Tiu chun Vit nam TCVN 5999-1995

Cht lng nc ly mu Hng dn ly mu nc thi

Water qualily - Sampling - Guidancw on sampling of waste waters 1 Phm vi p dng Tiu chun ny qui nh nhng chi tit v ly mu nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot, ngha l cc k hoch ly mu v k thut ly mu. N c dng cho mi loi nc thi, ngha l nc thi cng nghip, nc thi sinh hot th hoc x l. Tiu chun ny khng qui nh vic ly mu khi c s c trn, mc du cc phng php c trnh by c th p dng cho mt s trng hp. 1.1. Mc tiu Mt chng trnh ly mu c th nhm nhiu mc tiu. Mt s mc tiu thng thng l: - xc nh nng cc cht nhim trong dng nc thi; - xc nh ti lng cc cht nhim c mang bi dng nc thi; - cung cp s liu vn hnh cc trm x l nc thi; - xc nh xem cc gii hn ti lng thi c c tun th hay khng; - cung cp s liu nh thu nc thi. Khi vch k hoch ly mu nc thi cn phi lun nhm vo mc tiu nh sao cho thng tin thu c ph hp vi yu cu. Ni chung, cc mc tiu ly mu l kim tra cht lng hoc c tnh cht lng nh nu cc mc 1.1.1 v 1.1.2 1.1.1 M t c tnh cht lng M t c tnh cht lng nhm xc nh nng hoc ti lng ca cc cht nhim trong mt thi gian di, th d, quan trc s thc hin ng tiu chun, xc nh xu hng, cung cp s liu v hiu qu x l hoc cung cp s liu ti lng cho mc ch thit k v/hoc k hoch ho.

1.1.2. Kim tra cht lng Mc tiu kim tra cht lng c th l: a) Cung cp s liu cho kim sot hot ng x l nc thi ngn hn hoc di hn (th d kim sot sinh khi pht trin trong cng on bn hot tnh, kim sot cc qu trnh phn hu ym kh, kim sot cc trm x l nc thi cng nghip); b) Cung cp s liu bo v trm x l nc thi (th d bo v cc trm x l nc thi sinh hot khi tc ng hu hoi do cc dng thi cng nghip, pht hin cc ngun sinh ra cc cht tn d c hi ca nc thi cng nghip); c) Cung cp s liu cho kim sot nhim (th d kim sot nhng hot ng ph thi trn t, bin v cc dng nc). 2. Tiu chun trch dn Nhng tiu chun sau y c dng cng vi tiu chun ny: ISO 2602: 1980, X l thng k kt qu th - Xc nh gi tr trung bnh - Khong tin cy. ISO 2854:1976, X l thng k s liu - K thut nh gi v cc php th lin quan n gi tr trung bnh v cc bin ng. ISO 5667-1: 1980, Cht lng nc - Ly mu - Phn 1: Hng dn lp cc chng trnh ly mu. TCVN 5992 - 1995 (ISO 5667-2: 1991), Cht lng nc. Ly mu. Hng dn k thut ly mu. TCVN 5993 - 1995 (ISO 5667-3: 1985), Cht lng nc. Ly mu. Hng dn bo qun v x l mu. TCVN 5995 - 1995 (ISO 5667-5: 1991), Cht lng nc. Ly mu. Hng dn ly mu nc ung v nc dng ch bin n ung. TCVN 5981-1995 (ISO 6107-2:1989), Cht lng nc. Thut ng - Phn 2. 3. nh ngha Tiu chun ny s dng nhng nh ngha sau y: 3.1. Mu t hp

Hai hoc nhiu mu trn ln vi nhau theo nhng t l bit (gin on hoc lin tc), t c th thu c kt qu trung bnh ca mt c tnh mong mun. Cc t l thng da trn cc php o thi gian hoc dng chy. 3.2. ng ly mu ng ng dn t my ly mu n im phn phi mu hoc n thit b phn tch. 3.3. im ly mu V tr chnh xc trong khu vc m mu c ly. 3.4. Mu n Mt mu ring l ly ngu nhin (v mt thi gian v hoc a im) t mt vng nc. 4. Thit b ly mu 4.1. Bnh cha mu Cn hi kin ngi chu trch nhim v phn tch phng th nghim v loi bnh cha cn dng ly, bo qun v vn chuyn mu. TCVN 5992 (ISO 5667-2) v TCVN 5993 (ISO 5667-2) cho thng tin chi tit v chn bnh cha mu. Bnh cha mu cn chng c s mt mt cht do hp th, bay hi, v nhim bi cc cht l. Nhng yu t mong mun khi chn bnh cha mu l: - bn chc; - d y kn; - d m; - chu nhit; - khi lng, dng v kch c hp l; - d lm sch v c th dng li; - d kim v gi r.

Nn dng bnh bng cht do ly mu nc thi. Mt s trng hp yu cu dng bnh thu tinh, th d khi cn phn tch: - du m; - hydrocacbon; - cc cht ty ra; - thuc tr su. Nu ly mu nc thi c dit trng cn dng thit b ly mu v bnh cha kh trng, xem TCVN 5995 (ISO 5667 - 5). 4.2. Cc loi thit b ly mu 4.2.1. Thit b ly mu th cng Thit b ly mu nc thi n gin nht l x, mui, hoc bnh rng ming bung vo mt ci cn c di thch hp. Th tch khng nn nh hn 100ml. Khi cc mu ly, th cng dng chun b mu t hp th th tch ca x, mui, bnh cn phi chnh xc n 5%. Ly mu th cng cng c th dng bnh Rettner hoc Kemmerer, bnh ny l mt ng c dung tch t 1 n 3 lt v hai u u c np, hoc cc thit b ly mu khc c nguyn l tng t. Thit b ly mu th cng phi c lm bng vt liu tr, khng gy nh hng n phn tch sau ny, xem TCVN 5992 (ISO 5667-2). Trc khi ly mu, thit b phi c lm sch bng cht ty ra v nc, hoc theo hng dn ca hng sn xut, v cui cng trng bng nc. Thit b ly mu c th c trng bng chnh nc cn ly ngay trc khi ly mu, iu lm gim kh nng gy nhim mu. Nu ly mu phn tch cc cht ty ra th phi trng bnh rt k sau khi ra. Ch khng c trng bnh bng nc cn ly khi iu nh hng n phn tch sau ny (th d phn tch du v m, phn tch vi sinh vt). 4.2.2. Thit b ly mu t ng. Nhiu thit b bn trn th trng cho php t ng ly mu lin tc hoc mu hng lot. Chng thng d mang v c th dng ly mu mi loi nc thi. Thng c hai loi my ly mu t ng, ly theo thi gian v ly theo dng chy [xem TCVN 5992 (ISO 5667 - 2)], nhng cng c mt s my gp c hai chc nng . My ly mu c th da trn nhng nguyn tc ly mu sau: - mt bm chuyn (bm ht); - khng kh nn v /hoc chn khng;

- dng chy lin tc; - bm (thng bng bm nhu ng). Khng nguyn tc no c th thch hp cho mi tnh hung ly mu. Khi chn my ly mu cn ch nhng c im sau y, v ngi dng cn xc nh tm quan trng tng i ca mi c im p dng vo tng trng hp c th. a) my ly mu phi c kh nng ly mu t hp theo thi gian, th d ly mu trong nhng khong thi gian khc nhau khi tc dng chy khng i. b) my ly mu phi c kh nng ly hng lot mu ring l nhng khong thi gian c nh v cha vo tng bnh ring. Th d khi tin hnh nghin cu hng ngy xc nh chu k ti lng cc i; c) my ly mu phi c kh nng ly lin tip cc mu t hp ngn hn v cha vo tng bnh ring. iu c th c ch trong quan trc nhng chu k c bit cn quan tm. d) my ly mu phi c kh nng ly mu t hp theo dng chy, ngha l ly nhng th tch mu khc nhau tu theo tc dng chy v nhng khong thi gian c nh. Thit b ny c th c ch khi tin hnh nghin cu ti lng nn; e) my ly mu phi c kh nng ly lin tip cc mu theo khi lng dng chy v cha vo tng bnh ring. iu c th c ch khi nghin cu pht hin nhng thi k ti lng nn thay i, khi s liu c lin quan ti tc c dng chy. Cc c im t a) n e) ph hp vi cc loi ly mu trong mc 5.3.1. Ngoi ra, ngi dng cn cn ch nhng c tnh sau y khi chn thit b ly mu, tr trng hp thy rng mt s trong chng khng cn thit, c bit l kh nng ly mu t h thng thot nc c p lc hoc cng. f) kh nng ca my c th nng cc mu qua mt chiu cao mong mun trong bt k hon cnh chn no; g) cu to bn chc v t cu kin chc nng; h) t b phn tip xc hoc ngm xung nc; i) my ly mu phi khng r v b phn in phi c bo v khi tc ng ca bng tuyt, hi m hoc kh quyn n mn; j) my ly mu phi c thit k n gin, d vn hnh, bo dng v d lm sch;

k) ng ly mu t im ht mu vo dn n im phn phi mu phi c ng knh trong ti thiu l 9mm trnh b tc, v ng vo phi c bo v tranh gy tc cho ng ra; l) tc cht lng chy vo my ti thiu phi l 0,5m/s trnh tch pha trong ng ly mu v bung o; m) kh nng ra sch ng ly ly mu mi; n) th tch c phn chia phi c chnh xc v ng t nht l 5% th tch yu cu; o) khong thi gian gia cc mu gin on phi iu chnh c t 5min n 1h; p) cc bnh ly mu v ng ni cn phi d tho, thay th v lm sch; q) my ly mu cn c ch cha cc bnh mu ch ti t 0oC n 4oC trong thi gian ang ly mu, v cho php thm cht bo qun vo cc bnh trc hoc trong khi ly mu; r) cc my ly mu xch tay phi nh, chc chn, bn, chu c thay i thi tit, v c th vn hnh tt trong mi iu kin xung quanh; s) cc my ly mu phi vn hnh c trong nhng thi gian ly mu di (nhiu ngy) m khng cn ch ti lun; t) my ly mu phi khng to nhng tia la bn trong trnh ri ro n, c bit l nhng vng c kh mtan hoc cc dung mi hu c d bay hi; u) my c th ly mu t nhng ngun thi c p lc. l yu t cn lu trc quyt nh cui cng chn my. Khi chn my ly mu, ngi dng cn lu bn hng dn vn hnh. Bn ny phi c vit bng ngn ng hiu c v d c. Cng cn xem xt kh nng bo hnh, sa cha sau khi bn v cc ph tng thay th. Cui cng, cn ch n cp in hoc khng kh nn ni my c s dng. Ch an ton - Phi lun lun ch n nhng yu cu an ton cc b. 5. Cch ly mu 5.1. Ni ly mu Ch an ton - Khi chn ni ly mu phi lun ch n an ton v sc kho (xem mc 6)

5.1.1. i cng Phn ny ca tiu chun trnh by cc k thut ly mu c th p dng nhiu loi a im ly mu khc nhau, th d: a) trong x nghip cng nghip (th d gia cc dng thi cha x l); b) cc im thi ca cc x nghip cng nghip (nc thi t hp cha x l); c) h thng thnh ph, bao gm c cc ngun thi c p lc v cc h thng t chy. d) trong cc trm x l nc thi; e) li ra ca cc trm x l nc thi. Trong mi trng hp, iu c bn l a im c chn phi i din cho dng nc thi cn kim tra. chn cc a im ly mu cng thi, trc tin phi nghin cu k h thng cng trn bn v. Sau l kim tra thc a, k c dng cht nh du nu cn, bo m h thng cng ph hp vi bn v, v v tr ly mu l i din i vi mc ch ly mu. Cn tham kho ISO 5667-1 v hng dn lp k hoch ly mu. 5.1.2. Ly mu cng, rnh v h ga. Trc khi ly mu cn dn sch a im chn loi b cc cn, bn, cc lp vi khun. v... trn thnh. Cn chn a im c dng chy xoy mnh m bo pha trn tt. Kh nng tip cn, s an ton v kh nng cung cp nng lng l nhng vn cn ch trc tin khi chn cc v tr ly mu. V cc knh thi thng thit k chung cho c nc thi v nc ma, iu kin dng chy ri thng xy ra. Nu khng c iu kin chy ri th c th to ra bng cch thu hp dng chy th d nh dng vch ngn. Thu hp dng chy phi c lm th no khng sy ra s lng cn thng lu vt cn. im ly mu phi h lu ca ch thu hp, v theo qui tc, phi cch ch thu hp t nht mt khong bng 3 ln ng knh ng nc thi. u vo ca my ly mu cn hng v pha dng chy ti, nhng cng c khi phi quay v hng h lu v qu nhiu rc ri gy ra bt tc (xem thm 2.2.2.1). Ch thch 1: Nu s trn ln xy ra tt ngay thng lu ca vt cn th c th t ng vo ngay , ch khng ly cn lng v u ng ly vo phi di mt nc.

Khi thc t cho php, nn xc nh nhng v tr ly mu thng xuyn, ch bo m nhng iu kin ly mu ng u. Trc khi ly mu nc thi cng nghip, nhng iu kin trong x nghip cng nghip (nh cc qu trnh v tc sn xut) cn c ghi nhn v km theo c nhng nguy him c th xy ra th d nh nn, sn rt t. Theo quy tc, im ly mu phi nm 1/3 chiu su di b mt nc. 5.1.3. Cc trm x l nc thi. Khi chn a im ly mu cc trm x l nc thi, cn lun ghi nh mc tiu ca chng trnh ly mu. Nhng mc tiu in hnh l: - kim tra hiu qu ca trm x l v tng th: cc mu cn ly u vo chnh v u ra chnh; - kim tra hiu qu x l ca tng cng on hoc mt nhm cc cng on; cc mu cn ly u vo v u ra ca b phn cn kim tra. Khi ly mu u vo ca cc trm cn phi nghin cu cn thn mc tiu ca chng trnh ly mu. Trong mt s tnh hung cn ly mu nc cng th c pha trn vi nc hi lu (th d nh gi ti lng v hiu qu ca b lng s b), mt s trng hp khc li yu cu loi b nc hi lu (th d nh gi nc thi sinh hot/cng nghip a vo trm x l, hoc kim sot dng nc thi cng nghip). Ly mu h lu ca mt mng o hoc mt b ngn (xem 5.1.2) s to iu kin thun li cho vic mu i din. Khi ly mu nc thi t trm x l gm nhiu cng on (th d c nhiu b lng), cn ch rng mu phi i din cho ton th ch khng phi cho ring mt cng on x l no (tr khi mun nghin cu ring cng on ). Phi thng xuyn xem xt li cc a im ly mu bo m nhng thay i r rng trong vn hnh ca cc qu trnh phi c tnh n ngay. Th d, qu trnh lc thm c th chuyn t "mt chiu" sang "hi lu" hoc "lc kp", vn hnh ca trm cng c th thay i nh nc x l c dn tr li trm (th d dn tr li nc t b trn, thay i v tr m nc x l c dn tr li vo trm). Khi ly mu nc thi cn ht sc ch khc phc hoc gim thiu s khng ng u thng c mt do cc cht rn l lng gy ra. S phn tng do nhit cc dng thi cng nghip cng thng thy, v trong nhng trng hp phi dng nhng bin php tng cng khuy trn dng chy trc khi ly mu. 5.1.4 Ly mu trn b mt nc

C khi cn ly mu lp nc trn b mt bng cch ht thu thp thng tin v cc cht ni v nh ho. Trng hp ny cn dng bnh rng ming, nhng nn tham kho kin phng th nghim nhn mu. 5.2 - Tn s v thi gian mu 5.2.1 M u Mc ny ni v tn s ly mu, ngha l s mu cn ly, di ca chu k ly mu, v thi im khi mu cn c ly. 5.2.2 S mu Phn 3 ca ISO 5667-1: 1980 nu nhng hng dn chung v thi gian v tn s ly mu. Mc ny cha nhng hng dn ring cho ly mu nc thi. Nng ca cc cht cn xc nh trong mt dng thi bin ng do nhng thay i h thng v ngu nhin. Gii php k thut tt nht xc nh cc gi tr thc l dng mt my phn tch t ng t vo dng chy v o lin tc cc cht cn xc nh. Tuy nin, iu l khng thc t bi v trang thit b thch hp phn tch cc cht quan tm thng l khng dng c ngoi hin trng, khng c sn hoc qu t. Do , phn tch nc phi da trn cc mu ly nhng khong thi gian u n trong mt chu k no (chu k kim tra). Cc mu thng l mu t hp, tr khi s xc nh khng cho php dng mu t hp. S mu cn ly trong mi chu k kim tra phi da trn c s k thut thng k (xem ISO 2602, ISO 2854 v ISO 5667 -1). 5.2.3 Thi gian ly mu Mc tiu ca chng trnh ly mu thng ch r khi no ly mu v ly nh th no. Ni chung, khi ly mu nc cng v nc thi, thng cn ch nhng nguyn nhn thay i cht lng sau: a) Thay i hng ngy (ngha l thay i trong thi gian ca ngy); b) Thay i gia cc ngy trong tun l; c) thay i gia cc tun l; d) thay i gia cc thng v cc ma; e) xu hng. Nu thay i hng ngy hoc gia cc ngy khng c hoc rt nh, thi gian ly mu trong ngy hoc ngy trong tun tng i khng quan trng. Cch gii quyt l ly

mu u n sut nm, bt c thi gian no trong ngy hoc bt c ngy no trong tun (sao cho thun tin). Nu bn cht v ln ca ti lng cc i l quan trng, cn ly mu thi im ca ngy, tun, thng, khi ti lng cc i xut hin. Thi gian ly mu tng quan vi qu trnh c bit cn kim sot c th l rt quan trng trong nghin cu cc dng thi cng nghip theo ma hoc theo lo. D trong trng hp no th s thi cng khng lin tc v chng trnh ly mu phi tnh n iu ny. Ly mu pht hin xu hng cn c k hoch thn trng. Th d khi pht hin xu hng trn c s hng thng th nn ly mu cng ngy trong tun. iu gip loi c nhng thay i hng ngy ra khi bin ng ca s liu, v nh vy cho php xc nh xu hng mt cch chnh xc hn. Sau khi quyt nh s mu cn ly theo nh mc 5.2.2 cn xc nh nhng thi gian ly mu. Cc mu thng c ly nhng khong xc nh trong ton b chu k kim sot. Chu k kim sot c th l mt nm, mt s thng hoc tun, hoc ngn hn. Nu chu k kim sot l mt nm, nhng ngy ly mu c xc nh theo cng thc (1) khi s mu ln hn khong 25, v theo cng thc (2) khi s mu nh hn khong 25.

(1) trong n l s mu; A l mt s ngu nhin trong khong -365/n n 0. Cng thc (2) cho bit s tun cn ly mu. Ngy ca mi tun c xc nh sao cho mu c ly vo cc ngy lm vic ca tun.

(2) trong n l s mu; B l mt s ngu nhin trong khong -52/n n 0.

Nhng cng thc tng t c th c dng cho nhng chu k kim sot khc, th d mt thng, ba thng, su thng v.v... Chu k c chn cn bao gm mi thay i theo ma. Sau khi chn khong thi gian, s ngy hoc s tun, cn lu s ly mu khng dn n sai s h thng, th d lun lun thy mu vo mt ngy c bit, hoc loi b mt cch h thng nhng ngy lm vic c bit. 5.2.4 Khong thi gian ca mi chu k ly mu Mc ny ni v s la chn thi gian ly mu t hp. Khi chn cn ch hai yu t: a) Mc tiu ly mu. Th d cn nh gi ti lng trung bnh cht hu c ca mt dng chy trong nhng chu k 24h th cn ly mu t hp theo dng chy trong mt ngy m. b) bn ca mu. Trong th d cho a) khng cn ko di thi gian ly mu t hp qu 24h v cht hu c trong mu cn nghin cu c th b phn hu. Khong thi gian ly mu c th thay i t vi gi, khi nghin cu cc cht hu c d bay hi, n nhiu ngy, khi quan trc cc hp cht v c bn. bn ca mu thng c th hn ch khong thi gian ly mu. Trong nhng trng hp cn p dng nhng k thut phn tch c bit v hi kin phng th nghim nhn mu c th dng nhng bin php bo qun dng. Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 5993-1995 (ISO 5667-3) v mc chnh tr .4 trnh by chi tit hn v bo qun v lu gi mu. 5.3 Chn phng php ly mu 5.3.1 Cc loi mu Thng thng cn phn bit hai loi mu: a) Mu dn b) Mu t hp 5.3.1.1 Mu n Trong mt mu n, ton b th tch mu c ly mt thi im. Cc mu n thng c dng xc nh thnh phn nc thi mt thi im nht nh. Trong nhng trng hp dng nc thi t thay i v th tch v thnh phn, mt mu n c th i din cho thnh phn dng nc thi trong thi gian di.

Cn phi ly mu n khi mc tiu ca chng trnh ly mu l nh gi s tun th cc tiu chun khng lin quan n cht lng trung bnh. Khi s tun th c xem xt trn c s cht lng trung bnh th phi dng mu t hp. Trong mt s trng hp xc nh ch dng mu n. Th d phn tch du v m, oxi ho tan, clo v sunfua. Trong trng hp ny kt qu phn tch s b sai khc nu khng tin hnh xc nh ngay sau khi ly mu v nu ton b th tch mu khng c dng mt ln. Mu n thng ly th cng nhng cng nhng cng c th bng thit b ly mu t ng. 5.3.1.2 Mu t hp Mu t hp c chun b bng cch trn mt s mu n hoc bng cch ly lin tc tng phn nh ca dng nc thi. C hai loi mu t hp: a) mu theo thi gian; b) mu theo dng chy. Mu t hp theo thi gian cha nhng mu n c th tch bng nhau v c ly nhng khong thi gian bng nhau trong chu k ly mu. Mu t hp theo thi gian dng nghin cu cht lng dng thi trung bnh (th d khi xc nh s tun th mt tiu chun da trn cht lng trung bnh hoc khi xc nh nng trung bnh nc thi thit k qu trnh, v trong nhng trng hp dng nc thi khng i). Mu t hp theo dng chy cha nhng mu n c ly v pha trn sao cho th tch ca mu t l vi tc hoc th tch dng trong sut thi gian ly mu (xem TCVN 5992 - 1995 (ISO 5667-2)). Mu t hp theo dng chy c dng khi mc tiu ly mu l xc nh ti lng ca cc cht nhim (th d BOD trm x l nc thi, phn trm cht rn c loi, ti lng cc cht dinh dng v cc cht khc a vo mi trng). Mu t hp theo dng chy c th ly nhng khong thi gian bng nhau nhng vi nhng th tch thay i t l vi dng chy mi thi im ly mu, hoc gm nhng mu n th tch bng nhau c ly mi khi mt lng xc nh nc thi i qua im ly mu. Trong c hai loi mu t hp, th tch mi mu n phi ln hn 50ml. Nn ly mu n t 200 n 300ml c c cc mu i din. 5.3.2 o lin tc o lin tc c th c hiu qu trong mt s trng hp. o lin tc c th tin hnh hoc trc tip trong dng nc thi, hoc mt ng nhnh ly mu. Vic o c thc hin bng cch dng cc in cc hoc dng thit b phn tch t ng c b ch

th hoc b x l s. Khi iu kin kinh t v k thut cho php, o trc tip c th cung cp thng tin v x l nc thi khi cht lng rt khc nhau trong nc thi u c th c nh lng tt. Mc du thit b o lin tc dng nc thi cn ang rt t nhng c nhng p dng c th cnh tranh vi k thut ly my (th d o pH nhit , oxi ho tan). 5.4 Bo qun, vn chuyn v lu gi mu TCVN 5993 (ISO 5667-3) trnh by chi tit v cch bo qun, vn chuyn v lu gi mu cho phn tch nc. Cch chung nht bo qun mu nc thi l lm lnh n khong gia 0oC v 4oC. Lm lnh nh vy v ch ti, hu ht cc mu thng bn n 24h. Chi tit hn xem TCVN 5993 (ISO 5667-3). Mt s cht cn xc nh c th bn trong thi gian di nu ng lnh su (di 18oC). Khi ly mu t hp trong sut chu k di th vic bo qun mu l b phn khng th thiu ca vic ly mu. C th dng ng thi nhiu thit b ly mu ly mu c bo qun v mu khng c bo qun. Ph lc A (tiu chun) Bo co - Ly mu nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot a im M tn: Phng php ly mu: n: T hp theo thi gian: T hp theo dng chy: Thit b c dng: Khong thi gian hoc dng chy gia cc mu: min hoc m3 Th tch cc mu n: ml Bt u ly mu: (ngy, thng, gi)

Kt thc ly mu: (ngy, thng, gi) Phng php bo qun: o ti hin trng Php th Kt qu n v Thi gian Phng php kim tra cht lng: Ghi ch v ly mu: Tn, ngy, thng v ch k: