuftufOya' y,fzsufa&;udk
qufvufwdkufoGm;rnfom jzpfayonf/
(q) tzrf;cHausmif;om;rsm;pmar;yGJajza&; / / AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tpdk;&onf Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;udk taMumif;jyum

wuúodkvfESifhtxufwef;ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk yk'fr (5) jzifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcJhonf/ 1958-59 ckESpfwGif
tzrf;cH&aom ausmif;om;tcsKdUrSm pmar;yGJajzcGifh avQmufaomfvnf; EdkifiHtpdk;&rS cGifhrjyKojzifh pmar;yJGajzqdkcGifh
r&½Sdacs/ þodkY zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;aMumifh tzrf;cHausmif;om;rsm;twGuf txl;yifepfemcJh&onf/ odkYtwGuf 1959-
60 ckESpf pmar;yGJwGif &oifh&xdkufaom tcGifhta&;t&? ajzqdkcGifhudk rdrdwdkY\ oufqdkif&maxmifwGif;rS ajzqdkcGifhjyK&ef
awmif;qdkcJhonf/
odkY&mwGif zdEdSyfcsKyfcs,frIudkom jyKvdkaom tpdk;&onf wOD;wa,mufudkrQ ajzqdkcGifhrjyKaMumif; jyefMum;cJh
ojzifh? vlYtcGifhta&;ESifh ynmoifMum;EdkifcGifhtcGifhta&; wm;qD;&ma&mufojzifh jyif;jyif;xefxef uefYuGufcJhonf/
(Z) or*¾0ifaMu;aumufcHay;&ef / / 1954 ckESpfrSpí or*¾aMu;rsm;udk ausmif;0ifonfESifh wNydKifeuf

wuúodkvfrS aumufcHay;cJhonf/ þodkYaumufcHay;cJhjcif;onf wuoudk w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKjcif;yifjzpfonf/
1959-60 ckESpfwGif ,cifuJhodkY aumufcHaeqJüyif wydkif;wpor*¾aMu;rsm; aumufcHjcif;udk &yfqdkif;xm;cJhonf/
,ckEpS f 1960-61 wGivf nf; raumufcaH y;bJ xm;½Scd ahJ yonf/ or*¾aMu;rsm;aumufcrH I &yfqikd jf cif;onf wuotm;
w&m;0iftodtrSwrf jyKonfh oabmjzpf\/ wuoud, k pf m;vS,f aumifpv
D Ml uD;rsm;tm; y,fzsujf cif;? ausmif;aqmif
aumfrwDrsm;tm; zsuo f rd ;f jcif;jyKNyD;aemufwiG f ,ckqufvufí or*¾ut kd odtrSwrf jyK&ef vkyaf qmifjcif;yifjzpfonf/
jynfolvkxk\ 'Drdkua&pD tvm;tvm arQmfudk;csufjzifh tHk<uaxmufcHjcif;aMumifh wufvmaom oefY½Sif;
zqyv (,ck yxp) tpdk;&onfyif or*¾aMu;rsm; aumufay;&efudk jiif;qefxm;½Sdayonf/ wuo\ ausmif;om;
udk,fpm;vS,f aumifpDvlBuD; (2) OD;\ aumifpDwGifwifjycsufudk uefYuGufMuojzifh xdktqdkudkwif&ef &yfqdkif;xm;cJh
&onf/
618
(ps) 0&rf;xkwfcH&aomausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; / / AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tpdk;&tm; tmPmvTJajymif;ay;jcif;onf

ygvDref'rD u kd a&pDenf;t& ajymif;vJjcif;r[kw?f tmPmudak oG;xGuo f ,H rkd rI ½Sb
d J twif;tusyo
f rd ;f ydu
k jf cif; jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; ydwfyifwm;qD;jcif;? jynfolvlxktwGif; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frItEÅ&m,frsm; usa&muf
jcif;rsm;cHcJh&onf/ wuoOuú| udkcifarmiftkef;? trIaqmif udkzdk;omab;? twGif;a&;rSL; udkatmifbef;wdkY zrf;qD;
uduk ;kd uRef;ydYk c&H NyD;? Auo'k-Ouú|ESihf trIaqmifa[mif; udjk rifOh ;D ? tif;0aqmif o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif; trIaqmif
udkudef;aiG? wyfOD;trIaqmif udkudkBuD;ESifh ½Srf;trsKd;om; qdkif;EGefqdkif;? wuo'k-Ouú|a[mif; udkpD wdkYrSmvnf;
zrf;qD;jcif;cHc&hJ onf/ wqufwnf;rSmyif wuo'k-Ouú| udb k aumif;? twGi;f a&;rSL; udck ifatmif? trIaqmifa[mif;
ud,
k w k Ykd tjyif Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf Ouú| udak Zmf0if;wdYk tm; 0&rf;xkwjf cif; cHc&hJ onf/ ,ckwikd yf if 0&rf;jzifw h rd ;f a½Smifae
&qJ jzpfayonf/
jynfow l Ykd \ 'Dru
kd a&pDarQmfu;kd csufjzifh wufvmaom OD;Ektpk;d &vufxufwiG ?f wuo\ awGUqHak wmif;qdk
csuft&? xdkausmif;om;acgif;aqmif;rsm; tzrf;cHygu oufn§mpGmpOf;pm;rnfjzpfaMumif; aMunmvmcJhonf/ yxp
tpdk;&onf 'Drdkua&pDa<u;aMumfoHjzifh wufvmaom tpdk;&jzpfojzifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;udk jynfolvlxka½SUarSmuf
wGif uwday;NyD;jzpfonf[k ,lqjcif;? ausmif;om;ESifhtpdk;& qufqHa&;ajyjypf aumif;rGefaejcif;wdkYaMumifh wuo
onf 0&rf;ausmif;om;rsm; tzrf;cHa&;twGuf jyifqifcJhayonf/
(5)
ynmoifMum;a&;ESifUywfoufaom aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;
(u) waehESpfbmomrajza&; / / wuúodkvfqD;edwftzGJU\ qHk;jzwfcsuft& 1959-60 ckESpf wuúodkvf pm
ar;yGJrsm;wGif waeYvQif ar;cGef; (2) ck ajzqdk&awmhrnf jzpfaMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ ausmif;om;xktwGuf
vHk;0tusKd;rjyK aom xdkqHk;jzwfcsuftm; wuorS uefYuGufcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; Oypmwef;wGif waeYwbmom
pDom ppfaq;rnfjzpfaMumif; jyifqifaMunmcJhonf/
0dZmÆ wef;rsm;tm; waeYar;cGe;f (2) ck ajzqdak &;rlum; aumifprD v
S ufct H wnfjyKcJoh nf/ þtqdu k kd aumifpD
rS vufcHtwnfjyK&mwGif aumifpDü ausmif;om;xkqE´rygbJ vufcHtwnfjyKcsufom jzpfonf/
odkYtwGuf wuo\ ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,fvlMuD; (2) OD;rS aumifpDudk tjrefac:qdkcdkif;vsuf wzuf
wGif 0dZmÆ wef;rsm;wGif qE´vufrw S rf sm;udk vdu
k vf aH umufccH o
hJ nf/ vufrw S af ygif; (2000) ausmf&½Scd sdew
f iG f qD;edwrf S
waeYwGif ar;cGefwckomajz&ef wuo\awmif;qdkcsufudk jyefvnfíqHk;jzwfcJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf vHk;0
tusKd;r½Sdaom rrSefuefonfh jyKrlvmcsufonf ausmif;om;xktm;aMumifh aemufjyefqkwfoGm;&jcif;jzpfonf/
(c) pmar;yGJar;cGef;aygufMum;jcif; / / 1960 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif usif;yaom wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJwGif

ocFsmbmomü rSm;,Gi;f jcif;? t*Fvyd b f momü csKdU,Gi;f jcif;rsm; jzpfay:NyD;aemuf? &mZ0ifbmomwGif ar;cGe;f aygufMum;
jcif; jzpfcJhonff/ ajrmif;jr? jrif;jcH? ausmufqnf? uom pmppfXmersm;ESifh NrdKUaygif; tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif pmar;yGJü
&mZ0ifar;cGef;rsm; aygufMum;ojzifh ausmif;om;rsm;qE´jyí pmajzcef;rS xGufcGmMujcif;? aumfrwDzGJUí ar;cGef;rsm;
BudKwif ½dkufESdyfíjzefYcsdjcif;rsm;? oufqdkif&mESifh NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;odkY wdkifwef;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/
þonfukd NrdKUjytkycf sKyfa&; wyfrawmft&m½Srd sm;rS wdik ;f jynfrqlyal &;wGuf xde;f odr;f jcif;? apmifah ½Smufjcif;?
ydwfyifjcif;rsm;jzifh rNidrf;rcsrf;jzpf&rnfh jyóemrsm;udk a½Smif;uGif;EdkifcJhonf/ ,if;tajctaeudk taMumif;jyKí
wm0ef½o dS rl sm;onf tcGiahf umif;,lum a&iHEk w I yf w
d f qdwq f wd af ecJMh uonf/ wuoonf &uo? Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf
ESifh n§dEIdif;um pmar;yGJar;cGef;aygufMum;&mwGif wOD;tay:wOD; wm0efvTJjcif;? (Debar) jyKvkyfjcif;? tajz vTmrsm;
wif;usyfpGmppfaq;jcif;rsm; rjyKvkyfbJ? wm0ef½Sdolrsm;udk tjypfay;&efESifh pmar;yGJar;cGef;xkwfjcif;? jzefYcsdjcif;pepfudk
jyefvnf ppfaq;jyifqif&ef vdktyfaMumif;? ,if;ar;cGef;aygufMum;rItwGuf aygufMum;aomXmersm;wGif pmar;yJGrsm;
jyefvnfppfaq;ay;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/
xdu k pd u
ö kd yxptpd;k &ESihf awGUqH&k mwGif oufnm§ pGm pOf;pmrnfqakd omfvnf; atmifpm&if;wGif qE´jycJah om
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; vHk;0xnfhoGif; rpOf;pm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ wm0ef½Sdolrsm;vnf; wm0efr,lao;bJ?
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; tay:wGif wm0efrJh jyKrlcJhonf/
(*) pmar;yGJar;cGef;rsm;csKdY,Gif;jcif; / / 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;tNyD; ausmif;rsm;jyefvnf zGifhvSpfonfrSpí jrefrm

619
EdkifiHwGif ESpfpOfusif;yaom pmar;yGJwdkif;vdkyif csKdU,Gif;csufrsm; jzpfay:cJhonf/ 1960 ck? azazmf0g&Dv (16) &uf
aeYrpS í usif;yaom wuúov kd 0f ifwef;pmar;yGw
J iG v
f nf; csKdU,Gi;f csufrsm; jzpfcjhJ yefonf/ t*Fvyd pf mar;cGe;f tcsKdUwGif
pmrsufESm wzufryg½Sdjcif;? ar;cGef;trSwf (4) wGif bmomjyefyg (odkYr[kwf) tusOf;a&;yg[lí cGJr&Edkifaom rwd
usaom ar;cGef;udkar;jcif;? ocFsmar;cGef;vTm (2) ü t*FvdyfbmomESifh jrefrmbmom *Pef; (2) rsKd; jzpfaejcif;?
(7) yk'f ajzyg[lí jrefrmbmomwGif ryg0ifjcif; paomcsKdU,Gif;rIrsm; jzpfcJhonf/
xdbk momrsm;onf r,lrae&bmomBuD;rsm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; twGuf BuD;rm;aom
epfemcsufrsm; jzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm; repfemap&ef aqmif½Gufay;&efESifh xdkodkYaqmif½GufrIrsm;udk
wuúodkvf0ifpmppfbkwftzGJUrS twdtvif; xkwfazmfaMunm&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/
(C) ynma&;r[mXmeESifUaxmufyHUaMu; / / ,cifESpfrsm;u ynma&;r[mXmewGif axmufyHhaMu;,lol ausmif;

ol? ausmif;om;wdkif;tm; axmufyHhaMu;ay;cJhonf/ odkYaomf 1969-60 ckESpf axmufyHhaMu;,lvdkaom ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om; (300) cefY½Sdonfteuf (130) om ay;cJhonf/ aiGaMu;tusyftwnf;aMumifh ynma&;r[mXmewGif
oif,laeMuaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;tcsKdU axmufyHhaMu;r&rIaMumifh ynmqufvufoif,l&ef tcuftcJawGU
ae&onf/ ausmif;vc ray;Mu&aom ,cifESpfrsm;uyif axmufyHhaMu;&vdkolwdkif;tm; ay;EdkifcJhao;&m ausmif;vc
,laom 1959 ckESpfwGif ydkrdkíom ay;Edkifp&mjzpfonf/
odYk twGuf ynma&;r[mXmeESihf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wdYk n§Ed idI ;f aqG;aEG;um ¤if;wdYk oabmwlq;kH jzwfcsuf
twdkif; ay;apoifhaMumif; awmif;qdkcJhonf/
(i) jrefrm&mZ0ifoD;jcm;oifa&; / / &efukefwuúodkvfwGif pmayoifMum; ydkYcsrIqdkif&mXmersm;teuf ta½SUwdkif;

&mZ0ifXme[lí Xme½SdcJhonf/ ,if;Xmeudk ppfNyD;acwf 1951 ckESpfwGif &mZ0ifXmerS cGJxkwfum oD;jcm;Xmewcktjzpf
wnfaxmifcjhJ cif; jzpfonf/ 1955 ckEpS w f iG f wzef ta½SUwdik ;f &mZ0ifXmeü jrefrm&mZ0ifukd oD;jcm;bmomw&yftjzpf
wdk;csJUum 0dZÆmwef;rsm;wGif oifMum;ydkYcscJhavonf/ 1959-60 ckESpfwGif jrefrm&mZ0if oifMum;olaygif; (800)
ausmfxd wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmcJhonf/
xdkodkY wdk;wufrsm;jym;aeaom jrefrm&mZ0ifoifMum;ydkYcsrIudk 1960-61 ckESpfrSpí &efukefwuúodkvfwGif
oD;jcm;bmom&yftjzpf oifMum;jcif;rjyKawmhbJ zsufodrf;&ef &efukefwuúodkvfqD;edwftzGJUrS qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ odkYt
wGuf toif;tzGJUrsm;? owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifh aqmif;yg;½Sifrsm;rS uefYuGufa&;om; azmfxkwfvmcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh
vnf; &efukefwuúodkvfrS ajz½Sif;csufwckxkwfjyefcJhonf/ jrefrm&mZ0ifoifMum;jcif;udk zsufodrf;jcif;r[kwf? ta½SU
wdkif;&mZ0ifXmerS wdk;csJUum jrefrm&mZ0ifudk oD;jcm;bmom w&yftaejzifh oifMum;&mrS q&mrvkHavmufí jrefrm
&mZ0ifowfowf (odkYr[kwf) ta½SUzsm;&mZ0ifowfowf wckckudkom oifMum;jcif;jyK&ef qHk;jzwfjcif;jzpfaMumif;
azmfjycJhonf/
wuúodkvfrS ajz½Sif;csuf? ygarmu©csKyf\ ajymMum;csufwdkYudk avhvmygu q&mrvHkavmufí [laom
taMumif;jycsufom ½Sdayonf/ wuúodkvfwGif q&mrvHkavmufjcif;rSm jrefrm&mZ0ifXme wckwnf;omr[kwf?
bmom&yftrsm;tjym;wGif rvHrk avmufjzpfaeonfrmS txift½Sm; jzpfaeonf/ q&mrvHak vmufíom bmom&yfrsm;
oifMum;ydYkcsjcif;udk &yfqikd ;f &rnfqv kd Qif wuúov kd üf oifMum;ydYkcsEikd of nfh bmom&yftenf;i,fom use½f rdS nfjzpfonf/
jrefrm&mZ0ifudk oD;jcm;bmom&yftjzpf oifMum;ydkYcsEdkif&ef q&mr½Sdqdkjcif;rSmvnf; rrSefay/ jrefrm&mZ0if
jzifh &mZ0ifbmomwGif a'gufwmbGJU&cJhaom q&m? q&mrrsm; wuúodkvfwGif½Sdayonf/ xdkYjyif jrefrm&mZ0ifudk
½SmrD;S pkaqmif;cJah om q&mrsm;vnf; wuúov kd üf ½Sad eayonf/ ,if;q&mrsm;u jrefrm&mZ0ifukd wuúov kd üf oifMum;
ydkYcsay;Edkifygonf[lí ajymqdkaeygvsuf q&mrvHkavmuf q&mr½Sd[k taMumif;jyaejcif;rSm rsm;pGmoHo,jzpfzG,f
½Sdaeayonf/
wzef jrefrm&mZ0ifoifMum;jcif;udk zsufodrf;onfr[kwf? jrefrm&mZ0ifowfowf (odkYr[kwf) ta½SUzsm;
&mZ0ifowfowf (odYkr[kw)f ta½SUwdik ;f &mZ0ifEiS hf jrefrm&mZ0ifaygif;um wckcu k kd a½G;cs,o
f ifMum;&ef qdjk cif;rSmvnf;
jynfolvlxkESifh ausmif;om;xktm; vSnfhpm;rIjyKonfh oabmomjzpfonf/
wuúov kd wf iG f jrefrmbmomudk oifMum;rIr@dKifbmomtjzpf jy|mef;csuEf iS yhf wfoufí wuúov kd tf mPmydik f
rsm;wGif rBudKufEpS o f ufot l csKdU ½Sad yonf/ xdo k rl sm;onf t*Fvyd b f momoifMum;rIr@dKif bmom&yftjzpf xm;vdo k l
rsm; jzpfayonf/ jrefrmbmom oifMum;rIr@dKifjzpfonfukd zsuq f ;D vdok rl sm;vnf; jzpfayonf/ odYktwGuf ¤if;wdYkonf
620
t*Fvyd Ef iS jhf refrmbmom&yf (2) ckpvH;k udkd oifMum;rIr@dKifbmom&yftjzpf owfrw S uf m wpwpzsuford ;f &ef &nf½, G f
vsuf ½Sdayonf/
tcsKUd aomyk*Kd¾ vfrsm;rSm &efuek w f uúovkd u f kd t*Fvefrv
S nf;aumif;? tar&duefrv S nf;aumif; yHwk u
l ;l csvakd y
onf/ jrefrmtrsKd;om;wuúodkvftpm; EdkifiHjcm;yHkwlwuúodkvfjzpfcJhvQif jrefrmEdkifiHtusKd;udk xrf;½GufEdkifaom
wuúodkvf jzpfvmrnf r[kwfay/ jrefrmESifht*FvefwdkY &yfwnfyHkudk rEIdif;,SOfbJ BudK;pm;jcif;onf? jrefrmtrsKd;om;
a&;udk qefYusifonfh oabm½SdaeaMumif; xif½Sm;aeonf/
wdkif;jynfwdkif;rS &mZ0ifudk tav;xm;oifMum;&mwGif rdrdwdkYtrsKd;om;,Ofaus;rI tpOftvmudk xdef;odrf;
jcif;? wdik ;f jynfEiS v hf rl sKd; wnfwahH tmif jyKrljcif; tajccHjzpfay&m jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f jrefrm&mZ0ifonf oifuo kd ifoifah om
bmom&yfjzpfonf/ wuúodkvfwm0efcH wa,mufajymif;wdkif; rdrdwdkYqE´tavQmuf bmom&yfrsm; wdk;jcif;? zsufjcif;
jyKaevQif wuúodkvf\ tem*wfonf &ifav;zG,f jzpfayonf/
jrefrm&mZ0if oD;jcm;oifMum;jcif;rS rcdik v f akH omtaMumif;jycsufjzifh &yfqikd ;f xm;jcif;onf jrefrmwrsKd;om;
vH;k tm; *,uf½u kd cf wfvsuf ½Sad yonf/ wuoonf aEG&moDausmif;ydw&f uf arv (17) &ufwiG f Edik if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf;
rsm;? toif;tzGUJ rsm;? oHCmawmft½Sijf rwfrsm;odYk zdwMf um;um jrefrm&mZ0ifo;D jcm;oifa&;ESihf aemufqufwpJG mar;yGJ
jyKvkyfay;a&;udk ½Sif;vif;wifjycJhonf/ jynfaxmifpkoHCmhtzGJUcsKyfESifh wdkufe,foHCmrsm; tzGJUtpnf;udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;rS tMuHay;aqG;aEG;Muayonf/ ,if;jyóemtwGuf wuoonf ygarmu©q&mrsm;tm; vdkufvHawGUqHkum
wifjyjcif;? ar;jref;jcif;rsm;jzifhvnf; BudK;pm;cJhayonf/
wuorS tBudrfBudrf wifjyawmif;qdkonfhMum;rS EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkrS jrefrm&mZ0if oD;jcm;oifMum;
a&;tjyif jrefrm&mZ0if acgif;pD;vufatmufwGifom ta½SUzsm;&mZ0ifudk oD;jcm;oif&ef qD;edwfodkY tMuHay;cJhonf/
þonfukd qD;edwrf S vdu k af vQmjcif; r½Sjd yefojzifh aemufq;kH aumifprD S q&mudak c:,l&½Sv d Qif jyefvnfí oD;jcm;oif&ef
[laom qHk;jzwfcsufcsum xm;½Sdaom tajctaeodkY a&mufvmcJh&ayonf/
(p) aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJ / / 1960 ck ynmoifESpftpwGif? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh wuúodkvfaumifpDrS &efukef

wuúodkvfwGif tajymif;tvJ jyifqifcsufrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ wuúodkvftufOya' jyifqifcsuf? ausmif;vcaumufcH
jcif;? (2) cgus pepfusifhoHk;jcif;? pnf;rsOf;opfrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;? pmar;yGJpepfopfrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;rsm; yg0ifayonf/
pmar;yGpJ epfopfrsm; jyKvkyjf cif;ESihf ywfoufí &efuek w f uúov kd w
f iG f 1960 ckEpS rf S pNyD; ZGev
f aemufqufwJG
pmar;yGJrsm;zsufodrf;í pmar;yGJwckwnf; usif;y&efjyifqifvmonfh pepfopfjzpfonf/ wuoonf 1958 ck? Mo
*kwfvwGif usif;yaom jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;rS csrSwfonfh ]trsm;BuKd uf
ynma&;pepfrsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ zefwD;NyD;aomtcg pmar;yGJrsm;udk wESpfwBudrfppfaompepfodkh ajymif;oifUaMumif;}
oabmxm;udk axmufcHcJhonf/ odkYaomf ,cktajctaewGif trsm;BudKuftajctaeESifh udkufnDaom ynma&;pepf
tjzpf zefwD;aomtajctaeodkY ra&mufao;acs/
ynma&;ESiyhf wfoufí pepfopfwck zefw;D rnfqykd gu xdpk epfEiS u hf u kd n
f aD om tajctaeudk BudKwifzefw;D
NyD;rSom pepfopfudkusifhoHk;oifhonf[k wuorS ,lqonf/ 1959-60 ckESpf pmoifESpfwGif ausmif;om;rsm;\
ynmoifMum;rI tajctaeonf pmar;yGJpepfopfESifh udkufnDjcif;? vdkufemEdkifjcif; tajctaer½Sdao;[k ,lqonf/
odkYaomf 1959 ck ESpfOD;rSyif ZGefvaemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJzsufodrf;NyD; pmar;yGJwckwnf;om ppfaq;rnf[k
aMunmxm;onhftwGuf ydkrdkBudK;pmcJhMuonf/ odkY&mwGif ar;cGef;vTm tcuftcJrsm;? usef;rma&;csKdU,Gif;rIrsm;aMumifh
pmar;yGaJ jzqd&k mwGif tcuftcJrsm;½Scd o hJ nf/ xdt k csdeu
f yif 1960 ckEpS t f wGuf aemufqufwpJG mar;yGw J &yf ppfaq;&ef
aumifpDESifh qD;edwfwdkYodkY arwåm&yfcHonf/
1960 ckESpf wuúodkvfpmar;yGJwGif (65) &mcdkifEIef;pepf? tywfpOf enf;jyoifwef;rsm;? tprf;pmar;yGJrsm;udk
jyKvkyfrI½SdNyD; tenf;qHk;trSwf (34) ESifh ysrf;rQtrSwf (40) udk tatmifay;rnfaMunmjcif;? ,cifESpfrsm;u pmar;yGJ
(2) ckaygif; &mcdik Ef eI ;f xuf ,ckpmar;yGw J ckwnf;onf rrsm;aomfvnf; odyef nf;rnf r[kwaf Mumif;yif ajymcJjh cif;rsm;
wdkYaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm;u arQmfvifhrI? tm;xm;rI ½SdcJhMuonf/ odkYaomf pmar;yGJatmifpm&if;rSm ,cifpmar;yGJwck\
&mcdkifEIef;xufyif ausmfvGefjcif;r½Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ odkYtwGuf ausmif;om;rsm; vGefpGmepfem&NyD; wzufwGif
(2) cguspepfEiS hf &ifqikd &f jyefonf/ þonfukd wuúov kd t
f "dywd Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfoYkd yefMum;jcif;? awGUqHjk cif;jzifh
tjynfhtpHk wifjy½Sif;vif;cJhonf/ wuúodkvft"dywdrSvnf; aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJusif;ya&;udk ZGefv (29) &uf
qD;edwftzGJUodkY wifjyay;rnf[k jyefMum;cJhonf/
621
1960 ck? ZGev f (29) &ufaeYonf &efuek w f uúov kd f armifr,fopfviG af eYjzpfonf/ wuúov kd t
f "dywdonf
xdktcrf;tem;odkY wufa&mufcg rdefYcGef;ajymMum;rnf jzpfonf/ odkYtwGuf wuorS ausmif;om;xkESifh t"dywd\
vmjcif;udk aumif;aomvmjcif;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKum BudKqdk&if; ausmif;om;xk\ aemufqufwGJ&a&;udk qE´jyum
0dkif;0ef;arwåm&yfcHyGJ jyKvkyfcJhonf/
1960 ck? ZGefv (29) &ufaeY nwGif wuúodkvfqD;edwf tpnf;ta0;usif;yum wuúodkvf aemufqufwGJ
pmar;yGJusif;y ray;EdkifaMumif; qHk;jzwfNyD;vQif xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/ ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk; ½kwfjcnf;tHk<uum
(29) &ufaeYnrSmyif ygarmu©tm; 0dik ;f 0ef;ta&;qdk qE´jycJMh uonf/ pdwv f ukd rf mefyg tajctaewif;rm;rI rjzpfap&ef
wuorS 0ifa&mufxdef;odrf;cJhonf? wm0ef,lcJhonf/ ygarmu©csKyftaejzifh ausmif;om;xkbufrS &yfwnfum
aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJusif;ya&; awmif;qdkay;rnf[k tcdkiftrm uwday;cJhonf/
odYk aomf aemufwaeY (30) reufwiG f uwdzsufvu kd jf yefco
hJ nf/ xdYk aMumifh aemufqufwpJG mar;yGJ usif;ya&;
ESifh jrefrm&mZ0ifudk oD;jcm;,cifuuJhodkY oifMum;a&;twGuf (30) &ufaeYwGif rD;wkwfudkifqE´jyyGJudk wuorS
atmifjrifpmG jyKvkycf o hJ nf/ xdqk E´jyyGaJ Mumifh Zlvikd v f (5) &ufaeY Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfO;D Ek\owif;pm½Si;f vif;yGw J iG f
aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJjyKvkyfí jzpfEdkifonfhenf;vrf;udk wifjyvmcJhonf/ ygarmu©csKyfrsm; qD;edwftzGJUrSvnf;
oabmwl vufcHcJhayonf/
þodkYtajctaersm; jyóemrsm; ajyvnfaumif;rGefvmpOfwGif ZGefv (29) &ufESifh (30) &ufaeYrsm;wGif
qE´jyjcif;aMumifh ausmif;om;rsm;pnf;urf; azmufzsufonf? xdkYaMumifh ygarmu©csKyftm; aemifwGif þodkYrusL;vGef
yg[k uwday;awmif;yef&rnf[k ygarmu©csKyf (17) OD;u vufrSwfa&;xdk;í aMunmcJhonf/ (29) &ufaeY qE´jyjcif;
wGif wuorS 0ifa&mufxed ;f odr;f ojzifh at;csr;f oGm;aMumif;udk BudKqdak xmufco H ifyh gvsuf (30) &ufaeYn wuou
OD;pD;NyD; pepfwusqE´jyrIudk ½Iwfcsxm;ayonf/
wuoonf þjzpf&yfudk oabmxm;&mwGif xdkuJhodkY qE´jycJhMujcif;onf ausmif;om;xk\ w&m;aom
vdkvm;csuftwGuf rSefuefpGm awmif;qdkcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh wuoESifh ausmif;om;xk\ awmif;qdkqE´jyrI
onf rSefuefonf/ odkYaomf rSefuefaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk awmif;qdk&mü epfemcsufrsm; BuD;rm;í jyKrlrIrsm;udk
rcHr&yfjzpfveG ;f aomaMumifh pdwv f u kd rf mefyg jyKrlcrhJ rI sm;½Scd ahJ yonf/ xdpk w d vf u kd rf mefyg jyKrIcrhJ rI sm;twGuf owfowfukd
awmif;yef&ef 0efrav;yg[k aMunmcJhonf/
wuotaeESihf wuúov kd \ f at;csr;f om,ma&;? Nidr;f csr;f pGmynmoifMum;a&;? q&mausmif;om; em;vnfrI
wdk;wufa&;? yl;wGJvkyfaqmifa&;udk vHk;0vdkvm;ayonf/ xdktcsufrsm; atmifjrifa&;udkvnf; tpOfwpdkuf BudK;pm;
cJhayonf/ odkYaomfvnf; jzpfvmaom jyóemrsm;udk ajyvnfpGm ajz½Sif;Edkif&ef vdktyfonf[k ,lqayonf/
xdkYaMumifh ,if;jyóemwGif q&mrsm;taeESifh wm0ef½Sdaom jyóemrsm;ay:wGif wm0ef½Sdonf? wm0ef,l
onf[k azmfjyajz½Sif;&ef vdkayonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;taeESifhvnf; wm0ef½Sdaom jyóemrsm;tay:wGif wm0ef½Sd
aMumif; azmfjyajz½Sif;í wm0ef,l&ef vdkayonf/ rdrdwdkYwm0ef½Sdaom tydkif;rsm;udkwm0ef,lí wm0efruif;aMumif;
azmfjyajz½Sif;MurSomvQif ppfrSefaom q&m? ausmif;om;tMum; qufqHa&; ajyjypfrIudk&rnfjzpfNyD; at;csrf;om,m
aom wuúodkvfudk tmCmwr½Sd zefwD;EdkifMurnfjzpfaMumif; wifjycJhonf/
odkY&mwGif Zlvdkifv (23) &uf wuúodkvfqD;edwf tpnf;ta0;rS xdkjyóemudk aumifpDodkYvTJum qHk;jzwf&ef
wifxm;qJyif jzpfonf/
aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJudpw ö Gif wuoonf oabmxm;rSefuefpGmjzifh ausmif;om;xkESifhwom;wnf; &yf
wnfrIwdkYaMumifh rSefuefaomwdkufyGJrS rSefuefaomatmifjrifrI pmar;yGJudk &½Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif q&mESifh
ausmif;om;wdkY\ qufqHa&;wGif wif;rmrItcsKdU ½Sdaeao;jcif;twGufum; 0rf;enf;zG,fyif jzpfonf/
(q) aq;odyÜHESifUtif*sifeD,m0ifcGifUt&nftcsif;ppfpmar;yGJ / / &efukefwuúodkvf aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJ y,fzsuf

jcif;ESifhtwlyif 1960 ckESpf? ESpfOD;ydkif;uyif qD;edwfrS Oypmtxufwef; atmifjrifNyD; vdktyfaomtrSwfrjynfhí
aq;odyÜHESifh tif*sifeD,modkY 0ifcGifhpmar;yGJajzvdkolrsm;tm; trSwfrjynfhaombmomudkom r[kwfbJ bmompHkjyefajz
&rnf jzpfaMumif; aMunmcJhonf/
þodkYjyKvkyfjcif;onf aq;odyÜHESifh tif*sifeD,mwdkYwGif vHkavmufaom toHk;taqmifrsm; r½Sdjcif;aMumifh[k
twdtvif; 0efcHxm;jcif;½Sday&m þodkYjyKrIjcif;onf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm; aq;odyÜHESifh tif*sifeD,modkY
ta&mufenf;yg;&ef? ra&mufvmEdkif&efu vTJí bmrQt"dyÜg,f r½Sdacs/
622
odkYtwGuf wuorS awmif;qdkcJhonfhjyif wuo\ ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frSvnf; ZGefv (29) &uf

wuúodkvfqD;edwftzGJUodkY wifjyawmif;qdkcJhonf/ ,ck aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJwGif trSwfrjynfhaom bmomudkom
ajzcGifh&aomfvnf; rludkum; vufcHjcif;r½Sdao;acs/
(6)
obiftcrf;tem;rsm;
(u) usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJ / / &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 1960-61 \ Ouú| usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJ
udk 1959 ck? pufwifbmv (25) &ufaeY? aeYvnf (12) em&Dww d w
d iG f &efuek w
f uúov
kd f ,k'oefcef;rü usif;ycJoh nf/
usrf;opömusdeq f ykd o
JG Ykd ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;? or*¾trIaqmifa[mif;rsm;? xif½mS ;aomyk*Kd¾ vfBuD;rsm; wufa&muf
Muonf/
1958-59 ckESpf wuoOuú|a[mif; udkcifarmiftkef;rSm udkudk;uRef;odkY tydkYcH&aomaMumifh wuo Ouú|
a[mif;ESifh EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Eku wdkifay;um Ouú|opf udkvSwif usrf;opömusdefqdkcJhonf/
tcrf;tem;wGif txl;{nfhonfawmftjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm? yxrqHk; wuoOuú| OD;ausmfcif
wdkYrS rdefYcGef;toD;oD; csD;jr§ifhMuonf/ wuotrIaqmiftzGJU\ 0g'ESifhvkyfief;pOfudk aMunmcJhonf/
xdkusrf;opömusdefqdkyGJtwGuf tpOftvmt& ausmif;aeY0uf ydwfay;aeusudk ygarmu©csKyfrS ydwfray;jcif;?
ygarmu©csKyfESifh q&mrsm; rwufa&mufMujcif;onf 0rf;enf;p&mjzpfonf/
(c) urÇmUausmif;om;aeh / / Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufaeYudk urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾ (I.U.S) rS ausmif;om;rsm;

aeY[k owfrSwfum ESpfpOfusif;ycJhonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif urÇmYausmif;om;aeYudk 1954 ckESpfrSpí usif;ycJhonf/
,ckESpf wGifvnf; Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufaeYwGif wuojrufcif;jyifwGif usif;ycJhonf/ urÇmYausmif;om;aeY rwdkifrD
tBudKaeY rSpí jrefrmausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rI "gwfyHkwdkYudk vnf;aumif;? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif yef;csDausmfBuD;rsm;\
yef;csDum;trsKd;rsKd;udk vnf;aumif;? wuo pmMunfhcef;rwGif jyocJhonf/ urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾ ordkif;pmapmifudk
a0í wuooufom acsmifcsda&; pma&;puúL? pmtdwf ponfrsm;udv k nf; a&mif;cscJo
h nf/ Edik if jH cm;rS ynmvma&muf
oif,laeMuaom vlrsKd;jcm;ausmif;om;rsm;rS rdefYcGef;toD;oD; ajymMuonf/ <ua&mufvmaom {nfhonfrsm;tm;
tauR;tarG;ESifh {nfhcHNyD; ½kyf½Sifjyum azsmfajzcJhonf/
(*) trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeh / / (39) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYudk 1959 ck? Edk0ifbmv (25) &ufaeYwGif
wuo? Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfEiS hf &uoausmif;om;or*¾ (3) ckrS yl;wGu J sif;ycJo
h nf/ Adv
k cf sKyfae0if;tpd;k &ESihf vlxt k zGUJ
tpnf;rsm;odkY wckwnf;aom trsKd;om;aeY usif;ya&;twGuf yefMum;cJhonf/ (39) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeY
udk wuúov kd ef ,fajr? Adv
k af tmifausm&f ifjyifü usi;f ycJo
h nf/ trsK;d om;nDñw G af &;wnfaqmufa&;? trsK;d om;ynma&;
wnfaqmufa&;ESihf trsK;d om;vGwv f yfa&; xde;f odr;f a&;paom tqdrk sm;wifoiG ;f qH;k jzwfco hJ nf/ a[majymcsurf sm;udk
tpdk;&rS toHoGif;,lcJhonf/ trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYnwGif yef;csDjyyGJ? ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rI "gwfyHkjyyGJ? tNidrfhuyGJ?
wuo &efyakH iGtwGuf pmaomufqikd rf sm; a&mif;jcif;rsm;ESihf wuo taqmuftODukd rD;xGe;f n§jd cif;rsm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf/
(C) q|rtBudrfajrmufwuúodkvfESifUaumvdyfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJ / / q|rtBudrfajrmuf wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyf

aygif;pHkawGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJudk 1959 ck? 'DZifbmv (7-8-9) &ufaeYrsm;wGif wuo taqmuftODü usif;yjyKvkyfcJh
onf/ &efukefwuúodkvf? rEÅav;wuúodkvf? armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyf? rauG;Oypmaumvdyf? ausmufjzLOypmaum
vdy?f ykord Of ypmaumvdyf or*¾rsm;ESihf &efuek af q;odyEHÜ iS hf tif*sife,
D mausmif;om;or*¾? oufBuD;wuúov kd af usmif;
om;or*¾? ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;? o,m,ESihf pmzwftoif;aygif;csKyf? &efuek cf ½kid af usmif;om;or*¾EiS hf Auorsm;
tzGUJ csKyf? o,m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rsm; yg0ifum ud, k pf m;vS,f (47) a,muf? avhvmol (21) a,mufwYkd wufa&muf
Muonf/
xdkaqG;aEG;yGJwGif wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfrsm; tajctae? ausmif;pnf;urf;? ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&; oabm
xm;? zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm; jyefvTwfa&;ESifh 0&rf;ausmif;om;rsm; jyefvnf½kyfodrf;ay;a&; yefMum;csuf?
wuúodkvfOya'jyifqifcsuf uefYuGufNyD;? aumifpDwGif oefY½Sif;rS 0ifa&mufta½G;cHjcif;udk 0rf;enf;aMumif;rsm;udk
xkwjf yef&ef oabmwlcMhJ uonf/ pkaygif;awmif;qkMd u&eftwGuf jy|mef;vdu k af om oabmwlncD sufrsm;udk csrSwEf ikd cf hJ
623
onf/ wrsKd;om;vHk;ESifhoufqdkifaom ta&;rsm;ESifhywfoufí jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh trsKd;om;nDñGwfa&; wnf

aqmufa&; yefMum;csux f wk &f efEiS hf Edik if w
H uma&;&moabmxm;ESihf aqmif½u
G &f eftMuHay;csurf sm;udk jy|mef;Edik cf o
hJ nf/
(i) Adkvfatmifausmfaeh / / (21) Mudrfajrmuf AdkvfausmfaeY tcrf;tem;udk 1959 ck? 'DZifbmv (20) &ufaeY
wGif Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf? &uowdYk EiS hf yl;wGu
J m Adv
k af tmifausmf\ ocFsKdi;f *lwiG pf ½k ;kH oGm;a&muf yef;acGrsm;csí t"d|mef
pmwrf;zwfMum;í t"d|mefjyKcJhonf/
(p) [,f&Dwefaeh / / pwkw¬tBudrfajrmuf [,f&DwefaeYudk Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkYESifyl;wGJum 1960

ck? rwfv (22) &ufaeYwGif jyKvkyfcJhonf/ or*¾ (3) ckrS trIaqmifrsm; pka0;NyD; [,f&Dweftkwf*l½Sd MuHawmokóef
odkY vGrf;olYyef;acG oGm;a&mufcsum t"d|mefpmwrf; zwfMum;cJhonf/
(q) trIaqmifrsm;tzrf;cH&aomESpfvnfaeh / / 1959 ck? {NyDv (3) &ufaeYwGif vufeufudkifwyfom; (200)

ausmfwdkYonf wuo taqmuftODudk 0dkif;0ef;um wuoOuú| udkcifarmiftkef;? twGif;a&;rSL;a[mif; udkatmif
bef;wdkYudk zrf;qD;cJhMuonf/ wuotrIaqmif wOD;jzpfaom udkzdk;omab;tm;vnf; ¤if;\aetdrfwGif zrf;qD;jcif;
jyKcJhonf/ wcsdefwnf;wGif wuo 'k-Ouú| udkbaumif;? wuotwGif;a&;rSL; udkcifatmif? Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf
udkaZmf0if;wdkYrSm wdrf;a½SmifíaecJh&onf/ zrf;qD;cH&aomausmif;om;rsm;rSm udkudk;uRef;odkY tydkYcH&onf/ xdktzrf;cH
&aom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;? txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm; vTwf&efESifh 0&rf;
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; 0&rf;½kyo f rd ;f &ef wESpaf jrmufaeYwiG f awmif;qdck o
hJ nf/ xdak eYwiG f ydpk wmrsm;uyfjcif;? 0rf;enf;aom
txdrf;trSwftjzpf tvHeufrsm; vTifhxljcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/
(Z) udkvdkeDpepf qefhusifa&;aeh / / {NyDv (24) &ufaeYonf EdkifiHwumvli,fausmif;om;rsm;\ udkvdkeD

pepfqefYusifa&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;pGm,SOfwGJaexdkifa&;aeY jzpfonf/ 1955 ck? {NyDv (24) &ufaeYwGif tif'dkeD;½Sm;jynf
befa'gif;NrKdUwGif tif'dkeD;½Sm;? tdE´d,? oD[dkVf? w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiH? jrefrmEdkifiH (5) EdkifiHrS OD;aqmifí tm½S-
tmz&duwdkif;jynfrsm; yg0ifonfh befa'gif;nDvmcHudk usif;ycJhMuonf/ xdknDvmcHrS udkvdkeDpepfqefYusifa&;ESifh
Nidrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwGJaexdkifa&;udk csrSwfcJhayonf/
xdkaeYwGif wuoonf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? jynfolUvli,ftzGJUcsKyfwdkYESifh yl;wGJum udkvdkeDpepfqefYusifa&;?
Nidrf;csrf;pGm,SOfwGJaexdkifa&; atmifjrifa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0if&ef aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefcJhonf/
(ps) tmZmenfaeh / / 1960 ck? Zlvdkifv (19) &ufonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwuG trsKd;om;acgif;

aqmifBuD;rsm; usqHk;onhf (13) ESpfajrmufaeY jzpfonf/ trsKd;om;ynma&;? trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&; AdokumBuD;rsm;
tm; owd&OD;ñGwfonfhtaeESifh wuo? Auo? &uoESifh wef;cGJwef;cswdkufyGJaumfrwDrsm; yl;aygif;um tmZmenf
AdrmefodkY csDwuftav;jyKum wdkifwnfyGJ usif;ycJhMuonf/
(n) udkudk;uRef;jyefrsm;*kPfjyKyGJ / / 1958 ck? atmufwdkbmvwGif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tm; oefY½Sif;zqyvrS

tmPm vTJajymif;ay;pOfu wuoonf tjyif;txef uefYuGufqE´jycJhayonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif wuotm; EdkifiHa&;
tmCmwrsm;xm;um 1959 ck? {NyDv (5) &ufaeYwGif wuoOuú| udkcifarmiftkef;? trIaqmif udkzdk;omab;ESifh
twGif;a&;rSL;a[mif; udkatmifbef;wdkYtm; zrf;qD;í udkudk;uRef;odkY ydkYaqmifcJhayonf/ (13) vausmfrQ tcsKyf
taESmifcH&NyD; 1960 ck? arv (14) &ufaeYwGif jyefvnfvGwfvmcJhayonf/ rSefuefaom wdkufyGJrsm;? vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;
udk axmufcHum tcdkiftrmjyK&if; vli,fESifhausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; *kPfjyK&efvdkayonf/
odkYtwGuf 1960 ck? arv (21) &ufaeYwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;? toif;tzGJUrsm;udk zdwfMum;í wuo?
AouESifh jynfolYvli,ftzGJUcsKyfwdkYrS BuD;rSL;um *kPfjyKyGJ jyKvkyfcJhonf/
624
(7)
taxGaxGvkyfief;rsm;
1959 ck? 'DZifbmv (7) &ufaeYwiG f &efuek w f uúov kd f "gwkaA'Xme ygarmu©q&mOD;bd;k omonf uG,v f eG f
tedpaö &mufcJhayonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif (35) ESpfMumrQ trIxrf;cJhaom ynm½Sifq&mwOD; uG,fvGefoGm;jcif;udk
wuorS0rf;enf;aMumif; aMunmí wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdyaf ygif;pHak qG;aEG;yGJ ud,k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESit hf wl ydYk aqmifcohJ nf/
wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHk ajy;ckefupm;yGJudk ausmif;om;or*¾rS ESpfpOfusif;ycJhMuonf/ xdkodkY usif;y
&mwGif wuúodkvfupm;ckefpm;aumifpDrS aiGESifh tjcm;tultnDrsm; ay;jrJjzpfí odkYjzpfjcif;aMumifh 1959-60 ckESpf
ajy;ckefupm;yGJtwGuf wuúodkvfaumifpDrS aiG (2000) usyf xkwfay;&ef taMumif;Mum;cJhonf/ odkYaomf r&cJhyg/
1959 ck? 'DZifbmv (18) &ufwiG f usi;f ycJah om &efuek w f uúov kd f bGUJ ESi;f obiftcrf;tem;wGif wuúov kd f
t"dywd EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;\ rdefYcGef;tm; wuorS BudKqdkcJhonf/ rdefYcGef;wGif ]q&m? ausmif;om;
jyóemudk Oyrmjyí b,fudpörqdk jyifyya,m*r0if&if q&mESifUausmif;om; n§dEIdif;ajz½Sif;vdkh&aMumif;}? ynma&;
pepfESifhywfoufí ]vuf½ydS nma&;pepfBu;D udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ&efvt kd yfaMumif;? acwfEiS &Uf ifabmifwef;Edik af om ynma&;
pDrHudef;rsm;vdkaMumif;} jzifh ajymqdkcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifhwuorS BudKqdkaxmufcHjcif; jyKcJhonf/
1959-60 ckEpS f pmar;yGrJ sm; ajzqd&k awmhrnft h wGuf ausmif;om;rsm; pmMunfEh ikd &f ef wuo tpnf;ta0;
cef;rtm; eHeufcif;rS n (12) em&Dxd zGifhvSpfí Zefe0g&D (26) &ufaeYrS pwifcGifhjyKcJhonf/ pmMunfhEdkifa&;twGuf
tpDtpOfESifh vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jyKvkyfay;cJhonf/
&efuek w
f uúov kd ?f yif;,aqmif o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif; trIaqmif? or*¾0if ud0k if;armifonf azazmf0g&D
v (22) &ufaeYnu uG,v f eG t
f edpö a&mufcjhJ cif;? ynma&;XmerS aeYausmif;olwOD;jzpfol rwifwifat; (bDattD;'D)
yxrESpfonf 1960 ck? rwfv (6) &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufcJhjcif;? oxHkausmif;aqmif 0dZÆmodyÜH (u)
wef; ausmif;om; udkcspf0dwfonf 1960 ck? {NyDv (2) &ufwGif uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufjcif;wdkYudk wuorS tokb
ydkYaqmifcJhonf/
1960 ckESpf? Zlvvdkif (7) &ufaeY t*Fvefjynf? udef;b&pfNrdKUwGif ygarmu©q&mBuD; zmeDA,f uG,fvGef
tedpö a&mufomG ;cJo h nf/ q&mBuD;onf jrefrmjynfwiG f 1902 ckEpS rf pS í tdik pf t D ufpb f 0ESihf trIxrf;cJNh yD; e,fcsJUacwf
vGwv f yfa&;acwf wavQmufv;kH ESihf uG,v f eG o f nfah eYtxd jrefrmjynf\ okawoevkyif ef;rsm;udk tpOfwpdu k v
f yk cf ohJ l
jzpf\/ xdkYtwGuf wuorS q&mBuD;uG,fvGefojzifh rsm;pGm0rf;enf;aMumif; aMunmcJhonf/
rEÅav;aqmifwGif tpm;taomufrsm;aMumifh ausmif;om;rsm; rl;a0atmhtefum "gwfavQmukefMu\/
odYk twGuf ausmif;aqmift&m½Srd w S qifh ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDoYkd xdu k of ifoh vdk ta&;,laqmif½u G yf g&ef taMumif;
Mum;cJhonf/
(8)
Xmeqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;
(u) jyefMum;a&;Xme / / wuo owif;ESifhjyefMum;a&;XmerS tcgtm;avsmfpGm owif;vTmrsm; xkwfa0
cJhonf/ wuo\vkyfief;rsm;? oabmxm;rsm;? owif;rsm;udk ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;xkodkY rjywfjzefYcsdcJhonf/
wBudrfvQif apmifa& (2000) cefY½dkufí xkwfa0cJhonf/ 1960-61 ckESpf armifr,fopfvGif tBudKowif;vTm
xkwfa0cJhonf/
(c) oufomacsmifcsda&;Xme / / wuo oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerS zGifhvSpfxm;aomqdkifudk 1959-60 ck

ESpfpwGif wdk;csJUvkyfudkifjcif; jyKcJhonf/ wuúodkvfor0g,r? tif;0pmtkyfwdkufESifh tquftoG,frsm;,lum pmtdwf?
pma&; puúLESifh pmtkyfrsm;omru qyfjym? riftdk;? oGm;wdkufaq;? tvSukeftcsKdUudk wdk;csJUa&mif;cscJhonf/ yvyfpwpf
ypön;f rsm;ESihf ywfoufívnf; rSwyf w kH ifuwfrsm;udk a&mif;csEikd cf o
hJ nf/ armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyEf iS hf rEÅav;wuúov kd f
ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;odYk vnf; oufomacsmifcsad &;XmerS jzefYcsu d m wifyYkdppD OfEikd cf o
hJ nf/ odYk &mwGif 1959 ck ukeq
f ;kH csed f
ydkif;rsm;wGifum; ypönf;½Sm;yg;rI? aiGaMu;tcuftcJrsm;aMumifh qdkifydwfxm;cJh&ayonf/
(*) vlxkqufqHa&;Xme / / wuo vlxkqufoG,fa&;Xmeonf wuovkyfief;ESifh a&mpyfvsuf½Sdonf

omrsm;ayonf/ jrefrmwdkY\ pmayavmu*kPfjyKjcif; txdrf;trSwfjzpfaom pmqdkawmfaeYudk ewfawmfvqef; (1)
625
&ufaeYwGif jyKvkyfusif;yjrJ jzpfayonf/ pmqdkawmfaeY\ tBudKaeYjzpfaom 1959 ck? Edk0ifbmv (29) &ufaeYnwGif
uavmiftoif;? pme,fZif;toif;wdYk EiS hf wuowdYk yl;aygif;um wuo taqmuftODwiG f pmqdyk nm½Sirf sm;jzpfaom
OD;at;armif? OD;azarmifwif? OD;odef;[ef? rif;ok0PfwdkYtm; uefawmhylaZmfyGJjyKvkyfum vli,fpma&;q&mrsm;\
a[majymyGJrsm;udk jyKvkyfcJhonf/
(C) upm;ckefpm;ESifU,Ofaus;rIXme / / wuo upm;ckefpm;ESifh,Ofaus;rIXmeonf wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;

\ tm;upm;avmu tqifhtwef;jrifha&;twGuf wuúodkvfq&mrsm\ vspfvsL½Ijcif;cHae&aom wuúodkvftm;
upm;avmu zGUH NzdK;ap&ef ulnt D m;ay;cJo h nf/ jyify tm;upm;NydKifyrJG sm;wGif yg0if,OS Nf ydKifaom wuúov kd rf S tm;upm;
toif;tzGJUESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; txl;tm;ay;cJhMuonf/
wuúodkvfESpfywfvnf ajy;ckefupm;yGJ ydkrdkpnfum;a&;twGuf yg0ifaqmif½GufcJhonf/ 1959 ckESpf 'DZifbm
vwGif ,d;k ',m;jynf? befaumufNrdKUü usi;f yaom ta½SUawmiftm½Sro d m;pk tdv k yH pfNydKifytJG wGuf a½G;cs,jf cif;cH&aom
wuúodkvfrS tm;upm;orm; (17) OD;tm; *kPfjyKyGJjzpfajrmuf&ef BudK;pm;aqmif½Gufí atmifjrifcJhayonf/
1959 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif tdE´d,jynf? tm*&mNrdKUü usif;yjyKvkyfaom wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHk
ajy;ckeu f pm;yGo J Ykd &efuek w f uúov kd rf S xl;cReaf om tm;upm;orm;rsm; yg0if,OS Nf ydKifEikd af &;twGuf wuúov kd t f m;upm;
aumifpDrSwqifh ygarmu©csKyfxHodkY awmif;qdkay;cJhonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; &efukefwuúodkvfrS tm;upm;orm; (8)
OD; yg0if,OS Nf ydKifciG hf &½Scd ahJ yonf/ jrefrmEdik if w H iG f pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; ½Sm;yg;onft h wGuf Edik if jH cm;wuúov kd rf S tm;upm;
pmtkyfrsm; vSL'gef;Edkif&ef pmjzifha&;om; tultnDawmif;cJhonf/ tcsKdUw0uf&½SdcJhonf/
urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾ 'k-Ouú| rpöwmtbl*pf'g&D\ a,bk,sowif;ay;csuft& 1961 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv
wGif blvaf *;&D;,m;jynf? qdzk , D mNrdKUü usi;f yrnfjzpfaom urÇmYwuúov kd af ygif;pHk ajy;ckeu f pm;yGw J iG f &efuek w f uúov kd f
rS xl;cRefaom tm;upm;orm;rsm; yg0if,SOfNydKifEdkifa&;udk wuúodkvf upm;ckefpm;aumifpDwGif wifjy&m rltm;jzifh
vufcHvdkufNyD; jzpfonf/
&efuek w f uúov kd f upm;ckepf m;aumifpw D iG f q&m (5) OD;ESihf wuo ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f (5) OD;yg0ifc&hJ m
EdkifiHjcm;rS enf;jyq&m awmif;,la&;udk upm;ckefpm;aumifpDwGif wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhonf/ xdkYtwGuf tar&duefjynf
zl;(vf)b½du k pf rD u
H ed ;f rS bwfpuwfabm? abmfvaD bm? wif;epfEiS hf a&ul;wdYk twGuf enf;jyq&m rpöwm'pfabmif;0g;
ESifh ZeD;wdkY rMumrDu a&muf½SdvmcJhayonf/
wuúov kd t
f av;r tm;upm;½HBk uD;wGif upm;ol vlO;D a&ESihf rnDrQvmonfwYkdukd awGU½Sí d taqmuftODopf
wdk;csJUa&;udk awmif;qdkay;cJh&m &½SdcJhayonf/
&efuek w f uúov kd f wBudrw f cgrQ avhvmqefppfjcif; rjyKvkycf b hJ ;l aom &efuek w f uúov kd f tm;upm;avmu
ppfwrf;wapmifudk a&;om;í wuúodkvfupm;ckefpm;aumifpDodkY wifoGif;EdkifcJhonf/ b@maiG tcuftcJ½SdrlaMumifh
wuúodkvfESifh aumvdyfaygif;pHk ajy;ckef;upm;yGJ rjyKvkyfEdkifcJh/ tm;upm;owif;pOf pmapmifrsm; rxkwfEdkifcJhay/
wuúodkvf tm;upm;toif;tzGJUaygif;pHkESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJw&yfudkvnf; Mo*kwfv wwd,ywftwGif;
jyKvkyf&ef pDpOfxm;onf/
1959 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif jyKvkyfaom rEÅav;wuúodkvf aiG&wkobifyGJodkY udk,fpm;vS,f vTwfjcif;?
wuo\ pDrHuGyfuJrIjzifh jyZmwfyg0ifujy EdkifcJhjcif;rsm;jzifh ulnDcJhonf/
(i) tdk;a0r*¾Zif;Xme / / tdk;a0r*¾Zif;onf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ a<u;aMumfoHjzpfonf/

Zmwdrmefwuf<uzG,f pmrlrsm;? pmayajrmufaom pmaumif;ayrGefrsm;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;? rdwfaqGjzpfa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI
jr§ifhwifa&; wdkYtwGuf &nfoefí xkwfa0cJhayonf/
1950-60 ckESpfonf wuo\ tESpf (30) ajrmufaom ESpfumvjzpfonf/ tdk;a0r*¾Zif;udk txl;xkwf
jzpfvo kd nf/ odYk &mwGif &efyakH iG tcuftcJrmS rwnfaiGyif r½Sjd zpfco
hJ nf/ odYk twGuf &efyakH iGrsm;udk vdu
k v
f aH umufcu
H m
rwnfaiG½SmazGcJh&onf/ yHkESdyfwdkufrSvnf; aiGaMu;twGuf rsm;pGmulnDcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifhrsm;pGmaom tcuftcJMum;
rSyif ESpf (30) ajrmuf wuo\ tdk;a0r*¾Zif;onf wrlxl;jcm;pGm xkwfa0Edkifayawmhrnf jzpfonf/ 1960 ck?
Mo*kwfvtwGif; xGufvmEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
(p) EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;Xme / / ausmif;om;xkESifh jynfolvlxktwGuf wuo\ ajymifajrmufaom wdkuf

626
yGrJ sm;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? urÇmYausmif;om;tcsif;csif; aoG;pnf;nDñw G af &;vkyif ef;rsm;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? wuo

\ *kPfodu©monf urÇmYwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif xif½Sm;ay:vGifcJhonf/ EdkifiHwum ausmif;om;avmuwGif xif½Sm;onfh
tzGYJ tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh (IUS/ Cosec) ESpcf pk vH;k ESihf wuoonf qufo, G cf o
hJ nf/ qufo, G &f mwGif tajccHEpS cf suf
ay:wGif rlwnfNyD; qufoG,fcJhonf/
1/ EdkifiHwum ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&; wnfaqmufa&;ESifh tvkyfwlyl;wGJvkyfaqmifa&;/
2/ e,fcsJUqefYusifwdkufzsufa&;ESifh urÇmNidrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufa&; ponfwdkY jzpfonf/
yÍörtBudraf jrmuf urÇmausmif;om;rsm;tzGUJ csKyf uGe*f &ufNyD;ajrmufNyD; aemufyikd ;f umvwGif ta½SUawmifyikd ;f
½Sd ausmif;om;vli,ftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh wuoonf qufoG,frIwGif txl;wdk;wuf aumif;rGefvmcJhonf/
awmiftmz&duwdkuf½Sd ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ vljzLvlrJcGJjcm;csuf wdkufzsufa&;wdkufyGJ? tJvf*sD;&D;,m;½Sd
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJ? awmifudk&D;,m; ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ qpfref&D;
zufqpftmPm½Siftpdk;& wdkufzsufa&;wdkufyGJ? wl&uD½Sd ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ ref;ZD;zufqpftmPm½Siftpdk;&
wdu k zf suaf &;wdu k yf ?JG *syef½dS ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ tar&duef wynfh tvdak wmf&d uD½dS tpd;k &zsuaf &;? *syefjynftm;
uRefjyKvkyfrnfh *syef-tar&duef ppfajyNidrf;a&;pmcsKyf zsufodrf;a&;ESifh [dkuf'½dk*sif-tEkjrLAHk; rprf;oyfrazmufcGJa&;?
vHk;0ydwfyifa&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;wdkufyGJwdkYudk wuorS axmufcHcJhonf/
wuoonf urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;aeYudk Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufaeYwGif wcrf;wem; atmifjrifpGmusif;yjyK
vkyEf ikd cf o
hJ nf/ "gwfyjkH yyG?J yef;csjD yyGrJ sm;tjyif <ua&mufvmaom {nfo h nfrsm;tm; {nfcaH uR;arG;jcif;ESihf ½ky½f iS u
f m;jzifh
azsmfajzjcif;rsm;jzifh usif;yEdkifcJhonf/ EdkifiHwumrS ynmoifrsm; pHknDpGm wufa&mufqifEGJcJhMuonf/
qd½k ,S vf pfwikd ;f jynfrsm;rSty usefEikd if w
H um½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf wuoqufo, G &f mwGif tquftoG,f
vG,fulonf/ qdk½S,fvpfwdkif;jynf½Sd ausmif;om;vli,ftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh wuoqufoG,f&mwGif EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&
onf qufoG,fa&;udk xdef;csKyfcs,fvS,frIrsm; jyKcJhonf/
urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾rS 'k-Ouú| rpöwmtbl*pf'g&DESifh tzGJU0if (1) OD;jzpfaom qefwdkqmwdkYonf jrefrm
EdkifiHodkY a&muf½SdNyD; wuotrIaqmifrsm;ESifh w&m;0ifaqG;aEG;cJhonf/ odkYtwGuf urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh
wuo qufoG,fa&;onfvnf; ydkrdkwdk;wufvmcJhonf/
EdkifiHwum ausmif;om;vli,ftzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS usif;yjyKvkyfaom ESD;aESmzvS,faqG;aEG;yGJrsm;? uGefz&ifhESifh
uGef*&ufrsm;odkY wuorS udk,fpm;vS,fwufa&muf&ef tcsdefrD zdwfMum;cJhMuonf/
(6) Budrfajrmuf urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾tzGJUcsKyf uGef*&uf (atmufwdkbmvtwGif; tD&wfEdkifiH? buf*¾
'ufNrdKUawmf) odkY wufa&muf&ef urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS zdwfMum;cJhonf/
(9) Budraf jrmuf Edik if w H umausmif;om;uGe*f &uf (Mo*kwv f 21-31? qGpZf mvef) odYk Cosec rSvnf;aumif;?
tm½Sa'oEÅ& ESD;aESmzvS,faqG;aEG;yGJ (rwfv 21 &uf {NyDv 8 &uf? rav;jynf) odkY Cosec rSvnf;aumif;?
wwd,tBudraf jrmuf Edik if w H umausmif;om;rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG (pufwifbmv 1-11 &uf? pawmh[rk ;f ) odYk pawmh[rk ;f
A[dkausmif;om;rsm;tpnf;t½Hk;rS vnf;aumif;? aEG&moDausmif;oifwef; (Zlvdkifv 1-14 &uf? Crimea) odkY
qdkAD,ufEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;aumifpDrSvnf;aumif;? (11) Budrfajrmuf EdkifiHwumausmif;om;rsm;
ESD;aESmzvS,faqG;aEG;yGJ (Mo*kwfv 5-13 &uf qGD'if) odkY qGD'ifEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS vnf;aumif;?
(7) Budrfajrmuf EdkifiHwumausmif;om;uGefz&ifh (Zlvdkifv 18 - Mo*kwfv 14? *syef) odkY EdkifiHwum ausmif;om;rsm;
toif;? *syefrS vnf;aumif;? yxrtBudrfajrmuf EdkifiHwumausmif;om;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,faqG;aEG;yGJ (Zlvdkifv 17-
27 &uf? ,l*dkpvyf) odkY ,l*dkpvyfEdkifiHausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS vnf;aumif;? EdkifiHwumvli,faqG;aEG;yGJ ({NyDv
17-22 &uf? taemufbmvif) odYk wuotm; A.I.J (WR) rS vnf;aumif;? wufa&muf&ef zdwMf um;jcif;cHc&hJ onf/
xdkzdwfMum;csufrsm;udk wuoonf vufcH&½Sdjim;aomfvnf; tajctaet&yf&yfrsm;aMumifh yg0ifaqG;aEG;
Edkifjcif; r½SdcJhacs/ tajctaetusyfwnf; Mum;xJrS twwfEdkifqHk;BudK;pm;NyD; (6) Budrfajrmuf urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾
tzGJUcsKyfuGef*&ufodkY wuorS udk,fpm;vS,f wufa&mufEdkif&ef qufvufBudK;yrf; oGm;rnfjzpfonf/
(9)
aus;Zl;wif&Sdjcif;
1959-60 ckESpf wuotrIaqmif\ vkyfief;rsm;udk wifjycJhNyD;jzpfonf/
wuoa½G;aumufyGJtwGuf aqmif½Gufay;aom a½G;aumufyGJBuD;Muyfa&;tzGJUESifh q&m? q&mrrsm;tm;
627
vnf;aumif;? urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;aeYESifh trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeY jyyGJjyKvkyf&mwGif wm0ef,laqmif½Gufay;aom yef;csD

q&m OD;eef;a0tm;vnf;aumif;? "gwfyjkH yyGwJ iG f "gwfyrkH sm;pkaqmif;pdu
k x
f w
k af y;aom [Hom0wD owif;pmrS OD;a½Tarmif
tm;vnf;aumif;? rEÅav;aiG&wkobifoYkd uyGt J ultnDay;&mwGif wm0efcu H n
l aD y;aom vli,f'g½du
k w
f m wuúov
kd f
jrwfav;tm;vnf;aumif;? w,fvDzHk;aMu;ray;qyfEdkifojzifh jyefvnfwyfqifay;&efBudK;pm;&mü aiG (100) vSLay;
aom EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ektm;vnf;aumif;? aiG (100) vSLay;aom wuoxrif;qdkifrS a':MunfMunftm;vnf;
aumif;? tdk;a0r*¾Zif; xkwfEdkifa&;twGuf rwnfaiGvSL'gef;yg0ifMuaom trIaqmifa[mif;rsm;? t&m½SdBuD;rsm;?
ukefonfrsm;? owif;pmwdkufrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; wuorS txl;aus;Zl;wif½SdaMumif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf/
(10)
ed*Hk;
&Jabmfw-hkd
1959-60 or*¾oufwef;onf? ql;ajimifhcvkwfrsm;jzifh jynfhvQrf;aeaom tMurf;wrf;qHk;c&D; jzpfonf/
wjynfvHk;wGif 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;um? jynfolw&yfvHk;rSm tylvHk;<uvsuf½Sdaom umvjzpfonf/ jyif;xefaom
rkew
f ikd ;f Mum;0,f or*¾onf rm;rm;&yfEikd pf rG ;f ygrnfavm[lí &ifwrrjzpfc&hJ onf/ ]ausmif;om;jynfot l m;udk rnforl Q
rwm;Edik ?f wm;qD;Edik af om&mZ0ifonf urÇmwGirf ½S}d [laom oabmudk w½kwjf ynfoYl or®wEdik if H ausmif;om;jynfow l Ykd
\wdu k yf ?JG tm&yfjynfaxmifpo k r®wEdik if H ausmif;om;wdYk \ wdu
k yf ?JG tD&wfausmif;om;wdYk \ wdu
k yf ?JG *syefjynfausmif;
om;vli,frsm;\ *syef-tar&duef pmcsKyfzsufodrf;a&;ESifh uD½SDtpdk;& EkwfxGufay;a&;wdkufyGJ? awmiftmz&duESifh
tJvf*sD;&D;,m; ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ? awmifudk&D;,m;ESifh wl&uD½Sd ausmif;om;
vli,fwdkY\ zufqpftmPm½Siftpdk;& wdkufzsufa&;wdkufyGJrsm;wGif txift½Sm;jyvsuf ½Sdacsonf/
or*¾&aJ bmfw-hkd
wuoonf BuD;rm;aomtEÅ&m,fESifh &ifqdkifcJh&NyD; ausmif;om;jynfolwdkYtwGuf aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;?
wuovkyif ef;wdYk ukd zsufq;D &ef w&m;rJph mG vkyMf uHjcif;rsm; cHcMhJ u&onf/ odYk wapvnf; igwdYk wuoonf oufwrf;
(30) jynfah jrmufco
hJ nfwikd af tmif ausmif;om;xktwGuf ud, k u f sKd;rzufaom&mZ0if? jynfov
l xl t
k wGuf opömrzsuf
cJhaom tpOftvmrsm;udk tav;teufjyKum MuHUMuHUcH &yfwnfEdkifpGrf;cJhMuonf/ ausmif;om;jynfolwdkY tm;aMumifh
'Drukd a&pD\ qefYusibf uftrdu k of m;rsm;onf ,m,Dtm;jzifh z,f½mS ;oGm;cJah yonf/ odYkaomf qufvufí BudK;yrf;&ay
OD;rnf? or*¾ysujf ym;ap&ef MuH½, G cf surf sm;½Sad eay&m or*¾wnfwchH ikd jf rJa&;twGuf qufvufcsw D ufMu&ef vkad yonf/
rSefuefaom oabmxm;ESifh ausmif;om;jynfolwdkY\ tiftm;onf atmifyGJudk qifETJEdkifrnfomwnf;/
- igwdkhtm;um; ausmif;om;? igwdkhvufeufum; or*¾

- ynma&;vkyfaqmifcsuf uefhuGufMu
- or*¾wnfjrJa&; xdef;odrf;umuG,fMu
- wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ t"Gefh½SnfwnfjrJygap
(yH)k
pdef0if;Ä
'k-Ouú|
aehpGJ- 1960 ck? Mo*kwfv 7 &uf (tdk;a0ESpfvnfpmapmif) (1959-60)
628
OD;vSwif
(1959-60)
u&ifjynfe,f? bm;tHNrKdUwGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1955-56 ckwGif armfvNrKdifOypmaumvdyfwGif ynmqnf;yl;í

1957-58 wGif &efukefwuúodkvfü qufvuf ynmqnf;yl;onf/ 1958-59ckwGif wuotrIaqmiftzGJUü
td;k a0r*¾Zif; t,f'w D mtjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&í 1959-60 ckwiG f wuoOuú|jzpfonf/ Ouú|opf usr;f opöm
used qf ykd w
JG iG f xdpk Ofu oefY½iS ;f zqyv Ouú|jzpfol ,ckEikd if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfO;D Eku opömqdak y;onf/
'Drdkua&pDa&; arSmifuscsdefü wuoonf tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifh &ifqdkifcJh&onf/ wuo\ tcGifhta&;rsm;

½kyo
f rd ;f cH&onf/ wuúov kd af umifpo
D nf or*¾0ifaMu;rsm; aumufcaH y;&mrS &yfqikd ;f ypfco
hJ nf/
ausmif;aqmifaecGifh pnf;urf;udk jyifqifum ae&mcsxm;rI ajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumifh ausmif;om;qE´jyyGJrsm;

ay:cJo
h nf/ atmufwb kd mausmif;ydw&f ufwiG f ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;aqmifaecGiEhf iS hf ywfoufí rD;wkwu
f ikd f
qE´jyyGrJ sm;jzpfco
hJ nf/ wuúov kd t
f mPmydik rf sm;u awmif;yef&rnf[k tusyfuikd jf cif;cHc&hJ onf/
wuúov kd f tufOya'jyifqifcsut
f & ausmif;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,f wuúov kd af umifpD vlBuD; (2) OD;udk ausmif;om;
xk rJqE´jzifha½G;cs,f&m wuorS wifoGif;aom udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; a½G;cs,fcH&onf/
wuúov kd w
f iG f pmayoifMum;ydYkcs&mü bmom&yfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufí ajymif;vJjcif;rsm; jyKvyk cf \ hJ / jrefrm&mZ0ifukd
bmomw&yftjzpf oifMum;ae&mrS &yfqikd ;f ypfojzifh ausmif;om;jynforl sm;u uefYuu G Mf uonf/ wuúov kd f
aemufqufwJG pmar;yGu J si;f ya&;twGuf BuD;rm;aom ausmif;om;xkqE´jyrIBuD;rsm; ay:aygufco hJ nf/ ygarmu©
csKyftrd u
f kd 0dik ;f í ta&;qdjk cif;rsm; jzpfco
hJ nf/ wuúov kd t
f "dywd Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;Eku jrefrm&mZ0ifukd
qufvufoifMum;apjcif;? aemufqufwJG pmar;yGu J si;f y&ef wduk w
f eG ;f qH;k jzwfjcif;rsm; jyKco
hJ nf/ aemufqufwJG
pmar;yGrJ sm;udk pufwifbmvwGif usif;yay;cJo h nf/
udkvSwifonf wuúodkvfü qufvufynm qnf;yl;qJjzpf\/
(wzufpmrsuEf mS rS)
udkpdef0if;Ä (oHk;cG)- 1959-60 ck wuo ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmonf wuoordkif;wGif txl;jcm;qHk; tjynfhpHkqHk;xJrS wckjzpfonf/
1971 ck? arvrS ZGefvtxd uRef;pepfzsufodrf;a&; tpmiwfcHqE´jywdkufyJGwGif wdkufyJG0ifcJhNyD;? uRef;pepfysufNyD; tif;pdef
(wJGzufaxmif) odkY olYtm; vlemxrf;pOfjzifho,fum uRef;wdkufü tusOf;csxm;cJhonf/ uRef;wdkufyJG aemufxyf
ESp&f ufo;kH &ufqufygu udpk ed 0f if;yg aoqH;k oGm;Edik o
f nf/ ¤if;'Pfrsm;aMumifh aoqH;k csed tf xd use;f rma&;csKUd ,Gi;f cJ&h onf/
aemufq;kH tBudrf axmifxaJ &muf awmhvnf; ¤if;'Pfrsm;aMumifyh if uG,v hJ nf/ (OD;vSaz rSwcf suf- jirf;? udpk ed 0f if;-
f eG cf o
oHk;cG? pm- 12? trSwfpOf- 4? ar 2000/ w,fvDzkef;ar;jref;csuf)
1988 ck? pufwifbmv ppfwyftmPmodrf;tNyD; e,fpyfodkYxGuftvm rlvusef;rma&; csKdU,Gif;aom'PfaMumifh vrf;c&D;
zifhaES;aeNyD; ajcaxmufwGif'Pf&m&um e0w\ zrf;qD;jcif;cH&onf/ 1990 'DZifbmwGif tonf;toefaeraumif;
jzpfí 1991 Zefe0g&Dvqef;wGif tif;pdefaxmifaq;½HkodkY wifvdkuf&onf/ 1991 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (10) &ufaeYwGif
axmifaq;½HkwGif uG,fvGefonf/ (tusOf;axmifxJrS tmZmenfrsm;? {&m0wDpmtkyfwdkuf? 1999? pm-18/ atatyDyD)629
&efuek w
f uúov
rcifcifapm udkAaqGav; udkvSwif udkpdef0if; udkndK0if;

(pmMunfhwdkufrSL;) (aiGxdef;) (Ouú|) ('k-Ouú|) (twGif;a&;rSL;)
udkjroef; udkudkMunf udkatmif0if; udkwifarmifaqG udkausmfvIdif udkatmifodrf;Edkif
(wJGzuftwGif;a&;rSL;) (vlxkqufoG,fa&;) (oufomacsmifcsda&;) (,Ofaus;rIESifhupm;ckefpm;) (EdkifiHjcm;a&;) (tdk;a0wm0efcH)
ygy,m; em½dkif;em; OD;uHodef; udkbay: udkvSausmf
&efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ - td;k a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwD (1959-1960) Source: Oway Magazines
630 rcifcifat; (trIaqmif) udkAaqGav; (aiGxdef;) udkatmifodrf;Edkif (tdk;a0wm0efcH) udkxGm;pdef (twGif;a&;rSL;)

udkoef;armif (trIaqmif) udkeE´ (trIaqmif) udkvSa½T (trIaqmif)
Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D tpd;k &acwf wuo (17) vc&D; ("gwyf u
kH @)
rSwfcsuf- tdk;a0r*¾Zif;rS jznfhpGufazmfjyonf/
631
632
633
634
635
636
(Ouú| udv
k w
S if rdechf eG ;f ajymaepOf)
637
(0J- Ouú|opf udkvSwif)
(yH-k ¤if;a½G;yJwG iG f oef½h iS ;f zqyv ud,

k pf m;vS,½f ;HI ojzifh oef½Y iS ;f
rdom;pk ½I;H yJBG u;D [k ydpk wma&;í vSnv Uf nfvmMupOf)
638
udak tmiford ;f Edik f - vufrSwfxdk;xm;ol tdk;a0wm0efcH udkatmifodrf;Edkifonf AuyodkY awmcdkoGm;cJhNyD; vlxka':trmom;tBuD; udkpdk;0if;ESifh
twl jzKwf? xkwf? owfao'Pfay;ta&;,lcH&onf/ 639
640
641
tcef; (23)

'Dru
kd a&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY
trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f
(1960 rS 1961)
(u) 1960-61 &efuek w

f uúov
kd af usmif;om;or*¾trIaqmiftzGUJ
udkwifat; Ouú|
udkwifarmif 'k-Ouú|
udkeE´ (0dZÆm-*kPfxl;) aiGxdef;
udkAaqGav; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
udkapmarmif wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh owif;ESifhjyefMum;a&;XmerSL;
udkxGef;Munf EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
udkrif;axG; upm;ckefpm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIXmerSL;
udkvSMunf vlxkqufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
udkombef; ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL;
udkvSa½T tdk;a0wm0efcH
udkjrodef; pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
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kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (1960-61) Ouú|opf usr;f opömused q
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Ouú|opfudkwifat;rdefhcGef; (1960 ck? Edk0ifbmv 17 &uf)
{nfUonfawmfvlBuD;rif;rsm;? q&m^q&mrrsm;? &Jabmfausmif;olôm;rsm;cifAsm;-
(31) ESpaf jrmuf wuoOuú|tjzpf uReaf wmfu h kd wm0efay;MuwJth wGuf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om *kP,
f rl yd gw,f/
ay;tyfwJhwm0efudkvnf; xrf;aqmifyghr,fvdkY usrf;opömusdefqdkNyD;ygNyD/
ausmif;om;xku ,Hk,HkMunfMunf ay;tyfwJh ausmif;om;wm0efrsm;eJY rdbjynfolrsm;uay;tyfwJh trsKd;
642
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1960 rS 1961 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif
om;a&; wm0efrsm;udk wuo&JUordkif;pOfrSm ydkrdkxGef;ajymifa&;twGuf uRefawmfeJY uRefawmfhtrIaqmiftzGJU[m

ajc okwfykqdk;? a>rpG,fusKd;rQ xrf;aqmifyghr,fqdkwm uwday;yg&ap/
uRefawmfwdkY trIaqmiftzGJU&JU oabmxm;rsm;udk rajymMum;rD wuo&JUordkif;pOfrSm tMurf;wrf;qHk;vdkY
qdk&r,fh c&D;Murf;BuD;udk ausmfvTm;EdkifcJhwJh NyD;cJhwJhESpf trIaqmiftzGJU&JU atmifjrifpGmBudK;yrf;EdkifrIudk OD;pGmyxr
rSwfwrf;wifvdkygw,f/ wuoBuD; aysmufuG,foGm;atmif zsufqD;jcif;cH&wJhtcsdefrSm wuo wnfwHhcdkifjrJatmif
tEÅ&m,ftaygif;ud&k ifqikd Nf yD; ausmif;om;xkEiS t hf wl umuG,Ef ikd o
f t l jzpf 1959-60 ckEpS f trIaqmiftzGUJ udk uReaf wmf
wdkY av;pm;*kPfjyK rSwfwrf;wifvdkufygw,f/
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h hJ trIaqmiftzGUJ u wnfwchH ikd jf rJatmif xde;f odr;f cJw h hJ wuoudk uReaf wmfwUkd qufvufwm0ef,l
yghr,f? wuo&JUordkif;pOf xGef;ajymifatmif qufvufBudK;pm;yghr,f/ tvif;udktarSmifeJY zsufqD;wJY tcsdefumv
rsKd;ESifh MuHKvmjyefvQifvnf; uRefawmfwdkY wdkufcdkufausmfvTm;yghr,f/
'DaeYwjynfv;kH rSm½Sw d hJ ausmif;om;rsm;&JUcHpm;csuf? epfemcsufrsm;[m trsm;tjym;½Sw d ,f/ wuúov kd af usmif;
om;awGyjJ zpfjzpf txufwef;ausmif;om;awGyjJ zpfjzpf cHpm;&csuf epfem&csufrsm;[m wlnyD gw,f/ 'DaeYwjynfv;kH rSm
or*¾awG vGwv f yfpmG zGUJ pnf;cGihf r½Sjd zpfaeygao;w,f/ 'g[m 'Dru kd a&pDa&;twGuf raumif;wJv h u©Pm jzpfygw,f/
or*¾awG[m e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ordkif;rSm tifrwefxGef;ajymifcJhygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pDudk wzGzGa<u;aMumfaewJh tpdk;&
acwfrmS or*¾awG vGwv f yfpmG zGUJ pnf;cGihf r½Sad o;wm[mjzifh vGepf mG 0rf;enf;zdYk aumif;ygw,f/ wuo&JU 'DaeY&yfwnfrI
udkvnf; MunfhygtHk;? wuo&yfwnfae&wJh tajcaeawG[m wuoBuD; NydKuGJoGm;atmif zsufqD;EdkifwJh tiftm;r½Sd
ayr,fh wuotay:rSm ½IjrifaeMuwJh oabmxm;rsm; rSeu f efvmNyDvYkd rqdEk ikd af o;ygbl;/ avsmayghpmG ½IjrifcsufawG?
wvGJwacsmf ½IjrifwmawG trsm;tjym; ½Sdaeygao;w,f/ wuoudk½IjrifwJhae&mrSm ausmif;om;wm0efeJY trsKd;om;
wm0efrsm;udk ESpaf ygif; (30) wdik w f ikd f rjywfrvyf xrf;aqmifcw hJ hJ xrf;aqmifaeqJvnf;jzpfwhJ ArmjynfrmS oufwrf;
t&ifhqHk;aom tzGJUtpnf;BuD; wcktaeeJY MunfhjrifzdkYvdkygw,f/ udkvdkeDuRefjyKa&; 0g'orm;awG e,fcsJUorm;awG
zufqpfawG[m wuotaMumif; aumif;aumif;BuD; odoGm;ygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkYuawmh b,fvdk tajctaerSmyJa&mufa&muf or*¾awG vGwfvyfpGm zGJUpnf;cGifhESifh wygwnf;
trdwuoBuD; wnfwHhatmif uRefawmfwdkY toufeJYqufNyD; BudK;yrf;ygr,fvdkY uwday;ygw,f/
{nfUonfawmfrsm;? q&m^q&mrrsm;ESifU &Jabmfausmif;olôm;rsm; cifAsm;-

wuo[m 'DuaeY trsKd;om;a&;wnfaqmufa&;udk xdyfwef;xm;NyD; BudK;yrf;oGm;ygrnf/ trsKd;om;ynm
a&; wnfaqmufa&;twGuf ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk uRefawmfwdkY wifjy vkyfaqmifcJhMuygw,f/
'DuaeY ynma&;tajctae[m rwnfrNidrfeJY BuD;rmvmwJh tusyftwnf;udk &ifqdkifae&ygw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;
(12) ESpf oufwrf;rSm ynma&;eJY ywfoufvdkY wdk;wufrI tvGefenf;yg;w,f/ 'DaeYynmoiftprSm ausmif;om;xkeJY
jynfoal wGyg tH<k uawmif;qdMk uwJh wef;cGw J ef;csjyóem? wuúov kd rf mS qd&k if aemufqufwJG jyóemawG[m ynma&;
tusyftwnf; 'Pfcsuf&JU om"uawGygyJ/ a½SUudk'Dtwdkif;om qufoGm;aer,fqdk&if ydkrdkqdk;0g;wJh tajctaeawG
jzpfay:vmrSmrdkY trsKd;om;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; w&yfusif;yNyD; ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef uRefawmfwdkY wifjycJh
ygw,f/
'gayrJh EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u ausmif;om;rsm; ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJudk oabmwlcJhí 1958 ckESpfrSm jynf
axmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udk uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om;rsm;u atmifjrifpGm usif;y
EdkifcJhygw,f/ ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrItwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;taeeJY aumif;jrwfaom tMuHrsm;udk ay;EdkifcJhygw,f/
odkYaomfvnf; EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mtrsKd;om;ynma&; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;w&yfudk qufvufvdktyfao;w,fvdkY EdkifiHawmf
tpdk;&tm; wdkufwGef;qJjzpfygw,f/ ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrSm jynfolw&yfvHk;&JU yg0ifBudK;yrf;rI vdktyfw,fvdkY
uReaf wmfwYkd ,HMk unfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;? vlxv
k w l ef;pm; tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;? Xmeqdik &f m
yk*Kd¾ vfrsm;? ynma&;pdw0f ifpm;olrsm; tm;vH;k yg0ifaqG;aEG;ndE§ idI ;f vsuf Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf w
JG &yfukd
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u OD;pD;usif;yay;ygvdkY xyfrHwdkufwGef;tyfygw,f/
vlBuD;rif;rsm;ESifU &Jabmfausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;cifAsm;-

wuotpOftjrJ owd½Sd½SdESifhxrf;aqmif&wJh wm0ef[m ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;jzpfygw,f/
ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&; umuG,af &;udk rqkwrf epf uReaf wmfwYkd qufvuf xrf;aqmifyghr,f/ qH;k ½I;H aewJh ausmif;om;
643
tcGifhta&; trsm;tjym;udkawmh razmfjyvdkawmhygbl;/ txif½Sm;qHk; om"uwckudk azmfjy&vQif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;

tpdk;&vufxuf 1959 ck &efukefwuúodkvf tufOya'jyifqifcsuf[m wuo&JU e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? trsKd;om;a&;
wdkufyGJrS&½SdwJh ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;udk csKd;ESdrfvdkufjcif; jzpfygw,f/ 1958 ck jyifqifcsuft& wuo&JU w&m;0if
udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;udk &efukefwuúodkvfaumifpDu xkwfy,fcJhygw,f/ wuúodkvfaumifpDrSm tjcm;aomXmeawGu
wdkuf½dkufudk,fpm;vS,f yg0ifcGifh &½Sdayr,fh wuoudkawmh 'DtcGifhta&; ½kyfodrf;ypfvdkufw,f/ 'g[m wuo&JU
xGef;ajymifwJh &mZ0ifudk csKd;ESdrfjcif; jzpfw,f/ wuo&JU&mZ0ifudk *kPfodu©mudk edrfhusatmif xdyg;apmfum;jcif;yJ/
'Dvdk wuoudk csKd;ESdrfwJhae&mrSm wuo acgif;aqmifa[mif;awG yg0ifaewmudk 0rf;enf;pGm awGU&w,f/
wuo&JU udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;[m &efukefwuúodkvfaumifpDrSm yg0ifoifhw,fvdkY ,aeYwdkif uRefawmfwdkY
,HMk unfygw,f/ yg0ifciG &hf atmifvnf; qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifygr,f/ &efuek wf uúov kd &f UJ ta&;tcif;rSeo f rQrmS wuo
ud, k pf m;vS,rf ygbJ b,fenf;ESirhf Q ajz½Si;f vdYk r&bl;qdwk m &mZ0ifu oufaocHaeygw,f/ tpd;k &? wuúov kd t f mPm
ydkifeJY ausmif;om;qufqHa&;[m wuo udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; aumifpDtwGif;rSm&½SdwJh w&m;0ifae&mrSefudk jyefr&
oa½GU NyD;jynfhpHkrSm r[kwfygbl;/ 'gaMumifh ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;wdkufyGJrSm wuo udk,fpm;vS,f
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eJY MuHKawGUae&ygw,f/ tcsdefukef? aiGukef? vlyef;cHNyD; ESpf½Snfvrsm;ynmoifMum;vdkY ynmjynfhpHkvmumrS xrif;
wvkwftwGuf tvkyfr&bl;qdkwJh tjzpfrsKd;uawmh tifrwef &ifemp&maumif;ygw,f/ 'Dynmwwf tvkyfvufrJh
jyóemudk owd½Sd½SdeJYajz½Sif;zdkY vdktyfaeygNyD/
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,aeYwdkif;jynfrSm pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;aeavawmh pD;yGm;a&;eJYqufpyfaewJh ynmoifMum;rIrSmvnf; cufcJwJhjyóem
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raumif;owif;rsm; ysHUvGiahf eygw,f/ 'g[mrrSeu f efwhJ tkycf sKyfa&;aMumifh jzpfygw,f/ ynmoifMum;rIqikd &f myk*Kd¾ vf
tcsif;csif; rnDñGwfrI? av;pm;tyfaom Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rvdkufemrIaMumifh ray:ayguf rjzpfoifhaom udprö sm;
jzpfyGm;&jcif;udk uRefawmfwdkY pdwfraumif; jzpf&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh q&meJYausmif;om; wOD;udkwOD; em;vnfpGm
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644
wuo&JU jynfwGif;vkyfief;udk ajymMum;NyD;aemuf EdkifiHwumvkyfief; wm0efrsm;udk ajymMum;vdkygw,f/

'gudrk ajymrD rMumao;rDu uRefawmfwYkd wuúov kd b
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or®wEdkifiH jynfolawGudk udk,fpm;jyKwJh tpdk;&eJY cspfMunfpGmqufqHaecsdefrSm azmfrdkqmuRef;u (9) oef;aom vl
OD;a&udk udk,fpm;jyKwJh e,fcsJUorm;aemufvdkuf w½kwfjzL? wenf;tm;jzifh Armhajray: usL;ausmfvk,ufaewJh
w½kwjf zLudk uRefawmfwYkd tpd;k &u b,fenf;eJYrS vufoifrh cHoifyh gbl;/ Armh&efou l kd uRefawmfwYkd rMunfjzLEdik yf gbl;/
wqufwnf;rSm 'DaeYEpS q f ,f&mpkeYJ rpyf[yfawmhwhJ udv k ekd pD epftykyt
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BudK;yrf;aeMuwJh tm½S? tmz&du? vufwiftar&duefEdkifiHrsm;u jynfolawGudkvnf; uRefawmfwdkY axmufcHygw,f/
urÇmESit hf 0Sr;f acgif;jyLxGuv
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om;rsm;&JU vkyfief;udkvnf; uRefawmfwdkY BudKqdkygw,f/ aemufqHk;taeeJY a[m'DurÇmBuD;rSm vHk;0r½SdrjzpfwJh vHk;0
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xkwfazmf tpD&ifcHvdkufygw,f/
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tzGJUu uwdwnfwnf opöm½Sd½SdeJY OD;aqG;qHjrnfh xrf;aqmifygrnfqdkwmudk {nfhonfawmfrsm;? q&m? q&mrrsm;
ESifhwuG &Jabmfausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; a½SUarSmufrSm t"dXmefjyKvdkufygw,f/
(*) 1960-61 ck ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;

(*-1) aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJudpö
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pmar;yGJtwGuf vIyf½Sm;awmif;qdkcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
(*-2) tar&duefoH½Hk;qE´jyyGJ
tar&duefe,fcsJUusL;ausmfrItwGuf wuorS BuD;rSL;í tpnf;ta0; usif;ycJhonf/ rpöwmt,f*s,fvm
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rsm; qefYusifa&; vlxktpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&mufonf/ wuo tpDtpOfrSm pnf;urf;½Sd½Sd at;csrf;pGm qE´jy&ef
omjzpfonf/ tar&duefoH½Hk; 0ef;usifwGif yxptpdk;&u t"du½kPf;ESdrfESif;a&; &Jabmfrsm; csxm;onf/
odYk &mwGif oH½;kH a½SUa&mufaomtcg rpöwmt,f*s,fvmonf oHq;l BudK;tumt&Hrsm;udk OD;aqmifí z,f½mS ;
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ausmufwHwm;*wfudk 0dkif;&mrS &Jrsm;u aoewfjzifhypfcwfí vlaoMuonf/
(*-3) ygarmu©csKyftm; qefhusifrI

ygarmu©csKyfa'gufwmomvS cefYxm;jcif;ESifhywfoufí wuorS qefYusifuefYuGufrIjyKvkyf&m-
645
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf
&efukefwuúodkvfygarmu©csKyf cefYxm;jcif;ESifhywfoufí &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾u 26?
1? 61 aeYwGif ]ygarmu©ae&mtwGuf avQmufxm;ol oHk;OD;rSwOD;jzpfol a'gufomvSu 24? 1? 61 aeh oH½Hk;
wck {nfUcHyGJwGif olonfygarmu©csKyfjzpf&ef (75) &mcdkifEIef; aocsmonf/ olonfygarmu©csKyfjzpfvQif wuo
ESiUf ausmif;om;rsm;udk tjywftowf ESrd ef if;ypfrnf} [k ajymqdck o hJ nf/ xdu k pd u
ö kd a'gufwmomvSu r[kwaf Mumif;
jiif;qdkcJhonf/
wuoonf ausmif;om;tusK;d ? jynfot l usK;d rSeo f rQ &J&0J 0hH ahH ½SUwef;rS aqmif½u G cf o hJ nf/ rnfonft h cgrQ
yk*Kd¾ vfa&;tm;jzifh tmCmwxm;um &efwu kd af y;½d;k xH;k pHr½Scd ?hJ jyKvnf; rjyKcJ?h jyKrnfvnf; r[kwaf y/ ausmif;om;
xktm;? wdkif;jynftm; vdrfnmcJhaom tpOftvmr½SdcJhonfudk ordkif;u oufaocHvsuf½Sdonf/
xdak eYu oH½;kH {nfch yH w
JG iG f a'gufwmomvSonf þpum;rsm; xkwaf zmfajymqdck ahJ Mumif; wuou tcdik t f
rm od½Sd&onf/ xdkaeYu oH½Hk;{nfhcHyGJodkY wuoOuú| udk,fwdkifwufa&mufcJhonf/ þpum;rsKd; ajymqdkonf
rajymqdo k nfrmS a'gufwmomvSomvQif todq;kH jzpfayonf/ þtcsuEf iS yhf wfoufí ajz½Si;f rnfqv kd Qif wuo
toifh½Sdonf/ wuotaejzifh udk,fawGUMum;cJholrsm;yif wifjyEdkifayonf/
a'gufwmomvS þodkYajymqdkcJhjcif;rSmvnf; ,ckrSomr[kwf? wuoESifh ausmif;om;xktm; qefYusifcJh
aom pum;rsm;udk tpOftvmuyif ajymqdkcJhonfrSm jiif;uG,fí r&Edkifay/ xif½Sm;vSayonf/
wuotaejzifh ,ckrQavmuf xkwfazmfa&;om;jcif;udkyif rvdkvm;ay/ odkYaomf vuf½Sdygarmu©csKyf
a½G;cs,af &;ESihf ywfoufí ausmif;om;rsm;? q&mrsm;ESihf qufqaH &;ajyjypfrnfo h ?l wuúov kd yf nma&; wd;k wufa&;
aqmif½GufEdkifrnfhol? wuúodkvf Nidrf;csrf;om,ma&; aqmif½GufEdkifrnfhol? vlawmfvlaumif;rsm; &½Sda&;twGuf
xkwfazmf aMunm&jcif;jzpfayonf/
- wuoudkxdyg;rnfUtEå&m,f umuG,fMu
- wuúodkvfNidrf;csrf;om,ma&; BudK;yrf;Mu
aehpJG-27? 1? 1956 trIaqmiftzGJY
&efuefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
&efukefwuúodkvf
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf
,aeY 28? 1? 61 &ufaeYwGif ygarmu©csKyftopfa½G;cs,fonfh wuúodkvfaumifpDtpnf;ta0;udk usif;y
cJhonf/ ygarmu©csKyf a½G;cs,fyGJESifhywfoufí &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ taeESifh-
1/ wdkif;jynf\ ynma&;wdk;wufa&;udk aqmif½GufEdkifrnfhol?
2/ wuúodkvf wdk;wufom,ma&;udk aqmif½GufEdkifrnfhol?
3/ q&mrsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;ajyjypf aumif;rGefrnfhol?
4/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;twGuf aqmif½GufEdkifrnfhol?
5/ tusifhodu©m aumif;rGefjzLpifonfh oludkom a½G;cs,fcefYxm;&ef wifjycJhayonf/
xdkwifjycsufudk wuúodkvft"dywd? yxpXmecsKyfESifh aumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;odkY wifjycJhayonf/ xdkodkY
wifjyaepOfrSmyif oufqdkif&mtpdk;& wm0ef½SdoltcsKdUu ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;rajyjypfol wOD;tm;
rdrdwdkYtvdkus ygarmu©csKyftjzpf cefYxm;a&;twGuf BudK;yrf;cJhayonf/ wuúodkvftmPmudk vkyfMuHrIjyKvkyf
cJhayonf/ ygarmu©csKyftjzpf 0ifa&mufta½G;cHol a'gufwmomvSuvnf; ausmif;om;xkESifh wuotay:
racsiHaom pum;rsm; ajymqdkcJhayonf/ xdktcsufrsm;udk wuotaejzifh tav;teuf uefYuGufcJhayonf/
,aeY ygarmu©csKyf a½G;cs,f&ef aumifpDtpnf;ta0; usif;yaomtcgwGifvnf; wuoESifh wuúodkvf
toif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u OD;aqmifí oifhawmfaom aumif;rGefoludkom ygarmu©csKyfa½G;cs,fa&;? tqifrajyol?
racsiHoludk ygarmu©csKyftjzpf ra½G;cs,fa&;? wuúodkvftmPm vkyfMuHrIwm;qD;a&;wdkYtwGuf aumifpDtpnf;
646
ta0;udk 0dkif;í qE´jyMuayonf/

,aeYaumifpDyGJwGif 0ifa&mufavQmufvTmwifol (3) OD;teuf a'gufwmomvS (17) rJ? a'gufwmarmif
armifc (1) rJ? a'gufwmxGef;oif (0) rJ wdkYjzifh a'gufwmomvStm; ygarmu©csKyftjzpf aumifpDu a½G;cs,fcJhay
onf/
ygarmu©csKyftjzpf a½G;cs,fjcif;cH&aom a'gufwmomvSonf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tpOftvmtm;jzifh
qufqaH &; rajyjypfojl zpfonf/ ay:aygufcahJ om ausmif;om;jyóemrsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf qefYusizf ufjzpf
cJhjcif;rsm; ½SdcJhayonf/ wuotaeESifhum; &efukefwuúodkvf ygarmu©csKyf a½G;cs,f&mwGif ynma&;wdk;wufa&;?
wuúov kd o
f m,ma&;? Nidr;f csr;f pGmynmoifMum;a&;twGuf aqmif½u
G Ef ikd cf NhJ yD; qufqaH &;aumif;rGeí
f tusio
hf u
d m©
rGefjrwfol ygarmu©csKyf jzpfapvdkayonf/
,ck ygarmu©csKyftopfum; a½G;cs,fNyD;oGm;NyD jzpfayonf/ wuotaeESifhum; wuúodkvfwGif rvdk
vm;tyfaom jyóemrsm; ray:aygufa&;? wdkif;jynfynma&; wdk;wufa&;? wuúodkvfom,m wdk;wufa&;?
Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;twGuf qufvufBudK;yrf;oGm;rnfjzpfayonf/ wdkif;jynf\ynma&; wdk;wufa&;?
tem*wfwuúodkvf wdk;wufom,ma&;? Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;rsm;twGuf qefYusifvmvQif ausmif;om;
xk a½SUwef;rS qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifoGm;rnf jzpfaMumif; aMunmvdkufygonf/
wuúodkvftmPmvkyfMuHrItwGuf qufvufwm;qD;Mu
ausmifom;tcGifUta&; umuG,fMu
ausmif;om;xk nDñGwfMu
aehpJG-28? 1? 61 trIaqmiftzGJY
&efukefwuúodkvf
(*-4) ref;aq;ausmif;om;rsm;vIyf½Sm;rI
rEÅav;wuúodkvfaq;odyÜHausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS-
1/ (4) cgusESifh ausmif;xGufcJh&aom ausmif;om; (39) a,muftm; jyefvnfvufcHyg&ef
2/ (4) cgusNyD;rsm; pmar;yGJaemufxyf (2) Budrf ajzqdkcGifh&½Sdyg&efESifh
3/ pmar;yGJppfcsdefrsm; ajymif;ay;yg&ef
-ponfh awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ynma&;bkwftzGJUodkY ay;ydkYcJhonf/
ynma&;bkwftzGJUrS tcsKdUudk vdkufavsmí (4) cgus ausmif;om;rsm;tm; jyefvnfvufcHum aemufxyf
pmar;yGJ (1) Budrf ajzcGiahf y;rnf/ pmar;yGpJ pfrnfh tcsed rf sm;udk ,cifvESihf ZGev
f tpm; ,ckrwfvESihf pufwifbmvrsm;ü
ppfaq;ay;rnf[k ygarmu©rsm;tzGJUu twnfjyKvdkufonf/
(*-5) [oFmwausmif;om;rsm;vIyf½Sm;rI
[oFmwNrdKUe,fausmif;om;or*¾\ trIaqmiftzGUJ tpnf;ta0;yGw J &yfukd Zlvikd v
f (10) &ufaeY? aeYvnf
(12) em&D [oFmwNrdKU? igrsufESmbk&m;0if;twGif;½Sd ig;uefavomZ&yfwGif usif;yonf/ tpnf;ta0;ü Ouú|
udkwifaiGu obmywdtjzpf vnf;aumif;? twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf udkaomif;u vnf;aumif; aqmif½GufMuonf/
tpnf;ta0;wGif obmywdu rdefYcGef;ajymMum;NyD;aemuf NrdKUay:½Sdvrf;rsm;wGif ydkpwmrsm;uyfí wdkufyGJ
0if&ef? ausmif;om;xkBuD;\ epfemrIrsm;udk atmifjrifonftxd or*¾EiS ahf usmif;om;xk vufww JG u
kd yf 0JG if&ef? &yfuu
G f
tvdkuf a[majymyGJrsm; jyKvkyf&efwdkYudk wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfonf/
xdkYaemuf ]aemufqufwGJ atmifpm&if; tjrefxkwfay;? wef;cGJwef;cs tjref&yfqdkif;ypf? OD;bdkwdk ausmif;om;
xkudk rvSnfUpm;ESifU? ynma&;0efBuD;OD;at;armif razmufjyefESifU? bD½SDxHk;ESvHk;rlavmU? or*¾w&m;0if&yfwnfcGifUay;}
ponfh a<u;aMumfoHrsm; [pfa<u;cJhonf/
647
(*-6) ref;ausmif;om;rsm;vIyf½Sm;rI
1961ck Mo*kwfv (15) &uf? eHeuf (7) em&DrS pwifí rEÅav;c½dkifAuorS OD;pD;NyD; em&Daygif; (60)
tpmiwfcq H E´jyyGuJ kd rEÅav; taemufawmifusK;H axmifw h iG f usi;f y&m ausmif;om; (600) ausmyf g0if tpmiwfcq
H E´jy
Muonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;onf (2) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf &yfqdkif;ypf? wef;cGJwef;cs &yfqdkif;ypf? trsKd;om;ynma&;
ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG usi;f ya&;? ausmif;om;ta&; ygvrD efwiG qf ;kH jzwfay;yg? at;csr;f pGm ynmoifMum;a&;twGuf tpmiwfcH
qE´jyygonf [laom ydkpwmrsm;axmifí tpmiwfcHqE´jyMuonf/
(*-7) wef;cGJwef;cs&yfqdkif;ypfa&; ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGJ

wuúodkvfwef;cGJwef;cspepf 'PfudkrcH&yfEdkifwJhtwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;onf wef;cGJwef;cs&yfqdkif;ypfa&;
aumfrwDukd ZGev f (15) &ufaeY &efuek wf uúov kd f or*¾cef;raqmifrmS &efuek cf ½dik af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾u a½SUaqmifí
zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfuvnf; NrdKUe,ftvdkuf c½dkifwdkufyGJaumfrwDrsm; zGJUpnf;í qE´jycJhMuonf/ qE´jy
rIrsm; us,fjyefYvmí EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u owif;pmuGefz&ifhwGif (15) &ufeJY (1) vtMum;rSm aMunmEdkifvdrfhr,fvdkY
ynma&;0efBuD;u ajzMum;oGm;&onf/ xdkYaemuf 30? 7? 61 wGif 0efBuD;csKyfu owif;pmuGefz&ifhwGif aMunmcsuf
xkwfjyef&mü-
1/ 1960-61 ckESpfrSm wef;cGJwef;cspepfudk &yfqdkif;ypfvdkufonf/ pepfa[mif;twdkif; vkyfrnf/ wuúodkvf
pmar;yGJ rvkyfbl;/ ynma&;Xme vkyfrnf/
2/ 1962 ckESpfupNyD; wef;cGJwef;cspepfudk jyefusifUoHk;rnf/
3/ 1961 ckESpfupNyD; owÅrwef;pmar;yGJudk tpdk;&ppf rjyKvkyfawmUbJ ausmif;ppfom usif;yjyKvkyfrnf/
pojzifh vdkufavsmcJhonf/
(*-8) udkvdkeDpHepfqefhusifa&;aehvIyf½Sm;rI
21? 2? 61 &ufaeYwGif vli,fausmif;om;? trsKd;orD;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u OD;aqmifaom udkvdkeDpepfqefYusif
a&;ESihf e,fcsUJ usL;ausmrf I uefYuu
G q
f E´jyyGJ usi;f ycJo
h nf/ xdq
k E´jyyGEJ iS yhf wfoufí yxptpd;k &u tMurf;zufErdS Ef iS ;f NyD;
taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;jyum vlaygif;rsm;pGm zrf;qD;cJhonf/
xdkYodkY zrf;qD;xm;aomolrsm;udk vTwf&ef udkvdkeDpepfqefYusifa&;aeY vli,fausmif;om;? trsKd;orD; yl;wGJ
aumfrwD (wuoaqmuftODu) awmif;qdkcJhavonf/
(C) &efuek w
f uúov
kd f vlrsK;d pkausmif;om;rsm;tzGUJ csKyf
( 1960 - 61 )
1960-61 ckESpf &efukefwuúodkvf vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfudk zGJUpnf;í u@opfw&yf zGifhvSpfEdkifcJh
onf/ vlrsKd;pkordik ;f rSm armfueG ;f wifco
hJ nf/ vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;tm;vH;k wnDwñGww
f nf; pkaygif;NyD; vlrsKd;pkrsm;
&JU ynma&;? ,Ofaus;rIeJY trsKd;om;a&;udk yl;wGJaqmif½Guf&ef MuH½G,fcJhMuonf/
trIaqmifrsm;
obmywdtzGYJ0ifrsm;
1/ pdkif;cGef;tHkwdkif (½Srf;)
2/ udkapmarmif (&cdkif)
3/ rif;axG;vHk;ausmf (rGef)
4/ puGef;vGif (u&if)
5/ *Gef*sef (ucsif)
6/ udkaz0if; (u,m;)
7/ pDcdkifrif; (csif;)
648
1/ rif;pdk;jrifh (rGef) 'k-Ouú|

2/ apmatrdk;vdk (u&if)Ä taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
3/ *sKd½I0g; (ucsif) wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
4/ ,l*sif;odkuf (½Srf;) b@ma&;rSL; (Dr. Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe)
5/ udkausmf&if (&cdkif) pm&if;ppf
6/ udkAsm;&,f (u,m;)? jyefMum;a&;ESifh0g'jzefYcsda&;
7/ udkatmifausmf (u,m;)
8/ tifwdkeDñGefYtkwf (csif;) ynma&;rSL;
0g'
1/ rnfonfhtpnf;t½Hk;? rnfonfhEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ vufatmufcH MoZmrjzpf&/
2/ vkyfief;pOftm;jzifhjzpfap? &nf½G,fcsuftm;jzifhjzpfap wlnDaom rnfonfhtoif;tzGJUESifhrqdk yl;wGJvkyf
aqmif&rnf/
3/ ynma&;? ,Ofaus;rIESifh trsKd;om;a&;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&rnf/
&nf½G,fcsuf
1/ vlrsKd;pk ausmif;olôm;rsm;tcsif;csif; cspfMunf&if;ESD;a&;? em;vnfrI&½Sda&;? pnf;vkH;a&;ESifh twlwuG
ylaygif;vkyfaqmifa&;?
2/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk xdef;odrf;jr§ifhwifzvS,fa&;?
3/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ wef;wlnDrQa&;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;pdwf"gwfudk azmfxkwfjr§ifhwifay;a&;?
4/ ausmif;om;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;udk &,lxdef;odrf;umuG,fa&;/
jyifqifa&;aumfrwD Ouú| apmatrd;k vdrk ed chf eG ;f

(vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;tzGJYcsKyf wnfaxmifjcif;ESifUrdwfqHktcrf;tem;)
<ua&mufvmwJU {nfUonfawmfeJh b0wlaqGrsKd;pk? vlrsKd;pk ausmif;olôm;rsm;cifAsm;-
&efuek w f uúov kd f vlrsK;d pktzGUJ csKyf wnfaxmifa&;ESihf 'kw, d tBudraf jrmuf &if;ES;D cspMf unfa&; tcrf;tem;udk
<ua&mufcsD;jr§ihf tm;ay;MuwJt h wGuf jyifqifa&;A[dak umfrwDtpm; vIu d v f u dI v f vJS JS aus;Zl;wifygw,fqw kd hJ pum;eJY
EIwfcGef;quf BudKqdkyg&ap/
{nfUonfawmfrsm;eJh cspfvSpGmaom b0wlvlrsKd;pk ausmif;olôm;taygif;wdkh-
'DaeY aeYxl;aeYjrwfBuD;rSm 'D&efukefwuúodkvf e,fajrrSmaeNyD; uRefawmfwdkY vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;&JU
u@opfw&yfvYkd ac:qdEk ikd w f hJ tzGUJ csKyfBuD;udk vlrsKd;pkordik ;f rSm armfueG ;f wif&pfEikd af tmif xlaxmifEikd cf yhJ gNyD/ a½S;OD;pGm
uReaf wmfwYkd 'DtzGUJ csKyfBuD;ay:aygufvm&yHu k kd tenf;i,ftpD&ifcv H ykd gw,f/ uReaf wmfwYkd&UJ 'DtzGUJ csKyfBuD;[m tajccHr?hJ
rlrJh? oabmw&m;rJh? vQyfwjyuf jzpfuwwfqef; ay:aygufvm&wJh tzGJUcsKyfr[kwfygbl;/ t&ifuwnf;u &efukef
wuúov kd af vmurSm aecJw h hJ aemifawmf vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm; ud, k w f ikd u
f 'Dvrl sKd;pk&UJ nDñw G af &;udk tajcjyKwJt h zGUJ
rsKd;udk &nfpl;cJhygw,f/ MuH½G,fcJhygw,f/ olwdkY&ifqdkifcJh&wJh b0tawGUtMuHK oifcef;pmawGudk tajcjyKNyD; uRefawmf
wdkY vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;awGtm;vHk; wnDwñGwfwnf; pkaygif;NyD; uRefawmfwdkY&JU ynma&;? ,Ofaus;rIeJY trsKd;om;a&;
rsm;udk ylwGJvkyfaqmifEdkifMuzdkY arQmfrSef;MuH½G,fcJhygw,f/
[dwk ek ;f u n§Ed idI ;f aqG;aEG;jcif;? wlnaD omvkyif ef;rsm;udk vkyu f ikd Ef ikd jf cif;qdw k hJ tydik ;f avmufuo kd m taumif
txnf azmfEdkifcJhw,f/ tckvdk pepfwus toif;tzGJUvdkuf? &nf½G,fcsuf? 0g'? pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;eJY taqmufttkH
jyKwJh tzGJUcsKyftxd rwnfaqmufEdkifcJhygbl;/ 'gayrJh jyifqifa&;aumfrwDtzGJU&JU BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrIaMumifh 'DaeYqdk&if
&efukefwuúodkvf vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUcsKyfudk atmifjrifpGm wnfaqmufEdkifjcif; jzpfygw,f/
{nfUonfawmfrsm;eJh b0wlvlrsKd;pkausmif;olôm;taygif;wdkh-
'DtzGUJ csKyfBuD;[m ppfreS w f hJ trsK;d om;a&;pdw"f gwf tajccH? oefYpifreG jf rwfvw S hJ &nf½, G cf suef YJ cspcf if&if;ES;D rI
rSwfcsuf- apmatrdk;vdk (u&if)Ä trnf&if;rSm apmtefumrdk;vdkjzpfonf/ oHawmifZmwdjzpfí ,cktcg uG,fvGefNyDjzpfonf/ zcifrSm
eHrnfBuD; u&ifpma&;q&m wOD;jzpfaom "r®uxdu q&mrdk;vdkjzpfonf/ 649
uaeNyD; rSefuef½dk;om;pGm ay:aygufvm&wJh tzGJUcsKyfjzpfaMumif; uRefawmf &J0HhpGm0efcH&Jygw,f/ 'Dvdk jrifhjrwfaom

&nf½, G cf su0f g'eJY awmifw h if;cdik rf mwJh nDñw G af &;tiftm;awGaMumifh b,favmuf tiftm;BuD;rm;wJh tzsuo f rm;rsm;
&JU rkefwdkif;ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;eJY &ifqdkif&apumrl b,ftcgrS rNydKuGJrysufqD;Edkifygbl;qdkwm uRefawmf tav;teuf
,HkMunfygw,f/ vlYordkif;wavQmufudk qef;ppfvdkY½Sd&if ausmufacwfupNyD; ,ckuRefawmfwdkY&JU odyÜH acwfwdkifatmif
tqifhqifhwdk;wufajymif;vJvmwJh acwfBuD;jzpfygw,f/ 'DvdkacwfBuD;rSm uRefawmfwdkYwawG[m woD;wjcm;? bmod
bmom &yfwnfaevdkY rjzpfawmhbl;qdkwm od&ygvdrfhr,f/
wdk;wufaewJh acwfeJYtnD uRefawmfwdkY vlrsKd;pktm;vHk; &yfwnfEdkifa&;eJY wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;a&;udk a½SU½INyD;
'DtzGJUcsKyfudk wnfaxmifcJhMuygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'DuaeY vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;&JU rGefjrwfoefYpifwJh &nf½G,fcsuf
rsm;udk nDñGwfpGm vkyfaqmifoGm;MuzdkY 'DtzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk wnfaxmifEdkifcJhjcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmordkif;udk wenf;wzHk
jznfhpGufa&;om;vdkufwmeJY wlygvdrfhr,f/
'gwifru vlrsKd;pk&JUu@udkvnf; ydkrdkxGef;ajymif awmufyvmEdkifr,fqdkwm rvGJraoGygyJ/
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tzGJUcsKyfBuD;jzpfaMumif;udk ½Sif;jyyg&ap/ uRefawmfwdkYEdkifiH[m aemifawmfArmrsm;eJY twl ½Srf;? ucsif? u&if? u,m;?
csif;? &cdkif? rGef pwJh vlrsKd;rsm;tygt0if aygif;pkaexdkifMuwJh jynfaxmifpkBuD; jzpfygw,f/ twdwfumvudk jyefvnf
qef;ppfvdkuf&if uRefawmfwdkY azmfjycJhwJh vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;awG[m oufOD;qHydkif bk&ifacwfrSmyJ jzpfjzpf? NAdwdoQe,f
csJUorm;eJY zufqpf*syefacwfrmS yJ jzpfjzpf? tifrwef pufqyk b f ,G af umif;wJh uRefb0udk qufwu kd f tvl;tvSrd chf pH m;cJh
Mu&ygw,f/
'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;NyD;aemuf uReaf wmfwYkd vlrsK;d pkawG[m e,fcsUJ vufatmufu vGwaf jrmufvNkd yD; ud, k Mhf ur®m
ud, k zf efw;D vdwk hJ pdw"f gwfawG rMuHKzl;atmif wzGm;zGm; ay:aygufvmcJMh u&if; vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;twGuf wnDwñGwf
wnf; pkaygif;wdkufyGJ0ifvmcJhMuygw,f/ 'DvdkeJYyJ 1947 ckESpfrSm vlrsKd;pkeJYpkaygif;NyD; vGwfvyfa&;&,lzdkYtwGuf yif
vHkpmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkcJhMuygw,f/ tJ'DpmcsKyfrSm t"du Edik if x H al xmifciG ?Uf ud,
k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGirUf sm; &½Scd pH m;apzdhk twdtvif;
xnfUoGif;cJUMuygw,f/
'gayrJh 1948 ckEpS f vGwv f yfwhJ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf aMunmNyD;wJah emuf tckxufwikd f uRefawmfwYkd
vlrsKd;pkawG[m yifvHkpmcsKyfrSm oabmwlxnfhoGif;cJhwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk wif;jynfhusyfjynfh rcHpm;&bJ epfemqHk;½IH;
ae&wm awGU&ygw,f/ 'gxufydkqdk;wmu uRefawmfwdkYvlrsKd;pkawG[m EdkifiHa&;t&vnf;aumif;? pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf;
aumif;? ynma&;eJY ,Ofaus;rIt&vnf;aumif; tppt&m&m zdESdyfcs,fvS,frI'Pf cHae&ygw,f/ 'DzdESdyfcs,fvS,frI
awG[m t*Fvyd ef ,fcsJUacwfu xufawmif ydrk &kd ufpuf qd;k 0g;ygao;w,f/ tcsKyftm;jzifh ajym&r,fq&kd if vlrsKd;pkrsm;
teuf ,ckvuf½Sd vlrsKd;pkjynfe,fawG[m Armjynfr&JU yPÖmquf udkvdkeDEdkifiHav;rsm;b0 usa&mufaeygw,f/
{nfUonfawmftaygif;eJh b0wlvlrsKd;pkausmif;olôm;rsm;cifAsm;-
uRefawmf tckwifjycJw h hJ tajctaersm;&JU awmif;qdck suft& 'DuaeYwnfaxmifwhJ &efuek w f uúov kd vf rl sKd;pk
ausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk arG;xkwfay;vdkuf&jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'DaeY[m uRefawmfwdkY vlrsKd;pkausmif;
om;rsm; &mZ0ifrSm armfuGef;wif&pfrJh aeYxl;aeYjrwfBuD; jzpfw,fqdkwm uRefawmftcdkiftrm ,HkMunfygw,f/
'DaeY uRefawmfwYkd &UJ 0rf;enf;aMuuGb J , G &f m aumif;vSwb hJ 0udvk nf; wifjyvdak o;w,f/ 'DuaeY uRefawmf
wdkY&JU pD;yGm;a&;? ,Ofaus;rI? ynma&;eJY vlrItaqmufttHkrsm;[m NydKvJysufpD;csif;rvS ysufpD;usqif;jcif;cHae&
w,fqdkwm b,folvm jiif;EdkifyghrvJ/
'gawG[m acwfwacwf&UJ azsmufzsuv f Ykdr&wJh urÁn;f ausmufpmawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'DuaeY uReaf wmfwYkdtzdYk
rSm 'Drdkua&pDt*Fg&yfrsm;jzpfwJh vGwfvyfrItcGifhta&; wef;wlrIawG[mvnf; pmtkyfBuD;xJrSmom½SdNyD; vufawGUrSm
taumiftxnf½Smr&ovdk jzpfaeygw,f/ ,aeY vlrsKd;pknDi,f? nDri,frsm;&JU aemifa&;udk pOf;pm;Munfh&if txl;yif
&ifav;p&m aumif;vSygw,f/
uRefawmf txufygwifjycJhovdkyJ 'DuaeY uRefawmfwdkYwawG&JU ,Ofaus;rI? pmay? ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;
tcGifhta&; ponfrsm;tm;vHk;[m ,drf;,dkifNydKvJaewm txift½Sm; awGUcJh&ygNyD/ 'Dvdk,drf;,dkifNydKvJaerIudk jyefvnf
ysKd;axmifzdkY[m uRefawmfwdkY &efukefwuúodkvfrSm½SdwJh vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;&JU vufxJrSm vHk;0wnf½Sdaew,fvdkY
,HkMunfrdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'DaeY uRefawmfwdkYtzGJUcsKyf&JU a0iSxm;wJh0g'eJY&nf½G,fcsufawG yg½SdwJhtwdkif; tcsif;csif;
cspfcif&if;ESD;rI ydkrdkwdk;wufa&;? ,Ofaus;rI? ynma&;eJY trsKd;om;a&;rsm;udk uRefawmfwdkYwawG[m vufwGJNyD; pkaygif;
650
aqmif½u G Mf u&ef oHE|éd mef tcdik t

f rmcsMuygpdYk / uReaf wmfwYkdwawG[m aemifwacwfwikd ;f jynfeYJ trsK;d om; wm0efrsm;udk
&mZ0ifuay;tyfovdk rSefuef&J0HhpGmxrf;aqmifzdkY rarhaysmuf&ef pGJjrJpGmrSwfxm;MuzdkY txl; vdktyfygw,f/
{nfUonfawmftaygif;eJh b0wlvlrsKd;pkausmif;olôm;rsm;cifAsm;-
uRefawmfwYkd tckvkd wnfaxmifcw hJ hJ tzGUJ csKyf[m vlrsKd;pk? vlrsKd;pkvYkd wzGzaG <u;aMumfaewm[m usOf;ajrmif;
aom vlrsKd;a&;pdwf"gwf vHk;0r[kwfygbl;qdkwm twdtvif; ajymMum;cJhyg&ap/
uRefawmfwdkY tzGJUcsKyfBuD;[m aemifudk taESmifht,Suf ab;tEÅ&m,faygif;rsm;pGmeJY &ifqdkif&ayvdrfhOD;r,f/
b,fvykd ifBuD;rm;aom tEÅ&m,feYJ MuHKawGU&apumrl wOD;ay:wOD; cspfcif&if;ES;D jcif;? pdwo f abmxm;BuD;jcif;? onf;cH
jcif;eJY ta&;BuD;qHk;jzpfwJh aoG;pnf;nDñGwfa&;udk tcdkiftrmwnfaxmifNyD; usa&mufvmorQ ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;udk
atmifjrifpGm wGef;vSefNzdKcGif;ypfEdkifMu&ef tav;teuf wdkufwGef;cJhygw,f/
aemufq;kH taeeJY uRefawmfwYkd tzGUJ csKyf&UJ &nf½, G cf sufrsm; xajrmuf atmifjrifEikd yf gap/ vlrsKd;pkrsm; arQmfreS ;f
vHk;yef;aeMuwJh tem*wfacwfopfBuD;odkY tjrefqHk;wufvSrf;EdkifygapvdkY qkawmif;&if; ed*Hk;csKyfcJhygw,f/
]]&efukefwuúodkvfvlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;tzGJYcsKyf wnfwHUcdkifjrJygap}}
]]vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;tcsif;csif; aoG;pnf;nDñGwfxm0&cdkifjrJygap}}
ausmif;om;;vIy&f mS ;rIwiG yf g0ifcahJ om vlrsK;d pkausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;

Source: UNLD Press
Source: Peace Jounal
Source: AAPPB
Source: KW
ide;f u,ef;xef (c) OD;a½Tat; a'guwf mausmufcsr;f a,mifa0 OD;vSaz (c) OD;wifaU Zmf OD;ombef;
(u,ef;) (c) ,l*sif;odkuf (½Srf;) (&cdik )f (&cdik )f
idef;u,ef;xef (c) OD;a½Tat; - 1962 ck? Zlvdkif (7) &uf ta&;tcif;jzpfyGm;csdefwGif &efukefwuúodkvfwGif aemuf
qH;k ESpf ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpfNyD; ¤if;ta&;tcif;wGif yg0ifco hJ nf/ xdu k mvwGif vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;tzJUG csKyf\
twGif;a&;rSL;csKyftjzpf aqmif½GufcJhonf/ 1963 jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;? (6) c½dkifqE´jyyJGwGif vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;
tzJGUcsKyfrS wuf<upGmyg0ifEdkifa&;udk OD;aqmifrIay;cJhonf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yJGysufí tzrf;tqD;rsm;aMumifh wdrf;
a½SmifaecJh&onf/ 1964 ck? Mo*kwfv (8) &ufwGif u,ef;jynfopfygwD wnfaxmifaomtcg twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf
pwifwm0ef,lcJhonf/ u,ef;jynfopfygwD Ouú|tjzpf 2006 ckESpf? Mo*kwf (21) &ufaeY uG,fvGefcsdeftxd wm
0ef,lcJhonf/ touf (65) ESpfwGif uG,fvGefonf/ (cspfMunfa&;? twJG- 4? Edk0ifbm? 2006? pm- 20)
a'guw f mausmufcsr;f a,mifa0 (c) ,l*si;f odu k f - vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf\ yxrqHk;or®wBuD;

p0fa½Todkuf\ om;jzpfonf/ 1962 ck? Zlvdkif (7) &uf ta&;tcif;jzpfyGm;csdefwGif vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;tzJGUcsKyf\
b@ma&;rSL;jzpfNyD; t*Fvyd pf menf;jytjzpf &efuek w f uúovkd w
f iG f aqmif½u G af ecsed jf zpfonf/ 4if;ta&;tcif; aemufyikd ;f
1963 ckESpftxd wdrf;a½Smifae&NyD; ½Srf;trsKd;om;a&;ESifh vlrsKd;pkta&;udpörsm;twGuf ajratmufvIyf&Sm;cJh&onf/
1963 ckESpfwGif awmcdkcJhí 1964 ck ½Srf;jynfwyfrawmf xlaxmif&mwGif OD;aqmifyg0ifcJhNyD; 1977 ckESpftxd
OD;aqmifco hJ nf/ 1997 ck uae'gEdik if ?H NAdwu
d vkd b
H ,D mwuúov kd rf S Edik if aH &;odyyHÜ g&*lbUGJ &½Scd ohJ nf/ trsK;d om;jyefvnf
oifjh rwfa&;tpDtpOf (NRP) ESihf (UNLD-LA) \ tqifjh rift h MuHay;t&m½St d jzpf aqmif½u G cf o
hJ nf/ ½Sr;f jynforl sm;
ta&;omru jrefrmwEdkifiHvHk;ta&; udpörsm;jzpfonfh trsKd;om;jyefvnf&ifMum;apha&; udpö&yfrsm;twGuf olb0
wavQmufvHk;ESifh uG,fvGefcsdeftxd epfjrKyfvkyfaqmifcJhonf/ 24? 7? 04 &ufaeY touf (65) ESpft&G,fwGif uae
651
'gEdkifiH? beful;Am;NrdKUwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf/ (½Srf;oHawmfqifh? UNLD Press, Various Website)
OD;vSaz - ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD; pwifzJGYpnf;prS pí vlrsKd;pkudk,fpm;vS,fwOD; tjzpfyg0ifaqmif½GufcJhNyD;

1956-57 wuotrIaqmiftzJGUwGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xmewm0efcHtjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1962 Zlvdkif (7) &uf
ta&;tcif;jzpfymG ;csed w f iG f &efuek wf uúovkd ?f ½lyaA'XmewGif o½kyjf yq&mtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaeonf/ ¤if;ta&;
tcif;jzpfyGm;rIudk tpnf;ta0;pwifcsdefrS aemufqHk;ypfcwfonftxd wuoatmufxyf½Sd wuopm;aomufqdkifrS
wcsdefvHk; apmifhMunfhaecJhonf/ 1963 ckESpfwGif jynfwGif;Nidrf;a&;vIyf½Sm;rIwGif yg0ifNyD; 'DZifbmv (12) &ufaeYwGif
tzrf;cH&onf/ 12? 2? 69 &uf (jynfaxmifpkaeY) tif;pdefaxmifrSxkwfí noef;acgifausmfwGif udk;udk;uRef;odkY
ydkYaqmifjcif;cH&onf/ udk;udk;uRef;ü uRef;zsufodrf;a&;wdkufyJGwGif yg0ifcJhonf/ 1971 Edk0ifbm (11) &ufwGif
uRef;zsufodrf;tNyD; tif;pdefaxmifodkY jyefa&mufvmonf/ tif;pdefü axmifrS rvTwfciftxd n§Of;qJcH&jyefonf/
1972 ck {NyDv (12) &ufwGif tif;pdefaxmifrS jyefvGwfvmonf/ ½Spfav;vHk;ta&;tcif;wGif yg0ifcJhonf/ 1989
a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ tmPmzDqefa&;vIyf½Sm;rIü yg0ifNyD;a½Smifwdrf;&um Mo*kwfv (8) &ufaeYwGif bk&m;oHk;ql
pcef;odkY a&muf½Sdonf/ ol\ a'gif;tdk;a0pmapmifrS ]]uRef;twdwft&dyfyrm}} tcef;quf aqmif;yg;onf udk,fawGY
uRef;tawGUtMuHKudk a&;om;xm;í xif½mS ;onf/ 1991 rS tcef;quftjzpfazmfjycJo h nf/ a&'D,zkd &D;at;½S jrefrmydik ;f
owif;axmuftjzpf vkyfudkifcJhonf/ &cdkifjynftrsKd;om;aumifpD (ANC) wGif tzJGU0ifwOD;tjzpf aqmif½GufcJhonf/
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;aumifpw D iG f (ENC) &cdik vf rl sK;d pku,
kd pf m;vS,jf zpfí jyefMum;a&;ESiphf nf;½H;k a&;aumfrwD wm0efcH
tjzpf aqmif½Gufaeonf/ (jirf;? a'gif;tdk;a0/ w,fvDzkef;ar;jref;csuf/ tD;tefpD0ufbf)
OD;ombef;- &cdkiftrsKd;om; wOD;jzpfonf/ wyfOD;ausmif;om; wOD;jzpfNyD; wuo trIaqmiftjzpf 1960-61 ck

ESpw
f iG af qmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/ 1988 aemufyikd ;f jynfaxmifpw
k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;'Dru
kd a&pDtzGYJcsKyf (UNLD) \ wdik ;f &if;
om;vlrsKd;pka&;&maumfrwD0ifESifh vkyfief;aumfrDwD0ifjzpfonf/ yxrtBudrf 1991 rS 1995 txd axmifcscH&onf/
,ckpmtkyfjyKpk&mwGif ulnDcJhrIjzifh 1998 wGif tzrf;cH&NyD; (6) ESpftMum 2004 ck? ZlvdkifvwGif axmifrS jyefvGwfvm
onf/ (atatyDyDbD? tifwmeuf)
(i) 1960-61 &efuek w

f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpD&ifcpH m
( 1960 - 1961 )
trIaqmiftzGt
YJ pD&ifcpH m
1/ zGJUpnf;jcif;
2/ trIaqmiftzGJU0g'ESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;
3/ trsKd;om;a&;twGuf aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;
4/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm; xdyg;vmjcif;ESifh aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;
5/ ynmoifMum;a&;ESifhywfoufaom aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;
6/ yGJobiftcrf;tem;rsm;
7/ taxGaxGvkyfief;rsm;
8/ Xmeqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;
9/ aus;Zl;wif½Sdjcif;
10/ ed*Hk;
(1) zGJYpnf;jcif;
(u) a½G;aumufyGJrsm; / / 1960-61 &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? Ouú|? 'k-Ouú|ESifh aiGxdef;wdkYudk
a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&ef yxrtywf wuoa½G;aumufyGJudk 1960 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (19) &ufaeYwGif usif;yrnf[k
a½G;aumufyGJt&m½Sdu aMunmcJhonf/ ,SOfNydKifta½G;cHvdkolrsm;\ avQmufvTmrsm;udk 1960 ck? Mo*kwfv (16)
652
&ufaeY? nae (3) em&DrwdkifrD a½G;aumufyGJ t&m½SdxH wifoGif;&rnf[k aMunmcJhonf/

Ouú|ae&mwGif ,SOfNydKifta½G;cH&ef avQmufvTmwifoGif;ol (3) OD;½SdNyD;? 'k-Ouú|ae&mtwGuf avQmufvTm
wifoGif;ol (7) OD;ESifh aiGxdef;ae&mtwGuf (3) OD;½SdcJhonf/ 'k-Ouú|ae&mtwGuf (7) OD; teufwOD;tm; wuozGJU
pnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;ESifh rudkufnDojzifh y,fcscJhonf/
rdrdwdkYqE´tavsmuf avQmufvTmrsm; jyefvnf½kyfodrf;Edkifaom Mo*kwfv (17) &ufaeY? nae (3) em&Drwdkif
rD Ouú|ae&mrS (2) OD;? 'k-Ouú|ae&mrS (4) OD;ESifh aiGxdef;ae&mrS (1) OD;pD toD;oD;avQmufvTmrsm;udk jyefvnf
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wGif (2) OD;pD ,SOfNydKif&ef usefcJhonf/
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aiGxdef;ae&mwGif udkeE´wdkYtm; a½G;aumufjcif;cHcJh&onf/
trIaqmif (6) OD;ae&mtwGuf 'kwd,tokwf a½G;aumufyGJudk 1960 ck? Mo*kwfv (25) &ufaeYwGif
usif;yrnf[k a½G;aumufyGJt&m½Sd udkwifat;u aMunmcJhonf/ wuoa½G;aumufyGJudk odu©m½SdpGm usif;yEdkifa&;?
,SOfNydKifolrsm; tav;teufxm;½Sda&;wdkYtwGuf 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifolrsm;onf pabmfaiGusyf (50) (ig;q,fusyf)
wdwdudk avQmufvTmESifh twlwifoGif;&ef 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifolonf ay;aom rJtm;vHk;wdkY\ (4) yHk (1) yHk r&½SdvQif
xdkpabmfaiGudk wuorS odrf;,lrnf[k aMunmcJhonf/
avQmufvTmwifoGif;ol (8) OD; ½Sdonfhteuf (2) OD;rSm rdrdwdkYqE´tavsmuf avQmufvTmrsm;udk jyefvnf½kyf
odr;f oGm;ojzifh usef½o dS l (6) OD;jzpfaom udAk aqGav;? udrk if;axG;? udo
k mbef;? udv
k MS unf? udak pmarmif? udx
k eG ;f Munf
wdkY (6) OD;rSm wuo trIaqmifrsm;tjzpf ,SOfNydKifolr½Sd ta½G;cHcJh&onf/
(c) trIaqmiftzGYJ / / &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (1960- 61) \ yxrtBudrf trIaqmiftpnf;t

a0;udk 1960 ck? Mo*kwfv (24) &ufaeYwGif jyKvkyfusif;ycJhonf/ xdktpnf;ta0;rS tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcH tjzpf
udkvSa½TESifh pmMunfhwdkufrSL;tjzpf udkjrodef;wdkYtm; a½G;aumufwifajr§mufMuNyD; atmufygtwdkif; trIaqmiftzJGUudk
zGJUpnf;cJhonf/
udkwifat; Ouú|
udkeE´ (0dZÆm-*kPfxl;) aiGxdef;
udkAaqGav; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
udkapmarmif wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh owif;ESifhjyefMum;a&;XmerSL;
udkxGef;Munf EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL;
udkrif;axG; upm;ckefpm;ESifh,Ofaus;rIXmerSL;
udkombef; ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL;
udkjrodef; pmMunfhwdkufrSL;
(*) qyfaumfrwDrsm; / / &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkpnf;rsOf; tcef;(10)? t

ydk'f (7) t& zGJUpnf;&rnfh qyfaumfrwDrsm;ESifh vdktyfaomXmersm;twGuf qyfaumfrwDrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;
zGJUpnf; cJhonf/
tdk;a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwD
udkeE´ (aiGxdef;)
udkxGm;pdef twGif;a&;rSL;
udkausmfcif tvkyfrefae*sm
udkvSwif aumfrwD0if
udkZeDOD; aumfrwD0if
r&D&Da|; aumfrwD0if
653
pmMunfUwdkufaumfrwD
udkjrodef; wm0efcH
udkeE´ (aiGxdef;)
udkjroef; twGif;a&;rSL;
udkvSodef; aumfrwD0if
udkarmifarmifwifh aumfrwD0if
udkpdk;0if; aumfrwD0if
ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;aumfrwD
udkombef; wm0efcH
udkeE´ (aiGxdef;)
udkjrifhaz twGif;a&;rSL;
udkatmifausmfEk aumfrwD0if
udkpHausmfarmif aumfrwD0if
rjrifhjrifh aumfrwD0if
owif;ESifUjyefMum;a&;aumfrwD
udkapmarmif wm0efcH
udkausmfcif twGif;a&;rSL;
udkrsKd;jrifh aumfrwD0if
udk0if;BudKif aumfrwD0if
udkjrifh aumfrwD0if
udkav;&D aumfrwD0if
vlxkqufoG,fa&;aumfrwD
udkvSMunf wm0efcH
udkwifarmif 'kOuú|
udkeE´ (aiGxdef;)
udkudkMunf aumfrwD0if
udk0if;Akdvf aumfrwD0if
udkatmifjrifh aumfrwD0if
udkjrifharmif aumfrwD0if
rcifoef;jrifh aumfrwD0if
(C) tzGJYtpnf;rsm;twGuf wuoudk,fpm;vS,f

wuúov kd uf pm;ckepf m;aumfrwDtwGuf wuoud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tjzpf atmufyg (5) OD;udk a½G;cs,fco
hJ nf/
udkrif;axG; upm;ckefpm;ESihf,Ofaus;rIwm0efcH
udkjrodef; wuopmMunfhwdkufrSL;
udkwifarmifaqG
udkbñGefY
udkausmfpdk;
654
(i) trIaqmiftzGJYtpnf;rsm;
wuotrIaqmiftpnf;ta0;udk (18) Budrfusif;ycJhonf/ tdk;a0wm0efcHESifh pmMunfhwdkufrSL;rsm; twGuf
(17) Budrfom jzpfayonf/ trIaqmifrsm;ESifh tpnf;ta0; wufaomtcsdefrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
udkwifat;- (18) Budrf? udkwifarmif- (12) Budrf? udkeE´- (18) Budrf? udkAaqGav;- (18) Budrf?
udkapmarmif- (13) Budrf? udkxGef;Munf- (17) Budrf? udkvSMunf- (13) Budrf? udkombef;- (17) Budrf?
udkrif;axG;- (12) Budrf? udkjrodef;- (11) Budrf? udkvSa½T- (17) Budrf/
(2) trIaqmiftzGJY\ 0g'ESifUvkyfief;pOfrsm;/

&efuek wf uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 1960-61 \ Ouú|opf usrf;opömusdeq f ykd u
JG kd 1960 ck? Ed0k ifbmv
(17) &ufaeYwiG f wuocef;rüusif;yum &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 1960-61 trIaqmiftzGUJ \0g'ESihf
vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/
0g'
1/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;? tqifhtwef;jr§ifhaomynma&;ESifh ausmif;om;b0om,majzmifhjzL;a&;?
2/ ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;ESifh w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;ta&;jyóemwdkif;wGif aqmif½Gufvdkaom ausmif;om;
tiftm;pkrsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;wGJaqmif½Gufa&;?
3/ Nidr;f csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;? ,Ofaus;rI xde;f odr;f jr§iw hf ifa&;ESihf ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; &if;ES;D pGmaygif;oif;quf
qHa&;/
EdkifiHwumausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIESifhywfoufonfh tajccHoabmxm;
1/ bmomt,l0g' rcGjJ cm;bJ? tom;ta&mif rcGjJ cm;bJ? Edik if w H umausmif;om;rsm;ESihf &if;ES;D cspfMunfa&;? rdwaf qGjzpf
a&;wdkYtwGuf vkyfaqmif&ef?
2/ ynmoifMum;a&;tajctae ydrk w kd ;kd wufaumif;rGeaf &;twGuf Edik if w H umausmif;om;rsm;? ausmif;om;tzGUJ tpnf;
rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½Guf&ef?
3/ urÇmYNidr;f csr;f a&; xde;f odr;f a&;ESihf e,fcsUJ qefYusiaf &;? udv k ekd pD epfqefYusiaf &;? trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&; wdu k yf rJG sm;
tm; taxmuftuljyK&ef?
4/ befa'gif;wGif usif;yaom tm½S-tmz&duausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcHESifh (5) Budrfajrmuf urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
nDvmcHBuD;rS csrSwfaom urÇmhjidrf;csrf;a&;xdef;odrf;a&;? vufeufavQmhaygha&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&ef?
5/ EdkifiHwumausmif;om;rsm; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;aqmif½Guf&efwdkY jzpfonf/
vkyfief;pOfrsm;
wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf wuúodkvf\ a,bk,stajctaersm;udk oHk;oyfum atmufygtajccHvkyfief;
rsm; csrSwfcJhonf/
1/ ESpfcgusausmif;xkwfpepf y,fzsufa&;?
2/ tcvGwf ynmoifMum;a&;pepf jyefvnf&½Sda&;?
3/ wuúodkvfwGif ynmoifMum;a&; tajctae aumif;rGefap&ef rzefwD;EdkiforQ ZGefvaemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJrsm;
qufvufxm;½Sd ay;&ef?
4/ wuúodkvfwGif jrefrmpmudk oifMum;rIr@dKiftjzpf owfrSwfay;&ef?
5/ pwdkifyif paumvm½Spfrsm; t&nftwGufESifh t&nftcsif; wdk;jr§ifhay;&ef?
6/ jy|mef;aom ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfrsm;? ausmif;oHk;ud&d,mrsm; oufompGm&½Sda&;?
7/ ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf Munf;? a&? av toGm;EIef;rsm; avQmhaygha&;?
8/ wuúodkvfaxmufyhHaMu; ydkrdkay;&ef?
9/ ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; wdk;csJUaqmufvkyfay;a&;?
10/ t&nftcsif;jynfhq&mrsm; ydkrdkcefYxm;ay;a&;?
11/ tajctaeESifh rudkufnDbJ jy|mef;xm;aom ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm; y,fzsufay;a&;?
12/ 1959 ckESpf wuúodkvftufOya' (jyifqifcsuf) y,fzsufay;a&;?
13/ q&mausmif;om; em;vnfrIwdk;wufa&;ESifh &if;ESD;pGm yl;wGJvkyfaqmifa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;&ef/
655
(3) trsKd;om;a&;twGuf aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;

udkvdkeDpepfqefhusifa&;ESifU ulrifwefusL;ausmfrIqE´jyyGJ
azazmf0g&D (21) &uf udkvdkeDqefYusifa&;aeYwGif vli,fausmif;om; trsKd;orD;tzGJUrsm;uBuD;rSL;í udkvdkeD
pepfqefYusifa&;ESifh tar&duef autrfwDusL;ausmfrI uefYuGufqE´jyyGJBuD;udk BuD;rSL;usif;yum b,fvf*sD,HoH½Hk;ESifh
tar&duefoH½Hk;rsm;odkY oGm;a&mufqE´jycJhonf/
þqE´jyyGJwGif jrefrmjynf\ ajrmufbufESifh ta½SUbufa'orsm;odkY vufeufjzifh0ifa&muf usL;ausmfae
aom tar&duefe,fcsJUorm;\ cg;ydkufaqmif autrfwDusL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm;tm; armif;xkwfa&;ESifh uGef*dkjynf\
w&m;0if0efBuD;csKyf vlrGefbm;tm; owfjzwfvdkufrIudk uefYuGufa&;wdkYtwGuf jrefrmEdkifiH½Sd vli,fausmif;om;?
trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh jynfolw&yfvkH; yg0ifum qE´jycJhayonf/
þodkY Nidrf;csrf;pGm qE´jyolrsm;tm; yxptpdk;&onf rsuf&nf,kdAHk;? rD;owfydkuf? 0g;&if;wkwfrsm;omru
aoewfrsm;jzifyh if ypfcwftMurf;zufum t"r®ErdS Ef iS ;f cJah yonf/ þodYktMurf;zufum &uf&ufpufpuf ESrd Ef iS ;f rIaMumifh
OD;vlav;ESifh udkoef;jrifhwdkY aoqHk;onfhtjyif? twGif;vlemtjzifh oHCmawmf (1) yg; tygt0if vlaygif; (53)
OD; 'Pf&m&um? tjyifvel mtjzpf trsm;tjym; 'Pf&m&½Scd ahJ yonf/ nbufwiG f qufvufqE´jyaom jynforl sm;tm;
qufvuf tMurf;zufESdrfESif;um yk'fr (144) xkwfcJhayonf/ vli,fausmif;om; jynfol tajrmuftrsm;udkvnf;
zrf;qD;cJhayonf/
xdYkaMumifh azazmf0g&D (24) &ufaeYwiG f tMurf;zufrI ½Iwcf sa&;? tar&duefpu G zf ufrEI iS hf ulrifwefusL;ausmrf I
rsm;tm; rsufajcrysufa&;wdYk twGuf ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGu J kd wuocef;rwGif Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf? &uowdYk BuD;rSL;
um usif;ycJhonf/
xdYk jyif Adv
k rf LS ;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm acgif;aqmifaom e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESihf autrfwu D sL;ausmfrI wdu
k zf suf
a&; trsKd;om;aumfrwDwGif yg0ifum w½kwfjzLusL;ausmfrIqefYusifa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifcJhayonf/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf
a[mif;ausmfaZmftm; wuoodYk zdwaf c:um w½kwjf zLusL;ausmfrEI iS hf ywfoufaom a[majymyGw J ckukd jyKvkyuf sif;ycJh
ayonf/
(4) ausmif;om;tcGifUta&;umuG,fa&;ESifU ywfoufaomaqmif½Gufcsufrsm;

(u) ausmif;pnf;urf;jyóem / / ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS tMuHay;pnf;urf;rsm;udk a&;qGJxkwfjyefcJh&m
xdkpnf;urf;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; rvdkufemEdkifonfh tcsufrsm; yg0ifaeonf/ wuoonf ausmif;pnf;urf;½Sd&
rnf[laom rludk vHk;0vufcHonf/ wuoonf ausmif;pnf;urf;ESifhywfoufí ausmif;om;qEÉSifhtnD ausmif;
om;rsm;? q&mrsm; yl;aygif;n§dEdIif;um ausmif;om;rsm;\ pmayoifMum;rItajctae? aexdkifrItajctaewdkYjzifh
udkufnDpGm a&;qGJxm;aom pnf;urf;rsm;jzpf&ef vdktyfonf[k wifjycJhayonf/
ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS wDxiG cf srSwv
f maom aoG;½d;k om;½d;k r[kwo
f nfh ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm;udk uefYuu
G f
cJhonf/
(c) ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDESifUausmif;omudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jyóem / / 1959 ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGif &efukef

wuúov kd f ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS wuoud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD;tm; xkwyf pfcahJ yonf/ wuoonf ausmif;aqmif
aumfrwDwiG f wuoud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD; jyefvnfyg0ifa&;twGuf tpOftquf awmif;qdck o hJ nf/ ,ckEpS w
f iG v
f nf;
ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwiG f wuoud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD; yg0ifa&;twGuf xyfrBH udK;pm;&if; ausmif;aqmif aumfrwDxH
ar;jref;&mwGif ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS 1960 ckESpf? azazmf0g&D (3) &ufaeY wuúodkvfaumifpDrS csrSwfcJhaom
o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;tm; ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwGif yg0ifcGifhjyK&ef[laom qHk;jzwf
csufudk jyefMum;cJhayonf/
þodkY w&m;0ifjyefMum;csuft& avmavmq,f ausmif;aqmifjyóemrsm;ESifh ywfoufí qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
csrSwfjcif;? aqmif½Gufjcif;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifEdkifa&;twGuf ausmif;aqmif o[m,ESifh
pmzwftoif;rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf trIaqmiftpnf;ta0;rS o[m,ESifh
pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGUJ Ouú|ESihf wuo vlxq k ufo, G af &; XmerSL;wdYk tm; ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tjzpf ausmif;
aqmifaumfrwDodkY apvTwfcJhonf/
ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;teuf o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf Ouú|udkom ausmif;aqmif
656
aumfrwDwGif vufcHNyD; wuovlxkqufoG,fa&;rSL;tm; o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm; tzGJUcsKyftrIaqmif r[kwf

aomaMumifh[k taMumif;jyum ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwGif vufrcHbJ xm;cJhayonf/
,cifEpS Of ;D wGif ay:aygufaeaom ausmif;aqmif rvHak vmufrjI yóemrsm;udk yg0ifajz½Si;f &eftwGuf usef½dS
aeaom ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f (1) OD;ae&mwGif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf twGif;a&;rSL;tm;
ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDoYkd ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf xyfraH y;ydYk cYJ onf/ ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD obmywdonf
aemufxyfay;ydYk aom ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,t f m; ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwiG f vufc&H efukd taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;jyum
tcsdefqGJcJhayonf/
wcsdefxJwGif ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwGif yg0ifaeaom ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,ftm;vnf; ausmif;aqmif
aumfrwDrS xkwfy,f&ef BudK;pm;jyefonf/ aumfrwDwGifyg0ifaom udk,fpm;vS,ftm; bGJU&oGm;í ausmif;aqmifwGif
raeonfudk taMumif;jyum Mo*kwf (2) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom? ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDodkY wufa&mufcGifh rjyKbJ
aumfrwDrS xkwfy,fcJhonf/
odkYaomf o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf twGif;a&;rSL;tm; tcsdefqGJxm;cJhaomfvnf; rSefuefaom
awmif;qdck suftm; rvGeq f efEikd b
f J Mo*kwv f (2) &ufaeYwiG f usif;yaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDoYkd wufa&mufciG jhf yK
cJh&onf/
(*) ausmif;om;rsm;tm; rw&m;½dkufESufrI / / 27? 9? 60 &ufaeY? n (9) em&DwGif urm½GwfvSnf;wef; t0dkif;

BuD;teD;ü vÇuf&nfaomuf&ef xGufvmaom ausmif;om; (3) OD;tm; 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;wOD;u ½dkufESufcJhayonf/
12? 11? 61 &ufaeYuvnf; tif;vsm;uefwGif iSufypfxGufaom ausmif;om;tcsKdUtm; ppfom;rsm; ½dkuf
ESufcJhayonf/
þodYk tMurf;zuf&efpjcif;jzifh at;csrf;pGmaevdak om ausmif;om;rsm;tm; vIy½f mS ;rIrsm;jzpfvmap&ef MuHpnf
zefwD;jcif;rsm;udk wuorS tav;teuf ½IwfcsuefYuGufcJhonf/ owif;pm½Sif;vif;yGJrsm;jzifh wuo\ oabmxm;
rsm;udk jynfolodkY wifjycJhayonf/
(C) trsKd;orD;ausmif;aqmifrsm; ESpfywfvnfnpmpm;yGJ / / trsKd;orD;ausmif;aqmif ESpfywfvnf npmxrif;

pm;yGrJ sm;udk ausmif;aqmifa½SUjrufcif;jyifwiG f tpOftvmt& jyKvkycf MhJ uayonf/ ,ckEpS w f iG f ausmif;om;a&;rSL;rsm;u
ausmif;aqmifa½SU jrufcif;rsm;wGif usif;ycGirhf ay;bJ ausmif;aqmif xrif;pm;cef;wGio f m usif;y&ef trdeYf ay;cJo h nf/
þodYk wm;jrpfjcif;onf ausmif;aqmif o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rsm;\ ta&;BuD;aom vkyif efrsm;tm; zsuq f ;D ypfjcif;
csKd;ESrd yf pfjcif; oabmxm;odYk oufa&mufaeonft h jyif? ausmif;aqmif ta&;tcif;rsm;wGif o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;
rsm;\ vGwfvyfpGm aqmif½GufEdkifcGifhudk ydwfyif&ma&mufojzifh wuoonf uefYuGufcJhayonf/
(i) ygarmu©csKyfcefhxm;a&; / / AdkvfcsKyftpdk;&vufxufu cefYxm;cJhaom &efukefwuúodkvf ygarmu©csKyf

a'gufwmvSjrifh Ekwx f u
G o
f mG ;ojzifh ygarmu©csKyfae&mwGif xyfrcH efYxm;&ef ac:,l&m avQmufxm;ol (3) OD;½Scd o hJ nf/
wuúodkvf tkyfcsKyfa&;? ynmoifMum;a&; jyóemrsm;wGif ygarmu©csKyfonf wuúodkvfzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkt& tmPm
t½SdqHk; yk*¾dKvfjzpfaomaMumifh ygarmu©csKyfcefYxm;a&;onf vGefpGmta&;BuD;onhf jyóemjzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh
wuorS ygarmu©csKyf cefYxm;a&;twGuf oabmxm;w&yfudk xkwfjyefaMunmcJhayonf/
wuúodkvf tkyfcsKyfykHoP²mefonf (Unitary System) jzpfonf/ odkYtwGuf ygarmu©csKyfwGif tmPmrsm;
pkjyHKaeonf/ ygarmu©csKyfonf wOD;wnf;tmPm½Sif jzpfaeonf/ wuúodkvf wnfaqmufykHoP²mefudk jyifqif&ef
vdktyfonf[k wifjycJhonf/
avmavmq,ftm;jzifh xdzk UJG pnf;tkycf sKyfypkH epfukd rjyifqifEikd rf D ygarmu©csKyf a½G;&mwGif ynmwd;k wufap&ef
aqmif½GufEdkifrnfhol? tem*wf wuúodkvf wdk;wufom,ma&;udk aqmif½GufEdkifrnfhol? q&mrsm; ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
qufqaH &; ajyjypfaumif;rGerf nfo h ?l Nidr;f csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;twGuf pGr;f aqmifEikd rf nfo h ?l tusifph m&dwå aumif;
rGefjzLpifrnhfoludkom a½G;cs,fcefYxm;&ef wifjycJhayonf/
xdkoabmxm;udk EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfodkYvnf; wifjycJhayonf/ ygarmu©csKyfcefYxm;a&;ESifh ywfoufí
tpdk;&tmPmydkiftcsKdUu rdrdwdkY tvdkus cg;ydkufaqmif ygarmu©csKyfwa,mufjzpfvma&; wuúodkvfudk rdrdwdkY tvdkus
cs,fvS,fEdkifa&;wdkYtwGuf BudK;yrf;csufrsm;udkvnf; ausmif;om;xkodkY azmfxkwfwifjycJhayonf/
657
xdkYjyif ygarmu©csKyfopfa½G;cs,frnfh wuúodkvfaumifpDtpnf;ta0;yGJodkY Zefe0g&Dv (28) &ufaeYwGif

wuoESifh tzGJUtpnf;aygif;pHku OD;aqmifí 0dkif;0ef;í qE´jycJhMuonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpD vlBuD;rsm;tm;vnf;
yef;Mum;vTm wapmifxw k u
f m yefMum;cJah yonf/ wuúov kd af umifprD S ygarmu©csKyftjzpf a'gufwmomvStm; a½G;cs,f
cefYxm;cJhayonf/
ygarmu©csKyftjzpf a½G;cs,fjcif;cH&aom a'gufwmomvSonf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tpOftvmtm;jzifh
rajyjypfoljzpfaomfvnf; wuotaeESifh wuúodkvfwGif rvdkvm;tyfaom jyóemrsm; ray:aygufa&;? wdkif;jynf\
ynma&;wd;k wufa&;? wuúov kd f om,mwd;k wufa&;? Nidr;f csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;wdYk twGuf qufvuf BudK;yrf;oGm;
rnfjzpfaMumif; aMunmcJhayonf/
(p) ausmif;aqmifrvHkavmufrIjyóem / / ,ckESpf 1961 ck? ynmoifESpfwGif tpOftvmtm;jzifh ½SdaecJhaom

ausmif;aqmif rvHkavmufrIjyóemrSm ydkrdkBuD;rm;vmcJhayonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif tpOftvmt& ausmif;aqmif
rvHak vmufr½I cdS jhJ cif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? vGecf ahJ omESpf pufwifbmv aemufqufwpJG mar;yGEJ iS hf rwfvpmar;yGrJ sm;wGif
atmifEIef;rsm;vmjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? xD;wef;ESifh &efuif;aumvdyfudk tif*sifeD,mr[mXmeodkY ½kwfw&uf
a½TUajymif;vmjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? ay:aygufvmcJhonfh ausmif;aqmifjyóemudk ajz½Sif;&ef BudKwifí rjyifqif
aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? ,ckEpS w f iG f ausmif;aqmifrvHak vmufrjI yóemrSm ydrk Bkd uD;rm;vmayonf/ odYkaomf wuúov kd f
tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh ausmif;aqmiftmPmydkifrsm;onf xdkjyóemrsm;twGuf rnfodkYrQ BudKwifjyifqifjcif; rjyKcJhay/
ausmif;aqmifae&m rvHkavmufonfh jyóemBuD;rm;vmNyD; xdyfwef;odkYa&mufvmrS ausmif;aqmiftmPmydkifrsm;
rsufvHk;jyL;cJh&ayonf/
ausmif;aqmifjyóem BuD;rm;rIaMumifh wuoESifh o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf atmufyg
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDodkY awmif;qdkcJhonf/
(u) wcef;vQif (2) a,mufxm;&ef?
(c) tu,fí rvHkavmufvQif ,ckvuf½Sd xrif;pm;cef;rrsm;wGif aexdkifapum ,m,Dxrif;pm;cef;rsm;
aqmufvkyf&ef?
(*) tu,fí rvHkavmufvQif aexdkif&ef ,m,DwJrsm; aqmufvkyfay;&ef?
(C) ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; aqmufvyk af y;&efEiS hf ausmif;aqmifjyóemudk ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf yl;wGaJ jz½Si;f
&ef/
ausmif;aqmifae&mcsxm;a&;aumfrwDwGif ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifcGifhay;&ef awmif;qdkcJhay
onf/ xdkawmif;qdkcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí 19? 6? 61 aeYwGif usif;yaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;wGif
pOf;pm;um wcef; (2) a,mufxm;&efESifh ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; ausmif;aqmifae&mcsxm;a&;aumfrwD
wGif yg0ifcGifhay;&ef qHk;jzwfcJhavonf/
ausmif;aqmif ae&mrvHak vmufro I nf ausmif;om;rsm;\ ynmoifMum;a&;udk rsm;pGmxdcu kd o
f nf[k wuo
rS ,HkMunfayonf/ ae&m½Sdoavmufom ay;NyD;? usefolrsm; aecsif&mae rdrdwdkY bmomzefwD;Mu[laom tmPmydkif
wdkY\ t,ltqudk wuotaeESifh vHk;0vufrcHEdkifay/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;aqmifaexdkifí ynmoifMum;vdkonfh
ausmif;om;wdkif; ausmif;aqmifae&m&&ef wuoonf enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;½SmMuHí awmif;qdk wdkufyGJ0ifcJhayonf/
wuoonf avmavmq,f &ifqikd af e&aom ausmif;aqmifrvHak vmufrI jyóemudk ajz½Si;f Edik &f eftwGuf ,ckpmoif
cef;tjzpf jyKvkyfxm;aom bDtdkpDaumvdyftm; ausmif;aqmiftjzpf ajymif;vJum ausmif;om;rsm;tm;xm;&ef quf
vuf wifjycJhayonf/ odkYaomf 26? 6? 61 &ufaeY usif;yaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;wGif wuo\
wifjycsuu f kd ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD obmywd ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmomvSu vH;k 0vufrcHbJ obmywdtmPmoH;k
um y,fcscJhjyefonf/ xdkYaMumifh wuoonf 3? 7? 61 aeYwGif wuo ausmif;om;xk txl;tpnf;ta0;wck
ac:,lum ausmif;aqmifae&m tvHak vmuf&½Sad &;? bDtpkd aD umvdyt f m; ausmif;aqmiftjzpf ajymif;vJum ae&mcsxm;
ay;&efESifh ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; tjrefaqmufvkyfay;&ef wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfcJhavonf/ wuorS wifjycJh
aom wcef;ESpfa,muf aexdkifa&;rlwGif rauseyfaom ausmif;om;rsm; ½SdaeaomaMumifh wuoonf 3? 7? 61
&ufaeYwGif usif;yaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;odkY ESpfa,mufwcef;pepfudk twif;rusifhoHk;bJ ESpf
a,mufESpfcef; aexdkifEdkifolrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYqE´t& ESpfa,mufa,mufcef; aexdkifcGifhjyK&ef wifjyawmif;qdkcJh&m ausmif;
aqmifaumfrwDrS y,fcscJah yonf/ xdYk jyif wuoonf txl;ausmif;om;tpnf;ta0;rS qH;k jzwfawmif;qdck sufrsm;udk
658
Zlvdkifv (8) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom wuúodkvfaumifpDodkY wifjyawmif;qdkcJhonf/ ¤if;aumifpDtpnf;ta0; usif;y

aomaeYwGif wuoonf ausmif;om; (2000) ausmfESifh wuúodkvfaumifpDtm; 0dkif;0ef;qE´jycJhMuonf/ xdkUaMumifh
wuúov kd af umifprD S ausmif;aqmifae&m½SmazGa&; txl;aumfrwDw&yf zGUJ pnf;um ausmif;aqmifaeolwikd ;f ae&m&½Sad &;
wm0efay;tyfco hJ nf/ ausmif;aqmifae&m½SmazGa&;aumfrwDonf ,m,DwaJ usmif;rsm; aqmufvyk &f eftwGuf tpd;k &xH
aiG (7) odef; wifjyawmif;qdkcJhonf/ odkYaomf tpdk;&onf aiG (7) odef;udk xkwfray;bJaeojzifh ,aeYwdkif ,m,D
wJausmif; aqmufa&;vkyfief;rSm rpEdkifbJ jzpfaeayonf/ ausmif;aqmifr&ao;olwdkif; ausmif;aqmif&a&; jyóem
rsm;vnf; ,aeYwdkifrajz½Sif;Edkifjzpfaeonf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;aqmifaeoifholwdkif; ausmif;aqmifae&m&a&;twGuf
Mo*kwfv (1) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;odkY wuo&Jabmfrsm;onf ydkpwmrsm;
udkifaqmifum xyfrHqE´jycJhMuonf/
,aeYxd ausmif;aqmifae&m r&½Sdao;aom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; trsm;tjym;½Sdaeayao;onf/ ¤if;wdkY
onf aexdik rf tI cuftcJrsm;Mum;rS qif;&Jyifyef;pGm ynmoifMum;aeMu&ayonf/ ¤if;wdYkEiS hf ywfoufí ausmif;aqmif
aumfrwDESifhwuG wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&wGifvnf;aumif;? wm0efBuD;rm;pGm½Sdae
onf[k wuorS ,lqayonf/ odkY&mwGif wm0ef&Sdol tmPmydkifrsm;taeESifh xdkausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
wdusaom oabmxm;r½Sdao;bJ jzpfaeay&m xdkjyóem ajyvnfa&;twGuf qufvufaqmif½Guf ajz½Sif;ay;&ef
vdktyfayonf/ wuotaeESifhvnf; ausmif;aqmifae&mr&½Sdao;ol ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf qufvufwdkufyGJ0if
aqmif½GufoGm;rnf jzpfayonf/
(5) ynmoifMum;a&;ESifUygwfoufaom aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;/

(u) aq;odyEHÜ iS tUf if*sief ,
D m0ifciG t
Uf &nftcsi;f pmar;yGJ / / 1960-61 ynmoifESpf ESpfOD;ydkif;wGif &efukefwuúodkvf
qD;edwfu Oypmtxufwef;udk atmifjrifNyD; aq;odyÜHESifh tif*sifeD,modkY 0ifa&muf&ef vdktyfonfh trSwfrjynfhol?
(Eligible) rjzpfolwdkYonf aq;odyÜHESifhtif*sifeD,modkY 0ifEdkifa&;twGuf bmompHk (5) bmompvHk; ajzqdk&rnfjzpf
aMumif; aMunmcJhonf/
þodkYjyKvkyfjcif;onf aq;odyÜHESifhtif*sifeD,mwdkYwGif ausmif;taqmufttHk rvHkavmufjcif;aMumifh aq;
odyÜHESifh tif*sifeD,modyÜHodkY ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; ta&mufenf;&ef MuHpnfjcif;om jzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh
wuoonf (5) bmom jyefajza&;rludk uefYuGufum trSwfrjynfhaombmom&yfudkom jyefvnfajza&;twGuf
awmif;qdck ahJ yonf/ trSwrf jynfah om bmom&yf jyefajz&eftwGuf r&½Sad omfvnf; (Eligible) oH;k bmomjyefajz&ef
wuúodkvfaumifpDrS cGifhjyKcJhayonf/
(c) aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJusif;ya&; / / 1960 ck? pmoifESpf tprSpí EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh wuúodkvfaumifpDu

&efuek wf uúov kd w
f iG f ynma&;ajymif;vJjyifqifcsufrsm;tjzpf wuúov kd t
f ufOya' jyifqifjcif;? ausmif;vcaumufcH
jcif;? pnf;rsOf;opfrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;ESifh pmar;yGJpepfopfrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;wdkYudk pwiftaumiftxnf azmfcJhonf/
pmar;yGJpepfESifh ywfoufí &efukefwuúodkvfwGif 1960 ckESpfrSpí ZGefv aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJudk zsuf
odrf;um pmar;yGJwckusif;y&ef pDpOfcJhonf/ odkUaomfvnf; 1960 ckESpf aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJ usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf
wuou awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifcJh&m wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm; taejzifhvnf; aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJw&yfudk pufwif
bmvwGif usif;yay;cJhonf/ odkYaomf 1960-61 ckESpfwGif aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJudk zsufodrf;cJhonf/
wuotaeESifh ,aeYwuúodkvf\ oifMum;ydkYcsyHkonf ajymif;vJjyifqifjyKpkjcif; r½SdcJhao;? oifMum;ydkYcs
&ef tajctaejzpfonfh ausmif;taqmuftOD? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*? t&nftcsif;jynfh q&mrsm; jynfhpHkvHkavmufjcif;
r½Sdao;? oif½dk;oifwef; pmar;yGJpepfrSpí ajymif;vJjynfhpHkjcif; r½Sdao;yg[k ,lqonf/ xdkYjyif ausmif;om;rsm;\
ynmoifMum;a&; tajctaerSm ausmif;aqmif rvHak vmufjcif;? pmar;yGu J s ausmif;xkwpf epfrsm;jzifh Ncdr;f ajcmufcaH e
&jcif; ponfwdkYESifh rjynfhpHk rwnfrNidrfjzpfae&onf/ þodkYaom tajctaersm;wGif aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJrsm;udk
qufvufxm;½Sd&ef vdktyfonf[k wuorS ,HkMunfayonf/ xdkUaMumifh wuoonf wuo\ oabmxm;udk
wuúov kd f aumifpoD Ukd wifjyum aemufqufwpJG mar;yGJ xm;½Sad &;udk awmif;qdck YJonf/ ausmif;om;xk twGi;f odUk vnf;
aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJESifhywfoufaom oabmxm;udk xkwfjyefcJhonf/
(*) pmar;yGJpepfopf / / &efukefwuúodkvfwGif 1960-61 ESpfrSpí wuúodkvfpmar;yGJ yHkpHopfw&yfudk usifhoHk;

659
aeonf/ wuotaejzifv h nf; wuúov kd \

f vuf½pdS mar;yGpJ epfukd ajymif;vJa&;rlukd vufcaH yonf/ vuf½dS pmar;yGJ
pepfudk ajymif;vJypf&ef 1958 ckESpf Mo*kwfvwGif usif;yjyKvkyfaom jrefrmEdkifiH ausmif;om;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,f
yGJBuD;rSvnf;aumif;? 1960 ck atmufwdkbmvwGif usif;yjyKvkyfaom Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfnDvmcHrSvnf;aumif;
csrw S cf ahJ yonf/ xdYkaMumifh wuoonf ,aeYwuúov kd w
f iG f usio hf ;kH aeaom pmar;yGpJ epfopftm; ynma&;tajccHay:
wGif rltm;jzifh oabmudkufnDayonf/
odYk aomf pmar;yGpJ epfopf wcktm; ajymif;vJrnfqv kd Qif þpmar;yGpJ epfEiS hf wqufwnf;jzpfaom oifMum;ydYk
csyHkpepf? oifMum;ydkYcsrI tajctae? oif½dk;oifwef;rsm;udkyg jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ayrnf/ odkYrSomvQif wajy;nDaom
ajymif;vJr?I rSeu f efaom jyKjyifrrI sm; jzpfrnf/ xdo k Ykd tajctaet&yf&yfukd ravYvmrajymif;vJbJ pmar;yGpJ epfwckwnf;
udkom uGufuGufuav;jrifí ajymif;vJ&ef BudK;pm;cJhonfqdkygu pdwful;,Ofjcif;rQom jzpfayonf/
,aeY wuúov kd t f ajctaeudk jyefvnfqef;ppfvQif vuf½dS ynmoifMum;ydYkcsypkH epftm; ajymif;vJ&efppD Ofjcif;
r½SdbJ vuf½Sd ausmif;taqmuftOD rvHkavmufrI? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm* rvHkavmufrI? t&nftcsif;jynfh q&mOD;a&
ESifh ausmif;om;OD;a& rrQwrI ponfh oifMum;ydkcsa&; tajctaewdkYudk jyKjyifzefwD; jznfhpGufjcif;rsm;udk rawGU&ay/
xdkYaMumifh ,ckESpf pwifusifhoHk;aeaom pmar;yGJpepfopfonf wuúodkvf tajctaet&yf&yftm; ajymif;vJ
jyKjyifjcif;r½Sbd J atmifjrifEikd rf nf r[kwaf y/ xdYk jyif ,ckEpS u f sio hf ;kH aeaom pmar;yGpJ epf\ tcGit hf a&;rsm;rSm rSwyf w
kH if
ausmif;om;rsm;om tjynft h 0 &½Sad yrnf/ xdYk aMumifh ausmif;om;wdik ;f rSwyf w kH ifausmif;om;b0udk cH,El ikd af &;twGuf
pmar;yGJusausmif;xkwfpepfudk zsufodrf;&efESifh ausmif;aecsifolwdkif; ausmif;aecGifhjyK&ef vdktyfaMumif; oabmxm;
w&yfudk xkwfjyefcJhayonf/
,cktcgwGif wuúodkvfwGif pmoifcef; rvHkavmufjcif;? q&m rvHkavmufjcif; jyóem &ifqdkifae&onf/
wuou OD;pGm axmufjycJhonfhtwdkif; þpepfrSm ratmifrjrif jzpfvm&onf/ enf;jyoifwef;rsm;rSm wywfxuf
wywf tcsdefavQmhvmonf/ q&mrsm;vnf; rEdkifreif;jzpfum ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; pdwfysufaeMuonf/ þpmar;yGJ
pepfopfESifhywfoufí wuoonf oabmxm;tjynfhtpHkudk xyfrHpOf;pm;um vkyfief;rsm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef
vdkayonf/
wuúodkvf\ ynmoifMum;a&; wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGufum; wyGJxdk;aq;NrD;wdkjzifh pdwful;wnfh&m
avQmufvkyfaeír&? pdwful;,Ofír&[k wuou tav;teuf,HkMunfonf/ wuúodkvfoifMum;a&; aumif;rGef
wd;k wufvmap&ef wuúov kd wf iG f ynmoifMum;rItajctae ydrk w kd ;kd wuf aumif;rGev f map&ef ynma&;jyKjyif ajymif;vJ
a&;udkvnf; tav;teufxm;um aqmif½Guf&efvdktyfayonf/
(6) yGJobiftcrf;tem;rsm;
(u) usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJ / / 1960-61ck &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú|opf\ usrf;opömusdef
qdkyGJtcrf;tem;udk 1960 ck? Edk0ifbmv (17) &uf? aeYvnf (1) em&DtcsdefwGif wuocef;rü usif;ycJhonf/
usdrf;opömusdefqdkyGJodkY ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;? or*¾trIaqmifrsm;? q&m? q&mrrsm;? EdkifiHjcm;oH½Hk;rsm;rS
{nfhonfawmfrsm; wufa&mufMuayonf/ usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJodkY q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;u o0PfvGmay;ydkYcJh
onf/ usrf;usdeyf u
JG kd wuo\ yxrqH;k Ouú| OD;ausmfcif vma&muf usrf;usdeaf y;cJoh nf/ xdu
k srf;opömusdeq
f ykd w
JG iG f
&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJU\ 0g'ESifhvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk aMunmcJhayonf/ usrf;opömusdef
qdkyGJwGif tpOftvmtm;jzifh ausmif;aeY0uf ydwfxm;cJhaomfvnf; ,ckESpfwGif ygarmu©csKyfu ydwfray;cJhacs/ þodkY
ygarmu©csKyf\ tjyKtrltwGuf wuoonf 0rf;enf;aMumif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf/
(c) atmufwdkbm txdrf;trSwfaeh / / 1953 ck? atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfa&;ta&;awmfyHktm; tav;

teufxm;aomtm;jzifh atmufwdkbm (3) &ufaeYwGif ausmif;om;xk aoG;pnf;nDñGwfa&; oabmxm;aMunmcsuf
wapmifudk xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/
(*) q|rtBudrfajrmuf Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyfnDvmcH / / ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf\ (6)

Budrfajrmuf nDvmcHudk wuocef;rü 1960 ck? atmufwdkbm (20) &ufaeYrS (24) &ufaeYtxd usif;ycJhayonf/
wuo\ þnDvmcHodkY aemifawmfnDawmf wuúodkvfor*¾rsm;ESifhtwl wufa&mufcJhayonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf\
tajctaeudk wifjyum Armw0Srf;vHk;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;\ b0tajctae? ynmoifMum;a&; tajctae? 'Drdkua&pD
660
a&; tajctaewdYkukd aqG;aEG;cJoh nf/ þnDvmcHBuD;rS ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;? ynmoifMum;rI tajctaewd;k wuf
aumif;rGefa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;? jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk csrSwfEdkifcJhayonf/
(C) urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;aeh / / Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufaeYudk urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾rS urÇmYausmif;om;aeY

tjzpf owfrw S cf ahJ yonf/ ArmEdik if w
H iG f urÇmYausmif;om;aeYukd 1951 ckEpS rf S pwif usi;f ycJah yonf/ ,ckEpS w
f iG v
f nf;
urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;aeYudk wuojrufcif;wGif usif;ycJhayonf/ þaeYwGif jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rI "gwfyHk
jyyGJESifh rsufarSmufacwf yef;csDq&mrsm;\ aq;a&;yef;csDjyyGJudk wuo pmMunfhcef;wGif usif;ycJhayonf/ wuo
oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerS pma&;puúL? pmtdwf ponfrsm;? ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD;rS rkefY[if;cg;? bl;oD;aMumf
ponfrsm;udk a&mif;cscJhonf/ <ua&mufvmaom {nfhonfawmfrsm;? ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tNidrfhjzifh
{nfhcHazsmfajzcJhonf/
(i) trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeh / / atmufwdkbmv (27) &ufaewGif &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? Arm

EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &efukefc½kdifvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾wdkY yl;wGJum tBudrf (40)
ajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYudk wckwnf;aom trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYBuD;tjzpf usif;ya&;ESifhywfoufí oabmxm;
aMunmcsufwapmifudk xkwfjyefcJhayonf/ xdkYaMumifh EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u jrefrmEdkifiH½Sd EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;toD;oD;?
ausmif; om;or*¾rsm;yg0ifaom trsK;d om;atmifyaJG eYukd usi;f ya&;aumfrwDw&yf zJUG pnf;um tBudrf (41) Budraf jrmuf
trsKd;om;atmifyJGaeYudk 1960 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (12) &ufaeYwGif NrdKUawmfcef;ra½SUwGif usif;ycJhayonf/ xdktcrf;
tem;wGif ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf Ouú| udkcifarmiftkef;u rdefYcGef;ajymMum;
cJhonf/ tcrf;tem;tNyD;wGif ausmif;om;or*¾BuD; (3) cku OD;aqmifum pDwef;vSnfhvnfyGJudk jyKvkyfcJhonf/
(p) Adkvfatmifausmfaeh / / (22) Budrfajrmuf AdkvfatmifausmfaeY tcrf;tem;udk 1960 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (20)
&ufaeYwGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkYESifh yl;wGJum Adkvfatmifausmf usqkH;cJhaom Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;wGif usif;y
cJhonf/ xdkaeYtcrf;tem;wGif ynma&;? ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; tqdkrsm;udk wifoGif;qkH;jzwfcJhMuonf/
(q) wuúodkvfESifUaumvdyfausmif;aygif;pkHaqG;aEG;yGJ / / 1960 ck? 'DZifbmv ___ ___ ___/
(Z) aumvdyfaygif;pkHajy;ckefupm;yGJ / / ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ /
(ps) wuo tESpf (30) txdrf;trSwf yÍörtBudrfajrmuf ausmif;om;yGJawmf / / ESpfESpfwBudrf usif;yjrJjzpf

aom yÍörtBudrfajrmuf ausmif;om;yJGawmfudk wuo tESpf (30) ajrmuf txdrf;trSwfyJGawmftjzpf wuúodkvfwGif
Zefe0g&Dv (6) &ufaeYrS (10) &ufaeYtxd usif;ycJhonf/
yJaG wmftBudKaeYjzpfaom Zefe0g&Dv (5) &ufaeYEiS hf (6-7) &ufaeYrsm;wGif wuúov kd jf rufcif;jyifü vlrsK;d pka&;
&ma[majymyJGrsm;? ppfrjzpfrDESifh ppfNyD;acwf ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIordkif;rsm;udk vlrsKd;pka&;&macgif;aqmifrsm;? ausmif;
om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u a[majymMuonf/ yJGawmfuyJGtcrf;tem;rsm;udk ESpfpOfusif;yjrJjzpfaom ,k'oefjrufcif;wGif
ygarmu©csKyfu vkyfcGifhray;cJhojzifh atmifausmf&ifjyifwGif usif;ycJh&onf/ uyJGtcrf;tem;zGifhyJGudk Zefe0g&Dv
(9) &ufaeYwGif wuoyxrOuú| OD;ausmfcifu zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ ¤if;tcrf;tem;wGif urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
twGif;a&;rSL;tzJGY0if rpöwmbif[ifywfta&mAfu rdefYcGef;ajymMum;cJhonf/
ausmif;om;yJaG wmf nrsm;wGif vlrsKd;pka&;&mjycef;? ausmif;om;vIy½f mS ;rI wuotESpf (30) ordik ;f 0ifypön;f
jycef;? yef;csDq&mOD;eef;a0\ wyifwikd yf ef;csDjycef;? rsufarSmufacwf umwGe;f q&mrsm;\ acwfaMu;rHk umwGe;f jycef;?
tif*sifeD,mjycef;? aq;ynmjycef; ponfrsm;udk jyocJhonf/ oH½Hk;toD;oD;rSvnf; jycef;rsm;zGifhvSpfjyojcif;?
½kyf½Sifjyojcif;jzifh ulnDcJhMuonf/
ausmif;om;yJGawmf&ufrsm;wGif vufa0SYNyKdifyJGrsm;? jcif;,dkifcwfNyKdifyJGrsm;? acsmwdkifwufyJGrsm;? 'dk;ywfNyKdifyJG?
aqmif;yg;NyKdifyJG? 0w¬KNyKdifyJGrsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ ausmif;om;yJGawmfBuD;udk atmifjrifxl;jcm;pGm usif;yEdkifjcif;rSm
wuúodkvfvlrsKd;pktoif;rsm;tzJGUcsKyf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzJGUcsKyf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;?
tuo? quoESifh ausmif;om;xk\ yl;aygif;BuKd;yrf;rIaMumifhjzpfonf[k wuorS tav;teuf,lqayonf/
661
(n) [,f&Dwefaehtcrf;tem; / / yÍörtBudrfajrmuf [,f&DwefaeYtcrf;tem;udk Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uo

wdkYESifh yl;wGJum 1961 ckESpf? rwfv (22) &ufaeYwGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf/ or*¾ (3) ckrS trIaqmifrsm;pka0;NyD;
[,f&Dweftkwf*lodkY oGm;a&mufNyD; vGrf;olYyef;acGrsm;csum t"d|mefpmwrf;rsm; zwfMum;cJhonf/
(#) tmZmenfaeh / / 1961 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaeY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;

usq;kH onfh (14) ESpaf jrmufaeYwiG f trsK;d om;ynma&;? trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&; Adou
k mBuD;rsm;owd& OD;ñGwo
f nftae
ESifh wuo? Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkY yl;aygif;um tmZmenfAdrmefodkY csDwuftav;jyKum? vGrf;olYyef;acGcsyGJESifh
uarmufurynma&; wdkifwnfyGJudk usif;ycJhonf/
(7) Xmeqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;
(u) Edik if jH cm;qufo, G af &; / / ausmif;om;xkEiS hf jynfov l xl t k wGuf wuo\ ajymifajrmufaom wdu k yf rJG sm;aMumifh
vnf;aumif;? urÇmYausmif;om;tcsi;f csi;f aoG;pnfnñ D wG af &;vkyif ef;rsm;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? wuo\ *kPo f u
d m©
onf urÇmYwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif xif½Sm;ay:vGifcJhonf/ wuoonf EdkifiHwumausmif;om; tzGJUtpnf;rsm; jzpfonfh
(International Union of Students, Co-ordinating Secretariat) rsm;ESiv hf nf;aumif;? vli,ftzGUJ tpnf;rsm;
jzpfonfh (W.F.D.Y, W.A.Y) wdkUESifhvnf;aumif; qufqHcJhayonf/ txl;ojzifh (I.U.S, W.F.D.Y) wdkYESifh yl;wGJí
udkvdkeDqefYusifa&;? e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;? EdkifiHwumausmif;om;vli,fwdkufyGJrsm;udk vkyfaqmifEdkifcJh
ayonf/ xdkYjyif urÇmYEdkifiHt&yf&yf½Sd ausmif;om;tzGJUrsm;ESifh qufoG,fEdkifcJhayonf/ tdE´d,? *syef? w½kwfjynf?
AD,uferf? puFmyl? tD&wf? ½k½Sm;? zifvef? qGDZmvef? *smrPD? awmiftmz&du? t,fvf*sD;&D;,m; ponfhwdkif;jynftoD;
oD;\ ausmif;om;tzGJUrsm;ESifh tquftoG,f &½SdcJhayonf/ odkY&mwGif tm½S-tmz&du pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;twGuf
tm½S-tmz&du wdkif;jynftoD;oD;ESifh auseyfjynfhpHkvHkavmufonftxd qufoG,frI tcdkiftrmr½SdcJhay/ (World
University Service W.U.S) tzGJUESifhvnf; 1958 ckESpfrSpí ,aeYtxd qufoG,frItjynfht0 r½SdcJhay/
wuoonf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;tcef;wGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfESifhtwl Armjynf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;
e,fcsJUtEÅ&m,fESifh e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ta&;awmfyHkrsm;tm; rsufajcrysufapa&;? trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&; tif
tm;jzifh wdkufyGJ0if&ef tpOftjrJvIHUaqmf OD;aqmifcJhayonf/ ¤if;jyif e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;tcef;ESifh qufpyfí Armjynf
tm; w½kwfjzLrsm; wdkuf½dkufusL;ausmfrI? tar&dueftpdk;&\ wdkuf½kdufpGufzufrIrsm;udk wuoonf tpOfowd½SdcJh
ayonf/ xdYk aMumifh w½kwjf zLusL;ausmfr?I tar&duefpu G zf ufrI uefYuu G ½f wI cf syGrJ sm; jyKvkyo f nfEiS hf wqufwnf;wGif
Edik if aH wmftpd;k &tm; e,fcsJUtay: jywfom;vmap&ef wdu k w f eG ;f cJah yonf/ txl;ojzifh tar&dueftpd;k &onf Armjynf
ESifh w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHESifh ___ &if;ESD;a&;udk rvdkvm;onfh tavsmuf ppfa&;? EdkifiHa&; ___ taESmifh
t,Sufay;aeonfudk wm;qD;&ef vdktyfcJhonf/ ___ ___ ArmpmcsKyf csKyfqdka&;? Ek-acsmif rlig;csufESifh
ArmEdkifiHMum;ae0g' ___ cJhayonf/ xdkYjyif tar&duefonf Armjynf\ pD;yGm;a&;? ___,Ofaus;rIwdkYwGif
0ifa&muf pGufzufEdkifa&; ___ qD;wdk;tkyfpkwGif;odkY yg0ifa&;wdkYtwGuf ___ ___ rsm; nDvmcHudk (Zefe0g&D
25 - azazmf0g&D __) ___aqmifí ygupöwef u&mcsdNrdKUwGif ___ ___ \ aumufuspfpOf;vJrIudk
azmfxkwfcJhayonf/ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _______________/
EdkifiHwumausmif;om;rsm; cspfMunf&if;ESD;a&;twGuf wuo tESpf (30) ajrmuf yÍötBudrf ausmif;om;
yJGawmfodkYwufa&muf&ef EdkifiHwumvli,fausmif;om;tzJGUrsm;udk zdwfMum;cJhayonf/ (I.U.S) ___ eH,rf;
wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾rS o0PfvTmrsm;&½SdcJhonf/ *smref'Drdku&ufwpfor®wEdkifiHrS vli,fowif;pmq&m
rsm;tzJUG ? w½kwjf ynfoYlor®wEdik if \ H Edik if w
H umvli,fawGUqHak qG;aEG;yJG ud, k pf m;vS,t f zJUG ? (Co-sec) rS ud, k pf m;vS,?f
MopaMw;vQjynf ausmif;om;tzJGU Ouú| wuoodkY vma&mufcJhonf/
wuo\ Edik if w H umqufqaH &;wGif jynfwiG ;f vIy½f mS ;rIrsm;aMumifh pmtquftoG,rf sm;jzifo h m jyKvkycf &hJ í?
wuoud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; jyifyodYk xGucf mG cGirhf &cJah y/ tD&wfEikd if H b*¾'wfNrdKUwGif usif;yaom urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾
nDvmcHoYkd vnf;aumif;? armfpudNk rKdUwGif usi;f yaom Edik if w H umvli,fawGUqHak qG;aEG;yJo G Ykd vnf;aumif; wufa&muf&ef
Edik if u H ;l vufrw S f xkwyf a;&efawmif;qdck &hJ m yxptpd;k &rS jiif;qefcahJ yonf/ þodYk tm;jzifh yxptpd;k &onf ausmif;
om;or*¾rsm;\ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;udk ydwfyifcJhayonf/ Armjynf\ wnfhrwfaom Mum;aea&;0g'udk rrSefruef
usifhoHk;cJhayonf/ zqyvtpdk;&? ppftpdk;&ESifh ,aeY yxptpdk;& vufxuftxd tpOftjrJ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;
\ EkdifiHwumqufqHrI tcGifhta&;udk ydwfyifcJhayonf/ yxptpdk;&\ jyKrlcsufESifh ywfoufí wuoonf jynf
662
wGif;jynfy ½IwfcsuefYuGufcJhonf/
(c) tm;upm;ESifU,Ofaus;rIXme / / &efukefwuúodkvf tm;upm;aumifpDwGif wuoudk,fpm;vS,f (5) OD;

yg0ifcJh&m wuo\ upm;ckefpm;vkyfief;rsm;pGmonf &efukefwuúodkvf upm;ckefpm;aumifpD\ vkyfief;rsm;wGif
tusKH;0ifomG ;ayonf/ txl;ojzifh ,ckEpS w f iG f wuúov kd u f pm;ckepf m;aumifpo D nf wuo\ wifjycsufrsm; tm;vH;k
vdkvdkyif vufcHvkyfaqmifonfudk awGUjrif&ayonf/
wuoonf ESpfvnf ajy;ckefupm;yJGBuD;udk ydkrdkpnfum;pGm usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf aqmif½GufcJhayonf/
yg0if,SOfNyKdifaom pepfudk toif;vdkuf yg0if,SOfNyKdifapjcif;tm;jzifh yg0if,SOfNyKdifolOD;a& rsm;jym;vmonfomru
vma&muftm;ay;Munfh½Iolrsm;vnf; ydkrdkvma&mufcJhayonf/ ae&mxdkifcif; rvHkavmufrIESifh tjcm;vkyfief;jyifqifrI
tenf;i,fcsKdU,Gi;f onfrt S y wuúov kd Ef pS yf wfvnfajy;ckeu f pm;NyKdiyf BGJ uD;onf atmifjrifcrf;em;odu k Nf rKducf ahJ yonf/
NyKdiyf q
GJ rk sm;udvk nf; woD;wjcm; tcrf;tem;vkyí f qkay;Edik cf ahJ yonf/ qkay;&mwGif ay;½d;k ay;pOfrjyKvkyb f J urÇmYt
EdkifEdkifiH wuúodkvfBuD;rsm;\ yHkpHerlemudk,lí a½Ta&mif? tjyma&mifpaom ta&mifrsm;cJGjcm;í tqifhtwef;owfrSwf
csD;jr§ifhcJhayonf/ tm;upm;tqifhtwef;owfrSwfaom a½Ta&mif? tjyma&mif ponfwdkYudk ay;yHkay;enf; ]]rl}} ay:wGif
tcsKdUrauseyfMuay/ odkYaomf vkyfief;taumiftxnf azmfaom yxrESpftzdkY csKdU,Gif;csufrsm; ½SdrnfrSefaomfvnf;
a½SUtzdkY tm;vHk;auseyfvmEdkifMuvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfayonf/
wuúov kd t f m;upm; pmapmifukd tenf;qH;k oH;k vwBudrf xkwaf 0&efMuHpnf tm;xkwcf ahJ omfvnf; tusyt f
wnf;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh wapmifom xkwaf 0Edik cf ahJ yonf/ Edik if jH cm;oH½;kH toD;oD;rS tm;upm; ½ky½f iS u f m;rsm; vma&muf
jyo&efpDpOfcJhaomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJhay/ wuúodkvf½Sd tm;upm;toif;tzJGU aygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yJGw&yfudk jyKvkyf&efBuKd;
yrf;cJah yonf/ odYk aomf wuúov kd ½f dS tm;upm;tzJUG rsm;rSm wcsdew f nf;jyefvnfzUGJ pnf;jcif; r½SMd uojzifh aqG;aEG;usif;yJG
rusif;yEdkifcJh/ xdkYaMumifh wuúodkvf½Sd topfjyefvnf zJGUpnf;NyD;aom tm;upm;toif;tzJGUrsm;udk ac:,lí tm;upm;
tpDtpOfvkyfief; (Programme) a&;qJG&ef wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif tMuHÓPfay;cJh&m aumifpDu vufcHcJhayonf/
wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdyaf ygif;pHk ajy;ckeu f pm;yJBG uD;udk rEÅav;wGif usif;y&m &efuek w f uúov kd rf S tm;upm;o
rm;rsm;tm; apvTwf,SOfNyKdif EdkifcJhonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfrS trSwftrsm;qHk;jzifh yxrqk&½SdcJhayonf/
wuorS oD;jcm;tm;upm;NyKdifyJG rusif;yEdkifcJhaomfvnf; ausmif;om;yJGawmfwGif jcif;,dkifcwfNyKdifyJGusif;y
jcif;? wuúodkvfvufa0SYtoif;ESifh yl;wJGí vufa0SYNyKdifyJG usif;yjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfEdkifcJhayonf/
urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rsm;tzJGUcsKyfodkY &efukefwuúodkvftwGuf tm;upm;ypönf;rsm; awmif;qdkcJh&m
tawmftoifh &½SdcJhonf/ 1961 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (22) &ufaeYrS pufwifbmv (3) &ufaeYtxd bla*;&D;,m;jynf?
qdzk v D mNrKdUawmfwiG f usif;yonfh urÇmYwuúov kd af ygif;pHk ajy;ckeu f pm;yJBG uD;odYk &efuek w f uúov kd rf S yg0if,OS Nf yKdiEf ikd &f ef
trsK;d rsK;d MuHpBD uKd;pm;cJah yonf/ wuúov kd tf m;upm;aumifpED iS hf wuúov kd af umifpo
D Ykd aiGaMu;uln&D ef awmif;qdck ahJ omf
vnf; aiGxkwfay;EdkifpGrf; r½SdcJhay/ BuKd;pm;vsuf ½Sdaeayonf/
,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m vkyfief;rsm;wGif &efukefwuúodkvfodkY tar&duef,Ofaus;rIudk umuG,f[efYwm;&ef?
ArmhtEkynm ,Ofaus;rIxrd ;f odr;f &ef aumfrwDwck zJUG pnf;&efBuKd;pm;cJo h nf/ odYk aomfvnf; &efuek w f uúov kd ,f Ofaus;
rItoif; ½Sdaejcif;ESifh tjcm;taMumif; trsKd;rsKd;wdkYaMumifh qufvufraqmif½GufEdkifcJhay/
(*) wuooufomacsmifcsda&;Xme / / ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ __/
wuopm;aomufqdkifESifh ywfoufí vGefcJhaom 1959 ckESpf trIaqmiftzJGUrS wif'gpepfjzifh a½G;cs,fum
zGiv
hf pS af pcJah om or*¾pm;aomufqikd o f nf wif'gpnf;rsO;f t& 1960 ckEpS w f iG f oufwrf;aphNyD; jzpfojzpf wif'gaumfr
wDzUGJ pnf;um pepfwus rlrsm;csrSwí f rljzifth uku d t
f nDq;kH jzpfol OD;oGi-f a':oef;wdYk tm; wif'gay;í qdik zf iG v hf pS af pcJh
onf/ pm;aomufqikd o f pfukd {NyDvwGizf iG vhf pS cf &hJ m oefY½iS ;f aumif;rGef vyfqyfaom tpmtm[m&rsm;&½Sad &;? rQwaom
aps;EIef;jzifh 0,f,lpm;oHk;Edkifa&;ESifh pepfwusjzpfa&;wdkYtwGuf oufomacsmifcsda&;Xmetaejzifh wm0ef,lvkyfaqmif
vsu½f adS yonf/ ,ckEpS w f iG v
f nf; wuo oufomacsmifcsad &;qdik u f kd ydrk jkd ynfph akH umif;rGepf mG wnfaxmifEikd af &;twGuf
BuKd;yrf;vsuf½Sd&m rMumjrifhrD qdkifzGifhvSpfrnf jzpfayonf/
(C) vlxkqufoG,fa&;Xme / / wuo vlxkqufoG,fa&;Xmevkyfief;onf wuovkyfief;rsm;ESifh a&mpyf

vsu½f o
dS nfom rsm;ayonf/ pmqdak wmfaeYjzpfaom ewfawmfvqef; (1) &ufaeY? nwGif wuúov
kd u
f avmiftoif;ESihf
663
wuowdYk yl;aygif;um wuocef;rwGif pmqdak wmfynm½SiBf uD;rsm; jzpfMuaom q&mBuD;ocifu, kd af wmfridI ;f ? q&mBuD;
OD;azarmifwif? q&mrif;ok0PfESifh q&mOD;rsKd;rif;wdkYtm; uefawmhylaZmfyGJ usif;ycJhonf/ ¤if;aemuf a[majymyGJudk
usif;y&m q&mrif;ok0PfESifh OD;rsKd;rif;wdkYu a[majymMuonf/
(i) tdk;a0r*¾Zif; / / tdk;a0r*¾Zif;onf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾rsm;\ a<u;aMumfoH jzpfonf/

tdk;a0onf ausmif;om;xk b0tajctaeESifh cHpm;csufrsm;? epfemcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwf&m wifjy&mjzpfonf/ jynfol
rdbrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;xk b0tajctae epfemcsufrsm;udk qufpyfwifjy today;&mvnf; jzpfonf/ tdk;a0onf
e,fcsJUorm; vufxufuyif e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESifh trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; wdkufyGJwdkYtwGuf jynfolrdbrsm;ESifh
ausmif;om;xk w&yfvHk;tm; aoG;opfjznfh&m? tm;opfavmif;&m wGef;tm;jzpfcJhonf/
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsKd;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; xde;f odr;f umuG,af &;? trsKd;om;ynma&; wnfaqmufa&;ESihf
'Drdkua&pDa&; wdkufyGJrsm;onf ,aeY tqHk;rowfao;acs/ tdk;a0onf þwm0ef&yfrsm;udk xrf;aqmif&eftwGuf
a½SUodkY qufvufcsDwufrnf jzpfonf/
1960-61 ckESpfonf tdk;a0r*¾Zif; (25) ESpfajrmufESpf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tdk;a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwDu
,if;r*¾Zif;udk txl;wvnf jyifqifxkwfa0rnf jzpfonf/
tdk;a0r*¾Zif;udk-
- or*¾wnfwHUcdkifjrJa&;? ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;?
- e,fcsJYqefhusifa&;? trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; xdef;odrf;umuG,fa&;?
- trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rI xdef;odrf;jr§ifUwifa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&; [laomtcsufrsm;udk tajccHxkwfa0rnf/
tdk;a0r*¾Zif;udk Edk0ifbmvwGif ausmif;om;xkvufodkY ay;ydkYjzefYcsdEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
(8) taxGaxGvkyfief;rsm;
1960 ckESpf? pufwifbmv (12) &ufaeY jynfolYvTwfawmfwGif ynma&;0efBuD; ajymMum;aom tpD&ifcHpm
twGuf EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtoD;oD;udk zdwfac:rnf/ wwdkif;jynfvHk;ESifh aqG;aEG;rnf[laom tcsufESifh ynma&;pHkprf;rI
aumfr½Siw f iG f Edik if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf; ud,k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk xnfo h iG ;f aqmif½u G af prnfqakd om ajymMum;csuw f Ykdukd wuo
u axmufcHcJhonf/ trsKd;om;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ wckjyKvkyf&ef vdktyfaMumif;udkvnf; wifjycJhonf/
1960 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmv (31) &ufaeYrS pí &efuek w f uúov kd f bGUJ ESi;f obifcef;rwGif usi;f yaom tm½Sta½SU
zsm;qdik &f muif;axmufnv D mcHoYkd jrefrmh&efol w½kwjf zLud, k pf m;vS,f wufa&mufjcif;ESihf nDvmcHusif;yaepOf bGUJ ESi;f
obif taqmuftODwGif w½kwfjzLtvH vTifhxlxm;jcif;udk wuorS uefYuGufcJhonf/
1960 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv pmar;yGw J iG b
f UJG &olrsm;tm; 1961 ckEpS f 'DZifbmvwGif jyKvkyaf om bGUJ ESi;f obif
odkY wufa&mufcGifh rjyKjcif;udk uefYuGuf&efESifh wufa&mufcGifhjyK&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ odkYaomf ae&mrvHkavmufrI
taMumif;jyum wufa&mufcGifhrjyKcJhay/
(12) ESpfwdkif rw&m;zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif; cHcJh&aom udk,fvufroefol 'kud©wBuD; ocifaza|;tm; tjref
qHk;vTwfay;a&;twGuf awmif;qdkcJhonf/
,cifESpfwGif b@ma&;tusyftwnf;aMumifh rwyfqifEdkifaom pum;ajymaMu;eef; (w,fvDzkef;) udk
wuo udprö sm;ESifhwuG ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; vG,fvifhwul qufoG,fEdkifa&;wdkYtwGuf ,ckESpfwGif jyefvnf
wyfqifcJhonf/
1960 ck? rwfvwGif usif;yrnfjzpfaom wuúodkvfpmar;yGJrsm;tm; ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; vGwfvyf
at;csrf;pGm pmMunfhEdkif&ef wuocef;rudk 23? 1? 61 &ufaeYrS pwifum pmMunfhcef;tjzpf zGifhvSpfpDpOfay;cJhonf/
0dZÆmodyÜH (u) ausmif;om; udkat;xGef;onf 1960 ck? pufwifbmv (__) &ufaeY uG,fvGeftedpö
a&mufoGm;jcif;? OypmodyÜH (u) ausmif;om; udkav;vGifonf 1960 ck? Edk0ifbm (24) &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGeftedpö
a&mufjcif;? Oypm0dZmÆ (c) ausmif;ol rjrwfreG o f nf 1960 ck? 'DZifbmv (16) &ufaeYwiG f uG,v f eG t
f edpö a&mufjcif;?
OypmodyÜH (u) ausmif;om; udkcifarmif&ifonf 1961 ck? azazmf0g&Dv (24) &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGef tedpaö &mufjcif;/
0dZÆmodyÜH (c) ausmif;om; udkudkat;onf 1961 ck? {NyDv (15) &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufjcif;? 0dZÆmodyÜH
(u) ausmif;om; udkaZmf0if;xdefonf 1961 ckESpf? Zlvvdkifv (11) &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGeftedpö a&mufjcif;wdkYudk
wuorS tokbydkYaqmifcJhonf/
664
(9) aus;Zl;wif½Sdjcif;
1960-61 ckESpf wuotrIaqmiftzGJU\ vkyfief;rsm;udk wifjycJhNyD;jzpfonf/
wuo a½G;aumufyGJwGif yg0ifulnDay;Muaom ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f aumifpDvlBuD;rsm;? wuo
Ouú|a[mif;rsm;? wuo trIaqmifrsm;tm; vnf;aumif;? urÇmYausmif;om;aeYESifh ausmif;om;yGJawmfwGif yef;csDjyyGJ
twGufulnDaom yefcsDq&m OD;eef;a0tm; vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;yGJawmf acwfaMu;rHk umwGef;jycef;twGuf
ulnDaom jrefrmEdkifiH umwGef;q&mrsm;toif;tm; vnf;aumif;? wuotESpf (30) ajrmuf? yÍörtBudrfajrmuf
ausmif;om;yGJawmfwGif wufa&mufzGifhvSpfay;aom wuo yxrOuú| OD;ausmfciftm; vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;yGJ
awmftwGuf aiG 1000d^- ulnaD om wuúov kd af umifpt D m; vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;yGaJ wmfwiG f ausmif;om;vIy½f mS ;
rIordkif; jycef;twGuf "gwfyHkrsm; iSm;&rf;ulnDMuaom jrLrif;BuD;a[mif; OD;xGef;tHk? wuúodkvfxifBuD;ESifh wyfrawmf
armfuGef;wdkuftm; vnf;aumif;/
'd;k ywfNydKifywJG iG f tuJjzwfvBl uD;rsm;tjzpf aqmif½u G af y;aom ygarmu©O;D atmifvS trSL;jyKaom *Dwynm½Sif
BuD;rsm;tm; vnf;aumif;? *Dwya'omazsmfajzcef;wGif ulnDMuaom a':aroef;trSL;jyKaom ynm½Sifrsm;udk vnf;
aumif;? pmayNydKifyGJwGif pmrlrsm;udk wnfjzwfa½G;cs,fay;Muaom q&mBuD;rsm;tm; vnf;aumif;/
jyyGw J iG f yg0ifun l aD y;Mu aom wuúov kd pf me,fZif;toif;? wuúov kd "f gwfyt
kH oif;? aq;odyaHÜ usmif;om;
rsm;or*¾? &efuek w f uúov kd f vlrsKd;pktoif;rsm;tzGUJ csKyf? Adouk mtif*sife, D mausmif;om;rsm;toif;ESihf oH½;kH toD;oD;
tm; vnf;aumif;/
uyGJwGifyg0ifujyaom wuúodkvftif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? aq;odyÜHausmif;om;rsm;or*¾?
wuúodkvfvlrsKd;pktoif;tzGJUcsKyf? o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;? w½kwftrsKd;om;ausmif;olôm;toif;ESifh tjcm;
toif;tzGJUrsm;tm; vnf;aumif;/
jyifyrS vma&mufun l MD uaom pE´,m;cspfaqG? wuúov kd jf rwfav;? tqdak wmf udck ifarmifviG Ef iS hf *Dwynm
½Sirf sm;tm; vnf;aumif;? pmqdak wmfaeYwiG f <ua&muftuefawmhcí H pmaya[majym cs;D jr§iMhf uaom q&mrif;ok0PfEiS hf
q&mOD;rsKd;rif;wdkYtm; vnf;aumif;? &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾wGif w,fvDzkef;wyfqifa&;twGuf tul
tnDay;aom vef'ef*dk;zvdyf OD;0if;½Sdeftm; vnf;aumif;? &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS txl;aus;Zl;
wifaMumif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf/
(10) ed*Hk;
wuúovkd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾onf (31) ESpf wif;wif;jynfch NhJ yD; jzpfayonf/ wuoonf e,fcsUJ qefYusif
a&;? trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ESifh trsKd;om;ynma&;twGuf e,fcsJUvufatmufüyif ajymifajrmufpGm wdkufyGJ0ifcJhay
onf/ Armjynforl sm;\ trsKd;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; wdu k yf w
JG iG v
f nf; wuoonf a½SUwef;rSwu kd yf 0JG ifco
hJ nf/ wuo
onf jynfol\opömw&m;udk tpOfapmifhodcJhonfyif jzpfayonf/
,aeYwGif wuotm; zsufqD;rnfh tEÅ&m,frsm;ESifh &ifqdkifae&onf/ wuo\ajymifajrmufaom tpOf
tvm? xGef;ajymifaom ordkif;tpOfudk arS;rSdefap&ef rvdkolrsm;u MuHpnfaeMuonf/ wuo odu©musa&;twGuf
BudK;yrf;ae Muayonf/
wuoonf wuownfwHhcdkifjrJa&;? t"GefU½Snfa&;twGuf rSefuefaom oabmxm;ESifh ausmif;om;
jynfolwdkY\ tiftm;ay:wGif tajcpdkufum a½SUodkYqufvuf ___ ___ ___ /Ä
(yk)H
wifarmif
'k-OuúX
(1960-61 ckESpf)
rSwfcsuf- tcsKdYrl&if;pm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;wGif pmvHk;rsm; zwfír&jcif;? pmrsufESmwrsufESmvHk; aysmufqHk;aeonf/

¤if;ae&mrsm;wGif ,ckuJhodkY _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ /Ä azmfjyay;xm;ygonf/ 665
OD;wifat; (NrKd rY )
(1960-61)
1957-58 wGif td;k a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwD twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,cl o

hJ nf/ 1960-61 ckEpS w
f iG f Ouú|tjzpf
a½G;aumufwifajr§mufc&H onf/
&ef u k e f N rKd U NrKd U rtrsKd ; om;ausmif ; ausmif ; xG u f j zpf o nf / NrKd U rausmif ; om;a[mif ; rsm;tzJ G U wG i f
&moufyeftrIaqmifwOD; jzpfonf/ NrdKUrOD;wifat;[k vlord sm;aom a½SUaeBuD;wOD;jzpfonf/ ,ckpmtkyaf &;om;
&mwGif ulnDcJhrIjzifh 1998 ESpfOD;wGif zrf;qD;cH&NyD; axmif'Pf (7) ESpfcsrSwfcH&onf/ awmifilaxmifrS 2003
Mo*kwv f qef;wGif jyefvw G vf monf/ axmifruscifuwnf;u cg;ema&m*g&Scd NhJ yD;? axmifwiG ;f ü ydrk q
kd ;kd ½Gm;vmum
axmifrS vGwfajrmufNyD; (2) veD;yg;tMum 2003 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv (2) &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/
aoqHk;csdefwGif touf (73) ESpf&Sdí om;orD; (4) a,mufusef&pfcJhonf/ (atatyDyD? udkcGef;qdkif;)
&efuek w
f uúov
udkvSa½T udkapmarmif udkAaqGav; udkwifat; udkrif;odrf; udkeE´ udkombef;

(tdk;a0t,f'Dwm) (wJGzuftwGif;a&;rSL;) (taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;) (Ouú|) ('k-Ouú|) (aiGxdef;) (oufomacsmifcsda&;)
udkxGef;Munf udkrif;axG; udkvSMunf udkjrodef;
(EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;) (upm;ckefpm;ESifh,Ofaus;rI) (vlxkqufoG,fa&;) (pmMunfhwdkuf)
666 ygyD,m; em½dkif;em; OD;uHodef; udkbay: udkvSausmf
(taqmuftODxdef;) (pma&;BuD;) (½Hk;trIxrf;)
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1961 rS 1962 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xkcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif
tcef; (24)

'Dru
kd a&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;ESifh trsK;d om;a&;toGif
(1961 rS 1962)
(u) &efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGUJ (1961-62)
Ouú| udkAaqGav;
(c) uarmufurynma&;wdu
k yf JG
(c-1) jzpfay:vmyHk
1960 ckESpf ynmoifESpfwGif ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;u OD;aqmifí jrefrmwjynfvHk;rS ausmif;om;rsm;onf
uarmufurynma&; zsufodrf;a&;wdkufyGJBuD;udk t½Sdefjyif;pGm qifETJcJhMuayonf/ vGwfvyfa&; (14) ESpf umvwGif
ynmoifESpfwck qef;vmwdkif; wdkif;jynf\ taxGaxGynma&;tusyftwnf;rSm ydkíBuD;rm;vmcJhonf/ ausmif;oHk;
pmtkyfrsm; aps;BuD;jcif;? aep&mausmif; r½Sdjcif;? oifay;rnfh ausmif;q&m r½Sdjcif;? ausmif;p&dwf rvHkavmufjcif;?
&mcdkifEIef; (90) ausmf us½HI;onfh atmifpm&if;rsm;ESifh &ifqdkif&jcif;? pmar;yGJusonfhtwGuf ausmif;xkwfcH&jcif;?
tvkyfvufrJhb0a&mufjcif; jyóemrsKd;pHk awGUMuHKae&onf/ jyóemrsm; twdkiftqBuD;rm; us,fajymvmNyD;wdkif;
vlaerIpepfESifh ,aeYynma&;pepf\ tHacsmfaeonfudk jyoayonf/ yxptpdk;& vufxufwGif wuúodkvf0ifESifh
ausmif;xGufpmar;yGJ cGJjcm;onfhpepf? wef;cGJwef;cspepfudk twif;tusyf jyefvnfusifhoHk;vmonf/ (2) cgusausmif;
om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm; ausmif;rSxkwfypfjcif; jyóemrsm; &ifqdkifvm&onf/
1961 ck? azazmf0g&DvwGif ppfaq;NyD; ZGev
f wGif xkwjf yefvu kd o
f nfh wuúov
kd 0f ifEiS hf wef;jrifah usmif;xGuf
atmifpm&if;rsm; xGufvmaomtcg rajzolatmifaompm&if;? rajzonfhbmom *kPfxl;xGufonfh atmifpm&if;?
uarmufuratmifpm&if; jzpfvmonf/ xdktcg rajzolatmifNyD; rdrdwdkYusaeonfhtjzpfudk ausmif;om;rsm; &ifqdkif&
aomtcg uarmufurynma&;pepf'Pf cHpm;&csuf? wdkif;jynf\ vlaerIpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh rudkufnDaom ynma&;
uarmufurjzpfrI? (2) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf wef;cGJwef;cspepfwdkYaMumihf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; aygufuGJ
667
vmonf/ uarmufurynma&; zsufodrf;a&;awmif;qdkcsufudk wcJeufa<u;aMumf awmif;qdkvmayonf/
(c-2) vIyf½Sm;rI
ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGUJ csKyfu wjynfv;kH rS ausmif;om;rsm;\ epfemcsufukd qkyu f ikd í
f
OD;aqmif wdkufyGJ0ifavonf/ 26? 6? 61 &ufaeY wGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf ausmif;om;rsm; epfemcsufrsm;jzpfonfh
awmif;qdkcsuf (4) csufudk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&odkY wifjyawmif;qdkcJhonf/
(1) wuúodkvf0ifESifh wef;jrifhausmif;xGuf pmar;yGJ cGJjcm;ppfaq;jcif;jzpfonfh wef;cGJwef;cs pepf&yfqdkif;
ay;&ef?
(2) ESpfcgus ausmif;xkwfpepf rusifhoHk;&ef?
(3) wuúov kd 0f ifEiS hf wef;jrifah usmif;xGuf pmar;yGaJ tmifpm&if;rsm; uarmufurjzpfraI Mumifh tajzvTmrsm;?
trSwfpm&if;rsm; jyefvnfppfaq;NyD; pmar;yGJatmifpm&if; xyfrHxkwfay;&ef? xdkYodkYjzpfrIrsm;? csKdU,Gif;
csufrsm; rjzpfay:a&;ESifh wm0ef½Sdolrsm;tm; ta&;,la&;twGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u pHkprf;a&;aumfr½Sif
wckzGJUí pHkprf;ay;&ef?
(4) vuf½Sdynma&;pepfonf udkvdkeDynma&;udk zmax;onfh vlaerIpepfESifh rudkufnDbJ uarmufur
jzpfaeonf/ xdkuarmufur ynma&;udk zsufodrf;í ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;/ trsKd;om;ynma&;
wnfaqmufa&;twGuf trsKd;om;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;wckukd Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u BuD;rSL;í tjref
qHk;usif;y&ef/
þawmif;qdkcsuf (4) csufudk wjynfvHk;rSm ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrdbrsm;onf wcJeufaxmufcHí
wdkufyGJ0ifcJhMuayonf/
30? 6? 61 aeYwGif &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS OD;aqmifí &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
cef;rwGif ausmif;aygif;pHk pnf;a0;yGBJ uD;jyKvkyu f m awmif;qdck suBf uD; (4) csuu
f kd wcJeuf awmif;qdck \
hJ / jrefrmjynftESYH
ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGJrsm; qufwdkufjzpfay:vm\/ 14? 7? 61 wGif rEÅav;c½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS OD;pD;í
ausmif;om;xk (3000) ausmfwufa&mufaom ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGJBuD; vkyfavonf/ 21? 7? 61 aeYwGif Auo
tzGJUcsKyfrS OD;aqmifí wjynfvHk;twdkif;twmESifh uarmufurynma&;wdkufyGJ yg0ifMuonf/ &efukefNrdKUwGif ausmif;
om;xk waomif;ausmf yg0ifqE´jyMu\/ wjynfvHk;tESHYtjym; wdkufyGJ0ifMuavonf/ &cdkif? ½Srf;? weoFm&D? jrpf0
uRef;ay:? ajrvwf? csif;wGif;? ucsifjynfe,ftESHYtjym;ü qE´jyyGJrsm;? a&arQmyGJrsm;? rD;wkwfudkifqE´jyyGJrsm;? uarmuf
urynma&; tavmif;aumifrD;½IdUyGJrsm;jzifh yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd; wdkufyGJ0ifcJhav\/ a&eHajra'orS ausmif;q&mr wOD;onf
ausmif;om;rsm;\wdkufyGJwGif udk,fwdkifyg0if qifETJcJhonf/
(c-3) yxptpdk;&wkefhjyefrI? ausmif;om;wefjyefvIyf&Sm;rI

þodkY ausmif;om;rsm;u uarmufurynma&;zsufodrf;&ef tHk<uawmif;qdkaecsdefwGif yxp ynma&;
0efBuD; OD;{armifonf 0efBuD;csKyf\ owif;uGefz&ifhrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? owif;axmufrsm;ESifh awGUqHk&mwGifvnf;
aumif;? ]uarmufurawmU rjzpfygbl;} ]enf;enf;yg;yg;yg} ]tusyfudkifvQif aemufqufwGJatmifpm&if; rxkwfay;}
[k ausmif;om;xkudk Ncdrf;ajcmufavonf/
13? 6? 61 ESifh 30? 7? 61 &ufrsm;wGif ynma&;0efBuD;onf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf trIaqmifrsm;ESifh (2)
BudrfawGUqHkí ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsuf (4) csufudk wifjy awmif;qdkcJhavonf/ yxrtBudrf awGUqHkpOfu
ausmif;om;rsm;\ wifjyawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk tpdk;&tzGJUodkY wifjypOfpm;ygrnf[k jyefMum;avonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf
awGUqHkaomtcg atmufygtwdkif; wm0efrJhjyefMum;cJhavonf/
Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf wzufuwifjyawmif;qdk&if; wzufu xdkawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk tav;teufjzpf
ap&ef ausmif;om;xkqEúdk ydkrdkay;&efvdkjcif;? awmif;qdkcsuf w&m;rQw rSefuefaMumif; rdbjynfolrsm;tm; wm0efcH
odMum;apvdkjcif;rsm;aMumifh Zlvdkifv (21) &ufaeYwGif ydkrkdBuD;rm;aom twdkif;twm½Sdonfh uarmufurynma&;
wdkufyGJBuD;udk NrdKUawmfcef;ra½SUwGif &efukefc½dkif ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGJBuD;udk rjyKvkyfrD ydkpwmwdkufyGJw&yfudk vIHYaqmf
pnf;½Hk;cJhonf/ e,frsm;wGifvnf; wjynfvHk; wajy;nDwnf; jyKvkyfcJhayonf/ xdkwdkufyGJwGif ArmwjynfvHk;qdkif&m
tvGwfynmoif ausmif;q&mrsm;toif;csKyfESifh aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;cJhNyD; q&mtoif; axmufcHrI&cJhavonf/
yxrtpdk;&ynma&;0efBuD;\ jyefMum;csufrSm-
668
1/ pmar;yGJatmifpm&ifrsm; uarmufurjzpfonfqdkaom ausmif;om;pGyfpGJcsufudk twdtusodom&ef

ynma&;rif;BuD;a[mif; (3) OD; yg0ifaom pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDzGJUí tpdk;&u pHkprf;rnf/ xdktzGJU\tMuH
ay;csuftwdkif; tpdk;&u aqmif½Gufrnf/
2/ ESpcf gusausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyefxm;a&;rSm ausmif;taqmuftOD? ausmif;q&mrvHak vmufí tpd;k &u
vufrcHEdkif/
3/ wdkif;jynf\ynma&; ydkrdkjrifhrm;vmap&eftwGuf vdktyfojzifh wef;cGJwef;cspepf y,fzsufay;&ef awmif;
qdkonfudk tpdk;&u rvdkufavsmEdkif/
4/ ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJudk ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfr½Sif\ tpD&ifcHpmudkrlwnfí usif;yay;rnf/
tpd;k &jyefMum;csufrsm;udk AuotzGUJ csKyfonf ynma&;0efBuD;a½SUwGiyf if wxdik w f nf; uefYuu G cf ahJ yonf/
uarmufurjzpfrI rSe?f rrSef ynma&;rif;BuD;a[mif; (3) OD;yg0ifaom aumfrwDzUJG í pHpk rf;ay;rnf[k ajymMum;jcif;onf
uarmufurjzpfru I kd pHpk rf;&efrvd?k bmaMumifh uarmufurjzpf&onf rnforl sm;wGio f m wm0ef½o dS nfuo kd m pHpk rf;a&;
aumfr½SifzGJUí tpdk;&u pHkprf;oifhonf/
ESpcf gusausmif;xkwpf epf rusifo h ;kH &efEiS yhf wfoufí ynma&;0efBuD; jyefMum;csufrmS rsm;pGmwm0efrv hJ \
S /
ausmif;aecsifol ynmoifcsifolrsm;udk tajctaejynfhpHkatmif zefwD;ay;&rnf jzpfayonf/ ausmif;q&m? ausmif;
taqmuftOD rvHkavmuf[laom taMumif;jycsufjzifh ausmif;pmoifcef;rS uefxkwfrIrSm rsm;pGmwm0efrJhvSaom
jyKrlcsufjzpfonf/ ajzqdkaom ausmif;om; (100) wGif (90) usqHk;aecsdef? ESpfcgus ausmif;om;jzpfoGm;&ef rsm;pGm
vG,fulayonf/
wef;cGJwef;cspepfudk ynma&;tqifhtwef;jrifh&ef aqmif½Guf&ygonf[k ajymqdkjcif;rSmvnf; toHaumif;
[pfaom jyefMum;csuo f m jzpfayonf/ ynma&;udk tajccHusus jyKjyifajymif;vJNyD; vlaerIpepf wd;k wufjzpfay:csuEf iS hf
udu k n f aD tmifjyKvkyrf o S m ynma&;tqift h wef; jrifrh m;vmEdik af yrnf/ ynma&;&efyakH iG? ausmif;taqmuftOD? q&m?
y&dabm* jynfhpHkatmifvkyfrSom ynma&;tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vmrnf/
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJESifh ywfoufívnf; vkyfay;rnf[k jyefMum;aomfvnf; wdusa&&mrIr½Sd? tmCmwuif;½Hk
vkyfay;onfh oabmqefonf/ ]]rif;wdkh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ vkyfay;ygqdkvdkhom vkyfay;wm? igawmU ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ r,Hk
bl;? vlpkpum;ajymwmyJ}} [k wm0efrJhpGm ynma&;0efBuD;u ajymqdkavonf/
30? 7? 61 wGif ausmif;om;rsm; owif;pm½Sif;vif;yGJwck jyKvkyfNyD; tpdk;&jyefMum;csuf rrSefuefaMumif;?
wdkif;jynftxGwftxdyfjzpfonfh ygvDreftm; qE´jyrnfjzpfaMumif; ajymMum;í Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfu OD;aqmifí
jyifqifcJhavonf/
3? 8? 61 wGif &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;xk qE´jyyGJjzifh jyif;jyif;xefxef uefYuGufcJhonf/ xdkoabmxm;
rsm;udk pGJudkifí Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh
yl;aygif;aqG;aEG;um or*¾BuD; (3) ckyg0ifaom ]ynma&;epfemcsuf ygvDrefqE´jyyGJaumfrwD} udk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/
pnf;½Hk;rIabmifESifh wdkufyGJabmifcsJUonfh oabmjzpfonf/
1961 ck? Mo*kwv f (24) &ufaeYwiG f vTwaf wmfukd 0dik ;f í qE´jy&ef Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfu qH;k jzwfavonf/
Mo*kwfv (15) &ufaeYwGif vTwfawmfygvDrefpaomtcg rEÅav;c½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS OD;aqmifí em&D (60)
tpmiwfcH qE´jyyGJBuD;udk usKH;axmifhwGif usif;yvdkufonf/ þqE´jyyGJonf wjynfvHk;odkY *,uf½dkufoGm;avonf/
Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf wjynfvHk;½Sd or*¾rsm;tm; rdrdwdkYa'otoD;oD;½Sd vTwfawmftrwfrsm;xHrS vTwfawmftwGif;
0,f ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdck sufrsm;tm; wifjyawmif;qdak y;a&;twGuf uwdawmif;cHyrJG sm; usif;y&ef ñTeMf um;
avonf/ wjynfvHk;rS ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;\ qEúwdawmif;cHyGJrsm; usif;yMuonf/ tcsKdU yxp trwfrsm;onf
ausmif;om;rsm;udk a½SmifNyD; &efukefodkY ajy;Mu\/ tcsKdUyxpESifh zqyvtrwfrsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdk
csufrsm;udk awmif;qdkay;ygrnf[k uwdjyKMu\/
xdkygvDrefwGif tpdk;&u Ak'¨bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jy|mef;&ef wifoGif;avonf/ xdkygvDref
tpnf;ta0;onf uarmufurynma&;? EdkifiHawmfbmomESifh bwf*sufvTwfawmf jzpfvmonf/ tpdk;&onf EdkifiH
awmfbmom jyóemudk a½SUwef;odkY wifav\/ wdkif;jynf tajctaerSmvnf; ygvDrefwGif wifoGif;rnfh EdkifiHawmf
bmomjy|mef;a&;udk pdw0f ifpm;vmMuonf/ yxptpd;k &onf xdt k ajctaeudk taMumif;jyNyD; ausmif;om;qE´jyyGu J kd
ausmif;om;xk\ w&m;rQwaom 'Drdkua&pDvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udk csKd;ESdrf&ef jyifqifvmonf/ ygvDrefusif;y&m twGif;0ef
½H;k udk e,frjS yLapmxD; wjzpfvJ t&H&rJ sm; tjrefqifah c:NyD; &Jtiftm; (5000)? tcsKyfum;? oHcsyfumum; txyfxyf0ikd ;f
669
&Hum jynfolESifh ausmif;om;xkudk Ncdrf;ajcmufcJhonf/ yxptpdk;&onf EdkifiHawmfbmom ta&jcHKí 'Drdkua&pDudk

zsufqD;avonf/ vTwfawmfESifh udkuf (100) twGif; qE´jyjcif; rjyK&[laom wcsufvTwftrdefYudk xkwfavonf/
oHCmawmfrsm;onf Edik if aH wmfbmomjy|mef;onfh ygvDrefukd ausmif;om;rsm;qE´jyyGaJ Mumifh rxdcu kd af pcsi/f xdYk aMumifh
trsKd;rsKd; arwåm&yfcHMuonf/ rdbjynfolrsm;onf ½dk;&mtpOfvmtm;jzifh Ak'¨bmomouf0if ,HkMunfMuolrsm;
jzpfay&m Edik if aH wmfomoemjyKvkyif ef;wGif pdww
f rd ;f ñGwMf uavonf/ tpd;k &uvnf; tpd;k &tmPmudk tpGr;f ukeo f ;kH í
vIHYaqmfonf/ wcsdefwnf;rSmyif jynfolrsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;qE´jyvQif xdcdkufaoausrnf pdk;&drfavonf/ q&m
BuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;uvnf; aemufxyf atmifausmfawG jzpfaeOD;rSm pdk;&drfaMumif; NiD;½Smavonf/ owif;rsm;u
vnf; ausmif;om;qE´rjyMu&ef arwåm&yfcHavonf/
ygvDrefqE´jyaumfrwDonf aemufq;kH wGif tm;vH;k aom arwåm&yfccH surf sm;ESihf rdbrsm;\ pdwcf sr;f oma&;udk
a½SU½Ií yHkpHajymif;vdkuf&onf/
(c-4) yHkpHajymif;vJjcif;
ygvDref qE´jyaumfrwDonf þyHkpHajymif;vJjcif;ESifh ywfoufí aumfrwDtwGif;0,f jyif;xefpGm aqG;aEG;
cJhMuonf/ ¤if;aumfrwDu zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frI uefYuGufa&;? uarmufurynma&; zsufodrf;a&;? ausmif;om;xk qE´
jyyGJudk 24? 8? 61 wGif wuocef;rü jyKvkyfcJhayonf/ ausmif;om;xk\ yg0iftm;rSm avsmhenf;oGm;avonf/
ausmif;om;xk Ncdrf;ajcmufcH&jcif;? vIyf½Sm;Edkifonfh &Jabmf (au'g) rsm; avsmhenf;oGm;jcif;? tcsdef½kwfw&ufajymif;
vJpDpOf&jcif;twGuf vIHYaqmfrItwdkif;twmrSmvnf; enf;oGm;onf/ toHcsJUpufoHk;cGifhrSpí rsm;pGmzdESdyfjcif;cHcJh&
ayonf/
ygvDrefqE´jyaumfrwDonf ygvDrefqE´jya&; oabmxm;udk ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfrsm;tzGJUcsKyftm; 22?
8? 61 aeYwGif avQmufxm;cJhayonf/ q&mawmfrsm;rSvnf; ausmif;om;wdkY\ wdkufyGJrSefuefaMumif;? ulnDrnfjzpf
aMumif; rdefYMum;cJhayonf/
uarmufurynma&;zsufodrf;a&;ESifh ywfoufí ygvDrefqE´jya&;tpDtpOfESifh ywfoufí tzGJUcsKyfu
csrSwx f m;aom oabmxm;rSm tajctaeay:wGif rlwnfjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh rSeu f efonf[k ,HMk unfonf/ vkyef nf;
vkyf[efrsm;ESifh ywfoufí csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;? rnDñGwfrIrsm;½Sdrnfjzpfaomfvnf; oabmxm; taejzifhum; rSm;,Gif;rI
r½SdaMumif; vufawGUtawGUtMuHKt& xif½Sm;ayonf/
ynma&;rif;BuD;a[mif; (3) OD;yg0ifaom uarmufuratmifpm&if; pHpk rf;a&;aumfrwDu uarmufurjzpfrI
rsm;twGuf pHpk rf;rIrsm; jyKvkyo
f nf[q k o
kd nf/ Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfukd vma&mufawGUqH&k ef ac:qdo k nf/ Auorsm;tzGUJ
csKyfrS oGm;a&mufrawGUacs/ ]]pmar;yGaJ tmifpm&if; uarmufurjzpfonfrmS wdik ;f odjynfojd zpfonf/ xdahk Mumifh pHpk rf;&ef
rvdk}} [laom oabmxm;ay;ydkYcJhonf/ pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDtpD&ifcHpm xGufvmaomtcg cyfzHk;zHk;tpD&ifcHcsufom
jzpfonfudk awGU½Sd&ayonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;taeESifh þtpD&ifcHpmudk tHMojcif;r½SdvSay/ aemufqHk; tpdk;&\aemuf
qufwJG atmifpm&if;rsm; xkwaf y;awmhrnf[k cdik rf maomowif;rsm; xGuv f mavonf/ þowif;tay: ausmif;om;
rsm;\ cdkifrmvSaom ,HkMunfcsufum; qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifawmif;qdk&ef vdktyfonf[k oabmaygufMuavonf/
10? 9? 61 &ufaeYwGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? &efukefc½dkifausmif;
om;rsm;or*¾wdkY yl;wGJí ausmif;om; (52) a,mufyg0ifaom em&D (50) tpmiwfcHqE´jyyGJBuD;udk &efukefNrdKU ql;av
bk&m;vrf;axmifhESifh taemf&xmvrf;axmifhwGif jyKvkyfavonf/ vlxk\axmufcHtm;ay;rI rsm;pGm&½SdcJhonf/ tpm
iwfcH ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdk;xJavxJ0ifvmí tm;ay;Muonf/ vlxkBuD;uvnf; rdk;xJavxJrSmyif vmítm;ay;
Muonf/ tpmiwfcpH Of oH;k pG&J efaq;0g;rsm; awmify&kH myHk jzpfaeayonf/ Nidr;f csr;f a&;zcifBuD; q&mBuD;ocifu, kd af wmf
rIdif;u &ifxkremjzifh tpmiwfcHausmif;om;rsm;xH arwåmo0PfvTm ay;ydkYcJhavonf/
yxptpd;k &onf ausmif;om;trsm;pk\ qEúkd qefYusifvsufyif½\ dS / ynma&;0efBuD; a'gufwm{armifu
]tpdk;&rSm &efolrsKd; (6) yg; 0dkif;wdkufaew,f} [kajymqdkNyD; ]ausmif;om;rsm;tm; &efoleHygwf (1)} wGifxm;í ajym
qdkavonf/
uarmufurynma&; zsufodrf;a&;wdkufyGJonf tqufrjywf t½Sdef½SdcJhayonf/ xdkYaMumifh &[ef;oHCm
awmfrsm;ESifh vlxk\ axmufcHrIjynfh0pGm &½SdcJhayonf/ vTwfawmftrwfrsm;yif vTwfawmftwGif;ü ausmif;om;rsm;
wifjycsuu f kd tav;ay; ajymqdv k mcJoh nf/ awmif;qdck suf (4) csutf euf tpd;k &onf wpdww f a'oudk vdu
k af vsmrnf
[k uwday;vmonf/
670
(c-5) uarmufurynma&;zsufodrf;a&; wdkufyGJumvwGifusif;yaom Auorsm;tzJGYcsKyfuGefz&ifU
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&muGefz&ifU
(1961 ck? pufwifbmv 30 &ufrS atmufwdkbmv 4 &ufaehtxd)
Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHBuD;udk wjynfv;kH ½Sw d o hJ r*¾rsm;rS ausmif;om;ud, k pf mvS,af ygif; (243) OD; wufa&muf
onf/ nDvmcHBuD;rS 'Dru kd a&pDa&;? Nidr;f csrf;a&;? trsKd;om;ynma&; wnfaqmufa&;? uarmufurynma&; zsuford ;f
a&; a½SUvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk qHk;jzwfjy|mef;vdkufonf/ yxptpdk;&\ 'Drdkua&pDcsKd;azmufrIESifh ausmif;om;qEÉSifh
qefYusipf mG jyKrlrrI sm;udk nDvmcHu jyif;xefpmG ½Iwcf svu kd o
f nf/ pkpnf;nDñwG pf mG wdu k yf 0JG ifomG ;&eftwGuf wdu
k yf yJG pkH u
H kd
atmufygtwdkif; csrSwfvdkufonf/
(1) a&wdkwdkufyGJ
(2) a&&SnfwdkufyGJ
a&wdkwdkufyGJ
uarmufurynma&; zsufodrf;a&;twGuf ,ckESpfydkif; tBuD;rm;qHk;? tiftm;taumif;qHk;? wefzdk;t½SdqHk;?
txufjrufqHk; wdkufyGJBuD;wckudk zefwD;um oufqdkif&mwm0ef½SdolwdkYtm; awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0if&ef vdkayonf/ þ
xufjruftm;aumif;aom wdkufyGJBuD; w&yfqifETJEdkifa&;twGuf oufqdkif&mor*¾rsm;onf ausmif;om;xktwGif;ü
ynma&;oabmxm;rsm; em;vnfoabmayguf jrifodonfhtwdkif; pnf;½Hk;aqG;aEG;Mu&rnf/ igwdkYESifh rqdkif[laom
oabmxm; ausmif;om;twGif;0,f r½Sdatmif BudK;yrf;½Sif;vif;wifjyum ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk; 'ifjynfhtm;jynfh
yg0ifaom wdkufyGJyHkpHwckudk a½G;cs,fvIyf½Sm;Mu&rnf/ þwdkufyGJwGif 'Drdkua&pDcsKyfcs,frI uefYuGufa&;? uarmufur
ynma&; zsufodrf;a&;wdkYudk OD;wnfMu&rnf/
a&½SnfwdkufyGJ
a&½SnfwdkufyGJ[lonf igwdkYausmif;om;rsm;u qGJac:aom wdkufyGJr[kwf oufqdkif&mwm0ef½Sdol tpdk;&\
oabmxm;ay:wGif wnfonf/ igwdYk \ uarmufurynma&; zsuford ;f a&;onf rSeu f efonf/ ausmif;om;xkw&yf
vHk;uvnf; tm;½SdpGmaxmufcHonf/ &[ef;½Sifvljynfol w&yfvHk;uvnf; taustvnfoabmayguf odjrifum
þwdu k yf u
JG kd axmufco
H nf/ Edik if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;uyif igwdYk\wduk yf u
JG kd axmufcv
H mMuonf/ odYkaomf oufqikd &f m
tpd;k &u oabmxm; wif;rmvGe;f onft h ay:wGiu f m; igwdYk \ uarmufurynma&;wdu k yf rJG mS a&½Snw
f u
kd yf t
JG oGio
f Ykd
a&mufEdkifonf/ a&½SnfwdkufyGJonf ausmif;om;xkvIyf½Sm;rIomru oabmw&m;a&;&m wdkufyGJvnf;yg0ifonf/
or*¾ &Jabmfrsm;onf ,aeY ynma&;rwnfNidrfrIudk ausmif;om;xk? jynfol? &[ef;ESifh vlwef;pm;rsm;xH csOf;uyfum
uarmufurynma&;
zsuo f rd ;f a&;wduk yf uJG mvtwGi;f
ac:qu kd si;f yaom Auorsm;tzGcYJ sKyf

Ekid if v
H ;kH qdik &f muGezf &ifu
U kd 1961 ck?
pufwifbm 30 rS atmufwdkbm 1-2-
3-4 aehrsm;wGif usi;f ycJo U nf
671
axmufcHrI&atmif aqG;aEG;&rnf/ jzefYcsdwifjyEdkif&rnf/ tpdk;&\ ynma&;oabmxm; rrSefrI? wdusrSefuefaom

ynma&;pepfrJhrI? wnfNidrfajzmihfrwfaom oabmxm;r½SdrIESifhwuG ynma&;uarmufurjzpfrIrsm;udk wifjypnf;½Hk;
Mu&rnf/ wqufwnf;rSmyif ynmoifMum;rItajctae wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGuf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wifjy
awmif;qdkMu&rnf/ ynmoifMum;a&;tajctae wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;ESifh ynma&;jyKjyifajymifvJa&;twGuf jynf
axmifpktwGif;½Sd vlxkvlwef;pm;? vlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;? woD;yk*v ¾ rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; aygif;pHk
yg0ifaom trsKd;om;ynma&; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;w&yfudk usif;yum ,aeYwdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ta&;ESifh
wdkif;jynfxlaxmifa&;twGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnDaom oabmxm;udkvnf; igwdkYausmif;om;xk w&yfvHk;
em;vnfMu&rnfom jzpfayonf/ jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; r&½SdbJ? jynfwGif;trsKd;om;pD;yGm; wnfaqmufrIr&Edkif/
wqufwnf;rSmyif ausmif;om;wdkY\ b0tajctaeESifh ynmoifMum;rI tajctaerSmvnf; wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;vmrnf
r[kwfay/ þtcsufudkvnf; tav;teufxm;um þuarmufurynma&;wdkufyGJESifh qufpyfazmfxkwf oGm;&rnf
jzpfayonf/
tm;aumif;aom ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGJrsm;udk qufvufpnf;½Hk; vkyfudkif&efjzpfNyD; wdkufyGJvkyfief;pOf w&yf
tjzpf &efukef? [Hom0wD? yJcl;? om,m0wD? tif;pdefc½dkifwdkY yg0ifaom (5) c½dkif ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGJBuD;udk
&efukefNrdKUwGif jyKvkyf&ef nDvmcHwGif wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/
nDvmcHusif;yaepOftwGif; aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJatmifpm&if; xGufvmonf/ aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJ
atmifpm&if;xGuv f maomcg ausmif;om;rsm; tm;wuf0rf;ajrmufMu\? tcsKdUuauseyfMu\/ tqufrjywf awmif;
qdk wdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom tcsuf (1) ckom &½SdNyD; usef (3) csuf usefaeonf/
(c-6) ig;c½dkifqE´jyyGJ
&efukef? tif;pdef? [Hom0wD? yJcl;? om,m0wDwdkYrS ausmif;om;xkyg0ifaom (5) c½dkif ausmif;om;xk
qE´jyyGJBuD;udk Edk0ifbmv (14) &ufaeY uefawmfrifyef;jcHü usif;yonf/ qE´jyyGJrwdkifrDtwGif; Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf
onf pnf;½Hk;a&;wm0efcH trIaqmifrsm;onf (5) c½dkifa'orsm;odkY jzefYqif;um cufcJBuD;pGm jyifqif&avonf/
aiGaMu;cufcJrI jyóemrsm;? yxptpdk;&\ ydwfyifwm;qD;rIrsm;? Ncdrf;acsmufrIrsm; &ifqdkifí jyifqif&av\/
ynma&;0efBuD; a'gufwm{armifonf yJcl;odkYa&mufvmNyD; (5) c½dkifqE´jyyGJwGif yJcl;tpdk;&ausmif;rS ausmif;om;rsm;
ryg0ifap&ef q&mrsm;u jyKvkyf&rnf[k ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;rsm;odkY trdefYay;avonf/ &efukef &Jrif;BuD;rSmvnf;
uefawmfrifyef;jcHwGif qE´jycGifhudk ray;bJxm;avonf/ tcsdefeD;uyfrS qE´jycGifhjyKonf/ om,m0wDc½dkifrS ausmif;
om;rsm;onf um;iSm;r&í &xm;jzifhcsDwufMu&\/ rdk;ndKrSausmif;om;rsm;vnf; um;r½Sdí (10) rdkifc&D;udk vrf;
avQmufNyD; rif;vSodkY vm&\/ yJcl;rS ausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;\ ydwfyifrIudk qE´jyqefYusifNyD;
qE´jyyGJodkY csDwufvmMu&avonf/ qE´jyyGJwGif ausmif;om;aygif; (4000) cefYyg0ifavonf/ &efukefwNrdKUvkH;odkY
(10) rdkifausmfcefY c&D;½SnfcsDwufNyD; qE´jyMu\/ jynfolvlxk\axmufcHrI wcJeuf&½Sdonf/ vli,f? trsKd;orD;
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS c&D;½SnfcsDwufqE´jyyGJ vrf;c&D;wavQmufwGif a&rsm;? tazsmfrsm; qD;BudKwdkufauR; avonf/
NrdKUvlxku xrif;xkyfrsm;ay;í ulnDavonf/ xrif;xkyfxJwGif aiGrsm;? aq;vdyfbl;rsm;? axmufcHtm;ay;pmrsm;
xnfhoGif;í ay;Muavonf/
jynfov l x
l \
k qE´tavsmuf jzpfay:vmrIukd tpd;k &taeeJU rSeu f efat;csr;f pGm ajz½Si;f &rnfth pm; 'Dru
kd a&pD
qefYusifaom tMurf;zufenf;rsm;udk toHk;jyKcJhonf/ &JtzGJUudk wkwfay;í rauseyfí aoewfxkwfay;&mrS ,cktcg
oHcsyfumum;awG wyfqifNyD;aMumif; ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;zGJUcsKyf Ouú| udkcifarmiftkef;u zdESdyf
csKyfcs,frI uefYuGufa&;ESifh uarmufurynma&;zsufodrf;a&; (5) c½dkif ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGJwGif ajymMum;oGm;\/
¤if;qE´jyyGw J iG f (5) c½dik rf S ausmif;om; (2000) ausmf wufa&mufMu\/ udck ifarmiftek ;f u qufvufajymMum;&mwGif
1961 ckESpftwGif; vlxkqE´jyyGJrSm yxp 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&aMumifh vl (3) a,muf aocJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ azazmf0g&Dv
(21) &ufaeY e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;qE´jyyGJwGif (2) a,mufESifh Edk0ifbm (10) &ufaeY Zmwf½Hka½SUqE´jyyGJwGif (1)
a,muf aocJhonf/ 'DtjyKtrlawG qufvufusifhoHk;ae&if yxptpdk;&[m ykvdyftpdk;& jzpfvmrnfjzpfaMumif;/
yxptpd;k &[m ykvyd jf yóem aomif;ajcmufaxmifukd tcGit hf a&;,lNyD; e,fcsJUvkyMf uHrEI iS hf ppftmPm½Sit
f EÅ&m,fawG
udk pdk;&drf&aMumif;? owif;pmtm;vHk;u tpdk;&&JU 'Drdkua&pDqefYusifaom Oya'zsufodrf;&ef ta&;qdkvmaMumif;?
owif;pm? ausmif;om;? &[ef;? ukefonf? trIxrf;awGudk &efoltjzpf aMunmvmwJh tpdk;&[mb,folrS udk,fpm;jyK
Edkifrnf r[kwfaMumif;? ausmif;om;xk&JU rSefuefwJhawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk atmifjrifonftxd wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;rnfjzpf
672
(tay:)
21? 2? 1961
&efuek cf ½kid af usmif;om;rsm;o*¾rS
Bu;D rI;usi;f yaom
uarmufurynma&;zsuo f rd ;f a&;
ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGJ
(tv,f)
1961 ck? pufwifbmv
(10-11-12) &ufaehrsm;wGif Auo?
wuo? &uowdkhrS
Bu;D rSL;usi;f yaom
uarmufurynma&;zsuo f rd ;f a&;
em&D (50) tpmiwfcq H E´jyyGJ
(atmuf)
(5) c½kid af usmif;om;rsm;
uarmufurynma&;pepftm;
c&D;½Sncf swD ufqE´jy uefu h u
G pf Of
r[mAE¨Kvvrf;axmifüU awGY jrif&yHk
673
aMumif; ajymMum;oGm;onf/ [Hom0wDc½kid f ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f udxk ifausmf? &efuek cf ½dik v

f ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;
or*¾ udk,fpm;vS,f udkzdk;xif? yJcl;c½dkifausmif;om;or*¾ udk,fpm;vS,f udkaZmfjrifh? om,m0wDc½kdif ausmif;om;
or*¾udk,fpm;vS,f udkxGef;½SdefwdkY toD;oD; rdefYcGef;ajymMum;Mu\/
wef;cGJwef;cspepf &yfqdkif;ypfa&;? ESpfcgusausmif;xkwfpepf rusifhoHk;a&;? ynma&;toHk;p&dwf wdk;jr§ifh
oHk;a&;? trsKd;om;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ usif;ya&;? vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk tMurf;zufajz½Sif;aeaom yxptpdk;
tm; ½IwfcsaMumif;? rEÅav;wuúodkvfrS zrf;xm;aom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; vTwfay;a&;ESifh 0&rf;½kyfodrf;a&;?
ausmif;om;or*¾ w&m;0ifzGJUpnf;cGifh ay;a&;? owif;pmrsm;\ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;wdkufyGJtm; axmufcHaMumif;?
jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk aphpyfaqG;aEG;í wnfaqmuf&ef tqdkrsm;udk wifoGif;qHk;jzwfMu\/
ausmif;om;xkonf pepfwuswef;pDxm;NyD; uefawmfrifyef;jcHrSxGufum a½Twd*Hkbk&m;vrf;rS NrdKUwGif;odkY
c&D;½Snf csDwufvSnfhvnf qE´jyMu\/ a½Twd*Hkbk&m;vrf;rS AdkvfcsKyfvrf;? Adkvfwaxmifbk&m;vrf;? r[mAE¨Kvvrf;?
armfwifusKHBuD;vrf;? qlavbk&m;vrf;wdkYrS tpOfvdkuf wef;pDvSnfhvnfvmNyD; NrdKUawmfcef;ra½SU r[mAE¨Kvvrf;
ay:wGif pk½Hk;í tcrf;tem; ½kyfodrf;vdkuf\/ c&D;½SnfcsDwuf&mwGif usKH;BuD;vrf;ESifh (13) vrf;xdyf ta&mufwGif
&efukefc½dkifrS udkrsKd;0if;? yJcl;c½dkifrS udkjr0if;wdkY rl;arhoGm;í tif;pdefodkY ydkYvdkuf&onf/
(*) wuúov
kd t
f wGi;f rS *,ufrsm;
Edk0ifbmv (11) &uf wuúodkvfaumifpDtpnf;ta0;rS csrSwfcJhaom &efukefwuúodkvf jrefrmpmXmewGif
ygarmu©csKyf OD;{armiftm; jyefvnfcefYxm;&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/ xdkudpEö Sifhywfoufí jrefrmpmXme ygarmu©csKyf
tjzpf acwå0ifa&muf trIxrf;vsuf½adS om OD;0ef\bufawmfom;rsm;u qlyu l efYuuG í
f vIy½f mS ;rIjzpfatmif zefw;D Mu
onf/ OD;{armifESifh OD;0efjyóemwGif rludkab;csdwfNyD; wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;onf yk*¾dKvftmPmudk a½SUwef;odkY
xkwfcJhonf/ OD;0efbufrS wyfOD;uacgif;aqmifí vdkufygvmavonf/ ygarmu©OD;0ef vufxufwGif udkbaumif;?
udk,k paomolrsm;udk jrefrmpmXmewGif uxdursm; cefYaomaMumifh wyfOD;rsm;u OD;0efudk aus;Zl;qyfonfhtaeESifh
qlyluefYuGufMuoavm[k xifjrifp&mrsm; jzpfvmonf/ ygarmu©OD;0ef vufxufwGif udkbaumif;? udk,kESifhwuG
tjcm;wyfOD;acgif;aqmif (7) OD;tm; ta&;ay:q&mrsm;tjzpf cefYxm;cJhavonf/
(C) rEåav;vIy&f mS ;rI

rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾rS OD;pD;í pepfopfudk qefYusifuefYuGufonfh qE´jyvSnhfvnfyGJudk
pufwifbmv (9) &ufaeY wuúodkvfe,fajrwGif usif;y\/ ausmif;om; (1000) cefY rD;wkwfrsm;jzifh pepfopfudk
qefYusifonfh a<u;aMumfoHrsm;jzifh a<u;aMumfíqE´jyvSnfhvnfNyD; rEÅav;wuúodkvf 'k-t"dywdOD;bpdefonf tdrf
wGif;½Sdüaomfvnf; tjyifodkYxGufrawGUbJ (2) em&DcefYMumrS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk xGufíawGU\/ qE´jy
ausmif;om;xk a½SUwGif 'k-t"dywdOD;bpdefu rEÅav;wuúodkvf qD;edwftpnf;ta0;udk rlvtcsdefxufapmí 13?
9? 61 aeYwGif ac:,laqG;aEG;ygrnf/ xdkqD;edwftpnf;ta0;wGif pepfopfudk jyefvnfpOf;pm; aqG;aEG;ygrnf[k
uwday;\/ odkYaomf wdusaomtajzr&í rwuorS ausmif;om; (300) cefYwdkYonf pmar;yGJpepfzsufodrf;a&;ESifh
ywfoufí pufwifbmv (14) &uf? nae (6) em&DwGif wuúodkvfe,fajrü qE´jyyGJudkqufvufjyKvkyf\/ xdkqE´
jyyGJodkY ausmif;om;rsm; tMurf;zufrnf[k aumvm[vowif;t& t"du½kPf;ESdrfESif;a&;um;rsm; tygt0if &Jum;
(4) pD;wdkY wuúodkvfe,fajrodkY a&muf½Sdvmonf/ n (8) em&DwGif 'k-t"dywdtdrf 0dkif;xm;aom wyfOD;ausmif;om;
rsm;tm; rsuf&nf,dkAHk; (5) vHk;ESifh aoewfrsm;ypfazmuf vlpkcGJ\/ ausmif;om; udkvSeD? udkodef;[ef? udkausmfoef;?
udk0if;armifwdkY 'Pf&mjyif;xefí aq;½HkwGif twGif;vlemtjzpf ukoxm;&\/
pufwifbmv (18) &ufwiG f rEÅav;wuúov kd f qD;edwEf iS ahf umifpD yl;wGt
J pnf;ta0;udk usi;f y&m ynma&;?
w&m;a&;ESifh jynfxJa&;0efBuD; a'gufwmOD;{armif? ref;'k-ta&;ydkif OD;armifarmifwdkY wufa&mufMuonf/ 'k-t"d
ywd OD;bpdefonf tpnf;ta0;wuf&ef &Jtapmifhta½Smufrsm;jzifh ac:vm&\/ tpnf;ta0;wGif ynma&;0efBuD;u
ygarmu©csKyfrsm;? aumifpED iS hf qD;edwt
f zGUJ rsm;tm; pmar;yGpJ epfopfukd BudKufvQifBudKufw,f? rBudKufvQif rBudKufb;l [k
yGifhyGifhvif;vif;ajymMuyg[k ajymMum;cJh&m ygarmu©tm;vHk;u xdkpepfjyKvkyfjcif;rSm aumif;aMumif;? uefYuGufp&m
r½SdaMumif;? pepfopfrSm usLwdk&D,,f (Test) jzpfNyD; atmifrSwf&&ef ay;xm;aMumif; ajymMum;cJhonf/ ausmif;om;
674
udk,fpm;vS,f OD;xGef;a0u pepfopfpmar;yGJpepfudk wESpfa½TUay;&ef awmif;qdkonf/ odkYaomf pmar;yGJpepfopfudk

pufwifbm (18) &ufwGifjyKvkyfrnf[k qHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/ tpnf;ta0;NyD;qHk;aomtcg wyfOD;twGif;a&;rSL;
udkatmifol? udkrif;ausmf? udkolawmfwdkY 0efBuD;ESifh 'k-t"dywdtcef;wGif vma&mufawGUqHkonf/ ausmif;om;acgif;
aqmifrsm;ESifhawGU&m wyfOD;acgif;aqmifrsm;u pufwifbm (14) &ufaeYu jzpfyGm;aomudprö Sm rdrdwdkY acgif;aqmifí
jyKvkyjf cif; r[kwaf Mumif; 0efBuD;tm; wifjyonf/ xdYk aemuf wyfO;D opfEiS hf tiftm;wdYk u 0efBuD;tm; 0ifawGUMuonf/
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awGUtNyD; n (6) em&DwGif xGufvmaom 0efBuD;OD;{armiftm; ausmif;om;xku
0efBuD;tm; pepfopfzsufodrf;&efESifh 'k-t"dywdOD;bpdefudk jzKwfay;&ef ta&;qdkMu\/ 0efBuD;u ]'k-t"dywdeJhrdkh
ausmif;om;awG raowm? igvdkvlomqdk&if ausmif;om;awG aoukefNyD? &efukefrSmom 'Dvdkjzpf&if aoewfeJhypfcdkif;rSm}
[k ajymMum;vdkufonf/ pufwifbmv (15) &ufaeY nujzpfyGm;aom udpöESifhywfoufí 'k-t"dywd ODbpdefu
¤if;\tdrfudk cJESifhypfzsufqD;&mwGif acgif;aqmifonfh wyfOD;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom udkpdk;0if;atmif? udkatmifol?
udkrif;ausmf? udkaomif;a½T? udkolatmif? udkbMunf? udkcifarmif0if;? udktkH;ausmfESifh Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS udkrsKd;jrifh
wdkY (9) OD;tm; ta&;,l&ef atmifawmfrl&JXmeodkY wdkifMum;\/ ausmif;om;acgifaqmif (9) OD;udk yk'fr (147)?
(149) jzifh ta&;,lxm;\/ ¤if; (9) OD;udkyif ta½SUydkif;&J0efaxmuf OD;apmpdefu &JwdkY\ tvkyfwm0ef0wå&m;
aESmifh,SufrIjzifh ta&;,l&efwdkifMum;í yk'fr (149)? (353) ESifh ta&;,lxm;\/
xdkESpf pepfopfpmar;yGJudk pufwifbmv (18) &ufaeYwGif pwifjyKvkyf&m vufeufudkif&Jrsm;udk pmar;
yGcJ ef;teD;wGif pmar;yGrJ prDuyif 0dik ;f 0ef;apmifMh uyfapavonf/ rEÅav;wuúov kd o
f Ykd a&muf½adS eaom 'k&cJ sKyf OD;bat;?
&Jrif;BuD; OD;b&DwdkY\nTefMum;csuft& wkwfudkif? 'dkif;udkif? vufeufudkif&Jrsm;udk BudKwifcsxm;\/ eHeufydkif;wGif
(1433) OD;teuf (906) OD; 0ifa&mufajzqdk&m 63.22%? naeydkif;wGif (683) OD;teuf (417) OD;0ifa&mufajzqdk&m
61.05% &SdcJhonf/ pmar;yGJrprD wyfOD;ausmif;om;tcsKdUu tzrf;cHae&aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk oem;MuygOD;[k
a<u;aMumfcJhMuonf/ pmar;yGJpepfopf rajzolrsm;tm; ausmif;aqmifrsm;ü pufwifbmv (20) &ufaeYrSpí aexdkif
cGifh rjyKawmhay/
(i) wyfO;D wdhk rlrrSerf rI sm;

wyfO;D wdYk onf aemufyikd ;f wGif rlrrSeaf omvkyaf qmifrrI sm;udk jyKvkyv f mMuonf/ ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f
a½G;yGJwGif oefY½Sif;rS 0ifa&mufta½G;cHaom OD;0if;ESifh OD;&m½SpfwdkYtm; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;jzpfonf[k toHukef[pfum
Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;jzpfaom OD;wDy0D rf;ESihf OD;armifarmifausmf (yrnw) ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk rsupf rd w
Sd pf u
kH efí axmufcH
Muonf/ wuoonf ausmif;om;xktusKd;udk aqmif½Guf&ef zGJUpnf;xm;aom tzGJUtpnf;jzpfonf/ þodkYjzifh
ausmif;om;ESihf wuúov kd t
f mPmydik f tpd;k &wdYk tMum; jyóemydrk sm;vmonf/ ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ wa,mufcef;ae
cGifhr&í? ESpfa,mufcef;aecGifh&&ef ausmif;aqmifwdkufyGJwGif ausmif;ol (700) cefYESifh ausmif;om; (500) cefY wyf
OD;\ tapmifhwdkufyGJwGif ajrZmyifjzpfaeonf[k tmPmydkifrsm;u pGyfpGJMuonf/
xdt
k csdeaf usmif;aqmifwu kd yf w
JG iG f oxHak qmifrpS í wyfO;D wdYk BuD;pd;k cs,fv,
S of nfh ausmif;aqmifEiS hf o[m
,toif;tzGJUcsKyfrS xGufum tzGJUcsKyftm; tqufjzwfaMumif; aMunmí ra½SUraESmif;yif tjcm;taqmifrsm;u
vdkufxGufvmonf/ wyfOD;\ MoZmonf ausmif;om;avmuwGif wjznf;jznf;usqif; vmonf/ owif;pmrsm;u
vnf; wyfOD;\ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;Edkifaom tzGJUtpnf;ay:vm&ef a&;om;vmMuonf/
675
OD;AaqGav;
(1961-62)
bduk av;Zmwd jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;wyfO;D tzJUG 0ifwOD;jzpfonf/ 1959-60 wGif wuo aiGxed ;f
tjzpf aqmif½GufcJhonf/ 1959 ckwGif Oya'0dZ¨myxrESpf wufa&mufcGifh wuúodkvf½Hk;rS y,fzsufaMumif;
aMunmaomfvnf; ygarmu©csKyfudk,fwdkif rodvdkufaom jyKrlcsufaMumifh ygarmu©csKyfrS0efcHNyD; oludk,fwdkif
ausmif; jyef0ifcGifhay;cJhonf/ 1960-61 wGif wuo taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§muf
cH&onf/ 1961-62 aemufq;kH wuo\ Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½u G cf o
hJ nf/
1962 Zlvdkif (7) &ufaeYwGif wuo tpnf;ta0;cef;rü aemufqHk; w&m;a[mcJhNyD; or*¾taqmufttHkudk

&Jrsm;0ifa&mufzrf;qD;&m tzrf;cH&onf/ 1963 ck? {NyDv (1) &ufaeY vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdefYt& jyefvGwf
vmonf/
1963 ck wuúov kd rf sm; jyefziG ahf omtcg wuo ae&ma[mif;wGif wJx;kd í wuojyefvnfzUGJ pnf;a&; vkyif ef;
rsm; jyefvnfvyk af qmifco hJ nf/ odYkaomf jynfwiG ;f Nidr;f csr;f a&;vIy½f mS ;rI t½Sed t f [kejf r§iv
hf mojzifh ¤if;vIy½f mS ;rIukd
tav;xm;vkyaf qmif vmMuonf/ wuo? Auo? &uowdYku jynfoYlaumfrwDEiS hf ndE§ idI ;f í ajcmufc½dik Nf idr;f
csr;f a&; qE´jycsw
D ufyu GJ kd vHaI qmfco
hJ nf/ 1963 ck? Ed0k ifbmv (14) &ufaeYwiG f Nidr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yJG ysujf ym;NyD;
zrf;qD;rIrsm; pwifjyKvkyv f monf/ ¤if;aemuf ausmif;rsm;ydwv f u kd af Mumif; aMunmcJNh yD; ppfwyfrS wuúov kd f
twGi;f odYk 0ifa&mufp;D eif;NyD; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; twif;tusyf tdrjf yefyYkdco hJ nf/ wuo ,m,Dwu J kd zsuq f ;D
ypfvdkufonf/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif trsm;tjym; tzrf;cH&onf/ udkAaqGav;ESifh tjcm;ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm; wdr;f a½SmifaeMuNyD; AuyodYk awmcdo k mG ;Muonf/ (or*¾pmpOf? twJ-G 1? trSwf (3)? Zlvikd v f
2005? qJAif;Zlvikd -f odrhk [kw-f ausmif;om;or*¾tpOftvmudak zsmufzsujf cif;? armifrkef;atmif)
1967 ckEpS f (yGiv

hf if;&moD) wGif {&m0wDwikd ;f ? iodik ;f acsmif;NrKUd e,f? anmifyifomESihf awmifMum;acsmif;½GmtMum;
cv& (36) ppfaMumif;udk jzwfawmufwu kd cf u
kd &f m ¤if;wdu
k yf wGJ iG f usq;kH onf/ A[dw
k yfrv
S maom udAk aqGav;
udk,fwdkif awmif;íwdkufaom wdkufyJGjzpfonf/ Auy&JabmfwpfOD;rS udkAaqGav;tm; (55) vrf;pOform;
jzpfwJhtwGuf A[dkrSao'Pfay;NyD;om; jzpfwJhtwGuf ¤if;wdkufyJGwGif vkyfMuHowfjzwfcJhaMumif; 0efcHcJhonf/
(vufa&;rl- ud, k af wGY MuKH &olwOD; jyefvnfajymjycsuf - &JabmfcspfaxG;- A[dkuif;wyfzJGU- - 15^2^2007?
OD;ode;f 0if;)
wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;vufa&;[k xif½Sm;aomvuf0JpmvHk;udk wDxGifa&;om;cJholjzpfonf/

({&m0wDtifwmeufpmrsufESm? b0½kyfyHkvTmu@? wifrdk;- AaqGav; odkYr[kwf vuf0JpmvHk;wDxGifo)l
676
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1962 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ppftmPm&Sifpepfqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif
tcef; (25)

'Dru
kd a&pDa&; ppftmPm&SifpepfqefYusifa&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif
(1962)
(u) Zlvikd v
f (7) &uf ta&;awmfyBkH u;D
(7) &uf Zlvdkifvta&;awmfyHkonf zufqpfqefaom zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fa&; vIyf½Sm;rIBuD; w&yfyifjzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;wGif 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;aemufydkif; wcgrSray:aygufcJhbl;ao;aom &ufpufrIvnf; jzpfonf/ þ
ta&;awmfyHkwGif wdkif;jynf\ tem*wf om;aumif;&wemrsm;pGm a&wdrfepfcJh&onf/ &efukefwuúodkvf e,fajronf
&J&eJ aD om ausmif;om;xk\ aoG;rsm;acsmif;pD;rwwf jzpfc&hJ onf/ wuúov kd yf &0Pfwckv;kH usnfqefEiS hf ,rf;aiGUrsm;
vTrf;rdk;cJhonf/ ppfwvif;yrm tavmif;csif;xyfum jrifraumif;aom ½Icif;onf wuúodkvftm; ted|m½kHum;csyf
BuD;tjzpf zefwD;cJhonf/
(c) jzpfay:vmyHk tajccHtaMumif;t&if;rsm;

þrQ qdk;½Gm;jyif;xefvSaom ta&;awmfyHkBuD;\ tjzpftrSef jzpf&yftajccHudk tav;teuf oHk;oyfzdkY
vdkonf/ þZlvdkifta&;awmfyHkonf ppfwyftmPmydkifrsm;\-
(1) xif&mpdkif;í igwaumaumvdkaom ppf0g'ppfrme?
(2) ausmif;om;xktay:wGif xm;½SdcJhaom zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fa&; tmCmww&m;?
(3) jynfov l xl Ek iS hf ausmif;om;xk\qE´jzpfaom Nidr;f csrf;pGmajz½Si;f a&;rlukd ypfy,fum tMurf;zufenf;udk
oHk;pGJjcif;wdkYrS aygufzGm;vmjcif;jzpfonf/
ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rI ordkif;wavQmufvHk;udk jyefMunhfvQifvnf; tmPmydkifwdkY\ tMurf;zuf0g'ESifh usL;
ausmfolrsm;uom þjzpf&yfqdk;rsKd;udk aygufzGm;apcJhaMumif; txift½Sm; awGU&ayrnf/ udkatmifausmfonf Nidrf;csrf;
pGmqE´jy&if; e,fcsJUorm;wdkY\ tMurf;zufESdrfESif;rIatmufwGif usqHk;cJh&onf/ zqyvvufxufwGifvnf; atmuf
wdbk mta&;awmfyo kH nf tmPmydik w f Ykd \ wrifzefw;D usL;ausmfrrI sm;rS aygufzmG ;vmonfh tMurf;zuf ESyd u
f yG rf BI uD;yif
677
jzpfonf/ [,f&Dwefta&;awmfyHkonfvnf; tmPmydkifwdkY\ csKdU,Gif;csufudk vlowfvufeufjzifh ajz½Sif;vdkufMu

jcif;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;xkurauseyfí qE´jyaomtcg tMurf;zufenf;udo k ;kH vsuf vufeufjzifv h o l wfí ESyd u f yG f
vdu k Mf uonf/ 1961 ck rEÅav;wuúov kd \ f pepfopfta&;awmfyBkH uD;udk Munfv h Qiv f nf; tmPmydik w f Ykd\ wzufowf
csrSwfxm;aom tajzESifh taopGJudkifrI? aemufqHk;tMurf;zufrIudk awGU&onf/ oifMum;rIrjynfhpHkaom pmar;yGJpepf
wckudk twif;csrSwfcJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u yxrOD;pGm vdktyfaeaom ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*rsm;? q&mrsm; wdk;
csUJ yg? þoifMum;rI tajctaersm; rjynfph rkH u D mvwGif pepfopfukd &yfqikd ;f xm;[lí wifjycJo h nf/ odYk aomf tmPmydik f
wdkYonf vdkufavsmhrIrjyKcJhbJ aemufqHk; pufwifbmvwGif vufeufjzifh tMurf;zufajz½Sif;vdkufonf/ ausmif;om;
tajrmuftrsm; 'Pf&m&cJhonf/ zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;? 0&rf;ESifhqkaiGrsm; xkwfjcif;? ausmif;rS xkwfy,fjcif;wdkYudk
jyKvkyfí jyif;xefpGm zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fcJhMuonf/
þordkif;pOfrsm;udk jyefMunfhvQif ausmif;om;wdkufyGJtm;vHk;ü tmPmydkifwdkY\ usL;ausmfrI? tMurf;zufrI?
ausmif;om;xkESifh jynfolYqE´ ypfy,frIrsm;udk awGU&ayonf/ wqufwnf; ausmif;om;xk\ Nidrf;csrf;pGmynmoif
Mum;a&;udk cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;? Nidrf;csrf;pGm qE´jyenf;jzifhom awmif;qdkvIyf½Sm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ppfwyftpdk;&onf
wufvmpOfuwnf;u Ade;f aAgi;f wD;íxGuv f monf/ xdt k mPmodr;f yGw J iG f ausmif;om; pyfrrD o D u kd rf mS paw;cHvu kd &f onf/
tmPmodrf;NyD; oufwrf; (3) v twGif;rSmyif ausmif;om;xktm; zdESdyfa&;vkyfief;udk pwifvmayonf/ ynma&;
XmeESifh vHk;0rtyfpyfbJ ppfwyfoP²mefygaom pnf;urf;rsm; csrSwfvdkufMuonf/ csrSwf&mwGif ausmif;om;xk
qE´,ljcif;? n§dEIdif;jcif;vHk;0r½SdbJ aMumfjimbkwfwGif trdefYxkwfenf;rsKd;jzifh wzufowf csrSwfcJhonf/ pnf;rsOf;\
tESpfom&ydkif;onf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fa&;owfowfudkazmfjyvsuf vkyfrlvkyf[efonf ppf0g'ESifUppfrme? igwaumaum
aom zufqpfvu©Pmudk aqmifaeonf/ tmPmydik w f Ykd\ xdv k yk if ef;onf ppfreS af om pnf;urf;rsm;jzpfonfh wdik af tmif
ratmifjrifEdkifaom vkyfenf;vkyf[efom jzpfayonf/
pnf;urf;wck atmifjrifa&;onf-
(1) ¤if;pnf;urf;onf vdkufem&rnfh olrsm;\ b0ESifh [yfrd&ef?
(2) vdkufem&rnfh olrsm;udk,fwdkif todESifh,SOfí vufcHvm&efwdkY vdkayonf/
ausmif;om;xk\qEúrkd ,ljcif;? n§Ed iId ;f rIrûyvkyjf cif;wdYkonf b0ESi[ hf yfrad om pnf;urf;rsm;jzpfrvmjcif;\
tajccHjzpfayonf/ wzufowf ppfrdefYqefqef csrSwfí ZGwftwif;vdkufemapjcif;onf todESifh,SOfívufcHvma&;
udk r&,lEikd af om vky[ f efomjzpfonf/ xdYkaMumifh ppfwyftmPmydik w f Ykd\ pnf;urf;onf tESpo f m&a&m vky[ f eft&yg
rSm;,Gif;cJhonfrSm xif½Sm;vSayonf/ ausmif;om;xkrSm pnf;urf;xm;½Sda&;udk rltm;jzifhvufcHaMumif; twdtvif;
wifjycJhonf/ wqufwnf;wGif txufygtwdkif; ausmif;om;xkqE´,la&;? q&m? ausmif;om;ESifh tmPmydkifwdkY
oHk;OD;oHk;zvS,f n§dEIdif;a&;qGJa&;? todESifhvufcHvmatmif ynmay;a&;wdkYudk jyKvkyf&ef tBudrfBudrf wifjycJhonf/
odYk aomf tmPmydik rf sm;\ rsufEmS pHn k aD wGUqkcH iG u hf ykd if cg;cg;oD;oD;jiif;y,fum wuo\ wifjycsufukd vH;k 0Oayu©m
jyKcJhonf/
ausmif;om;xktaeESihf b0ESi[ hf yfrad om todjzifh vdu k ef mEdik af om pnf;urf;rsm;t& ausmif;aqmifu, kd yf ikd f
tkycf sKyfciG uhf kd &,lvo dk nf/ ausmif;aqmifu, kd yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfciG ohf nf or*¾rsm;\ tpOfwpdu k af wmif;qdck ahJ om tcGit hf a&;
vnf; jzpfayonf/ ausmif;aqmifudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh ½Sdjcif;tm;jzifh-
(1) ausmif;om;rsm;\b0udk ausmif;om;rsm;u ydkrdkxdawGUod½Sdjcif;?
(2) 'Drdkua&pD tkyfcsKyfrIpepfudk vufawGUusifhoHk;í tavhtusifhjzpfvdkjcif;?
(3) ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk xda&mufpGm umuG,fEdkifjcif;?
(4) q&m? ausmif;om; em;vnfrI ydkrdk&½SdEdkifjcif; wdkYaMumifh or*¾rsm;taeESifh tpOfwpdkufawmif;qdkcJh&jcif;
jzpfonf/
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhonf ausmif;om;rsm; xif&mvkyfa&;twGuf r[kwfbJ q&m? ausmif;om; n§dEdIif;rIjzifh
pepfuspGm tkyfcsKyfa&;om jzpfayonf/ xdkodkY tajccHusaom ausmif;om;xk\ wifjycsufrsm;udk vHk;0Oayu©mjyKjcif;
cHc&hJ avonf/ Nidr;f csr;f pGmynmoifMum;a&;udk cspjf rwfE;kd aom ausmif;om;xkonf Nidr;f csr;f pGm qE´jyawmif;qdck o hJ nf/
Nidr;f csrf;pGmvIy½f mS ;awmif;qdrk ?I rsufEmS pHn k aD jz½Si;f rIonf ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;\ tajccHrjl zpfaMumif; ausmif;om;vIyf
½Sm;rIordik ;f u oufaocHvsuf ½Sad eayonf/ vufeufro hJ rl sm;yDyD tMurf;zufru I vkd nf; rvdv k m;cJah y/ aygufurJG w I ikd ;f
vnf; tmPmydik w f Ykd \ usL;ausmfrrI S tMurf;zufrrI sm; ay:aygufvmaMumif;udv k nf; ordik ;f jzpf&yfrsm;u txift½Sm;
jyovsuf½Sdayonf/ Zlvdkifv (7) &uf ta&;awmfyHkonfvnf; jzpfpOftrSefudk tmPmydkifwdkY\ usL;ausmfrI? tMurf;
678
zufrrI sm;udk ½Si;f vif;pGm jrif&ayonf/ tmPmydik w

f Ykd \wzufowf igwaumaumrIaMumifh jzpfay:vm&aom ausmif;
om;jyóemtm; at;csrf;pGmajz½Sif;&rnfhtpm; vufeufpGJudkifí ajz½Sif;cJhMuayonf/
(*) rjzpfymG ;rD ausmif;om;rsm;rauseyfrrI sm;

arv (9) &ufwGif-
&efukefwuúodkvftufOya'udk ½kyfodrf;onfUOya'
EdkifiHawmfawmfvSefa&;aumifpD Ouú|onf atmufygOya'udk jy|mef;vdkufonf/

1/ (1) þOya'udk 1962 ckESpf &efukefwuúodkvftufOya'udk ½kyfodrf;onfhOya'[k ac:wGifap&rnf/
(2) þOya'onf csufjcif; tmPmwnfap&rnf/
2/ (1) &efukefwuúodkvftufOya'udk þOya'jzifh ½kyfodrf;vdkufonf/
(2) ,if;odkY½kyfodrf;onfhtcg-
(u) jrefrmEdkifiHpum;&yf Oya'yk'fr (5) yg jy|mef;csufrsm; tusKd;oufa&muf&rnf/
(c) &efukefwuúodkvfydkif ypönf;tm;vHk;onfvnf;aumif;? &efukefwuúodkvf\ a<u;NrDwm0ef
tm;vHk;onfvnf;aumif; tpdk;&ü wnf½Sdoufa&muf ap&rnf/
3/ þOya' pwiftmPmwnfonft h csderf S tpjyKí Edik if aH wmfawmfveS af &;tpd;k &onf &efuek w f uúov kd t
f m;
tqdkyg½kyfodrf;jcif;cH&aom &efukefwuúodkvftufOya'jzifh ay;tyfxm;onfh tmPmESifhwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk
qufvufoHk;pGJ aqmif½Guf&rnf/
xdjhk yif 1962 ckEpS f rEåav;wuúov kd t
f ufOya'udk ½kyo f rd ;f onUf atmufygOya'udk Edik if aH wmf awmfveS af &;
aumifpD Ouú|u jy|mef;vdkufonf/
1/ (1) þOya'udk 1962 ckESpf rEÅav;wuúodkvftufOya'udk ½kyfodrf;onfhOya'[k ac:wGifap&rnf/
(2) þOya'onf csufjcif; tmPmwnfap&rnf/
2/ (1) 1957 ckESpf rEÅav;wuúodkvftufOya'udk þOya'jzifh ½kyfodrf;vdkufonf/
(2) ,if;odkY½kyfodrf;onfhtcg-
(u) jrefrmEdik if H a,bk,spum;&yfjzifh Oya'yk'rf (5) yg jy|mef;csurf sm; tusK;d oufa&mufap&rnf/
(c) rEÅav;wuúodkvfydkif ypönf;tm;vHk;onfvnf;aumif;? rEÅav;wuúodkvf\ a<u;NrDwm0ef
tm;vHk;onfvnf;aumif; tpdk;&ü wnf½Sdoufa&muf&rnf/
3/ þOya' pwiftmPmwnfonfhtcsdefrS tpûyí EdkifiHawmfawmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&onf rEÅav;
wuúodkvftm; tqdkyg½kyfodrf;jcif;cH&aom 1957 ckESpf rEÅav;tufOya'jzifh ay;tyfxm;onfh tmPmESifhwm0ef
0wå&m;rsm;udk qufvufoHk;pGJ aqmif½Guf&rnf/
yHk
(Adkvfae0if;)
Ouú|
EdkifiHawmfawmfvSefa&;aumifpD
1962 ckESpf? arv (9) &uf
1962 ck azazmf0g&DvwGif usi;f ycJah om &efuek cf ½dik ?f wef;jrifah usmif;xGupf mar;yGu

J dk zsuo
f rd ;f vdu
k af Mumif;
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&u aMunmcJhonf/ xkdudpöESifh ywfoufí Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkYu uefYuGufcJh
Muonf/ awmfveS af &;aumifptD pd;k &u ar;cGe;f aygufMum;rIjzifh wef;jrifah usmif;xGupf mar;yGu J kd zsuford ;f vdu
k of nf[k
qdkavonf/
679
ar;cGef;aygufMum;rI jyóemay:ayguf&jcif;rSm ynma&;Xmewm0efcHrsm;\ rormrI? csKdU,Gif;ysufuGufrI

rsm;aMumifh jzpfonf[k Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfrS ,lqcJah yonf/ tpd;k &tqufqufwYdkonf ar;cGe;f aygufMum;rIrsm;twGuf
oufqikd &f mwm0efcrH sm;udk ta&;r,lbJ ausmif;om;rsm;tay: yHck sum ajz½Si;f cJah yonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;wGif tjypfr½S?d
xdkYaMumifh oufqdkif&mwm0efcHrsm;tm; tjypfay;jcif;? ta&;,ljcif; rjyKvkyfbJ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; pmar;yGJcsypfjcif;?
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; pmar;yGJy,fjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfum ausmif;om;rsm;tay:yHkcsenf;udk Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfu tpOftjrJ
uefYuGufcJhayonf/ xdkUjyif ZGefv (26) &ufaeYuvnf; wuorS ausmif;aqmifae&m r&ao;aom ausmif;om;rsm;
twGuf ae&mr&ol (1300) ausmftwGuf taqmifjyóem ajz½Sif;ay;&ef wuúodkvfaumifpDrSwqifh ygarmu©csKyf
OD;um (ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmomvS ae&ma&mufvmol) xH pmay;ydkY vdkufavonf/
&efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;jyefzGifhNyD;aemuf ausmiff;om;? ausmif;olrsm; vdkufem&rnfh pnf;urf;rsm;udk
wuúov kd t
f yk cf sKyfa&; tmPmydik rf sm;u aMunmcJ\
h / ,if;pnf;urf;csuf w&yftaeESihf ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;om;
rsm;twGuf npmpm;csdefudk nae (6) em&DcGJrS (7) em&DcGJtxd ajymif;vJuefYowfay;&ef ZGefv (25) &ufaeYu
jyKvkyaf om wuúov kd o
f [m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rS ausmif;aqmifjyóemESihf ywfoufaom tpnf;ta0;rS awmif;qdk
cJhonf/ xkdYjyif ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;om;rsm; nzuf ausmif;aqmifodkY jyef0ifcGifhudk n (8) em&Dtpm; n (11)
em&Dtxd cGifhjyK&ef ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm; a&;qGJ&mü ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u awmif;qkdonf/
(C) wuúov
kd af umifpu
D kd zsuo
f rd ;f jcif;
arv (10) &ufaeY? (1) em&Dcw JG iG f &efuek Nf rdKU? '*H&k yd o
f mü Edik if aH wmfawmfveS af &;aumifpD Ouú| Adv
k cf sKyfBuD;
ae0if;onf wuúov kd af umifpt
D zGUJ ud,
k pf m;vS,f toD;oD;jzpfMuonfh ynmrif;BuD; OD;bd;k xd?k ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwm
omvS? aq;wuúov kd rf S a'gufwmarmifarmifat;? a'gufwmarmifarmifc? NrdKUawmf0efO;D ausmfrif;? twGi;f 0ef OD;ausmf
ñGefY? q&mBuD;OD;azarmifwif? OD;tkef;? ygarmu©rsm;jzpfonfh OD;vSoGif? OD;at;vIdif? OD;bwkwf? OD;atmifcif? a'gufwm
bvSD tp½Sdonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;? ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; pkpkaygif; (28) OD;eJY awGUqHkcJhonf/
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u-
]]ausmif;awmfBuD;\ ta&;BuD;qHk;jzpfysufaeonfh tajctaeudkajym&vQif ausmif;om;ESifhq&m olYr½dkao?
ighr½dak oqdo k vdk jzpfaeonft h csuf jzpfw,f/ q&mavmua&m ausmif;om;avmua&m Edik if aH &;ya,m*0ifvmaeMu
w,f/ ½Sif;½Sif;ajym&vQif ta½SUtkyfpka&m? taemuftkyfpka&m ya,m*awG0ifvmaeMuw,f/ udk,fem;vnfxm;wJh
q&morm;qdk&mrSm udk,fhzmomynmwwfae½HkeJY rNyD;bl;/ tusifhpm&dwåaumif;&rJhtjyif? tcufcJqHk; ywf0ef;usifvl
trsm;&JU ½dak orI&½Sad &;yJjzpfw,f/ þausmif;awmfBuD;rSvv JG Qif ArmEdik if üH ynmay;&rnft h aqmufttHk r½Sad wmhaMumif;?
'Dtwdkif;qufoGm;ae&if wdkif;jynfb,fawmhrS aumif;rSmr[kwfbl;/ wuúodkvfavmuwGif tpdk;&tmPm½Sdol
awGuvnf; 0ifa&mufNyD; EdkifiHa&;upm;aeMuw,f/ 'DuaeY aumifpDvlBuD;awGudk ac:NyD;ajym&wmuawmh wuúov kd f
aumifpDudk zsufodrf;vdkufNyDqdkwmbJ}} ajymMum;cJhonf/
1961-62 ynmoifEpS f wuúov

kd af umifpt
D zJYG
(10? 5? 62 &ufaehwGif zsufodrf;cH&onf/)
t"dywd EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkrSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ xdrf;odrf;xm;jcif;cHae&onf/
1/ 'k-t"dywd OD;pHvGif
2/ ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmomvS
3/ ygarmu© rpöpfvif;pa';
4/ a'gufwmudkudkav;
5/ 0DvsHayg
6/ a'gufwmausmfouf
7/ a'gufwmvSoGif
8/ a'gufwmqGef'&ef
9/ OD;at;vIdif
680
10/ OD;bwkwf
11/ ynmrif;BuD; OD;bdk;xdk
12/ rpöwmwDaubGef; (bJGU&olrsm;udk,fpm;vS,f)
13/ OD;pdefvS
14/ OD;atmifaz
15/ OD;ausmfjrifh
16/ OD;xGef;wif
17/ OD;at;armif (&efukefbm;aumifpD)
18/ OD;zdk;apm (aq;aumifpD)
19/ OD;yk (EdkifiHawmf&mxl;cefYxm;a&;tzJGU)
20/ OD;ausmfrif; (&efukefaumfydka&;½Sif;)
21/ OD;&m½Spf (ygvDrefudk,fpm;vS,f)
22/ ocifcspf
23/ OD;ausmfrif;
24/ apmqdk[kef; (ygvDrefudk,fpm;vS,f)
25/ OD;boif
26/ OD;oef;armif
27/ rpöwmwDyD0rf; (ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f)
28/ a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf (ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f)
29/ OD;jrwfxGef; (jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;q&mrsm;toif;udk,fpm;vS,f)
30/ a'gufwmOD;azarmifwif (t"dywdudk,fpm;vS,f)
31/ a'gufwmbvSD
32/ OD;tkef;
33/ OD;rdk;jrpf (ynma&;Xme)
34/ OD;ausmfñGefY (b@ma&;Xme)
35/ aq;odyHÜr[mXme-XmerSL;
36/ tif*sifeD,mXme-XmerSL;
37/ ynma&;r[mXme-XmerSL;
38/ OD;armifarmifpdef (t&m½Sd^ armfuGef;xdef;-oifMum;a&;)
39/ OD;vSatmif (t&m½Sd^ armfuGef;xdef;-tkyfcsKyfa&;)
40/ aiGpm&if;t&m½Sd
wuúodkvfaumifpDudk jyefvnfzJGYpnf;jcif;
17? 5? 62 &ufaeh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD trdefhtrSwf (30)
1962 ckESpf? arv (17) &ufaeYwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpD trdefYtrSwf (30) udk xkwfjyefaMunmNyD;
wuúodkvfaumifpDudk jyefvnfzJGUpnf;cJhonf/
t"dywd - AdkvfrSL;csKyfoef;az
tzJGU0ifrsm; - AdkvfrSL;csKyfpef;,k
AdkvfrSL;BuD;oef;pdef
AdkvfrSL;BuD;wifpdk;
ygarmu©csKyfOD;um
rSwfcsuf- 61-62 zsufodrf;cHwuúodkvfaumifpD? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtrdefYtrSwf (30) wuúodkvfaumifpDjyefvnfzJGUpnf;jcif;-

(&efukefwuúodkvf pdef&wkobif (2006)? xkwfa0- jynfolYbwfawmfom;rsm;? pm- 48? 49) rS ul;,lazmfjyonf/
681
(i) Zlvikd v
f (7) &uf ta&;awmfypkH wifjcif;
Zlvdkifv (7) &uf? aeYv,f (1) em&DwGif &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;
or*¾rS BuD;rSL;í ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf; ½kyfodrf;ay;a&;qE´jyyGJ usif;y&m
obmywdtjzpf wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú| udkAaqGav;u aqmif
½GufNyD;? tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf udkom'dk;u aqmif½Gufonf/ ausmif;om; (2000)
cefY wufa&mufMuonf/ xdktpnf;ta0;wGif ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf;rsm; zsuf
odrf;a&;? ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwGif ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f yg0ifcGifhay;&ef?
ausmif;aqmifvdkolwdkif; ausmif;aqmif&a&;twGuf ausmif;aqmifopfrsm;
aqmufvkyfay;&ef? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fonfh ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf;rsm;udk ½kyfodrf;a&;
twGuf uefYuGufyGJrsm;usif;yí qE´jyvSnfhvnf&ef qHk;jzwfonf/
xdkYaemuf wuotaqmuftODa½SUwGif pk½Hk;um rEÅav;ausmif;aqmif?

awmifilausmif;aqmif? '*Hkausmif;aqmif? a½Tbdkausmif;aqmif? t"dywdvrf;rS bGJU
wuo aemufq;kH Ouú| udAk aqGav; ESif;obifudk t"dywdvrf;twdkif; pDwef;vSnfhvnfí wuoa½SUü vlpkcGJvdkufMu
onf/
pDwef;vSnfhvnf&mwGif-
]rw&m;pnf;urf;awG tvdkr½Sd}
]rw&m;csKyfcs,frIawG tvdkr½dS}
]ausmif;aqmifawGudk tusOf;aqmifrvkyfeJh}
]csKyfcs,frIawG tvdkr½Sd}
]rw&m;pnf;urf;awG zsufodrf;}
]ausmif;om;xk nDñGwfMu}
xdkodkY a<u;aMumfoHrsm;jzifh wuf<upGm yg0ifcJhavonf/
ausmif;0ifcGifhESifh taqmif&a&;udk vHkjcHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwDrsm;\ axmufcHrIjzifh avQmufcJh&onf/
xkdYaemuf rdbtkyfxdef;ol\ 0efcHcsufuwdudkvnf; wifcJh&onf/ ,cktcg tusOf;axmifESifhrjcm; tcsKyfcHae&jyef
onf/ n (8) em&Dx;kd vQif taqmifwcH g;ydw?f vH;k 0tjyifrxGu&f ? ud, k t
hf cef;rSmxdik Nf yD; pmMunfah e&rnf/ taqmifrLS ;
(odkYr[kwf) vufaxmuftaqmifrSL;u ppfaq;vQif rdrdtcef;ü ½Sdae&rnf/ rawGUvQif tcef;ür½Sd[k rSwf,lvsuf
ta&;,lrnf/ xrif;pm;csed u f vkd nf; reuf (7) em&DrS (10) em&D naepmudrk l nae (6) em&DrS auR;rnf/ eHeufxrif;ESihf
naexrif;tMum; aumfzD (2) Budrfwkdufrnf ponfrsm;tjyif pnf;urf;azmufzsufvQif ausmif;aqmifrS xkwfypf
rnf[k pnf;urf;wydk'fqHk;wdkif; Ncdrf;ajcmufxm;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u ¤if;pnf;urf;rsm;udk nDnDñGwfñGwfeJY
wdkuf&if b,folrSrcHEdkifbl;/ or*¾ oabmxm;rsm;udk xkwfa0í o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm; tjrefzGJU&ef pnf;½Hk;cJh
onf/ o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;tm;vH;k yl;aygif;NyD; or*¾acgif;aqmifrEI iS hf wdu k ,f &l ef jzpfonf/ odYk aomf o[m,ESihf
pmzwftoif;rsm; zGJUpnf;rIudk tmPmydkifrsm;u vdkufvHaESmifh,Sufonf/ wzufuvnf; tvdkawmf&d ausmif;om;
vufwqkyfpmu ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&; ysufjym;ap&ef? vufudkifwkwf pmzwftoif;rsm; zGJUpnf;&ef ajcykef;ckwfvm
Muonf/ ausmif;om;trsm;pkuvnf; o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm; zGJUpnf;Edkif&ef ykdrdkBudK;pm;vmMuonf/ Zlvdkifv
(6) &ufaeY? n (12) em&DwGif axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf taqmifwHcg; aomhcavmufrsm;udk
½dkufcsKd;NyD; t"dywdvrf;rBuD;ay:wGif qE´jyMuonf/ ausmif;om;xkonf t"dywdvrf;rS wqifh yk*H? jynf? waumif;
aqmifrsm;odYk oGm;a&mufNyD; rdrw d Ykd b0wl ausmif;om;rsm;udk twlwuG qE´jy&ef oGm;a&mufac:iifMuonf/ xkYd aemuf
ygarmu©csKyf tdrfa½SUwGif oGm;a&muf qE´jyMuonf/
Zlvdkifv (7) &ufaeY? aevnf (1) em&DwGif wuotaqmuftODü zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fxm;aom taqmifpnf;
urf;rsm;udk uefYuGufqE´jyyGJ w&yfûyvkyf&eftwGuf tpnf;ta0;ac:,lcJhavonf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;onf ordik ;f 0if
taqmuftODBuD;\ aemufqHk;tpnf;ta0; jzpfonfudk rnfonfUausmif;om;rQ rod½SdcJUay/
wuoOuú| udkAaqGav;u-
]]ArmjynfBuD;[m vGwv f yfa&;&wm MumygNyD? 'gayr,fh 'DaeYtxd ynma&;[m rvGwv f yfbJ uRefynma&;
udk zmax; oHk;pGJaeygw,f/ tpd;k &tqufquf[m ynma&;pepfurkd ajymif;vJbJ ynma&;pepfukd ajymif;vJzahkd wmif;qdk
682
wJh ausmif;om;awGuo kd m enf;trsK;d rsK;d ajymif;vJNy;D zdEydS cf yUJ gw,f/ 'DaehwufvmwJaU wmfveS af &;tpd;k &[mvnf; ynma&;
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk rvkyfygbl;? trsKd;om;ynma&;twGuf pDrHudef;rsm;vnf; csrSwfjcif; r½Sdao;ygbl;/ 'gayr,fU
wuúov kd yf nma&; tqift U wef;edru Uf saerI[m pnf;urf;csK, Yd iG ;f rIawGaMumifU jzpfw,fqw
kd UJ urÇmrSmr½Sad o;wJU ynma&;
oabmeJh ausmif;zGiu Uf mpu pwifNy;D wif;usyw f pUJ nf;urf;awGukd wzufowf vkyaf qmifvmygw,f/ pnf;urf;qdkwm
Source: The Student Movement and Civil War in Burma: page-84 (unknown)
Zlvikd v
f (7) &uf ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf;rsm;½kyo
f rd ;f a&; pnf;a0;yJt
G Ny;D wuotaqmuftODrS ausmif;om;rsm;qE´jy&ef xGuv
f mMupOf
683
tkycf sKyforl sm;omrubJ vdu k ef m&rnfh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;awGyg yg0ifa&;qGrJ o

S m obm0usygw,f/ usifo h ;kH Edik f
wJh pnf;urf;awGvnf; jzpfvmEdkifygw,f/ 'DaeY wzufowfa&;qGJxm;wJh pnf;urf;awG[m rlt&udk rrSefygbl;/
wdk;wufwJhEdkifiHawGrSm taqmifawGudk udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhrsm;yif ay;aewJhumvrSm 'Dvdkwzufowf pnf;urf;awGeJY
csKyfcs,fxm;wm[m &mZ0ifudk aemufjyefqGJovdk jzpfaeygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY[m txufwef;ynm oifMum;aeMu
&olrsm; jzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh wOD;eJYwOD; ESD;aESmzvS,fcGifhqdkwmawG ½Sd&ygr,f/ 'grS ynma&;twGuf ydkrdk tusKd;jzpf
Edkifygw,f/ 'Dvdkr[kwfbJ n (8) em&Dxdk;vQif taqmifwHcg;awG aomhcwf? tcef;wcef;rS tcef;wcef;odkY rul;&?
ud, k phf m;yGu
J , kd x
f ikd ?f pmzwf pnf;urf;rvdu k ef m&if ausmif;aqmifrx
S w
k w
f ehJ nf;[m vufawGUrSmrjzpfEikd yf gbl;/ 'gwif
ruao;bJ xrif;auR;csdefudk eHeuf (10) em&DrS nae (6) em&Dtxdjcm;wm[m vufawGUrSm ausmif;om;awG 'ku©
a&mufMuygw,f/ 'gawGaMumifh ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tkyfcsKyfola&m? vdkufemolyg yl;wGJn§dEdIif;NyD; pnf;urf;awG jyefvnfqGJzdkY
awmif;yefygw,f/ vuf½Sd pnf;urf;awGudkom qufvufusifhoHk;vQif atmifjrifp&m vrf;r½Sdygbl;/ zdESdyfa&;twGuf
pnf;urf; trnfcHomjzpfygvdrfhr,f}} [k ajymMum;oGm;cJhonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;onf eD&Jaom cGyfa'gif;tvHudk avxJvTifh? ydkpwmrsdK;pHkudk udkif? a½SUqHk;rSm BuD;rm;vSaom
cGyfa'gif;tvHBuD;udk jzefYvsuf ausmif;om; (10) a,mufcefY udkifaqmifvmMuonf/
]]&JabmfwdkY ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk pwifrjyKvkyfbJeJY csKyfcs,fa&;pnf;urf;awGudkom pepfwus
vkyfaqmifaewmudk uRefawmfwdkY qufvufwdkufyGJ0if&OD;rSm jzpfw,f/ ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;? trsKd;om;ynm
a&; wnfaqmufa&;twGuf a½SUvkyfief;udk qufvuf vkyfaqmif&vdrfhOD;r,f? rw&m; ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf;awGudk
vnf; ½kyfodrf;zdkY vufwGJwdkuf&OD;rSm jzpfw,f/ 'DwdkufyGJawGtwGuf taumif;qHk;vufeuf[m ausmif;om;xknDñGwf
a&;yJ? ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;ukd r&raewnfaqmufNyD; ausmif;om;or*¾&UJ cGyaf 'gif;tvHatmufrmS pkpnf;nDñw G Nf yD;
qufvuf wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;MuygpdkY}} [k trIaqmifwOD;u qE´jyyGJ ed*kH;csKyfrdefYcGef;udk or*¾taqmuftODa½SUwGif ay;NyD;
aemuf us,favmif ½Snfvsm;vSaom vufckyfoHrsm;jzifh ed*kH;csKyf rdefYcGef;qHk;oGm;avonf/
(p) tMurf;zdEydS rf pI wifNyD

qE´jyyGNJ yD;aomtcg ausmif;om;rsm;onf or*¾aqmif vufbuf&nfqikd w f iG f xdik af eMuonf/ taqmuftOD
atmufxyfwGif rkefYpm;olpm;? aumfzDaomufolaomufESifh ½Iyfvsuf½Sdonf/ taqmuftOD tay:xyfwGif c½dkiftoif;
wckonfvnf; armifr,fopfviG f BudKqdyk jJG yKvkyv f suf½o dS nf/ xdt k cdu k f t"dywdvrf;zufrS um;oH;k pD; or*¾taqmuf
tODa½SUxd;k &yfNyD; ausmif;om;rsm;udk vdu
k v
f zH rf;qD;aeonf/ wdu k yf t
kH usÐ0wfxm;olreS o f rQudk vdu k zf rf;onf/ ausmif;
om;rsm; zrf;qD;&mwGif wuoOuú| udkAaqGav;? AuoOuú| udkouf? udkÓPf0if;? udkpdk;wifh? udk&Jjrifh? udkxdef0if;?
udkMunfñGefY? udk0if;Munf? udkwifaiG? udkcsKdwdkYudk &efukef&JtzGJUu wuotaqmuftODay:wGif zrf;qD;&rdvdkufonf/
xdkowif;onf taqmifwckvHk; jyefYoGm;NyD;aemuf ]]ausmif;om;awG vmMua[h? igwdkh acgif;aqmifawG
zrf;aeNy}D } [k owif;jyefYomG ;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf taqmifwikd ;f rS xGuv f mum or*¾x0J if&ef BudK;pm;Muonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;udk zrf;qD;&m &Jrsm;udk jyefvnfckcHum ]ykvdyf tvdkr½Sd?} ]&J tvdkr½Sd}ponfjzifh atmf[pf
Muonf/ wuo taqmuftODESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkifwGif½Sdaom rEÅav;ausmif;aqmifESifh tr&ausmif;aqmifrS
ausmif;om;rsm;u cJrsm;jzifh aygufMuonf/ oxH?k yJc;l ausmif;aqmifrS ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; cJrsm;jzifh ykvyd rf sm;udk
ypfí ausmif;om;rsm;udk zrf;qD;rIxyfrvkyEf ikd af tmif umuG,Mf uonf/ cJaygufrrI sm;jym;vmí ykvyd rf sm; wuúov kd 0f if;
tjyifodkY qkwfcGmay;vdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf ausmif;om;rsm;onf t"dywdvrf;½Sd wHcg;udk ydwfvdkufMuonf/
nae (4) em&DwGif oD;oefY&JtzGJUrS &Jom; (100) cefYonf t"du½kPf; ESdrfESif;a&;um; (2) pD;? aoewfudkif
wyfrawmfum; (5) pD; a&mufvmonf/ 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD;pdefvGif? 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;ausmf? 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;armifarmifc
vufaxmuf&Jrif;BuD; OD;vSaiGwdkY urm½Gwf&JXmewGif a&muf½Sdaeonf/ oD;oefY&Jrsm;u rsuf&nf,dkAkH; (7) vHk; ypf
azmufvdkufonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u qufvuf qE´jya<u;aMumfaeqJ jzpfonf/ 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;pdefvGifu &Jrif;BuD;
OD;vSaiGtm; &Jrsm;jzifhom qlylrIxdef;ay;&ef wm0efay;onf/
nae (4) em&D (20) rdepfwiG f txl;owif; axmufvrS ;f a&;Xme &Jrif;BuD; OD;armifarmifEiS hf wwd,&mZ0wf
w&m;olBuD; OD;armifarmifMunfwdkY a&muf½SdvmNyD; tajctaeudk tuJcwfMuonf/ AdkvfrSL;BuD;oef;pdef? AdkvfrSL;BuD;
wifpdk;? &efukef&Jrif;BuD; OD;cifarmifarmif? 'k-&Jrif;BuD; OD;oef;? 'kAdkvfrSL;BuD;pdefvGifwdkYvnf; a&muf½Sdvmonf/
nae (4) em&D (45) rdepfwGif rsuf&nf,dkAHk; (6) vHk;ypfNyD; ESdrfeif;jyefonf/ odkYaomf ausmif;om;rsm;
684
qufvufqE´jyaeí aemufxyfAkH; (4) vHk; xyfí azmufonf/

ausmif;om;rsm; vIyf½Sm;rI tenf;i,f &yfqdkif;oGm;aomf 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;pdefvGifonf ausmif;om;rsm;qD
odkYoGm;NyD; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; xGufyg[kajym&m udkusif? udkpdef0if;? udkxGef;ausmf? udk0if;ñGefY? wuúodkvf
t&Hwyf&if;rS ppf0wfpHk0wfxm;aom udkvSxGef;wdkY xGufvmMuonf/ 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;pdefvGifu qlylrIudkxdef;ay;u
rdrdwdkY&Jrsm; jyefvnf½kyfodrf;ay;rnf[k ajymonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u ppf0wfpHk0wfxm;aom udkvSxGef;\tusÐudk
0dik ;f ícRwNf yD; ppfO;D xkyu
f kd abmfv;kH vdv
k yk Nf yD; uefMuonf/ xdYk aemuf qE´jyrIrsm;? cJypfrrI sm; qufvuf jzpfymG ;vmMuNyD;
oD;oefY&Jrsm;u rsuf&nf,dkAHk; (6) vHk;xyfrHypf&m rsuf&nf,dkAHk;aMumifh 'Pf&m&oGm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tcsif;
csif;az;rí taqmiftwGif;odkY ac:,loGm;onf/
nae (5) em&D (45) rdepfwiG f 'k-Akv d rf LS ;BuD;pdev
f iG u
f &Jrsm;udk jyefvnf½yk o
f rd ;f NyD; ppfwyfukd tapmifch svu
kd f
aomtcgwGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf t"dywdvrf;zufodkY ay (20) cefY qkwfoGm;NyD; ygarmu©csKyfOD;um\ pudk'g
p^659? ausmif;½kH;ykdif abmufp*Gef p^6203 udk vrf;ray:odkY wGef;vmNyD; rD;½dIUvdkufMuonf/
ausmif;om;rsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmNyD; qE´jyrIjrifhrm;vmum a<u;aMumfoHrsm; ykdrdkjrifhrm;vmonf/ nae
(5) em&D rdepf (40) wGif 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;oef;pdefu qlylrI&yfqdkif;&ef ajymonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; qufvufqE´jyae&m
ntcsdefwGif aoewfESifh ypfcwfESdrfeif;cJh&m aoqHk;rIrsm;? 'Pf&m&rIrsm; jzpfay:cJhonf/ &efukefc½dkif &mZ0wfw&m;
olBuD;u urm½Gwft0dkif;BuD;e,fajrtm; yk'fr (144) xkwfjyefNyD; wuúodkvfe,fajrtwGif; ae0ifrD;Nidrf;trdefY xkwf
vdkufonf/
wuo taqmuftODa½SY
t"dywdvrf;rBu;D ay:wiG f
&JEiS aUf usmif;om;
y#dyu©jrifuiG ;f
ausmif;om;wdu hk cJjzifaU yguf

&Jrsm;u rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH ypfNy;D
vlpck aGJ epOfawG&Y yHk
685
Zlvikd v
f (7) &uf ausmif;om;ESi&Uf J
tjyeftvSef y#dyu©jzpfymG ;Ny;D
ausmif;om;rsm;xyfrH zrf;qD;rIrvkyEf ikd &f ef
t"dywdvrf; t"dut0ifayguf wHcg;Bu;D udk
ausmif;om;rsm;u ydwx f m;vduk o f nf
rEåav;aqmifEiS Uf
tr&aqmifEpS cf Mk um;rS

qE´jya<u;aMumfaeMuaom
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; qlyrl rI jyK&ef
'k-Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D pdev
f iG f
oGm;a&mufajymMum;aepOf
(q) aoqH;k ol? 'Pf&m&ol? aysmufq;kH ol? zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;pm&if;

aoqHk;olrsm;pm&if;
1/ armifcifñGefY(c)cifarmifñGefY 'k-ESpf (bDat)
2/ armifpef;a½T tcef; (83)? ppfudkif;aqmif Oypmtydkif; (c)
3/ armifausmf0if; rEÅav;aqmif 0dZÆm (c)
4/ armifpdef0if; tcef; (91)? awmifilaqmif 0dZÆm (c)
5/ armifusifrdk; xm;0,fausmif;? Am;u&m
6/ armifoef;xGef; awmifilBuD;
7/ armifwifñGefY wuúodkvf0ifpmppfXme? pma&;
8/ armifpdef0if; xGef;tvGwfynmoifausmif;
9/ qlAm; tvkyform;
10/ udkwifxGef; yJcl;aqmif
'Pf&m&olrsm;
1/ udkrif;vGif yif;,aqmif bDtufpD (c) wef;
2/ udkpdk;ñGefY waumif;aqmif tdkiftufpD (c) wef;
3/ udkÓPf '*Hkaqmif tdkifat (c)
686
4/ udkwifvIdif yk*Haqmif tdkifat (c)

5/ udkwifxGef; waumif;aqmif bDat (at)
6/ udkpdk;0if; jynfausmif;aqmif tdkifat (bD)
7/ udkat;Munf aeYausmif;om; tdkiftufpD (at)
8/ udkcifOD; yif;,aqmif bDat (bD)
9/ udkatmifrif; aeYausmif;om; bDtufpD (bD)
10/ udkxGef;Nidrf; rEÅav;aqmif bDat (bD)
11/ udkxGef;vIdif oxkHaqmif bDat (bD)
12/ udkcspfatmif oxkH (3) vrf; bDtufpD (bD)
13/ OD;zdk;pdef "gwkaA'enf;jy
14/ udkaxG;Edkif rEÅav;aqmif bDat (bD)
15/ udkausmfodef; *kHavQmfpuf? tvkyform;
16/ rpöwmtm*,Drif; wHwm;jzLae
17/ armifpdefoD tvkyform;wef;vsm;
18/ udkpm&Dvdwf OypmodyÜH (c)
19/ udkaevif; Oypm (u)
20/ udkÓPf Oypm (c)
21/ udkwif½Sdef jynfaqmif 0dZÆm (u)
22/ udkausmfrif; yJcl;aqmif 0dZÆm (c)
23/ udkwifatmif yJcl;aqmif 0dZÆm*kPfxl;
24/ udkjrifhvGif waumif;aqmif 0dZÆm (u)
25/ udkbaomf yk*Haqmif Oypm (c)
26/ udkatmifjrifh yif;,aqmif Oypm (c)
27/ udk*geywf yif;,aqmif 0dZÆm*kPfxl;
28/ udk[ife&D yif;,aqmif Oypm (u)
29/ udkjrwfNidrf; rEÅav;aqmif 0dZÆm (u)
30/ udkxGef;jrifhqefeD Oypm (u)
31/ udkarmifarmifvwf Oypm (c)
32/ udkvSatmif 0dZÆmwef;
33/ udkcifOD; 0dZÆm (c)
34/ udkrdk;pdef 0dZÆmodyÜH
35/ udkpwefavaomif; OypmodyÜH (c)
36/ udkoef;a|; OypmodyÜH (u)
37/ udka½Tat;(c)tuf'0yfat; t&yfom;
38/ udkpdefwD t&yfom;
39/ udkpdk;0if; t&yfom;
40/ udkjrifhodef; t&yfom;
41/ udkpE´&mwm; a½Tbkdaqmif? rmvDrSL;
42/ OD;pdefarmif vuform;
43/ armifpdef0if; pufrIvufrIausmif;om;
44/ udkcspfarmif puffrIvufrIausmif;om;
45/ rjrifhjrifh wuúodkvf0if;? t&yfol
46/ roef;&if wuúodkvf0if;? t&yfol
687
tzrf;qD;cH&olrsm;
1/ udkjynfñGefY awmifilaqmif 0dZÆm (u)
2/ udkwifaiG (45)? tmwD;,m;vrf; OyZÆm (u)
3/ udkwifxGef;(c)udkodef;xdkuf OyZÆm (u)
4/ udkcspfarmif tr&aqmif 0dZÆm (c)
5/ udk0if;Munf rEÅav;aqmif 0dZÆm (c)
6/ udkxdef0if; rEÅav;aqmif 0dZÆm (c)
7/ udkb&if oufBuD;wuúodkvf 0dZÆmodyÜH (u)
8/ udkouf Auo-Ouú| 0dZÆm*kPfxl;aemufqHk;ESpf
9/ udkBuD;pdef OypmodyÜH (u)
10/ udkÓPf0if; &uo-twGif;a&;rSL;
11/ udkAaqGav; wuo-Ouú|
12/ udkouf0if; yJcl;aqmif OypmodyÜH (c)
13/ udknDav;(c)udk&Jatmif ynmwefaqmifausmif;
14/ udkapmr& tif;0aqmif 0dZÆm (u)
15/ udkcsKdcsKd(c)udkjroef; oxHkaqmif 0dZÆmodyÜ H(c)
16/ udkrif;atmif(c)atmifatmif awmifilaqmif Oypm (c)
17/ udkxGef;wif aq;odyÜHaemufqHk;ESpf
18/ udkcifxGef; atmufMunfhjrifwdkifvrf; t&yfom;
19/ udkav;jcpf(c)udkwifvIdif trSwf (72)? vdIifjrpfvrf; t&yfom;
20/ udkwifat; awmifilaqmif
21/ udk0if;Munf rEÅav;aqmif
pm&if;rjyEdkifol? aysmufqHk;ol ausmif;om; (40) yg0ifonf/
(Z) wuotaqmiftODBu;D NzKd cjJG cif;

1962 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (8) &uf? eHeuf (6) em&DwGif wuúodkvfor*¾taqmuftODudk 'dkif;erdkufjzifh NzdKcGJypf
vdkufavonf/ e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? zufqpfqefYusifa&;? trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ordkif; rSwfwdkifBuD;jzpfaom
&efuek wf uúov kd o
f r*¾ taqmuftODBuD;udk rdu k rf pJ mG NzdKcGv
J u
kd o
f nf/ xkrd QESihf r&yfao;bJ wm0eft½Sq d ;kH yk*Kd¾ vfjzpfaom
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD Ouú| AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u ]¤if;taqmuftODrmS ausmif;om;rsm;udk tvGo J ;kH pm;vkyu f m ausmif;
tmPmydik Ef iS Uf tpd;k &udk ykeu
f efvaYHI qmfonft
U aqmuftOD jzpfvmaMumif;ESiUf ajratmufoyl ek rf sm; vQK0Yd u S q f ufo, G &f m
XmecsKyfBuD;jzpfí Mum½SnfcGifUrjyKEdkifojzifU NzdKcGJvdkuf&aMumif;? "g;"g;csif;? vSHvSHjcif;}[k ajymqdkoGm;avonf/ odkYaomf
wuoonfvnf;aumif;? Auoonfvnf;aumif; raoqHk;? tNzdKcGJrcH&ay/ ausmif;om;ordkif;onf qufvuf
xGef;ajymifaernf? ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIonf qufvuf½Sifoefaernfom jzpfonf/ trSefw&m;onf rnfodkYaom
tcgrQ zH;k uG,í f r&ay/ xm0&wnfjrJaeaom trSew f &m;twGuf trSew f &m;bufawmfom;rsm;u qufvuf avQmuf
vSr;f aeMuOD;rnf? trSew f &m;udk qefYusiforl sm;vnf; ½Sad eOD;rnf? ausmif;om;ESihf ausmif;rsm;onfvnf; qufvuf½dS
aeOD;rnf/
(wzufpmrsufESmrS yHkrsm;)
tay:- wuotaqmuftOD aY½½S dS
Adv
k af tmifausmaf usmufwikd uf kd
tysut
f qD;rsm;Mum;wGif þodahk wG&Y onf
atmuf- (*) &ufaeh reuf (6) em&DwGif 'dkif;erdkufESifU

azmufczGJ suq
f ;D tNy;D ½Si;f vif;aeMupOf
688
Source: Unknown
689
Source: The Student Movement and Civil War in Burma: page-84 (unknown)
1962 ck? Zlvikd v

f (12) &ufaehxw k f [Hom0wDowif;pm a½SrY suEf mS zH;k wGif Zlvikd f (7) &ufta&; aemufqufwjGJ zpf&yfrsm;udk þodahk zmfjycJo h nf
(tay:^0Jzuf- om;aoqH;k aMumif;od&í aiGa<u;aeaom rdcif/ tay:^nmzuf- ausmif;rsm;ydwv f ukd af Mumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;
tdrjf yef&eftrdex
hf wk v
f u f nf/ atmuf^0J- aoqH;k oltcsK\
dk o Yd tavmif;rsm;udo k m rdbaqGrsK;d ud,
k wf ikd f oN*K[
Ø cf iG &Uf cJMU uonf/)
690
a'gif;&moDjynfawmfvSefa&;
(1)
À trSefw&m;&JU
&rufuGef,ufxJ À rm,meJU vSnfhpm;xm;wJh
igh - ayvTmawG
awmfvSefa&;twåawG jcaoFh (2) aumifu
0JysHoGm;w,f/ [m;wdkuf&,farm
csKd;jzLwdkY&JUcg;oD;yHk&dyf
(2) tdk;a0wdkY&JUawmifvdkyHkwJh
À twdwf&mZ0ifqdk; [pfa<u;oH
yJhwifoH[m bGJUESif;obifcef;ru
tmPmpufoHrPdtdrfudk &ifcGifydkufxm;wkef;bJ/
jymcs À O'gef;raMu
&J&ifhwJhtem*wfrsKd;qufysKd urÇmwnfr,fh trSwfw&
urÇmraMuwJh vufoD;qkyfxJ Adkvfatmifausmf
tm;rmef ausmufwdkifuajym
acgif;ndwfwcsuf or*¾ajrrIefUawG
tjyHK;wvSnfh em;pGifhodrf;xm;w,f/
tpfudkBuD;opfykwfyif À [dk; - cyfvSrf;vSrf;u
uMunfh wkdif (18) wkdifeJY
'gayr,fh *syfqifacgif;avmif;rSm
ppfbdeyfoHawG aoG;pufawGeJY/
ppfaoewfoHawG À 'g -
ppfrsuf&nf,dkAHk;awG cGyfa'gif;wdkY&J
ppf*ef;ydkufvHk;awGaMumifh xm0&tjyHK;w&m;ay:uowÅd
olYtoJtrm&Gwfu ol&Jaumif;tmZmenfwdkY&JU
awmufacgufaew,f/ armfuGef;awGyJ/
À uHah umf
pdefyef; (3)
pG,fawmfawG[m À arceJYrvdcom;awmf
'@m&Dr[kwfwJh ]]r[m{&m0wD}}a&
usnfqHawGudk jynfolawG&JU
a'gormefeJY zsm;emaewJhvGwfvyfa&;
tHBudwfMunfhaew,f/ tm;emaewJhom,mrI
acgifrvHkwJh aysmf½TifrI
ted|m½Hkyef;csDum;xJu
trJa&mifaq;pufawG
'gawGudk -
rif;&JUopömw&m;eJY
691
oefYpify,f½Sm;
'Drdkua&pDtysKd&nfzsufol
vlYtcGifhta&;yef;a>col
jynfolYtaoG;udkaomuf
tom;udktjrnf;yGJvkyfaewJh
rdpämewfqdk;arG;pm;
rdef;rysuf&JUom; (5)
bmr[kwfnmr[kwf À tawG;acguf rsKd;wHk;
vlpmG vkyf todÓPfu edrfh½IH;
bmrxl;nmrxl; tEkynmu a0;qHk;jzpfapwJh
wPSmcyf½l;½l;eJY vrdkuf
yv’ifay:wuf oufMum;tdk
rsKd;rppfwJh &ifjyifudk
[dk[mpm;wJh rif;&JUa'gif;aowJh
0pDyg'fawGeJY xkwfydk; qifaowJh
0dyguBudrfwHeJY a&pD;tm;rmefeJY
&mZ0wfom;awG wdkufpm;
uGyfrsufwJh ]oHvGif} a&
cHukef;rSm - a&mifeDNzKd;armuf
rif;&JUtm;rmefeJY t½kPfta&muf
ajrjr§KyfoN*KØ[fay;cJhyg &ifjyifopfodkY ydkYaqmifay;cJhyg/
]r[m{&m0wD} a& - /
(6)
(4) À t½dk;NzdKif;NzdKif;
À a&½dkif; cg;udkif;udkif;
ajr½dkif;u tykyfeHYwvdIifvdIif
yef;½dkif;awG uifqmawmifrEdkif
uEÅm&rJhtkdatppfawGjzwf acsmif;w[Gwf[Gwfqdk;
ppfrJh&yf0ef;qDtoGm; emwm½Snpf u JG yf
odu©mysufyumawG&JU tyifysuf
w&m;ysufwJhpum; [dkra&muf'Dra&muf
tem;rowfwJhoGm;Mum;rSm tyGifh
[dkrSmwpfyGifha<uus [dkrwnfh'Drwnfh
'DrSmwpfyGifhajrc toD;
useftyGifhawG - [dkvdkvdk 'Dvdkvdk
aA'gysHtHudkcJ tjrpf - awGckwfvSJ
]'kwÅm0wD} a& ajrr[DrSm
rif;&JUOD;vnfrokefwJh pdrf;vef;
tMuifemw&m;eJY Nidrf;csrf;wJh
aEG;axG;ay;cJhyg/ ESif;yef;awG
pdkufay;cJhyg
]ppfawmif;} a&
692
(7) waqGvufopf
À awmfvSefa&; toGifeJY
ESvHk;ysuftm;aq; aEGobm0udkzsuf
aomufcsifolrsm; 'Dawmh -
awmfvSefa&; jcpfjcpfawmuftylcsdefrSm
aemufxrsm; ukwftusÐxlxl0wf
awmfvSefa&; rD;xdkifvIHae&w,f/
aiGpkpmtkyf À aEGxJuwaygif;
vkyfcsifolrsm; waygif;xJu vli,fopfwdkYpsmye
awmfvSefa&; waygif;xJu oHzaemifhatmuf
rsufrSefpdrf; jzLpifwJhvGwfvyfa&;yef;yGifhrsm;
wyfMunfholrsm; waygif;xJrS awmfvSefa&;awGx
'Dolrsm; - aerif;u rsufaxmifheDeJYMunfh
'Dolrsm; - ik0gcufay:u rsuf&nfpuftwGuf
]upäye'D} a& wdrfoufwefYawGyifhouf½dIuf
rif;&JUvIdif;eJY aeMuw,f/
o,faqmif À aEG&JUt&dyf[m
a&atmufocsØKif;rSm avjyifudkjzwf
eef;awmfwnfaqmuf ½dk;rudkazmuf
olwdkYudk awmifawGudkausmf
urÜnf;wif wdkufyGJ0ifvG,ftdwfvG,f
ae&may;vdkufyg/ aoG;*vJhpm;
OD;xkyfudkaqmif;
(8) tpdrf;a&mif
À aEG[m - oHvGifcufudkcsD
&moDtdrfr[kwf trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
oP²mef½kyfryD ,rf;aiGUudky,f
a0'emav[yf (4) &ufaeYtysKdrudk
iSufzsm;pGJuyfaew,f/ u,fwifzdkY
À trSm;zufwJh w&m;ysufawG a'gif;jynfudk
ykwD;wzufudkudkif jzefYusufcJhao;w,f/
ightwGufqdkwJh
rmewufwJh (9)
pum;tufawGeJU À rdk;[m
"g;wpfvufudkqGJ ZGef? Zlvdkif&JU
ighaqGighrsKd; *E¦0iftedpaö wG
y&rJhawGzuf jyefac:n§d
'ku©dwpmaA' Mo*kwfv&JUaeUopfrSm
aoewfwpfvufudkxrf; yef;ykxktoday;
tkdemusKd;uef; teufa&mifpufwifbmaeYudk
'óeduawGwyfqif tkwf*loGif;zdkY
um&efrJhtqdyfawGvTwf uwdjyKvdkufw,f/
693
À ezm;BudK;wyfcH&wJh
csnfwdkifuEGm;
jcHapmifhacG; (10)
nwa&;Edk; À ESif;ouú&mZfpuf
tdyfa&;ysufoHeJY jrLcdk;em&DtdkrSm
iSuf½kyfqdk;aMumif; tvif;a&mifawG
rdk;pufyGifhvuFmawG pkwfjyJjcpm;
om;aMumjywf tpawG zGmvefMuJ
rsKd;qufopfuAsmawG ,Ofaus;rIawGrIdwuf
udk,f0efysufusoGm;w,f/ 'DZifbmaqmif;[m
À rdk;xJurkwfokH tyl'D*&DqufcJh&w,f/
rkwfokHxJrSm À aoG;r&SdwJh
a½T0ga&mifpyg;ESHawG t"r®0g'D
OD;armh ayw&mrSm tMurf;zuf
rkwfokHxJrSm jynfolawG toufquf
pmtHoHawGwdwf aqmif;tvSawG ysufcJh&w,f/
rkwfokHxJrSm À aqmif;xJu ESif;&nf
awmfvSefa&;awGquf ESif;&nfxJu rsKd;qufawG
wdrfjymutm;ay; b0udkay;
a0[ifuvufckyfwD; tnMw toufawGpaw;
ESif;qDjzLawG tm;wufcJhMuw,f/ awmfvSefa&;u aoG;ykwfudkaq;
À rdk;&JUedrdwf[m yv’ifodrf;yGJ
a&jyifudkMuufajccwf ½IH;edrfholawG
urf;ajcudkajy;uyf usdefpmqdk
ajcmufaoGUrIudkab;iwf vrif;rsufvHk;rSm
ppfiwfrGwfolwdkYtwGuf ta&mif[yf
Zmwfodrf;cef;c&mrIwf ydawmufeJYtwl
ppfESvHk;emolwdkYtwGuf ryGifhwJhca&awG
at;Nidrf;wJhyef;awmfquf a<ucJh&w,f/
trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf À aqmif;&JUqHNrdwf[m
cJawmifhawGy,f a0[ifudkodrf;
(4) &ufaeY tysKdrudk ta&mifawGudkxdef;
vufqGJEIwfqufzdkY tdkufpyfpyfudkpdrf;
a'gif;jynfudk oHajcusOf;cwfcH&olawG
vTrf;jcHKcJhao;w,f/ jrL;<u
wHcg;txyfxyfaemufolawG
pdwfus
trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
aMu;pm;awGudkz,f
(4) &ufaeY tysKdrudk
vufcsif;,SufzdkY
a'gif;jynfudk
AsL[mcif;cJhw,f/
694
(11)
À tzdk;rIdif;a&
trsKd;½dkif;awGu
½kyfawGudkcsKyfaESmif
pdwfawGudkydwfavSmif oli,fcsif;awG&JU acwfopfrSmaEG; - atmif
cHpm;rIawGysufjym; tartdk&JU rsuf&nfudkwdwf
qmavmifawGBuD;xGm; cspfolawG&JU pdk;½GHUrIudktdyf
aygufuGJrIudk ESrysKdawG&JU ½dIufoHudkydwf
avjzwfatmif tdrfolawG&JU EGrf;vsrIudkrSdwf - atmif
taoowfaew,f/ trdajr -
À tzqef;a& tzEdkifiHrSm -
trsKd;uef;awGaMumifh rvGwfvyfrIawG
vufxdyftopfeJY usqHk;zdkY
tdyfr&wJhn awmfvSefa&;apmifudktkyf
ausmcif;topfeJY aq;pufcyfrsm;rsm;
tusOf;cswJhn pkwfcsufcyfjyif;jyif;
a'gufajcusOf;eJY awmfvSefa&; yef;csDum;qGJ
wdkufydwfcH&wJhn ighcE¨m urÇmrSm
tdyfrufr[kwfwJh awmfvSefa&; ZD0ydk;rTm;awG
'Dn - x<uaomif;usef;
'Dn - EdkifiHwumrSmtvHpdkuf
awmfvSefa&;rsufpdn awmfvSefa&;twGuf
a&wdrfepfatmif ighonf;ajc
vkyfaeMuw,f/ taerwwfawmhbl;/
À tzdk;rIdif;eJY
tzqef;a& (13)
awmfvSefa&;u 'l;raxmuf À Owå&avawG
awmfvSefa&;u OD;rñGwf tdrfjyeftem;,lwJhtcg
awmfvSefa&;u t½HI;ray; awmifolawG
awmfvSefa&; tzsuform;rsm; ,mrD;½dIUNyD;wJhtcg
pdwfawGarSmufrSm; aumufopfpm;yGJawG
aoG;avacsmufjcm;aew,f/ usif;ywJhtcg
cgumbdk&mZD awmifxdyfa&muf
(12) v&dyfvIHaewJh
À tztdk&JU rajywJha<u; (4) &ufaeYtysKdr
nDtpfudkawG&JU toufeJYaoG; tjrefjyefvmyg/
&JabmfawG&JU acwfa[mif;rSmaqG; À awmfvSefa&;om;ysKdav;
usef;rmygap/
(atmifxeG ;f )
695
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI "gwyf t
kH csKUd
Source: Dr KTT (ASO's Students Movement

&efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (wuo)
taqmuftODwiG f usi;f ycJaU om tpnf;ta0;
Source: Unknown
'kw,
d urÇmppftNy;D u &efuek w
f uúov kd f
wuúov kd af umifpcD ef;r
t"dywdvrf;qE´jyyGJ (,mzufü tvHuikd Nf y;D qE´jyaeolrmS

udv k aS 0jzpfonf/ 1988ckEpS af emufyikd ;f ü

vlaY bmifopf'rD ukd &ufwpfygw\ D
vTwaf wmfu,kd pf m;vS,af vmif;tjzpf urm½GwNf rKd eY ,frS
pm&if;wifoiG ;f Ny;D a½G;aumufyrJG wdik rf wD &ufü e0wrS
zrf;qD;jcif;udck cH &UJ onf/)
S E´jyyGJ (0Jr,
tif;0aqmifa½Y q S m xdik af eolrsm;-
696 udck ifarmiftek ;f ? udak tmifcif? udek efZifvm)
&efuek w
f uúov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú|rsm;
(1930-1962)
1/ udkausmfcif 1930-31
2/ udkxGef;pdef 1931-32
udkbdk;ul; / udkxGef;pdef EkwfxGufí Mum;jzwfa½G;aumufyJGjzifh a½G;cs,fonf/
3/ udkpHazmfatmif 1932-33
4/ udkodef;armif 1933-34
5/ udkzdk;at; 1934-35
6/ udEk k 1935-36
7/ udk&m½Spf 1936-37
8/ udkb*srf; 1937-38
9/ udkatmifqef; 1938-39
udkA[def; / udak tmifqef; oufwrf;ukeaf tmif raqmif½u
G b
f J wdYk Armtpnf;t½H;k
odkY 0ifoGm;í udkA[def; qufvufaqmif½Gufonf/
10/ udkvSa½T 1939-40
11/ udkAaqG 1940-41
12/ udkvSarmif 1941-42
('kwd,urÇmppftwGif; wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ zJGYpnf;jcif;r½Sdyg/)
13/ udkoef; 1945-46

14/ udkoef;armif (ol&d,) 1946-47
15/ udkpdefvS 1947-48
16/ udk&efa0; 1948-49
17/ udkarmifarmifausmf 1949-50
18/ udkudkav; 1950-51
19/ udkpdefbef; 1951-52
20/ udkudkBuD; 1952-53
(1953-54 wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ a½G;aumufyGJysufí wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ r½Sday/)
21/ udkwifxGef; 1954-55

22/ udkwifxGef; (ewfarmuf) 1955-56
23/ udkpodef;[ef 1956-57
24/ udkpdk;odef; 1957-58
25/ udkcifarmiftkef; 1958-59
26/ udkvSwif 1959-60
27/ udkwifat; 1960-61
28/ udkAaqGav; 1961-62
697
aemufqufwJG
698
aemuf
aemuf
quf
qw ufGJ w(24)
GJ
To
..............................
..............................
..............................
Date ..............................
All BURMA STUDENTS’ CONFERENCE
1. The above Conference will be held in Rangoon coming the third week of April,
1936, (most probably on the 21st and 22nd of April, 1936, the exact date and
place will be notified later) under the auspices of the Rangoon University Boycotters’
council.
2. The session will last two days.
3. All schools and Colleges can send delegates to this CONFERENCE, and a fee of
Rs. 1/- will be levied for each delegate.
4. Free messing and accommodation for the delegates will be provided by the Rangoon
University boycotters’ Council during the Conference. But delegates will have to
bear their own travelling expense.
5. All Students wishing to attend as delegate are requested to inform the Rangoon
University Boycotters’ Council either individually or collectively.
6. The number of delegate is not limited.
7. These attending to attend the Conference are requested to send to the Rangoon
University Boycotters’ Council, before the 10th of April, 1936 all resolutions to be
moved at the Conference.
8. All delegate arriving at Rangoon are requested to report at the Headquarters,
Rangoon University Boycotters’ immediately on arrival in Rangoon. Previous
intimation of time and date of arrival should also be sent.
Conference Section,
University Boycotter’s Council
Shwedagon Pagoda,
Rangoon.
- 1 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ tkycf sKyaf &; - pnf;rsO;f Oya'
tcef; (1)
trnf
1/ / þtzGJUudk ]ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾XmecsKyf} [k ac:wGifap&rnf/ (a½SUqufvufíum;
twdkcsKH;í ]Auo} [k ac:a0:vdrfhrnf/)
rSwfcsuf- or*¾cGJrsm;tzdkY? ausmif;eHrnfESifh c½dkiftvdkuf NrdKUe,fwGJí ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾
cGJ[k ac:qdk&rnf/
&nf½G,fcsuf
2/ / þtzGJU\ &nf½G,fcsufrsm;um;/
(1) urÇmw0Sr;f vH;k ½Sad usmif;om;rsm;ESihf ae&mwdik ;f wGif &ifabmifwef;í wOD;ESiw hf OD; jzLpifaomarwåmjzifh
qufqH&ef/ aygif;oif;qufqH pnf;vHk;um ausmif;om;avmuBuD;udk wnfaxmif&ef/
(2) ausmif;om;wdkif; ausmif;olwdkif;tm; um,Av? ÓPAvESifh pm&dwåzGHUNzdK; &ifhoef aumif;rGefap&ef/
(3) ausmif;om;wdkif; ausmif;om;wdkif;tm;? wkdif;cspfjynfcspf pdwf"gwfESifh vGwfvyfaom pdwf"gwfrsm;
arG;jrLay;&ef/
(4) wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk od½Sdem;vnf&efESifh ausyGefpGmxrf;aqmifEdkif&ef/
(5) ArmEdik if \H ynma&;tqift h wef;udk jr§iwhf if&efEiS hf ausmif;om;rsm;\ &oif&h xdu k af om tcGit
hf a&;
rsm;udk w&m;aomenf;vrf;jzifh awmif;qdkEdkif&ef/
(6) ArmEdik if \H vGwv f yfa&;wnfwrhH w I iG f ausmif;om;tiftm;pkonf wk;d wufaomwyfO;D tjzpfEiS hf yg0if
Edkif&ef jzpfayonf/
3/ / txufygyk'fr (2) wGif azmfjyaom &nf½G,fcsufrsm; atmifjrifap&ef or*¾\ atmufygvkyfief;rsm;udk
aqmif½Gufrnf/
(1) urÇmw0Srf;vHk;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHEdkif&eftwGuf/
(u) urÇmvHk;qkdif&mausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfESifh qufoG,fyl;aygif;rnf/
(c) Edik if jH cm;odYk ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;apvTwjf cif;? Edik if jH cm;rS ausmif;om;ud,k pf m;vnfrsm; zdwMf um;
jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdausmif;om;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHtoD;oD;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;\ &if;ESD;pGm qufoG,frI
udk BudK;yrf;rnf/
(2) ausmif;om;wdkif;tm; um,Av? ÓPAv? pm&dwåAv? rdwåAv? zGHUNzdK;&ifhoef aumif;rGefap&ef/
wkdif;cspfjynfcspf pdwf"gwfESifh vGwfvyfaom pdwf"gwfrsm; arG;jrLay;&ef wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk od½Sdem;
vnf&ef ausyGefpGmxrf;aqmifEdkif&ef wdkYtwGuf-
(u) pum;&nfvkyGJ? aqG;aEG;yGJ? a[majymyGJrsm; usif;yjyKvkyfay;jcif;?
(c) oifwef;rsm; jyKvkyfay;jcif;?
(*) pmpDpmukH;NydKifyGJrsm; jyKvkyfay;jcif;?
(C) pm½Gufpmwrf; pmapmifrsm; ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0jcif;?
(i) pmMunfhwdkufrsm; zGifhvSpfay;jcif;?
(p) tdrfwGif;upm;rIrsm;ESifh jyifyupm;rIrsm;udk tm;ay;í NydKifyGJrsm;usif;yay;jcif;?
(q) ausmif;om;rsm;ESpfouf&m? 0goemyg&m? aqG;aEG;yGJ tzGJUi,frsm;zGJUpnf;ay;jcif;?
(1) t*Fvdyfpm? (2) jrefrmpmay? (3) EdkifiHordkif;? (4) yx0D?
(5) ywf0ef;usifavmuESifhoufqdkif&m? (6) odyÜHynm? (7) wl&d,m?
(8) um,AvESifh tm;upm;? (9) EdkifiHa&;ynm? (10) tzGJUi,fwdkY jzpfonf/
(3) ArmEkdifiH\ ynma&;tqifhtwef;jr§ifhwif&ef/ ausmif;om;rsm;\tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f&efESifh
ArmEdik if v
H w G v f yfa&; wnfwrhH w I iG f ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾onf wd;k wufaom wyfO;D tjzpf yg0ifEikd af &;
twGuf-
- 2 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
(u) urÇmw0Srf;vHk;½Sd EdkifiHtoD;oD;\ ynma&;pepf ynma&;0g'udk qnf;yl;avhvmjcif;/

(c) ynma&;ESiyhf wfowfí jyKjyif&ef? csUJ xGi&f ef vdt
k yfonfrsm;udk oufqikd &f m tmPmydik rf sm;xHrS
awmif;qdkjcif;/
(*) pmrwwfol yaysmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif½Gufjcif;/
(C) EdkifiHa&;ynmESifh EdkifiHa&;0g'toD;oD;udk vGwfvyfpGm avhvmqnf;yl;jcif;/
(i) ausmif;om;wyfzGJUpnf;í ppfynmavhusifhjcif;/
rSwcf su-f yk'fr (6) rysufcifpyfMum; þ (i) tydk'fwGif ausmif;om;&Jacgif[k eHrnfajymif;í
ppfynmvufawGUavhusifhjcif;rS acwå&yfpJxm;&rnf/
(p) ausmif;om;rsm;onf rnfonfyh gwD *dP k ;f *Prqdk vkyif ef;pOfuu
kd n
f v
D Qif tultnDay;jcif;?
yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifonf/
- ausmif;om;tusdK;twGuf wckwnf;omjzpf&rnf/
- wrsKd;om;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifaom EdkifiHa&;jyóemrsm;
- ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;rS qHk;jzwfaomrlESifh vrf;pOfrsm;jzpfcJhaom þjyóemtoD;
oD;rsm;udk aqmif½GufEdkifonf/
tcef; (2)
or*¾0ifaMu;ESifU or*¾0ifa&;
1/ / ArmEdkifiH rnfonfhausmif;rsKd;rqdk? pmayoif,lavhvmqJ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkif; or*¾0iftjzpf
vufcH&rnf/
2/ / txufyg tcef; (2)? yk'fr (1) t& atmufazmfjyyg t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh jynfhpHkolrsm;udkom or*¾0if
tjzpfvufcH&rnf/
(u) touf (10) ESpf jynfh&rnf/
(c) udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;rGefí or*¾\aus;Zl;opömudk apmifhod½dkaooljzpf&rnf/
(*) A[dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ 0ifjzpfap? c½dik t f rIaqmiftzGUJ 0ifjzpfap (odYk r[kw)f or*¾ct JG rIaqmif tzGUJ 0ifjzpfap
¤if;yk*¾dKvfrsm;xJrS ESpfOD;u tusifhpm&dwåaumif;aMumif; tmrcH&rnf/
(C) or*¾\&nf½G,fcsufESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk em;vnfvdkufemEdkifol jzpf&rnf/
(i) A[dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ rS tcsdet f cgESiahf vsmfnpD mG owfrw S af om0ifaMu;ESihf ESppf OfaMu;aiGrsm;udk ajyvnf
atmif ay;oGif;Edkifolrsm; jzpf&rnf/
(p) ½l;oGyfaoma&m*gESifh ul;pufwwfaoma&m*grsm; r½Sdap&/
(q) tpOftwdkif; wOD;\trdefYudkwOD; waoGrwdrf;emcH&rnf/
(Z) or*¾0ifvv kd Qif rSwyf w kH ifoufqikd &f mrS 0ifaMu;ESiw hf uGay;,lí axmufcpH mjzifh oufqikd &f mrSwqifh
pD or*¾cGJ NrdKUe,for*¾? c½dkifor*¾\ vufrSwfygaom rSwfyHkwifwapmif XmecsKyfodkY ay;ydkY&rnf/
3/ / or*¾0ifwdkif; or*¾tpnf;ta0;rsm; a½G;aumufyGJrsm;ü rJay;ydkifcGifh½Sdap&rnf/
4/ / or*¾0ifwOD; tjzpf0ifa&muf&ef t&nftcsif;ESifhjynfhpHkol wOD;onf taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; odkYr[kwf
or*¾cGJ twGif;a&;rSL;rS awmif;,l&½SdEdkifaom toif;0ifyHkpHudk tcef; (2)? yk'fr (2)? tydk'fi,f (*) t&? tmrcHolESpfOD;
\ vufrSwfESifh wifoGif;&rnf/
5/ / or*¾0ifwOD; jypfru I sL;vGecf ahJ omf or*¾ct JG rIaqmiftzGUJ u 'gPf½u kd jf cif;? acwåEw
k yf ,fjcif;? vH;k 0Ekwyf ,f
jcif;wdYk ukd jyKvkyEf ikd o
f nf/ þuJo h Ykd jyKvky&f mwGif A[dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ ud, k pf m; c½kid of r*¾ Ouú|\ oabmwlncD sufukd
&,l&rnf/
6/ / txufyg yk'fr (5) t& tjypfay;jcif;cH&aom toif;0ifwOD;onf tu,fí rauseyfvQif A[dkor*¾
OD;pD;tzGJU (odkYr[kwf) EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;nDvmcHrsm;wGif t,lcHydkifcGifh½Sdap&rnf/
7/ / txufygtcef; (2)? yk'fr (357) ? or*¾trIaqmiftjzpf ta½G;cHEkdifcGifhonf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\
wm0efcH tvkyftrIaqmifrsm;jzpfaom or*¾0ifrsm;ü r½Sdap&/
- 3 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
tcef; (3)
or*¾\tzGJYtpnf;rsm;
1/ / or*¾\tzGJUtpnf;rsm;um; atmufygtwdkif;jzpfap&rnf/
(u) ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾nDvmcH (uGef*&uf)
(c) A[dkor*¾OD;pD;tzGJU (aumifpD)
(*) A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJU
(C) c½dkiftrSKaqmiftzGJU
(i) NrdKUe,ftrSKaqmiftzGJU
(p) or*¾cGJtrSKaqmiftzGJU
tcef; (4)
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcH
1/ / ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHwGif atmufygyk*d¾Kvfrsm;yg0if&rnf/
(u) A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;
(c) c½dkifausmif;om;or*¾wdkif;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(*) NrdKUe,for*¾rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
rSwfcsuf- ArmEdik if vH ;kH qkid &f mausmif;om;or*¾crJG sm;rS trsm;qE´t& a½G;aumufwifajr§mufí Edik if v H ;kH qkid &f m nDvmcHoYkd
wufa&muf&rnfh udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&udk A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJUu owfrSwfydkifcGifh ½Sdonf/
2/ / ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHudk omreftm;jzifh wESpfwBudrfus ESpfpOfusif;y&rnf/
3/ / nDvmcHac:qdka&;ESifh ywfoufonfh aeY&uftcsdefESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUu owfrSwfa&;qGJ
ydkifcGifh½Sd&rnf/
4/ / tu,fí A[dt k rSKaqmiftzGUJ tm; ¤if;wdYk onf ½St d yfaom tcGit hf a&;rsm;xuf ydrk v
kd eG uf í J aqmif½u G cf suf
qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; ½So d nf[k ,lqcJv h Qif ¤if;wdYk EiS hf ywfoufí nDvmcHwiG jf zpfap? A[dOk ;D pD;tzGUJ tpnf;ta0;
wGifjzpfap apm'uwufEdkifcGifh ½Sdonf/
5/ / ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHonf tcsKyftcsmtmPm tydkifqHk;jzpfí atmufazmfjyyg udprö sm;ESifhywfouf
aom tqdkrsm; wifoGif;Edkifonf/ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfEdkifonf/
(u) or*¾\ tkycf sKyfa&; pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk jyifqif&ef? jznfph u G &f ef? twnfjyK&ef (odYk r[kw)f y,fzsuf&ef?
(c) or*¾ESifhywfoufaom udpörsm;?
(*) wEdkifiHvHk; wrsKd;om;vHk;ESifh ywfoufaomudpörsm;/
6/ / nDvmcHtpnf;ta0;ü or*¾EiS ahf omfvnf;aumif;? or*¾\vkyif ef;rsm;ESiafh omfvnf;aumif; ywfoufaom
ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jref;EdkifcGifh½Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif ar;jref;vdkaom ar;cGef;\ taMumif;t&mrsm;udk A[dktrSK
aqmiftzGJUodkY BudKwif taMumif;Mum;xm;ESifh&rnf/
7/ / nDvmcHtpnf;ta0;rS cefYrSef;xm;onfh OD;a&\ xuf0ufwufa&mufvQif w&m;0ifxajrmufonf[k
rSwf,l&rnf/
8/ / or*¾\ tkycf sKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;udk jyifqifjznfph u G f (odYk r[kw)f y,fzsufjcif;rsm;udk nDvmcHtzGUJ 0if oH;k yHEk pS yf kH
u qE´rJay;í qE´rJay;olwdkY\ oHk;yHkESpfyHku oabmusrSom twnfjyK&rnf/
9/ / EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHrS A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;&rnf/ ¤if;OD;pD;tzGJUwGif - pnf;rsOf;tcef; (4)? yk'fr
(1)? ydk'fi,f (u) ESifh (c) t& - A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJUESifh c½dkifnDvmcHrsm;rS a½G;aumufwifajr§mufaom
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifap&rnf/
10/ / EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mor*¾Ouú|udk wESpfwBudrf usif;yaom EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHwGif qE´rJjzifh a½G;aumuf
wifajr§muf&rnf/
11/ / txufyg tcef; (4)? yk'fr (10) t& usif;yrnfha½G;aumufyGJudk pnf;rsOf;tcef; (17) t& usif;y&rnf/
12/ / a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;cH&aom Ouú|onf pDrHESifhwGJbufvkyfudkif&ef &mxm;onfh A[dktrSKaqmif
tzGJU0ifrsm;\trnfrsm;udk aMunmNyD;vQif nDvmcH\oabmwlnDcsufudk &,l&rnf/
13/ / or*¾\ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmudk EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcH (odkYr[kwf) trIaqmiftzGJUu wifjy&rnf/
- 4 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
14/ / EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcH tqdkyga½G;aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJUOuú|u obmywd?

taxGtaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;u tusKd;aqmiftjzpf toD;oD;jzpf&rnf/
15/ / tu,fí pnf;rsOf;tcef; (4) yk'fr (14) twdkif; tzGJUoHk;yHkwyHk vufrcHEdkifvQif nDvmcH\ obmywdESifh
tusKd;aqmifudk A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU0ifrsm;xJrS trsm;qE´t& a½G;cs,f&rnf/
tcef; (5)
A[dkOD;pD;tzGJY
1/ / tcef; (4) yk'fr (9) t& zGJUpnf;onfh A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUonf EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHrSvGJí tcsKyftjcm
tmPmtydkifqHk;aom tzGJUjzpf&rnf/
2/ / A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJUESifh rNyD;jywfEdkifaom jyóemt&yf&yfudk A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUu aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwf&rnf/
3/ / A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUudk ta&;ay:onfhtavQmuf ac:,lusif;yEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGifac:ydkifcGifhrSm Ouú|ESifh A[dk
trIaqmiftzGJUüom ½Sdonf/ EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHac:ouJhodkY or*¾cGJrsm;u awmif;,lydkifcGifhr½Sd/
4/ / pnf;rsOf;Oya'ESihf ywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk ,m,Djyifqif jznfph u G jf cif;ESihf ,m,DEw k yf ,fjcif;
rsm;udk A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUu qHk;jzwfjyKvkyfydkifcGifh½Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif vHk;0jyifqifjznfhpGufjcif;? Ekwfy,fjcif;rsm;udk A[dkOD;pD;
tzGJUu jyKvkyfydkifcGifhr½Sd/
5/ / A[kOd ;D pD;tzGUJ onf A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ 0if wOD;OD;tm; tjypftavsmuf &mxl;rS,m,DEw k yf ,fjcif;? &yfqikd ;f
jcif;udk jyKvkyfydkifcGifh½Sdonf/
6/ / A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU\ obmywdESifhtusKd;aqmifrsm;onf A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU\Ouú|ESifh taxGtaxGtwGif;
a&;rSL; toD;oD;jzpf&rnf/
7/ / A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUonf or*¾\vkyfief;pOf tajccHudk jy|mef;Edkifonf/ or*¾\ vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí
A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUtm; pdppfEdkifonf? ñTefMum;Edkifonf/
8/ / A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU\ tpnf;ta0;udk omreftm;jzifh wESpfvQif ESpfBudrf usif;y&rnf/ tpnf;ta0; ac:,la&;
rSm tcef; (5)? yk'fr (3) t&jzpfonf/ A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU\ ESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;wGif
(u) A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJU\ &nf½G,fcsufrsm;udk vnf;aumif; ? tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? aqG;aEG;t
wnf jyK&rnf/
(c) or*¾\ &HyHkaiG pm&if;½Sif;wrf;udk zwfMum;twnfjyK&rnf/
(*) ukefqHk;cJhaom ESpftwGif; NyD;cJhaomvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk trSm;trSef jyefvSefppfaq;jcif; ? a0zefjcif;rsm;
jznfhpGufjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&rnf/
(C) or*¾\vmrnfhESpf 0ifaiG xGufaiG cefrSef;ajcpm&if;udk wifoGif;twnfjyK&rnf/
9/ / A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU\ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí wifvdkvQif (odkYr[kwf) rauseyfcJhvQif qdkif&mnDvmcH
wGif t,lcHEdkifcGifh½Sdonf/
tcef; (6)
A[dktrIaqmiftzGJY
1/ / (u) aemufwBudrf Edik if vH ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHrS a½G;aumufwifajr§mufaom A[dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ opf zGUJ pnf;NyD;
onftxd A[dkor*¾OD;pD;tzGJUrSty tmPmtydkifqHk;jzpfí or*¾\a½SUarSmufwGif usa&mufaom
jyóemt&yf&yfudk aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwf ajz½Sif;ydkifcGifh ½Sdonf/ rdrdvufatmufcHor*¾rsm;\ vkyfief;&yf
toD;oD;wGif yg0ifí tMuHÓPfay;jcif;? wdkufwGef;jcif;rsm;udk vkyfEkdifonf/
(c) A[dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ onf Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHEiS hf A[do
k r*¾O;D pD;tzGUJ rS vTtJ yfaom udpt ö &yf&yfrsm;udk
jzpfajrmufatmifaqmif½u G &f ef tzGUJ taeESiahf omfvnf;aumif;? tzGUJ 0ifwOD;pDtaeESiahf omfvnf;aumif;
½Sdap&rnf/
2/ / or*¾\A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfap&rnf/
(1) Ouú|
(2) 'k-Ouú|
(3) aiGxdef;
- 5 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
(4) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
(5) tjcm; (12) OD; xufrydkaom trIaqmifrsm;/
3/ / Ouú|ESiAhf [dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ 0ifrsm;onf rnfonfEh ikd if aH &;ygwD\ wm0efc?H tvkyt f rIaqmifrsm; rjzpfap&/
4/ / or*¾0iftoif;om;tjzpf tenf;qHk;wESpf 0ifa&mufNyD;rSom A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUwGif yg0ifEdkifonf/
rSwcf su-f or*¾tzGUJ csKyfEiS qhf ufo,
G Nf yD; or*¾crJG sm;wGif or*¾0iftjzpf tenf;qH;k wESpyf g0ifb;l olrsm;udk qdv k o
kd nf/
5/ / A[dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ \Ouú|onf A[dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ 0iftjzpf tenf;qH;k wESpaf qmif½u G b
f ;l ol jzpf&rnf/
>cif;csuf- tcef; (17)? yk'fr (7) (u)? (c) t& a½G;aumufEdkifonf/
6/ / or*¾ESifhywfoufaom enf;Oya' ½Hk;vkyfief;ESifh oufqdkifaom enf;Oya't&yf&yfudk A[dktrIaqmif
tzGJUu owfrSwf&rnf/
7/ / pnf;rsOf;tcef; (5)? yk'fr (5) t& Ekwfy,fcH&aom (odkYr[kwf) EkwfxGufívpfvyfaom trIaqmif
ae&mtwGuf A[dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ u A[dOk ;D pD;tzGUJ \ oabmwlncD suft& a½G;cs,fEikd o f nf (odYk r[kw)f ,m,DcefYxm;
Edkifonf/
8/ / tcef; (5)? yk'fr (5) t& Ouú|Ekwfy,fcJhaomf (odkYr[kwf) EkwfxGufcJhaomf EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcH\
oabmwlnDcsufjzifh ¤if;zGJUpnf;cJhaom A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJUrSm rysufbJ qufvufí w&m;0ifonf[k ,lq&rnf/
9/ / A[dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ onf or*¾vyk if ef; wGiu f s,af p&eftwGuf trIaqmiftzGUJ cGrJ sm;ESihf XmecGrJ sm; zGUJ pnf;jcif;
rsm; jyKvkyfEkdifonf/
10/ / or*¾tzGUJ csKyftwGuf taxGaxG0efxrf;rsm; cefYxm;jcif;? Ekwyf ,fjcif;? ¤if;wdYk tm; vpmESihf axmufyahH Mu;
aiGrsm; owfrSwfjcif;wdkYü A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu vHk;0wm0ef,l aqmif½Guf&rnf/
11/ / A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUonf or*¾vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf pkaygif;acgif;aqmifrIESifh wGJbuf wm0efcHrIrsm;½Sd
rnf/
12/ / A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUonf or*¾vkyfief;w&yfw&yfESifh ywfoufí vdktyfvQif wm0efcHrnf/ A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU
tpnf;ta0; ac:,lEkdifonf/
13/ / or*¾tzGJUcsKyfydkif ypönf;tm;vHk;udkvnf; A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu pDrHtkyfcsKyf&rnf/
14/ / A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU tpnf;ta0;udk omreftm;jzifh &ufowå (2) ywfvQif wBudrfus pnf;a0;&rnf/
15/ / A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0if wOD;OD;onf A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUtpnf;ta0;ac:,l&ef vdktyfonfxifvQif tjcm;
A[dktrIaqmif (2) OD;\ vufrSwfa&;xkd;axmufcHcsufudk Ouú|xHwifoGif;vQif Ouú|uA[dktrIaqmiftzGJU\ txl;
tpnf;ta0;udk ac:,l&rnf/
16/ / tpnf;ta0;ac:ydkifcGifh tmPm½Sdolrsm;rSm Ouú|ESifh taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif Ouú|\
oabmwlnDcsuf&&rnf/
17/ / omreftpnf;ta0;ESifh txl;tpnf;ta0;rsm;ü tzGJU0ifOD;a& xuf0ufwufa&mufí ta&;ay:tpnf;
ta0;rsm;ü Ouú|yg0ifaom trIaqmiftzGJU0if (5) OD;wufa&mufvQif tpnf;ta0; jzpfajrmufonf/
>cif;csu-f A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU\ oHk;yHkwyHkuac:,l&ef? (3) cgwdwd taMumif;jy awmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; Ouú| rwuf
a&mufcJhvQif ¤if;oHk;yHkwyHku pnf;a0;ydkifcGifh qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh½Sdonf/
18/ / A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhtcgrQ udk,fpm;vS,fvTwfí vnf;aumif;? owif;pum;
taMumif;Mum;ívnf;aumif; qE´rJray;&/
19/ / A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUonf c½dkifor*¾\ vkyfief;rsm;udk yg0ifaqmif½GufEdkifonf/ tultnD ay;Edkifonf/
vkdtyfonf xifvQif vHk;0wm0ef,l acgif;aqmifEdkifonf/
20/ / EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0ifwdkif; wm0ef,l&rnf/
tcef; (7)
c½kdifnDvmcH uGef*&uf
1/ / c½dkifnDvmcHtpnf;ta0;wGif atmufygyk*¾dKvfrsm; yg0ifap&rnf/
(1) c½dkiftrIaqmiftzGJU?
(2) A[dkor*¾OD;pD;tzGJUodkY wufa&mufaom c½dkifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;?
(3) or*¾cGJrsm;rS trsm;qE´t& a½G;aumufwifajr§mufí apvTwfaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/
- 6 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
2/ / c½dkiftrSKaqmiftzGJU or*¾cGJrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&udk owfrSwfydkifcGifh½Sdonf/

3/ / (u) c½dkifnDvmcHtpnf;ta0;udk or*¾tm;jzifh wpfESpfvQif ESpfBudrfus ac:,lusif;y&rnf?
(c) ta&;ay:c½dkifnDvmcHudk c½dkiftrIaqmiftzGJUu ac:,lEdkifcGifh½Sdonf?
(*) or*¾cOJG ;D a& oH;k yHw
k yHu
k awmif;qdck v hJ Qif c½dik t
f rIaqmiftzGUJ u &ufowå (3) ywf BudKwiftaMumif;
Mum;í c½dkiftxl;nDvmcHudk ac:ay;&rnf/
4/ / ESpyf wfvnf c½dik nf v
D mcHukd Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m nDvmcHrac:rDtwGi;f A[dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ taxGtaxGtwGi;f
a&;rSL;\ ñTefMum;csuft& c½dkiftrIaqmiftzGJUu BuD;rSL;íusif;y&rnf/
ESpfywfvnfc½dkifnDvmcHwGif-
1/ c½dkiftrIaqmiftzGJUopfudk pnf;rsOf;tcef; (4)? yk'fr (11) (12) (13) twdkif;? pnf;rsOf;tcef; (15)
t& a½G;aumuf wifajr§muf&rnf/
2/ EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHodkY wufa&mufrnfh A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUonf owfrSwfxm;onfh ta&twGuf
twdkif; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; a½G;aumuf&rnf/ ¤if;c½dkifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSm EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHwGif
A[dkor*¾OD;pD;tzGJU0iftjzpf ta½G;cH&rnfholrsm; jzpfonf/
3/ (u) or*¾vkyfief;ESifh ywfoufaomtqdkrsm; wifoGif;í qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfEkdifonf/
(c) EdkifiHjyóemt&yf&yfESifh ywfoufaomtqdkrsm; wifoGif;í qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfEdkifonf/
5/ / c½dkifnDvmcHudk pnf;rsOf;tcef; (4)? yk'fr (14) ESifh (15) rsm; twdkif; aqmif½Guf&rnf/
tcef; (8)
c½dkiftrIaqmiftzGJY
1/ / c½dkiftrIaqmiftzGJUrSm c½dkifnDvmcHrS trsm;qE´t& a½G;aumufwifajr§mufaom tzGJUjzpf&rnf/
2/ / c½dkiftrIaqmifOD;a&rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfap&rnf/
(1) Ouú|
(2) 'k-Ouú|
(3) twGif;a&;rSL;
(4) aiGxdef;
(5) tjcm; 10 OD;xuf rydkaom trIaqmifrsm;/
3/ / c½kdiftrIaqmiftzGJUonf
(u) c½dkifausmif;om;or*¾\ vkyfief;t&yf&yfwGif vHk;0wm0ef,lí acgif;aqmif&rnf/
(c) A[dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ \ c½kid af usmif;om;or*¾vyk if ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif½u G jf cif;? tultnD
ay;jcif;ESifh vHk;0wm0ef,l acgif;aqmifjcif;rsm;udk vufcH&rnf/
4/ / A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUodkY wvwBudrftpD&ifcHpmrsm; rSefrSefay;ydkY&rnf/
(1) pnf;½Hk;rSKtiftm;
(2) vkyfief;pOfvmt&yf&yf
(3) b@ma&;tajctae
(4) XmetoDo;D toD;oD; tpD&ifcpH mrsm; yg0if&rnf/ c½dik t f rIaqmiftzGUJ Ouú|ESihf twGi;f a&;rSL;
\ vufrSwfrsm;jzifh ay;ydkY&rnf/
5/ / c½dkiftrSKaqmiftzGJUonf-
(u) ½Hk;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUrS ñTefMum;aomvkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif½Guf&rnf/
(c) or*¾crJG sm;odYk A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGUJ rS ay;ydYk aom ñTeMf um;vTmrsm;udk rdwLå rsm;jyKvkyí f or*¾oUkd
jzefYcsd &rnf/
(*) or*¾cGJ\ pm&if;tif;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk BudKwiftaMumif;Mum;í ppfaq;Ekdifonf/
6/ / c½dkiftrIaqmiftzGJUonf or*¾vkyfief;t&yf&yfwGif yg0ifaqmif½GufEdkifonf/ vkdtyfonfxifvQif vHk;0
wm0ef,l acgif;aqmifEkdifonf/
7/ / c½dkifb@ma&;/
8/ / c½dkifor*¾rsm;onf A[dkor*¾odkY ESpfpOfaMu; (50d) ig;q,fusyfwdwd ay;aqmif&rnf/
- 7 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
tcef; (9)
NrdKYe,fnDvmcHtzGJY
1/ / NrdKUe,for*¾nDvmcHudk NrdKUe,for*¾trIaqmif\ qE´t& ac:Edkifonf/ NrdKUe,for*¾0ifrsm;\ oHk;yHkwyHk
uvnf; ac:,l&ef awmif;qdkydkifcGifh½Sdonf/
2/ / NrdKUe,for*¾nDvmcHwGif atmufygyk*¾dKvfrsm; yg0ifap&rnf/
(u) NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJU
(c) NrdKUe,for*¾0ifrsm;
3/ / NrdKUe,for*¾\ ESpfywfvnfnDvmcHudk c½dkifnDvmcHrusif;yrD NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUrS twGif;a&;rSL;\
ñTeMf um;csuft& usif;y&rnf/ (¤if;NrdKUe,ftwGi;f a&;rSL;\ ñTeMf um;csufonf NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGUJ \ qH;k jzwfcsuf
t&om jzpf&rnf/)
4/ / NrdKUe,for*¾ESpfywfvnfnDvmcHwGif
(1) NrdKUe,fnv D mcHoYkd wufa&mufrnfh ud, k pf m;vS,Of ;D a& ta&twGuu
f kd NrdKUe,f trIaqmiftzGUJ rS
owfrSwfonfh twdkif; jzpfap&rnf/
(2) NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUopfudk pnf;rsOf;tcef; (17) t& a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&rnf/
(3) (u) or*¾vkyfief;ESifh ywfoufaomtqdkrsm; wifoGif;cg qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&rnf/
(c) wEdik if v
H ;kH ESiyhf wfoufaom jyóemt&yft&yfukd tqkrd sm;wifoiG ;f um qH;k jzwfcsufrsm;
csrSwf&rnf/
5/ / NrdKUe,for*¾cGJ\ ESpfywfvnfnDvmcHwGif pnf;rsOf;tcef; (4)? yk'fr (14) ESifh (15)? tcef; (7)? yk'fr
(5) wdkYt& aqmif½Guf&rnf/
tcef; (10)
e,f&SdtrIaqmiftzGJY
1/ / NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUrSm NrdKUe,fnDvmcHrS trsm;qE´t& a½G;aumufwifajr§mufaom tzGJUjzpf&rnf/
2/ / NrdKUe,ftrIaqmifOD;a&rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfap&rnf/
(1) Ouú|
(2) 'k-Ouú|
(3) twGif;a&;rSL;
(4) aiGxdef;
(5) tjcm; (7) OD;xufrydkaom trIaqmifrsm;/
3/ / NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUonf-
(u) NrdKUe,for*¾\ vkyfief;t&yf&yfwGif vHk;0wm0ef,l acgif;aqmif&rnf/
(c) c½dik t f rIaqmiftzGUJ \ NrdKUe,fausmif;om;or*¾vyk if ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif½u G jf cif;? tult
nDay;jcif;ESifh vHk;0wm0ef,lí acgif;aqmifjcif;rsm;udk vufcH&rnf/
4/ / c½dkiftrIaqmiftzGJUodkY wvwBudrftpD&ifcHpmrsm; rSefrSefay;ydkY&rnf/
(1) pnf;½Hk;rItiftm;
(2) vkyfief;pOft&yf&yf
(3) b@ma&;tajctae
(4) XmetoD;oD;tpD&ifcHpmrsm; yg0ifonf/
NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUESifh twGif;a&;rSL;vufrSwfrsm;jzifh ay;ydkY&rnf/
5/ / NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUonf-
(u) ½Hk;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh c½dkiftrIaqmiftzGJUrS ñTefMum;aomvkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif½Guf&rnf/
(c) or*¾cGJrsm;odkY c½dkiftrIaqmiftzGJUrS ay;ydkYaom ñTefMum;vTmrsm;udk rdwåLrsm;jyKvkyfum or*¾
cGJodkY jzefYcsd&rnf/
(*) or*¾cGJ\pm&if;tif;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk MudKwif taMumif;Mum;um ppfaq;Edkifonf/
- 8 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
6/ / NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUonf or*¾\vkyfief;t&yf&yfwGif yg0ifaqmif½GufEdkifonf/ vdktyfonf xifvQif

vHk;0wm0ef,l acgif;aqmifEdkifonf/
7/ / NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUtpnf;ta0;ü atmufyg pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;jcif;? qHk;jzwfjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyf&rnf/
(u) NrdKUe,for*¾\ pnf;½Hk;rItiftm;
(c) NrdKUe,for*¾\ b@ma&;oHk;pm&if;
(*) NrdKUe,for*¾\ aeYpOfvkyfief;
(C) NyD;pD;cJhonfh XmetoD;oD;\tpD&ifcHpmrsm;
(i) oufqkdif&me,fwGif; vlxkta&;ESifhywfoufaom jyóemrsm;/
8/ / NrdKUe,for*¾b@ma&;/
NrdKUe,for*¾onf c½dkifor*¾odkY c½dkifnDvmcH\ qHk;jzwfcsuft& qufaMu;ay;ydkY&rnf/
tcef; (11)
or*¾cGJnDvmcHtzGJY
1/ / or*¾cGJnDvmcHudk or*¾trIaqmiftzGJU\ qE´t&ac:,lEdkifonf/ or*¾cGJrsm;\ oHk;yHkwyHk uvnf;ac:,l
&ef awmif;qkdydkifcGifh½Sdonf/
2/ / or*¾cGJnDvmcHwGif atmufygyk*¾dKvfrsm;yg0ifap&rnf/
(u) trIaqmiftzGJU
(c) twef;wm0efcHrsm;
(*) or*¾0ifrsm;
3/ / or*¾c\ JG ESpyf gwfvnf nDvmcHukd NrdKUe,fnv D mcHrusif;yrD qdik &f mor*¾cJG trIaqmiftzGUJ rS twGi;f a&;rSL;
\ ñTefMum;csuft& usif;y&rnf/
4/ / or*¾cGJESpfywfvnf nDvmcHwGif
1/ NrdKUe,fESifh c½dkifnDvmcHudkwufa&mufrnfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a½G;&rnf/
2/ or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUtopfudk pnf;rsOf;tcef; (17) t& a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&rnf/
3/ (u) or*¾vkyfief;rsm;ESifhywfoufaom tqdkrsm;wifoGif;í qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf&ef?
(c) wEdkifiHvHk;ESifhywfoufaom jyóemt&yf&yfudk tqdkrsm;wifoGif;um qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
cs&rnf/
5/ / or*¾cGJ\ ESpfywfvnfnDvmcHwGif pnf;rsOf;tcef; (4)? yk'fr (14) ESifh (15)? tcef; (7)? yk'fr (5)
wdkYt& aqmif½Guf&rnf/
tcef; (12)
or*¾rsm;ESifh trIaqmiftzGJY
1/ / c½dik v
f ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHoYkd ud,
k pf m;vS,af pvTwaf om or*¾ctJG zGUJ tpnf;wckonf NrdKUe,frw
S qifh c½dik o
f Ykd
qufoG,fNyD;aom or*¾jzpf&rnf/ xkdqufoG,fjcif;udk A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu todtrSwf jyKNyD;aomtcgü or*¾tzGJU
csKyf\ w&m;0ifaomor*¾cGJwck jzpfvmonf/
2/ / or*¾cGJ\trIaqmiftzGJUrSm pnf;rsOf;tcef; (15) t& or*¾cGJnDvmcHrS wifajr§mufaom tzGJUjzpf&rnf/
3/ / or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfap&rnf/
(1) Ouú|
(2) 'k-Ouú|
(3) twGif;a&;rSL;
(4) aiGxdef;
(5) tjcm; (7) OD;xufrydkaom trIaqmifrsm;/
4/ / or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUonf twdkifyifcHrsm;tjzpf oufqdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾\ twef;wm0efcHrsm;udk
cefYtyfEdkifonf/ xdkuJhodkY cefYtyf&mwGif oufqdkif&mtwef;\ oabmwlnDcsufudk &,l&rnf/ oufqdkif&m twef;rS
a½G;aumufwifajr§mufaom (odkYr[kwf) emrnfwifoGif;aom twef;wm0efcHrsm;udk todtrSwfjyK&rnf/
- 9 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
5/ / or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUonf oufqdkif&m or*¾tzGJU0ifrsm;tm; or*¾\0g'? &nf½G,fcsufESifh vkyfief;pOf

rsm;udk vdkufemaqmif½Gufatmif BudK;yrf;&efwm0ef½Sdap&rnf/
6/ / or*¾c\ JG trIaqmiftzGUJ onf A[dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ c½dik t
f rIaqmiftzGUJ ESihf NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGUJ \ ñTeMf um;
csufrsm;t& vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk aqmif½Guf&rnf/
7/ / or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJU\tpnf;ta0;ü atmufygpOf;pm;aqG;aEG;jcif; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk jyKvkyf&rnf/
(u) or*¾cGJ\ pnf;½Hk;rSKtiftm;
(c) or*¾cGJ\b@ma&; toHk;pm&if;rsm;
(*) or*¾cGJ\ aeYpOfvkyfief;rsm;
(C) NyD;pD;cJhonfh |metoD;oD;\ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;
(i) oufqdkif&me,ftwGif; vlxkta&;ESifhywfoufaom jyóemrsm;/
8/ / or*¾cGJ\tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJU twGif;a&;rSL;onf Ouú|\vufrSwfjzifh NrdKUe,ftrI
aqmiftzGJUESifh NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUrSwqifh c½dkiftrIaqmiftzGJUwdkYodkY wvwBudrfay;ydkY&rnf/
9/ / or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUonf
(u) or*¾cGJ\ vkyfief;rsm;wGif wm0ef,lum acgif;aqmif&rnf/
(c) c½dkiftrIaqmiftzGJU\or*¾vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif½Gufjcif;? tultnDay;jcif;ESifh vHk;0
wm0ef,l acgif;aqmifjcif;rsm;udk ½Gufaqmif&rnf/
10/ / or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJU\ tpnf;ta0;onf omreftm;jzifh &ufowå (2) ywfvQif wBudrfusif;y&rnf/
tcef; (13)
or*¾\ b@ma&;
1/ / or*¾ESifh oufqdkifaom tzGJUcsKyf½Sd &efyHkaiGtm;vHk;udk or*¾trnfESifh A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu a½G;cs,faom
bPfwGif tyfESHxm;&rnf/
2/ / or*¾cGJrsm;onf NrdKUe,for*¾\nDvmcHqHk;jzwfcsuft& qufaMu;ay;ydkY&rnf/
3/ / or*¾cGJrsm;rS 0ifaiGtm;vHk;udk? oD;oefYjy|mef;jcif;r½dSonfh tjcm;0ifaiGtm;vHk;udk omref&efyHkaiGxJodkY
xnfhoGif;&rnf/
4/ / tvSLaiGrsm;? o'¨gaMu;rsm;? aiGw;kd rsm;ESihf ESppf Of toH;k p&dwrf S ydak omaiGrsm;teuf tenf;qH;k oH;k yHEk pS yf u
kH kd
oD;oefY&efyHkaiGtjzpf ajymif;vJxm;&rnf/
5/ / tvSLaiGrsm;? o'¨gaMu;rsm;? aiGwdk;rsm;ESifh ESpfpOftoHk;p&dwfrS ydkaomaiGrsm; twwfEdkifqHk; oHk;yHkESpfyHkudk
oD;oefY &efyHkaiGtjzpf ajymif;vJxm;&rnf/
6/ / or*¾\ ½H;k toH;k aqmifrsm;? y&dabm*rsm; 0,f,jl cif;ESihf jyifqifjcif;rsm;rSty oD;oefY&efyakH iGukd A[do k r*¾
OD;pD;tzGJU (odkYr[kwf) EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcH\ qHk;jzwfcsufr&vQif roHk;&/
7/ / EdkifiHjcm;odkY ynmawmfoifapvTwfjcif;? pHkprf;Munfh½Ia&;tzGJUrsm; apvTwfjcif;? EkdifiHjcm;rS tzGJUtoD;oD;udk
vufcHjcif;? taxGaxGtcrf;tem;ESifh {nfhcHjcif;wdkYtwGuf &efyHkaiGjyKvkyfxm;&rnf/
8/ / ta&;BuD;aomudprö sm; ay:aygufvmaomtcg ta&;ay:&efyakH iGtjzpf A[dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ upDrí
H aumuf
cHEdkifonf/
9/ / or*¾&efyHkaiG wdk;wufa&;twGuf aiGxdef;onf jyZmwf½kyf½SifyGJrsm;udk tvSLcHjcif;? uyGJrsm;usif;yjcif;ESifh
o'¨gaMu;rsm;udk or*¾cGJrsm;onf oufqdkif&mNrdKUrsm;wGif aumufcHEdkifonf/
10/ / b@ma&;tceff; (13)? yk'fr (9) t& aumufcHaom &efyHkaiGrsm;udk A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUodkY rSefuefwduspGm
tpD&ifcH&rnf/
11/ / or*¾tzGJUtpnf;wdkYonf tjcm;toif;tzGJUrsm;odkY &efyHkaiGudk vG,fvifhwulxkwfí acs;iSm;jcif;rjyK&/
12/ / or*¾&efyHkaiGrsm;xJrS aiGxkwf&ef csufvufrSwf (odkYr[kwf) A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu pDrHay;&rnf/
13/ / aiGxdef;onf oD;oefY&efyHkaiG wdk;wufapjcif;iSm tvSLaiGESifh o'¨gaMu;aiGrsm;pm&if;udk rdrdqE´t& zGifh
xm;Edkifonf/
14/ / or*¾\ 0ifaiG? xGufaiGpm&if;rsm;udk ppfaq;&ef A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu oifhavQmfol wOD;OD;udk pm&if;ppf
tjzpf cefYxm;&rnf/
- 10 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
15/ / ESpfpOf EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHrwdkifrD or*¾\ 0ifaiG? xGufaiGpm&if;rsm;udk pm&if;ppfu ppfaq;&rnf/

ppfaq;NyD;aomtcg pm&if;rsm;udk pm&if;ppf\ tpD&ifcpH mESiw hf uG Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcH rwdik rf D tenf;qH;k &ufowå
ESpyf wfu BudKwifNyD; A[dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ odYk aiGxed ;f u wifjy&rnf/ ESppf Of aiGpm&if;½Si;f wrf;ESihf pm&if;ppftpD&ifcpH mudk
nDvmcHodkY wifjy&rnfh b@ma&;tpD&ifcHpmü xnfhoGif;&rnf/
16/ / or*¾tzGJUcsKyfüxm;aom aiGpm&if;ESifh bPfpm&if;rsm;udk Ouú|u ppfaq;&rnf/
tcef; (14)
or*¾ESifh tjcm;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;
1/ / or*¾onf Edik if aH &;ygwD tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;\ vufatmufcrH [kw/f MoZmtmPmcHr[kw/f oD;jcm;vGwv f yf
aom tzGJUtpnf;jzpfí ausmif;om;vkyfief;ü ygwDya,m*rsm; vHk;0uif;½Sif;ap&rnf/
2/ / or*¾\ wm0efct H rIaqmif &mxl;vufcx H m;aom yk*Kd¾ vfrsm;onf wm0efcrH sm;taejzifh ygwDya,m*rsm;rS
vHk;0 uif;½Sif;ap&rnf/
3/ / EdkifiHa&;ygwDwckck\ wm0efcH&mxl; vufcHxm;aom yk*d¾Kvfonf trsm;qE´t& or*¾\ wm0efcH&mxl;
rsm;udk vufcH&aomf oufqdkif&m EdkifiHa&;ygwD\ rlv tvkyftrIaqmif&mxl;rS EkwfxGuf&rnf/
4/ / or*¾rsm;onf tzGJUcsKyf\cGifhjyKcsufjzifh (0g) ñTefMum;csufr&bJ rnfonfhtzGJUpnf;ESifhrQ qufoG,fjcif;
rjyK&/ twdkuftcH qefYusifbuf rjyK&/
5/ / or*¾rsm;onf vlxkvkyfief;t&yf&yfwGif tzGJUcsKyf\trdefYtwdkif; waoGrwdrf;emcHí aqmif½Guf&rnf/
tcef; (15)
or*¾trnftoHk;jyKa&;
or*¾tzGJUtpnf;\ rnfonfhwm0efcH yk*d¾KvfrS or*¾\ trnfudkaomfvnf;aumif;? or*¾wGifaqmif½Guf
aeaom wm0efuakd omfvnf;aumif; rdru
d ,
kd af &;ud,
k w
f m twGujf zpfap? or*¾EiS hf roufqikd af omudpö t&yf&yftwGuf
jzpfap vHk;0toHk;rjyK&ef/
tcef; (16)
ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm;
1/ / ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; trIaqmif (3) OD;xufrenf; qkdif&mor*¾tzGJUtpnf;\ ½Hk;pdkuf&m NrdKUrsm;ü
usef&pfvQif ¤if;wdkYrSm ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm; jzpf&rnf/
2/ / ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; trIaqmiftzGJU0if (3) OD;xufenf;í qdkif&mor*¾tzGJUtpnf; ½Hk;pdkuf&mNrdKU
rsm;ü usef&pfcJhvQif vuf½SdtrIaqmiftzGJUu ausmif;ydwf&ufrwdkifrD or*¾0ifrsm;xJrS or*¾\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk
xrf;½Guf&rnf/ ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcH (3) OD;udk cefYxm;&rnf/
3/ / qdkif&mtrIaqmiftzGJUonf ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm;\trnfrsm;udk a½G;cs,fNyD;onfESifh wNydKifeuf
aMunm&rnf/
4/ / ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm;onf b@ma&;XmerSty trSKaqmiftzGJU\ aqmif½GufqJvkyfief;ESifh wm0ef
rsm;udk vufcH&rnf/
5/ / ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm;onf-
(u) trSKaqmiftzGJUu vTJtyfcJhaom wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;ESifh ½Hk;vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif½Guf&efomjzpfonf/
(c) or*¾tzGJUtpnf;wckvHk;ESifh oufqdkifaom vkyfief;BuD;rsm;udk qHk;jzwfajz½Sif; aqmif½GufcGifhr½Sd/
6/ / pnf;rsOf;tcef; (16)? yk'rf (5)? yk'rf i,f (c) ESio
hf ufqikd af om ta&;rsm;ay:aygufvmcJah omf ausmif;ydwf
&ufwm0efcHrsm;onf trSKaqmiftzGJUudk jyefvnfac:,lí wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk tyfESif;&rnf/
7/ / aiGxdef;onf ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; oufqdkif&m or*¾tzGJUtpnf;½Hk;pdkuf&mNrdKUü r½SdcJhaomf trSKaqmif
tzGJUrS oabmwlnDcsufudk ,lí oifhavsmf,HkMunfpdwfcs&aom or*¾0ifwOD;OD;udk ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHtjzpf
cefYxm;NyD;vQif rdrdwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk vTJtyfcJh&rnf/
8/ / ausmif;jyefzGifhí trSKaqmifa[mif;rsm; jyefvnfa&muf½SdvmaomtcgwGif ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm;u
or*¾wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk jyefvnfvTJtyf&rnf/
- 11 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
tcef; (17)
a½G;aumufyGJrsm;
1/ / a½G;aumufyrJG sm;udk tzGUJ tpnf;\ tcsKyftjcmta&mufq;kH aom ESpyf wfvnfnv D mcHrsm;wGif usif;y&rnf/
2/ / (u) a½G;aumufyGJrsm;udk trSKaqmiftzGJU\ Ouú|a[mif;rsm;u OD;pD;&rnf/ tu,fí Ouú|a[mif;onf
jyefvnfta½G;cHvdkaomf (odkYr[kwf) a½G;aumufyGJwGif ysufuGufcJhaomf qkdif&mor*¾tzGJUtpnf;rS
wm0efvTJtyfaom yk*¾dKvfu a½G;aumufyGJwm0efcH OD;pD;oltjzpf aqmif½Guf&rnf/
(c) or*¾cGJ a½G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif qE´rJay;í a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;ESifh emrnfwifoGif;jcif; ESpf&yf
teuf or*¾tzGJUtpnf;u vdkvm;aom enf;pepft& a½G;aumufyGJudk usif;y&rnf/
3/ / a½G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif rJqE´pm&if;rsm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;? rJpm&if;rsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;rSm a½G;aumufyw JG m0efcH
OD;pD;ol\ wm0efjzpfonf/
4/ / a½G;aumufyGJwm0efcHOD;pD;olonf rdrdtultnD&&eftwGuf trSKaqmif&mxl;vufrcHrnfh or*¾0if (4)
OD;udk orm"dvlBuD;rsm;tjzpf cefYtyfxm;Edkifonf/
5/ / a½G;aumufyGJwGif vGwfvyfpGmESifh vQKdU0Sufí wkduf½dkufrJay;aom pepfudk toHk;jyK&rnf/
6/ / or*¾odkY ay;qyf&ef½Sdaom aMu;aiGt&yf&yfudk ajyvnfatmif ray;oGif;Edkifolrsm;onf a½G;aumufyGJwGif
ta½G;cHEdkifcGifh? tqdkoGif;EdkifcGifh? axmufcHEdkifcGifhrsm; r½Sdap&/
7/ / AuowGif ta½G;cHEdkifcGifh/
¤if;yk*dK¾ vfonf ausmif;xGufcJhNyD; (2) ESpftwGif; ausmif;om;or*¾wGif ta½G;cHvdku atmufygt&nftcsif;
rsm;ESifh jynfhpHk&rnf/
(u) emrnfysuf r½SdcJhbl;jcif;?
(c) AuowGif wm0efcHtrIaqmiftjzpf tenf;qHk; wESpf xrf;aqmifcJhzl;jcif;ESifh jynfhpHkcJhaomf þyk*d¾Kvf
tm; (Auo) wGif trsm;qE´t& a½G;aumufwifajr§mufEdkifonf/
8/ / ta½G;cHvdkolwOD;onf tenf;qHk; qdkif&mor*¾tzGJUtpnf;0if (2) OD;\axmufcHcsufESifh a½G;aumufyGJ
wm0efcH OD;pD;olxHodkY ta½G;cHEdkifcGifh avQmufvTmwifoGif;&rnf/
9/ / ta½G;cHEdkifcGifh avQmufvTmtpHkwckonf pnf;rsOf;t& jznfhpGuf&efvdktyfaom ta&;BuD;tcsufrsm;wGif
jznfhpGufjcif; ysufuGufcJhaomf ¤if;avQmufvTmudk y,fcs&rnf/
10/ / a½G;aumufyGJusif;yaeonfh tcsdeftwGif; rnfonfhor*¾0ifrS ta½G;cHolvlwOD;\ aumif;usKd;qdk;jypfudk
qdkif&mor*¾tzGJUtpnf;odkY xkwfazmfajymqkd ydkifcGifhr½Sd/
11/ / or*¾0ifwOD;vQif wm0efcH&mxl; wae&mtwGuf rJqE´wckxuf ydkíray;Edkif/
12/ / wm0efc&H mxl; ae&mta&twGux f ufyí kd ta½G;cHorl sm;cJv
h Qif rJta&twGuv
f ukd f wm0efc&H mxl; a½G;cs,f
&rnf/ qE´rJ½SifwOD;onf ta½G;cHrnfholwOD;twGuf wrJom ay;ydkifcGifh½Sdonf/
13/ / qE´rJpm&if;udk a½G;aumufyGJaeY (odkYr[kwf) aemufwaeYwGif wm0efcHOD;pD;olonf orm"dvlBuD;rsm;a½SU
arSmufü ppfaq;í a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcH&olrsm;\trnfpm&if;udk tjrefqHk;aMunm&rnf/
wm0efc&H mxl;tvdu k f aemufq;kH ta½G;cs,fc&H rnfh trSwpf OfwiG f rJqE´rJ wlnaD eygu wm0efcOH ;D pD;olonf
tEdkift½IH; qHk;jzwfonfhqE´rJudk ay;ydkifcGifh½Sd&rnf/
14/ / a½G;aumufyGJtwGuf oD;oefYxm;onfh qE´rJyHkpHpm½Gufrsm;udk a½G;aumufyGJwm0efcHOD;pD;olu xkwfa0
&rnf/
15/ / rnfonfhqE´rJ½SifrS udk,fpm;vnfvTwfívnf;aumif;? pmjzifh taMumif;Mum;ívnf;aumif; qE´rJay;ydkif
cGifhr½Sd/
16/ / qE´rJta&twGufESifh ywfoufí rauseyfcJhvQif a½G;aumufyGJ aMunmNyD;csdefrS (72) em&DtwGif; qE´rJ½Sif
(19) OD;\ qE´jzihf rJpm&if;ta&twGufudk Munfh½IEdkifonf/
17/ / qE´rJ½Sif av;yHkwyHku a½G;aumufyGJusif;yNyD;onfh (7) &uftwGif; a½G;aumufyGJESifh ywfoufí rauseyf
aMumif; Ouú|xH taMumif;Mum;vQif Ouú|onf txl;tpnf;ta0;wckac:í a½G;aumufyGJ\ taMumif;t&mrsm;udk
aocsm*epGm pHkprf;&ef qE´rJ½Sif (9) OD;yg0ifaom pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDudk a½G;cs,f&rnf/
18/ / xkdpHkprf;a&;aumfrwD\ oHk;yHkESpfyHku ta½G;cH&olwOD;onf rdrdta½G;cH&rItwGuf aiGaMu;tukeftuscHí
aoG;aqmifcJhonf[k oabmwlnDcJhvQif ¤if;ta½G;cH&rIudk w&m;r0if[k aMunmí xkdta½G;cH&oludk or*¾wm0efcH
- 12 -
aemufqufwGJ (24)
&mxl;rsm;twGuf ta½G;cHEdkifcGifhrsm;rS wESpfwdwd &yfpJxm;&rnf/
tcef; (18)
enf;Oya'ESifU bdkifavmrsm;
1/ / þor*¾tkyfcsKyfykH pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk rlwnfí enf;Oya'ESifh bdkifavmrsm;udk or*¾tzGJUtoD;oD;wdkYu
usepGm aqmif½GufEdkif&efESifh usifhxkH;wkdY twllwljzpfap&eftwGuf A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu jy|mef;Ekdifonf/
2/ / enf;Oya'udk jy|mef;&mü vnf;aumif;? jyifqifjznfhpGuf&mü vnf;aumif;? xkwfy,f&mü vnf;aumif;
EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m nDvmcHuom jyKvkyfEdkifonf/
3/ / enf;Oya'udk ,m,Djy|mef;jcif;? ,m,DjznfhpGufxkwfy,fjcif;rsm;udk A[kdOD;pD;tzGJUu jyKvkyfydkifcGifhtmPm
rsm;½Sdonf/
AuoXmecsKyf
þtkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk 1308 ck? 1946 ck? Zlvdkifv (3) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom ArmEdkifiHvkH;
qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ nDvmcHwGif zwfMum;twnfjyKonf/
(yk)H
xGef;ñGefh
AuoXmecsKyf
1308-1946 ck? Zlvdkifv (3) &ufaeYnDvmcHwGif a&;qGJtwnfjyKcJhaom þtkyfcsKyfa&; pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk
1948 ck? Zlvikd v
f (9) &ufaeY (6) Budraf jrmuf ArmEkid if v
H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcHwiG f xyfrjH yifqif Ekwyf ,fjznfh
pGufí zwfMum;twnfjyKonf/
(yk)H
atmifoed ;f
pnf;½kH;a&;rSL;
- 13 -
(26)
aemufqufwGJ (24)
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF STUDENTS
DEPT . LB/ JP / BS PRAHA 23. XII. 1958
Inter - University Consultative

Conference,
Rangoon University Students Union,
Union Building,
University of Rangoon,
Rangoon,
Burma.
Dear Friends,
On the occasion of the Inter-University Consultative Conference we send you our
greetings and hope that your conference will further consultative the unity of the Burmese
students and intensify their efforts to improve education, to restore peace and safeguard the
independence of your country, as well as strength their cooperation with the IUS and Students
of other countries.
All member organizations of the IUS look with sympathy and admiration towards
the Burmese students movements they highly appreciate your spirit of patriotism and
determination to build and develop, together with your people your beautiful country. Your
colleagues, particularly these in the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa, greatly
count on your support and your contribution to their fight against colonialism and imperialism.
The IUS is aware of the active participation of the Burmese students in the fight for
peace and for a ban of nuclear weapons. Undoubtedly it is a considerable contribution to
the world peace movement and to the common cause of humanity.
The Vth congress of the IUS in Peking has expressly supported efforts of Burmese
students to protect their democratic rights. Once again, we reiterate our full support for your
struggle to improve education, to remove fully legacies of colonialism and to defend your
national sovereignty and world peace.
Long Live the unity of students of the world 1.
Long Live the fraternal cooperation between the IUS and Burmese students.
Sd/ Jiri Pelikan

President of the IUS
- 14 -
aemufqufwGJ (28)
(24)
tqift
U rsK;d rsK;d ½Sad om AuotzGrYJ sm;\ Ouú|pm&if; (1945-1958)
AuoXmecsKyf Ouú|rsm;
udkoef; (1945 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvrS 1946 ckESpf Zlvdkifv)
udkoef;xGef; (1946 ckESpf ZlvdkifvrS 1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv)
udkoef;armif (1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&DrS 1947 ckESpf ‘'DZifbmv)
udkxGef;ñGefY (1947 ckESpf 'DZifbmrS 1948 ckESpf rwfv)
udkoef;MuG,f (1948 ckESpf rwfvrS 1948 ckESpf Zlvdkifv)
udkoef; (1948 ckESpf ZlvdkifvrS 1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv)
Auo (awmwGif;) Ouú|

udkwifa½T (1949 - 1950)
Auo (tzGJYcsKyf) Ouú|

udkatmifoef; (1949 - 1950)
Auo (oefh½Sif;) Ouú|rsm;

udkpdefbef; (1951 - 1952)
udk0if;az (1952 - 1953)
Auo (udkudkBuD;-udkudkav;tzGYJ ) Ouú|

udkukdBuD; (1952 - 1953)
Auo (tDtufpftdk) Ouú|rsm;

udkMunfñGefY (1954 - 1955)
udkcifarmifEG,f (1955 - 1956)
Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf Ouú|rsm;
udkvS0if; (1951 - 1952)
udkodef;atmif (1952 - 1953)
udkcifausmf (1953 - 1954)
udkcifarmiftkef; (1954 - 1956)
udkaZmf0if; (1956 - 1960)
Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyfopf Ouú|rsm;
udkbdk;omab; (1958 ckESpf pufwifbmvrS 1959 ckESpf {NyDv)
rSwfcsuf- 1962 ck? rwfv (3) &ufaeYtxd Auorsm;tzJGUcsKyf\ Ouú|rSm udkcifarmiftkef; jzpfNyD;? udkcifarmiftkef;udk
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tmPmodrf;rI aMunmcsufaMumifh Ouú|ae&mrS z,f½Sm;um 'k-Ouú| udkoufrSm Ouú| jzpfvmonf/
,ckrSwfwrf;udkrl rlvrSwfwrf;ygtwdkif; jyefvnfazmfjyonf/
- 15 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyyf pHk nf;rsO;f Oya'

A-u-orsm; tzGcYJ sKyf - zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyyf pHk nf;rsO;f Oya'tpD&ifcpH m
zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH pnf;rsOf;Oya'qdkonfrSm tzGJUtpnf;wckwGif toJESvkH;ozG,f r½SdvQifrjzpfaom t&nf

tcsif;w&yfyif jzpfayonf/ ywf0ef;usifwGif jzpfay:wnf½Sdaeaom t&yf&yftajctaersm; tay:wGif ta&mif[yfí
wnf½Sdaeoifhaom t&mjzpfNyD; tajctaersm;\ ajymif;vJjyKjyifoGm;&onfESifhtnD zGJUpnf;ykHonfvnf; ajymif;vJ
oGm;&ayonf/ zJGUpnf;ykHwGif tpnf;t½kH;\wm0ef&yfrsm;udk azmfjyonfh &nf½G,fcsuf? oabmxm;? vkyfief;pOf? zGJU
pnf;ykH toGifvu©Pm ponfh t*Fg&yfrsm; yg0if&ayrnf/ qdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;\ &yfwnfrIae&mtrSefudk &½SdapNyD;
vIyf½Sm;rIvkyfief;? OD;wnfcsuf? ñTefjycsuf/ xdef;odrf;ay;csufrsm;udk &,lapayonf/
ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;wck\ zGJUpnf;ykHpnf;rsOf;Oya'udk avhvmaomf ynma&;tajctaersm;? ausmif;
om;ESifh ausmif;taetxm;rsm;udkrSDí ynma&;ESifh EdkifiHawmf rnfodkYqufoG,faeonf? rnfodkYaom jyóemrsm;
jzpfay:aeonf? rnfonfo h abmxm;ESihf vkyif ef;wdYkukd vkyaf qmiftyfonf? vIy½f mS ;rI OD;aqmiftzGUJ tpnf; rnfoYkdwnf
aqmufoifhonf? zGJUpnf;oifhonf? pnf;½kH;a&; oabmxm;ykHpH ponfjzifh t"duvdktyfaom taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk
vdkufem&rnfjzpfayonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ynma&;&mZ0ifESifh ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rI wckvkH;tay:wGif a,bk,stajccHí aqG;aEG;Mu&ef
jzpfayonf/ 1885 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHwckvkH;udk t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUtpdk;&wdkYu odrf;ydkufNyD;aemuf t*Fvdyf tkyfcsKyfrIvuf
atmufwGif uRefEdkifiHtjzpf xm;½Sdusa&mufapcJhonf/
jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;wckvkH;onf t*FvdyfwdkYtwGuf tokH;csjcif;? e,fcsJUpepftwGuf tusKd;oufa&mufjcif;wkdY
jzpfapNyD; jynfow l &yfv;Hk rSm aexdik rf tI qift h wef;? ,Ofaus;rItqift h wef; wjznf;jznf; edru hf svm&um qif;&Jom;
jynfob l 0odYk qdu k af &mufapcJoh nf/ udv k ekd pD ;D yGm;a&;? uRepf ;D yGm;a&;onf rnfonfh e,fcsUJ pepftwGuf rqdk touf½n S f
a&;om jzpfonf/
t*Fvdyf? jyifopfponfh t&if;½SifEdkifiHBuD;rsm;\ t&if;½Sifpepf wdk;wufvmrIaMumifh ukefypönf; ydkvQHrI?
ukefMurf;rsm; &,lvdkrI? ukefypönf;rsm; a&mif;cs&ef aps;uGufvkdvm;rI jyóemrsm;udk ajz½Sif;&ef aps;uGufrsm; ½Sm&if;
udkvdkeDe,fy,frsm;udk ½SmazGvk,ufonfrS e,fcsJUpepfonf jzpfay:vmcJh&ayonf/
oifMum;ae&aom ynma&;onf rvGwfvyfaom tcsKyftcs,ftaESmiftzGJUcHxm;&aom uRefpD;yGm;a&;ESifh
wygwnf; uRefaumif;rsm; xkwv f yk af &;omjzpfco hJ nf/ edik if jH cm;om; e,fcsJUorm;tpd;k & tkypf ;kd rIpuf,EÅ&m; vnfywf
Edkifa&;udkom &nf½G,fcJhayonf/ EdkifiHtusKd;udk pGrf;aqmifEdkif&ef? trsKd;om;pGrf;tm;udk BuD;rm;vmap&ef? trsKd;om;
,Ofaus;rItiftm;pkBuD;jzpfvmap&ef &nf½G,f&rnfjzpfaom ynma&;pcef;wGif &yfwnfcGifhr&bJ e,fcsJUtpdk;&wdkY
ay;orQudkom &,lae&aom ynma&;om jzpfcJhayonf/
vGwfvyfaomEkdifiHjzpfvma&;? vGwfvyfaomocifynma&; (0g) trsKd;om;ynma&;udk qufpyfí e,fcsJU
acwf tajctaersm;u awmif;qdkcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ trsKd;om;ynma&; wnfaqmufa&; a<u;aMumfoHESifh ArmhvGwfvyf
a&;wkdufyGJ a<u;aMumfoHonf wxyfwnf; jzpfvmcJh&ayonf/
jynfolwdkYESifh ausmif;om;vufwGJí þwm0efudk xrf;aqmif&rnfjzpfay&m ynma&;csKyfcs,frIrsm;tm;
ausmif;om;rsm;u pwifí qefYusifwdkufcdkufvsuf ArmwjynfvkH; t*Fvdyfvufatmuf usa&mufNyD;aemuf (35)
ESpftMum 1920 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (24) &ufaeYwGif ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHBuD; ay:aygufcJhonf/ ,if;ta&;awmf
ykHBuD;\ aemufüum; trsKd;om;wuúodkvfESifh trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ "The Voice of Young
Burma" acgif;pOfjzifh oydwfpcef;rS xkwfjyefcJhaom aMunmcsuft& ]trdjrefrmjynfudk cspf&ef? vlrsKd;\ydkrdkt&m
a&mufaom ta&;udpörsm;wGif udk,fusKd;udk jzKwfypfEdkif&efESifU aoaomfvnf; rdrdtrsKd;udkcspfaompdwfESifU aoEdkif&ef
wdkhonf A[ef;½Sd trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;\ [kef;[kef;awmuf &nf½G,fcsufrsm;jzpfonf} ponfjzifh trsKd;om;ynma&;udk
vrf;ñTefonfh oabmxm; t,ltqrsm;udk avhvm&½Sdayrnf/
- 16 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf udkvdkeDqefYusifa&;rsKd;aphudk tcdkiftrmcsEdkifaom umvjzpfcJhonf/ (20)

&mpkESpftapmydkif; Ak'üvsmP,k0toif;onf OD;pGmyxr trsKd;om;pdwf"gwfudk azmfxkwftm;jznfhaomtaeESifh
ay:aygufvmcJhonf/
yxrurÇmppf 1914-18 ckESpf Oa&mywGif vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJrsm;onf jrefrmjynf\ EdkifiHjcm;pdk;rdk;rI
qefYusifa&;tm; BuD;rm;pGm*,uf½kdufapcJhonfhtjyif Ak'üvsm,k0toif;ae&mwGif wqifhjrifhí ArmtrsKd;om;A[dk
aumifpDjzpfay:vmNyD; 1921 ckESpfwGif nDvmcHrsm;ac:qdkum jyKjyifa&;udk awmif;qdkjcif;ESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&; jyóem
rsm;udk udik wf ,
G cf MhJ uonf/ þodYk jzpf&jcif;rsm;onf udv k ekd zD Ed ydS rf t
I m; rcHr&yfEikd v
f eG ;f aom jynforl sm;? ausmif;om;rsm;
oydwftygt0if vIyf½Sm;rIBuD;aMumifh jzpfayonf/ 1920-22 ckESpf trsKd;om;vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;ESifh wygwnf; (*sDpDbDat)
0HomEktoif;\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;tm; jyKjyifajymif;vJvmapcJhonf/
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; &mZ0ifrSwfwdkifBuD;jzpfonfh trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYudk zdESdyfrItcuftcJrsm; tMum;rS
rSwfwrf;wifEkdifcJhonf/ trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfEdkifcJhonf/ ausmif;om;pnf;½kH;a&;ESifh ausmif;om;
or*¾rsm; vdktyfvmaMumif; tajctaeu ñTefjycJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm;wGif wm0efrJh tacsmifa&omcdkvdkpdwfrsm;
r0ifoifhaMumif;? e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\ vSnfhpm;jzm;a,mif;rIrsm;tm; em;ra,mifoifhaMumif;? trsKd;om;tiftm;pkrsm;
nDñGwfoifhaMumif; oifcef;pmaumif;rsm; ay;tyfcJhayonf/
1930-32 ckESpf q&mpHv,form; olykefxonfh vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;onf ArmhvlUtzGJYtpnf;tm; e,fcsJUqefYusif
a&;twGuf jywfom;½Sif;vif;aom vrf;udk cif;usif;ay;cJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;taeESifh rSefaom e,fcsJUudkvdkeD
pepfqefYusifa&; oabmxm;udk csrSwfEdkifcJhNyD;aemuf 1931 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (9) &ufaeYwGif &efukefwuúodkvf
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ukd wdu k yf rJG sm;Mum;rS wnfaqmufco hJ nf/ jrefrmjynfwiG f yxrOD;qk;H aom ausmif;om;or*¾jzpfí
t*FvefEdkifiH? atmufpzdkY'fwuúodkvf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH pnf;rsOf;Oya'wGif ygonfh ]ausmif;om;rsm;\ vlraI &;b0wGif
yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufa&;? vGwfvyfa&; jrwfEdk;onfUpdwf"gwf ay:aygufa&;? ausmif;om;rsm;\ wm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm; od½Sda&;}
ponfh &nf½G,fcsufrsm;udk vkyfaqmifcJhavonf/
wuoonf rsufESmjzLausmif;tkyfESifh tpdk;&\vSnfhpm;rIjzifh toGifysufcJh&m or*¾acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
tvkyaf umif;&a&; wud, k af umif;pdwf arG;jrLa&; ponfh ocifynma&;vIy½f mS ;rIrsm; ysufapEdik o f nfh csKdU,Gi;f csufrsm;
udk jyKusifhcJhzl;Muonfudk 0rf;enf;pGmawGU½Sd&onf/ odkYaomf rD;wkwfausmif;om;rsm;\ BudK;yrf;csuft& ausmif;
om;ta&;? trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;wdkYudk vkyfaqmif&rnf[laom todw&m;jzifh or*¾udk jyefí acgif;aqmifEdkifcJhonf/
þvrf;c&D;udk jzwfoef;vIyf½Sm;&if; ocifygwD? wdkYArmtpnf;t½kH;ESifh yl;wGJqufpyfvmcJhonf/ 1936-
37 ckESpfwGif jrefrmwjynfvkH;rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk pkpnf;Edkifa&;twGuf jyifqifrIrsm;jyKvkyfum 1936 ckESpf *sLAvD
a[m nDvmcHwiG f jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ukd wnfaxmifEikd cf o hJ nf/ odYk aomf pepfusaom us,fjyefY
aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; wnfNidrfrSefuefpGm pkpnf;Ekdif&ef zGJUpnf;ykHr½Sd[k ,lqEdkifayonf/
1938 ckESpf (1300 jynfh ta&;awmfykH) onf e,fcsJUpepftm; 'kwd,tBudrf jyif;xefpGm xdk;ESufaom
wdkufyGJodkY t&nftcsif;t& ul;ajymif;vmcJhonf/ a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm;? om,m0wDv,form;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;
wdkY\ pnf;vkH;nDñGwfrIonf wdkufyGJtiftm;jzpfvmum ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf tqkH;tjzwfay;rnfh tcef;rS
yg0ifcJhayonf/ e,fcsJUESifh azmufjyefa&; ½kyfao;tpdk;&wdkY\ vufcsufjzifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif Adkvfatmifausmf
usqkH;cJh&onf/
Auo? wuoESifh &efukefc½kdifausmif;om;rsm;\ nDñGwfaomvIyf½Sm;rIudk ausmif;om;rsm;ut&,l EdkifcJh
onf/ udkvdkeDpepfrS vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ0,f e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;wyfaygif;pk tjrLawt&if;tjrpfudk OD;pGm&,lcJh
aom 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfykHonf jrefrmhvlrIawmfvSefa&;wGif BuD;rm;vSaom tcef;rS yg0ifcJhayonf/
1941 ckEpS rf S pwifjzpfay:cJah om 'kw, d urÇmppftwGi;f zufqpfqefYusiaf &;wdu k yf wJG iG f Armhwyfom;aumif;
rsm;tjzpf wyfOD;rS ausmif;om;vli,frsm; yg0ifEdkifcJhjcif;rSm or*¾rsm;\ pnf;½kH;a&;tiftm;aMumifh jzpfonf/ zqyv
tzGJYcsKyfudk us,fjyefYaom zufqpfqefYusifa&;trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pk taejzifh zGJUpnf;EdkifcJh&mwGif ausmif;om;acgif;
aqmifa[mif;rsm;\ yg0ifaqmif½GufrIonf xda&mufvSayonf/
zufqpf*syef vufxufwGifyif ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;\t½Sdeft0gudk r&rae xdef;odrf; ay;EdkifcJhonf/
1945 ckESpf 'kwd,urÇmppftNyD; jrefrmjynfodkY t*FvdyfudkvdkeDtpdk;&onf tdEd́,jynf? qif;rvm;NrdKUrS jyefvnfajymif;
a½TUvmNyD; qif;rvm;ynma&;pDru H ed ;f toGiw f rsKd;aom udv k ekd u D Refynma&;udk ,laqmifow G o f iG ;f cJjh yefonf/ ausmif;
om;ESihf jynfow l YkdwiG f Armhvw G v f yfa&;wdu k yf EJG iS hf ocifynma&; 'Dru kd a&pDynma&; vrf;ñTerf w I m0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif
- 17 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
&efjzpfvmcJhí Auo? wuo? &uoponfh ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk jyefvnfí wnfaxmif zGJUpnf;jyefonf/

t"duwm0efBuD;tjzpf vGwv f yfa&;awmif;qdck sufukd tjyif;txefaqmif½u G cf MhJ uonf/ 1946 ckEpS f taxG
axGoydwBf uD;ESihf e,fcsJUorm;t*Fvyd t f pd;k &tm; tusyfuikd w f ukd cf u
kd af om vIy½f mS ;rIwiG f wjynfv;Hk rS ausmif;om;rsm;
wuf<upGm yg0ifcJhayonf/ 1947 ckESpf jynfvkH;uRwf ausmif;om;oydwfwdkYudk Auo\ acgif;aqmifrIjzifh qifETJum
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY t*Fvefü ta&;qdkaeonfh vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJudk tav;wif; ay;cJhEdkifonf/
1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufaeYwGif jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&½SdaMumif; aMunmEdkif&ef t*Fveftpdk;&
udk tusyfudkif wdkufckdufEdkifcJhavonf/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&; &½SdNyD;aemuf vGwfvyfa&;xdef;odrf;a&; wm0efrsm;
ESiwhf ygwnf; trsKd;om;wnfaqmufa&;? trsKd;om;ynma&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;taejzifh qufvuf
xrf;aqmifcJhayonf/ 1948 ckESpf rwfvwGif pwifí jynfwGif;ppfBuD; jzpfvm&um Armhynma&;twGuf &ifav;zG,f
tjzpfESifh &ifqdkifcJh&onf/ þvkyfief;rsm;ESifhtwl AuoXmecsKyfESifh ausmif;om;or*¾tcsKdUonf vufeufudkifpGJonf
txd ajymif;vJoGm;cJh&onf/
or*¾rsm;\ ausmif;om;wm0efESifh trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&; wm0efrsm;waygif;wnf; vkyfaqmifjcif;udk rvdkvm;
aomvlwpk\ BudK;yrf;csuft& oefY½iS ;f trnfcH AuopifNydKifwck ay:aygufco hJ nf/ ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&; umuG,f
a&;? ausmif;om;nDñw G af &; oabmxm;½Sad om Auo\ rSeu f efaom acgif;aqmifraI Mumifh oefY½iS ;f ausmif;om;rsm;
\ pifjydKif Auoonf 1950- 51 ckESpfwGif nDvmcH rac:EdkifawmhbJ ausmif;om;xkESifh tqufjywfum aysmufuG,f
oGm;cJh&ayonf/
wuúov kd f ausmif;om;avmuwGif wG,u f yfaeao;onfh oefY½iS ;f trnfcH ausmif;om;tEG,w f Ykd onfvnf;
rlrrSefaom acgif;aqmifrIaMumifh 1952 ckESpfwGif wuotcGifhtmPmrS ausmif;om;xk\ 0dkif;y,frIudk cH,lcJh&onf/
useff½Sdaeao;onfh oefY½Sif;ausmif;om; tiftm;pkonfvnf; jyif;xefaom ausmif;om;wdkufyGJtwGif;ü aysmufuG,f
cJh&ayonf/
1950-51 ckESpfwGif wjynfvkH;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;tm; jyefvnfpkpnf;&ef tajctaersm;t& ausmif;om;
pnf;½kH;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk jyifqifvkyfudkifcJh&if; 1951 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 15 &ufaeYwGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf (ABFSU)
udk wnfaxmifzGJUpnf;í jzpfay:aeaom trsKd;om;tajctaersm;t&-
(1) e,fcsJYya'o&mZfqefhusifa&;
(2) 'Drdkua&pDynma&;
(3) urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;
paom&nf½G,fcsufrsm; csrSwfEdkifcJhonf/
zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyfypHk nf;rsOf;Oya'ESiw hf uG vkyu f ikd cf ahJ omfvnf; wjynfv;Hk udk vTr;f jcHKaom taetxm;r½Scd ahJ y/
vlrsK;d pkausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tygt0if Edik if v H ;Hk qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;udk ud, k pf m;jyKEdik of nfh twdik ;f twmtxd rus,f
jyefYaom zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHOya'ESifh Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfudk acgif;aqmifcJh&ayonf/ wuúodkvfaumvdyfor*¾rsm;ESifh
nDñGwfpGm vufwGJrIrsm;udk &,lEdkifaomfvnf; tzGJUcsKyfonf ae&mtrSefwGif r&yfwnfEdkifcJhay/ txl;ojzifh wef;jrifh
ausmif;om;rsm;udk tajccHí zGJUpnf;xm;aom or*¾ozG,f vkyfaqmifoGm;cJhavonf/
1949 ckEpS rf S ,aeYwikd f wuúov kd Ef iS hf aumvdyaf usmif;om;or*¾rsm;wGif Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf 0g'vkyif ef;pOf
rsm;ESihf nDñw G af om acgif;aqmifr&I ,lEikd &f ef pGr;f aqmifEikd cf ahJ yonf/ 1953 ckEpS f wuúov kd af tmufwb kd m ausmif;wv
ydwaf &;vIy½f mS ;rIwiG f zqyvtpd;k & ynma&;avmutay: rSm;,Gi;f cJah om oabmxm;tjyKtrltm; wkYH jyefEikd cf o hJ nf/
ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&; NydKuGJaponfh qdk½S,fvpf 'Dtufpftdk trnfcH ausmif;om;wpk\zefwD;rIudk &ifqdkifcJh&onfrSm
wuúodkvf twdkif;twmwGifomru wjynfvkH;taeESifh pnf;½kH;a&;qif;um Auo pifNydKifaxmifonf txdjzpfcJhay
onf/
odkYaomf rrSefr½kd;om;aom 'DtufpftdkwdkYonf rnfrQyif aiGtmPmtcGifhta&;wdkYudk tokH;jyKaomfvnf;
ausmif;om;xkonf ¤if;wdYk tm; rSeu f efpmG jrifvmNyD; tqufjzwfjcif;cHc&hJ onf/ 'Dtufpt f w kd jzpfvJ ausmif;om;&Jacgif
tzGJUonf ausmif;om;avmuwGif tajcjyKjyefaomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJhay/ 1956 ckESpfwGif ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
zsufodrf;a&;trdefYtm; qefYusifcJhí or*¾wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;? ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; wm0efrsm;udk zdESdyfrIESifhtusyf
twnf;rsm;Mum;rS vkyfaqmifcJhonf/
1955 ckESpf yxrOD;pD;nDvmcHtm; rEÅav;jrdKUwGif usif;ycJhí vIyf½Sm;rIudk okH;oyfum a½SUvkyfief;pOfrsm;
csrw S Ef ikd cf ahJ yonf/ 1958 ckEpS f Mo*kwv f wGif oefY½iS ;f zqyv tkycf sKyfa&;acwfü ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,f
- 18 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
yGJ tNyD; Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf 'kw,d wd;k csJU OD;pD;nDvmcHac:qdu k m tzGUJ csKyf\ pnf;½k;H a&;oabmxm;ykpH rH sm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í
tzGJUBuD;rm;us,fjyefYEdkifa&;udk OD;wnfaom þzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHpnf;rsOf;Oya'udk ,m,Dtm;jzifh twnfjyKcJhayonf/
,if;tzGUJ tpnf;\ t"du&nf½, G cf sufrsm;rSm ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;? ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&; umuG,f
xdef;odrf;a&;? vGwfvyfa&; wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;wdkYudk tajccHxm;í wjynfvkH;vTrf;jcHK udk,fpm;jyKaomtzGJU
csKyfBuD; jzpfvmapa&;udk toGifaqmifapcJhonf/
vuf½,dS m,D twnfjyKxm;aom zGUJ pnf;yk\ H &nf½, G cf surf sm;ESihf ykpH rH sm;onf vuf½jdS zpf&yfrsm;ESihf pyf[yfae
í trsKd;om;ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf; National Students Organisation (or) National Union of Students
wckjzpfvma&;odkY OD;wnfcJhayonf/ 1947 ckESpfrS pí urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ I.U.S (International Union
of Students) ESifh w&m;0ifqufoG,fvmcJh&m Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf\ EdkifiHwumausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIrsm; tusKd;jyK
aprnfh &nf½G,fcsufESifh ykHpHrsm;udkvnf; þpnf;rsOf;Oya'wGif ñTefjyxm;ayonf/
,aeY ausmif;om;xkw&yfvkH;udk vTrf;jcHKonfh udk,fpm;jyKonfh pnf;½kH;a&;ykHpHtwGuf wef;jrifhausmif;rsm;?
c½kdifjrdKUe,for*¾rsm;? toufarG;0rf;aMumif; ynmoifausmif;rsm;? pufrIvuffrIausmif;rsm;? aumvdyfausmif;rsm;?
wuúodkvfausmif;rsm;ESifh vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;udkyg tajccHxm;aom zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH pnf;rsOf;Oya'jzpfonf/
tem*wfArmjynf\ ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf wckwnf;aom tus,fjyefYqkH;aom trsKd;om;ausmif;om;
tzGJUtpnf;BuD; w&yfjzpfay:a&;? wnfaqmufEdkifa&;udk &nfrSef;í þnDvmcHBuD;wGif tajccsay;jcif; jzpfayonf/
Armhausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIwGif xl;jcm;vmaom oabmudk aqmif,laeonfh þzGJUpnf;ykHtm; &JabmfwdkY tawGUtMuHK
aumif;rsm;udk &if;ES;D pGmzvS,Mf uí aqG;aEG;a0zef jyifqifjznfph u G f Muapvdo k nf/ þnDvmcHBuD;rS wcJeuf twnfjyK
Mu&ef jzpfayonf/
trIaqmiftzGYJ
ausmif;om;or*¾taqmuftOD
&efukefwuúodkvf
&efukefNrdKY
aehYpGJ- 1960 ck? atmufwdkbmv (19) &uf
- 19 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyyf pHk nf;rsO;f Oya'

tcef; (1)
trnf
1/ / þtzGJUudk ]ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf} [k ac:wGifap&rnf/ twdkaumuftm;jzifh
]Auorsm; tzGJYcsKyf} [k ac:a0:vdrfhrnf/
tcef; (2)
&nf½G,fcsufrsm;
2/ / Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf\ &nf½G,fcsufrsm;rSm atmufygwdkYjzpfonf/
(u) 'Drdkua&pDynma&; wnfaqmufa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;&ef?
(c) ausmif;om;rsm;tm; um,? ÓP? pm&dwå? rdwåAvrsm;ESifh jynfhpkHapNyD; jynfcspfpdwf"gwfudk arG;jrL
zGHUNzdK;apum wdkif;jynfESifhvlYabmif\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifEdkifapa&; twGuf
aqmif½Guf&ef?
(*) ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f&ef?
(C) trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rIudk xdef;odrf;apmifha½SmufzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufap&ef?
(i) vGwfvyfa&; wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;twGuf aqmif½Guf&ef?
(p) urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; xdef;odrf;umuG,fa&;wGif yg0ifaqmif½Guf&ef?
(q) e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESifh zufqpfqefYusifa&;wGif tm;ay;aqmif½Guf&ef?
(Z) ArmEdkifiHausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf&ef? urÇmw0Srf;½Sdausmif;om;rsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJY
tpnf;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;pGm qufoG,fyl;aygif; aqmif½Guf&ef/
tcef; (3)
vkyfief;pOfrsm;
3/ / txufyg &nf½G,fcsufrsm; atmifjrifa&;twGuf Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyfonf atmufyg vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk
vkyfudkifaqmif½Gufrnf/
(u) 'Drdkua&pDynma&;udk wnfaqmufEdkif&eftwGuf ynma&;udk ydkrdktqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vmap&ef
ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;? ESD;aESmzvS,faqG;aEG;rIrsm;? nDvmcHrsm; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;tm;jzifh aqmif
½Gufjcif;/
(c) upm;ckefpm;NydKifyGJrsm;udk usif;yay;jcif;/
(*) upm;ckefpm; avhusifhrIrsm;udk tm;ay;jcif;/
(C) ausmif;om;wdkif;\ ynmavhvmqnf;yl;a&;ESifh ywfoufí vdktyforQ tultnDrsm;udk ay;jcif;?
aqG;aEG;&ef tzGJUi,frsm;udk zGJUpnf;OD;aqmifjcif;/
(i) pum;&nfvkyGJrsm;? pmpDpmukH;NydKifyGJrsm;? a[majymyGJrsm;udk usif;yay;jcif;/
(p) pmoifwef;rsm; zGifhvSpfay;jcif;/
(q) pmMunfhwdkufrsm; zGifhvSpfay;jcif;? pmapmifrsm; xkwfa0rIwdkYudk OD;pD;jyKvkyfay;jcif;/
(Z) pnf;urf;udk ½kdaoatmifavhusifhay;jcif;/
(ps) udk,fusifhw&m; aumif;rGefa&;? pdwf"mwf jrifhjrwfa&;? trsm;ESifhcspfcif&if;ESD;pGm aewwfa&; paom
pdwf"gwfrsm;udkoGif;ay;jcif;/
- 20 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
(n) vkyftm;udk ½kdaoaom pdwf"gwf? tvkyfudk cspfjrwfEdk;aom pdwf"gwfrsm; &½Sdatmif jyKvkyfay;jcif;/

(#) pkaygif;vkyaf qmif&aomtvky?f apwemh0efxrf;tvky?f oefY½iS ;f a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk OD;pD;aqmif½u G jf cif;/
(X) trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rI? wdkif;&if;om;,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk avhvmrIudk tm;ay;jcif;? ,Ofaus;rIyGJawmfrsm;?
NydKifyGJrsm; toD;oD; usif;yay;jcif;/
(!) vGwv f yfa&; wnfwchH ikd jf rJa&;? urÇmYNidr;f csrf;a&; xde;f odr;f umuG,af &;? e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? zufqpf
qefYusifa&; paom ta&;udprö sm;wGif ausmif;om;ESifh trsKd;om;tusKd;twGuf jzpfygu ausmif;om;
qE´ ausmif;om;tm;ESifh 0ifa&mufaqmif½Gufjcif;/
(¡) jrefrmwEdkifiHvkH;½Sd ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;udk ausmif;om;tjrif? ausmif;om;qE´? ausmif;om;
tiftm;wdkYjzifh ausmif;om;xkudpörsm;wGif yl;wGJaqmif½GufMujcif;jzifh ckdifrmpGmwnfaqmufjcif;/
(P) vli,f? trsKd;orD; tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf tusKd;wlupd rö sm;wGif cspfMunf&if;ES;D pGm yl;aygif;aqmif½u G jf cif;/
(w) urÇmah usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (International Union of Students) ESihf w&m;0ifqufo, G íf urÇm
w0Srf;vkH;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh cspfMunfpGm vufwGJaqmif½Gufjcif;/
(x) tdrfeD;em;csif;wdkif;jynfrsm;ESifh tm½Swdkif;jynfrsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh txl;cspfMunf&if;ESD;pGm
qufqHjcif;/
(') Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyf\ &nf½, G cf sufrsm; atmifjrifa&;twGuf vdt k yfonf[k ,lqaom tjcm;vkyif ef;
pOfrsm;udk aqmif½Gufjcif;/
tcef; (4)
Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf0if jzpfrI
4/ / Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyfodkY tzGJUvdkuf qufoG,fyg0ifEdkifcGifh ½Sdonf/
5/ / tzGJUvkdufyg0if&rnfh Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf0ifrsm;rSm wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾rsm;? aumvdyfor*¾rsm;?
toufarG;0rf;aMumif;qdkif&m ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;? jynfe,fESifh vlrsKd;pk ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;? c½kdif
ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;? NrdKUe,f ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;wdkY jzpfonf/
6/ / tzGJUvdkufyg0ifMuonfh ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;rS or*¾0ifrsm;onf yk*¾dKvft&vnf; tvdktavsmuf
Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf0ifrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/
7/ / Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf0ifrsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;rSm ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif½GufEdkifcGifh? ausmif;
om;or*¾ a½G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif rJay;EdkifcGifh? ta½G;cHEdkifcGifhESifh tcsKdUaomtcGifhta&;rsm;wGif OD;pm;ay;&½SdEdkifcGifhwdkY
jzpfonf/
8/ / Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyf0ifrsm;\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;rSm Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyf\ zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk pnf;rsO;f Oya'udk
vufcHvdkufemjcif;? Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf\ vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif½Gufjcif;? owfrSwfxm;aom or*¾0ifaMu;
ESpfpOfaMu;rsm;udk ay;aqmifjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/
9/ / Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf0ifrsm;onf EkwfxGufEdkifcGifh ½Sdonf/ EkwfxGufaom tzGJUtpnf;udk vufcH&mwGif
A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu ,m,DvufcHEdkifonf/
10/ / Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf0ifrsm;udk or*¾ESifhywfoufaom jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;aMumifh tzGJU0iftjzpfrS xkwfy,f
ypfEikd o
f nftxd tjypf'Pfay;Edik o f nf/ tjypf'Pfurkd auseyfvQif tqifjh rifah om or*¾trIaqmiftzGUJ rSonf Edik if v H ;Hk
qdkif&m nDvmcHtxd t,lcHcGifh½Sdonf/
11/ / Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyfwiG f tzGUJ 0iftjzpfvufcjH cif;? tzGUJ 0iftjzpfrx
S w
k yf ,fjcif; paomudprö sm;udk aqmif½u G f
&mwGif EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcHonf tmPmtydkifqkH; jzpfonf/
tcef; (5)
Auorsm; tzGJYcsKyfzGJYpnf;ykH
12/ / Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyfonf wEdkifiHvkH;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;udk tzGJUtpnf;tvdkuf pkpnf;xm;aom tzGJUcsKyf
jzpfonf/
13/ / Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyfzGJUpnf;ykHrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
(u) EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcH
- 21 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
(c) EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifh
(*) A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU
(C) tzGJUvdkufqufoG,faomausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
(i) jynfe,fESifh vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
(p) c½kdifausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
(q) NrdKUe,fausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
tcef; (6)
EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcH (uGef*&uf)
14/ / EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcHonf Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyfwGif tmPmtydkifqkH; jzpfonf/
15/ / EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcHwGif atmufygyk*¾dKvfrsm; yg0ifonf/
(u) A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;
(c) tzGJUvdkufqufoG,fxm;aom ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(*) jynfe,fESifh vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;or*¾rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(C) c½kdifausmif;om;or*¾rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(i) NrdKUe,fausmif;om;or*¾rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
16/ / udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& tcsKd;tpm;udk A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu oifhavsmfovdk owfrSwfydkifcGifh ½Sdonf/
17/ / nDvmcHudk omreftm;jzifh (18) v wBudrf usif;y&rnf/ odkYaomf vkHavmufaomtaMumif;½SdvQif A[dk
trIaqmiftzGJUu a½TUqdkif;ac:,lEdkifonf/
18/ / nDvmcHac:,la&;ESihf ywfoufonfh tcsde?f aeY&uf? pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk A[dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ u owfrwS yf ikd cf iG hf
½Sdonf/
19/ / A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU\ owfrSwfqkH;jzwfcsufudk rauseyfvQif EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcHwGif wifjyuefYuGuf
Edkifonf/
20/ / Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf\ okH;ykHwykH½Sdaom tzGJUvdkuf qufoG,fxm;aom ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;u awmif;qdk
vQif nDvmcHudk ac:qdkay;&rnf/
21/ / EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcHwGif atmufygudpörsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG; qkH;jzwfEdkifonf/
(u) Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyfESifh ywfoufaom udpörsm;/
(c) ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oufa&mufxdcdkufEdkifonfh wEdkifiHvkH;? wrsKd;om;vkH;ESifh wurÇmvkH;qdkif&m
ta&;udpörsm;/
22/ / A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmudk nDvmcHwGif wifoGif;&rnf/
23/ / A[kdtrIaqmiftzGJUudk nDvmcHwGif a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&rnf/ a½G;aumufjcif;qdkif&m enf;Oya'rsm;udk
A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUuaomf vnf;aumif;? nDvmcHuaomf vnf;aumif; jyKvkyf&rnf/
24/ / Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f mnDvmcHonf wufa&muf&ef owfrw S xf m;onfh OD;a&\ xuf0ufEiS hf wOD;ydí
k wufa&muf
vQif w&m;0ifxajrmufonf/
tcef; (7)
EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifh
25/ / EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifhonf EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcH (uGef*&uf) rS vGJvQif tmPmtydkifqkH; jzpfonf/
26/ / EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifhwGif atmufygyk*K¾ dvfrsm;yg0ifonf/
(u) A[dktrIaqmiftzJGU0ifrsm;
(c) tzGJUvdkufqufoG,faom ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(*) jynfe,fESifh vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;or*¾rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(C) c½kdifausmif;om;or*¾rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(i) NrdKUe,fausmif;om;or*¾rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
27/ / udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& tcsKd;tpm;udk A[kdtrIaqmiftzGJUu oifhavsmfovdk owfrSwfEdkifcGifh ½Sdonf/
- 22 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
28/ / EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifhudk A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu ESpfywfvnf EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcH (uGef*&uf) ESpfck

tMum;wGif omreftm;jzifh wESpv f Qif wBudrf ac:,lusif;y&rnf/ A[dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ onf Edik if vH ;Hk qdik &f m uGezf &ifu
h kd
a½TUqdkif;xm;jcif;aomf vnf;aumif;? ta&;ay:uGefz&ifhtjzpf ac:,ljcif;udkaomf vnf;aumif; jyKvkyfEdkifcGifh ½Sdonf/
29/ / owfrw S xf m;aom OD;a&\ xuf0ufxuf wOD;ydí k wufa&mufvQif Edik if vH ;Hk qdik &f muGezf &ifo h nf w&m;0if
txajrmufonf/
30/ / EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifhwGif A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;\ vkyfief;rsm;udk ppfaq;a0zefjcif;? Auorsm;
tzGJUcsKyfESifh oufqdkifaom udpörsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG; qkH;jzwfjcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfEdkifonf/
31/ / EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifhonf A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUtm; ,m,Dtm;jzifh jzKwfcsjcif;? ajymif;vJjcif;? Auo
rsm;tzGJUcsKyf\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk ,m,Dtm;jzifh jyifqifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifcGifh½Sdonf/
32/ / EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifh\ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcHwGif t,lcHEdkifonf/
33/ / EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGefz&ifhrS ,m,Dajymif;vJxm;aom A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU\ vkyfief;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;?
,m,Djyifqifxm;aom zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH pnf;rsOf;Oya'onf vnf;aumif;? aemifwGif EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcH (uGef*
&uf) \ twnfjyKrIudk r&vifhupm; xdkMum;umvwGif w&m;0ifonf[k rSwf,l&rnf/
tcef; (8)
A[dktrIaqmiftzGJY
34/ / A[dt k rIaqmiftzGUJ onf Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f mnDvmcH (uGe*f &uf) ESihf Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f muGezf &ifw
h Ykd NyD;vQif tmPm
tydik q
f ;Hk jzpfí þzGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
Hk ajccHOya'u cGijhf yKxm;orQaom Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyf\ udpw ö Ykd ukd qk;H jzwfaqmif
½Guf ydkifcGifh½Sdonf/ vufatmufcHor*¾rsm;\ udpörsm;wGifvnf; tMuHay;cGifh? yl;aygif;aqmif½GufcGifh ½Sdonf/
35/ / A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUwGif atmufygyk*¾Kdvfrsm;yg0ifonf/
(u) Ouú|
(c) 'k-Ouú|rsm;
(*) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
(C) twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;
rSwfcsuf- A[dktrIaqmifOD;a&ESifh Xmersm;udk A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUu oifhawmfonf[k ,lqonfhtwdkif; owfrSwfEdkif
cGifh½Sdonf/
36/ / 'k-Ouú|rsm;ESifh twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;rSm c½kdifNrdKUe,fausmif;om;or*¾rsm; qdkif&mtwGuf wOD;pD? wuúodkvf
rsm;qdkif&mtwGuf wOD;pD? aumvdyfrsm;qdkif&mtwGuf wOD;pD? toufarG;0rf;aMumif;qdkif&m ausmif;rsm;twGuf
wOD;pD? jynfe,fESifh vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;qdkif&mtwGuf wOD;pDESifh tjcm;vdktyfaom XmeBuD;rsm;twGuf twGif;a&;
rSL; wOD;pDwifajr§muf&efjzpfonf/
37/ / azmfjycJNh yD;aom XmeBuD;rsm;ESihf b@ma&;? pnf;½k;H a&;? jyefMum;a&; paomXmersm;twGuf vkyif ef;us,jf yefY
Edkifeif;ap&eftwGuf AsL½kdrsm;zGJUpnf; aqmif½GufEdkifonf/
38/ / A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUonf ta&;ay:vkyfief;rsm;twGuf oufqdkif&maumfrwDrsm; zGJUpnf;aqmif½GufEdkifcGifh
½Sdonf/
39/ / A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUonf omreftm;jzifh wvvQifwBudrf tpnf;ta0; usif;y&rnf/
40/ / A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0ifOD;a&\ av;ykHwykHu awmif;qdkvQif A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU tpnf;ta0;udk ac:qdkay;
&rnf/
41/ / A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0if OD;a&\xuf0ufxuf wOD;ydkí wufa&mufvQif tpnf;ta0;rSm w&m;0if tx
ajrmufonf/ ta&;wBuD; tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif trIaqmiftzGJU0ifOD;a&\ okH;ykHwykHwufa&mufvQif w&m;0if tx
ajrmufonf/
42/ / A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUonf A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0ifwdkYtm; ,m,Dtm;jzifh Ekwfy,fí jznfhpGufcefYxm;EdkifcGifh
½Sdonf/
43/ / A[dktrIaqmiftzGJU0ifwdkYonf Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf\ vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif½Guf&mwGif tzGJUvdkufaomf
vnf;aumif;? wOD;csif;taeESifhaomf vnf;aumif; wm0ef½Sdap&rnf/ pkaygif;acgif;aqmifrIESifh wGJzufwm0efcHrsm;
vnf; ½Sd&rnf/
- 23 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
A[dt
k rIaqmiftzGYJ
Ouú|
'k-Ouú|rsm;
c½kdif-NrdKYe,f vlrsKd;pk oufarG; aumvdyf wuúodkvf
twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;
c½kdif-NrdKYe,f vlrsKd;pk oufarG; aumvdyf wuúodkvf
Xmewm0efcHrsm;
ynm b@m pnf;½k;H jyefMum; Ekid if jH cm; oufomacsmifcsd upm;ckepf m; ,Ofaus;rI
tcef; (9)
Auorsm; tzGJYcsKyfodkh tzGJYvdkufqufoG,faom ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
44/ / ¤if;ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;rSm 'Drdkua&pDusaom pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;ESifhtnD pepfwuszGJUpnf;xm;aom
or*¾rsm;jzpf&rnf/
15/ / ¤if;ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ oufqdkif&mvkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf\ taxGaxG
vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk rqefYusifapbJ oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpmG aqmif½u
G Ef ikd cf iG hf ½So
d nf/ odYk aomf tjyifty tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf
qufo, G &f mwGif vnf;aumif;? yl;wGaJ qmif½u G &f mwGif vnf;aumif; Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyf\oabmwlnrD u I kd &½S&d rnf/
46/ / ¤if;wdYk \udprö sm;udk aqmif½u
G &f mwGif Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyf\ yl;aygif;aqmif½u G rf I tultnDwYkd ukd awmif;
qdk &,lEdkifonf/
tcef; (10)
jynfe,fESifUvlrsKd;pkausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
47/ / ArmEdkifiHjynfe,frsm;twGif;½Sd ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYa'o½Sd or*¾vkyfief;rsm; wGifus,f
atmifjrifa&;twGuf jynfe,fESifh vlrsKd;pk ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif EdkifcGifh½Sdonf/
48/ / ¤if;ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk jynfe,fESifh vlrsKd;pkw&yfvkH;qdkif&m nDvmcHrsm;rS a½G;aumufwifajr§muf
&rnf/
- 24 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
49/ / ¤if;nDvmcHrsm; ac:qdka&;ESifh oufqdkif&m trIaqmiftzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;a&;udk jynfe,fausmif;om;or*¾

trIaqmiftzGJUrsm;u oifhawmfonfhtwdkif; qkH;jzwfaqmif½GufoGm;Edkifonf/
tcef; (11)
c½dkifausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
50/ / c½dkifausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk c½dkifnDvmcHrsm;wGif wifajr§mufzGJUpnf;&rnf/
51/ / c½dkifnDvmcHrsm;udk c½dkifausmif;om;or*¾trIaqmiftzGJUu oifawmfonf[k ,lq owfrSwfonfhtwdkif;
usif;y&rnf/
52/ / c½dkifausmif;om;or*¾rsm;onf Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk atmifjrifatmif aqmif½Guf&mwGif
tvGef tcsuftcsmusaom ae&mwGif wnf½Sdojzifh wc½kdifvkH;½Sd ausmif;om;ta&;udpö vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;wGif av;eufpGm
wm0ef,lí tajrmftjrifBuD;rI? uRrf;usifvdr®mrI? &J&ifhjywfom;rI? owåd½SdrIwdkYESifh vkHYv0D&d,BuD;pGm pdkufxkwfum
BudK;yrf; aqmif½GufMu&rnf/
tcef; (12)
NrdKYe,fausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
53/ / NrdKUe,fausmif;om;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJUu owfrSwfqkH;jzwfonfhtwdkif; usif;yaom NrdKUe,fnDvmcH
rsm;wGif ¤if;ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk wifajr§mufzGJUpnf;&rnf/
54/ / ¤if;wdkYonf NrdKUe,ftwGif;½Sd ausmif;om;udpörsm;udk wm0ef,laqmif½GufMu&rnf/
tcef; (13)
or*¾qdkif&mqufqHa&;rlrsm;
55/ / ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;\qufqHa&;rSm 'Drdkua&pDudk tajccHaom A[kdcsKyfudkifenf;pepf (Democratic
Centralism) t& jzpf&rnf/
56/ / or*¾rsm;udk ausmif;om;xku 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&rnf/ or*¾tzGJUtpnf;
tqifhqifhudk atmufajcrS a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;jzifh zGJUpnf;&rnf/
57/ / or*¾tqifhqifhwdkYonf txufrSay;aom ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk atmufrSemcH aqmif½Guf&rnf/
58/ / tqkH;tjzwfrsm;udk rsm;&mpkjzifh jyKvkyf&rnf/ tenf;pkonf trsm;pk\qkH;jzwfcsufudk emcH&rnf/
59/ / trsm;pk\ qkH;jzwfcsufudk remcHvdkaomf tenf;pkonf ausmif;om;xkudk 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& pnf;½kH;um
rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifu trsm;pkjzpfatmif BudK;yrf;í qkH;jzwfcsufudk jyefvnfjyifqifEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif trsm;pkqkH;jzwf
csufudk remcHvdkí toif;tzGJUcGJí wnfaxmifjcif;? igwaumaumjcif;rsm;udk rjyKvkyf&/
60/ / tenf;pk\ xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfEdkif&eftwGuf trsm;pkwdkYu us,fjyefYaom
'Drdkua&pD½Sdap&ef wm0efcH&rnf/
61/ / txuftzGJUtpnf;wdkYonf atmuftzGJUtpnf;wdkYxH ñTefMum;rIESifh vdktyforQaom tultnDrsm;udk
ay;&rnf/
62/ / atmuftzGUJ tpnf;wdYk onf txuftzGUJ tpnf;wkYd xH tajctaet&yf&yfqikd &f m tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk ay;ydYk NyD;
txufrS ñTefMum;onfwdkYukd atmifjrifxajrmufatmif BudK;yrf;aqmif½GufMu&rnf/
tcef; (14)
b@ma&;
63/ / or*¾rsm;\ b@ma&;udk or*¾0ifaMu;? ESpfpOfaMu;rsm;ESifh tvSLaiGrsm;rS &½Sdonf/
64/ / or*¾rsm;\ b@ma&;udk b@ma&;rSL;rsm;ESifh b@ma&;aumfrwDrsm;u ½SmMuHpkaqmif;NyD; okH;pGJa&;
udkvnf; ¤if;wdkYuyif pepfwuscGJa0 ay;&rnf/
65/ / wESpfvQifwBudrf owfrSwfxm;aom pm&if;ppfrsm;u or*¾ b@ma&;tajctaeudk ppfaq;NyD;aemuf
b@ma&;rSL;u trIaqmiftzGJUodkY b@ma&; tpD&ifcHpmwapmifudk wifoGif;&rnf/
- 25 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
tcef; (15)
ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm;
66/ / ausmif;ydw&f uf twGi;f wGif ausmif;om;or*¾\ udprö sm;udk qufvuf aqmif½u G &f eftwGuf or*¾½;Hk pdu
k f
&mXmewGif aexdkifaom okH;OD;xufrenf;aom trIaqmiftzGJU0ifwdkYtm; ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm;tjzpf vuf½Sd
trIaqmiftzGJUu cefYxm;aMunm&rnf/
67/ / ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHwdkYonf or*¾tzGJUtpnf;wckvkH;ESifh oufqdkifaom udpöBuD;rsm;udk aqmif½Guf
ajz½Sif;EdkifcGifh r½Sd/ udpBö uD;rsm;udk aqmif½Gufajz½Sif;&eftwGuf trIaqmiftzGJUudk jyefvnfac:,lí wm0efudkjyefvnf
tyfESif;&rnf/
68/ / ausmif;jyefzGifhaomtcg ausmif;ydwf&ufwm0efcHrsm;u trIaqmiftzGJUtm; wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk jyefvnf
vTJtyfay;&rnf/
tcef; (16)
Auorsm; tzGJYcsKyf\ tvH? wHqdyfESifU oDcsif;
69/ / Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyf\tvHrmS teDa&mifatmufcw H iG f a½T0ga&mif cGyaf 'gif;onf a½T0ga&mif puf0ikd ;f twGi;f
wGif ud,
k yf ikd ;f usa&mufvsuf yg½Sad p&rnf/ tvH\t½G,yf rmPrSm tvsm; (9) ay? teH (5) ayjzpfonf/ BuD;i,fr[l
¤if;tcsKd;tpm; tvdkufjzpfap&rnf/
70/ / Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf\wHqdyfrSm urÇmvkH;ykHoP²mef aemufcHpuf0dkif;twGif;wGif pmtkyfzGifhvsufykH yg½Sdapí
pmtkyfykH\vuf0JbufeHab;wGif rD;wkwfudk vufjzifhudkifaqmifxm;aomykH uyfvsufyg½Sdap&rnf/ puf0dkif; tem;w
avsmufwGif ywfvnf0ef;&Hvsuf jrefrmbmomtm;jzifh ]ArmEk d i f i H v k H ; qk d i f & mausmif ; om;or*¾ r sm;tzG J Y c sKyf }
t*Fvdyfbmomtm;jzifh "All Burma Federation of Student Unions" [k a&;om;&rnf/
Auorsm; tzGcYJ sKyf tvHEiS Uf wHqyd f
Auorsm; tzJcYG sKyw f q H yd u

f kd 1950-51 ckEpS rf S pwiftwnf
jyK oH;k pJcG UJ onf/ ¤if;wHqyd rf mS urÇmah usmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzJcYG sKyf
(International Union of Students - IUS) \
rl&if;wHqyd jf zpfNy;D cGijUf yKcsuaf wmif;í oH;k pJcG o
UJ nf/ ,aehtxd
qufvuftoH;k jyKaeqJjzpfonf/
71/ / Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf\ oDcsif;rSm - (wzufpmrsufESmwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/)
tcef; (17)
zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHpnf;rsOf;Oya'jyifqifa&;
72/ / Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf\ ]zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHpnf;rsOf;Oya'} udk EkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mnDvmcH (uGef*&uf) ü jyifqif
jcif;? jznfhpGufjcif;? Ekwfy,fjcif;? zsufodrf;jcif;wdkYudk nDvmcHwufa&mufol okH;ykHESpfykH\ oabmwlnDcsuft& jyK
vkyfEdkifonf/
73/ / ,m,Djyifqifcsufrsm;udk EdkifiHvkH;qkdif&muGefz&ifhwGif wufa&mufol okH;ykHESpfykH\ oabmwlnDcsuft&
ûyvkyfEdkifonf/
jznfUpGufcsufrsm;
tcef; (1)? tydk'f 1 wGif jznfUpGuf&ef
t*Fvdyfbmomtm;jzifh "All Burma Federation of Student Unions" [k ac:wGifapí twdkaumuf
tm;jzifh "A.B.F.S.U" [k ac:a0:&vdrfhrnf/
- 26 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
pmrsufESm (18)? tcef; (7)? tydk'f (28) atmufwGif oD;oefhtydk'ftjzpf xnfUoGif;&ef

Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f muGezf &ifo
h Ykd wufa&mufEikd cf iG ½hf adS om tzGUJ tpnf;OD;a&\ ok;H ykw
H yku
H awmif;qdv
k Qif A[dt
k rI
aqmiftzGJUu EdkifiHvkH;qkdif&muGefz&ifhudk ac:,lay;&rnf/
1958 ck? Mo*kwfv (15-16) &ufaehrsm;wGif &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ taqmuftODü
usif;yaom 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf wdk;csJY OD;pD;nDvmcHwGif wifoGif; ,m,DtwnfjyKonf/
1960 ck? atmufwdkbmv (20-21-22-23-24) &ufaehrsm;wGif usif;yaom (6) Budrfajrmuf ArmEdkifiHvkH;
qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf EkdifiHvkH;qdkif&muGef*&ufwGif wifoGif;twnfjyKonf/
atmifyJGtqufquf cHOD;rnf
usm; / / igwkdY ausmif;om; aygif;pnf;vkdY nD&rnf - - trsKd;om;a&;ukd BudKqkdzkdY&nf - -
'Drkdua&pDynma&;twGuf&nf - -—wdkYtom; wdkYtaoG;paw;vSLrnf - -
r / / igwkd hausmif;om; aygif;pnf;vkdY nD&rnf - -—trsKd;om;a&;ukd BudKqkdzkdY&nf - -

vGwfvyfckdifjrJ t"GefY &SnfzkdYtwnf-— - jynfcspfpdwf"gwf arG;pkdY nD— - -
usm; / / a[ - - nDnDnmnm - - vGwfvyfa&;xdef;odrf;rnf—- - zufqpf0g'Dwkdufzsufrnf -

a[ - nDnDnmnm—- - vGwfvyfa&;xdef;odrf;rnf - e,fcsJ h&efukd wGef;NzdKrnf - -
r / / ausmif;om;todESifh ausmif;om;tcGifhwifjyrnf—- - aoG;pnf;vkdY yif &mZ0ifcef;quf&Snf

b0opf rkefwkdif; vSrf;csDzkdY &nf - -— atmifyJGtqufquf cHzl;onf—
usm; / / a[—- - atmifNyD atmifNyD Nidrf;csrf;a&; xdef;odrf;rnf—- - zufqpf0g'Dwkdufzsufrnf

a[ - - atmifNyD atmifNyD vGwfvyfa&;xdef;odrf;rnf - - e,fcsJU &efukd wGef;NzdKrnf -
r / / ausmif;om;todESifh ausmif;om;tcGifhwifjyrnf - -—aoG;pnf;vkdY yif &mZ0ifcef;quf&Snf

Auorsm;tzJGUcsKyfOD;aqmif—- - atmifyJGtqufquf cHOD;rnf - -/
À
t"dywdrsm;? tkycf sKyaf &;t&m&Srd sm;? armfueG ;f xde;f rsm; (1920-62)

wuúodkvft"dywdrsm;
1920-23 qm&,f*sDe,f[ife&Dc&ufa'guf 1936-39 qmtmpDabma'gufuvyfaumhu&drf;
1923-25 qmpyifqm[mukwfbwÅvm 1939-42 OD;wifxG#f
1925 qm0DvsH*Refud 1947-56 EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek
1925-27 qmpyifqm[mukwfbwÅvm 1956-57 EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;AaqG
1928-30 qmcsm;vfpftvufZif;'g;tif;epf 1957-58 EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek
1930-31 qm*sKd;ZufMo*wfpwyfarmifBuD; 1958-60 EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;
1931-32 qmcsm;vfpftvufZif;'g;tif;epff 1960-62 EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek
1932-36 qm[l;vif;pa'gif;pwDzifqifh
wuúodkvfudk,fpm;t"dywdrsm;
1947 0efBuD;apmpHzdk;oif
1948 0efBuD;Adkvfbdk;uGef;
1948 0efBuD;OD;xGef;jrifh (vif;ac;)
- 27 -
aemufqufwGJ (30)
1948-49 0efBuD;OD;0if;
1949 0efBuD;ref;0if;armif
1949-50 0efBuD;OD;xGef;az
1950-56 0efBuD;OD;oef;atmif
1956-58 0efBuD;OD;xGef;wif
1958 0efBuD;OD;&m½Spf
1958 0efBuD;ocifwif
1958 0efBuD;OD;armifausmfuH
1958-60 0efBuD;OD;um
1960 0efBuD;a'gufwm{armif
wuúodkvf 'k-t"dywdrsm;
1920-21 qmcsm;vfpfarmf*ef0ufAf
1921-27 qma&mbwfppf'eD*sKdif;vfpf
1927-31 qmbif*srif;[m;Awf[D;vf'f
1931-38 a'gufwmOD;quf
1938-39 qmjrbl;
1939-42 a'gufwmOD;quf
1947-49 OD;umpD
1949-52 w&m;0efBuD; OD;{armif
1952-58 w&m;0efBuD; OD;bdkBuD;
1958-59 a'gufwmxifatmif
1959 OD;pHvGif
tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m½Sd? tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;ESifU ygarmu©csKyf

1945-46 rpöwmt,fvfxifpD
1946-47 a'gufwmxifatmif (ynma&;)? a'gufwmvSbl; (jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;)? OD;b (tkyfcsKyfa&;)
1947-58 a'gufwmxifatmif
1959-61 a'gufwmvSjrifh
1961 a'gufwmomvS
1962 OD;um
wuúodkvfarmfuGef;xdef;rsm;
1920-22 rpöwm'vsLtdefav
1922-27 rpöwmatuif;bJ
1927-28 rpöwmatom*k
1928-33 rpöwmatuif;bJ
1933-35 rpöwmbDtm&fyef;
1935-42 rpöwmt,fvfxifpD
1947-53 OD;,kcif
ynma&; tkyfcsKyfa&;
1953-59 OD;,kcif 1953- 59 OD;odef;armif
1959-61 OD;boef; 1959- 61 OD;armifarmifpdef
1961 OD;armifarmifpdef 1961 OD;vSatmif
- 28 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
aemufqufwJG (31)
'Dru kd &wfwpfausmif;om;rsm;tzGUJ
ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
\
zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf pkH nf;rsO;f Oya'
r*FvmpmyHEk ydS w
f u
kd f
trSwf (462) Adv

k cf sKyaf wmif vrf;rawmf
yef;yJwef;
armfvNrdKifNrdKY
- 29 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
'Dru
kd &wfwpfausmif;om;rsm;tzGYJ
ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyyf pkH nf;rsO;f Oya'
tcef; (1)
yk'fr- (1) trnf
þtzGJUtpnf;udk ]ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾} [kac:wGifap&rnf/ twdkcsKyftm;jzifh ]Auo}
[k ac:wGifap&rnf/
yk'fr- (2) txdrf;trSwfESifU tvH

Auo\ txdrf;trSwfwHqdyfwHk;onf axmifhpGef;ig;ck½Sdaom Mu,fBuD;udk Mu,fi,fig;vHk;jcH&HNyD;?
Mu,fBuD;\ tv,fwGif ArmjynfyHkyg½Sdap&rnf? ¤if;ArmjynfyHktv,fwGif zGifhxm;aom pmtkyfyHkyg½Sdap&rnf/
txdrf;trSwf\ ab;ywfvnfpuf0dkif;ESpfckMum;wGif ]]ArmEkid if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾}} ESifh ]XmecsKy}f [laom
pmwrf;yg½Sdap&rnf/
c½kdifNrdKUe,frsm;\ wHqdyfwHk;rsm;rSm ]ArmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m? ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾cGJ}} ESifh oufqdkif&m c½kdif
(odkYr[kwf) NrdKUe,frsm;\ trnfrsm; yg½Sdap&rnf/
Auo\tvHonf teDa&mifaemufcHum; tay:wGif tjzLa&mifcGyfa'gif;yHk yg½Sdap&NyD;? ¤if;cGyfa'gif;yHk\
udk,fydkif;onf puf0dkif;wcktwGif;wGif ½Sdap&rnf/ xdktvH\ vuf0Jbuftxufa'gifhpGef;wGif a'gifhpGef; (5) ck½Sdaom
Mu,fjzLwck yg½Sdap&rnf/
yrmP- tvH\t½G,t
f pm;rSm tvsm; (9) ay? teH (5) ayjzpfapNyD; BuD;i,fr[l xdt
k csKd;tpm;tvdu
k f jzpfap&rnf/
yk'fr- (3) wnfae&mESifU tus,ft0ef;

AuoXmecsKyf\ wnf&mXmerSm omreftm;jzifh &efuek Nf rdKUwGijf zpfapNyD;? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmfw0Sr;f
vHk;wGif zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif&rnf/
yk'fr- (4) &nf½G,fcsufrsm;

(1) jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEkdifiHawmf\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smuf vdkufem
&ef?
(2) 'Drdkua&pD0g'udk avhvmusifhoHk;&ef?
(3) Nidrfcsrf;a&;ESifh wnfwHcdkifjrJa&;udk ausmif;om;xktif;tm;jzifh tpGrf;ukef&,l&ef?
(4) ½Srf;? csif;? u&if? u,m;? rGef? &cdkif? jrefrmtp½Sdaom jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om; tm;vHk;wdkY\
pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;udk aqmif½Guf&ef?
(5) vGwfvyfNyD;aom jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmfBuD;udk wdkif;wyg;om;wdkY vufodkYxdk;tyfí uRefb0odkY
jyefvnfusqHk;aprnfh jynfwGif;rsKd;zsuf opömazmufwdkU\ ckwHk;taejzifh ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;tm;
aoG;aqmifjzm;a,mif;aeaom ausmif;om;opömazmufrsm;udk ausmif;om;avmurS tukeftpOf wdkuf
xkwf&ef?
- 30 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
(6) EkdifiHawmfom,m0ajyma&;twGuf yg0ifaqmif½Guf&ef?

(7) jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf\ ,Ofaus;rItqifhtwef;udk jr§ifhwif&ef?
(8) acwfrDSaom wdkif;jynftjzpfodkY wdk;jr§ifh&mwGif vdktyfonfh avmu"gwfq&mrsm;? tif*sifeD,mrsm;?
q&m0efrsm; tp½So d nfh xl;cReaf om ynmwwfausmif;om;rsm;pGm ay:aygufvmap&eftwGuf tqift h
wef;jr§ifhaom ynma&;udk wnfaqmuf&ef/
(9) ausmif;om;rsm;\ w&m;rQwpGm&oifh&xdkufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tEkenf;jzifhawmif;qdk&ef/
(10) jynfaxmifpk ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;\ pnf;vHk;rItaqmufttHk cdkifrmawmifhwif;vmatmif
zefwD;&ef/
(11) ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;ESifh w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;jyóemwdkif;wGif ausmif;om;xk\ qE´jzifh
ajz½Sif;&ef/
(12) ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;udk Avig;wefESifh jynfh0vmap&ef/
(13) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmftwGif;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh urÇmYausmif;om;rsm; &ifaygifwef;
yl;aygif;aqmif½GufEkdifap&ef/
(14) q&m? rdb? vlBuD;rsm;udk ½kdao&ef/
(15) (AuoXmecsKyf) tmPmydik t f zGUJ rsm;u umvtm;avsmfpmG owfrwS af om tjcm;aom&nf½,
G cf sufrsm;
udk atmifjrifatmifaqmif½Guf&ef/
tcef; (2)
toif;0ifa&;ESifh ESpfpOfaMu;
yk'rf - (5) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmftwGif;½Sd pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoif,laeMuaom ausmif;olôm;wdkif;
or*¾0iftjzpf ygEkdifap&rnf/
rSwcf su-f pufrIvufrI twwfoifausmif;rsm;? pdkufysKd;a&;twufoifausmif;rsm;? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;twufoif
ausmif;rsm;yg tcef; (2)? yk'fr (5) wGif tusKH;0ifonf/
yk'fr- (6) txufyg tcef; (2)? yk'fr (5) t& or*¾0ifvdkolrsm;onf atmufygazmfjyyg t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh jynfh
pHkap&rnf/
(u) touf (18) ESpf jynfhap&rnf/
(c) ½l;oGyfaoma&m*g r½Sdap&/
(*) or*¾\ &nf½G,fcsufrsm;ESifh pnf;urf;Oya'udk vdkufemusifhEkdifol jzpf&rnf/
(,) tusifhpm&dwåaumif;rGefí or*¾\aus;Zl;awmfudk apmifhod½kdaool jzpf&rnf/
(i) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifjzpfap? c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifjzpfap? NrdKUe,ftvkyftrIaqmift
zGJU0ifjzpfap? odkYr[kwf or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJU0ifjzpfap? ¤if;yk*d¾Kvfrsm;xJrS ESpfOD;\ tusifhpm&dwå
aumif;rGefaMumif; axmufcHpm yg½Sdap&rnf/
(p) ___ ___ &nf½G,fcsufrsm;udk usifhoHk;vdkufemEkdifol jzpf&rnf/
(q) or*¾rSay;tyfaom wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk waoGrodrf;vdkufemaqmif½GufEkdifol jzpf&rnf/
(Z) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUrS umvtm;avsmfpGm owfrSwfaom ESpfpOfaMu;aiGrsm;udk ajyvnfatmif
ay;oGif;Ekdifol jzpf&rnf/
yk'rf - (7) or*¾0ifwOD;tjzpf0ifa&muf&ef t&nftcsif;ESifh jynfhpHkolwOD;onf or*¾cGJtwGif;a&;rSL;xHrS awmif;,l

&½SEd idk af om toif;0ifavQmufvmT yHpk u
H kd tcef; (2)? yk'rf (6)? tyd'k if ,f (i) t& or*¾trIaqmifEpS Of ;D \ tusifph m&dwå
aumif;rGefaMumif; axmufcHpmESifhtwl ESpfpOfaMu;udkyg wyg;wnf; ay;oGif;&rnf/
yk'fr- (8) or*¾0ifwdkif; or*¾tpnf;ta0;rsm;a½G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif qE´rJay;ydkifcGifh? ta½G;cHydkifcGifhtqdk wifoGif;

axmufcHEkdifcGifh ½Sdap&rnf/
- 31 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
yk'fr- (9) txufygyk'fr (8) t& or*¾trIaqmiftjzpf ta½G;cHEkdifcGifhonf EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ wm0efcHtvkyftrI

aqmifrsm;jzpfaom or*¾0ifrsm; rjzpfap&/
yk'fr- (10) or*¾0ifwOD;jypfrlusL;vGefcJhaomf or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUu wm0efcH&mxl;rS avQmhcsjcif;? or*¾rS acwå

xkwyf ,fjcif; ponfwYkd ukd jyKvkyEf ikd o
f nf/ odYk aomf c½kid o
f r*¾tvkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ \ oabmwlncD sufukd &,l&rnf/
yk'fr- (11) txufygyk'fr (10) t& tjypfay;cH&aom or*¾0ifwOD;onf rauseyfvQif A[dkaumifpD (odkYr[kwf)
EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobifü t,lcHEkdifcGifh½Sdap&rnf/
yk'fr- (12) (u) or*¾0ifrsm;ESpfpOfaMu;rSm (1) usyf jzpfonf/

(c) ¤if;ESpfpOfaMu;udk rlvtajccHor*¾cGJrsm;u aumufcH&rnf/ 0ifaMu;udk aumuf,lrnfr[kwf/
(*) rlvtajccHor*¾rsm;rS aumufcH&½Sdaom ESpfpOfaMu;rsm;udk atmufygtcsKd;pm;twdkif; cGJa0,l&rnf/
rlvtajccHor*¾cGJrsm; &mcdkifEIef; 10
NrdKUe,for*¾ &mcdkifEIef; 50
c½kdifor*¾ &mcdkifEIef; 20
Auo (XmecsKyf) &mcdkifEIef; 20
tcef; (3)
zGJYpnf;yHk
yk'rf - (13) Auo (XmecsKyf) \rlvtajccHor*¾rsm;rSm aus;½Gm? (odkYr[kwf) &yfuGuf (odkYr[kwf) NrdKUr or*¾cGJrsm;
jzpfonf/
yk'fr- (14) Auo (XmecsKyf) \zGJUpnf;yHkrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/

(1) rlvtajccHor*¾cGJrsm;
(2) NrdKUe,for*¾rsm;
(3) c½kdifor*¾rsm;
(4) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU
(5) A[dkaumifpDtzGJU
(6) EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobif/
yk'fr- (15) rlvtajccHor*¾wGif trIaqmiftzGJUwdkYudk ESpfpOfor*¾0ifrsm;\ ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;rS a½G;aumuf

&rnf/
yk'fr- (16) NrdKUe,faumifpDESifhtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUudk ESpfpOfNrdKUe,fnDvmcHu a½G;aumuf&rnf/
yk'fr- (17) c½kdifaumifpDESifh c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUudk ESpfpOfc½kdifnDvmcHu a½G;aumuf&rnf/
yk'rf - (18) c½kid af umifpo

D nf zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH Oya'tcsut
f vufrsm;ESihf A[dak umifp?D A[dt
k vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ wdUk \
pnf;urf;csufrsm;twGif;wGif rdrdwdkY\c½kdiftwGuf aqmif½GufzG,f½Sdonfrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmaqmif½GufEkdifcGifh ½Sdonf/
yk'fr- (19) rlvtajccHor*¾0ifrsm; tpnf;ta0;onf tMuD;qHk;aomtPmydkiftzGJUjzpfonf/ xdkxufvGefvQif NrdKU

e,for*¾odkY wuf&rnf/ NrdKUe,for*¾wGif NrdKUe,fnDvmcHonftBuD;qHk;aom tmPmydkiftzGJUjzpfonf/ xdkYxufvGef
aomf c½kdifor*¾odkY wuf&rnf/ c½kdifor*¾wGifc½kdifnDvmcHonf tBuD;qHk;aomtmPmydkiftzGJUjzpfonf/ xdkYxufvGef
vQif Auo (XmecsKyf) odYk wuf&rnf/ Auo (XmecsKyf) wGif Ekid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHobifonf tBuD;qH;k aomtmPm
ydkiftzGJUjzpfonf/ EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobif r½Sdonfhtcg A[dkaumifpD? A[dkaumifpDr½Sdonfhtcg A[dktvkyftrI
- 32 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
aqmiftzGJUwdkYonf tmPmydkiftzGJUrsm; jzpfonf/
yk'rf - (20) xdkYtwl c½kdifor*¾ESifh NrdKUe,for*¾rsm;wGifvnf; nDvmcHobifr½Sdonfh tcg? oufqdkif&maumifpDtzGJU?

oufqdkif&maumifpDtzGJU r½Sdonfhtcg tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUwdkYonf tmPmydkiftzGJUjzpfonf/
tcef; (4)
tkyfcsKyfpDrHyHkpH pepfESifU enf;vrf;rsm;
yk'fr- (21) ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;wGif tkyfcsKyfpDrH&eft"dutcsufrSm ‘'Drdkua&pDenf;pepft&?
a½G;aumufwifajr§mufí A[dkrS OD;pD;onfhpHepfjzpfonf/
(1) tm;vHk;aom aumifpDtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUESifh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk trsm;qE´twdkif; a½G;aumufwif
ajr§muf&rnf/
(2) A[dkor*¾\ trdefYudk vdkufemaqmif½Guf&rnf/
yk'fr- (22) NrdKUe,f (odkUr[kwf) c½kdifudk omreftm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;e,ferdwftwdkif; vdkufem&rnf/ odkY&mwGif

tvkyfvG,fulapjcif;udk axmufxm;í c½kdifaumifpDu oifhavsmfovdk owfrSwfydkifcGifh½Sdonf/
yk'rf - (23) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf c½kdifor*¾ rjzpfao;aom e,f½Sdor*¾rsm;udk wdkuf½kdufaomfvnf;aumif;

eD;pyf&mc½kdifor*¾udk aomfvnf;aumif; vTJtyfítkyfcsKyfpDrHEkdifonf/
tcef; (5)
EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHobif
yk'rf - (24) ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ nDvmcHobifukd omreftm;jzifh wESpv
f Qiw
f Budru
f s usi;f y&rnf/
odkYaomf vHkavmufaomtaMumif;rsm;½Sdu A[dkaumifpDuaomfvnf;aumif;/ A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUuaomfvnf;
aumif; a½TUqdkif;Edkifonf/
yk'rf - (25) txl;nDvmcHobifrsm;udk taMumif;xl;vHak vmufr&I ½Su d A[dt

k vkyt f rIaqmiftzGUJ u jzpfap? A[dak umifpD
ujzpfap ac:,lEkdifonf/ xdkYtjyif EkdifiHawmftwGif;½Sd c½kdifor*¾rsm;\ oHk;ykHESpfyHkrS oabmwlí ac:qdkcGifhawmif;vQif
vnf; ac:qdkay;&rnf/
yk'fr- (26) nDvmcHobifwGif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rS wufa&mufEkdifolrsm;rSm-

(1) ukefqHk;onfhESpftwGuf A[dkaumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;
(2) ukefqkH;onfhESpftwGuf A[dktvkyfrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;
(3) c½kdifor*¾rsm;rS enf;vrf;wus a½G;aumufapvTwfvdkufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(4) NrdKUe,for*¾rS enf;vrf;wus a½G;aumufapvTwfvdkufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
rSwfcsuf- nDvmcHobifodkY wufa&mufrnfh udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&udk A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu owfrSwfydkifcGifh
½Sdonf/
yk'rf - (27) NrdKUe,fESifh c½kdifor*¾rsm;rS apvTwfaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk NrdKUe,fESifh nDvmcHrsm;u a½G;aumuf&rnf/
yk'fr- (28) EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobifodkY wufa&mufEkdifaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf rdrdwdkYESifhoufqdkif&m c½kdif

twGuf A[dkaumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;udk oufqdkif&mc½kdife,frS wufa&mufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJrS trsm;oabmwl
a½G;aumuf&rnf/ c½kdifwckvQif A[dkaumifpD0if ESpfOD;a½G;wifEkdifonf/
yk'fr-(29) EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobifrS A[dkaumifpDtzGJUudk zGJUpnf;&rnf/ ¤if;A[dkaumifpDwGif - pnf;rsOf;Oya'

tcef; (3)? yk'fr (14)? tydk'f (4) ESifh tcef; (5)? yk'fr (28)? t& - A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUESifh oufqdkif&m
- 33 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
c½kdife,frS wufa&mufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJrS a½G;cs,fay;aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifap&rnf/
yk'rf - (30) txufygtwdkif;zGJUpnf;vdkufaom A[dkaumifpDtzGJUonf EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHobiftwGuf tqdka½G;

aumfrwDvnf; jzpf\/
yk'rf - (31) EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobif tqdka½G;aumfrwD tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU Ouú|u

obmywd? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;u tusKd;aqmiftjzpf aqmif½Guf&rnf/
yk'fr- (32) EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobifü or*¾ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? or*¾\vkyfief;rsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;

ywfoufaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jref;EkdifcGifh½Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif ar;vdkaom ar;cGef;\taMumif;t&mrsm;udk A[dktvkyf
trIaqmiftzGJUodkY (7) &ufBudKwifí taMumif;Mum;xm;ESifh&rnf/
yk'fr- (33)
(u) or*¾\tkyfcsKyfyHkpnf;rsOf;Oya'udk jyifqifjznfhpGwf (odkYr[kwf) y,fzsufjcif;ponfwdkYudk jyKvkyfvdkaom trI
aqmiftzGUJ ? (odYk r[kw)f or*¾0ifwOD;OD;onf taMumif;t&m pHv k ifpmG jzifh Ekid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHobif rusif;yrD
wvBudKwifí ay;ydkYxm;&rnf/
(c) xdEdk idk if v
H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHobifoYkd wufa&mufvmaom yk*K¾ v
d rf sm;\ OD;a&oH;k yHEk pS yf u kH oabmwlro S m twnfjyK&
rnf/
yk'rf - (34) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUujzpfap? A[dkaumifpDujzpfap nDvmcHobifusif;y&mí enf;vrf;wusjzpfap

&ef vdktyfaompDpOfrIrsm;udk tajctaetm;avsmfpGm pDpOfñGefMum;&rnf/
yk'rf - (35) omreftm;jzifh usif;yaom nDvmcHobiftwGuf Ekid if v H ;kH qdik &f mor*¾Ouú|udk jyefvnfa½G;aumuf&rnf/
rnfuo hJ Ykd Ouú|a½G;aumuf&rnfqo
kd nfh tpDtpOfukd A[dak umifprD jS zpfap? A[dt k vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ rSjzpfap pDpOfay;&
rnf/
yk'rf - (36) a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcH&aom Ouú|onf rdrdESifhwGJbufvkyfudkif&ef vsmxm;onfh A[dktvkyftrIaqmif

tzGJU0ifrsm;\ trnfrsm;udk aMujimNyD;vQif nDvmcHobif\oabmwlnDrI&,l&rnf/
yk'fr- (37) EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHobifwGif or*¾\ ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmudk A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUobif

tzGJUu wifjy&rnf/
tcef; (6)
A[dkaumifpD
yk'rf - (38) tcef; (5)? yk'rf (2) t& zGUJ pnf;onfh A[dak umifpo
D nf Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHobifrv
S v
JG Qif tcsKyftcsm
tmPmtydkifqHk;aomtzGJU jzpf&rnf/
yk'rf - (39) A[dkaumifpDtpnf;ta0;udk omreftm;jzifh wESpfvQif (2) Budrfusif;y&rnf/ tpnf;ta0; ac:ydkifcGifhrSm

Ouú|ESifh A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUüom ½Sdonf/
yk'fr- (40) ta&;ay:A[dkumifpDtpnf;ta0;udk taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm ac:,lusif;yEkdifonf/ odkY&mwGif ac:,lydkif

cGifhrSm tcef; (6)? yk'fr (39) t&om ac:,lEkdifonf/
yk'rf - (41) A[dkaumifpD\ obmywdESifh tusKd;aqmifonf A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU\ Ouú|ESifh taxGaxGtxGif;

a&;rSL; toD;oD;jzpfap&rnf/
- 34 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
yk'fr- (42) A[dkaumifpDonf or*¾\0g'ESifh vkyfief;pOfudk jy|mef;Ekdifonf/ or*¾vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí

A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUtm; pdppfEkdifonf/ ñTefMum;Edkifonf/
yk'rf - (43) A[dkaumifpDtzGJUonf A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUESifh rNyD;jywfEdkifaom jyóem&yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwf

&rnff/
yk'rf - (44) A[dkaumifpDtzGJUonf A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if toD;oD;tm; tjypftavsmuf&mxl;rS ,m,Dxkwfy,f

jcif;? &yfqdkif;jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfydkifcGifh ½Sdonf/
yk'rf - (45) pnf;rsOf;Oya'ESifhywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk ,m,DjyifqifjznfhpGwfjcif;ESifh ,m,Dxkwfy,fjcif;

rsm;udk A[dkaumifpDtzGJUu jyKvkyfydkifcGifh½Sdonf/
yk'fr- (46) EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mOuú| (odkYr[kwf) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm; vpfvyfcJhvQif A[dkaumifpDtzGJUu

yk*¾dKvftpm; a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcGifh ½Sdonf/
tcef; (7)
A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY
yk'rf - (47) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf A[dkaumifpDtzGJUrS vGJvQiftmPmtydkifqHk;jzpfí or*¾\wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;
ESihf ay:aygufvmaom or*¾EiS ohf ufqikd o
f nfh jyóem&yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;qH;k jzwfajz½Si;f Ekid cf iG hf ½So
d nf/ vufatmufcH
or*¾rsm;\ vkyfief;&yfrsm;wGif yg0iftMuHÓPfay;jcif;? wdkufwGef;jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ vdktyfonfxifvQif
vHk;0wm0ef,l aqmif½GufEkdifonf/
yk'rf - (48) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobifESifh A[dkaumifpDtzGJUrS vGJtyfaom udpt

ö &yf
&yfudk jzpfajrmufatmif aqmif½Guf&ef tzGJUtaeESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? tzGJU0ifwOD;csif;taeESifhaomfvnf;aumif;
wm0ef½Sdap&rnf/
yk'fr- (49) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf atmufazmfjyygtwdkif; jzpfap&rnf/

(1) Ouú|
(2) 'k-Ouú|
(3) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
(4) b@ma&;rSL;
(5) tjcm; (10) OD;xufrydkaom tvkyftrIaqmifrsm;/
yk'fr- (50) Ouú|ESifh A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhEkdifiHa&; ygwD\ wm0efcHtvkyftrIaqmifrsm;

rjzpfap&/
yk'rf - (51) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUwGif yg0ifEkdif&ef or*¾0iftjzpf tenf;qHk; wESpfoufwrf;½Sdolom jzpfap&rnf/

rSwcf su-f A[dkor*¾rS todtrSwfjyKxm;aom w&m;0ifonfh or*¾cGJrsm;wGif or*¾0iftjzpf tenf;qHk;wESpf yg0ifbl;
olrsm;udk qdkvdkonf/
yk'rf - (52) A[dt

k vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ \ Ouú|onf A[dt
k vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ 0iftjzpf tenf;qH;k trIaqmif oufwrf;
ukefqHk;atmif aqmif½Gufzl;oljzpf&rnf/
yk'rf - (53) A[dt

k vkyt
f rIaqmif tzGUJ 0ifwOD;OD; Ekwx
f u
G cf ahJ omf (odUk r[kw)f xkwyf ,fjcif;cHc&hJ aomf? xdv
k pfvyfaom
trIaqmifae&mtwGuf A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu ,m,DcefYxm;EkdifcGifh ½Sdonf/
- 35 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
yk'rf - (54) A[dt

k vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ Ouú|Ekwx
f u
G cf ahJ omf (odYk r[kw)f xkwyf ,fjcif;cHc&hJ aomf? Ekid if v
H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcH
obif\ oabmwlnDcsufjzifh? ¤if;zGJUpnf;cJhaom A[dktvkyftrIaqmifrSm rysufbJ qufvufí w&m;0ifonf[k
,lq&rnf/
yk'rf - (55) A[dktrIaqmiftzGJUonf or*¾vkyfief;&yfrsm; wGifus,fap&eftwGuf tajctaet& XmecGJrsm;udk wdk;csJU

jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifonf/
yk'rf - (56) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf or*¾ESifhywfoufaom enf;Oya'½kH;vkyfief;ESifh oufqdkifaomenf;Oya'

t&yf&yfudk owfrSwfydkifcGifh½Sdonf/
yk'rf -(57) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf A[dkor*¾twGuf taxGaxG0efxrf;rsm;cefYxm;jcif;? xkwfy,fjcif;? ¤if;wdkY

twGuf axmufyHhaMu;aiGrsm; owfrSwfjcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfEdkifonf/
yk'fr- (58) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf or*¾ydkifypönf;tm;vHk;udk wm0ef,lí xdef;xdrf;apmifha½Smuf&rnf/
yk'rf - (59) A[dt

k vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ onf or*¾vyk if ef;pOfrsm;twGuf pkaygif;acgif;aqmifrEI iS hf wGb
J ufwm0efcrH rI sm;
½Sdap&rnf/
yk'rf - (60) A[dt

k vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ tpnf;ta0;udk omreftm;jzifh &ufowå (2) ywfvQif wBudru
f s pnf;a0;&rnf/
yk'rf - (61) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifwOD;OD;onf? A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUtpnf;ta0;ac:,l&ef vdktyfonf[k

xifjrifvQif tjcm;A[dktvkyftrIaqmif (5) OD;\ vufrSwfa&;xdk;axmufcHcsufudk Ouú|xH wifoGif;vQif Ouú|u
A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU\ txl;tpnf;ta0;udk ac:,l&rnf/
yk'rf - (62) tpnf;ta0;ac:,lyikd cf iG t

hf mPm½So
d rl sm;rSm Ouú|ESihf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfonf/ odYk &mwGif trsm;\
oabmwlnDrI½Sd&rnf/
yk'rf - (63) omreftpnf;ta0;ESifh txl;tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif tzGJU0ifOD;a&xuf0uf wufa&mufí ta&;ay:tpnf;

ta0;rsm;ü Ouú|yg0ifaom tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if (7) OD;wufa&mufvQif tpnf;ta0; jzpfajrmufonf/
yk'fr- (64) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;onf rnfonfhtcgrQ udk,fpm;vS,fapvGwfí vnf;aumif;? pmjzifht

aMumif;Mum;ívnf;aumif; qE´rJray;&/
yk'fr- (65) A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf or*¾0if (9) OD;yg0ifaom twdkifyifcHtzGJUwckudk zGJUpnf;í tMuHÓPf

rsm; ,l&rnf/
tcef; (8)
c½kdifnDvmcHtpnf;ta0;
yk'fr- (66) c½kdifnDvmcHtpnf;ta0;udk omreftm;jzifh wESpfvQif wBudrfus ac:,lusif;y&rnf/
yk'rf - (67) txl;c½kdifnDvmcHudk taMumif;xl;vHkavmufrI½Sdu c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmifujzpfap c½kdifaumifpDujzpfap

ac:,lEidk o
f nf/ xdYk tjyifoufqikd &f mc½kid rf S or*¾cJG OD;a&oH;k yHw
k yHu
k oabmwlí ac:qdck iG ahf wmif;vQif c½kid t
f vkyt
f rI
aqmiftzGJUu &ufowå (2) ywfBudKwif taMumif;Mum;í ac:qdk&rnf/
yk'fr- (68) ESpfywfvnfc½kdifnDvmcHudk EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobif rusif;yrDtwGif; A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU

- 36 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
taxGaxG twGif;a&rSL;\ ñGefMum;csuft& c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu BuD;rSL;í usif;yxm;ESifhNyD;jzpfap&rnf/
yk'rf - (69) Ekid if v

H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHoYkd wufa&mufrnfh c½kid rf u
S ,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;udk c½kid t
f vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ u owfrw
S f
xm;onfh OD;a&twdkif; a½G;aumufxm;&rnf/
yk'fr- (70) c½kdifnDvmcHodkY udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf wufa&mufEkdifolrsm;rSm-

(1) ukefqHk;onfhESpftwGuf c½kdifaumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;
(2) ukefqHk;onfhESpftwGuf c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;
(3) A[dkaumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;jzpfaom c½kdife,frS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
(4) NrdKUe,for*¾ESifh NrdKUe,ftwGif;½Sd or*¾cGJrsm;rS enf;vrf;wus a½T;aumufapvTwfaom udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;
rSwcf su-f c½kid n
f v
D mcHoUkd wufa&mufrnfu h ,
kd pf m;vS,Of ;D a&udk c½kid t
f vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ u owfrw
S yf ikd cf iG hf ½So
d nf/
yk'rf - (71) c½kdifESpfywfvnfnDvmcHrS c½kdifaumifpDudk zGJUpnf;rnf/ ¤if;c½kdifaumifpDwGif c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUESifh

oufqdkif&mNrdKUe,f udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJrS ¤if;wdkYoabmus a½T;aumufwifajrmufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifap&
rnf/ NrdKUe,fwckvQif c½kdifaumifpD0if( 4) OD; a½G;wifEkdifonf/
yk'fr- (72) txufygtwdkif; a½G;aumufwifajrmufvdkufaom c½kdifaumifpDtzGJUonf c½kdifnDvmcHtwGuf tqdk

a½G;aumfrwDvnf;jzpf\/
yk'fr- (73) c½kdifnDvmcHtqdka½G;aumfrwD tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU Ouú|u obmywdESifh

taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;u tusKd;aqmiftoD;oD; jzpfap&rnf/
yk'rf - (74) c½kid n

f v
D mcHwiG f c½kid o
f r*¾EiS ahf omfvnf;aumif;? c½kid o
f r*¾\ vkyif ef;rsm;ESiahf omfvnf;aumif;? ywfouf
aom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jref;EkdifcGifh½Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif ar;vdkaomar;cGef;rsm;udk c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUodkY (7)
&ufBudKwif taMumif;Mum;xm;&rnf/
yk'fr- (75) c½kdifnDvmcHwGif c½kdifor*¾ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmudk c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu wifjy&rnf/
yk'fr- (76) c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUopfudk c½kdifnDvmcHrS tcef; (16) t& a½G;aumufwifajrmuf&rnf/
tcef; ( 9)
c½kdifaumifpDtzGJY
yk'fr- (77) tcef; (8)? yk'fr (71) t& zGJUpnf;onfh c½kdifaumifpDonf c½kdifnDvmcHrS vGJvQif tmPmtydkifqHk;aom
tzGJUjzpfonf/
yk'fr- (78)
(u) c½kdifaumifpDtpnf;ta0;udk omreftm;jzifh wESpfvQif (2 ) Budrfusif;y&rnf/
(c) ta&;ay: c½kdifaumifpDtpnf;ta0;udk taMumif;xl; tvHktavmuf½Sdygu ac:,lusif;yEkdifonf/
(*) tpnf;ta0;ac:ydkifcGifhrSm- Ouú|ESifh A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUüom ½Sdonf/
(C) c½kdifaumifpDtzGJU\ obmywdESifh tusKd;aqmifonf c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmif\ Ouú|ESifh taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
toD;oD;jzpfap&rnf/
yk'rf - (79) c½kdifaumifpDopf? c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUESifh rNyD;jywfaom udp&ö yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwf vkyfaqmif

&rnf/
- 37 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
yk'rf - (80) c½kid af umifpo

D nf c½kid t
f rIaqmiftzGUJ 0if toD;oD;tm;vnf;aumif;? or*¾0if toD;oD;tm;vnf;aumif;?
tjypftavsmuf &mxl;rS ,m,Dcsxm;jcif;? xkwfy,fjcif;? &yfqdkif;jcif;? or*¾tjzpfrS ,m,D&yfpJjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfydkifcGifh
½Sdonf/
yk'rf - (81) c½kdifaumifpDonf c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if wOD;OD;vpfvyfcJhaomf ¤if;ae&mwGif yk*d¾Kvftpm; cefYtyf

EkdifcGifh½Sdonf/
tcef; (10)
c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY
yk'rf - (82) c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUrSm c½kdifnDvmcHrS trsm;qE´t&a½G;aumufwifajr§mufaom tzGJUjzpfap&rnf/
yk'fr- (83) c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfap&rnf/

(1) Ouú|
(2) ‘'k-Ouú|
(3) twGif;a&;rSL;
(4) b@ma&;rSL;
(5) tjcm; (12) OD;xufrydkaom trIaqmifrsm;
yk'fr- (84) c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf

(u) c½kdifausmif;om;or*¾rsm;\ vkyfief;&yfrsm;wGif vHk;0wm0ef,l aqmif½Guf&rnf/
(c) A[dt k vkytf rIaqmiftzGUJ \ c½kid af usmif;om;or*¾vyk if ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif½u
G af y;jcif;? tultnD
ay;jcif;ESifh vHk;0wm0ef,lí acgif;aqmifjcif;rsm;udk vufcH&rnf/
(*) ½kH;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUrS ñTefMum;aomvkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif½Guf&rnf/
(C) or*¾cGJrsm;odkY A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUrS ay;ydkYaomñTefMum;vTmrsm;udk rdwåLrsm;jyKvkyfí or*¾odkY
jzefUcsd&rnf/
(i) or*¾\pm&if;tif;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk BudKwiftaMumif;Mum;í ppfaq;Ekdifonf/
yk'fr-(85) c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf or*¾\vkyfief;t&yf&yfwGif yg0ifaqmif½GufEkdifonf/ vdktyfygu vHk;0

wm0ef,lí acgif;aqmifEkdifonf/
tcef; (11)
NrdKYe,fnDvmcHtzGJY
yk'fr- (86)
(u) NrdKUe,fnDvmcHtpnf;ta0;udk omreftm;jzifh wESpfvQifwBudrf ac:,lusif;y&rnf/
(c) NrdKUe,for*¾0ifrsm;\ oHk;yHkwyHku tpnf;ta0;ac:,l&ef awmif;qdkydkifcGifh½Sdonf/
yk'fr- (87) NrdKUe,fnDvmcHwGif atmufygyk*d¾Kvfrsm; yg0ifap&rnf/

(u) ukefqHk;onfhESpftwGuf NrdKUe,faumifpDtzGJUrsm;
(c) ukefqHk;onfhESpftwGuf NrdKUe,ftvkyfrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;
(*) oufqdkif&mNrdKUe,frS c½kdifaumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;
(C) NrdKUe,for*¾rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
yk'rf - (88) NrdKUe,for*¾\ ESpyf wfvnfnv

D mcHukd c½kid n
f v
D mcH rusif;yrD NrdKUe,ftvkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ \ qH;k jzwfcsuf
t&? twGif;a&;rSL;u ac:,lusif;y&rnf/
- 38 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
yk'fr- (89) NrdKUe,for*¾ESpfywfvnfnDvmcHwGif-

(1) NrdKUe,fnDvmcH wufa&mufrnfh udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&udk NrdKUe,ftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu owfrSwf
ay;onfhtwdkif; jzpfap&rnf/
(2) NrdKUe,faumifpDtzGJUudk zGJUpnf;&rnf/ ¤if;wGif nDvmcHwufa&mufaom or*¾cGJwdkif;rS udk,fpm;vS,f
(2) OD;uspDESifh NrdKUe,ftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU yg0ifap&rnf/
(3) NrdKUe,ftvkyfrIaqmiftzGJUudk trsm;qE´t& a½G;aumufwifajrmuf&rnf/
(4) nDvmcHwGif NrdKUe,for*¾ ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmudk NrdKUe,ftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu wifjy&rnf/
(5) c½kdifnDvmcHESifh EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHodkY wufa&mufrnfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a½G;cs,fxm;&rnf/
tcef; (12)
NrdKYe,faumifpDtzGJY
yk'fr- (90) tcef; (11) yk'fr (89) tydk'fi,f (2) t& zGJUpnf;aom NrdKUe,faumifpDonf NrdKUe,fnDvmcHrSvJTvQif
tmPmydkiftzGJUjzpfonf/
yk'fr- (91) NrdKUe,faumifpDtwGuf tcef; (9)? yk'fr (78)? tydk'fi,f (u? c? *? C)? yk'fr (79)? (80) ESifh (81)
rsm;uJhodkY vkyfaqmifEkdifonf/
tcef; (13)
NrdKYe,ftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY
yk'rf - (92) NrdKUe,ftvkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ rSm NrdKUe,fnv D mcHrS trsm;qE´t& a½G;aumufwifajr§mufaom tzGUJ jzpf&rnf/
yk'fr- (93) NrdKUe,ftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUOD;a&rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfap&rnf/

(1) Ouú|
(2) ‘'k-Ouú|
(3) twGif;a&;rSL;
(4) b@ma&;rSL;
yk'fr- (94) NrdKUe,ftrIaqmiftzGJUonf

(u) NrdKUe,for*¾vkyfief;&yfrsm;wGif vHk;0wm0ef,laqmif½Guf&rnf/
(c) c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU\ NrdKUe,fausmif;om;or*¾vkyfief;&yfrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif½Gufjcif;? tul
tnDay;jcif;ESifh vHk;0wm0ef,l aqmif½Gufjcif;rsm;udkvnf; cH&rnf/
(*) ½kH;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUrS ñTefMum;aomvkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif½Guf&rnf/
(C) or*¾cGJrsm;odkY c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUrS ay;ydkYaom ñTefMum;vTmrsm;udk rdwåLrsm;jyKvkyfí or*¾cGJ
rsm;odkY jzefYcsd&rnf/
(i) or*¾cGJrsm;\ pm&if;tif;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk BudKwiftaMumif;Mum;cg ppfaq;Edkifonf/
(p) c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUodkY wvwBudrftpD&ifcHpmrsm; ay;ydkY&rnf/ tpD&ifcHpmwGif
(1) pnf;½kH;rItiftm;
(2) vkyfief;pOft&yf&yf
(3) b@ma&;tajctaeESifh
(4) XmetoD;oD;rS tpD&ifcHpmrsm; yg0ifap&rnf/
yk'rf (95) NrdKUe,ftvkyt

f rIaqmiftzGUJ pnf; vkyif ef;t&yf&yfwiG f yg0ifaqmif½u
G Ef idk o
f nf/ vdt
k yfygu vH;k 0wm0ef,l
aqmif½GufEkdifonf/
- 39 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
tcef; (14)
or*¾cGJnDvmcHtzGJY
yk'fr- (96) or*¾cGJnDvmcHudk or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJU\ qE´t& ac:,lEkdifonf/ or*¾cGJrsm;rS or*¾0ifOD;a& oHk;yHk
wyHkuvnf; ac:,l&ef awmifqdkEkdifonf/
yk'fr- (97) or*¾cGJnDvmcHwGif atmufygyk*¾dKvfrsm; yg0ifap&rnf/

(u) or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJU
(c) NrdKUe,faumifpDwGif yg0ifaom oufqdkif&mor*¾rS aumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;
(*) twef;wm0efcHrsm;
(C) or*¾0ifrsm;/
yk'rf - (98) or*¾cJG ESpyf wfvnfnv

D mcHukd NrdKUe,fnv
D mcHrusif;yrD oufqikd &f mor*¾cJG trIaqmiftzGUJ \ qH;k jzwfcsuf
t& twGif;a&;rSL;u ac:,lusif;y&rnf/
yk'fr- (99) or*¾cGJ ESpfywfvnfnDvmcHwGif-

(1) NrdKUe,fESifhc½kdifnDvmcHrsm;odkY wufa&mufrnfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a½G;cs,f&rnf/
(2) or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUopfudk trsm;qE´twdkif; tcef; (17) t& a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&rnf/
(3) or*¾cGJ ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmudk trIaqmiftzGJUu wifjy&rnf/
tcef;- (15)
or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJY
yk'rf - (100) c½kid v
f ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHoYkd ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;apvTwaf om or*¾cw
JG ckonf NrdKUe,for*¾rw
S qifh c½kid o
f r*¾
odkY qufoG,fxm;aom or*¾cGJjzpf&rnf/ xdkqufoG,fjcif;udk A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu todtrSwfjyKNyD;aomtcg
A[dkor*¾\w&m;0ifaom or*¾cGJwck jzpfvmonf/
yk'fr- (101) or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUrSm or*¾cGJnDvmcHtpnf;ta0;rS wifajr§mufaomtzGJU jzpf&rnf/
yk'fr- (102) or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfap&rnf/

(1) Ouú|
(2) ‘'k-Ouú|
(3) twGif;a&;rSL;
(4) aiGxdef;
yk'fr- (103) or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUwGif twdkifyifcHrsm;? twef;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifap&rnf/ ¤if;twef;

udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk oufqdkif&mtwef;rS a½G;aumufwifajr§mufaom (odkYr[kwf) trnfwifoGif;aom twef;udk,f
pm;vS,frsm; jzpfap&rnf/
yk'rf - (104) or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUonf oufqdkif&mor*¾cGJ½Sd or*¾0ifrsm;tm; or*¾XmecsKyf\ &nf½G,fcsuf0g'ESifh

vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk em;vnfvdkufem aqmif½Gufap&ef wm0ef½Sdonf/
yk'rf - (105) or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUonf A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU\ ñTefMum;csufrsm;t& vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk aqmif

½Guf&rnf/
yk'fr-(106) or*¾cGJtrIaqmiftzGJUonf-
- 40 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
(u) or*¾tcGJvkyfief;rsm;wGif wm0ef,líaqmif½Guf&rnf/

(c) NrdKUe,ftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUESifh c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUrS or*¾vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif½Guf
jcif;? tultnDay;jcif;ESifh vHk;0wm0ef,laqmif½Gufjcif;rsm;udk vufcH&rnf/
yk'rf - (107) or*¾cGJ\ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk or*¾cGJtrIaqmifrS twGif;a&;rSL;onf Ouú|\ vufrSwfjzifh NrdKUe,ftvkyf
trIaqmiftzGJUESifh NrdKUe,frSwqifh c½kdiftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUodkY wvwBudrf ay;ydkY&rnf/
yk'fr- (108) or*¾cGJ trIaqmiftpnf;ta0;udk omreftm;jzifh &ufowå (2) ywfvQif wBudrf usif;y&rnf/
tcef; (16)
or*¾b@ma&;
yk'rf - (109) or*¾ESifhXmecsKyf oufqdkifaom &efyHkaiGtm;vHk;udk or*¾XmecsKyftrnfjzifh A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu
a½G;cs,faombPfwGif tyfESHxm;&rnf/
yk'fr- (110) or*¾cGJrsm;onf aumufcH&½Sdaom ESpfpOfaMu;rsm;xJrS tcef; (2)? yk'fr (12)? tydk'fi,f (*) t&
oufqdkif&modkY qufaMu;ay;ydkY&rnf/
yk'fr- (111) or*¾cGJrsm;rS 0ifaiGtm;vHk;ESifh oD;oefYjy|mef;jcif; r½Sdaom tjcm;0ifaiGtm;vHk;udk omref&efyHkaiGxJodkY

xnfhoGif;&rnf/
yk'rf - (112) tvSLaiGrsm;?o'¨gaMu;rsm;? aiGw;kd rsm;ESihf ESppf OftoH;k p&dwrf S ydak omaiGrsm;teuf tenf;qH;k oH;k yHEk pS yf u
kH kd
oD;oefY&efyHkaiGtjzpf ajymif;vGJxm;&rnf/
yk'rf - (113) or*¾XmecsKyf\ ½kH;oHk;ypönf;rsm;? y&dabm*rsm; 0,f,ljcif;ESifh jyifqifjcif;rsm;rSty oD;oefY&efyHkaiGudk

A[dkaumifpDtzGJU? odkYr[kwf EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobif\ qHk;jzwfcsufr&vQif roHk;&/
yk'rf - (114) Ekid if jH cm;odYk ynmawmfoif apvTwjf cif;? pHpk rf;Munf½h aI &;tzGUJ rsm; apvTwjf cif;? ud,
k pf m;vS,f apvTwjf cif;
EkdifiHjcm;rS tzGJUtoD;oD;udk vufcHjcif;? taxGaxGtcrf;tem;ESifh {nfhcHjcif;wdkYtwGuf txl;&efyHkaiG jyKvkyfxm;&rnf/
yk'fr- (115) ta&;BuD;aomudpörsm; ay:aygufvmaomtcg ta&;ay:&efyHkaiGtjzpf A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu

pDrHí aumufcHEkdifonf/
yk'rf - (116) b@ma&;rSL;onf oD;oefY&efyakH iG wd;k yGm;apjcif;iSm tvSLaiGEiS hf o'¨gaMu;aiGrsm; pm&if;udk rdrpd m&if;t&
zGifhxm;Ekdifonf/
yk'fr- (117) or*¾XmecsKyf\ 0ifaiGtoHk;pm&if;rsm;udk ppfaq;&ef A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu oifhavQmfaomol

wOD;OD;udk pm&if;ppftjzpf cefYxm;&rnf/
yk'rf - (118) ESpfpOf EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcH rwdkifrD or*¾XmecsKyf\ 0ifaiGxGufaiGpm&if;rsm;udk pm&if;ppfu ppfaq;

&rnf/ ppfaq;NyD;aomtcg pm&if;rsm;udk pm&if;ppf\ tpD&ifcHpmESifhwuG EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobif rwdkifrD
tenf;qHk; &ufowåywf (2) ywf BudKwifNyD; A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUodkY b@ma&;rSL;u wifjy&rnf/ ESpfpOf
0ifaiGpm&if;½Sif;wrf;ESifh pm&if;ppftpD&ifcHpmudk nDvmcHodkY wifjy&rnf/ b@ma&;tpD&ifcHpmwGif xnfhoGif;&rnf/
yk'fr- (119) or*¾XmecsKyfüxm;aom aiGpm&if;ESifh toHk;pm&if;rsm;udk ‘'k-Ouú|u ppfaq;&rnf/
yk'rf - (120) or*¾&efyakH iG wd;k yGm;a&;twGuf b@ma&;rSL;onf jyZmwf½yk ½f iS yf rJG sm;udk tvSLcHjcif;? uyGrJ sm;usif;yjcif;
- 41 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
ESifh o'´gaMu;rsm; aumufcHjcif;udk or*¾rsm;onf oufqdkif&m NrdKUe,fc½kdifrsm;wGif aumufcHEkdifcGifh ½Sdonf/
tcef; (17)
a½G;aumufyGJrsm;
yk'rf - (121) a½G;aumufyGJrsm;udk or*¾rsm;\ tcsKyftcsm tmPmtydkifqHk;aom ESpfywfvnfnDvmcHrsm;wGif usif;y
&rnf/
yk'fr- (122)
(u) a½G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU\ Ouú|a[mif;rsm;u OD;pD;&rnf/ tu,fí Ouú|a[mif;onf jyef
vnf a½G;cs,fcHvdkaomf (odkYr[kwf) a½G;yGJwGif ysufuGufcJhaomf qdkif&mor*¾rS wm0efvTJtyfaom yk*¾dKvfu a½G;
aumufyGJ wm0efcHt&m½Sdtjzpf aqmif½Guf&rnf/
(c) or*¾cGJrsm;wGif qE´rJay; a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;ESifh trnfwifoGif;jcif; ESpf&yfteuf or*¾cGJu vdkvm;aom
enf;pepft& a½G;aumufyGJudk jyKvkyf&rnf/
yk'rf - (123) a½G;aumufyGJwGif qE´rJpm&if;rsm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;? rJpm&if;rsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;rSm a½G;aumufyGJwm0efcH

t&m½Sd\ wm0efjzpfonf/
yk'rf - (124) a½G;aumufyGJwm0efcH t&m½Sdonf a½G;aumufyGJ usif;y&eftwGuf trIaqmif&mxl;vufrcHrnfh or*¾0if

(4) OD;udk orm"dvlBuD;rsm;tjzpf cefYxm;cGifh½Sdonf/
yk'fr- (125) a½G;aumufyGJwGif vGwfvyfpGmESifh vQKdU0Sufí wdkuf½kdufrJay;aom pepfudk toHk;jyK&rnf/
yk'fr- (126) qdkif&mor*¾odkY ay;tyf&ef½Sdaom aMu;aiGt&yf&yfudk ajyvnfatmif ray;oGif;aomolrsm;onf

a½G;aumufyGJwGif ta½G;cHEdkifcGifh? tqdkwifoGif;EkdifcGifh? axmufcHEdkifcGifhrsm; r½Sdap&/
yk'rf - (127) ta½G;cHvokd l or*¾0ifwOD;onf tenf;qH;k qdik &f m or*¾0ifEpS Of ;D \ axmufccH suEf iS hf a½G;aumufyw
JG m0efcH
t&m½SdxHodkY ta½G;cHEkdifcGifhavQmufvTm wifoGif;&rnf/
yk'fr- (128) ta½G;cHEkdifcGifhavQmufvTm wpHkwckonf pnf;rsOf;t&? jznfhpGuf&ef vdktyfaom ta&;BuD;onfh tcsuf

tvufrsm;wGif jznfhpGufjcif; ysufuGufcJhaomf ¤if;avQmufvTmudk y,fcs&rnf/
yk'fr- (129) or*¾0ifwOD;vQif wm0efcH&mxl;ae&mü qE´rJwckxuf ydkíray;Ekdif/
yk'rf - (130) wm0efcHwOD;vQif wm0efcH&mxl;ae&m ta&twGufxufydkí ta½G;cHolrsm;cJhvQif rJta&twGuf tenf;

trsm;tvdu k f wm0efc&H mxl; a½G;cs,f&rnf/ rJqE´½iS w
f OD;onf ta½G;cHrnfo
h l wOD;twGuf wrJomay; ydik cf iG ½hf o
dS nf/
yk'fr- (131) a½G;aumufyGJtwGuf oD;oefYxm;aom qE´rJyHkpHpm½Gufrsm;udk a½G;aumufyGJ wm0efcHt&m½Sdu xkwfa0

&rnf/
yk'fr- (132) rnfonfhrJqE´½SifrS udk,fpm;vS,fvTwfí vnf;aumif;? pmjzifhtaMumif;Mum;í vnf;aumif;? ¤if;\

qE´rJay;ydkifcGifh r½Sd/
yk'fr- (133) qE´rJpm&if;udk a½G;aumufyGJaeYwGifyif wm0efcHt&m½Sdonf orm"dvlBuD;rsm; a½SUarSmufü ppfaq;

a&wGufí a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&olrsm;\ trnfpm&if;udk tjrefqHk;aMunm&rnf/
- 42 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
yk'rf - (134) qE´rt

J a&twGuEf iS hf ywfoufí rauseyfcvhJ Qif a½G;aumufyt
JG rIaqmifukd vnf;aumif;? aMujimNyD;csderf S
(40) em&DtwGif; rJqE´½Sif (21) OD;\qE´jzifh rJpm&if;ta&twGufudk Munfh½Ippfaq;Ekdifonf/
tcef; (18)
aEG&moDwm0efcHrsm;
yk'rf - (135) aEGausmif;ydw&f ufrsm;twGi;f trIaqmif(3) OD;xufrenf; qdik &f mor*¾\ ½k;H pdu
k &f mNrdKUrsm;ü use&f pfcv
hJ Qif
¤if;wdkYrSm aEG&moDwm0efcHrsm; jzpfap&rnf/
yk'rf - (136) aEGausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; trIaqmif (3) OD;xufenf;í qdkif&mor*¾\ ½kH;pdkuf&mNrdKUrsm;ü usef&pf

cJv
h Qif vuf½t dS vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ u ausmif;ydw&f ufrwdik rf D or*¾0ifrsm;xJrS or*¾\wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk xrf;½Guf
Ekdifrnfh or*¾0if (3) OD;tm; aEG&moDwm0efcHtjzpf cefYxm;&rnf/
yk'rf - (137) qdkif&mtrIaqmiftzGJUonf aEG&moDwm0efcHrsm;\ trnfrsm;udk a½G;cs,fNyD;onfESifh wNydKifeuf aMunm

&rnf/
yk'rf - (138) aEG&moDwm0efcrH sm;onf b@ma&;XmerSty trIaqmiftzGUJ \ aqmif½u

G q
f v
J yk if ef;rsm;ESihf wm0efrsm;udk
vufcH&rnf/
yk'fr- (139) aEG&moDwm0efrsm;onf-

(u) trIaqmiftzGJUu vTJtyfaom wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;ESifh ½kH;vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif½Guf&efomjzpfonf/
(c) or*¾wckvHk;ESifhomqdkifaom vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk qHk;jzwfajz½Sif; aqmif½GufydkifcGifh r½Sdap&/
yk'rf - (140) pnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (18)? yk'rf (139)? tyd'k if ,f (c) ESihf oufqikd af om ta&;rsm;ay:aygufvmcJah omf
aEG&moDwm0efcHrsm;onf trIaqmiftzGJUudk jyefvnfac:,lí wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk jyefvnftyfESif;&rnf/
yk'rf - (141) b@ma&;rSL;onf ausmif;ydw&f ufrsm;wGif qdik &f mNrdKUür½Scd ahJ omf tvkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ rS oabmwlncD suf
udk &,lí oifhavsmf ,HkMunfpdwfcs&aom trIaqmifwOD;OD;udk aEG&moDwm0efcHtjzpf cefYxm;cJhNyD;vQif rdrdwm0ef
0wå&m;rsm;udk vTJtyfcJh&rnf/
yk'rf - (142) ausmif;jyefzGifhí trIaqmifa[mif;rsm; jyefvnfa&muf½Sdaomtcg aEG&moDwm0efcHrsm;u or*¾wm0ef

0wå&m;rsm;udk jyefvnftyfESif;&rnf/
tcef; (19)
enf;Oya'ESifU bdkifavmrsm;
yk'fr- (143) þor*¾tkyfcsKyfyHk pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk rlwnfí ¤if;Oya'ESifh bdkifavmrsm;udk or*¾toD;oD;wdkY usifhoHk;
aqmif½GufEkdifcGifhESifh usifhxHk;wdkY twlwljzpfapEdkif&eftwGuf A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu jy|mef;Ekdifonf/
yk'fr- (144) enf;Oya'udk jy|mef;&mwGifvnf;aumif;? jyifqif&mwGifvnf;aumif;? jznfhpGuf&mwGifvnf;aumif;?

xkwfy,f&mwGifvnf;aumif; EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHobifuom jyKvkyfEkdifonf/
yk'fr- (145) enf;Oya'udk ,m,Djy|mef;jcif;? ,m,DjznfhpGuf xkwfy,fjcif;rsm;udk A[dkaumifpDu jyKvkyfydkifcGifh

tmPmrsm;½Sdonf/
- 43 -
aemufqufwGJ (31)
ordkif;0ifpm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;
- 44 -
- 1 -
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No. BC/3/57 10 January 1957
Dear Friend,
In accordance with the suggestions made at the Regional

Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations held in Colombo
that more material relating to the United Nations should be
made available in national languages, we are commencing
production of radio programmes in Burmese. The attached press
release will give you full information on this.
Yours sincerely,
Eugenio Soler-Alonso
DIRECTOR
rSwfcsuf- rl&if;pmom;rsm;udk rlvtwdkif; jyefvnf½dkufESdyfazmfjyonf/

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The President,
University of Rangoon Students’ Union,
Rangoon.
Dear Sir,
The University of Malaya Historical Society is making a
Goodwill and study Tour of Burma between July and August this
year. The party comprising thirty students, including three
ladies, will leave for Rangoon on July 6th. They will return
from Rangoon on Aug. 7th after a month’s tour of the country.
Thus far we have been in touch with members of the staff
of the University of Rangoon who are helping us with our
arrangements, in particular Dr. Kyaw Thet of the Dept. of Far
Eastern History. We have also written to Dr. Ba Nyunt.
As one of the objects of this tour is to foster goodwill
and understanding among students of different nationalities
it is our hope that you will assist us meet students
informally beside the help you could give us as one student
organisation to another.
At this stage we are faced with the problem of finding
accommodation for the duration of our stay in Rangoon (July 9
to July 13; Aug 5 to Aug 7). I have been asked to write to
you by the Consul of the Union of Burma in Singapore
regarding this. He is also making other necessary
arrangements through the Burmese Foreign Office.
I would much appreciate it therefore, if you could
suggest suitable alternative accommodation since I have been
informed that the University hostels will be fully occupied
at that time. As regards accommodation at the other towns on
our itinerary, I have written to the Director of Public
Instruction.
I enclose herewith the tentative itinerary of our tour;
dates of arrival and departure given are only approximate. I
must before closing

- 16 -
-2-
apologise for writing so late.
Thanking you,
Yours Faithfully,
(K. RAMANUJAM)
Hon. Secretary
Historical Society
University of Malaya
c.c. to Dr. Kyaw Thet,
Dept. of Far Eastern History,
University of Rangoon.

- 17 -
- 18 -
- 19 -
Enclosure
- 20 -
- 21 -
....
- 22 -
- 23 -
- 24 -
- 25 -
SITUATION OF HUNGARIAN STUDENTS
REPORTS FROM INTERNATIONALORGANISATIONS (CONTINUED)
PAX ROMANA
In a special circular dates November 12, 1956, Pax Romana Published

the following appeal which had “just been received from Budapest.” The
appeal was due to have been broadcast on Radio Danapentele on November
8, 1956, according to Pax Romana.
Budapest, 7 November, 1956.
APPEAL TO THE STUDENTS OF THE FREE WORLD
We, the Hungarian students call on the students of the Free World to
come to our aid in our calamitous situation. Do not let the Hungarian
drama be forgotten nor clouded by time. We call on you, students of the
Free World to demand:
1. An economic boycott of the Soviet Union. No one must buy Russian

products. Also, industrialists and businessmen must refuse to
buy or sell Russian raw materials, finished products or by-
products.
2. All sporting events with Soviets should be cancelled immediately.

The youth of Free World should not participate actively nor as
spectators in any sporting events in which Russian sportsmen take
part.
3.The sending or a United Nations Police Force to Hungary.
The Hungarian nation does not believe one word spoken by the Soviets.
The general strike continues. Nobody believes the promise given, that
if the people resume work, the Russians will leave Hungary.
In the last few days of our fight for Freedom, more than 12,000 young
people, both men and women, and many thousands of men and women workers
have died a hero’s death.
WE CALL ON THE YOUTH OF THE FREE WORLD TO SHOW THEIR SOLIDARITY WITH
US. DO NOT DESERT US. S.O.S. S.O.S.
The Revolutionary Committee of the Hungarian Youth
(PAX ROMANA)
WORLD ASSEMBLY OF YOUTH
WAY issued the following circular on November 12, 1956:
The President of WAY, Antoine Lawrence, launched an appeal to all

National Committees on October 30th in which he asked for complete
cooperation by National Committees with National Red Cross group
units to aid the Hungarian insurgents.
After the change of the political situation in Hungary the Bureau

of WAY sent a cable on November 7th to the Secretary General of
the United Nations. This Cable is as follows:
rSwfcsuf- rl&if;pmom;rsm;udk rlvtwdkif; jyefvnf½dkufESdyfazmfjyonf/ - 26 -
THE WORLD ASSEMBLY OF YOUTH PROTESTS AGAINST BRUTAL RUSSIAN ARMY
SUPPRESSION OF HUNGARIAN YOUTH AND PEOPLE STOP WAY INDENTIFIED
WITH STRUGGLE OF HUNGARIAN YOUTH FOR FREEDOM AND RIGHT OF SELF-
DETERMINATION SUPPORTS U.N. GENERAL ASSEMBLY DECISION AND LOOKS
TOWARDS U.N. TO ASSIST HUNGARIAN PEOPLE IN TIME OF NEED.
On November 8th, as a result of the urgent appeal sent to the fifty-

two Nation Committees of WAY throughout the world, WAY raised the
equivalents of $ 2000 to be given to the Hungarian people.
In order to complete the action taken by WAY on the international

developments over the past two weeks, we would like to quote a cable
sent by WAY to the U.N Secretary General.
WAY GIVES PROFOUND THANKSGIVING TO U.N. SECRETARY GENERAL ON

IMPLEMENTATION OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY DECISION FOR CEASE FIRE IN
EGYPT AND PRESERVATION OF PEACS AND U.N. CHARTER.
(WAY)
WORLD UNIVERSITY SERVICE
The latest circular, dated November 19, 1956, from WUS international
headquarters in Geneva read as follows:
Reporting from Vienna this afternoon, Mr. Hans Dall tells us that
150 Hungarian students are now housed in the hostel in Vienna. A
load of beds is on route from Denmark, and will make it possible
to house another 150-200.
For the present, their is pressing need for more clothing, but
books in Hungarian and dictionaries are urgently requested.
The Austrian government estimates that there were another 200

students among the refugee was entered Austria last week.
The British Council for Aid to Refugees has entrusted the British
WUS Committee with the coordination of all office for the
resettlement of students among the Hungarian refugees to be
received in Britain. A special Coordinating Committee is being
set up by WUS in conjunction with the National Union of Students
and all major associations concerned with higher education.
The International Association of University Professors and Lecturers

is establishing contact with Hungarian university teachers in
Austria. The Society for the Protection of Science and Learning
has offered funds and assistance to refugee professors and
lecturers.
The American WUS Committee is making a special for scholarship

and resettlement offers for Hungarian students.
The French government, in collaboration with universities and

voluntary agencies, has expressed its willingness to receive up
to 600 Hungarian students.
Over and above the offers already made from Switzerland, there is
a possibility of receiving and housing, as a group, a further 100
or 150 Hungarian students.
SITUATION OF HUNGARIAN STUDENTS
REPORTS FROM NATION UNIONS (CONTINUED)
C A N A D A
The National Federation of Canadian University Students has issued the

following statement:
Since the coup d’etat in Czechoslovakia in 1948 relations between the

students of Canada and the students Hungary have been confined to infrequent
and sometimes unfriendly meetings at the Conferences of the Communist-
dominated International Union of Students.
Canadian students have never ceased to hope that conditions would alter
and that more normal and friendly relations would be established. During
recent days as the confused reports came in from Hungary this hope was
raised high. Unfortunately the high hope is no more and our first feeling
is one of sorrow at the fate of our fellow student in Budapest and other
Hungarian cities. Their bravery against overwhelming speaks more eloquently
than polemics in which we might engage.
Although the recent aspiration of Hungarian students seem for the time
being to have been crushed we nevertheless cherish the hope that it will
be possible to establish more friendly relations. Canadian students extend
to their Hungarian fellows, in their darkest hour, the hand of friendship,
and assures then that they ever ready to enter into free and friendly
relations on the basis of respect for each other’s national independence
and sovereignty.
(NFCUS)
L E B A N O N
The Secretariat has received the following cable singed by the Union
Nationale des Etudiants Universitaires au Liban:
The Arab Students Regional Organisation protests with force against the
aggression of the Soviet Army which has attempted by iron and fire to
stifle the cries of innocent Hungarian students eager for liberty. Such
colonialists, barbaric means will never succeed in eclipsing the sun of
emancipation which rises on these oppressed people.
(UNEUL)
N O R W A Y
The following information has been received from NSS “about the development
of the actions for Hungary in Norway”.
This morning the first (Hungarian) refugee student arrived by plane from
Vienna. She is 23, from Györ, has passed her matriculation degree (Abitur),
but was not admitted at the university in her own country because of non-
proletarian origin. She fled when the Russians came, and in Vienna she
seems by chance to have met the representative of the Norwegian Refugee
Council there, who invited her to come to us to study . . . . . . . .
Saturday last ,student restaurants in Oslo had herring on the menu instead
of meat which they ordinarily have, and we got the balance, kr.1200 (£ 60),
for the students relief project. On Friday a three-days’ subscription of
5 kr. from each student is starting. The Oslo students were following up
very successfully in their “Give one day action” by other universities,
training college, secondary schools and so on, and we hope to get a part
of these proceeds . . . . . . . . Our plan is to invited 10 students, pay
all their expense the first year, and then the “State Loan Fund” is willing
to take over by granting loans to the refugees on the same terms as those
being for our own students.
(NSS)
U N I O N O F S O U T H A F R A I C A
The National Union of South Africa Students issued the following statement
to the press on 13 November, 1956.
The Nation Union of South Africa has been following with anxiety the recent
events in Hungary.
It has come to our attention that course of the disturbances, students

actively engaged in the struggle for their freedom and that of their
universities have been made to suffer grievously as a result of military
and police action.
The National Union has for some time been of the opinion that all students
living in the totalitarian countries of Eastern Europe have been deprived
of fundamental academic freedom and the most elementary of student rights.
The view has been confirm by statement from leading academicians and
student leaders in Hungary by a call which we received from the staff of
the University of Szöged.
It is a matter for deep regret that it has now become apparent that the
efforts of the students have been of no avail, and that their determined
actions have been taken at so great a cost.
The above statement was circulated to Students’ Representative Councils in

South Africa with a request from the NUSAS President, E.K. Wentzel, and
Vice President for International Relations, J. Ruban. “to assist those
students who suffered as a result of military bombardment and police
actions”. NUSAS asked that students donate to “cash sums which may be used
by those distributing relief in whatever manner is most necessary.”
(NUSAS)
W E S T I N D I E S
The Guild of Undergraduates of the College of the West Indies issued the
following statement on November 9, 1956:
The Guild of Undergraduates wishes to express its sincerest sympathy and

complete solidarity with the students of Hungary in your fight to secure
our legitimate rights.
We believe that student have the right to establish and organise democratic
student government empowered to act within its constitution, without any
control of interference from the state. We believe in the autonomy of
Universities as centers of learning and research where enquiry for knowledge
can be pursued in an atmosphere of academic freedom, of students’ right to
express opinion on the development of their country and to obtain an
education in keeping with their aptitudes and interests.
It is our fervent hope that suppression of students will cease immediately,

your demands will be satisfied, and your former rights restored. We are
fully prepared to give you any possible form of assistance, and will in the
meanwhile give extensive publicity in our country to your struggle. We
shall be pleased to receive any further information you can offer.
(Guild of Undergraduates)
COORDINATION COMMITTEE
International Relief for Hungarian Students
PROGRESS REPORT
As you will be aware a Coordinating Committee for

International Relief for Hungarian Students was set up as a result of
the conference attended by 13 National Unions of Students, WUS and
COSEC, which took place in Vienna November 10-11. The Committee,
which consists of the Austrian National Union of Students (OH), WUS
and COSEC, has two aims, to give immediate aid to Hungarian students
who are in need, and to convey to them the fullest possible
information on scholarships, which are offer to Hungarian refugee
students and to help them in any other way to pursue their studies.
The Committee has been working for one week now and is pleased
to present this report on its activities and on the current situation
regarding Hungarian students.
At the moment there are between 1200 and 1300 Hungarian refugee
students in Austria. It has not been possible to establish contacts
with students in Hungary in the past week, therefore the Committee
has concentrated on the work which could be done in Austria. About
400 of these 1200 students are living in one camp near Salzburg, St.
Wolfgang, all coming from the same University (Hochschule) in
Hungary. The rest of the students were when the Committee started its
work scattered in many different camps. The Committee felt that it
was essential in order to give efficient aid to register all these
students as quickly as possible and to gather all those who wish, in
one camp. To reach the first aim the Committee has distributed to all
refugee camps postcards printed in Hungarian asking for eight basic
points of information, which the camp authorities give to students.
These cards are returned free of charge to the committee. Furthermore
a detailed questionnaire on basis of the WUS “Curriculum Vitae” has
been prepared which the Hungarian students fill out when the
Committee contacts them after having received the postcards.
To reach the second aim, to gather the students in one place,

the Committee has succeded in obtaining a house in Vienna with a
capacity of 300-350 beds. The Austrian Government has recognised this
home as an official refugee camp and will, therefore, pay for the
food for the students living there. The camp which was opened
Saturday, November 17, took in 50 students the first day, the same
number to be received daily until the camp is full. At the moment,
though, it has not been possible to have all the beds promised by the
International Red Cross. The Committee is in contact with the
important international agencies which are working in Vienna to help
the Hungarians.
In order to give the students the required information about

scholarships the Committee is in contact with official authorities
from England, France, Canada and Germany and local authorities and
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student organisations in Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland and
USA. A lack of contact is felt though with some of the National
Unions, which participated in the above-mentioned conference. The
Committee appeals to all National Unions of Students to send all
information about study possibilities in their countries to its
address immediately. All transport to another country from Austria
and from third to a fourth country if necessary will be paid by the
International Committee for European Migration (ICEM).
The Committee has been able to provide the students with

clothes from the supplies received from certain National Unions.
Clothes already collected by NUS’s. but not sent yet, should be sent
as soon as possibles. It is the Committee’s opinion that now
collections of clothes are not necessary for the moment.
Financial support for the student home is urgently needed. Such

funds should be sent to WUS, Geneva, or directly to the Committee.
Furthermore blankets, sheets, soap, towels, pillows, books

(Hungarians if possible, otherwise illustrated magazines),
cigarettes, chocolate, tea, cocoa, coffee, marmalade are needed. The
donors should inform the Committee before goods are shipped, and if
the transport is by train the numbers of the wagons should be sent to
the Committee.
The administrative costs of the Committee are at the moment

being covered by a donation from the Danish National Union of
Students. It is our hope that the National Unions will help the
Committee in the work by keeping the closest possible contact and by
providing information on individual actions, study possibilities etc.
Vienna, Austria, November 19, 1956.

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STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DISZ OF HUNGARY
The name of the Union of Working Youth of Hungary (DISZ) has

figured prominently in reports of recent events in Hungary of which
the formation of student organisations independent from the DISZ was
one feature. As a consequence, the Secretariat has received a number
of requests for information with regard to the structure and
functions of the DISZ, the “Student Section” of which has in the
past been regarded as the national student organisation in Hungary.
During his visit to Budapest at the end of the June, 1956, the
Admistrative Secretary had discussion with offices of the DISZ and
was presented with a French copy of its Constitution. This document
was distributed in the original language to the participants at the
International Student Conference in Ceylon. On the basis of the
Constitution the following summery of the structure and functions of
the Union of Working Youth has been prepared.
There is no separate student organisation in Hungary. There is

an overall youth organisation, constitutionally bound to the
Hungarian Worker’s Party (the Hungarian Communist Party).There is a
“Student Section” within the administrative structure, but not within
the membership, and no national student meeting are held at which
policy decisions are taken.
The aims and objects of the organisation are summarised in

Clauses 2 and 3 of the Constitution which read:
1. The Union of Working Youth (DISZ) is the reserve of the party

and its auxiliary in all aspects of the building of socialism,
the DIZS operates under immediate direction of the Hungarian
Workers’ Party: the resolutions of the Party are obligatory for
the DISZ. According to the principle of regional division, the
organisation of the DISZ are directed by the appropriate
organs and committee of the party. The Central Committee of the
DISZ is directly subordinate to the Central Committee of the
Party.
2. The task of the DISZ consists in preparing its members to

become mamber of the Party. The highest honour which can be
obtained by a member of the DISZ is to become a member of the
Hungarian Workers’ Party.
3. The DISZ supports in all its work the victorious doctrine of

maxist-leninism. The DIZS is the heir to the progressive
traditions of the revolutionary youth of 1848 and 1919, which
it continues. Its considers the Union of Young Communist
Workers of Hungary as its predecessor and applies in its work
the fighting experiences of the Union. It takes its example
from the leninist Komsomol, first rank fighter of the
international movement of progressive youth”.
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According to Clause 4,the Union of Working Youth “in the spirit
of socialist patriotism and proletarian internationalism” developes
in the youth “an unshakable faith in the socialist Soviet Union,
liberator of our country, whose continual and friendly aid is the
gauge of our national independence, whose results we have obtained,
and of our peace. The Union maintains friendship between the
countries of the Peoples’ Democracies and teaches the youth to
support the struggle of the progressive youth of the world, to
appreciate the progressive national culture of other peoples of the
world and to hate the enemies of our country and our people.”
The organisation is composed of individual units in “factories,

business firms, the armed force, agricultural machinery situation,
agricultural cooperatives, State industries, educational
institutions, communes, administrations, local districts of at least
3 members of the DISZ”.(Clause 29). (A later sector of the
Constitution is the devoted specifically to “the organisations of the
Union of Working Youth in the Hungarian Peoples’ Army and in the
Armed formations of the Ministry of the Interior”. (Clauses 34 to
36).
These units all form parts of regional grouping within the

framework of the Union. The constitution of each unit has to be
approved by “The Executive Committee of the Union at a higher level”
(Clauses 29). All groups are subject to decisions of the Central
Committee, the “principle basis of the Union being democratic
centralism” (Clause 9).
The Central Committee is responsible for the direction of the

Union between meetings of the Congress which are held every three
years. It was the Central Committee which decided on the question of
the invitation to the Sixth International Student Conference. The “
Student Section” and other “sections” are nominated by the Central
Committee: there is no specific mention of a “Student Section” in the
Constitution. All units of the Union (in the university institutions,
inter alia) operate under the directions of the Central Committee
(Clause 17) and “when justified, the Central Committee has the right
to annul the elections of any or all of the name of any committee”
(Clause 26).
In essence, the university student groups form local units

within the framework of the overall youth organisation. The youth
organisation is controlled by the Central Committee, which, for
administrative purposes, has a student section. The Central Committee
is directly subordinate to the Central Committee of the Hungarian
Workers’ Party.
Copies of the full Constitution can be obtained from the

Secretariat on request. The original supplied by the DISZ is in
French but translation are available in English and Spanish.

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to the crowds, and in particular to young people at the universities.
The young people began to organise. They held meetings and

demanded their rights. Their demands at first remained within bounds
of university life - that Russian should be taken off the time table
as a compulsory language, and the number of compulsory classes
decreased, for example.
But changes in Poland and changes in the country itself

(rehabilitation of Rajk and others) encouraged them to come forward
with more radical demands: - withdrawal of Russian troops from the
country; open trial of Mihaly Farkas and his son. These demands were
no longer within the bounds of university life, but expressed the
will of the whole nation.
Among them was the demand to discontinue the norm and that of
compulsory contributions. With these they were able to recruit the
support of both the workers and the peasantry. Not only in Budapest,
but also in country places university students became organised and
at times they were more successful in the country.
Thus the university students of Szeged were the first to

withdraw from the then existing youth organisation, the “DISZ” and
this decision was of the greatest importance. The “DISZ” was, as it
were, the organ which aimed to educate young people at universities
in the Communist spirit and was recognised by the Communists
themselves as the “ gold-stock” of the Party. Through it they tried
to mobilise and use young people in the interest of the Party. But,
the withdrawal from the “DISZ” had one aspect of even greater
significance.
In Hungary only children of working-class or peasant origin

were admitted to universities and these made up 80-90% of members.
Higher education was given only to young people whom it was felt
could be trusted. These then were the people enjoying to the greatest
extent the support of the State, and yet it was they who turned
against the existing regime. The Communists wished to cover up this
fact as it meant the complete failure of their rule - young people
they had trusted most had turned against them! They had been children
when the Soviet “liberation” came, for 12 years were raised in the
Communist spirit, were spoon-fed with its propaganda and yet they
rose to be rid of its oppressing yoke.
They had never known the real meaning of freedom; it had been
carefully hidden away. An airtight wall had shut them off from the
West. They had been raised in a cage, but now they wanted to break
loose of it; they wanted to find the freedom they so fervently
desired

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and which had been so far denied them. They proved to Communists that
no propaganda whatsoever quench the thirst for freedom.
Following the example of the university youth in Szeged, one by

one, students in Budapest and elsewhere withdrew from membership of
the “DISZ” and formed the “MEFESZ” (Union of Hungarian University and
other tertiary students). This organisation was no longer to act as
the mouthpiece of Communism but to take up the interests of young
people at universities.
Events then moved quickly:
22 October: The students agree to approach the government and

organise a silent demonstration for 23 October. That night they paste
leaflets listing their demands on house walls in Budapest.
23 October: Groups loiter in the streets reading the students’

declarations. Murmurs of approval are heard from the crowd.
The demonstration is scheduled for 2 p.m. At 1p.m. the Minister

of Internal Affairs withdrawn permission. Students send a deputation
to Broadcasting House and call upon the Minister of the Interior to
withdraw his statement. At 2 p.m. the Minister gives permission for
the demonstration. Thousands of students now make their way along
both sides of the Danube to Bem Joseph square situated in Buda. Here
the two processions meet, those from Pest passing through the inner
city. Along the route people everywhere raise the Hungarian flag. At
Bem joseph square, the students demand the Kossuth emblem and
soldiers of the army barracks standing in this square bring it out,
asking the crowd for cockades and joining the students to walk back
with them to Pest and the Parliamentary building. Meanwhile the
slogans of the crowd become more and more radical in character. The
most popular is “Down with Gerö” ( Gero was then Prime Minister).
The crowd become denser and denser until it is 60 - 70,000

strong as it reaches the Parliamentary building. As leader of the
crowd, we first talk to them; then we demand that Imre Nagy talk,
since the masses have previously insisted he should be the leader of
the country. Students are promised their demands will be fulfilled
and it is declared on behalf of the government that Gerö will give a
radio-speech. At 8p.m. Gerö denounce us in his broadcast as fascist
hands and threatens punishment. At that moment Russian tanks are
already on their way to Budapest. Gerö’s speech fill the people with
rage and they march along Stalin Road towards Stalin square to
destroy the Stalin monument. Another crowd makes its way towards
Broadcasting House to announce its 15 point proclamation. While the
crowd in Stalin square pulls down the

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statue, these in Broadcasting House fire the first shot. And the
students demand printing of their 15 points the AVO (secret police)
open fire on them. This firing marks the beginning of the revolution,
and with arms obtained from the soldiers, students besiege
Broadcasting House. As soon as the crowds gathered on Stalin square
learn of the shooting, they disarm all soldiers in town and march to
the army barracks where the soldiers hand them arms.
This fact was also of prime importance. The police and the
armed forces whose task it was to protect the government, sided with
the people, and after all they were of the people. That night,
fighting started in Budapest. At first the army remained passive but
when Soviet tanks appeared the next day, they openly sided with the
people and began a fight of life or death.
The Soviet troops were supported by the AVO whose members have
even less regard for human life than the Russians, but I shall not
digress here is details have been given in the newspapers. Every
person who possessed arms or could obtain them, took part in the
fighting - soldiers, civilians, women and even children. To replenish
their ammunition the AVO use ambulances car to obtain protection and
then even fired at the ambulance personnel. Doctors were fired upon
and the streets littered with dead bodies and hospital packed so that
wounded lay on the floors. In the street, people queuing for bread
were fired upon with machine-guns and artillery. The people’s
ammunition was running out, but in spite of this, the revolution was
approaching a victorious end.
The government changed and Imre Nagy became Prime Minister

taking the place of Gerö in the Cabinet. New people filled
ministerial seats and among them the despicable traitor János Kádár
who had been a political prisoners under the Rakosi regime.
The government asked the Russians to withdraw their troops from

Budapest. Revolutionary committees were being formed and power was
now in their hands.
In the town itself there was chaos . A number of revolutionary

committees were at wars, the most powerful of which was the committee
of Hungarian intellectuals and it was this committee which had the
greatest influence over the population. Gradually the fighting
stopped, though here and there it continued against small scattered
groups of the AVO. Complete victory was nearly ours when the
insidious Russian intervention began.
Pretending to secure the withdrawal of Russian troops, they

occupied commune then lines between Budapest and Zahony. They
occupied the

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airfields and all the other important points. Soviet tanks poured in
from Rumania, until a threefold ring encircled Budapest. The Soviet
attacked on 3 November.
It was history’s most treacherous attack against a handful of

people fighting for their freedom in the middle of Europe.
The Soviet troops had a crushing superiority over the poorly

equipped Hungarian army. You all knew the rest.
Hungary has become one huge battlefield. There is ruin and

annihilation everywhere yet the people continue still their desperate
fight and will continue as long as they have weapons.
But rather let us consider what this revolution has taught us,
as it will be important for all countries and also for members of the
Communist Party in these countries.
In the first place, Communist policy has dropped its veil and
shown its real face. Soviet propaganda which has always been shouting
for peace and denouncing imperialism has not refrained from
insidiously attacking a small nation engaged in desperate fight for
its freedom. This must discredit the Soviet for ever in the eyes of
the world. Of added significance also is the fact that in the cases
of Korea and Vietnam, the Soviet Union declared the break-down of
capitalism had started when these countries broke the chain of
capitalistic oppression; but here we are with a country in the very
centre of Europe which wishes to break away from the Communist chain
after 12 years of propaganda. If the revolution successes, it will
serve as an example for all other democracies as well, for there have
been demonstrations in Rumania too. And to use the Soviet Union’s own
phraseology: thus also the collapse of Communism has made a
beginning.
It was only to be expected for nations have always wanted

freedom and stills want it today, you will always want it even in the
face of oppression. And sooner or later, the world will have to
submit to the will of the millions of people fighting for their
freedom.
Hungary is not lost and shall not be lost, however small it may
be compared to the Soviet Union, for it has found many friends
throughout the world, such friends as sympathise with the fate of
this small Hungarian nation, still fighting for its freedom.

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Students and the Hungarian Revolution
The following matrices of photographs are available and

will be sent to any student publication requesting them.
There is no charge for the service. Write to the Coordinating
Secretariat, Post Box 36, Leiden, Netherlands, or cable:
COSEC LEIDEN.
CAPTIONS FOR MATRICES
Please request matrices by number
N 1 Hungarian refugees on arrival at transit centre at

Traeskirchen, near Vienna, after being brought in
lorries and coaches from the point where they crossed
the frontier into Austria. Students among these groups
are picked out at Registration for special attention by
the Austrian National Union of Students and other
volunteer student helpers.
N 2 “Where do we go next?” - In crowded accommodation at

Traeskirchen transit center Hungarian students and their
young refugee discuss that the future might have in
store.
N 3 Half the Hungarian student refugees came from one

University and School of Agriculture at Sopron, near the
Austrian border. Together with their Rector and other
faculty members they have been given free one of a
former women’s domestic science and commercial training
college at St. Wolfgang, near Salzburg, where they have
resumed coop rate university life. The picture shows
Sopron students outside one of their new university
buldings.
PLEASE CREDIT THESE PHOTOS TO “COSEC”
For futher information, please contact COSEC

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SUPPORT FOR HUGARIAN STUDENTS
Since the original Hungarian uprising on October 23, initiated

largely by students of Budapest, students the world over have taken
part in one of the greatest expressions of solidarity ever accorded
on the international level to any action.
Unprecedented sums of money have been raised virtually over

night by National Unions of Students. For example, the Union in
Danmark collected DKr 90,000 (£ 4,500, $ 12,600) in three days, in
Finland 2.5 million Finmark. (£ 3,750, $ 10,500), in Holland Dfl
155,000 ( £ 14,500, $42,000) and in Sweden DKr 80, 000 (£ 5,700,
$16,000) at a single student meeting. Students also donated large
sums for Hungarian students relief in England, France, Germany,
Norway, Scotland, South Africa, Switzerland and the United States,
among other countries.
There were expressions of students solidarity with Hungarian

students, including demonstrations at Soviet embassies, in Argentina,
Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Sweden and Switzerland,
to name the most prominent.
Official statements of support for Hungarian student demands

for academic freedom and university autonomy have been issued by
representatives National Unions of Students in every area of the
globe, including Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Holland, Indonesia, Italy, Lebanon, Mexico, Norway, Scotland, South
Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United States, Vietnam, and the West
Indies. Support has been expressed by a number of international
university and student organisations including Pax Romana
(International Movement of Catholic Students and its graduate
partner), World University Service and the World Assembly of Youth.

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In response to requests and following the initiatives of

National Unions of Students, the Coordinating Secretariat of National
Unions of Students (COSEC, Leiden, Netherlands) called a meeting of
National Unions in Vienna, with the Austrian National Union as host,
on November 10 and 11, to discuss the coordination of relief efforts
for Hungarian students. Fourteen National Unions of Students were
represented at the meeting. Its result was the establishment of a
Coordinating Committee composed of representatives of the Austrian
National Union of Students, World University Service, and the
Coordinating Secretariat.
This Coordinating Committee has been functioning since that

time in Vienna in an affort to provide immediate aid for Hungarian
refugee students in Austria - accommodation, clothing, food, books,
medicine - and to coordinate long term scholarship opportunities for
the students.
The Coordinating Committee reported on November 14 that some

1,300 Hungarian refugee students were in Austria. Since that time,
the Committee believes that the number has been more than doubled by
students fleeing from the fear of deportation of young people to the
Soviet Union. The latest estimate stand at around 3,000 and the
influx of student refugees continued.
Preliminary registration cards for almost 2,000 Hungarian

students have been collected by the Committee and complete curriculum
vitae for about 700 of these. The Committee reports that about 400
students have been accommodated at St. Wolfgang, Austria and about
300 in Graz, Austria and that a hostel accommodating up to 500
students in Vienna and another for about 120 in Switzerland have been
acquired by the Committee. Registration and accommodation of student
refugees is proceeding as rapidly as possible.
The International Red Cross, the Austrian Government and the

International Rescue Committee are providing the Committee with funds
for the accommodation of refugee students in Austria and for other
immediate material needs.
The principle objective of the Coordinating Committee is to

provide scholarships for Hungarian students to allow them to pursue
their studies in other university centres. Already a number have left
Austria for universities elsewhere in Europe, including 150 to
Germany, 45 to Holland and 20 to Switzerland. Hundred of scholarship
opportunities have been offered through National Unions of Students
and governments. The Committee

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Circular No. 16/1956-57 November 23, 1956
Reference No. 110/Cuba
THE UNIVERSITY SITUATION IN CUBA

Dear Friends,
At the Ceylon Conference, in view of university situation
in Cuba, the following resolution are adopted.
The Sixth International Student Conference expresses its
solidarity with the Cuban students in the struggle for liberty
and for university autonomy in their country. Therefore the
Conference
urges COSEC to report about the university situation in
Cuba through its publications (Bulletins, circulars, etc.,),
in order to inform the students;
urges COSEC to send to the Cuban government the present
resolution and to inform it of the demands of the Conference
as follows:
a.) that funds be given to the universities, which belong to
it rightfully according to the Constitution;
b.) that freedom of association be granted to the students as
well as self-government to the universities;
c.) that detained students against whom no legal charges can
be brought be released;
d.) that students’ lives be respected and no bloodshed be
committed.
Lastly, the Conference urges the National Unions to give
full support to the Cuban students.
In this connection, the Secretariat wants to communicate
to you that it has brought the above-mentioned text to the
notice of the Cuban Government and that so far it has not
received any answer.
Later we have received reports from the Cuban University
Students Declaration(FEU)in which they inform us of the extremely
difficult situation through which they are passing, requesting
us to circulate this information to the National Unions.
It is therefore, in accordance with this resolution, that
we bring to your notice the information from the FEU, annexing
it to the present circular.

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As on other occasions, we would appreciate very much if
you would inform the Secretariat of the actions which the
National Unions undertake to apply with the resolution of the
Ceylon Conference and the appeal of the FEU.
With best wishes,
THE COORDINATING SECRETARIAT
Jean Barros Barros John M. Thompson

Associate Secretary Administrative Secretary

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VI th WORLD FESTIVAL OF YOUTH AND STUDENTS
PROFESSIONAL MEETINGS
There are the subjects proposed discussion in the meetings
between young people during the festival in Moscow.
Miners
- Working conditions, safety measures and ways of

safeguarding the health of young miners.
Farmers
- Possibility for young farmers to have their own farms

and the conditions for making them paying enterprises,
Exchange of experience on farming.
Dockers
- Protection of the labour of young dockers during

handing operations. Professional training, full
employment and permanent salaries for young dockers.
Electrical Engineer and Power Industry
- Conditions for the training and improvement of young

workers in the electrical engineering and power
industry.
Food Industry
- Mechanization and intensification of labour in the

food industry and the position of young workers.
Working conditions and health protection.
Building Workers
- Professional training.
- Mechanization in building and problems facing the

young builders.
Railwaymen
- Intensification of labour and working conditions.

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stated in September, 1956 that “where there is no segregation, as in the position

at certain Universities, it must be established or enforced.” This same Minister
stated in July 1956 that apartheid would be established at the Universities
“regardless of cost.”
In reply to a repeated request from NUSAS and the open Universities to the
Minister of Education to receive a deputation to discuss University apartheid, he
replied “the provision of separate facilities is the declared policy of the
Government” and that therefore he was not prepared to receive a deputation to
discuss the question. This refusal seems to indicate that the Government are not
prepared to take into consideration the opinion of the Universities concerned.
Ever since the Government started threatening to interfere in the Universities

of Cape Town and the Witwatersrand, students and staff concerned have used to
arguments in reply - firstly, any enforcement of apartheid contrary to the wishes
of the Universities would be a clear violation of the independence of these
Universities; secondly, all the evidence from responsible persons intimately
connected with the system of non-segregation in the Universities proves that non-
segregation not only a workable policy, but appears to be the best educational
policy for South African Universities.
The independence of the Universities is a long-honoured tradition in the

Western world. It has through long experience been found essential for the proper
functioning of a University as a community of staff and students who seek the
truth, the ensure that there is no outside interference in the international
affairs of the University has four essential freedoms - whom to teach, how to
teach, what to teach and who shall teach. Any dictation to the Universities in
regard to any one of these freedoms must be seen as a possible fore-runner of
indoctrinated teaching. This is especially true in South Africa, where the
Government are committed to a policy of separate and different education for
Africans in the schools, as was conclusively proved by the Eiselen Commission “as
an independent race” and to equip the Africans” to meet the demands which the
economic life of South Africa will impose upon him.” (Dr Verwoerd)
The late Dr. T.B. Davie, Principal of the University of Cape Town, stated
in his Hoernle Memorial Lecture in 1955:
“There can be little doubt that it is the intention of the framers of the Act that
the education of the African child shall be different from that of the European
and further, that this difference shall establish and perpetuate an inferior
status in the African in relation to the European.” Those opposed to University
apartheid fear that this inferior education may be lot of non-white students at
any segregated colleges.
Most important of all, however, of the arguments which can be advanced for
the open Universities, is the success of the policy of academic non-segregation
as practiced at the Universities of Cape Town and the Witwatersrand for the past
50 years. Segregated Universities in South Africa, both white and black, are
often noted for their suspicion of people of the other race and for their extreme
nationalism. The open Universities, on the other hand, have made a notable
contribution to better race relations in South Africa. Anyone conversant with
South African problems will realise that what is most conspicuously lacking in
the Union today is an opportunity for educated persons of different races to meet
in a friendly manner and the discuss their problems objectively. The open
Universities offer the only regular opportunity in the whole of South Africa for
such contact. Any move which

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prevents this contact between students and staff of different races at

the open universities must be as a threat to racial peace in South
Africa and eventually the whole continent.
The Universities of Cape Town and Witwatersrand have strenuously

argued that the presence of non-white students has made the open
Universities true Universities. There can be no doubt that segregation
would mean inferior facilities for non-whites and thus inferior education.
This inferiority is clearly demonstrated by a comparison of the poor
facilities at the University College of Ford Hare (established 1916)
and the other Universities. Similarly at the University of Natal the
facilities at the non-white section (except for the Medical School) are
much inferior to those provided for the white students. Throughout
South Africa it is commonly accepted that facilities for white should
be superior to those provided for non-whites. In fact, South Africa is
the only country in the world which, by a Separate Amenities Act,
declared that separate facilities for non-whites need not be equal.
NUSAS and the students of the open Universities go further, and support
the ruling of the United States Supreme Court that “separate facilities
are inherently unequal.”
None of the arguments against the open Universities have been

borne out in fact, and the Universities are defending their right to
admit non-whites as students with every means in their power.
We, as the representatives of over 10,000 South African students

and in particular those at the open Universities, address this letter
to you in other counties, in the hope that it will assist you to
understand the threat of interference by the South African Government
in the open Universities of Cape Town and the Witwatersrand, and that
we completely oppose any enforced apartheid in our Universities.
Cape Town, October, 1956.

- 93 -
- 94 -
- 95 -
- 96 -
- 97 -
- 98 -
Resolution adopted by the Sixth International Student Conference:
University Situation in South Africa
The Conference notes that South African Government has

indicated that it intends to introduce legislation at the
beginning of the next parliament which will have the effect of
ending the system of “open” universities at Cape Town and
Witwatersrand. The Conference therefore recommends to the
National Unions that as soon as the government of South Africa
gives public notice of its intention, the National Unions take
action to indicate their opposition to this proposal, such
action taking the form of direct letters to South Africa,
intervention with the government’s diplomatic representatives,
and messages from leading educators and university authorities,
particularly in countries with a similar educational system to
that of South Africa.
..........
The Conference also:
..........
b recommends that the protests of the National Unions of Students

against the introduction of segregation into the remaining
unsegregated universities should be channelled through the
Coordinating Secreariat in order that those protests should be
registered in the most effective way possible.

- 99 -
- 100 -
1st Dec, 1956
Dear Friend,
Herewith we are sending you a set of photos about the

activities of the Chinese people and youth in support the Egyptian
people in resistance to the Anglo-French aggression in Egypt. We
think it will be of use to your magazines or other publications.
The people’s movement in support of Egypt here is in full

swing. We believe that with the support of the people the world over,
the righteous struggle of the Egyptian people will certainly win.
With our fraternal greetings,
Sincerely yours,
Secretariat
All China Federation of Democratic Youth

- 101 -
TO: National Union of Students
Student Body Presidents (U.S.)
International Persons
USNSA has made three full mailings to its member-school student body
presidents on the recent Hungarian crisis. What began as a sympathetic response
to Hungarian student demands for freedom has turned toward solving immediate
needs of refugee students who have fled from Hungary. But the original cause - the
cause for which Hungarian students have brought so much responsibility upon
themselves - has not been forgotten by U.S. students. U.S. students marked the
significance of Hungarian students in this revolt and their reasons for organizing
and fighting; U.S. students have regarded the Hungarian events not as an uprising
against one regime but lasted as a quest for freedom embodying the aspirations of
students of students throughout the world.
The second of our domestic mailings - that of 6 November - was sent in
similar form to overseas addresses. Here we will bring up-to-date our reporting
of the whole Hungarian situation.
I. HUNGARIAN STUDENT TOURS U.S COLLEGES UNDER USNSA PROGRAM

What part did Hungarian students play in the revolt? How was it that
University of Budapest and University of Sopron students organized independently
but at the same time, without corresponding or agreeing to organize? How was it
that Soviet soldiers had been variously informed that they were being sent to Suez
or to protect Hungary against “Western” invaders? How did the Sopron students
first formulate their demands and then turn to military action when Soviet
soldiers were ordered to break the revolt?
Istvan Lazlo, elected leader of the students of the University of Sopron
on 23 October, came to the U.S. on November 5 as a member of the mission to the
UN of Mrs. Anna Kethy, Minister of State without portfolio of the Imrc Nagy
government. When USNSA found that he was here, we endeavored to give him the
opportunity of speaking to college and university audience, the group to which he
thought the most important the Hungarian student plight be explained. In his
talks since October 18 he has explained some of the questions which we have stated
above.
USNSA has organized for Laszlo a tour of colleges and universities throughout
the U.S. We feel that it is important that the quest of Hungarian students for
freedom be explained, that their circumstances be described, and that the events
of the short-lived revolt be elaborated. By understanding this one instance in
which the Universities were oppressed, matriculation made dependent upon criteria
other than ability and effort, and limitations placed on personal freedom of
inquiry and expression, U.S. students can gain a better understanding of their
own freedom perhaps too often taken for granted.
Funds collected at meetings at which Istvan appears are to be given through
USNSA, at his request, to the COSEC WUS Austrian (NUS coordinating committee for
international Hungarian students relief In Vienna and to the Hungarian student
committee now being formed by elected representatives of the refugee students
centers in Austria.
- 2 -
II. FROM CLIVE GRAY IN VIENNA AND CRAWFORD YOUNG IN PARIS
Gray is en route to take up study in India. He served as USNSA international vice
-president (1955-56).Young is a former Michigan Daily editor and USNSA representative
in Europe.
(1) BB343 B CDU092 53 PD INTL FR - CD PARIS VIA FRENCE 7 0130 (7 November)

LARKIN NATSTUD CAMBRIGEMASS
STUDENT REACTION SOVIET AGGRESSION IMMENSE STOP DEMONSTRATION FRANCE SWITZERLAND
SWEDEN BELGIUM HOLLAND STOP DANES COLLECT 5000 POUNDS STOP MEETING THIS WEEKEND
VIENNA ALL NUSS PLANNED STOP REGARDS
CRAWFORD
(2) B CDV 219 192 /191 1/51 PD INTL - CD WTRN VIA MACKAY 12 1720 LT
(12 November)
NATSTUD CAMBRIDGEMASS
CONFERENCE REPRENSENTATIVE 13 NUSES STOP CONFERENCE ESTABLISH 3-MAN COSEC WUS OH
COMMITTE TO SURVEY NEEDS REGISTER STUDENTS DISTRIBUTE FUNDS CONTRIBUTED NUSES WUS
STOP COSEC EFFECTIVE ACTION WIDELY HAILED EUROPE STOP ABOUT 1200 REFUGEE STUDENTS
HERE MOST SEPERATED SPECIAL STUDENT CAMPS RELIEF NEED GREAT SINCE STUDENTS FLED
MINUS EFFECTS STOP SOPRON UNIVERSITY LARGELY INTACT IN SALZBURG MAY REESTABLISH
SELF STOP MANY NUS GOVERNMENT SCHOLARSHIP OFFERS SHUOLD BE SOME AMERICA STOP
LASZLO ISTVAN LEGITIMATE RECOGNIZED LEADER IMPORTANT LOCALITY STOP ALL CABLE ME
HOTLE REGINA ANY ADVICE OR RELIEF RESULTS
CLIVE
(3) FA6/19 NO5 /19 PARIS 240 18 2320 LT(19 November)

WORLDSTUD NY (WORLD UNIVERSITY SERVICE 20 W 40 ST 3RD FLOOR)
LEAST 1200 HUNGARIAN REFUGEE STUDENTS INCLUDING MANY FORMER POLITICAL PRISONERS
HAVE FLED TO AUSTRIA MINUS BELONGINGS STOP HUNDREDS MORE EXPECTED IN FACE BRUTAL
SOVIET DEPORTATIONS STOP ALL IVE MET PARTCIPATED IN STUDENT INSPIRED NATIONAL
REVOLUTION STOP SHOW GREAT COURAGE AMAZING DEVOTION AND UNDERSTANDING DEMOCRATIC
IDEALS AND DETERMINATION RECOMMENCE CONSTRUCTIVE LIVES STOP EUROPEAN STUDENT
GROUPS PROVIDING MAGNANIMOUS ASSISTANCE BUT LARGE SCALE AMERICAN STUDENT HELP IS
ESSENTIAL STOP ON 11/16 INTERNATIONAL STUDENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE SUPPORTED
BY WUS AND USNSA ESTABLISHED SPECIAL HOSTEL 300 STUDENT REFUGEES FOR NEXT THREE
MONTHS STOP TREMENDOUS STEP FORWARD IN HANDLING STUDENT PROBLEM BUT STILL SHORT
RANGE NEED MONEY FOR MAINTENANCE HOSTEL ALSO TRANSPORTATION CLOTHING MISCELLANEOUS
EFFECTS BOOKS INSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND PERSONNEL STOP LONG RANGE NEED ASSIST
RESETTLEMENT FILL OUT GAPS EUROPEAN SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMS PROVIDE EDUCATIONAL
FACILITIES ALL TYPES TO UNIVERSITY OF SOPRON NOW REESTABLISHING SELF NEAR
SALZBURG STOP NO POSSIBLITIES YET ENSURE CORRECT DISTRIBUTION STUDENT RELIEF IN
HUNGARY BUT ARE INVESTIGATING STOP HUNGARIAN STUDENTS LOOK TO AMERICA FOR AID AND
MORAL SUPPORT STOP HOPE WE WONT LET THEM DOWN STOP WE REQUEST SPEEDY INFORMATION
ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS DATES FOR REFUGEES INTO SCHOOL OFFERING SCHOLARSHIPS
ESPECIALLY MEDICINE ENGINEERING EG ANY EMERGENCY SIMPLIFICATIONS STOP OUR SUGGESTION
HAVE REFUGEES WORK ONE YEAR LEARN LANGUAGE THEN STUDY SINCE FEW BETTER THAN BROKEN
ENGLISH REGINA VIENNA MONAY PLEASE INFORM LARKIN
CLIVE
(4) BB287 B CDW051 314/311 1/50 PD INTL CD WIEN VIA MACKAY 23 1925 LT
(23 November)
NATSTUD CAMBRIGE (MASS)
NOW ORGANIZED 800 STUDENTS WEST AUSTRIA AND COMMITTEE FORMED ON BASIS REPRESENTATION
MOST REFUGEE STUDENT CENTERS BY MIDDLE NEXT WEEK STOP SOPRON STUDENTS CONCERNED
ABOUT LASZLO ABSENCE BUT THEY SAY OK ON 3 WEEKS US TRAVEL PROVIDED HE WRITES THEM
- 3 -
IMMEDIATELY TO INFORM OF ACTIVITIES STOP ADDRESS SOPRONER STUDENTSCHAFT LARGER
STROBL ST WOLFGANG SALZBURG AUSTRIA STOP US IMMIGRATION AUTHORITIES EMPHASIZING
FAMILY UNITS IN AWARDING VISA UNDER 5000 QUOTA AND MAY EXCLUDE STUDENTS FROM SAME
REQUEST YOUR HELP STOP JUST RETURNED FROM GRAZ EXEPECT REMAIN HERE MOST NEXT WEEK
THEN POSSIBLY WARSAW SINCE HAVE OBTIANED VISA STOP PLEASE ADVISE
CLIVE
(5) BA418 B CDU919 111 1/50 PD INTL FR - CD WIEN VIA MACKAY 27 2310 (27
November)
NATSTUD FOR JACQZ CAMBRIDGE (MASS) (WORLD UNIVERSITY SERVICE)
COORDINATING COMMITTEE REGISTRATION 1000 135 LIST US PREFERENCE SUBJECT ENGINEERING
DIFFERENT TYPES 60 MEDICINE 13 VETERINARY 4 CHEMISTY 10 HUMANITY 5 LAW 5
ARCHITECTURE 4 BUSINESS 4 ECONOMICS 2 AGRICULTURE 4 THIS ONLY SAMPLE LIST
INCLUDING SOME ALREADY DEPARTED THROUGH IRC STOP LEAST 150 MORE ESTIMATED US
PREFERENCE BASIS INTERVIEWS GRAZ VIENNA PROBABLY SIMILAR BREAKDOWN SUBJECTS STOP
LANGUAGE PROBLEM SERIOUS FEW KNOW ANY ENGLISH URGE PLAN JOB AND OR LANGAUE CLASSES
WITH UTILIZATION MOST STUDY SCHOLARSHIPS ONLY SEPTEMBER 1957 STOP WE READY SEND
STUDENT WHEN PROGRAM READY THIS REGARD AND IF VISA QUOTA LASTS OR IS RAISED STOP
SUGGEST IMMEDIATE EFFORTS SPECIAL VISA PROVISIONS STUDENTS
GRAY
These cables constitute the same information which the International Commission
has at its disposal. Note especially the language and quota problems.
III. RELIEF AND STUDY OPPORTUNITIES

Some funds will be needed for administrative expenses of the COSEC-WUS-OH
committee in Vienna. Registering students and keeping track of need there cost
money, but must be done if relief funds are to be distributed correctly and
scholarship needs and qualifications assessed. USNSA is prepared to transmit
funds to that committee or to the Hungarian student committee now formed. Member
schools wishint to follow this procedure may submit funds to the commission
office, indication preferences as to disposition.
World University Service is the chief avenue of student relief giving to
aid refugee students. The National Federation of Catholic College Students is
also able to transmit funds to appropriate channels. USNSA encourages your giving
through one of those two groups. World University Service has informed us that it
now has about $ 30,000. Major contributions so far recorded in New York, in
approximate figures and not differentiated between member and non- member schools,
are as follows:
Louisiana State University $ 1,850.00
University of So. California 587.00
University of Redlands 1,000.00
Cal Tech 6,000.00
Bryn Mawr 898.00
Miami University ( Ohio ) 500.00 This is not a complete list,
Vassar 2,156.00 even of major contributions.
Rollins College 1,000.00 It is placed here to give an
Oberlin College 576.00 index of the giving of some
State College of Washington 1,664.00 institutions, and not tendered
Claremont 570.00 as exhaustive.
Chapman (enrollment 300) 1,000.00
UCLA 500.00
Long Beach State College 500.00
Yale University 6,000.00
Harvard University 2,000.00
Brown-Pembroke 1,313.00
Stephens College 500.00
- 4 -
Bradford Jr. College 495.00
Northwestern University 3,000.00
University of Illinois 2,000.00
Twenty-eight institutions have indicated to World University Service that

they can accept refugee students and provide financial aid. WUS estimates that
there are now firm offers of about 100 places. However, they note that particular
need lies for medical and engineering places.
The following addresses may be useful:

UNSA International Commission National Federation of Catholic College
142 Mt. Auburn Street Trinity College
Cambridge 38, Massachusetts Washington, D.C
World University Service National Office, 20 West 40th Street, N. Y. 18, N.Y.
WUS Regional Offices:
1145 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts
1001 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia 7, Pennsylvania
13 Auburn Avenue, Atlanta 3, Georgia
19 South La Salle Street, Chicago 3, Illinois
3012 Maple Avenue, Dallas 4, Texas
715 South hope Street, Los Angeles 17, California
813 S.W. 6th Avenue, Portland 4, Oregon
Schools which have not done so are encourage to undertake emergency

fund drives for Hungarian student relief. For assistance contact a WUS
regional office at address at above.
In summary, U.S. schools may follow one of these courses:

(1) Raise funds, sending to USNSA for transmission to indicated point or
for use our Judgment, for relief or other purposes; USNSA may transfer
to WUS,
(2) Raise funds, sending to WUS or NFCCS, especially if moneys not
earmarked for administration, Hungarian committee, ect.
(3) Contact WUS regarding scholarship needs; obtain guarantee of tuition
from administration and provide funds to cover other needs; you may
communicate either to WUS or to USNS: on this matter.
(4) Continue to consider moral support of Hungarian students and
implications for freedom which their actions involved; but translation
of these sentiments to action most basis present need.
IV. USNSA CABLE

On 18 November USNSA sent the following two cables protesting widely
reported deportation of Hungarian students:
PRESIDENT DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, WHIT HOUSE, WASHINGTON D.C.

USNSA PEPRESENTING 710,000 STUDENTS AND 311 COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES URGES
IMMEDIATE CLARIFICATION POSITION OF US GOVERMENT WITH RESPECT TO SOVIET DEPORTATION
OF HUNGARIAN STUDENTS STOP US GOVERNMENT MUST TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION PROPER
EXERCISE OF MORAL POSITION THROUGH EFFECTIVE MECHANISMS STOP US STUDENTS MORE
EFFECTIVE UNITED URGING FREEDOM AND SAFETY OF HUNGARIAN STUDENTS THAN ANY PRIOR
STUDENT QUESTION STOP PLEASE REPLY USNSA THE MT AUBURN STREET CAMBRIDGE MASS
BRUCE LARKIN INTERNATIONAL VICE PRESENT
HARALD BAKKEN PRESENT
TO COMMITTEE OF YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS OF USSR MOSCOW USSR

USNSA REPRESENT ING 710,000 STUDENTS AND 311 COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES URGENTLY
AND VEHEMENTLY PROTESTS DEPORATION OF HUNGARIAN STUDENTS FROM HUNGARY BY SOVIET
- 5 -
FORCES STOP EARIER REPORTS OF SOVIET OPPRESSION TELL TERRIBLE STORIES STOP
DEPORTATION EVEN MORE SCRRIFYING TO DEGREE ALMOST BEYOND COMPREHENSION! STOP
INSIST YOUR ORGANIZATION TAKE STAND BEFORE WORLD STOP SITUATION CRITICAL STOP
FAILURE TO ACT LEADS INEVITABLY AND JUSTIFIABLY TO COMPLETE ABSENCE OF TRUST AND
CONFIDENCE EITHER IN HUMANITY OF SOVIET STUDENTS OR REPRSENTATIVITY OF YOUR
ORGANIZATION STOP REPLY IMMEDIATELY NATSTUD CAMBRIDGE MASS
HARALD BAKKEN PRESENT
BRUCE LARKIN INTERNATIONAL VICE PRESENT
The following cable was sent to Eastern European national student organization:
US NATIOAL STUDENT ASSOCIATION REPRESENTING 710,000 US STUDENTS IN 311 COLLEGES
AND UNIVERSITIES CALLS ON YOUR ORANIZATION TO EXERT INFLUENCE IN BRINGING TO
HALT THE DEPORTATION OF HUNGARIAN STUDENTS FROM HUNGARY BY SOVIET TROOS STOP ALSO
REQUEST YOU QUESTION IUS STATEMENT REGARDING HUNGARIAN SITUTATION AS BEING
INCOMPLETE HYPOCRITICAL AND POLITICAL STOP FAILURE TO APPLY STATED PRINCIPLES
WOULD SUGGEST TO WORLD STUDENT COMMUNITY THAT YOUR ORGANIZATION NOT REPRESNTATIVE
PRESIDENT BAKKEN
VICE PRESIDENT BAKKEN
USNSA
28 November 1956
V .COMMENTS
U.S. students have shown marked concern about these recent events. Students’
courses in Hungarian universities have been disrupted; many students have chosen
to leave Hungary; the Hungarian Universities themselves were interrupted; Hungarian
students lack material necessities to study (although present reporters are that
distribution of funds in Hungary itself cannot be properly guaranteed and
administered).
But we wish to emphasize again that other cases of university suppression

and restriction of freedom exist and will be brought to our attention from time
to time. Perhaps they will not be so dramatic - they probably won’t be. There
won’t be so many newspaper headlines. Students alone may be concerned, not the
immediate fate of an entire country. But when that happens - as it may happen when
apartheid legislation is introduced into the parliament of the Union of South
Africa to segregate the “open” universities - anticipated for January - students
concern should be just as great as it has been in this crisis. Perhaps in other
cases money will not be involved, but rather legitimates and reasonable pressure
exerted from a strong moral position .Whatever form it takes, let us be aware
when it happens that the principle we follow is very much like the principle we
have worked from during these last few hectic weeks. The stakes are just as large.
USNSA wishes to thank the national unions and member schools which have
sent us their reactions, comment, and word of their doings.
We would like to hear from you soon.
Sincerely,
Bruce D. Larkin
International Vice-President

- 107 -
rSjD irf;pmtkyrf sm;
(yxrwJG)
(1) OD;zkd;uGef; - wpfjrdKUpDaew½GmpDjcm;ukefjyD
(2) aunDydwf - 1920 ausmif;om;oydwfukd,fawGU
(3) q&m[def - oydwfacgif;aqmifwkdY\t"d|mef
(4) a'gufwmjrifhaqG - &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
yxrqkH;Ouú| ukdxGef;pdef
(5) ukd&m&Spf - 1930 wuúokdvfausmif;om;or*¾ þokdYpcJhonf
(6) OD;atmifZHa0 - oydwftoGifeJYtjrif
(7) armifqkyef - trsKd;om;aeY orkdif;a&pD;aMumif;
(8) ukdwifh (ukd,fpm;) ukdxGef;az - pdefayg[kdufpull;oydwf (ul½SifoydwfarSmufausmif;om;)
(9) ndKjr - uGsefawmfi&JacG; aqmif;yg;a&;pOfu
(10) ukdcifarmifav; - &efukefwuúokdvf acsmufjcm;cJhaom xkd (3) &uf
(11) a'gufwmjrifhaqG - rEÅav;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; EkdifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rI
(12) yD,mñGefY - [kdaeYwkef;u
(13) oydwfcif - tif,m;u vmcJhonf
(14) a½Tjynfpkd; - tkd;olMuD;
(15) vJhvJh0if; - bk&m;aqmif;wef;u oydwfoH
(16) BudKUyifaumufom; - tmabmfESpfrsdK;
(17) o&Jbat; - oydwfukd,fawGU
(18) o&Jbat; - yif;,aqmifokdY xrif;xkyfykdYpOfu
(19) b[def; (ayguf) - ewftkd;uGJ
(20) odef;az - ewftkd;uGJ
(21) odef;azjrifh - wuúokdvfy&0Pfukdausmfí
(22) OD;oGif - trsKd;om;wuúokdvfzGifhyJGtcrf;tem; rdefYcGef;
(23) vlxka':trm - usrqkHcJh&onf 1936 ta&;awmfykH
(24) wkd;wufa&; tkef;jrihf - ESpf (50) qkdwm rMumvkdufyg
(25) wkd;wufa&; tkef;jrifh - ausmif;om;eJY wkdYArm
(26) wif{ (½Srf;jynf) - ½Srf;-ArmaoG;pnf;a&;tp wuou
(27) ukdA[def;rS ukdpdefcdkokdYay;ykdYaom vufa&;rl&if;
(28) udkatmifqef;rS ukdpdefckdokdYay;ykdYaom vufa&;rl&if; (2) apmif
(29) ukdatmifqef;rS ukdjrpdefokdYay;pm - t*Fvdyfvkd (4) apmif
(30) wwd,tMudrf AuouGefz&ifh bdwfMum;olrsm; pmtdwfpm&if;
(31) &J&Jawmuf oef;wif - 1300jynfh ausmif;om;wkdufyGJ
(32) &J&Jawmuf oef;wif - aoG;pnf;Mua[h
(33) ukdodef;atmif (ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif) - usaemfodcJhaom Akdvfatmifausmf
(34) wif;ukyfwifat; - ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rI vGwfvyfa&;tkwfcsyfav;rsm;
- u -
(35) "r®om& - AkdvfatmifausmfeJYtwl qE´jycJhonfhaeYu
(36) armifoefYpif (a';'&J) - ausmif;om;wkdYaoG;ajruscJhpOfu
(37) ausmfñGefYrdk; - Akdvfatmifausmfukd,fwkdifa&;cJhaom pmwpfyk'f
(38) armifxGef;oGif - cGyfa'gif;tvHatmufrSwkdufyGJ0ifcJhol
(39) zsmykHpkd; - atmifausmfpmay
(40) rEÅav;ta&;awmfykH - aejynfawmfvGwfvyfa&;
(41) ocifpdefckd (vufa&;rl) - avmifawmrJhta&;awmfykH&JU c&D;wpfaxmuf
(42) ukdukd - pmrwwfolyaysmufa&;rS NAdwdoQe,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;
(43) ukdukd (vufa&;rl) - aqmif;yg;
(44) atmifqef; - avmu0d[m&
(45) b[def; - qif;&Jom;ypönf;rJhrsm;ESifhausmif;om;rsm;
(46) okyPÖu - "r®ESifht"r®
('kwd,wJG)
(1) ppfukdif;[efwif - pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm; (1-2-3)
(2) ppfukdif;[efwiff - jrefrmEkdifiHawmfrSwfwrf; (1-2-3)
(3) ppfukdif;[efwif - jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;okdY (1-2-3)
(4) &JabmfvSrsdK; - orkdif;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;
(5) a'gufwmoef;xGef; - e,fvSnfh&mZ0if (y-'k-w)
(6) a'gufwmoef;xGef; - acwfopf&mZ0if (y-'k-w)
(7) jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf; - twGJ (1) rS twGJ (15)
(8) jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf; tESpfcsKyfrsm; - 1987 rS 1995
(9) &efukefwuúokdvf a½T&wkpmapmif (ESpf 50) - twGJ (1)
(10) &efukefwuúokdvf a½T&wkpmapmif (ESpf 50) - twGJ (2)
(11) &efukefwuúokdvf ESpf (50) - (1920-70)
(12) &efukefwuúokdvf pdef&wkpmapmif (75 ESpf) - twGJ (1)
(13) rdk;BudK;? Armhacwf? aMu;rHk owif;pmrsm; - 1945-1962
(14) tkd;a0*sme,frsm; - &efukefwuúokdvforkdif; (1920-70)
(15) tkd;a0r*¾Zif; - 1947-48 rS 1960-61
(16) tkd;a0pmapmif a½T&wkobif txl;xkwf
(17) tkd;a0 twGJ (1)? trSwf (5)
(20) The University Student's Union Magazine Vol: (2) -No: (1)
(23) a½Twl*sme,frsm;
(24) rsKd;ñGefYr*¾Zif;rsm;
- c -
(25) Aef;armfwifatmif - jreffrmEkdifiHorkdif;
(26) Aef;armfwifatmif - ukdvkdeDacwf jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;
(27) wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;ordkif; jyKpka&;tzGJU - wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH; orkdif; (y) -
(28) wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;ordkif; jyKpka&;tzGJU - wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH; orkdif; ('k)
(29) OD;av;armif - jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif; (y)
(30) OD;av;armif - jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif; ('k)
(31) orkdif;jzpf&yfrSef jyKpka&;tzGJU - jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif; (y^ 1958-62)
(32) orkdif;jzpf&yfrSef jyKpka&;tzGJU - jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif; ('k^ 1958-62)
(33) &Jabmfaeatmif - e,fcsJUtusOf;om; (y)
(34) &Jabmfaeatmif - e,fcsJUtusOf;om; ('k)
(35) wifxGef;atmif (jrefrmhtvif;) - jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;ESifh ocifbabmif;
(36) OD;atmifodef;[ef (0dZÆm-*kPfxl;) - jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;opf
(37) AkdvfcsKyfrdefYcGef;rsm;
(38) OD;ykav; - igwkdYAkdvfcsKyf bmvkyfcJhoenf; (y-'k-w)
(39) okawoDjrifhxGef; - AkdvfcsKyftrGdKifokdYc&D;pOf
(40) wuúodkvfae0if; - AkdvfcsKyftrSwfw&
(41) atmifoef; - atmifqef;
(42) atmifoef; - atmifqef;rdom;pk
(43) pkaygif; - AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; tw¬KyÜwåd
(44) tnMw&Jabmf - arhaysmufír&aom atmifqef;
(45) arjrdKUcspfaqG - jynfolcspfaom AkdvfcsKyf
(46) wifpkd; (abm**kPf) - AkdvfcsKyf\ pD;yGm;a&; tjrif
(47) AkdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; - Armhpdefac:oH
(48) jrwfarmf - AkdvfcsKyfatmiffqef; EkdifiHa&;pD;yGm;a&;tjrif
(49) odef;azjrifh - awmfvSefa&;umv EkdifiHa&;tawGYtMuHKrsm;
(50) odef;azjrifh - ta½SUuae0ef;xGufonfhyrm
(51) odef;azjrifh - ausmfjidrf;
(52) odef;azjrifh - oydwfarSmufausmif;om;
(53) vSuGefY - az-yk-½Sdef
(54) vSuGefY - MuHawmuajymaomorkdif;
(55) ocifukd,fawmfrIdif; - bGdKif;aumuf#Dum
(56) vlxka':trm - q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;
(57) 0d"l&ocifcspfarmif - urÇmhvSnfhocifukd,fawmfrIdif;
(58) armifwifa½T - ocifukd,fawmfrIdif; olYpm? olYb0
(59) wkdufpkd; - trsKd;om;ynm0efOD;zkd;usm;
(60) OD;bOD; (bDat) - trsKd;om;aeYjzpfay:vmykH &mZ0if
(61) OD;zkd;usm; - trsKd;om;aeY&mZ0if tusOf;csKyf
(62) wwd,tBudrf AuouGefz&ifh (ykodrf) - ukdatmifqef;rdefYcGef;
- 8 -
(63) rEÅav;ta&;awmfykHrSwfwrf;
(64) jrbl;aumfrwD\tpD&ifcHpmESifhywfoufí AuorScefYxm;tyfaom wuúokdvfjyifqifa&;aumfrwDrSwfwrf;
(65) ta½SUOa&myArmausmif;om;rsm;aumfrwD - cGyfa'gif;pmapmif (1952)
(66) ppfukdif;[efwif - vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;okdY
(67) ocifcspfarmif - EkdifiHa&;a0zefcsufrsm;
(68) ocifAarmif - 0HomEkta&;awmfykH
(69) wuúokdvfpdefwif - jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJESifh ocifApdef
(70) a½TaoG; - pdefrSefuif;tppf xif;jzpfcJhpOfu
(71) wkdufpkd; - *sLAvDa[mjrifuGif;
(72) ausmfatmif - or*¾tvHawmfatmuf0,f
(73) pHatmif - nDñGwfa&;\ta&;awmfykH
(74) aZ,smarmif - puúLjzLjyZmwf (c) ArmhEkdifiHa&;tajcae
(75) udktHhausmf - 1980 ckESpf? r[m0dZÆmbJGU,lpmwrf;
(76) 0if;armifoef; - ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHk
(77) udkpdk;odrf;\ vufESdyfpuf½dkuf udk,fa&;&mZ0if
(78) cGyfa'gif;pmpOf (rwuo - 7 &uf? Zlvdkif)
(79) rsKd;cspfjynfolUygvDrefygwD (1^90)
(80) General Aung San - Burma Challenge
(81) Mg Mg - From Sangha to Laity Burmese Nationalist Movement
(1920-1940)
(82) U Nu - Saturday's Son
(83) Dr. Ba Maw - Breakthrough in Burma: Memoirs of a Revolution
(1939-1946)
(84) Dr. Htin Aung - Modern Burmese History
(85) Htin Aung - Stricken Peacock
(86) Maurice Collis - Last and Fast in Burma
(87) G.E. Harvey - Modern Burmese History
(88) Hugh Tinker - Burmese Struggle of Indenpendence
(89) Dorthy Wooden - State of Burma
(90) Robert Taylor - Making of Burma
(91) M.A Rashid - Report of Constitution Committee
(92) Aung San Suu Kyi - Freedom From Fear
(93) Rangoon University Students' Union Constitution
(94) New Burma weekly
(95) Burma Gazetties - Vol: (1) to (24)
(96) Report of the Secretariat Incident Enquiry Committee
- C -
rSDjirf;aqmif;yg;rsm;
(1) ouf0if; - oxHkrD;yGm;
(2) oHrPd&Jabmfa[mif;wpk - 1946-47 ckESpfqDu wuúodkvfausmif;om;oHrPdwyf
(3) 1953 rS 1962 cktxd pm½Gufpmwrf;? aMujimcsufrsm;
rSDjirf;pmtkyf-aemufqufwJG
1/ jirf; pmapmif- trSwfpOf (7) Zlvdkifv 2001? trSwfpOf (4) ar 2001
2/ a'gif;tdk;a0- (1^3) Mo*kwf 1997? (2^1) Zlvdkif? (1^2) Zlvdkif 1997
3/ atmifapmOD;- vGwfvyfa&;a&T&wk (yxr tBudrf)1998 Zefe0g&D
4/ wuúodkvfae0if; jynfaxmifpkAdokum AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; (yxrtBudrf 1997? arv)
5/ jr[ef AkdvfcskKyfatmifqef;{/fpmayvuf&m (1998? Zefe0g&Dv)
6/ ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;{/f vufa&G;pOfav;csKd;w&m (yxrtBudrf 1973? Zlvdkif)
7/ OD;Ek- ig;ESpf&moDArmjynf (1941-45) (yxrtBudrf 2002)
8/ wuúodkvfESpfig;q,fjynfhpmapmif (1970)
9/ ausmfNidrf;-&JabmfoHk;usdyf yxrtBudrf (1938)
10/ '*kefwm,m zswfceJawGU&aom½kyfykHvTmum;csyfrsm; (yxrtBudrf 1997 'DZifbmv)
11/ trsKd;om;aeYESifhtrsKd;om;ynma&;vIyf&Sm;rIUordkif;tusOf; (a&T&wkobif txl;xkwf (y^tBudrf? 11^1970)
12/ a&eHajrocifbwif 1300 jynfhESpf ta&;awmfykHrSwfwrf;
13/ armifrkef;atmif qJAif;Zlvdkif (odkU) ausmif;om;or*¾{/f tpOftvmudk azsmufzsufNcif; (1^3) Zlvdkif 2005
14/ tusOf;axmifxJrS tmZmenfrsm; (1999 {&m0wD)
15/ ArmjynfuGefNrLepfygwD&JU EkdifiHawmftmPmodrf;ydkufa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; (5.8.89 txl;owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJG)
16/ wyfrawmfordkif; (y-twGJ? 1994 azazmf0g&Dv)? (yOörwGJ 1962-1974)
17/ atmifapmOD; (rIdif;&mNynfh) jrefrmEkdifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIorkdif;tusOf; (w-tBudrf 1993 pufwifbm)
18/ &SpfpuúefYNidrf pGefYvTwfol{/f&mZ0if (ar2006)
19/ cspfMunfa&;- twJG (4) Ekd0ifbm 2006
20/ wuúodkvfaumvdyfr*¾Zif; 1939
21/ &efukefwuúodkvfESpfvnfpmapmif twJG(3) trSwf(5) 1314 ck
22/ vlxka':trm 83 ESpfajrmuf txdrf;trSwf (y^tBudrf? Ekd0ifbm 29? 1998)
23/ a'gufwmoef;xGef; igajymcsiforQightaMumif; (y^tBudrf? 2001 ar)
24/ Nidrf;csrf;pGmtwl,OfwGJaexdkifa&; rl0g'rSonf ppfrSef aomNynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkY
25/ &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ pdef&wk (wuo) 75 ESpf 2006
26/ tifwmeufpmrsufESm- 'DADowif;Xme? {&m0wDowif;Xme (b0½kyfyHkvTm)? acwfNydKifowif;Xme? jrefrmowif;
qufoG,fa&;enf;ynm (bDtdkifwD)? 0DuDyD'D,m? atatyDyD? ol&d,
- i -

ေအာင္ထြန္း ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈရွားမႈသမိုင္း

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ေအာင္ထြန္း ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈရွားမႈသမိုင္း

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tcef; (1) udkvdkeDacwfOD;ydkif;

tcef; (2) udkvdkeDacwfOD;ydkif;

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aemufqufwJG - All Burma Student's Conference (1936) (1)

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