MARCELA FUENTES D.

ENGLISH PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

UCSH

ENGLISH ALLOPHONES
The following table lists the 24 English consonants and their main allophones, which have been given an articulatory label. Long and short consonants, glottalised stops and fronter and backer variants have not been included in this table. In the case of sounds whose variations do not differ much from the given form, only the latter has been included.

Phonemes

Allophonic variants [pH] [p | ] [p< ] [p] aspirated unreleased nasally released unaspirated

Distribution

Examples

/p/

+ accented V + plosive / affricate + nasal C after [s]; in unaccented syllables between vd. sounds before and after vl. Cs and pauses + plosive / affricate + nasal C

[pHUt| pHen t pHe>Ip] [ tHp| ten ple] [stp< naU] [tp< md: ` ] [dZQpniz sp>Ukn] [ba>Ut bI ba>I nIk h>mbi] [ b8b8| tHms Iz t5 D8 pHb8] [hiz lQb| tek<nISn`] [ klb< membz >Unli]

/b/

[b] [b8] [b|] [b<]

voiced devoiced unreleased nasally released

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ENGLISH PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

UCSH

/t/

[tH ] [t|] [ t5] [ t=] [t< ] [t:] [ t] [ t ]

aspirated unreleased dental post-alveolar nasally released laterally released unaspirated voiced alveolar tap

+ accented V + plosive / affricate + [ T, D] + [] + nasal C + [l] after [s]; in unaccented syllables AmEng unaccented intervocalic [ t ]

[ tH>Uni n tHIm] [ mi>t| dZe>In t| d8eIvz8] [wi w4 t5 D8 Ti>t4 at5 TR8i] [ t=aI gen] [a>I b>t5 D8 kH>t<n`z In b4It<n`] [a>I lef D8 bt: 8 neks t D kHet: 8 ] [ lets stdi tgeD] [ wA>t dt i sIti]

/ d/

[d ] [d 8 ] [d | ] [d 5 ] [d = ] [d < ] [d : ]

voiced devoiced unreleased dental post-alveolar nasally released laterally released

between vd. sounds before and after vl. Cs and pauses + plosive / affricate + [ T, D] + [ ] + nasal C + [l]

[ le>Idi da>IQn da>Id8| t=QdZIkli] [d8n t=8aId8| t hep< mi] [Its bed8|ta>Im] [D8 tSId=n stUd5 De>] [ bQd= d=im] 8 8 [ g>d<n`z In5 D bQk| gA>d<n`] [la>It kHQnd:, pliz8] [D8 kHIN kHeIm Int hIz8 kHA>s] [Qk|tIN Iz Qk|tSli t=8Qk|tIv8] [dA>k<ns] [TIk<ns] [a>I tHUk bUk fm` sku]

/k /

[kH] [k|] [k<] [k]

aspirated unreleased nasally released unaspirated

+ accented V + plosive / affricate + nasal C after [s]; in unaccented syllables

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ENGLISH PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

UCSH

/g /

[g] [g*] [g|] [g<]

voiced devoiced unreleased nasally released

between vd. sounds before and after vl. sounds and pauses + plosive / affricate + nasal C

[Siz g>dZs, ve4i gUd: lUkIN g] [TQNk| g*d8] [ lg* kHQbIn] [bIg< ma>UT] [hiz8 tHe>IkIN pIk|tS4 v D tS>tS] [dZ*n IMva>ItId5 D dZdZ In dZun] [dZ*QnIs dZ*Unz8] [f8QNks fla>IIN bQk t f] [ma>I sIst vIvin lIvz IM venIs] [v8 kH>s a>I vIzIt v8Ik|t] [smIT T>t It >Uv T4li] [D8i D deI De>I went| t D mu>viz8] [D8Is Iz nt5 D8ez8]

/tS/ /dZ/

[tS] [dZ] [dZ**]

voiceless

all positions

voiced devoiced

between Vd. sounds before and after Vl. Cs and pauses

/f/

[f] [v] [v8]

voiceless

all positions

/v /

voiced devoiced

between vd. sounds before and after vl. Cs and pauses

/T / /D /

[T] [D] [D8]

voiceless

all positions

voiced devoiced

between vd. sounds before and after vl. Cs and pauses

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ENGLISH PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

UCSH

/s / /z /

[s] [z] [z8]

voiceless

all positions

[ma>I sIst su>zn n h kHQts] [wi vIzItId5 D zu n wenzde>I] [D8>Uz8 tHu tSez8] [aIm S S>li wSt h hQndz8] [leZ4 m pleZ] 8 [In5 D gQ4A>Z] [hlU hni] [mm m betsi] [a>I kHAnt si> ne>ITn] [n5 T>zde>I] [IM venIs M f8a>Ide>I] [IN g4i>s N kHQnd] [sININ lN]

voiced devoiced

between vd. sounds before and after vl. Cs and pauses

/S / /Z /

[S] [Z] 8 [Z] [h] [m] [n] [n5] [M] [N]

voiceless

all positions

voiced devoiced

between vd. sounds before and after vl. Cs and pauses

/h / /m / /n /

voiceless

all positions

voiced

all positions

voiced dental labiodental velar

all positions + [T, D] + [f, v] + [g, k] all positions

/N /

[N]

voiced

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ENGLISH PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

UCSH

/l/

[l] [l] [] [ 5 ]

voiced clear devoiced clear voiced dark dental dark

+ Vs; + [j] [p, t, k] + [l] [] + C; + [w]; + pauses [ ] + [T , D ] [d] + [] before and between Vs; after [b, g, v] after [p, t, k] before vd sounds; after pauses after [p, t, k]

[lU vQlju] [pleI wID kle] [hi >we>Iz8 hep pi>p] [g*Ud8 he5T] 8 [d==aIv8 t DIs d=es] [b84IN 4ed 4>UzIz8] [t=8aI p8e>IIN n k8uz8] [ju lUk jNg] [p4 N k8 u>t] [wet weD] [kw8a>It| kw8Ik]

/r /

[] [4 ] []

voiced fricative approximant voiceless fricative

/j/

[j] [j]

voiced devoiced

/w /

[w] [w8]

voiced devoiced

before vd sounds; after pauses after [p, t, k]

References Finch, D. & H. Ortiz Lira (1982). A Course in English Phonetics for Spanish Speakers. London: Heinemann. Cruttenden, A. & A. C. Gimson (2007). Gimsons Pronunciation of English (7th edn.) London: Arnold.

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