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Figures by MIT OCW.

1.2 Liquidity Index, LI = (W-PL)/(LL-PL)

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Values of natural water content and compression index for peats as compared to those of soft clay and silt deposits.

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Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from:

Figure by MIT OCW.

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Cc /(1+eo) Relationship between secondary compression index and compression index for Middleton peat.

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400 200 0 EA J F M

Water Surplus Water Deficit

A P

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Month

Malaysia

P and EA:mm

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Month Melbourne, Australia Water Deficit Water Deficit

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Water Deficit

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P and EA:mm

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D EA
Water Deficit Water Surplus Water Deficit EA

P 0 J F M A M J J A S
Month

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Illustrations of different types of atmospheric water balance: (A) Kuala Tahan, Malaysia, 1984; (B) Melbourne, Australia, 30-year average; (C) Johannesburg, South Africa, 1987; (D) Cape Town, South Africa, 1992. EA, A-pan evaporation; P, precipitation.

Figures by MIT OCW. Adapted from:

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FIG. 1 Climatic Ratings (C.) for Continental United States

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Eucalyptus

WT
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Dry 800

Dry

Dry

100

200 300 400 500 600 700 A Horizontal distance: m Maize

900

WT 7
Dry

Elevation above datum:m

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4m

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100 200

300 400 500 600 700 800 B Horizontal distance: m

900 1000 1100 1200

1470 Elevation above datum:m 1460 1450 1440 1430

Position of piezomters

Original ground level

Approximate limit of tree area Power

station terrace

Base of Alluvium

Piezomatric level in sandstone

Piezomatric level in residual silt stone and shale

WT

Weathered silt stone

1420 Top of sandstone 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10001100 12001300 C Horizontal distance: m

Water table depression beneath eueatyptus plantations: (a, b) near Johannesburg; (c) at the site of a power station near Johannesburg. Plazometers Bedrock Water cable

Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from:

Heave: mm 0 0 100 200 300 400 500

10 Depth: m

South Africa za 30m!

20 Measurements of heave with depth, indicating a depth of active zone of about 30m.

Site I: Heave after 9-8 yrs. Site II: Heave after 3-6 yrs.

30 Water content: % 0 15 30 45

March (end wet season)

2 Depth: m

3
Oct./Nov. 4 (end day season) Israel za = 5m

5 Seasonal changes in water content observed under the shoulders of an airport pavement in Israel.
Figure by MIT OCW.

c) Long time to reach maximum swelling (than seasonal effects) Note significant rise in WT

Heave Movement (mm)

60 40 20 0 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 Year 5 6 7 Road Surface (SA?)

Surface heave movements and a rise of the water table that occurred as a new water balance was established in a recently urbanized area

Water Table Depth (m)

Movement (mm)

20

d) Seasonal effects on movement and depth to WT

1"

-20

Water Table Depth (m)

6 8 10

10'

Rainfall (mm)

200 100 0
FMAM J JA SOND JFMAM J J A S OND JFMAMJ J A SOND

Month Seasonal variations in surface movement and water table depth for an old building in Cap Town

Figures by MIT OCW.

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TROPICAL RESIDUAL SOILS*

C.C. Ladd 1.322 3/82

1.0

DEFINITIONS AND SPECIAL COMPOSITION

1.1 Tropical = 220 N-S

1.2

Residual soil = in situ weathering of rock to produce soil. Composition of Tropical Residual Soils in Warm-Wet Climates

(1) Crystalline rock and poor drainage + smectite (2) Crystalline rock and good drainage + Red Laterites (also called Oxisols) Kaolinite plus Fe/Al. oxides (reddish color) Low "activity" with a lot of cementation Considered "good" MH soil

(3) Weathering of volcanic ash/rock + Andisols Halloysite (tubes + spheres) plus amorphous. alumina & silica (very high SSA but low surface charge) and maybe smectite (usually dark color) Generally 2.0 high wN and P.I. Considered "poor" MH soil

CHARACTERISTICS OF RED RESIDUAL SOILS (LATERITES) WHICH OFTEN REQUIRE DIFFERENT ENGINEERING PRACTICE (Compared to saturated sedimentary clays). Index Testing and Correlations with Atterberg Limits (See Mitchell & Sitar, 1982, for examples).
Halloysite

2.1
(1)

(2)

Tubular structure

very low dry density

Dehydration when dried

Fe & Al. oxides plus silica gel act as strong cementing agents. Decreases effective SSA Highly variable in situ

Panel discussions and Proceedings ASCE GED Spec. Conf. on Engr. and Construction in Tropical and Residual Soils, Honolulu, Hawaii, Jan. 1982 (Availab.e from ASCE).

- 2 -

(3) Drying soil generally increases amount of cementation and reduces plasticity. (4) Amount of mechanical remolding can greatly affect measured Atterberg Limits (more remolding + increased plasticity).
(5) Conclusions

Can't use empirical correlations developed for temperate clays

. Any correlation with index properties likely to be very scattered

2.2 Heterogeneity

(1) Profile characterized by differential weathering and cementation. See Brand (1982) for classification system for Hong Kong. (2) Because of above, properties highly variable and
(3)

Undisturbed sampling difficult to perform Conventional size samples don't reflect mass properties Base design on local experience and/or large in situ testing

Conclusions

2.3

Saturation - Rainfall (1) Strata'ofmain interest usually occur above the water table and are characterized by: Partial saturation

Generally high in situ permeability

If S > 80%, a = a-uw probably reasonable (discon-

(2) How to define a in partially saturated soils? tinuous air voids) . Otherwise, must consider two components, i.e. a =
fl(a-ua) + f 2 (ua-uw)

(3) Variation in uw greatly affect slope stability . . Seasonable variations Effect of heavy rainfalls Influence of modifying drainage pattern

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m//oher /Q?/J W
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1.2 155 Tests, 50 Sites Southeastern USA 1.0 Compression Index, Cc Sowers 94% Range 0.8 0.6 0.4 DIB 1985 0.2 0 Sowers, 1963 Best Fit

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2 1.0 Void Ratio

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

A. Gneiss, Schist, Granite: Sowers 1963

1.0 62 Tests in One Site Northern (Tropical) Brazil Compression Index, Cc 0.8 Sowers 1963 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

Void Ratio B. Basalt, Quartzite, Schist Gneiss: DIB 1985 Relationship Between the Void Ratio and Compression Index in Residual Soils Derived from Crystalline (Igneous and Metamorphic) Rocks.

Figure by MIT OCW.

N 0 25 50 75

Pedalogic H. Residual Soil

Pinnacle Slot

Dome Cavity Soft

Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from:

Rock

Residual Soil Profile in Limestones Residual Soil Settlement Related to the Weathering Profile

N 0 25 50

N 0 25 50 Foundations and Embankments deformations

Pedalogic Horizon Saprolite

Weathered

Rock

Rock

Weathered

Partly

Partly

Pedalogic Horizon Saprolite

Gneiss to Schist See Fig.3 Compressibility

Grant to Gabbro v due to swelling & shrinkage Highly plastic

Never Block problem Butean be collapsible

Weathering profiles in crystalline Rock: Gneiss to Schist, Granite to Gabbro

N 0 25 50

N 0 25 50

Mainly agricultural rather then geotechnical

Pedalogic Partly Weathered Fully

PED

Residual Soil Settlement

Rock

Sandstone, Conglomerate

Rock

Weathered

Mudstones, Shales

Weathering Profiles in Clastic Sedimentary Rock: Sandstones and Shales

Figures by MIT OCW. Adapted from:

C 4LA/2/B4

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V8

10 V7 Vertical Distance (cm)

V6 V5

10

Gradual

5 V4
V3 V2

}
Fairly Abrupt 40 50 60 70 80 Natural Water Content WN (%)

V1

30

Notes: 1) V1, V2, etc. refer to separate varves 2) Sample from Northampton, Ma., WN = 56.7% 3) Data from Ladd and Wissa (1970) Water Content Variation within a Varved Clay from the Connecticut Valley
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from:

60

Plasticity Index, PI %

40

Upper limit line

"Clay" layers A Line "Silt" layers

20

20

Note: Range shown for varved clays having wL >30 % for bulk material Plasticity Chart for Typical varved clays from Northeastern United States.

60 40 Liquid Limit, wL %

80

100

Type III (Small L.I.R.)

Vertical Strain v

Type I (Large L.I.R.)

u = zero

tp

t IOt

C= v/log t

Log Time t Strain vs. Log Time from Incremental Consolidometer Test Showing Effect of Load Increment Ratio (N.C. Clay)
Figure by MIT OCW.

4
A

8 Vertical Strain v, %

12
B

A C

B D

Haley & Aldrich (72) M.I.T. Test Program

16
C D

20

24 0.1 0.5 1 2 5 Consolidation Stress vc, TSF 1 TSF = 95.8 kN/m2 Type of Test 24 hr. Incremental CRSC WN (%) 36.2 50.2 61.9 65.4 0.2 10 20

Curve
A B C D

CR vm TSF Max. Min. 8* 6 2.5 2 0.11 0.23

Location ChicopeeHolyoke

0.30 0.20 Northampton 0.25 0.19 Amherst

Typical Compression Curves for Connecticut Valley Varved Clays

Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from:

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10 8 6 4

Coefficient of Consolidation cv, ft2/day

1 0.8 0.6 0.4

0.2

0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 30 Type of Test CRSC & Increm. CRSC & Increm. Increm. CRSC Increm. by GZA
** **

Cv vs. WL DM-7

40 50 60 70 Natural Water Content WN, % Symbol

80

Location* Amherst, MA. Northampton, MA. E. Windsor, CT. Secaucus, N.J. New Jersey

Coefficient of Consolidation (Vertical Drainage) vs. Natural Water Content for Normally Consolidated Varved Clays
* See Ladd (1975) for data sources ** From square root time method 1 ft2/day = 0.093 m2/day

Jersey City, N.J. Increm.

Figure by MIT OCW.

Kv Kh Kc Ks Kc Ks hs "Silt" Layer hc "Clay" Layer

500 200 100

rk = Kh/Kv

50 20 10 5 2 1 Case B Case A

5
Kc H

10

20

50 100 200 Ks/Kc

Case B H

500 1000
Kc Ks

Case A

Ks

hs=0.5H

Relationship Between Kh/Kv Ratio and Permeability of the Silt and Clay Layers
Figure by MIT OCW.

1.5

Christian et al. (1972) Lacasse et al. (1975)

Biot Theory Elastic Soil

t50(2-D) t50(Terzoghi)

1.0

Davis & Poulos (1972) Diffusion Theory Strip B H=2Hd

0.5

0.5

1.0

H/B

1.5

2.0

2.5

(a) Effect of Lateral Drainage on Rate of Consolidation from Different Theories with Isotropic Permeabilities

Strip Load H/B = 1 Double Drainage 0.75 t50(2-D) t50(Terzoghi) Note: t50 = Time required for U = 50% at the centerline of the load

0.50

0.25 0 0 10 20 30 40 50

Kh/Kv

(b) Effect of Anisotropic Permeability Ratio on Rate of Consolidation for H/B =1 with Double Drainage

Figure by MIT OCW.

Vertical drainage only Uv for cv = 0.1 ft2/day 12 in. Dia. Sand Drains Uh for ch = 1.0 ft2/day Average Degree of Consolidation Uv and Uh, % 0 20 1 in. = 2.54 cm 1 ft. = 0.305 m 1 ft2/day = 0.093m2/day

40 60 S = 10'

15'

20'

Hd = 25'

50'

80 1yr 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 Time (days) 5yr 10yr 5000 50yr 100yr 20000

100

Effect of Sand Drains on Rate of Consolidation of Normally Consolidated Varved Clay with ch/cv = 10

Figure by MIT OCW.

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