I HC NNG TRNG I HC BCH KHOA KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

GIO TRNH

PHN TCH V THIT K H THNG

PGS.TS. PHAN HUY KHNH

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NNG 8/2001
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Trong lnh vc ng dng cng ngh thng tin, nu nh trc y khng lu, my tnh in t (MTT) cn ng vai tr ca ngi lm cng (taskmaster) th hin nay, MTT tr thnh cng c (tool) cn thit cho hu ht cc lnh vc hot ng ca mt quc gia. Trong tng lai khng xa ca thin nin k mi ny, MTT s tr thnh ngi bn ng hnh (companion) khng th thiu ca mi con ngi trong lin lc, giao tip v vic lm hng ngy. Vit Nam, MTT, ch yu l my vi tnh (PC Personal Computer) v ang xut hin ngy cng nhiu trong cc x nghip, doanh nghip, cc c quan hnh chnh x hi..., ngy cng thm nhp vo hu khp cc mt hot ng ca nn kinh t quc dn. Tuy nhin, MTT ch mi phc v cng vic vn phng nh son tho vn bn l chnh m cha thc s ng vai tr ch o gip con ngi trong cc lnh vc qun l, t ng ho tng nng sut lao ng. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh l Vit Nam cn thiu rt nhiu nhng nh phn tch (analyste). l nhng chuyn gia tin hc c th phn tch (tm hiu, kho st...) s hot ng ca cc x nghip, doanh nghip, cc t chc hnh chnh x hi... thit k cc h thng Tin hc phc v cng tc qun l trong mi lnh vc. Mn hc Cc phng php phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin (Information Systems Analysis and Design Methods), hay gn hn, Phn tch v thit k h thng , ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh o to nhng cn b phn tch ni trn.

CHNG 1

Khi nim v h thng thng tin qun l

I. Khi nim v h thng
I.1. nh ngha h thng
Thut ng h thng (system) l mt khi nim rng v c nh ngha rt nhiu cch khc nhau. Trong cuc sng hng ngy, con ngi tip xc vi nhng hin tng, nhng s kin, nhng hot ng..., tt c u nhc ti, hoc lin quan ti thut ng h thng. V d : 1. H thng nc sinh hot thnh ph, h thng in li, h thng dch v mua bn hng, h thng in thoi, h thng nh ... 2. H thng x hi, h thng t chc, h thng t tng, h thng chnh tr, h thng kinh t, h thng x nghip, h thng ng st... 3. H thng thin nhin, h thng thn kinh, h thng trit hc, h thng my tnh, h thng thng tin... C nhiu nh ngha v h thng : T in Ting Vit 1997 nh ngha h thng : Tp hp nhiu yu t, n v cng loi hoc cng chc nng, c quan h hoc lin h vi nhau cht ch, lm thnh mt th thng nht Tp hp nhng t tng, nhng nguyn tc, quy tc lin kt vi nhau mt cch logic, lm thnh mt th thng nht T in Larousse 1995 nh ngha h thng l : Tp hp c th t ca nhng t tng khoa hc hay trit hc Tp hp cc c quan hay cc cu to c cng bn cht cng chc nng Tp hp cc thnh phn c xc nh bi nhng quan h qua li gia chng V.v... Tuy nhin, nh ngha h thng nh mt tp hp cc phn t tc ng qua li ln nhau l ph bin nht.. H thng cn bao hm ngha v k hoch, phng php, t chc cc i tng mt cch c trt t to thnh mt chnh th. Vi mi h thng, mt tnh cht vt tri ln tt c c gi l tnh tri (emergence) m khi mt phn t no ng ring s khng th c c. Tnh tri l mt trong nhng hnh thc biu hin ca nguyn l bin chng : nhng s thay i v lng dn n nhng s thay i v cht. Nh vy i nghch vi h thng l s hn lon (chaos), l trng thi m mi phn t khng tun theo mt quy lut no. Mt cch tng qut :

H thng l tp hp cc phn t hay i tng (M) trn thc hin mt hay nhiu quan h (R) cho trc vi nhng tnh cht (P) nht nh. T nh ngha sau, c th phn loi h thng theo nhiu cch khc nhau theo tnh cht P, cc quan h R v cc i tng M.

I.2. Tnh cht ca h thng

Mt h thng thng c ba tnh cht c bn : Tnh cht 1 : Mi quan h gia cc phn t c tnh tc ng qua li nh hng vi nhau Tnh cht 2 : Mi s thay i v lng hay v cht ca mt phn t no u lm nh hng ti phn t khc ca h thng. Ngc li, mi s thay i v lng hay v cht ca h thng u c th lm nh hng n cc phn t ca h thng Tnh cht 3 : Khi sp xp cc phn t ca h thng theo mt cch no , h thng s c tnh tri, l kh nng m mt phn t ng ring s khng th to ra c

I.3. Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng

Mt h thng c th c biu din bi nhiu thnh phn, gm : 1. Cc phn t 2. Mi trng ca h thng 3. Cc u vo v u ra 4. Trng thi v hnh vi 5. Cu trc 6. Mc tiu Hnh di y m t cc thnh phn ca mt h thng.

Mi trng

Trng thi, hnh vi Cu trc ca h thng Qu trnh bin i

u vo

u ra

Mc tiu

Phn t

Hnh 1.1 Cc thnh phn ca h thng

a) Phn t ca h thng
Phn t l thnh phn nh nht, c tnh c lp tng i. Mi phn t u c nhng thuc tnh ring v c th c biu din bi mt bin s (hay i lng bin thin). hiu v mt h thng cn phi bit trng thi ca cc phn t v mi lin h gia chng.

b) Mi trng ca h thng
Mi trng ca h thng l nhng g nm ngoi h thng nhng lin quan n vic thc hin mc tiu ca h thng. Gia h thng v mi trng c cc tc ng tng h v nhng ranh gii. Nghin cu h thng km theo vic nghin cu mi trng. Nhng yu t bt li ca mi trng lm nh hng n vic thc hin mc tiu ca h thng c gi l nhiu.

c) u vo v u ra ca h thng
u vo l bt k nhng gi m mi trng c th tc ng vo h thng. u ra l bt k nhng gi m h thng c th tc ng tr li mi trng. lm tng hiu qu hot ng ca h thng, cn tho mn ba yu t : Chn u vo v u ra hp l trong nhng iu kin c th Thi gian bin i u vo thnh u ra hp l Hnh thc hay phng php bin i hp l

d) Trng thi ca h thng

Gi s cc phn t ca h thng c biu din bi cc bin q1, q2, ..., qn, v h thng c biu din bi vect Q : Q = (q1, q2, ..., qn) Cc bin qi, i = 1..n, thay i theo thi gian : qi = qi (t) Khi trng thi ca h thng c biu din bi gi tr Q l b gi tr ca cc bin ti mt thi im t : Q(t) = (q1(t), q2(t), ..., qn(t)) Ti thi im t = 0 l trng thi ban u ca h thng. Khi t bin thin, vect hm Q(t) xc nh qu o hnh vi ca h thng. Nu tn ti mt s bin khng thay i, hay thay i khng ng k trong khong thi gian ang xt, th nhng bin c gi l cc tham s ca h thng v c k hiu bi mt vect : a = (a 1, a 2, ..., a k) Khi , qu o hnh vi ca h thng Q l vect hm hai bin Q = Q(a, t).

I.3.2.Hnh vi ca h thng
Hnh vi ca h thng l tp hp cc u ra c th ca h thng trong mt khong thi gian xc nh. Khi h thng l ng, c ngha h thng tch bit vi mi trng bn ngoi, cc phn t khng bin i theo thi gian, khi hnh vi ca h thng c xc nh bi trng thi ban u. Hnh vi ca h thng s thay i khi cc phn t v mi lin h gia chng thay i, khi vect hm Q(t) c xc nh nh sau : Q(t) = f(Q(0), a, t) By gi xt tc ng qua li gia h thng v mi trng, gi X(t) l cc bin u vo theo thi gian, hnh vi ca h thng c m t bi h thc : 3

Q(t) = y(Q(0), X(t), a) Trng thi ca u ra c m t bi h thc : Y(t) = F(Q(0), X(t), a) Trong X = (X1, X2, ..., Xn) l bin u vo, Y = (Y1, Y2, ..., Ym) l bin u ra.

I.3.3.Mc tiu ca h thng

L trng thi mong i, cn t c ca h thng sau mt khong thi gian hoc ti mt thi im mht nh no . Bn trong h thng, mi phn t cng c mc tiu ring. Nhng mc tiu ring c th thng nht hoc khng thng nht vi mc tiu chung ca h thng.

I.3.4.Cu trc ca h thng

Cu trc l yu t bt bin ca h thng, lin quan n hnh thc t chc h thng. l cch sp t b tr hay ghp cc phn t v cch xc nh mi quan h gia chng theo mt du hiu hay tiu chun no . C nhiu cch t chc h thng khc nhau. V c bn, c 3 cch ghp l ghp ni tip, ghp song song v ghp c mi lin h ngc.

a) Ghp ni tip
Ghp ni tip l u vo ca phn t ny l u ra ca phn t kia v ngc li.

Hnh 1.2 Ghp ni tip cc phn t Phng php ghp ni tip n gin, r rng nhng tin cy km. Khi s lng phn t tng ln th tin cy gim xung. H thng ch lm vic tt khi tt c cc phn t ulm vic tt.

b) Ghp song song

L cch ghp m u vo ca mt phn hay ton b cc phn t cng chung mt bin s vo m u ra ca chng li l u vo ca mt phn hay nhiu phn t khc ca h thng.

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Hnh 1 .3 Ghp song song cc phn t Phng php ghp song song c tin cy cao v h thng ch ngng tr khi ton b cc phn t ngng tr. Tuy nhin cch ghp ni ny lm tng mi quan h cho nn tnh phc tp ca h thng cng tng ln.

c) Ghp c mi lin h ngc

Ghp c mi lin h ngc l mt dng kt hp cc phn t. Trong cch ghp ny, u ra ca mt phn t li c th l u vo ca chnh phn t , c thc hin trc tip hay thng qua nhng phn t khc ca h thng.

N 3

Hnh 1.4 Ghp c mi lin h ngc Lin h ngc dng lm tng thm tc ng tch cc ca u vo, tri li, lin h ngc m s lm gim tnh tch cc ca u vo.

I.4. Phn loi h thng

L thuyt h thng chia ra nhiu loi h thng nh sau : 1. H thng con hay phn h (h thng th yu) 2. H thng ln 3. H thng ng v h thng m 4. H thng tnh v h thng ng 5. H thng tru tng v h thng c th 6. H thng bo tr trng thi 7. H thng c ch nh 8. Nhng h thng tm kim mc tiu a dng

I.5. Nghin cu l thuyt h thng

I.5.1.L thuyt tng qut v h thng
L thuyt tng qut tip cn h thng bi 9 mc hay trnh tng dn theo phc tp v tnh tru tng ho. Mc 1 Mc 2 Mc 3 L mc tnh, mc ca nhng nn tng. S nghin cu chnh xc mc ny l c s ca cc mc sau cao hn. L mc ca h thng n gin bng cch xem nhng i tng tnh l ng, ging nh c cu hot ng ca ng h. H thng c ua vo cc c ch kim sot hay iu khin ging nh c ch ca my iu ho nhit . Lc ny h thng khng c tnh cht qun bnh n nh m c s chuyn giao v tip nhn ca thng tin. H thng c xem l m v trng thi bo ton, cn c gi l trnh ca t bo. L trnh x hi pht sinh mc thc vt, c tnh pht trin nhng cha c tnh thc tin. L trnh th gii ng vt c c tnh di ng v kh nng tip nhn vi s hot ng ca h thng thn kinh. L trnh con ngi c thc, mang tnh c bit. Mc ny gn lin vi kh nng trao i ngn ng v s dng k hiu, vt ln khi gii ng vt thun tu. L trnh t chc x hi vi s hot ng phong ph ca khoa hc ngh thut v tnh cm con ngi. L trnh ca h thng t chc bc cao, mang tnh pht trin v thch nghi vi mi trng.

Mc 4 Mc 5 Mc 6 Mc 7 Mc 8 Mc 9

I.5.2.Quan im nghin cu h thng

Nghin cu h thng phi da trn nn tng khoa hc, hin thc v c hiu qu. l phi : Tn trng mi quan h bin chng gia vt cht v thc. Tha nhn cc hin tng lun c s tc ng qua li v chi phi ln nhau. Tha nhn cc s vt lun lun bin i khng ngng. Cc s vt hin tng pht trin nh ng lc ni ti ca chng. Ngi ta thng s dng 3 phng php : Phng php m hnh ho. Phng php hp en. Phng php tip cn (phn tch).

a) Phng php m hnh ho

Phng php ny i hi phi bit c ba yu t l u vo, u ra v cu trc ca h thng. u im l d thc hin, thi gian nghin cu ngn v chi ph thp. Nhc im l d gy hiu sai v ng nhn, t dn n bo th v c chp.

b) Phng php hp en

Phng php c s dng khi bit u vo v u ra nhng cha bit cu trc bn trong ca h thng. Qu trnh nghin cu xc nh mi quan h gia u vo v u ra tm ra nhng quy lut hot ng hay nhng cu trc hnh vi ca h thng. Cc bc nghin cu nh sau : Quan st nhng yu t u vo X v ghi nhn nhng yu t ca u ra Y. T cc cp trng thi (X, Y) tm ra nhng quy lut hay nhng cu trc c th c ca h thng. Tin hnh kim tra mt thc tin ca nhng cu trc gi nh tng bc hon thin. Chnh l s i cc kt qu, hon thin cu trc v em vo p dng thc tin.

c) Phng php tip cn hay phn tch h thng

Phng php c s dng khi khng bit g v h thng, ch bit c mc tiu ca h thng m thi. Ngi ta chia h thng ra thnh cc h thng con c mi lin h rng buc ln nhau, t tm ra quy lut hot ng ca cc h thng con khi qut ln thnh quy lut hot ng ca c h thng. T tng ch o ca phng php gm 3 yu t : Ci g cn kho st v nghin cu ? Phi gii quyt nhng vn g (phi lm th no ?) H thng lm vic nh th no ? Nhng i hi ca phng php : Chn la k lng tiu chun, cch thc phn chia h thng ban u thnh cc h thng con Ch tnh tri ca h thng, khng lm lu m hoc lm mt i. Xc nh r cc mi quan h khi phn chia v mi h thng con li c th tip tc c phn chia thnh cc phn h nh hn. Nghin cu h thng trong mi tng quan gia h thng vi mi trng theo quan im h thng l m. Quan st h thng di nhiu gc tm ra nhng kha cnh khc nhau ca c cu v hnh vi ca h thng. Phng php phn tch h thng hay c s dng nghin cu cc h thng phc tp. trin khai c phng php, i hi ngi phn tch phi c nhng trnh hiu bit v kin thc nht nh, bit ch ng sng to.

II. X nghip v vai tr ca x nghip trong nn kinh t

II.1.X nghip v cc t chc bn trong
Trong qun l kinh t, cc x nghip (XN) l nhng n v c c cu c bn trong h thng sn xut vt cht. Hot ng hiu qu ca XN c vai tr thc y nhp pht trin ca nn kinh t quc dn. S tng qut di y th hin chu trnh kinh t ca XN vi mt s tc nhn bn ngoi XN :
Ca ci v dch v Thanh ton Thu nhp Ca ci, dch v Thanh ton Cc c quan Ti chnh Tn dng, gi tit kim Tn dng, gi tit kim Hu, cho vay Tn dng cng cng Hu, kinh ph X nghip Thu, ng gp

H, c nhn Hu, cho vay

Lng v ph cp x hi Thu v ng gp x hi

C quan Chnh quyn Tr cp

Hnh 1.5 Chu trnh kinh t ca x nghip Cc XN l nhng h thng c t chc sp xp theo c th v chuyn mn k thut, cng ngh... Cch t chc ca XN quyt nh phm vi hot ng, cc mc tiu v chc nng ca XN, to ra cho n tnh t qun v t chc trong mt c cu phn cp (theo ngnh, theo B...). Cc yu t sn xut (ch lm vic, dy chuyn cng ngh, xng, phn xng...) v cc yu t ph tr (kho tng, phng th nghim...) c t chc theo nhng tiu chun ring lm phong ph a dng h thng sn xut nhng cng phn nh tnh ng nht ca cc XN. l mt mc tiu v cng nm trong mt c cu qun l. Nhng tc nhn bn ngoi ca XN l cc nh thu, cc XN khc, cc i l, c quan chnh quyn, cc c s ti chnh trung gian, cc khch hng trc tip... to thnh mt mi trng ca XN. Mi trng tc ng tng h vi s hot ng bn trong ca XN. Cn c vo s hot ng trao i ny, mi XN u c nhng quyt nh mang tnh chin lc v sn xut, ti chnh, thng mi... Thng thng, XN c t chc phn cp theo chc nng sn xut, kinh doanh hoc v tr a l thnh cc n v, phng ban, phn xng... Cc lnh vc qun l (qun l ti chnh k ton, qun l thng mi, qun l sn xut...) c t ln pha trn ca h thng cc n v ny. Mi n v li c phn ra thnh cc b phn nh hn. V d phng K ton-Ti chnh c th gm cc b phn k ton cng n, k ton vt t, k ton ti sn c nh v thit b...

II.1.1.Lin h gia x nghip vi mi trng

XN to thnh mt h thng m (open system) i vi mi trng. Cc phn t trong h thng (ngun nhn lc, vt cht...) mt mt tng tc vi nhau, mt mt tng tc vi bn ngoi (cung ng vt t, bun bn...). Cc XN l nhng h thng sng v pht trin, v vy mt ng l c bn. Tp hp gm XN v mi trng to thnh mt siu h thng (meta-system) c ch ra nh hnh di y :
Thanh ton Nh cung cp Nguyn nhin liu, dch v Thanh ton Bn thnh phm Sn phm cui cng Khch hng X nghip Thanh ton Thanh ton Thanh ton Sn phm cui cng Thanh ton chi ph Dch v ti chnh Thanh ton Dch v Sn phm cui cng i l Ngn hng

Nh gia cng

C quan Chnh quyn

Hnh 1.6 X nghip v mi trng kinh t trc tip ca x nghip

II.1.2.Phn tch cc lin h vi mi trng

Mi lin h gia XN v mi trng c biu din bi cc dng (flux). Cc dng i t bn ngoi vo XN v i t XN ra li mi trng. Li c cc dng tn ti bn trong XN. C 4 loi dng : Dng ca ci (nguyn liu, nhin liu, sn phm cui cng) Dng dch v (cho vay tin, t vn, bo tr...) Dng tin t (thanh ton vi khch hng hoc vi ngi cung cp vt t) Dng thng tin (ghi chp, thng bo, qung co...) Tp hp cc dng xut pht t cc quyt nh ca XN. V d : - Tip nhn nguyn vt liu sn xut sau khi phng Vt t tho n t hng v c ban gim c thng qua. - Thanh ton khch hng sau khi gi sn phm + ho n giao hng, v.v... Tp hp cc n v trao i vi nhau thng qua cc dng thng tin v dng ca ci vt cht nhm p ng cc nhu cu ca XN.

Bn loi dng ni trn c biu din nh sau : X NGHIP

Nguyn nhin liu Phiu giao hng Cng vn th tn Ho n cung cp hng Nguyn nhin liu Cung ng vt t Phiu lin h ni b Sn xut

Phiu giao hng xc nhn Kinh doanh Ho n cung cp hng K ton cung cp hng Lm vic vi S Ti chnh

Thanh ton sec, tin mt... Tin t + thng tin Dng ca ci vt cht

Xc nhn Ti khon ca S Ti chnh

Dng phc v Dng thng tin

Hnh 1.7 X nghip lin h vi mi trng bi bn loi dng S tn ti dng ca ci vt cht dn n s c mt, u dng v cui dng, cc dng thng tin hnh thc hoc phi hnh thc. V d ti nh my bia-nc ngt nng, dng vt cht l cc loi chai do nh my thu tinh Ho khnh cung cp, ta s gp nhng dng thng tin sau : Khng chnh thc : trao i in thoi hoc bng ming... Chnh thc : th, fax bo gi hoc cc phiu t hng, giao nhn hng... Nghin cu hot ng ca cc dng c vai tr quan trng trong vic th hin cu trc ba h thng ca XN : h thng quyt nh, h thng tc nghip v h thng thng tin.

II.2.H thngl t chc x nghip

S dng phng php ca K.Boulding tip cn h thng l t chc XN bng cch kho st cc loi dng lm r cc tng tc bn trong mt h thng v tng tc ca h thng vi mi trng. Theo K.Boulding, c 9 mc tip cn h thng : Mc 1 Bt u, ngi ta xem xt mt i tng no nh l tnh, c lp vi tt c cc i tng khc. V d : xem xt i tng l bia chai, gi s c m l 2453 trong danh mc cc sn phm. Mc 2 i tng c xem nh l ng, chng hn i tng xut hin trong n t hng ca mt i l no . Mc 3 Ngi ta a vo cc hin tng iu tit : n t hng ch c gii quyt ng thi hn khch hng ngh nu nh k hoch sn xut ti XN m bo c. Mc 4 Xem xt cc thng tin lin quan n i tng. V d v tnh trng d tr trong kho hng, v tnh cht ca khch hng s phc v (c gi tin ng k hn khng, v.v...).

10

Mc 5 Mc 6

Mc 7

Xut hin khi nim quyt nh v khi nim ghi nh : n t hng c c chp nhn khng ? Khng th quyt nh mt cch ngu nhin, phi cn c tnh hnh thc ti cng nh trong qu kh ghi nh. Mc ch l va m bo tnh kinh t ca XN, va lm hi lng khch hng. Giai on lm r (xem hnh di y), gm cc yu t : Cu trc ba h thng : h thng quyt nh (decision system), h thng thng tin (information system) v h thng tc nghip (operation system). S tng tc cn thit gia cc h thng.

Tnh quan trng ca h thng thng tin : Gi thng tin ca hai h thng kia v ca mi trng. Bng truyn gia hai h thng kia v ca mi trng. Mc 8, 9 Tnh n s phc tp ca h thng bng cch xem xt : Tnh c lp ca quyt nh : h thng quyt nh c phn chia thnh h thng mnh lnh v h thng t chc. Kh nng ca h thng quyt nh i vi cc d n, t iu chnh (khi kho nguyn liu cn n mc bo ng...). V d :
Kho Mc d tr nguyn liu (men bia) cn n mc bo ng D kin khch hng tiu th nhiu bia trong thng ti Phi mua nguyn liu nhp vo kho ngay Phng Kinh doanh

Cc thng tin khc v tnh trng sn xut Thng tin ca ni cung cp nguyn liu

H thng tc nghip

H thng thng tin

H thng quyt nh

Hnh 1.8 Tip cn v lm r cu trc ba h thng ca x nghip

II.3.Ba h thng ca mt t chc x nghip

Ngi ta quan nim XN c to thnh t ba h thng con : h thng tc nghip, h thng quyt nh (hay h thng lnh o) v h thng thng tin :
H thng quyt nh H thng thng tin H thng tc nghip

Hnh 1.9 Cu trc ba h thng ca x nghip 11

a) H thng tc nghip
H thng tc nghip lin quan n mi hot ng sn xut, tm kim khch hng mi. nhm t c mc tiu do h thng quyt nh a ra. H thng tc nghip gm cc nhn lc v phng tin (my mc, thit b, dy chuyn cng ngh...) c tc ng tng h vi nhau p ng mc tiu.

b) H thng quyt nh
H thng quyt nh nh hng n mi hnh thc qun l XN, c tnh chin lc v tnh chin thut. Tnh chin lc c tm vc di hn hoc trung hn, th hin phng sch ci tin sn xut : thay i mu m, nng cao cht lng nhng li h gi thnh sn phm, tng cng th trng tiu th ca XN. Tnh chin thut c tm vc ngn hn, th hin cc gii php tc nghip thng ngy, vi mc ch nhm thay i cch s dng thit b, nghin cu p ng th hiu khch hng, tip th sn phm, v.v...
H thng x nghip H thng quyt nh

Mi trng

H thng thng tin H thng tc nghip

Dng vt cht/dch v

Hnh 1. 10 Cch th hin khc c u trc ba h thng ca t chc XN

c) H thng thng tin (HT3)

HT3 trin khai mi lin h gia h thng tc nghip v h thng quyt nh, m bo s hot ng ca XN v t c cc mc tiu ra. HT3 gm cc thnh phn c bn sau y : 1. Con ngi : Gm nhng ngi s dng, ngi qun tr, ngi pht trin HT, v.v..., l yu t quyt nh v can thip vo mi qu trnh phn tch, thit k v khai thc HT3. 2. D liu : D liu l thnh phn c bn th hin cch nhn tnh ca HT3. C th xem l nhng bc nh tnh v thng tin c mt trong HT3 m ngi ta c th c chp c mt thi im no . HT3 c chc nng thu nhn, hp thc ho, t chc lu tr, khai thc v phn phi s dng d liu. 3. Qu trnh x l : Qu trnh x l th hin mt ng ca HT3. X l bin i lin tc mt cch t ng hay th cng cc d liu c mt HT3. D liu n t mi trng, sau khi c x l s dng c th tr li mi trng to thnh cc thng tin phc v s hot ng tc nghip ca XN. Thng tin vo HT3 X l Hnh 1.11 X l thng tin Thng tin ra

12

Thit b v k thut : L ngun ti nguyn (phn cng v phn mm) cho php tin hnh qu trnh x l d liu. Thc t, do chi ph u t cao (nhn cng, thi gian t hng, lp t thit b, ni mng...), nn cn phi quan tm ng mc khi c lng gi thnh. Hiu qu hot ng ca XN ph thuc vo cht lng ca HT3.

III.H thng thng tin qun l (HTTTQL)

III.1.Khi nim HTTTQL
HTTT nm trung tm ca h thng t chc ang xt v l phn t kch hot cc quyt nh (mnh lnh, ch th, thng bo, ch tc nghip, v.v...). Do vai tr ca HTTT trong lnh vc qun l XN m ngi ta ni n HTTTQL (Management Information System). Mt HTTTQL c th c nh ngha theo hai kha cnh : Kha cnh thng tin v phng tin truyn thng tin : Tp hp cc thng tin lun chuyn trong XN v tp hp cc phng tin, cc th tc tm kim, nm gi, ghi nh v x l thng tin. Kha cnh mc ch chnh t ra i vi XN : Truyn t thng tin cho nhng ngi c lin quan (nhn vin) di dng thch hp v ng n ra quyt nh hoc cho php thi hnh mt cng vic. HTTTQL cng c nh ngha theo cch khc : L mt h thng tch hp ngi-my to ra thng tin gip con ngi trong sn xut, qun l v ra quyt nh. HTTTQL s dng cc thit b tin hc, cc phn mm, c s d liu, cc m hnh phn tch, lp k hoch, kim tra v ra quyt nh. HTTTQL c tip cn mt cch tng th c logc trong mt n v m khng th c nhn nhn theo quan nim ch mt ngi s dng. Mi ngi s dng c cch nhn ring ca mnh v HTTTQL, ty thuc vo chc trch m h m nhn, kinh nghim ngh nghip,v.v... Chnh v vy, HTTT ca ngi s dng ch l mt ci nhn b phn trong thc tin.

III.2.Cu trc ca HTTTQL

HTTTQL gm 4 thnh phn : cc phn h hay h thng con (sub-systems), d liu (data), m hnh (models) v cc quy tc qun l (management rules).

III.2.1.Cc phn h a) nh ngha phn h

Phn h hay cn gi l lnh vc qun l (management domain) nhm cc hot ng c cng mt mc tiu trong ni b mt n v, nh sn xut, kinh doanh, hnh chnh, k ton, nghin cu... Ngi ta phn bit 4 mc sau : 1. Mc giao dch : cc hot ng thng nht ca XN. 2. Mc tc nghip : mt s hot ng thng nht c th a n nhng quyt nh ban u. V d cn c bin php x l thch hp khi gp trng hp n o hn ca khch hng. 3. Mc chin thut : ng vi cc hot ng n c, kim tra. V d theo di quy cch tip th ca nhn vin sau khi giao nhim v cho h. 4. Mc chin lc : n c kim tra sn xut kinh doanh duy tr s pht trin lu di ca XN.

13

C cu trc ging h thng, phn h gm mt h thng tc nghip, mt HTTT v mt h thng quyt nh nh hnh v di y (phn c gch cho).

H thng quyt nh

H thng thng tin

Mi trng

H thng tc nghip

Hnh 1.12 Lnh vc qun l l mt phn h Vic phn chia mt h thng thng tin ca mt n v thnh cc phn h cn tun theo tnh t chc v cc quy tc sau : Biu din mt hot ng ca n v c mc tiu xc nh. Khng da theo s phn chia theo chc nng hot ng ca n v ti mt thi im no , m phi da trn tnh hiu qu v vic la chn chin thut hay chin lc. Khng cn c vo cc mi lin h phn cp v cc mi lin h ny khng phi lc no cng m t cc tnh hung qun l hay sn xut. Cn phn tch cc dng bn trong v bn ngoi trong quan h vi mi trng. bo m tnh c lp, phn h phi c xc nh sao cho s trao i thng tin vi cc lnh vc khc l ti thiu. V d : Trong mt XN, HTTT c th gm c cc phn h : Qun l vt t Qun l nguyn nhin liu Qun l ti sn c nh Qun l nhn s - tin lng Qun l ti chnh k ton Qun l tiu th sn phm - cng n khch hng Qun l cng vn th tn hnh chnh

b) S phn chia thnh cc d n v p dng

Mt phn h, nu nh l mt tp hp c lp vi cc phn h khc, th vn cn l mt khi nim tng i rng. V vy, khi Tin hc ha, cn tip tc phn chia cc phn h thnh cc thnh phn nh hn.

14

H TH NG THNG TIN An X-NGHI P Hnh 1.13 Phn cp phn h C - d p dng

Phn h 3 Phn h 2 V d : Phn h 1 D n 1.1 D n 2.1 D n Qu n l ti chnh k ton c th c phn chia thnh cc d n : dng 1.1.1 K tonAp tng hp

K ton cung cp (ngun hng) K ton khch D n 1.2 hng K tonAp phn tch dng 1.2.1

Ap dng 1.1.2

Ap dng 2.1.1 Ap dng 2.1.2 Ap dng 2.1.3

D n 2.2

dn ng K tonAp qu l 1.2.2 Ap dng 2.2.1 Ap dng chia 2.2.2thnh cc d n : Phn h Qun l nhn s tin lng c phn Dl n 1.3 Qun l ng ng 1.3.1 Qun lAp laod ng Ap dng 2.3.1

Qun l o to Qun l nng bc Qun l khen thng, v.v... Nh vy, mi phn h, hay lnh vc qun l, c phn chia thnh cc hot ng ring r v c xem nh l cc d n. Mi d n li c th tip tc c phn chia thnh cc p dng d dng Tin hc ha. V d : D n Qun l lng trong phn h Qun l nhn s tin lng c th c phn chia thnh cc p dng : Lng sn phm Lng thi gian (hnh chnh) Bo him x hi Ph cp ngh nghip...

III.2.2.D liu
D liu (data) l c s ca thng tin. Ni n thng tin l ni n d liu. D liu nhn gi tr trong mt min xc nh. V d : Khch hng (c tn l) o, (c a ch l) 17 L Dun nng. Mt hng bia chai Tiger. Ngy t hng l 15/11/1998, v.v... Cc d liu trn y mc d c cho gi tr c th nhng kh bit c mi lin h gia nh th no. Tuy nhin, khi t chng trong mt mi lin h, ngi ta c c thng tin v yu cu t hng ca khch hng. V d : C o ng 17 L Dun nng t mua bia chai Tiger ngy 15/11/1998 Nh vy, khi nim d liu hp hn khi nim thng tin. Thng tin lun mang ngha v gm nhiu gi tr d liu. 15

Cc d liu c th c biu din di nhiu dng khc nhau (ch vit, li ni...), th hin trn giy (cng vn, ha n, th, fax...) hoc trn mn hnh ca my vi tnh, d hoc kh s dng ty theo tnh cht hay hon cnh thu nhn. C ba loi d liu tng ng vi ba tnh hung hay gp khi thu nhn d liu l tnh hung chc chn, tnh hung ngu nhin v tnh hung cha bit trc : V d : D liu chc chn : s ngy cng ca mt cng nhn trong thng, thu sut p dng cho mt mt hng... D liu c tnh ngu nhin hay cha chc chn : doanh s d bo theo phn tch th trng, thu sut s p dng cho mt mt hng mi nhp... D liu cha bit : ri ro do cc s c sn xut, yu t con ngi...

III.2.3.M hnh qun l

M hnh qun l bao gm tp hp cc th tc, quy trnh v phng php c th cho mi phn h. M hnh qun l v d liu lun chuyn trong phn h phc v cc quy tc qun l.
Chng t

S qu

S nht k

S k ton chi tit

Nht k chung

S ci Ghi hng ngy Ghi hng ngy hoc nh k i chiu

Bng tng hp chi tit

Bo co k ton chung

Hnh 1.14 Quy trnh hch ton k ton V d : K hoch lp bo co ti chnh v cc ch k ton (chng hn ch k ton mi ca B Ti chnh) trong phn h ti chnh k ton ca cng ty X s Kin thit nng. Quy trnh sn xut bia chai loi nh s dng sn phm v chai (theo dy chuyn thit b mi nhp ca nh my thu tinh) trong phn h qun l sn xut ti nh my bia-nc ngt nng. Ch qun l nhp hng v lu kho trong phn h qun l nhp cng ti cng nng, v.v... 16

III.2.4.Quy tc qun l
Quy tc qun l, hay cng thc tnh ton, cho php bin i hoc x l d liu phc v cho mc tiu xc nh.
PHN H Chin lc Chin thut Tc nghip Giao dch D LIU DL chuyn DL chung Quy tc qun l QL VT QL NS QL KT QL KH

M HNH QUN L

Gii thch :

QL KD QL SX

qun l vt t qun l k ton

QL NS QL HC

qun l nhn s qun l khch hng

Hnh 1.15 Mi lin h gia cc thnh phn ca HTTTQL V d : SL_tn_cui_k S_Tin_Tton = SL_tn_u_k + SL_nhp_trong_k SL_xut_trong_k = Gi_n_v S_lng

Lng_Tgian = (Lng_CBn S_Ngy_cng) / 26 Sau y l hnh nh v mi lin h gia quy tc qun l, cc phn h, d liu v m hnh qun l.

III.3.Vai tr v cht lng ca HTTTQL

HTTTQL phi c chc nng thu nhn, x l v phn pht thng tin ng lc ng ni nhn. ng thi HTTTQL phi c thit k sao cho XN qun l ti u cc ngun thng tin.

a) Cc dng thng tin

HTTTQL thu nhn nhiu dng thng tin khc nhau : Thng tin ni : l phng tin lin lc ph bin gia con ngi v gia bt k mt t chc no. c trng ca thng tin ni l phi hnh thc v rt kh x l bng Tin hc. Phng tin lin lc l in thoi hoc cc my mc nhn dng ting ni. Thng tin vit : l ngun d liu chnh ca HTTTQL trong bt k mt XN no. Thng tin hnh nh : thu c t cc thng tin khc ca h thng (chng hn biu , th rt ra t mt bng s liu) hoc t cc ngun khc (v d, nh chp sn phm ca hng cnh tranh, qung co...).

17

Thng tin ni ti : li ni, ch vit, hnh nh...

HTTTQL thu nhn

Thng tin bn ngoi : li ni, ch vit, hnh nh...

X l cc d liu th (lc, cu trc ho) Thng tin cu trc X l d liu (p dng cc quy tc qun l) Thng tin kt qu Phn pht NSD3

NSD1

NSD2

Hnh 1.16 Chc nng thu nhn, x l v phn pht thng tin Cc dng thng tin khc : c cm nhn t v gic, xc gic, khu gic v khng xt trong HTTTQL, mc du i khi chng c vai tr quan trng trong cc ng dng cng nghip.

b) Thng tin c cu trc

Gi s rng cc thng tin v ch hoc c hi c loi b th nhng thng tin va c lit k trn l thnh phn ca HTTTQL ca XN. Mt s thng tin trong chng c th khai thc ngay a ra mt quyt nh (lp k hoch sn xut, ci tin trang thit b...), mt s khc dng x l s b hoc th cng, hoc t ng (v d, thng tin trn cc phim nh qung co, hoc trn a t, a quang : CD-ROM...) Vic x l t ng cc thng tin ch c th thc hin c t cc d liu c cu trc. Chnh t cc thng tin c cu trc v s dng cc quy tc qun l ph hp (tnh ton doanh thu hng thng, qun l vn, v.v...) m thc hin vic x l thng tin.

c) Cht lng ca HTTTQL

Cht lng ca HTTTQL ph thuc 3 yu t : tnh nhanh chng (speed - rapidity), tnh tin cy (reliability), tnh ton vn (integrity) v tnh thch ng (pertinence). Tnh nhanh chng HTTTQL x l thng tin qu kh (lu tr) v hin ti.HTTTQL phi gip mi phn t ca XN c thng tin c ch v nhanh nht c th c. Tnh nhanh chng lin quan n s tin b v s pht trin ca cng ngh mi v phn cng, phn mm (cc b vi x l, mng my tnh, Internet, cp quang, v.v...). Tnh tin cy m bo tnh tin cy, HTTTQL x l v pht hin cc thng tin sai lc ch lun chuyn cc thng tin hp thc. Cc kt qu x l a ra lun lun ng n, khng ph thuc vo thi gian, iu kin x l hoc ngi x l...

18

Tnh ton vn Yu cu v tnh ton vn ca d liu thng gp trong cc h qun tr c s d liu. Chng hn d liu phi c lu gi an ton, NSD khng c t sa i nu khng c quyn truy cp, v.v... Tnh thch ng HTTTQL thu nhn mi thng tin n n v phi tm c nhng thng tin cn thit cho s hot ng ca XN. Vic ch la chn nhng thng tin thch ng, khng d tha l mt trong nhng nguyn l c bn ca lnh vc phn tch v thit k.

III.4.HTTTQL - cng c iu phi v kim sot h thng

Ngun gc ca HTTTQL nm cc mnh lnh to ra bi h thng quyt nh, ng thi, HTTTQL l cng c iu phi v kim sot h thng. H thng mnh lnh thu nhn mi loi thng tin n t mi trng v bn thn XN hot ng. C ba trng hp nh sau :

a) iu khin theo chu trnh m

Thng tin dn t mi trng chuyn trc tip n h thng quyt nh, sau nh hng n h thng tc nghip. V d : S cnh tranh lm st gi mt sn phm ca XN, hoc vic sn xut mt sn phm gp phi kh khn v ti chnh...
X NGHIP H thng quyt nh (2) iu phi (3)

(1)
H thng thng tin Mi tr ng H thng tc nghip

Hnh 1.17 iu khin theo chu trnh m Theo hnh v, ta thy : thng tin n t bn ngoi (mi trng) theo ng (1). Theo (2) h thng quyt nh hnh ng (t iu phi) tr li thng tin ny. Vic iu phi i hi phi c thm cc thng tin khc c quyt nh tht ph hp. Theo (3), quyt nh c chuyn ti h thng tc nghip.

b) iu khin theo chu trnh ng (kh hi)

H thng quyt nh nhn c cc thng tin i ln t h thng tc nghip qua h thng th nghim ca HTTT. XN phi hnh ng theo c ch i ti - kh hi gii quyt vn . Hin tng kh hi xy ra nhiu ln, cho n khi vn c x l. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta phi chp nhn s chnh lch (dung sai) v cht lng gia sn phm thnh qu v sn phm nghin cu c trnh kh hi nhiu ln.

19

X NGHIP H thng quyt nh (2) H thng Th nghim thng tin

(2)

(1) H thng tc nghip

(3)

Hnh 1.18 iu khin theo chu trnh ng T h thng tc nghip, thng tin theo (1) n h thng th nghim. Theo (2), mt quyt nh c hnh ng (i ti) hay l khng (kh hi). Theo (3), kt qu quyt nh c chuyn n h thng tc nghip.

c) iu khin bng mnh lnh bo ng

Trng hp iu khin bng mnh lnh bo ng c hnh thnh t hai trng hp trn. Thng tin n h thng quyt nh c th c ngun gc t ni b (h thng tc nghip) hoc n t bn ngoi (mi trng). V d : Mt sn phm mi c tung ra th trng c th gy ra s xo trn v t chc nhn s hoc lao ng trc tip. Thit b ph tng s b cn trong mt thi gian ngn ti y. Cc ch dn v tnh trng bo ng cho php a ra cc bin php x l thch hp, trnh mi s xo trn ca h thng.
X NGHIP H thng quyt nh

(1) (1)
Mi trng H thng thng tin

(2)

(3)
H thng tc nghip

Hnh 1.19 iu khin mnh lnh bo ng Theo hnh v, ta thy : cc thng tin n t bn ngoi XN hoc t h thng tc nghip (1). Mt quyt nh c a ra (2) v c th chuyn ra bn ngoi (3).

20

III.5.Phn loi cc h thng thng tin

C th nhn thc mt HTTTQL theo nhiu gc khc nhau ty theo cch x l thng tin, cch khoanh vng x l, hoc mc chnh xc ca thng tin.

a) Phn loi theo mc t ng ha

Thng tin c th c x l mt cch th cng, hoc c s tr gip ca my mc (in thoi, photocopy, fax...) hoc mt cch t ng m khng c s can thip ca con ngi (MTT). Tuy nhin khng phi lc no vic t ng ho cng hp l m phi l chn phng n x l thch hp. Vic t ng ha bng Tin hc ch c ngha khi thc s c yu cu. La chn t ng ho ph thuc vo cc yu t : - ln ca XN, - Khi lng thng tin cn x l, - Tc mong mun nhn c kt qu, khi nim thi gian tr li, - Chi ph x l t ng ho, - Thu li v thi gian hoc ti chnh...

b) Phn loi theo mc tch hp cc phng tin x l

Khi nim tch hp (integra-tion) da trn hai yu t : Khoanh vng (localization) x l. Kin trc cc phng tin x l thng tin. Vic tch hp ch c t ra khi vic x l t ng ha gia tng. Trong cch tip cn ny, cc h thng x l thng tin to thnh cc h thng c lp. C th xy ra hin tng sai st khng hiu qu ca c h thng do : C cc thng tin d tha, trng lp trong mi h thng c lp (V d, thng tin v khch hng trong s trn). C s trng lp v x l t mi h thng m ch cn x l mt ln (V d, th tc trao i khch hng). H thng tch hp Vi cch tip cn ny, HTTTQL c xem nh l mt phn t duy nht. Mi thng tin ch thu nhn mt ln vo h thng v c s dng trong nhiu x l.
Cc h thng c lp H thng K ton H thng khch hng H thng nhn s

H thng tch hp
H thng K ton H thng khch hng H thng ca t chc H thng nhn s

Hnh 1.20 Tch hp cc phng tin x l 21

Cc h thng c lp V d : Thng tin v khch hng s c thu nhn mt ln v c x l cho tng h thng thnh phn. H thng tch hp i hi mt c s d liu duy nht vi cc phng tin k thut thch hp (mng, vin thng...). Nh vy, vic la chn tch hp s tc ng ln kin trc ca cc phng tin x l thng tin. Kin trc cc phng tin x l khc Kin trc cc phng tin x l gn lin vi cu trc ca cc XN theo 3 loai : Kin trc tp trung (t gp) Thng tin c x l v hon thin ti mt ni duy nht trong XN ri c phn b cho cc ni. u : X l nht qun cc d liu, trnh c s d tha thng tin. Nhc : H thng hot ng nng n v khi lng thng tin ln, dn n khong thi gian gia thi im thu nhn v thi im khai thc kt qu x l c th tng ln ng k. Kin trc phn tn My tnh c t ti cc v tr khc nhau theo t chc XN x l c lp ri c ni vi nhau (nh mng) trao i thng tin. u im : Linh hot, uyn chuyn trong vn hnh nn hay c s dng. Nhc im : D liu pht sinh nhiu, x l trng lp v khng tng thch v thit b trong XN. Kin trc phn phi Kt hp c hai kin trc trn : x l thng tin ti im trung tm trong khi thu nhn v phn pht thng tin li c thc hin mt cch phn tn. Cc phng tin x l l cc trm cui (terminal) ni vi my ch (hote, main frame)

c) Phn loi theo mc cc quyt nh

T cc mc quyt nh : chin lc, chin thut, tc nghip, theo mc gim dn trong t chc, xy dng s nh sau :
Quyt nh chin lc hoc t k hoch Quyt nh chin lc hoc iu hnh Quyt nh tc nghip hoc iu chnh

Mc quan trng ca quyt nh

Hnh 1.21 Phn loi theo mc cc quyt nh Mc chin lc (Strategic Level) Nhm a XN hot ng ngn hn hoc di hn. Cn nhiu thng tin t mi trng. Mt s thng tin c th x l tin hc a ra quyt nh, nhng thng thng c th x l th cng. V d : Tung ra th trng sn phm mi, hoc xy dng c s sn xut mi, hoc tuyn la cn b k thut cao cp...

22

Mc chin thut (Tactical Level) Cc quyt nh chin thut c a ra thng xuyn hn nhm p ng nhu cu hot ng v hon thin h thng. V d : Chn gi bn sn phm, tuyn dng nhn s tm thi, thay i cch cung ng nguyn nhin liu, v.v... Mc tc nghip (Operational Level) Do nhn vin trong XN a ra hng ngy. V d : gi th t giao dch, son tho ha n, thu nhn thng tin khch hng, sn phm...

23

CHNG 2

Cc phng php phn tch v thit k h thng

I. Th no l phn tch h thng ?

I.1. Khi nim

Theo t in Compuer Dictionary, Microsoft Press, phn tch h thng (systems analysis) l s kho st mt h thng hay mt vn ci tin h thng ang tn ti hoc thit k v ci t h thng mi (nguyn vn ting Anh : the examination of system or problem, with the goal of either improving an existing system or designing and implementing a new one). Phn tch h thng gn lin vi vic s dng phn cng v phn mm Tin hc, bao gm vic nghin cu chi tit vn , thit k, xy dng nhng phng php tt gii quyt, nhm t c mc ch theo nhng hn ch v kh nng c th. Nhng tip cn hay phn tch h thng c t rt lu, trc khi MTT ra i. V d 1 : Khi xy dng cc Kim t thp c Ai Cp th nhng ngi thit k c xem l cc nh kin trc s, cn nhng ngi t chc vic vn chuyn nguyn vt liu v huy ng nhn lc c xem nh l nhng ngi phn tch h thng. V d 2 : Gn y hn, khi xut hin cc nh my, cng s (qu trnh t bn ha cng nghip) th ngi ch tr phi tm hiu cch t chc lao ng, tm kim cc phng php tt tng nng sut, tng li nhun... l nhng hot ng ca ngi phn tch h thng.

Hnh 2.1 Ngi t chc lao ng l ngi phn tch h thng Nhu cu v sn xut thng mi, s pht trin nhanh chng ca lnh vc Tin hc dn n vic pht trin ngnh phn tch h thng p dng Tin hc. Lnh vc ny lun lun c nghin cu v pht trin nhm hon thin vic xy dng cc h thng thng tin. thy c vai tr ca phn tch h thng, sau y l nhng s liu do Cng ty IBM thng k trong giai on 1970-1980 : Phn tch sai st Mc nim 45 Lp trnh 25 Son tho h s 7 Cc sai st khc 20 100% Phn tch chi ph Bo tr 54 Pht trin 46 Phn tch phn b hot ng Lp trnh 15 Th nghim 50 Ci t 35 100% 24

100%

I.2. Bn cht v yu cu ca phn tch h thng

Phn tch l qu trnh trin khai cc giai on m nh thit k h thng phi lm vic hai mc khi nim khc nhau : ci g ? (what?) v nh th no ? (how?). Mc nim hay mc logic Hiu h thng c ang lm g ? Hiu yu cu ca ngi s dng Pht hin h thng c hot ng nh th no ? Mc vt l hay th gii thc Hnh 2.2 M hnh theo mc ca qu trnh phn tch Cc yu cu ca phn tch h thng : 1. Tip cn ton cc bng cch kho st mi phn t (phng, ban, xng, v tr lm vic...) to ra cc dng thng tin v hot ng, qun l v iu khin trong mt tng th ton vn ca h thng (x nghip). 2. S dng phng php tip cn t trn xung (top-down) nhn thc, hiu v ra bin php, t tng qut n c th, t ci chung n ci ring... theo nhng tiu chun nht qun. 3. Lnh hi c tnh tru tng, tnh c th ca mi thnh phn trong h thng, t s dng cc cng c thch hp, hoc t ng ha, hoc th cng, trong qu trnh phn tch. 4. Nm c nhu cu thc tin ca ngi s dng cui cng. Quyt nh h thng mi phi lm g ?

Xc nh h thng mi hot ng nh th no ?

25

I.3. nh gi cc phng php

Nhng thiu st m cc phng php phn tch h thng c in mc phi : 1. Thiu tip cn ton cc Cc chuyn gia (phn tch vin) lm vic mt cch t do, khng c lin h g vi nhau dn n kh c th tch hp cc cng vic 2. Thiu hp tc vi ngi s dng Sn phm phn mm kh p dng, khng ph hp vi cng thi hc (Ergonomie), khng cng cch suy ngh vi NSD... 3. Thiu tiu chun thng nht 4. Trng lp hoc d tha thng tin, cng mt khi nim m c nhiu thut ng..., khng c tiu chun thng nht v cc i tng x l. Trong s nhng nguyn l c trng c bn ca cc phng php phn tch hin nay ang c mt trn th trng, ngi ta ch n : 1. C s l thuyt trn mt h thng Tin hc ho. 2. Chin lc pht trin h thng nhng tn trng cc yu t lin quan n chu k sng (life cycle) l : - Tr tu (intelligence) - Thit k (design) - Trin khai (realization, achievment) - Ci t (implementation) - Bo tr (maintenance) Cc giai on khc nhau trong mt chu k sng ca mt d n Tin hc c th c trnh by di dng m hnh nh sau : Biu ch o Nghin cu kh thi Lp k hoch, biu cng tc Thit k chc nng Thit k chi tit Lp trnh v n th Tch hp v th nghim Ci t Khai thc v bo tr

Bo m cht lng

Hnh 2.3 Chu k sng ca mt d n Tin hc 3. Tch ri tnh cu trc v chc nng, cc mc nim, mc logic v mc vt l ca h thng gim phc tp. 4. Xy dng biu ch o trin khai thc hin cc giai on khc nhau ca qu trnh phn tch thit k h thng (PTTKHT).

26

II. Mt s phng php PTTKHT c in

Hin nay, c rt nhiu phng php PTTKHT c xut v c tip tc p dng. Bng di y lit k mt s phng php. STT Tn phng php 1 AXIAL 2 CIAM (Conceptual Informa-tion Analysis Methodology) 3 IDA (Interactive Design Approach) 4 JSD (Jackson System Development) 5 MERISE 6 METHOD/1 7 REMORA 8 SADT 9 SDM (Structured Design Methods) Hin trng thng mi (Php) IBM bn ra th trng Syslab ang tip tc c (Thu in) nghin cu i hc Tng hp Namur METSI (Php) (B) Michael Jackson Cty Michael Jackson Ltd. (Anh) Sema-Matra (Php) Nhiu cng ty Arthur Andersen (M) Arthur Andersen i hc Tng hp Paris 1 Thomson (Php) Softech (M) Softech Inc. (M), Thomson IGL (Php) Yourdon Inc. (M) McDonnell Douglas (M) Ngun gc

hnh dung v s khc nhau gia cc quan im thit k HTTT, bng di y trnh by cch trin khai cc giai on ca mt s phng php phn tch h thng hay gp. Phng php SDM MERISE AXIAL JSD Jackson Lp k hoch Phn tch hin trng Thit k chi tit Trin khai Ci t

27

II.1.Phng php SADT

Phng php SADT (Structured Analysis and Design Technique) l k thut phn tch v thit k c cu trc, do cng ty Softech Inc. (M) pht trin, nhng c p dng tng i ph bin chu u v Php. tng c bn l phn r h thng ln thnh cc phn h nh hn v n gin hn. Theo quan im ca SADT, mi h thng c xem nh mt b su tp ca cc chc nng. T , SADT c s dng xy dng mt m hnh biu din mi chc nng ca mt h thng v quan h ca chng vi th gii bn ngoi. Phng php SADT a ra cc li khuyn vng nh sau : 1. Tnh r rng (trong sng) quan trng hn l tnh ng n. 2. Mt kha cnh cha tt nhng c din t r rng th vn c th c chp nhn v c th c khc phc sau . 3. Mt kha cnh cha tt nhng khng c din t r rng th c th khng c chp nhn v c th tr nn khng tt. 4. Cn phi bit ni n trc khi xut pht. 5. Cn vit ra (giy) hn l ch ni ra (li) v khng nn ko di cc bui hp hnh qu 60 pht ch v mt ch . Mt m hnh SADT bao gm cc n th (moduls) c t chc theo kiu phn cp (hierachical structure), tip cn t trn xung (top-down). SADT cho php xy dng cc h thng phc tp nhng vn m bo c tnh tin cy, tnh ng n. V mt c php, mi n th c biu din bi mt trong hai dng s , s hot ng (activity diagram) v s d liu (data diagram). S hot ng nhn d liu vo, d liu iu khin, quy trnh x l v cho d liu ra. S d liu nhn vo cc hot ng tc nhn v iu khin, cho ra l hot ng s dng : D liu iu khin D liu vo Hot ng tc nhn Hot ng iu khin

Hot ng

D liu ra

D liu

Hot ng s dng

X l

n v lu tr

Hnh 2.4 Hai dng s SADT Mt s SADT thng c t 3 n 6 hp (box) hnh ch nht c lin kt vi nhau bi cc mi tn gn nhn (labeled arrow) th hin cc giao din (interface) hay cc rng buc gia cc hp. SADT a ra li khuyn rng mt s SADT m c t hn 3 hp s lm ngho hoc khng c t thng tin, nhng nu c nhiu hn 6 hp s lm s tr nn phc tp kh theo di.

28

Nguyn tc v nh sau :

ci ra ca hp ny

1
l ci vo ca hp ny

2
v cng l ci vo ca hp ny

ci ra ca hp ny l mt iu khin ca hp ny

ci ra ca hp ny to ra mt iu khin ngc tr li

2 Hnh 2.22 Nguyn tc v s SADT Mi cnh ca hp u mang mt ngha c bit. Mi s con l s chi tit ho ca mt trong cc hp ca s cha. Mt cha c th c nhiu con. Mi s con li c th c cc s con khc, v.v...

Hnh 2.6 Cu trc phn cp mt cha nhiu con S SADT biu din s phn tch ch ban u thnh cc thnh phn nh hn. Mi thnh phn l nhng i tng (objects) v nhng s kin (events), tng ng vi d liu v hot ng. V d : D liu : Hot ng : Bnh nhn Bnh n n thuc Thm hi bnh nhn X l bnh n Thanh ton tin

T hai i tng trn, ngi ta v c mt s SADT nh sau :

29

Ngy, gi iu khin Ch dn o (nhit ...) Chm sc bnh nhn Giy php ra vin Tn hiu bo ng Bnh n

H thng Tin hc Y t Hnh 2.7 Mt m hnh x l ca SADT Nguyn l lm vic theo nhm ca phng php SADT nh sau : Mi s c to ra bi mt tc gi (quy c v mu en). S c c v ghi ch (cu hi, gi , im cha r...) bi ngi c (quy c v mu ). S sau c tr li cho tc gi thay i theo yu cu (quy c v mu xanh). Tc gi thay i xong li a li cho ngi c. Thit lp chu trnh tho lun tc gi ngi c cho n khi tho mn. Trong qu trnh lun chuyn s gia tc gi v ngi c, lun lun gi li mt bn copy th vin lu tr. Tc gi
To ra s mi v ch ra ai s c n

Bc s

Th vin s mi s ch

Ngi c bn sao s Ghi ch vo

s (ch)

Tho lun vi ngi c. To s mi (nu cn)

s c

sa li

c cc tr li ch Tho lun vi tc gi

Ghi nhn cc kt qu tho lun

Hnh 2.8 Nguyn l lm vic theo nhm ca SADT

II.2.Phng php MERISE

Phng php MERISE (Mthode pour Rassembler les Ides Sans Effort, tm dch phng php tp hp nhng tng d dng) c xut bi CETE (Centre dEtude Technique de lquipement dAix-en-Provence), INRIA (Institut Nationale de Recherche en Informatique et

30

Automatique) v Vin i hc Marseilles III ti Php vo nm 1974. y l mt phng php c c s khoa hc vng chc, c s dng nhiu Php v chu u. MERISE a ra mt cch nhn tng quan v HTTT ca x nghip (XN) hay ca mt t chc, da trn m hnh ba h thng : h thng quyt nh (hay h thng lnh o), h thng thng tin v h thng tc nghip. T quan nim ny, HTTT c kin trc theo ba mc : mc nim (conceptual level), mc logic hay mc t chc (organizational level) v mc vt l hay mc k thut (technical level). Mc nim xy dng mc ch v mc tiu cui cng ca XN trn c s nh ngha cc rng buc, cc quy tc qun l v cch x l chng. Mc t chc nh ngha cch t chc h thng XN t c mc ch Mc k thut lin quan n cc phng tin cn thit ca h thng : phn cng, phn mm, mng, v.v... Nhng c trng c bn ca phng php MERISE : Tip cn theo mc nhm hnh thc ho h thng tng lai Tip cn theo giai on nhm phn cp cc quyt nh. Mc Quan nim T chc K thut S TT M hnh D liu M hnh nim d liu M hnh t chc d liu M hnh vt l d liu Cc giai on D liu Phn tch hin trng M hnh nim d liu Hp thc ho M hnh logic d liu M hnh vt l d liu X l M hnh nim x l T l % 50 % 25 % 5% 5% 15 % M hnh X l M hnh nim x l M hnh t chc x l M hnh tc nghip x l

Bng thng k sau y ch ra t l phn trm trung bnh cho mi mc :

M hnh chc nng x l

Trong bng trn, ct d liu bn tri c xem l tnh so vi ct bn phi c xem l ng.

31

II.3.PTTKHT theo quan im ba trc to

II.3.1.M hnh phn tch v thit k HTTT
nhn nhn mt HTTT cn thit k, hu ht cc phng php PTTKHT hin nay u s dng quan im ba trc to thuc h quy chiu khng gian ba chiu l mc, giai on v thnh phn. Mc HTTT Giai on Hnh 2.9 Ba gc nhn khc nhau ca HTTT Phng php ba gc cho php tp hp cc mc tiu cn t c v nhng ni dung cn trin khai : 1. Trc giai on xc nh cc bc dn n mt li gii kh thi. C chn giai on c bn : lp k hoch, phn tch hin trng, phn tch kh thi, c t, thit k, lp trnh, th nghim, khai thc v bo tr. 2. Trc mc th hin cch tip cn v phng php lun la chn cng c trn c s chu k sng ca h thng. l cc mc nim, logic v vt l. 3. Trc thnh phn xc nh cc thnh phn c bn ca mt HTTT, l : d liu, x l, thit b v nhn lc. Hai trc mc v giai on c nh hng mt cch r rng v t nhin do phng php tip cn t trn xung (t tng qut n ring bit) v mc t tru tng n c th (t mc nim n mc vt l). Cc thnh phn d liu, x l, b x l v nhn lc t trn trc thnh phn c tnh quy c, v trn thc t, khng h c u tin no gia chng. T quan im ba trc to , ngi ta cng nhn thy rng, c hai yu t tham gia vo qu trnh phn tch thit k HTTT l cht lng v gi thnh. Hai yu t ny khng tng thch vi nhau. R rng gim gi thnh, cn xem xt hai trc thnh phn v giai on, nng cao cht lng, cn ch trc mc l su sc ca sn phm. Trn thc t, ngi ta phi c tnh gi thnh (cost estimation). Sau y l bng c tnh gi thnh ca phng php SDM. Thnh phn

32

STT

Ni dung cng vic Lp k hoch. phn tch hin trng La chn kin trc ca HTTT c t bn ngoi ca h thng. Phn tch tng quan cc x l c t bn trong ca h thng. Phn tch chi tit cc x l, thit k CSDL Lp trnh, th nghim n th Chuyn i HTTT c vo h thng mi, nhp d liu ban u Th nghim tch hp Ci t vn hnh Tng cng

T l % gi thnh 8 % (trn tng gi thnh) 8% 24 % 9% 37.8 % 7.2 % 3% 3% 100 %

Nhn lc 80 ngy/ngi (trn 1000 ngy) 80 ngy/ngi 240 ngy/ngi 90 ngy/ngi 378 ngy/ngi 72 ngy/ngi 30 ngy/ngi 30 ngy /ngi 1000 ngy

Hnh v di y trnh by h trc ta vi ni dung ca cc trc. Mc

Vt l Logic nim

D liu | Lp k hoch Phn tch hin trng Phn tch kh thi c t Thit k Lp trnh Th nghim Giai on Khai thc Bo tr

X l

B x l Nhn lc | | | Thnh phn

Hnh 2.10 HTTT c phn tch v thit k theo ba trc to

33

II.3.2.Cc giai on phn tch v thit k h thng

Ton b qu trnh phn tch v thit k, t giai on nim n lc khai thc HTTT, cn phi xc nh v xy dng ba mc ca HTTT tng lai, c trng ha chnh xc bn thnh phn c bn v tri khai ln lt cc giai on. lm c iu ny, phi tip cn chun xc HTTT.

a) Lp k hoch
Thc hin mt d n Tin hc ha c th rt tn km, i hi nhiu cng sc v thi gian (c th mt rt nhiu thng, nhiu nm) trc khi mang li li nhun. Cc nhn t thng nh hng n vic lp k hoch l : thi gian, mc u t (investment), nhng yu t khng chc chn ca d n, ngun nhn lc (s lng, trnh , kh nng... ca ngi thit k v nhng ngi s dng cui), nhng tnh hung bt ng, nhng nh gi sai lch thc t... Ngi ta thng cu trc ho vic lp k hoch bng cch : - Tch ring cc phn b nhn lc, thi gian v kinh ph. - Lp d n tng th, k hoch cho mt giai on v cc k hoch chi tit. Song song vi vic lp k hoch l vic kim tra, bo co nh k.
K hoch ti chnh, chi tiu K hoch s dng ngun ti nguyn K hoch k thut ca d n

K hoch s dng ti nguyn tng giai on

K hoch k thut tng giai on - K hoch k thut c chi tit ho - Lch biu c nhn

K hoch s dng ti nguyn c chi tit ho

K hoch lm vic c nhn

Hnh 2.11 Lp k hoch Kt qu ca giai on lp k hoch l xc nh r rng cc phn h, chc nng ca chng trong HTTT tng lai, xc nh cc kh nng ng dng trn mng hoc truyn thng, b tr cng vic theo nhm chuyn gia, phn chia kinh ph...

34

b) Phn tch hin trng

Phn tch (hay kho st) hin trng l giai on phn tch cc hot ng ca HTTT vt l hin hu. Mc tiu cn t c l lm sao c c cc thng tin (lin quan n nhng yu cu t ra trong bc lp k hoch) vi tin cy cao v chun xc nht, mi nht. C nhiu phng php phn tch hin trng : Phng vn, trc tip hoc gin tip, cc i tng lin quan (gim c, nhn vin, v tr lm vic... Lp phiu iu tra, thm d Quan st, thu thp mu biu Mi phng php u c u im, nhc im ring v c p dng sao cho ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t. Nguyn tc : bit cch t cc cu hi thit thc th bit cng nhiu thng tin v mi trng hot ng ca mt t chc, cng d hiu cc vn ang c t ra v.tm c phng n gii quyt. Sau khi c c cc kt qu phn tch hin trng, phn tch vin phi bit cch tng hp cc d liu, cc x l thu thp c v hp thc ho.

c) Phn tch kh thi

Giai on ny c vai tr quyt nh v n s dn n cc la chn s quyt nh HTTT tng lai cng cc bo m ti chnh. Gm 5 bc : Bc 1 : Phn tch, ph phn HTTT hin hu nhm lm r cc im yu hoc mnh. Sp xp cc vn cn gii quyt theo th t mc quan trng ca chng. Bc 2 : Xc nh cc mc tiu mi ca cc hay d n), kh nng sinh li, thi gian tr li, v.v..., nu nh vic ny cha c thc hin giai on lp k hoch. Bc 3 : Xc nh mt cch tng qut cc gii php v chi ph trin khai phn h (d n), chi ph hot ng trong tng lai, kt hp phn tch u im v khuyt im ca tng gii php. Bc 4 : La chn nhng ngi chu trch nhim ph hp vi gii php no xc nh. Nu khng tm c nhng ngi nh vy hoc chi ph c tnh cao so vi mc tiu ra th phi quay ln bc 2. Bc 4 trong trng hp ny thng lp i lp li nhiu ln.

d) c t
c t (ting Anh : specifications, ting Php : cahier des charges) l vic m t chi tit k thut cc thnh phn bn trong h thng, bao gm : Kin trc d liu (data architecture) v x l kiu d liu tng ng, cc ch dn v tn (identifiers) d liu, cc s , biu hay th. Giao din gia HTTT v NSD : xc nh HTTT cung cp nhng g cho NSD v ngc li, NSD c th khai thc c nhng g t HTTT ? Cc cng vic v cc ci t cn thc hin. Din bin tin trnh t mc nim n lc th hin : trin khai k hoch, phn cng nhm lm vic, v.v... Kt qu ca c t l tp hp cc vn bn h s hay t liu v qu trnh phn tch v thit k HTTT. 35

e) Thit k
Giai on ny xc nh : Kin trc chi tit ca HTTT, lin quan n cc giao din vi NSD v cc n th tin hc cn p dng : cc quy tc qun l, cu trc d liu. Thit k cc n th chng trnh, chun b lp trnh. Quy cch th nghim chng trnh, s dng cc th vin Quy cch khai thc, ng dng bo tr, hng dn s dng, v.v... Cc phng tin v thit b lin quan

f) Lp trnh
Giai on ny l th hin vt l ca HTTT bng vic chn cng c phn mm xy dng cc tp d liu (databse files), vit cc n th chng trnh, chy th, kim tra, rp ni, lp h s hng dn, ch thch chng trnh.

g) Th nghim
Giai on ny bao gm vic nh ngha cc th nghim (testing) cc n th chng trnh, th nghim h thng, hon thin qu trnh o to ngi s s dng h thng, sa cha cc chng trnh ngun, hon thin cc vn bn bo co v hng dn s dng. Vic th nghim cho php kt qu nhn c l ph hp vi cc c t ban u. Cc phng php th nghim c nghin cu chi tit trong lnh vc cng ngh phn mm (Software Engineering). Cc yu t lin quan n th nghim bao gm : K hoch th nghim Danh mc (th vin) th nghim D liu th nghim Cc cng c th nghim Cc th nghim n th do ngi lp trnh thc hin : - cc nhnh chng trnh - tp hp cc thng s khc nhau - cc d liu thng (normal data) v cc d liu c bit, cc gi tr bt thng Cc th nghim tch hp h thng do ngi ph trch d n trin khai.

h) Khai thc
y l giai on quyt nh n kt qu tng lai ca HTTT. Tu theo kt qu khai thc, NSD s quyt nh c s dng HTTT va xy dng thay th HTTT th cng hay khng ?

i)

Bo tr

Giai on ny gm cc cng vic : bo tr, ci tin v thch nghi ha HTTT vi nhng thay i ni ti cng nh vi mi trng chung quanh. Nu c kt qu phn tch nim chnh xc, xy dng m hnh ph hp v th hin vt l hon ho th vic vic bo tr HTTT s d dng. Ngc li s dn n chi ph bo tr tn km, kh lm tha mn yu cu ca NSD.

36

II.3.3.Tip cn ba mc
Tip cn ba mc l p ng c cc yu cu sau y : S dng m hnh n gin v ngn ng trong sng, d hiu m t cc kt qu t c trong tng giai on. M hnh v ngn ng dng c cho nhng NSD khc nhau khng nht thit phi l cn b Tin hc. Nhn thc HTTT mc thm nhp ang xt.

a) Mc nim
Mc nim (hay quan nim) m t cc quy tc qun l (nhn s, k ton, chuyn giao sn phm...), cc mc tiu v nhng rng buc t ra i vi XN. Phng php MERISE xy dng hai m hnh mc nim l m hnh nim d liu v m hnh nim x l. M hnh nim d liu : Nghin cu tng quan d liu, nh ngha v hnh thc ho nh cc yu t : Thc th c tnh (thuc tnh) d liu Kho Quan h gia cc thc th Cc rng buc chc nng (functional constraints) gia cc m hnh : Bn s (lc lng) Rng buc ton vn chc nng (hm) Qu trnh hp thc ho (validation), chun ho (normalization), phn r (decomposition) v lng ho (quantification). V d : KHCHHNG MKH TnKH aChKH ThoiKH 0n 1 1 NHNG MHG TnHG

YuCu 0-n NGYHNG Ngy

Hnh 2.12 M hnh nim d liu M hnh nim x l : Nghin cu tng quan d liu, nh ngha v hnh thc ho : Cc php ton Cc s kin Cc quy tc

37

M hnh ho M hnh ho l s dng s biu din s lu chuyn v x l thng tin gia cc dng d liu (data flow), cc kho d liu (data stores) trong mt XN. Hp thc ho m hnh Xem xt tp hp cc c tnh ch gi li nhng d liu c ch cho x l, kim tra tnh ng n v hp thc ca cc m hnh nim x l. V d : t hng Khch XN Cp hng hng Ho n Hnh 2.13 Mt m hnh x l mc nh XN X l 1 X l 2

X l 3

Tp ho n

Hnh 2.14 M hnh x l c phn tch chi tit

b) Mc logic
Cc m hnh nim cho php biu din d liu c lp vi cch ci t vt l. V vy, trc khi chuyn sang mc vt l, vn l chuyn i cc m hnh nim sang m hnh mc logic tu theo mc t ng ho x l v cch chn la cc h qun trin CSDL. C ba cch chn k thut l : M hnh (hay quan im) CODASYL M hnh quan h (s c xt chng sau) Cc ngn ng lp trnh c in V d : CODASYL a ra nhng khi nim trng (field) - n v thng tin nh nht hay d liu s cp, bn ghi (record) - tp hp hu hn cc trng, v, cc quan h (set) c thit lp gia cc bn ghi.
1

CODASYL ( c code-a-sill) vi t t t t Conference on Data Systems Languages, m t t ch c do B Qu c phng M sng l p, m c ch pht tri n cc h qu n tr d li u v ngn ng . V d COBOL.

38

RECORD OWNER RECORD MEMBER SET-t hng Khch hng n t hng Hnh 2.15 Mt m hnh CODASYL

c) Mc vt l
Hin nay, cha c nhng tip cn chun ho vic m t v biu din mc vt l ca d liu. Vic m t mt m hnh vt l d liu lin quan trc tip n vic la chn k thut. C th hiu mc vt l l s kt hp cc phng tin k thut cn thit (phn cng v phn mm) h thng c th hot ng, tu theo s pht trin ca cng ngh. Cc cng c nh hng n mi trng pht trin HTTT l : Cc cng c qun l mn hnh Cc cng c m phng Cc cng c qun l m ngun V d : M hnh CODASYL : M hnh quan h : IDS2, CLIO, TOTAL DB2, INGRES, ORACLE, Microsoft Access, FoxPro... cc cng c bng tnh...

III. Phng php phn tch thit k hng i tng, UML

Hin nay, da trn nguyn l ca lp trnh hng i tng (HT), ngi ta v ang tip tc nghin cu v ng dng cc phng php phn tch h thng HT. Mt trong cc phng php tng i ph bin gn y l s dng cng c ngn ng m hnh ho thng nht UML (Unified Modeling Language). UML c pht trin nm 1994 bi Grady Booch v Jim Rumbaugh ti hng Rational Software Corporation, da trn cc phng php c pht trin trc l BOOT v OMT (Object Modeling Technique). UML d hc, n gin v thun nht hn cc phng php ny. UML nh ngha 8 s cho php biu din cc cch nhn khc nhau v mt m hnh ca h thng, t , NSD c th thao tc trn cc phn t ca m hnh. Chn s l : 1. Cc s hot ng : Biu din cc phn t tc nghip, thc cht l trng thi thc hin mt phng php (chc nng) ca mt lp i tng. 2. Cc s s dng : Biu din cc chc nng ca h thng theo quan im ca NSD. 3. Cc s lp : Biu din cu trc tnh ca cc lp v mi lin h gia chng. 4. Cc s hp tc : Biu din khng gian cc i tng, cc mi lin h v cc tng tc ca h thng. 5. Cc s trin khai : Biu din s trin khai cc phn t ln cc thit b phn cng, cng nh cch thc hin cc chng trnh trn cc thit b ny. 6. Cc s trng thidch chuyn : Biu din khng gian cc i tng, cc mi lin h v cc tng tc ca h thng.

39

7.

Cc s i tng: Biu din cc i tng, cc mi lin h gia chng tng ng vi mt s hp tc n gin, m khng th hin cc trao i thng ip. 8. Cc s dy : Biu din theo thi gian cc i tng v cc tng tc gia chng. Sau y l mt v d v m hnh hot ng trong UML :

Hnh 2.16 Mt s hot ng trong UML

Hnh 2.16 S hot ng cha cc i tng trong UML

40

Cu hi chng 2
1. Th no l phn tch h thng (PTTKHT) ? Bn cht v yu cu ca PTTKHT l g ? Mc ch ca PTTKHT ng dng trong tin hc ho x nghip. Hy lin h vi mt bi ton tin hc ho x nghip no m anh (ch) bit. 2. Hy nh gi v cc phng php PTTKHT. Trnh by nhng tng c bn ca hai phng php c in SADT v MERISE. 3. Trnh by cc quan im PTTKHT theo ba trc to . 4. Tm tt phng php PTTKHT hng i tng s dng UML. 5. Trnh by cc thnh phn c bn ca mt h thng thng tin.

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CHNG 3

Phn tch hin trng

When I examine myself and my methods of thought, I come to the conclusion that the gift of fantasy has meant more to me than my talent for absorbing positive knowledge. Albert Einstein

Hin nay, c rt nhiu phng php phn tch hin trng, m trong khoa hc x hi v nhn vn, ngi ta thng gi l cc phng php v k thut iu tra x hi hc. Vic chn s dng mt phng php, hay s nhn mnh nhiu hn n mt phng php no so vi nhng phng php khc hon ton ty thuc vo thi quen hoc nhu cu c th ca ngi phn tch. Thc t, ngi ta thng s dng bn phng php phn tch hin trng sau y : 1. Phng php phn tch ti liu 2. Phng php quan st 3. Phng php thc nghim 4. Phng php pht vn (hay trng cu kin), gm ba loi : Phng php ngkt. Phng php mtrc Phng php phng vn Chng ny gii thiu phng php phng vn (interview), mt phng php rt ph bin trong vic phn tch hin trng ca h thng v gii thiu mt s cng c cho php hp thc ho kt qu phng vn. y l giai on u ca qu trnh phn tch v thit k. V mt l lun, mc d c th p dng nhiu k thut khc nhau, nh dng phiu iu tra, gi cu hi n cc i tng cn nghin cu, v.v..., nhng phng php phng vn bng cch tip xc trc tip h thng cn phn tch vn l cch d thc hin nht v c hiu qu nht.

I. Phng php phng vn (interview)

I.1. Nguyn l ca phng php
Phng vn l tm cch thu nhp thng tin qua cc cu hi v cc cu tr li. Ngi phn tch (NPT) t cu hi cho i tng cn c kho st, sau ghi vo phiu hay bo co kt qu phng vn khi kt thc cuc phng vn. Yu cu i vi NPT l phi c nhiu kinh nghim, c kin thc chuyn mn, y l kin thc v Tin hc, v c s am hiu su sc lnh vc cn c kho st cng nh trnh iu luyn v thnh tho mt cch nhun nhy ngh thut phng vn. 42

Tnh ngh thut trong phng vn lin quan n ba yu t l : t cu hi, lng nghe v iu tra sng to. Ngh thut t cu hi Trong thc t, nu NPT ch lng nghe cc cu tr li ca ngi c phng vn mt cch th ng th s khng t c kt qu. NPT rt d sa vo nhng chi tit lan man, thiu trng tm, lc hoc ri vo nhng s kin hay nhng tng vn vt khng gn g vi nhng vn cn nm bt ca h thng. khc phc tnh trng trn, NPT phi thc hin cc yu cu sau : Sp xp theo th t r rng v chnh xc cc kha cnh a ra hi. Ni dung cu hi phi c th tng minh, ch c th hiu theo mt ngha, trnh nhng cu hi mp m hm nhiu ngha bn trong. Cc cu hi phi i thng vo vn , trnh dn dt ngi theo mun ch quan ca mnh, thiu tnh t nh. Ch nn hi tng cu hi v phi ch n nhng chi tit cha r hay ngi tr li cha tr li ng trng tm v c tnh hay v . Ngh thut lng nghe Bit cch lng nghe l mt vic rt kh khn, cn c rn luyn v pht trin theo thi gian. Lng nghe mt cch ch ng, sng to i hi phi c s nhy cm cao trong t duy, kt hp gia trc gic v cm gic mt cch chnh xc. NPT cn ch khi lng nghe : Chm ch, ch ng th hin s ng cm vi ngi ni, biu th kh nng c th thu hiu c nhng ngh v hnh ng ca ngi ni. Bit thu nhn (c ngha bng ln ngha en), bit phn on v suy lun, bit cht lc v hiu c nhng iu c nghe, c cm nhn. Bit kin nhn ch i, vi mt tnh cm chn tnh, v c kh nng chia s, gi nhng iu cha r. Ngh thut bin phng vn thnh mt cuc iu tra sng to Phng vn i hi phi tin hnh nh mt qu trnh ng x sng to thin bin vn ha. Nh bit, s khng bao gi c hai i tng c phng vn tr li hon ton ng nht vi nhau. V vy, kt qu mt cuc phng vn hon ton tu thuc vo kh nng ca NPT.

I.2. Phn tch hin trng

Phn tch (hay tm hiu) hin trng s dng phng php phng vn nm c t tng qut n chi tit v mt s lnh vc thuc v nghip (XN) c d nh Tin hc ho. l qu trnh tip xc gia NPT vi nhiu loi ngi khc nhau tu theo chc nng cng tc ca h trong XN : l lnh o, qun l hay tha hnh. Ngi lnh o cho bit mt cch tng th v t chc XN, nhim v c th ca tng b phn, cc mc tiu trung hn v di hn ca XN. Ngi qun l cho bit cc chc nng thuc lnh vc h ang ph trch. Ngi tha hnh cho bit thng tin v mt cng vic c th. Khi phn tch hin trng, NPT s lm vic vi hai nhm i tng : nhm lnh o v nhm cc v tr lm vic.

43

I.3. Phng vn lnh o

a) Mc tiu
Phng vn lnh o nhm hiu c tnh tng th ca t chc, ca tng lnh vc v ca tng b phn. Phng vn c tin hnh tun t theo cu trc phn cp ca h thng t chc : u tin l ban gim c, sau n cc b phn (phng, ban...) chc nng. Qua phng vn, cng nm c nhiu h s ca nhiu lnh vc, nhiu bo co biu mu thng k hng thng, hng qu, hng nm, v.v... cng tt.

b) Kt qu phng vn
Kt qu phng vn l : Pht biu li vn (cn Tin hc ho) mt cch chnh xc. Lit k cc mc tiu XN cn t c, cc con s c tnh ton cc. Gii hn nhng v tr lm vic chnh lin quan n lnh vc quan tm. Xc nh phm vi phn tch kh thi. Phm vi phn tch kh thi (nhng g cn lm, lm nh th no v nhng g th khng cn lm ?) thng khng r rng lc tin hnh phng vn, tuy nhin, cng vi qu trnh nhn thc hin trng, phm vi ny cng lc cng r ra. Lit k nhng hn ch, rng buc v phng tin, thi gian v kinh ph.

I.4. Phng vn cc v tr lm vic

a) Mc ch
Phng vn cc v tr lm vic nhm tip thu c tt c nhng cng vic cng cc thng tin cn x l tt c cc v tr lm vic thuc lnh vc nghin cu. Cc cuc phng vn v cc bui cng c kt qu phng vn tip theo gip NPT nhn thc c hin trng v da trn hin trng ny, tip tc pht trin cc giai on tip theo.

b) Phng vn
Ti mi v tr lm vic lin quan n lnh vc ang xt, cn phng vn ngi ph trch v nhng ngi tha hnh . V d : Khi nghin cu hin trng lnh vc qun l vt t, hng ha, nhng v tr lm vic sau y s c tin hnh phng vn : th kho, k ton, nhn vin cung ng, nhn vin thng k v lp phiu, v.v... NPT cn t ta nhng cu hi thng c dng nh sau : i vi mi h s : - H s ny dng lm g ? - Ngun gc (xut x) ca h s ? - " H s ny s giao cho ai ?, v.v... i vi mi cng vic : - Ci g khi ng cng vic ny ? - Cng vic ny to ra kt qu g ? - Cng vic ny c lm nh th no ?

44

Cu tr li ca ngi c hi cho php NPT m t tng cng vic nh sau : Nhng s kin khi ng mt cng vic, Chu k v thi lng thc hin, Khi lng d liu lin quan, Cc qui tc cn p dng thc hin cng vic.

Hnh 3.23 Phng vn cc v tr lm vic NPT quan st s lun chuyn thng tin l cc h s gia cc v tr lm vic. Vt mang thng tin c th l giy in, li ni... th hin di nhiu dng : h s in, hoc vit tay, in thoi, telex, fax., v.v.... Hin nay, giy vn l vt mang ch yu.

c) Bo co kt qu phng vn
Khi nim vn cha c nh ngha cht ch y, c hiu l tp hp cc hnh ng thc hin lin tc ti mt v tr. Nu mt trong nhng vn trn khng c tr li, NPT phi tm cch pht hin ra cc im khng bnh thng. Ngoi ra, NPT phi ghi li nhng kin, mong mun hoc kh khn ca nhng ngi c phng vn v vic lm ca h. trnh cc tr ngi tm l, ngi ph trch phng vn cn tip xc trc vi nhng ngi s c i thoi gii thiu vi h v cch thc lm vic, s cn thit ca phng vn, v.v... Kt qu phng vn c NPT tm lc v trnh by trong bo co kt qu phng vn. V d di y m t mt mu bo co kt qu phng vn : Tn c quan Tin hc, a ch, in thoi... C quan : ....................................................... Ngi c hi : .......................................... Vn 1 : Vn 2 : Ti liu : ................................................. ................................................. .................................................. .................................................. n s : .................................................... Ngi thc hin : ........................................ BO CO KT QU PHNG VN a ch, in thoi : ....................................... Chc danh : ................................................... Chc v : ...................................................... Tr li : Tr li : ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. Ch :

.................................................. Tm tt : ................................................. .................................................. ................................................. Cc tho thun t c : ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... Nhn xt : ............................................................................................................................... Xc nhn ca c quan Ngy.........thng ......... nm ............ K tn :

45

Sau bc phng vn, NPT thu nhn c cch thc lun chuyn h s, s trao i thng tin v v cch lu gi chng.

I.5. Cng c cc phng vn

Chm dt cng vic hin trng cha phi l kt thc phng vn. Sau cc bui phng vn, NPT cn phi xem li nhng g thu thp c h thng li v sp xp chng, d kin nhng g phi tin hnh tip theo. Nh vy mc tiu ca bc cng c phng vn, ngoi vic chun b cho cc giai on tip theo (xc nh cc nim c bn v d liu, cng thc tnh ton...) cn nhm pht hin c nhng im cn m h, t tip tc nu ra cc cu hi ph khi gp li nhng ngi i thoi trong cc bui phng vn k tip. Thc t, nu ngi phn tch thc hin vic phng vn bui sng ti ni lin quan, th bui chiu, h c th nh cng c phng vn.

a) Th hin cc mc tiu v cc hn ch
Vi mi cng vic ti mt v tr, kt qu thao tc trn cc d liu ph thuc vo mt s quy tc qun l th hin nhng mc tiu hoc nhng hn ch. Nh trnh by, nhn thc mt HTTT, cn thm nhp theo 3 mc : mc nim, mc logic v mc vt l. Mc sau s b khuyt v chi tit ho mc trc. C 3 loi quy tc cho php qu trnh thm nhp ny. 1. Quy tc qun l Quy tc qun l l s th hin cc mc tiu c chn v nhng hn ch c chp nhn bi XN. Quy tc qun l c ngun gc t : Bn ngoi XN : lut l, quy nh, tng quan lc lng vi khch hng v vi nh cung cp hng ho vt liu... Bn trong XN (x l, tnh ton...) th hin nhng mc tiu cn thc hin. V d : - Kim k c thc hin theo chu k (tun, thng, qu, nm...). - Cc sn phm trc khi tiu th phi c nhp kho thnh phm. Cc cng thc tnh ton m t cc hnh ng ca mi cng vic. V d : - Lng c s bng lng c bn nhn vi h s trt gi. - Gi n v ca hng ho tn kho theo cng thc bnh qun. 2. Quy tc t chc Quy tc t chc c nh ngha khi nm c cc thnh phn ca h thng t chc XN, m t ci u ?, ai ? v ci khi no ?. V d : - Th kho theo di trng thi tn tr kho hng. y l quy tc qun l vt t - hng ha theo quy nh ca Nh nc. - Phiu giao hng ch c giao nhn vo cui ngy. Trng hp ny, quy tc t chc phn nh l li lm vic, khng nhm th hin mc tiu cn phi t. - n t hng gi cho mt ni cung cp hng ho no ch c th gi i vo nhng ngy nht nh trong tun. Trong nghin cu hin trng, NPT tip xc vi t chc c. Nhng do nhng mc tiu mi v mi quan tm n ti u ha, NPT c th xut cc quy tc mi trong khun kh cc hn ch ca t chc. 3. Quy tc k thut Quy tc k thut lin quan n mc tc nghip, m t cc gii php k thut nhm t c mc ch, tr li cu hi cch thc hin th no ?. 46

V d :

- Cu hnh ca my nh th no (CPU, Memory, HDD, FDD...) ? - C cn thit ni mng khng ? - Nn chn loi my in no ?

b) Lit k cc cng vic

NPT ghi km theo mi cng vic nhng m t nh sau : Tn cng vic : c chn sao cho d nhn dng, khng b nhm ln v sau. iu kin khi ng cng vic th hin qua cc s kin xy ra. Cc s kin ny c th n t bn ngoi hoc n t v tr lm vic khc.. Mc ch : mi cng vic u sn sinh ra t nht mt kt qu. Tn sut cng vic : c c tnh theo cc gi tr trung bnh. Thi gian cn thit : c c tnh theo cc gi tr trung bnh. Cc quy tc lin quan : lit k theo th t (qun l, t chc, k thut). Li bnh : ghi nhng kh khn, nhng ngh lin quan n cng vic.

c) Lit k cc cng thc tnh ton

Ty theo c tnh (hnh ng hoc tnh ton) v tu theo phc tp ca cc cng thc tnh ton m NPT la chn mt cch thc th hin thch hp. Di y l mt s phng php th hin : Dng ngn ng thng thng : tuy c tnh trc quan, nhng i khi nng n, thiu chnh xc, v vy thng c dng cho cc cng thc n gin. Dng ngn ng c t : nhm chun b cho bc lp trnh tip theo, cho php phn r mt cng thc phc tp thnh nhng cng thc n gin hn. Dng cng thc ton hc : th hin chnh xc nhng i hi t tn d liu. V d : S lng vt t, hng ha tn kho cui k c tnh theo cng thc : Ncui k = Ntn u k + Nnhp trong k Nxut trong k Cc phng php khc : dng bng quyt nh, cy quyt nh hoc lu th hin mt tnh ca h thng.

d) Lit k d liu
Tip tc nghin cu tp hp cc h s c photocopy. Thng thng rt t h s c lng thng tin cn thit. Cn sp xp, phn loi nhng h s c mi lin quan h hng vi nhau v n nh th t trc khi phn tch. y, cn phn bit thng tin m vt mang chuyn ch vi d liu m h s cha ng. th hin thng tin, ngi ta s dng d liu. Thng tin c th hin qua cc gi tr ca cc d liu. V d : Ha n No 88512 ca nh cung cp A phi c thanh ton chm nht l vo ngy 10/09/1996 l thng tin. v d trn, nhm No 88512 l gi tr ca d liu s th t ha n, A l gi tr ca tn nh cung cp v 10/09/1996 l gi tr ca ngy gii hn thanh ton. Nh vy ton b thng tin c th hin qua ba d liu : s th t ha n, tn nh cung cp v ngy gii hn thanh ton. Qu trnh trn gip NPT lp c h s v danh sch, chun b cho vic xy dng t in d liu. H s ny xc nh mt ngn ng chung cho mi ngi tham gia n, c s dng cho bt k p dng tin hc no v lun c b sung d liu mi.

47

Sau khi tinh ch tp hp d liu trong danh sch d liu, NPT chun b xy dng t in d liu. Vi mi d liu thu nhp c, NPT m t trn t phiu gm cc mc sau : Tn d liu : chn tn tng trng ph hp vi ngn ng thng dng ca XN. nh ngha : phn tch su hn bn cht ca d liu, d hiu nhng tng qut, xc nh c phm vi cc gi tr d liu c th nhn. Cu trc d liu : ch ci, ch s (k t), s, hay kiu logic..., ng thi ch r s k t cn thit biu din cu trc . Kiu : xc nh kiu d liu. D liu c th l : - hin din trong t chc nh th no ? - ch bin theo cng thc tnh ton ; - kt ni nhiu d liu vi nhau thnh chui ; - s cp (khng c ch bin). D liu s cp khng tnh cht tuyt i, tu theo cch x l d liu m c th thay i. V d : a ch khch hng c th c xem l d liu kiu chui ch bin (tch ring ng ph, phng...), hoc c xem l kiu s cp, v.v... nh lng : c tnh s cc gi tr khc nhau m d liu c th nhn c. V d : lit k mt s gi tr d liu lm v d. Li bnh : c th din t tu nhm gii thch d liu, hoc ngh mt nh ngha khc. Ngoi ra, NPT c th ghi thm hai mc : Mc : chnh xc ha d liu nm mc no : nim, logic, hoc vt l. Ngy to : ghi ngy thng nm to d liu. Ch : Qun l danh sch d liu v t in d liu cho php tit kim thi gian ng k trong vic cp nht cng nh tham kho. Cng c phng vn gip NPT xc nh nhiu im cn c lm sng t. Mt ln na cn lu n tm l ca NSD trong cc bui tip xc lin quan n tng lai ca ng dng Tin hc. V y, NPT ng chm n cch thc, l li lm vic v nhng vn thng nht ca h. NPT ch gii thch cng nhiu cng tt v nhng im m Tin hc c th tham gia, lm tng hiu qu cng vic v li ch ca XN. Mt khc, NPT cng phi lu tm un nn nhng ng nhn, cng nh nhng o tng v Tin hc (ci g lm c, ci g th khng, v.v...).

II. Tng hp cc kt qu phn tch hin trng

Ging nh mt ngi quan st hiu k tm hiu mt c my c kh phc tp bng cch tho ri ra tng b phn, NPT thng qua cc bui phng vn pht hin cc v tr lm vic khc nhau. Bng cch tho ri, NPT thu nhn c t cc v tr lm vic nhiu chi tit ri v nhm chng li thnh ba loi : quy tc, cng vic v d liu. T , NPT xy dng dn cc k hoch lp rp nhm th hin hot ng ca h thng XN trong lnh vc nghin cu. Do kh c th tip cn trc tip ton b h thng, ngi ta thng chn cch tip cn phn tch. T kt qu phn tch, ngi ta bt u qu trnh tng hp.

II.1.

Xc nh cc phn h

tng ch o cho vic nim ha cc phn h l nhm nhng hot ng c s ph hp no gia chng v ba mt : mc tiu hng ti, cc quy tc tc ng n v cc d liu thao tc. 48

nh ngha : Mt phn h xc nh mt hoc nhiu mc tiu m XN phi t c. Phn h c m t bi mt tp hp cc hot ng, cc quy tc qun l v cc d liu tc nghip. xc nh mt phn h : Nhm cc hot ng ph hp vi nhau v mc tiu cn t c. Lin h tp hp cc quy tc qun l vi nhng hot ng ny. Lin h cng ng d liu vi nhng hot ng ny : ti chnh, nhn lc, nguyn liu hoc mt kiu chc nng no : sn xut, kim sot ngn sch, quan h con ngi. V d : Mt XN sa cha nh c th c chia ra thnh bn phn h : Qun l vt t hng ha Theo di hot ng sa cha Qun l nhn s, tin lng K ton. Nhn xt : Thng thng, vic phn chia tp hp cc hot ng v tp hp cc quy tc ghp chng vo mt phn h c th no khng phc tp. Tuy nhin, vic tch d liu ring cho tng phn h li kh thc hin. Ngi ta tha nhn s c mt ca cc d liu chung cho nhiu phn h. Cc d liu chung ny c vai tr ht nhn ca cc giao din v l c s cho vic xy dng mt nim tng th cc d liu, c lp vi cc x l, hp thnh mt ngn hng d liu phc v cho mi phn h. Vic phn chia thnh cc phn h c u im sau : Nu i tng nghin cu c kch thc nh, n l mt lnh vc duy nht. Tri li, nu kch thc i tng ln, lc y kh lng hnh dung y ton b cc x l xy ra. Mi phn h c giao cho mt nhm NPT. Cc nhm lm vic song song vi nhau. Vic phn nhm khng nht thit c nh trong ton b tin trnh phn tch v thit k. V d : c th gi nguyn mt lnh vc duy nht v phng din nim, sau tch ri n ra khi thc hin hoc p dng. Vic phn chia i tng nghin cu khng lm mt tnh tng th ca phng php. Tht vy, i vi d liu, ngi ta xy dng mt m hnh duy nht trc khi to ra cc lnh vc. Chnh v xc nh cc lnh vc, ngi ta ghp cho mi lnh vc mt tp hp cc d liu thun nht. Nh vy , ngi ta tch m hnh d liu thnh cc tiu m hnh phc v cho tng lnh vc, khng kt hp nhiu m hnh d liu c trng cho tng lnh vc thnh mt m hnh d liu duy nht.

49

II.2.Phn tch d liu

Phn tch d liu l : Thanh lc cc d liu ng ngha v nhiu ngha t danh sch d liu th thu nhp qua cc bui phng vn Xy dng t in d liu (Data Dictionary) l tp hp t vng chnh xc m mi ngi tham gia d n u ng . Cc bc phn tch d liu c cho .

II.2.1.Khi nim v d liu s cp

Mt d liu c xem l s cp khi ton b cc k t to nn d liu lun lun c s dng mt cch c h thng. Xt 2 v d sau : V d: Gi s d liu m sn phm c tn MHng c gi tr H025 c mt trong c s d liu l do hai d liu ghp li : ch H c ngha rng sn phm thuc v mt loi c bit no v 025 l s ca sn phm. Nh vy : Loi sn phm c gi tr thay i, l mt ch ci t A n Z. S ca sn phm c gi tr thay i t 0 n 999. Nu nh khi nim v loi sn phm khng c mt trong ng dng ang xt, ta c th xem rng MHng l s cp. D liu th
1. X l d liu khng s cp

D liu s cp 2. Thanh lc d liu D liu thanh lc

3. Xy dng t in d liu

Loi b d liu ng ngha v nhiu ngha

Tnh thch ng ca d liu tnh ton ngha

T in d liu Cc cng thc tnh ton Hnh 3.24 Phn tch d liu V d : D liu a ch khch hng aChKH c xem l d liu s cp nu c dng lm a ch th tn, cng vn.

50

Tri li, nu cn lp danh sch khch hng ca mt thnh ph, hoc ca mt tnh, th bn thn aChKH l d liu hn hp v phi c phn chia thnh cc d liu s cp. Ta c th phn chia nh sau : SNhKH S nh ca khch hng. V d : 17. PhKH Tn ph (hoc tn ng, hm...) khch hng lu tr. V d L Dun. MB M bu in ca khch hng (Vit nam cha c). TPKH Tn thnh ph ni khch hng lu tr. V d Nng. QucGia Tn nc (nu c). V d Vit nam. Ta thy rng m bu in MB nu c l d liu hn hp do m tnh v m huyn ghp li.

II.2.2.Thanh lc d liu
Khi xy dng mt t in d liu, cn phi phn tch d liu thnh cc d liu s cp theo quan h d liu tn gi d liu. S khng ph hp ca d liu th hin hai dng cn x l : cc d liu ng ngha v cc d liu nhiu ngha

a) D liu ng ngha
D liu ng ngha l tn gi khc ch cng mt loi d liu, mt s kin. Nh vy, mt d liu c th c hai tn gi khc nhau, dn n s d tha thng tin. Cho nn, vi mt d liu ch nn c mt tn d liu. V d : M s mt hng, danh mc mt hng. n gi, gi n v. Trong v d ang xt, nhng tn d liu MKH v SHtHg u c ngha rng nhng khch hng ny t hng ti XN DanaFood. y ch nn c mt tn d liu l MKH.

b) Cc d liu c nhiu ngha

Dng cng mt tn ch cc i tng, s kin khc nhau. V d : Ti khon trong mt c s sn xut kinh doanh theo di cc hot ng sn xut kinh doanh. Ti khon trong ngn hng theo di tin rt, tin gi ca khch hng. D liu SLSX s dng trong phng Kinh doanh ch ra s lng sn phm cn sn xut p ng mt n t hng nhng trong kho lu tr khng cn bn. SLSX cng c dng ch ra s lng cn sn xut thc s ca phn xng sn xut theo nhu cu ca n t hng v nhng rng buc v sn xut. Nh vy, s lng sn xut l mt tn d liu, nhng c hai cch s dng khch nhau, gi l d liu c nhiu ngha. Trong mt h qun tr CSDL, tn d liu ch c th tng ng vi mt d liu. Nh vy, c th dng hai tn d liu : SLt : S lng do phng Kinh doanh t hng. SLSX : S lng thc s phi sn xut.

II.2.3.Xy dng t in d liu

Sau khi thanh lc d liu, cn phi gi li nhng d liu tht s c ch, l nguyn l thch ng, v gi li nhng d liu khng th c xc nh bi nhng d liu s cp c mt trong c s d liu, l nhng d liu tnh ton. 51

a) Nguyn l thch ng
V d : Xt d liu s lng t hng SLt. Phn xng sn xut nhn tt c n t hng ca khch hng chuyn n (t phng Kinh doanh). C th suy ra s lng cn sn xut t nhng d liu cn c (trng thi kho lu tr hin hnh, s lng ang sn xut, v s lng t hng) tha mn nhu cu ca khch hng. Nh vy, d liu SLt l v ch v s khng c mt trong t in d liu.

b) Cc d liu tnh ton

Cn phn bit trong s nhng d liu tnh ton : 1. Nhng d liu c th c xc nh mi thi im nh nhng d liu s cp c trong CSDL. V d 1 : S tin gim gi cho mi n t hng STGim ph thuc vo doanh s ca nm trc v doanh s c c cc thng t u nm cho n thng khch hng ng k t hng. Trong nm, nhng d liu ny lun c mt v khng b thay i, cho nn, d liu STGim trong c s d liu l khng cn thit. V d 2 : Gi tr ca d liu SLDTr c th c xc nh ti mi thi im bun bn tho thun. Nh vy, d liu ny cng khng cn trong c s d liu. 2. Nhng d liu lm cho cc d liu trong c s d liu c th tin trin. V d : S tin trong mt n t hng GiTin c tnh t s lng sn phm t hng v gi n v ca sn phm. S lng t hng ch lin quan n n t hng v khng th thay i theo thi gian. Ngc li, gi n v ca sn phm c th thay i (do nhiu l do), GiTin ca n t hng s c tnh li sau mt thi gian no v s khc vi s tin xc nh ti thi im t hng. STin phi c mt trong c s d liu (c th lu gi gi n v ca sn phm lin quan ti thi im t hng). Trong v d ny, mi d liu d tnh ton hay khng u c mt trong t in d liu. Tuy nhin, trong nhng bc phn tch v sau, nhng d liu tnh ton c th c xc nh mi thi im, chng hn STGim, s khng cn trong t in.

c) Cch biu din t in d liu

T in d liu l mt danh sch cc d liu c s dng trong h thng thng tin, vi mt s c trng tn, kiu, lnh vc s dng, cc quy tc tc ng. Di y l mu m t t in d liu : STT Tn d liu Loi M t kiu d liu Cng thc

Trong : STT D liu Loi

S th t ca d liu. Din gii d liu lit k trong bng d liu s cp, y ch lit k tn d liu theo th t ABC d tm kim. TT ch d liu tnh ton, KTT ch d liu khng tnh ton.

52

M t kiu d liu c hai cch xc nh : hoc kiu d liu v rng ca d liu : N D liu s N6 S c 6 ch s. N6.2 S c 8 ch s vi 2 ch s l (sau du chm thp phn). C D liu vn bn (k t) D Ngy thng nm. L D liu Logic (true, false) hoc ch kiu m rng : 1, 2, 3 Ch nhn 3 gi tr s l 1, 2, hoc 3 xanh, , vng, tm Ch nhn 4 gi tr loi vn bn l xanh, , vng, tm. v.v... Cng thc Mi d liu c gi tr nhn c bng cch p dng mt cng thc s c k hiu bi CT1, CT2, ... v c trnh by sau t in. Mi cng thc tng ng vi mt cng thc tnh ton hoc mt cu trc lp trnh (la chn), hoc t hp c hai. V d : Cng thc tnh ton : GiTin = nGi * SLng STGim = GiTin t l gim Cu trc lp trnh : IF DoanhS > 10 000 000 THEN STGim = 10% ELSE STGim = 0% ENDIF Cc php ton logic NOT, AND v OR c th s dng trong cc cng thc.

53

II.3.S dng d liu

II.3.1.Khi nim
S (hay lu ) dng d liu (DFD - Data Flow Diagram) l cng c m t cc dng thng tin ca h thng ang xt. DFD d vit, d c, d hiu v c ng dng rt ph bin. DFD c xy dng t cc hnh v v k hiu quy c. C nhiu cch xy dng DFD, thng dng l phng php De Macro-Yourdon, Gane Sarson v MERISE ( Php). Sau y l bng trnh by cc phng php : Gane-Sarson Qu trnh 1 M t qu trnh Tn thc th trong/ngoi DeMarco-Yourdon M t qu trnh MERISE M t qu trnh Tn thc th trong/ngoi

Thc th

Tn thc th trong/ngoi

Kho d liu

Tn kho d liu D liu chuyn

Tn kho d liu D liu chuyn 1

Dng d liu

Mt DFD gm bn thnh t : qu trnh, thc th, kho d liu v dng d liu chuyn. Qu trnh Qu trnh (process) m t hot ng (activities) hay php bin i (transform) mt hoc nhiu dng d liu vo (input) thnh mt hoc nhiu dng d liu ra (output). Qu trnh khng ch ra chi tit logic hay th tc x l. Trong s DFD, mt qu trnh c th l mt ngi s dng hay my tnh. Thc th Cc thc th (entities) xc nh ranh gii (boundary), hay phm vi (scope), hay ng cnh (context) ca h thng ang xt, cung cp ci vo cho h thng v ly ci ra t h thng. Cc thc th c th nm bn trong (internal) hay bn ngoi (external), to thnh cc ngun v cc ch ca h thng. Mi thc th c th l ngi, t chc hoc l mt h thng khc tng tc vi h thng ang xt. Kho d liu Kho d liu (data stores) ch cha nhng thng tin c lu li theo thi gian. l cc tp tin x l th cng hay t ng, cc c s d liu, hay bt c hnh thc tp trung d liu no (bng biu bo co, danh mc tra cu, t in, hp th...) u c th c xem nh kho d liu. Dng d liu Dng d liu (data flows) l phng tin lu chuyn thng tin th hin ci vo v ci ra. Dng d liu c th l bo co, biu mu, vn bn, th tn, thng ip hay d liu ni chung. 54

Cc dng d liu th hin s tng tc trong h thng. Chng c to thnh t tp hp cc vt mang thng tin (giy, mn hnh... ) c cng bn cht, i t ni pht (ngun) n ni nhn (ch). DFD ch ra cch chuyn tip thng tin t mt qu trnh ny sang mt qu trnh khc. Nh vy, cn phi c sn nhng thng tin trc khi thc thi mt qu trnh. DFD l mt phn ca qu trnh phn tch ch khng phi mt phn ca qu trnh iu tra.

II.3.2.Phn bit DFD vi s khi

DFD khc vi s khi, hay lu (Flowcharts) : Cc qu trnh trong DFD c th t song song, mt s hot ng ng thi. DFD th hin cc dng d liu lun chuyn trong mt h thng. S khi th hin tun t thc hin dy cc bc x l trong mt thut ton. DFD th hin qu trnh cc thi im khc nhau. DFD khng ging s khi v cch th hin cc cu trc vng lp (do-while) v cu trc la chn (if-then-else).

II.3.3.V d :
DFD m t qu trnh khch hng t hng, thanh ton tin v nhn : Khch hng n t hng 1 Lp k hoch giao hng Phiu giao hng Ho n 2 Lm th tc thanh ton Ho n TT Ngi bn

DL khch h

DL hng i

DL ngi b

Hng

4 Giao hng

Phiu nhn hng

3 Thanh ton

Xc nhn TT

Hnh 3.25 H thng mua bn hng DFD di y m t h thng ti chnh c nhn, gi s ca ng X no :

55

Giy tr n Ch n Giy i n

Ti khon

1
ng X tr n Phiu rt tin

Phiu ghi tin

Lit k thu chi quyt ton

Lit k thu chi trc

4
S ti khon ng X quyt ton thu chi

Nhn vin

Phiu gi Phiu tin

thu

Phiu rt tin

2
ng X gi tin Phiu gi tin

3
ng X rt tin Xc nhn rt tin Ngn hng Phiu thu chi

Tin
Ngun ti chnh

Hnh 3.26 H thng ti chnh c nhn

II.3.4.Xy dng s dng d liu a) Cc mc khc nhau ca DFD

DFD cp cao nht, gi l s dng d liu cp 0 c xem nh mt s ton cnh (context diagram). Cc s dng d liu s c ln lt xy dng t trn xung (top down) bng cch trin khai mi qu trnh hay php bin i ca DFD cp cao hn thnh mt s dng d liu chi tit hn cp thp hn cho ti khi cc php bin i tr thnh nguyn t (ngha l ch thc hin mt tc v duy nht). Ti mi mc, mi DFD c th c v trn mt trang giy (kh A4 chng hn).

b) Cc nguyn tc
Trong khi trin khai cc mc DFD, cn tun theo cc nguyn tc sau y : Cn i gia DFD cp cao (DFD m) v DFD cp thp hn (DFD con) : u vo v u ra ca DFD con phi ng nht vi u vo v u ra ca php bin i trong DFD m m t DFD con c trin khai. Trin khai tng cp theo chiu ngang, khng theo chiu dc. Trnh v cc lu qu ln : mt lu ch nn c tng s cc php bin i v kho d liu khng qu 7.

56

1 S ton cnh (Mc 0) 2 a b Mc 1

a b
3

31

33

d
32

322

b
321 323

e
325

d
324

Mc 2 Hnh 3.27 S nhiu mc ca DFD T mi php bin i, xt xem n l nguyn t cha, nu cha, lp li t vic lit k s kin v p ng, b sung vo danh mc s kin. Xem php bin i nh mt h thng v tip tc trin khai cp di. Bo ton d liu : khng c php bin i hay kho d liu no c th cho ra d liu m khng nhn d liu d liu vo. Trnh cc h en (black hole) : Khng c php bin i ch nhn d liu vo m khng cho d liu ra. Khng c kho d liu ch ghi m khng c truy xut, nu c cc tp c s d liu c lu tr d phng (backup dbf) th phi th hin dong d liu phc hi (restore). Tuy nhin, trong thc tin, khng nn th hin cc tp backup trong DFD v ch l bin php mang tnh i ph v lam rc ri DFD. Miu t dng d liu ch khng phi dng iu khin.Trnh cc dng d liu "xuyn qua" l nhng dng d liu vo v ra khi mt php bin i m khng b bin i g c. u tin khai bo kho d liu cp cao nht trong nhiu php bin i tham chiu n. Mi DFD phi bt u v/hoc kt thc t mt qu trnh. Trong hnh v di y, ct bn tri l v sai v vi phm quy tc, ct bn phi l v ng quy tc.

57

Hnh 3.28 Quy tc v DFD (ct bn ph l v ng)

c) t tn v nh s cc thnh phn ca DFD

Cc dng d liu, kho d liu v cc php bin i u phi c t tn. Tn l danh t hoc cm danh t. Cc qu trnh l cc ng t hoc cm ng t. Khng s dng cc t ng ngha hoc v ch trng DFD S ng cnh : thng ch c mt qu trnh c nh s l 0 Mc 1 c nh s l 1, 2, 3... Mc 2 c nh s v d cho qu trnh 2 : 2.1, 2.2, 2.3... Mt cch tng qut, mc DFD ca qu trnh i c nh s i.1, i.2...

II.3.5.Trnh son tho PPP DFD editor

Close Titlebar Menubar Toolbar Toolbox Close Maximize Minimize

Diagram window

Status line

Hnh 3.29 Mn hnh trnh son tho DFD (PPP DFD editor)

58

PPP DFD editor l trnh son tho DFD c download t Internet, do Khoa Khoa hc my tnh v Thng tin, vin i hc Khoa hc v K thut Nauy (Department of Computer and Information Science of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU). PPP DFD editor version 1.10 cho php d dng to ra cc m hnh nim DFD. Sau y l giao din (ca s) ng dng ca PPP DFD editor. Ti liu PPP DFD editor Users Guide km h thng cho php s dng PPP DFD editor tham kho cc hng dn. V d : S DFD m t h thng qun l gio v ti mt trng i hc H thng gm : 3 thc th l Sinh vin, Gio v trng v Gio vu Khoa. 6 qu trnh l Th tc nhp hc, Lm th sinh vin, Kt qu hc tp, Danh sch lp v Bo co hc tp theo k. 1 CSDL v qun l gio v Cc dng thng tin lin kt cc thc th v cc qu trnh.
1 Thi Sinh vin Thi Kt thuc Mn hoc
im Thi

Giao vu Khoa

Giy Nhp Hoc

S im The SV 3 Vao im Thi 1

kt qua Hoc tp Cui khoa

CSDL

Thu tuc Nhp hoc

Tng kt im 6

Lp Sinh vin 5

Lam The Sinh vin

Danh sach cac Lp

Bao cao Hoc tp theo Ky

H s Nhp hoc

T chc Lp theo Nganh hoc Lam The Bang im

Giao vu Trng

Hnh 3.30 S DFD biu din bi ton qun l gio v

59

III.V d : x nghip ng hp DanaFood

Mc ny trnh by mt v d v phn tch hin trng ca XN ng hp DanaFood. XN DanaFood sn xut cc mt hng thc phm ng hp. XN cn p dng Tin hc qun l th trng, qun l n t hng v qun l kho lu tr. Sau khi phn tch hin trng, NPT xy dng c s DFD v t in d liu phc v cho bc xy dng m hnh nim d liu tip theo.

III.1.M t hot ng ca x nghip DanaFood

a) Cc loi sn phm
DanaFood sn xut hai loi sn phm : loi sn phm theo ma v cc sn phm khc. Loi sn phm theo ma c lu ct vo kho mi nm mt ln theo t sn xut. Khi ht t, phn xng sn xut thng bo cho phng kinh doanh. Cc sn phm khc c sn xut v lu ct vo kho khi c nhu cu. Theo t hng ca phng kinh doanh, phn xng sn xut xc nh s lng cn sn xut v bo cho phng kinh doanh thi im c hng.

b) Bn bun
XN DanaFood phc v khch hng theo hai cch: bun bn theo tho thun (giao ko) v bun bn bnh thng. Bun bn tho thun khng phn bit loi sn phm. Mi tho thun, qua thng lng vi khch hng, xc nh m sn phm lin quan, gi vn, s lng v k hn giao hng. Vic bun bn bnh thng cng da trn c hai sn phm v c ghi chp, x l theo tin cc n t hng ca khch hng gi n nh my. Mi n t hng mi ln ch da trn mt sn phm. S giao hng c chp nhn ph thuc vo doanh s nm trc v doanh s hng thng k t u nm ca khch hng. Cc doanh s ny c c t cc tho thun v cc n t hng bnh thng. Mt n t hng cho sn phm theo ma ch c gi tr khi trong kho lu tr, s lng thc c t hn s lng dnh cho tho thun v cao hn (hoc bng) s lng t hng. Vi cc loi sn phm khc, n t hng lun lun c chp nhn, v rng cc sn phm ny c th c sn xut ngay ti mi thi im.

c) Giao hng
Cch giao hng ph thuc vo loi sn phm. Loi sn phm theo ma C hai trng hp : giao hng theo tho thun v giao hng bun bn bnh thng. Vic giao hng theo tho thun tin hnh theo thi hn quy nh vi s lng tng ng c n nh. S lng t trc (gi trc) ny c tch lu li v c vo s lu tr. Nu l bun bn bnh thng, ch giao hng cc sn phm theo ma khi n t hng c ph duyt.

60

Cc loi sn phm khc Nu l bun bn bnh thng th vic giao hng c thc hin ngay lp tc nu kho lu tr cn , nu khng, c hai trng hp xy ra : Nu tng cng (s lng tn kho + s lng ang sn xut) l , th s giao hng ngay khi sn lng ang sn xut va . Nu mt hng ny cha c sn xut, th phn xng sn xut s xc nh s lng cn sn xut v quay li trng hp trn. Trong c hai trng hp, khch hng c bo trc thi hn giao nhn hng. Ch rng vi mi sn phm loi ny cn xc nh mc bo ng v s lng lu tr. Phn xng sn xut s cn c vo trng thi kho lu tr c cp nhp hng ngy m c bin php sn xut kp thi, l vic so snh gia s lng thc cn v s lng bo ng.

III.2.Giao tip gia c s d liu vi ngi s dng

Tp hp thng tin v qun l n t hng, giao hng v qun l sn xut, lu tr phi c truy cp khng nhng bi phng Kinh doanh, cc phn xng m cn bi phng K ton Thng k v phng Giao nhn hng. Chng hn, NPT c th t ra nhng cu hi sau : Vi mi n t hng, chng hn n t hng s 4123, hy cho bit thng tin v khch hng, v t l gim gi ? Vi mi khch hng, hy cho bit cc tho thun c v ngy giao hng tng ng. Vi mi sn phm theo ma, v d Da chut ti c m RQ-37 v s lng 1 kg, hy cho bit thng tin v khch hng mua theo tho thun ? Vi mi sn phm khng theo ma, v d C hp c m sn phm DH-03 v s lng 200g, hy cho bit thng tin v khch hng ang ch giao hng theo n t hng ?

61

III.3.Phn tch cc dng thng tin

Nh cc cuc phng vn, nghin cu h s ni b v nghin cu dng lun chuyn thng tin ti XN, NPT lp ra c hai h s phn tch nh sau :

a) S dng thng tin

S DFD th hin s trao i cc dng thng tin trong XN Dana Food.
Ngy c hng Th trng n t hng H c chp nhn H b t chi

Khch hng

Giao hng + Phiu giao hng

Phng Kinh doanh

Giao hng Kt thc t sn xut Phiu sn phm Yu cu sn xut Ngy c hng Th trng n t hng

Qun l giao hng

A B

Lnh giao hng Sn phm

Phng K ton A : Bng doanh s hng thng B : Bng doanh s ca nm ngoi

Phn xng
Trng thi Kho NhpKho Xut Kho

Qun l Kho

Hnh 3.31 S DFD ca XN Dana Food

b) Bng cc dng thng tin

Sau y ta xy dng bng cc dng thng tin lm c s cho vic phn tch d liu v phn tch x l tip theo.

62

Mi dng thng tin c mt s th t (ct *) cho bit ngun v ch v dng thng tin i st trc . Trong mi dng thng tin, cc d liu c gi tr lp li nhiu ln th c t trong cp du { }, cc d liu c mt mt dng thng tin khc trc th c t trong cp du [ ].
Stt Dng 1 Kt thc t sn xut 2 Ni bn hng (NB) Th trng c ng k (*) D liu MHng NiBnHg MHng, NgyBn 1 SLBn, GiBn HnGiaoHg TnKH, aChKH 2 [Th trng] TnKH aChKH NgytHg, MHng SLt, GiTin [H] + MKH SHtHg, STGim MHng SLSX MHng SLSX, NgyCHg MKH SHtHg TnKH {MHng} {SLC} {SLBong} NiBnHg SK SHtHg SHCpHg NgyGiao {MKH} {TnKH} {DSNm-1} {MKH} {TnKH} {DSThng} {S thng} MHng, GinV SLBong SLC, SLDTr Ngun ch Phn xng Phng Kinh doanh Khch hng (KH) Phng Kinh doanh Phn xng & Phng K ton Phng Kinh doanh Phn xng & Phng K ton Phn xng Phng Kinh doanh Khch hng Khch hng Phn xng Qun l Giao hng Khch hng Phng KD & Phng K ton Phng Kinh doanh

Phng Kinh doanh Khch hng Phng Kinh doanh Phng Kinh doanh Phn xng Phng Kinh doanh Phng Kinh doanh Qun l Kho Phn xng Qun l Giao hng Qun l Giao hng Phng K ton

4 n t hng (H) 5 H c ng k (K) 4 5 6 5 4

6 Yu cu sn xut 7 Sn phm c 8 H c chp nhn 9 H b t chi (tr li) 10 Trng thi Kho 11 Lnh giao hng 12 Phiu giao hng (PGH) 13 Phiu giao hng 14 Bng doanh s nm 1

2 4 11

12 [PGH)

15 Bng doanh s thng

Phng K ton

Phng Kinh doanh

16 Phiu sn phm

Phn xng

Phng Kinh doanh

63

V d 2 : Danh sch d liu s cp thu lm c t XN DanaFood : Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 D liu DSNm-1 DSThng NgytHg NgyCHg NgyKThc NgyGiao NgyBn HnGiaoHg ChDnHg TnThng GiaTin SHCpHg SHtHg MKH NiBnHg Thng TnKH GiNiBn GinV SLt SLSX SLBn MHng aChKH SLBong SLC inThKH Gii thch Doanh s ca khch hng nm ngoi Doanh s hng thng ca khch hng t u nm nay Ngy t hng ca khch hng Ngy xut hin mt hng (sau khi sn xut) Ngy kt thc sn xut mt hng Ngy giao hng Ngy bn hng Hn giao hng ni bn Ch dn v mt hng Tn thng Gia tin ca n t hng ca khch hng S ho n cp hng S ho n t hng M khch hng do XN n nh Ni bn hng Thng th (1..12) Tn khch hng Gi bn thc s ca mt hng ti ni bn Gi n v ca mt hng do XN n nh S lng t hng t hng ca khch hng S lng sn xut ca mt hng S lng bn ca mt hng ti ni bn M mt hng do XN n nh a ch khch hng S lng bo ng sp cn ca mt hng S lng mt hng hin c trong kho S in thoi ca khch hng

64

c)

V d t in d liu ca DanaFood
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 D liu ChDnHg DSNm-1 DSThng aChKH inThKH GinV GiNiBn GiaTin HnGiaoHg MHng MKH NiBnHg NgytHg NgyBn NgyCHg NgyGiao NgyKThc SHtHg SHCpHg SLt SLBn SLBong SLC SLDTr SLSX STGim TnKH TnThng Thng Loi KTT TT TT TT KTT TT KTT TT KTT KTT KTT KTT KTT KTT KTT KTT KTT KTT KTT TT KTT KTT TT TT KTT TT KTT KTT KTT M t kiu d liu C20 N12 N10 C30 C10 N10 N10 N10 N4 C5 C5 C20 D D D D D N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N10 C20 C6 N2 Cng thc CT1 CT2

CT3

CT4 CT5 CT6

Cng thc tnh ton : CT1 : DSNm-1 = SUM(DSThng ca nm trc ). CT2 : Nhn c bng cch cng dn cc GiTin tng thng ca nm hin hnh. CT3 : GiaTin = SLt GinV ca sn phm tng ng. CT4 : c cp nht mi ln xut / nhp kho. CT5 : SLDTr = SUM(s lng yu cu trn th trng theo sn phm). CT6 : STGim = GiTin t_l_gim.

65

T l gim c xc nh nh sau : CngDnDsThng SThng 10 000 000 8 000 000 < 8 000 000 Thut ton nh sau : tmp = CngDnDsThng / SThng IF DsNm-1 >= 120 000 000 THEN IF tmp >= 10 000 000 THEN STGim = GiTin * 10% ELSE IF tmp >= 8 000 000 THEN STGim = GiTin * 8% ELSE STGim = GiTin * 2% ENDIF ENDIF ELSE IF DsNm-1 >= 100 000 000 THEN IF tmp >= 10 000 000 THEN STGim = GiTin * 8% ELSE IF tmp >= 8 000 000 THEN STGim = GiTin * 5% ELSE STGim = GiTin * 1% ENDIF ENDIF ELSE IF tmp >= 10 000 000 THEN STGim = GiTin * 5% ELSE IF tmp >= 8 000 000 THEN STGim = GiTin * 2% ELSE STGim = 0% ENDIF ENDIF ENDIF ENDIF DsNm-1 100 000 000 8% 5% 1%

120 000 000 10% 8% 2%

< 100 000 000 5% 2% 0%

66

d) th cc PTH biu din CSDL ca nh my ng hp DanaFood

SHtHg MKH NgytHg GiTin SLt NiBnHg NgyBn GiNiBn SLBn HnGiaoHg MKH + Thng DSThng

SHGiaoHg NgyGiao

MHng Ch dnHg SLC SLBong SLSX NgyC GinV

MKH TnKH DSNm-1 aChKH inThKH

Thng TnThng

Gii thch :

PTH PTH khng hon ton PTH khng hon ton tng h + PTH s cp v trc tip Hnh 3.10 th cc PTH ca CSDL DanaFood

PTH gia cc kho

PTH khng s cp

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Bi tp chng 3
a) Cc bi tp sau y yu cu s dng cng c son tho DFD PPP DFD editor v cc s dng d liu. Ch c k yu cu v tm hiu bi ton thc t. 1. H thng qun l ng k bu c U ban Nhn dn (UBND) thnh ph N. chun b cho mt t bu c hi ng thnh ph. UBND s dng cc phng tin tuyn thng i chng nh bo, i, tivi, ... thng bo v t ng k bu c. C tri n ng k bu c phi xut trnh giy t phng thn (CMND, h chiu, giy khai sinh...). Yu cu ca Ban T chc bu c l mi i tng t 18 tui tr ln c h khu ti thnh ph hoc nhng ngi mi chuyn n c tr trong thnh ph. V s lun chuyn cc dng thng tin v bng cc dng lin quan n t ng k bu c ca thnh ph N. Danh sch cc thnh phn t chc lin quan trong h thng gm : Hi ng UBND Ban qun l h khu Vn th UB Ban T chc bu c Cc C quan bo, i... C tri 2. H thng tip th v bn sn phm V s lun chuyn cc dng thng tin v bng cc dng lin quan n h thng tip th v bn sn phm ca mt cng ty X. 3. H thng qun l tn kho vt t V s lun chuyn cc dng thng tin v bng cc dng lin quan n h thng qun l tn kho vt t ti mt cng ty X. b) Xy dng t in d liu cho cc bi ton trn y.

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CHNG 4

Phn tch nim d liu v cc phng php m hnh ho

Khi phn tch v thit k cc HTTT, ngi ta a vo ba loi hin tng thc (real phenomena) tng tc ln nhau th hin s tng tc ca th gii thc : I TNG th hin cc lp thc th c th hay tru tng ca h thng ang xt, v d SN PHM, KHCH HNG, N HNG... TC NGHIP th hin cc hot ng tc nghip ca h thng, v d phn tch mt n t hng, thanh ton ho n... S KIN th hin cc s kin xy ra trong mt h thng, v d nhn c n t hng gi ti, ho n n hn phi thanh ton... Ngi ta xem trng thi ca h thng ti mt thi im ang xt l trng thi ca cc i tng ca h thng. H thng pht trin theo thi gian nh cc hot ng tc nghip (sn xut, kinh doanh...). Cc tc nghip c khi ng bi cc s kin din ra t bn trong hoc bn ngoi ca h thng. Cc hot ng tc nghip lm thay i cc trng thi v n lt s thay i cc trng thi ny dn n cc s kin. S tng tc gia ba phm tr c biu din nh sau : I TNG tng ng vi cc thay i trng thi Thay i Khi ng TC NGHIP Hnh 4.32 S tng tc gia ba hin tng thc Chng ny trnh by mt phng php m hnh ha d liu, gi l phng php phn tch tin hay phn tch t di ln. C s ca phng php l xut pht t nhng d liu th thu nhn c t h thng thng tin ang xt, phn tch cc ph thuc hm xy dng mt m hnh nim d liu. S KIN

69

Hai v d minh ho cho chng ny l x nghip ch bin thc phm DanaFood v khu du lch Non Nc. Cc giai on m hnh ha d theo phng php tin c gii thiu trong hnh sau y : Th gi i th c

Phn tch cc dng d liu

Phn tch d liu

T in d liu

Phn tch x l

Nghin cu ph thuc hm

Ma trn, th ph thuc hm

M hnh ho d liu

M hnh nim d liu (MHYNDL)

M hnh nim x l (MHYNXL)

Hp thc ho

MHYNDL hp thc

Hnh 4.33 Phng php phn tch t di ln

I. M hnh thc th - kt hp
I.1. Khi nim v m hnh thc th - kt hp
I.1.1.Khi nim v thc th
Thc th theo nh ngha ca t in ting Vit l ci c s tn ti c lp. V d : con ngi l mt thc th x hi. Nh vy, thc th l mt i tng (object) c th hay tru tng ca th gii thc, c s tn ti n nh theo thi gian c th c ghi nhn, biu din v x l trong HTTT. V d : DH025 l Bia chai Tiger. S lng ca Bia chai Tiger l 10. Mi thc th c th c mt hoc c nhiu c tnh (Property) hay thuc tnh (Attribute). Mi c tnh c trng cho mt kha cnh thc ca thc th trong HTTT v c ch nh bi mt tn gi v mt gi tr. V d : a ch ca M l 54 L Li nng

70

Tn mt hng ca n t hng s DH025 l Bia chai Tiger S lng ca Bia chai Tiger l 10 Tn c tnh cng l tn ca mt kiu c tnh (property type). Mt kiu c tnh c th thuc v nhiu thc th. V d : a ch ca sinh vin Tn mt hng ca n t hng S lng ca mt hng bn Mt kiu thc th (entity type) l mt tp hp cc thc th c xc nh bi cng mt tp hp cc kiu c tnh ng ging nhau trong HTTT. Kiu thc th th hin mt lp i tng thc trong th gii thc. Trong thc t, ngi ta hay nhm ln gia thc th v kiu thc th. V d : Kiu thc th Sinh vin Kiu thc th n t hng Kiu thc th Mt hng bn Tuy nhin, n gin, ngi ta ni thc th Sinh vin ch nh kiu thc th Sinh vin, v.v... Mt trng hp c th (occurence) ca mt kiu thc th c to thnh t tp hp cc gi tr m cc kiu c tnh ca kiu thc th ny c th ly. V d : Gi s kiu thc th Sinhvin gm cc kiu c tnh Tn, Phi, a ch v Ngnh hc, ta c cc trng hp c th nh sau : STT Tn Phi a ch Ngnh hc 1. M N 54 L Li nng Tin hc 2. Mn N 12/7 Ph Cam, tp. Hu in t 3. o N Qu an, Qu sn, Qung nam K ton Trong cc kiu c tnh ca mt kiu thc th, ngi ta nhn mnh mt mt kiu c tnh c gi l kho hay nh danh (identifier). V d : Tn ca sinh vin l kha ca kiu thc th Sinh vin S ca n t hng l kha ca kiu thc th n t hng Tn ca mt hng l kha ca kiu thc th Mt hng bn Kho ca mt kiu thc th cho php phn bit cc trng hp c th khc nhau ca kiu thc th . Khi gn mt gi tr c th cho kho, ta c th nhn c duy nht mt thc th. Vic xc nh kha cho thc th khng phi lun lun d dng. Trong mt kiu thc th, c th chn c nhiu kiu c tnh dng lm kha nh c trng ca bn thn d liu (gi tr ca c tnh). Chng hn, i vi mt thc th khch hng, v tr x hi cng nh s in thoi ca khch hng u c th ch nh c khch hng . Tuy nhin c th xy ra trng hp khng c kiu c tnh no ca kiu thc th c chn lm kha. Trong kiu thc th Sinh vin trn, nu ta chn kha l Tn th s khng hp l v c th xy ra s trng tn. Nhiu sinh vin c th c cng mt tn. iu g s xy ra nu c s nhm ln gia hai sinh vin trong vic qun l o to ? Lc ny, cn a ra c t nht mt kha tha mn nhng iu kin x l tin hc ca h thng. V d, ngi ta thng a vo M sinh vin lm kho cho kiu thc th Sinh vin, chng hn thc th sinh vin M c m l DDK10996027, thc th sinh vin Mn c m l DDK10396054, v.v... 71

 d dng thit k cc c s d liu quan h v sau, ngi ta a vo hai rng buc (constraints) cho cc kiu c tnh l tnh duy nht (uniquiness) v tnh s cp (elementarity) Tnh duy nht gi tr ca cc c tnh bt buc mi c tnh ca mt thc th ch nhn mt v ch mt gi tr, khng cho php c nhiu gi tr. V d kiu c tnh Ngnh hc ca thc th sinh vin o khng th ly gi tr no khc ngoi gi tr K ton. Tnh s cp ca kiu c tnh c ngha l khng th nh ngha mt hoc nhiu kiu c tnh ny t nhng kiu c tnh khc bng cch t hp hoc rt gn. V d kiu c tnh a ch ca kiu thc th Sinh vin khng th xc nh t cc kiu c tnh S nh, Ph v Tnh thnh. Tnh s cp l bt buc cho mi kiu c tnh ca mt kiu thc th. Cc kiu thc th c biu din bi cc hnh ch nht gm hai phn, phn trn cha tn ca kiu thc th v phn di cha danh sch cc kiu c tnh ca kiu thc th . Tn ca kiu thc th c quy c vit ton ch hoa, v d SINHVIN. Tn ca cc kiu c tnh vit hoa thng xen k ging tn ring (proper), v d TnSV. Ring tn kiu c tnh l kho c gch chn, v d MSV. Cc loi tn u khng cha du cch, tuy nhin c th s dng du gch di dng (_) thay cho du cch, chng hn Tn_SV. d c, tn d liu lin quan n thc th v kt hp u c du ting Vit. V d : Di y l cc kiu thc th SINHVIN v MNHOC : SINHVIN MSV TnSV
PhiSV aChSV Ngnh

MNHOC MMH
TnMH SVHT

Hnh 4.34 Biu din th ca kiu thc th

I.1.2.Khi nim v kt hp
Trong cu trc kiu thc th, cc d liu khng phn nh c nhng mi lin h (nu c) gia chng. Tn ti nhng mi lin h hay s ph thuc v tc nghip gia cc kha ca nhiu kiu thc th. Nh vy, kt hp (association) l mi lin h hay s ph thuc gia cc thc th vi nhau trong mi thc th ng mt vai tr xc nh. Kt hp phn nh mt tnh hung thc trong HTTT ang xt. V d : Sinh vin M hc mn Phn tch v Thit k H thng Sinh vin o (thuc v) khoa K ton Khch hng Hi Vn yu cu n t hng s DH025 Mt kiu kt hp (association type) l mt tp hp cc kt hp c cng ng ngha c nh ngha gia nhiu kiu thc th. Ta cng quy c tn ca kiu kt hp c vit ch hoa ch thng xen k tng t kiu c tnh nhng in nghing. V d : Kt hp Hc gia cc kiu thc th SINHVIN v MNHC. Kt hp ThucV gia cc kiu thc th SINHVIN v KHOA 72

Kt hp YuCu gia cc kiu thc th KHCHHNG v NHNG Mt kiu kt hp c th c nhiu kiu c tnh. V d kt hp Hc c kiu c tnh l HcK, kt hp YuCu c kiu c tnh l SLngt, v.v... Mt kiu kt hp c gi l nh nguyn (binary) nu ch c hai kiu thc th tham gia vo kt hp. y l mt nh x gia hai tp hp thc th hay gia hai kiu thc th tng ng. nh x cng c xem l c hai chiu ngc nhau trong php kt hp gia cc thc th ca hai kiu thc th. Mt kiu kt hp c th c biu din di dng cc bng c th nh sau :
a1 a2 a3 a4 b1 b2 b3 1 1 1 1 E1 a1 a2 a3 a4 E2 b2 b1 b1 b3 a1 a1 a1 a2 a2 a2 a3 a3 a3 a4 a4 a4 b1 b2 b3 b1 b2 b3 b1 b2 b3 b1 b2 b3 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

Hnh 4.4 Biu din dng bng ca kiu kt hp Ngi ta a vo khi nim bn s (cardinality) hay cn gi l lc lng. Cc bn s th hin mi quan h tn ti gia cc trng hp c th ca cc kiu thc th thng qua cc kt hp. Vi mi kiu thc th v vi mi kiu kt hp lin quan, hai bn s c ch nh, bn s th nht l cc tiu v bn s th hai l cc i. Gi s cho hai kiu thc th E1 v E2 vi hai nh x F1 v F2 ngc nhau qua kt hp A nh hnh v di y. Kiu thc th E1 F1 a1 a2 a3 a4 Kiu thc th E2 F2 b1 b2 b3

Hnh 4.5 Xc nh bn s ca kiu kt hp Anh x F1 t tng ng mi phn t (hay mi trng hp c th) ca E1 vi cc phn t ca E2 bi kt hp A. Anh x F2 t tng ng mi phn ca E2 vi cc phn t ca E1 bi kt hp A. Bn s cc tiu ca F1 l s nh nh nht ca F1 (c th l 0, 1 hoc n>1), cn bn s cc i ca F1 l s nh ln nht ca F1 (c th l 0, 1 hoc n). i vi F1, hai s ny th hin rng c t nht v c nhiu nht s phn t ca E2 c kt hp vi mt phn t ca E1 trong kt hp A. Mt cch tng t ta cng nh ngha bn s cc tiu v bn s cc i ca F2. Nh vy, mi kiu kt hp c xc nh bi hai cp bn s c k hiu 01, 11, 0n hoc 1n. Ch

73

n th hin mt s khng xc nh, ln hn hoc bng 1. i khi c th l mt con s xc nh nhng trong phn tch nim, ngi ta khng t thnh vn , min l mt con s c ghi nhn. Trong thc t, ngi ta dng th biu din kiu kt hp bng cch dng mt hnh val ghi tn kiu kt hp v ng ni gia hai kiu thc th lin quan. V d : KHCHHNG MSV HTnSV NgySinh Ngnh 0n 1 1 NHNG MGV HTnGV NgnhGV inThoiCha

YuCu

Hnh 4.35 Cc bn s ca kiu kt hp YuCu Cc bn s ca kiu kt hp YuCu gia KHCHHNG v NHNG c xc nh nh sau : Gia KHCHHNG v NHNG c bn s 0-n v c th khng c khch hng no (t nht) v c th yu cu nhiu n t hng (nhiu nht). Trong mt s trng hp, bn s 1-n vi gi tr 1 ch ra rng mi khch hng thuc c s d liu u t ti thiu mt n t hng. Bn s gia NHNG v KHCHHNG l 1-1 v mi n t hng l ca mt khch hng (t nht) v ch thuc v mt khch hng m thi (nhiu nht). V d : SINHVIN MNHOC MSV MMH 1n 1 n Hc TnSV TnMH PhiSV SVHT aChSV Ngnh

Hnh 4.36 Cc bn s ca kiu kt hp Hc Cc bn s ca kiu kt hp Hc gia SINHVIN v MNHOC c xc nh nh sau : Gia SINHVIN v MNHOC c bn s 1-n v mi sinh vin u phi hc t nht mt mn hc v sinh vin bt buc phi hc nhiu mn hc. Gia MNHOC v SINHVIN cng c bn s 1-n v mi mn hc u c sinh vin theo hc v c nhiu sinh vin theo hc mt mn hc.

74

Khi xy ra trng hp ngoi l l bn s cc tiu c gi tr ln hn 1, ta s ghi c th s . V d : SINHVIN MSV HTnSV NgySinh Ngnh GIOVIN MGV HTnGV NgnhGV ThoiGV

11

c ph trch

4 n

Hnh 4.37 Bn s cc tiu c gi tr ln hn 1 Mt SINHVIN ch c mt v ch mt GIOVIN ph trch, bn s (1 1). Mt GIOVIN ph trch ti thiu 4 sinh vin, hoc hn, bn s (4 n).

I.1.3.16 kh nng ca kiu kt hp nh phn

Cho hai kiu thc th E1 (tri) v E2 (phi). C tt c 16 kh nng cho kiu kt hp nh phn nh sau :
1-1 a1 a2 a3 1-1 b1 b2 b3 a1 a2 a3 1-1 0-1 b1 b2 b3 b4

a1 a2 a3 a4

1-1

1-N b1 b2 b3

1-1 a1 a2 a3 a4

0-N b1 b2 b3 b4

75

0-1 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5

1-1 b1 b2 b3 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5

0-1

0-1 b1 b2 b3 b4

0-1 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5

1-N b1 b2 b3

0-1 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5

0-N b1 b2 b3 b4

1-N a1 a2 a3

1-1 b1 b2 b3 b4 a1 a2 a3

1- N

0-1 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5

1- N a1 a2 a3 a4

1-N b1 b2 b3 b4 a1 a2 a3 a4

1- N

0-N b1 b2 b3 b4 b5

0-N a1 a2 a3 a4 0- N a1 a2 a3 a4 a5

1-1 b1 b2 b3 b4 1-N b1 b2 b3 b4 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a1 a2 a3 a4

0- N

0-1 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5

0- N

0-N b1 b2 b3 b4 b5

Hnh 4.38 C 16 kh nng ca kiu kt hp nh phn

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I.1.4.Cc kiu kt hp
Tn ti nhiu kiu kt hp, sau y l nhng kiu kt hp hay gp.

a) Kiu kt hp phn x
Kt hp phn x th xy ra trn cng mt thc th. Trong trng hp ny, tn kiu kt hp ng vai tr quan trng phn bit chiu nh x. NGI SCMND Tn HLt
L-cha-ca L-con-ca 0-1

QuanH
0-n

Hnh 4.39 Quan h gia nh cha-con c kiu phn x SNPHM MSSP TnSP
C-cha 0-n

ThucV
0-n c-cha-trong

Hnh 4.40 Quan h danh mc sn phm c kiu phn x

b) Nhiu kiu kt hp gia cng thc th

C th c nhiu kiu kt hp gia cng thc th. Chng hn gia hai kiu thc th CNHN v CNH c th c cc kiu kt hp SHu, Thu, Ti : SHu CNHN SCMND Tn
0-n 0-n 0-n 1-1

CNH NghipChS aCh

Thu

0-1 0-n

Ti Hnh 4.41 Nhiu kiu kt hp gia cng thc th

c) S kt hp c phn cp (rng buc ton vn hm)

Mt kiu kt hp phn nh s ph thuc v tc nghip gia cc kha ca nhng kiu thc th tng ng c gii l kt hp c phn cp hay rng buc ton vn hm (FIC : Functional Integrity Constraint). Kiu kt hp c phn cp c th xy ra cho mt thc th duy nht vi kiu kt hp l phn x.

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V d : SNPHM MSP KiuSP TnSP GiVn NGICCP MNCC aChNCC TNCC NgiDin

11

n t bn

1 n

Hnh 4.42 Kt hp c phn cp gia hai kiu thc th S kt hp c phn cp y l mt sn phm SNPHM do ngi cung cp NGICCP bn (n t) v ngi cung cp bn mt sn phm ( bn). Cc bn s gii thch mt sn phm n t mt v duy nht mt ngi cung cp (1 1), trong khi mt ngi cung cp c th bn mt hoc nhiu sn phm (1 n). Ni cch khc, vi mt gi tr ca MSP, tn ti mt v ch mt gi tr ca MNCC, trong khi vi mt gi tr ca MNCC, tn ti mt hoc nhiu gi tr ca MSP. Ngi ta cng ni kt hp c phn cp l kt hp cha con, mt-nhiu.

d) Kt hp khng phn cp (rng buc ton vn bi)

Mt kiu kt hp c gi l khng phn cp, hay rng buc ton vn bi (MIC : Multiple Integrity Constraint) nu kiu kt hp c cha d liu (cc thuc tnh ca kiu kt hp) v cc d liu ny ch c xc nh khi xc nh c tt c cc kho ca cc thc th lin quan. V d : MTHNG MMH TnMH GiMH SLngMH NGIBNL MNBL TnNBL aChNBL TNBL

1n

n t bn GiBn NgyBn

1 n

Hnh 4.43 Kt hp khng phn cp gia hai kiu thc th y, mt mt hng MTHNG do ngi bn l NGIBNL bn ra (n t) v ngi bn l bn mt mt hng ( bn). Hai d liu ca kiu kt hp l GiBn v NgyBn ph thuc vo NGIBNL v MTHNG. C bao nhiu ngi bn l th s c by nhiu gi bn cho mt hng ny, bn s (1 n), v, vi mt ngi bn l, c bao nhiu mt hng ngi bn l ny bn, th s c by nhiu gi bn l, bn s (1 n). Cc kt hp khng phn cp c th khng mang d liu. Trong trng hp ny, s phn cp cho php thit lp s tng ng gia cc kha ca cc thc th lin quan. Trong v d trn, nu khng c d liu v gi bn v ngy bn, kiu kt hp bn cho bit nhng ngi bn l bn mt mt hng, nhng cng bit c nhng mt hng m mt ngi bn l bn ra. Ngi ta cng ni kt hp khng phn cp l kt hp nhiu-nhiu Ch : Khi phn tch thit k HTTTT, ngi ta thng gp mt s d liu c t ring bit, khng thuc vo bt k mt kiu thc th hoc kiu kt hp no. l nhng tham s d liu, nhng d liu m ch c mt gi tr cho mi thi im trong qu trnh sng ca CSDL. V d : 78

T sut thu nh thm trn gi tr (V.A.T - Value Added Tax) H s trt gi Cc gi tr ny c th thay i, c cp nht, nhng ti mi thi im cho, ch c mt gi tr duy nht, xc nh trong HTTTT ang xt.

I.1.5.Cc thnh phn ca t in d liu

T in d liu ca mt MHYNDL c th cha cc thnh phn nh sau : T in con (subdirectory) cha cc kiu thc th T in con cha cc kiu kt hp T in con cha cc kiu c tnh E-MT K-THCTH TnThcTh
0n 1n 11 1n 01 01 0n

Kho K-KTHP

K-CTNH TncTnh MinGiTr

01

NiLin

TnKtHp

A-MT

Hnh 4.44 Siu s ca MHYN ca CSDL T in d liu li cng c th c xem nh mt c s d liu gi l siu s (metadiagram). Siu s gm ba kiu thc th : K-THCTH, K-KTHP v K-CTNH c kt hp vi nhau bi : Kiu kt hp E-MT gia K-THCTH v K-CTNH Kiu kt hp A-MTa gia K-KTHP v K-CTNH Kiu kt hp NiLin gia K-KTHP v K-THCTH Kiu kt hp nhDanh gia K-THCTH v K-CTNH S nim v d Hnh 4.41 c th c biu din theo siu s nh sau : Hai trng hp c th ca K-THCTH c TnThcTh ln lt l CNHN v CNH. Ba trng hp c th ca K-KTHP c TnKtHp ln lt l SHu, Thu v Ti. Bn trng hp c th ca K-CTNH c TncTnh ln lt l SCMND, Tn, NghipChS v aCh.

I.2. M hnh thc th - kt hp m rng

Cc m hnh thc th - kt hp va c gii thiu trn y c ging dy trong cc trng i hc v c s dng rt rng ri trong thc t. Tuy nhin, t nhng nm 1980, ngi ta thy c nhng im yu ca cc m hnh c in ny do khng p ng c cho nhng ng dng ln c nhiu i tng phc tp. Ngi ta c nhiu phng php nghin cu pht trin m hnh ny, nh xy dng m hnh ng ngha ca d liu, cc m hnh hng i tng da trn cc ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng, v.v... Di y, ta s gii thiu cc m hnh thc th - kt hp c m rng theo ba ni dung chnh : kiu c tnh nhiu gi tr, kiu c tnh kt t v cc kiu con.

79

a) Kiu c tnh nhiu gi tr

Trong m hnh thc th - kt hp c in, cc kiu c tnh phi tun th rng buc l d liu s cp. Do , trong mt s trng hp, khi m hnh ho, ngi ta phi a vo mt s kiu thc th b sung, nhng t c ngha. V d mt c quan c nhiu s in thoi th phi xy dng kiu thc th in thoi trong c c tnh S in thoi. Trong m hnh thc th - kt hp m rng, ngi ta a vo cc kiu c tnh c th c nhiu gi tr cho mi trng hp c th ca kiu thc th. V d : Tui ca cc con ca mt nhn vin Cc s in thoi ca mt mt c quan

b) Kiu c tnh kt t
Trong m hnh thc th - kt hp c in, khng th xy dng mt kiu c tnh c t hp t cc kiu c tnh khc. Kiu c tnh kt t cho php khc phc khim khuyt ny bng cch cho php kt mt kiu c tnh t cc kiu c tnh khc. Trong mt trng hp c th ca thc th, gi tr ca mt kiu c tnh kt t l s ghp (concatenation) cc gi tr ca cc kiu c tnh s cp. V d a ch ca mt Khch hng l s ghp (kt t) ca cc kiu c tnh S nh, Tn Ph v Tn Tnh thnh.

c) Cc kiu con
Khi cn s khi qut (generalization) v s c t (specification), ngi ta a vo cc kiu con nhn c t mt tp hp cc i tng cc tp hp con c cc c tnh chung ca kiu thc th v cc c tnh c trng cho kiu con. Mt kiu thc th con (entity sub-type) B ca mt kiu thc th A l mt tp hp cc thc th thuc v A, xc nh bi cc kiu c tnh ca A v bi cc kiu c tnh ring. Ngi ta ni kiu con thc th B chuyn mn ho (specialize) kiu thc th A v tha k (inherit) cc kiu c tnh ca A. V d : Kiu thc th NHNVIN c xc nh bi hai kiu c tnh MSNV v TnNV. Cc kiu con thc th ca NHNVIN l VNTH v THMY. Kiu con VNTH c cc kiu c tnh MSNV v TnNV, nhng c thm c tnh c trng cho kiu con l GiHC. Kiu con THMY c thm c tnh CaTrc. v cc kiu con, ngi ta s dng phng php hng i tng bng cch dng mt mi tn v ngc t kiu con ln kiu thc th. NHNVIN MSNV TnNV

VNTH GiHC

THMY CaTrc

Hnh 4.45 M hnh ca mt kiu thc th c hai kiu con

80

I.3. Chuyn i cc m hnh thc th kt hp

Do cc h quan tr CSDL quan h hin nay khng cho php s tha k gia cc quan h nn cn phi chuyn i cc m hnh thc th kt hp m rng v m hnh c in. Sau y l cc quy tc chuyn i. Quy tc 1 : X l mt kiu thc th c cc kiu c tnh a tr Thay th mt kiu c tnh a tr P ca kiu thc th A cho bi mt kiu thc th mi EP. To ra trong E-P mt c tnh lm kho, gi s l I-E-P. Gn cho E-P mt kiu c tnh s cp p tng ng vi mt gi tr ca P. Thit lp mt kiu kt hp R gia E-P v A. Sau tnh bn s tng ng ca kt hp R ny. V d, kiu thc th NGI trong m hnh (a) cha c tnh TuiCon l a tr, cn chuyn (a) thnh m hnh (b). (a) NGI SCMND TuiCon

(b)

NGI SCMND

0-n

QuanHG

1-1

CON TnCon Tui

Hnh 4.46 Thay kiu c tnh a tr thnh mt kiu thc th v mt kiu kt hp Quy tc 2 : X l mt kiu kt hp c cc c tnh a tr Thay th kiu c tnh a tr P ca kiu kt hp R cho bi mt kiu thc th E-R v hai kiu kt hp tng ng. Sau p dng quy tc 1 cho P trong ER. Quy tc 3 : X l cc c tnh kt t Thay th mi kiu c tnh kt t P thnh nhng kiu c tnh ring m nhng c tnh ny tham gia kt t ra P. Quy tc 4 : X l cc kiu con thc th Khi thc th A c kiu con thc th B, chn mt trong ba cch chuyn i sau : Quy tc 4.1 : B B, thm vo trong A cc kiu c tnh ring ca B v to ra mt kiu c tnh mi ca A sao cho mi trng hp c th ca A th ch ra cc kiu c tnh c trng ca kiu con B. a ln mc A tt c cc kt hp mc B. Tnh ton li cc bn s cho cc kt hp ny.

81

V d : Ap dng quy tc 4.1 trn y thay th ba kiu thc th cho trong v d Hnh 4.45 thnh mt kiu thc th duy nht nh sau : NHNVIN MSNV TnNV KiuNV GiHC CaTrc

Hnh 4.47 Thay th mt kiu con thc th thnh mt kiu c tnh Quy tc 4.2 : Thay th quan h tha k bi mt kt hp gia kiu thc th A v kiu con B m cc bn s cc i ch l 1, sau tnh li cc bn s cc tiu. V d : Ap dng quy tc 4.2 thay th m hnh kiu con cho trong v d Hnh 4.45 thnh m hnh cc kiu kt hp nh sau : NHNVIN 0-1 LVnTh
1-1 1-1

MSNV TnNV

0-1 LThMy

VNTH MSVT GiHC

THMY MSTM CaTrc

Hnh 4.48 Thay th quan h tha k bi cc kiu kt hp Quy tc 4.3 : Gi s kiu thc th A cha mt s kiu con thc th l B, C v D. a vo trong A cc kiu c tnh ca cc kiu con B, C v D. To ra mt kiu thc th mi T-A cho php biu din cc kiu con cho mi trng hp c th ca A. Thit lp mt kiu kt hp R gia T-A v A. Tnh cc bn s tng ng ca R.

82

V d : Ap dng quy tc 4.3 thay th m hnh kiu con cho trong v d Hnh 4.45 thnh mt kiu kt hp nh sau : NHNVIN MSNV TnNV GiHC CaTrc
1-1

Thuc V

1-n

KIU_ NV MSKNV TnKiuNV

Hnh 4.49 Thay th cc kiu con bi mt kiu c tnh

II. M hnh quan h

M hnh quan h (Relational Model) c Codd xut vo nm 1970 da trn nn tng Ton hc l thuyt v quan h m hnh ho d liu. M hnh quan h c nghin cu k v mt l thuyt cng nh v mt ng dng trong lnh vc CSDL thit k cc h qun tr CSDL quan h (RDBMS - Relational DataBase Management System). Hai m hnh khc cng c nghin cu v ng dng trong lnh vc CSDL l m hnh phn cp (Hierachical Model) v m hnh mng li (Network Model) chun CODASYL v SOCRATE.

II.1.Cc nh ngha
Cho n min gi tr (hay tp hp khng c th t) khng nht thit ri nhau. Mt quan h R l mt b phn (hay tp hp con) tch cac (Cartesian product) D1 D2 ... Dn. Mi phn t ca R l mt b-n (n-tuple) c dng <d1 d2 ... dn> sao cho d1 D1, d2 D2, ..., dn Dn. V d : Cho n=2, D1 l tn nhn vin v D2 l tn tnh thnh qu qun ca nhn vin . TN By Nm Mi TNHTHNH H Ch Minh H ni nng

Tch cac D1 D2 s to ra cc cp gi tr gia hai min gi tr D1 (TN) v D2 (TNHTHNH). Ta c cc cp gi tr : (By, H Ch Minh), (Nm, H ni), (Mi, nng) Mt lc quan h hay s quan h (relational diagram) ca mt quan h R (D1, D2, ..., Dn) l mt b-n gm cc thnh phn phn bit, cn c gi l cc c tnh, hay thuc tnh (Attributes) <A1, A2, ..., An>. R c gi l tn ca quan h. V d : Lc quan h ca v d trn y c vit NHNVIN (TN, TNHTHNH) Cc thnh phn A1, A2, ..., An trong lc quan h mang tnh ng ngha v cho php ch nh nht qun cng mt c tnh ca i tng th c th xut hin trong nhiu lc quan h khc nhau, khng ph thuc vo v tr ca c tnh trong tp hp cc thnh phn ca mi lc . V d : 83

Trong cc lc quan h sau y : NHNG (HS, MKH, TNKH, MHG, SLG, NGYH) KHCHHNG (MKH, TNKH, ACHKH, THOIKH) th MKH v TNKHH l hai c tnh xut hin trong c hai lc quan h. Mt lc quan h xc nh ni hm (intension) ca mt lp quan h (hay tp hp cc quan h c cng c tnh) v c vit quy c R (A1, A2, ..., An) vi R l tn ca lp quan h v cc Ai l tn c tnh, i = 1..n. Ti mt thi im cho, tp hp cc b-n ca mt quan h thuc lp quan h ang xt c gi l ngoi din (extension) ca lp quan h . Ngoi din xut hin nh mt bng d liu trong mi dng tng ng vi mt b-n v mt ct tng ng vi mt thnh phn. V d : Quan h NHNG (HS, MKH, TNKH, MHG, SLG, NGYH) xc nh mt lp quan h l tp hp cc quan h th hin cc n t hng ca khch hng trong mt doanh nghip. Ngoi din ca lp quan h ny nh sau : HS 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 MKH 25 25 25 30 30 40 40 25 TNKHH o o o M M Mn Mn o MHG 324Z 014Z 765Z 014Z 345Z 345Z 248Z 879Z SLGH 20 10 15 30 60 40 17 45 NGYH 12/10/97 12/10/97 12/10/97 09/11/97 09/11/97 15/09/97 15/09/97 25/09/97

T bng trn ta c : <15, 25, o, 324Z, 20, 12/10/97> l mt b-n ca quan h NHNG (15, 16, 17, 18) l min gi tr ca thnh phn HS (o, Mn, M) l min gi tr ca thnh phn TNKHH, v.v... Ngi ta a vo cc khi nim : Bc (degree) ca mt quan h l s thnh phn (hay s ct ca bng). Trong v d trn, bc ca NHNG l 6. Bn s (hay lc lng) ca mt quan h l s b-n (hay s dng ca bng). Trong v d trn, bn s ca NHNG l 8.

a) Khi nim v kho v siu kho

Mi lc quan h u c mt kho (key) nh danh mt cch duy nht mi b-n trong mi ngoi din. Mt tp hp X cc thnh phn l mt siu kho (super-key) nu hai b-n phn bit ca R c cc php chiu khc nhau trn X (hay c cc gi tr khc nhau trn X). X l mt kho nu n l mt siu kho nh nht, ngha l khng tn ti tp hp con Y X m Y l mt siu kho.

84

K1 K2

B-n (1) B-n (2)

X1 X2

B-n (1) B-n (2)

Hnh 4.50 Kho v siu kho V d : TN trong quan h NHNVIN (TN, TNHTHNH) khng phi l kho ng v c th c nhiu ngi cng tn. Do cn a vo mt c tnh lm kho l MNV c quan h NHNVIN (MNV, TN, TNHTHNH). Tuy nhin, c th ly cp MNV, TN lm kho ca quan h nhng y l mt siu kho m khng phi l mt kho nh nht. Quan h KHCHHNG (MKH, SCMND, ACHKH) c th c hai kho l MKH v SCMND, tuy nhin ch nn chn MKH lm kho. Quan h NHNG (HS, MKH, TNKH, MHG, SLG, NGYH) c kho l cp HS v MHG.

b) Trng lp cc b-n
V mt Ton hc, cc b-n phi hon ton phn bit nhau, ngha l khng tn ti cc b-n ging ht nhau. Tuy nhin, vic kim tra trng lp trong thc tin l rt kh khn v ln ca cc CSDL. Do nn chn nhiu kho trnh s trng lp.

c) Rng buc ton vn

Ngi ta a vo khi nim rng buc ton vn (integrity constraint) gm hai dng nh sau : S c lp gia cc c tnh. Cc quy tc v tnh chc chn (consistency) v tnh y (completeness) ca cc lp quan h. Cc rng buc ton vn dng kim tra mi ngoi din ca mt lc quan h xc nh trn cc min d liu D1, D2, ..., Dn.

d) Th t vit
Theo nh ngha Ton hc ca quan h, khng tn ti th t u tin gia cc c tnh cng nh gia cc b-n. Tuy nhin d theo di, thng ngi ta vit theo th t nh sau : R (A1, A2, ..., Ap, Ap+1, ..., An, B1, ..., Bk) A1, A2, ..., Ap l nhng c tnh dng lm kho ca R (thng thng c to thnh t nhiu c tnh ca cc quan h khc) Ap+1, ..., An l nhng c tnh n ca R B1, ..., Bk l cc kho ngoi (import keys) n t cc quan h khc V d : Trong quan h NHNG (HS, MHG, SLG, NGYH, MKH) th : HS (s ca n t hng) l mt phn ca kho, MHG (m hng) l kho ca quan h HNG, SLG v NGYH l nhng c tnh n. MKH l kho ngoi c trong quan h KHCHHNG (cho bit khch hng no t hng). 85

e) S d quan h ca mt CSDL
Mt lc quan h ca mt CSDL c to thnh t hai phn t : Cc lc quan h (hay s nim) c trng cho CSDL tu cho CSDL tng ng vi nh ngha ni hm ca cc quan h. Tp hp cc rng buc ton vn tham gia vo cc quan h. Cc rng buc ton vn i vi cc kho ca cc quan h va trnh by trn a n nguyn tc : hai b-n phn bit phi c mt php chiu khc nhau trn cc kho, hay mt gi tr kho ch tng ng vi mt v ch mt b-n. T nguyn tc ny, ngi ta a vo khi nim ph thuc hm v cc dng chun ca lc quan h.

II.2.Ph thuc hm
II.2.1.Khi nim
Ph thuc hm (Functional Dependency), vit tt l PTH, do Codd xut phn tch c trng ca cc quan h m khng lm mt mt thng tin. Gi s cho quan h R (A1, A2, ..., An) v hai tp hp con X v Y gm cc thnh phn l cc c tnh. Ngi ta ni rng Y l PTH ca X hay tn ti mt PTH gia X v Y nu v ch nu, khi hai b-n ca R c cng mt php chiu ln X, th chng s c cng mt php chiu nh vy ln Y. PTH gia X v Y c vit : XY Ni cch khc, vi mi ngoi din r ca R, mi b t1, t2 ca R, ta c : PX (t1) = PX (t2) PY (t1) = PY (t2) trong P l k hiu php chiu trn mt hoc nhiu thnh phn ca quan h R. Mt cch n gin, trong mt s R, ngi ta ni rng Y l PTH vo X, hay X l PTH vi Y, vi mi ngoi din ca R. Nh vy, PTH t mi lin h gia hai d liu, mt d liu l ngun v d liu kia l ch : Ngun ch sao cho mt gi tr d liu ngun ch c th tng ng vi mt gi tr ch. Quan nim v PTH rt c bn trong vic phn tch cu trc d liu. Nghin cu PTH l bc u tin xy dng mt m hnh d liu, ngha l a ra mt s biu din hnh thc ca cu trc d liu ny. Vic xc nh cc PTH ch c c sau khi phn tch HTTT. V d : Cho quan h KHCHHNG (MKH, TNKH, ACHKH), ta c th xy dng cc PTH nh sau : MKH TNKH MKH ACHKH Quan h NHNG (HS, MHG, SLG, NGYH, MKH, TNKH) c cc PTH nh sau : HS MKH HS TNKH HS NGYH HS, MHG SLG

86

Ba PTH trn cng c gii thch nh sau : mt n t hng c s (number) l HS do mt khch hng c m s MKH v tn TNKH no , t hng trong mt ngy NGYH no . PTH cui cng c gii thch nh sau : vi mt n t hng v mt mt hng c nh no , khch hng t mt s lng cho. PTH ny cn c vit : HS + MHG SLG Php + trong ngun l php ghp (concatenation) ca cc c tnh. rng cn mt PTH khc l MKH TNKH cho bit mt m s khch hng ch tng ng vi mt tn khch hng v ngc li. Ch rng PTH gia X v Y trong mt quan h R l mt rng buc ton vn tham gia vo lc quan h R.

II.2.2.Cc tnh cht ca ph thuc hm

Cho quan h R (A1, A2, ..., An) v mt s PTH gia cc c tnh A1, A2, ..., An, ta c cc tnh cht sau y (c minh ho qua cc v d) :

a) Phn x (reflexivity)
Ta lun c Ai Ai, hay nu X Ai th X Ai Tnh cht phn x c hiu l mi c tnh c xc nh bi chnh chng hoc mt phn ca chng.

b) Tnh chiu (projection)

Nu Ai Aj + Ak th Ai Aj v Ai Ak MKH TNKH + ACHKH MKH TNKH v MKH ACHKH Nu mt c tnh l PTH vi mt tp hp cc c tnh th n cng PTH vi mi c tnh (phn t) ca tp hp .

c) Tng thm (increase)

Nu Ai Aj th Ak, Ai + Ak Aj HS NGYH HS + MHG NGYH C ngha l PTH s khng thay i nu thm mt tp hp cc c tnh vo ngun (v bn tri) ca PTH.

d) Tnh cng c (additivity)

Nu Ai Aj v Ai Ak th Ai Aj + Ak MKH TNKH v MKH ACHKH MKH TNKH + ACHKH y l tnh cht ngc li vi tnh cht x nh. Ngha l PTH s khng thay i nu thm vo ch (v bn phi) ca PTH mt tp hp cc c tnh vi iu kin l tn ti PTH gia ngun (v bn tri) vi mi c tnh ca ch.

e) Tnh bc cu hay truyn ng (transitivity)

Nu Ai Aj v Aj Ak, th Ai Ak HS MKH v MKH TNKH HS TNKH

f)

Tnh gi bc cu (pseudo- transitivity)

Nu Ai Aj v Aj + Ak Al, th Ai + Ak Al 87

HS MKH v MKH TNKH (Ai) (Aj) (Aj) (Al) Nh tnh cht cng thm, ta c : MKH + MHG TNKH (Ak) (Al) (Aj) T ta c : HS + MHG TNKH (Ai) (Ak) (Al) Cc tnh cht trn y c ch g v c ng dng nh th no ? Ngi ta khuyn khng nn lit k ra ht mi PTH m trong , mt s suy ra c t cc PTH c mt trong CSDL. Cc tnh cht ca PTH cho php hn ch tnh d tha quan h.

II.2.3.Cc loi hnh ca ph thuc hm

Cho A l tp hp cc c tnh A1, A2, ..., An. Gi s R (A) l mt quan h, X v Y l hai tp hp con ca A sao cho tn ti mt PTH X Y. Ngi ta a vo cc loi hnh (typography) PTH nh sau : Ph thuc hm chp nhn c (canonical FD) hay ng quy tc : X Y l chp nhn c nu Y l mt c tnh duy nht ca A. Ph thuc hm tm thng (trivial FD) : X Y l tm thng nu Y X. Ph thuc hm s cp (elementary FD) : X Y l s cp nu khng tn ti X X sao cho tn ti X Y Ni cch khc X Y l s cp nu d liu ngun X l s cp, khng th phn chia c na. V d trong quan h : NHNG (HS, MHG, SLG, NGYH, MKH, TNKH) th HS + MHG MKH khng l PTH s cp v HS MKH. PTH trc tip (direct FD) : X Y l trc tip nu khng tn ti d liu Z no , Z A, sao cho tn ti PTH X Z, Z Y m Z X khng tn ti trong R. Trong v d n t hng, HS TNKH khng l trc tip v tn ti d liu MKH sao cho HS MKH v MKH TNKH. Vic ch ra loi hnh ca PTH c ch ch cc PTH khng s cp hoc khng trc tip s tng ng vi s d tha d liu trong mt quan h cn phi loi b.

II.2.4. th ca cc ph thuc hm
Cho R l mt lc quan h, ngi ta ni th (graph) ca cc PTH ca R l mt th m cc nt ca n l cc c tnh n hay c th l cc c tnh ghp ca R, cc cung l cc PTH ca R tn ti gia cc c tnh . v th PTH ca lc mt quan h, xy dng tp hp F l cc PTH s cp nhn c t lc quan h cho. T tp hp F, v th PTH nh sau : u tin chn t cc nt l cc kho n (kho c to thnh t ch mt c tnh duy nht) Ni ln lt mi nt kho vi cc nt l cc c tnh nu tn ti PTH xc nh gia chng V d : T quan h KHCHHNG (MKH, TNKH, ACHKH), ta c th xy dng tp hp F nh sau : 88

F = { MKH TNKH, MKH ACHKH } th PTH c to tra mt cch n gin nh sau : TNKH MKH ACHKH Hnh 4.51 th PTH n gin i vi cc lc quan h phc tp hn, r rng th PTH s phc tp hn, do c th c cc kho ghp. V d : Cho cc quan h : KHCHHNG (MKH, TNKH, ACHKH), NHNG (HS, MHG, SLG, NGYH, MKH, TNKH), Quan h NHNG c kho ghp l (HS, MHG). Ta c tp hp F cc PTH nh sau : F = { MKH TNKH, MKH ACHKH ; HS MKH, HS NGYH, HS TNKH, HS + MHG SLG } T F, xy dng th PTH nh hnh di y : 1 HS 2 NGYH 3 5 HS+MHG 1 6 4 TNKH

2 ACHKH

MHG P

SLG

Hnh 4.52 th PTH y Ch rng th PTH trn y c th b PTH HS TNKH v TNKH nhn c t HS bi cc PTH bc cu HS MKH, MKH TNKH. Trong th PTH c xut hin mt quan h mi l HNG vi kho MHG v cc thnh phn c biu din bi P.

89

II.3.Cc dng chun ca lc quan h

Cho R (A1, A2, ..., An) l mt lc quan h v K l kho ca R. Ngi ta nh ngha cc dng chun nh sau :

a) Dng chun 1
Quan h R c gi l dng chun 1 (1NF - first normal form) nu v ch nu mi thnh phn Ai ca R khng c mt trong kho K l PTH ca K. Ni cch khc, ng mi gi tr ca kho K, khng tn ti mt thnh phn khc K l a tr. V d : Quan h KHCHHNG (MKH, TNKH, ACHKH) l 1 NF. Quan h NHNG (HS, MHG, SLG, NGYH, MKH, TNKH) s l 1NF nu (HS, MHG) l kho (ghp) ca n. Tuy nhin nu chn HS l kho th quan h NHNG s khng cn dng chun 1 v vi mi gi tr ca HS, tn ti nhiu gi tr ca MHG (l tp hp cc mt hng ng vi n t hng do khch hng yu cu).

b) Dng chun 2
Quan h R c gi l dng chun 2 (2NF) nu v ch nu mi thnh phn Ai ca R khng c mt trong kho K l PTH s cp ca K (1NF + tnh s cp). Ni cch khc, khng tn ti mt PTH gia mt thnh phn ca K v mt thnh phn Ai. Nh vy, cc quan h c kho ghp s khng dng chun 2. V d : Quan h KHCHHNG (MKH, TNKH, ACHKH) l 2 NF. Quan h NHNG (HS, MHG, SLG, NGYH, MKH, TNKH) khng l 2NF v ta c PTH HS (MKH, TNKH, NGYH), ngha l mt thnh phn ca kho ghp c PTH vi mt tp hp cc thnh phn ca quan h. Mt l do khc l c s mp m gia n t hng ni ring v ni dung t hng ca khch hng trong quan h NHNG. trnh s khng r rng ny, ngi ta tch quan h NHNG thnh hai quan h con (sub-relation) : NHNG (HS, NGYH, MKH, TNKH) NIDUNGH (HS, MHG, SLG) Lc ny, cc hai quan h u dng chun 2NF.

c) Dng chun 3
Quan h R c gi l dng chun 3 (3NF) nu v ch nu mi thnh phn Ai ca R khng c mt trong kho K l PTH s cp trc tip ca K (2NF + tnh khng bc cu). Ni cch khc, khng tn ti PTH gia cc thnh phn cn li ca quan h. V d : Cc quan h KHCHHNG v NIDUNGH l 3NF. Quan h NHNG khng l 3NF v ta c cc PTH : HS MKH, HS TNKH, nhng MKH TNKH Ngha l khng tn ti PTH trc tip gia HS v TNKH, hay tn ti PTH gia cc thnh phn MKH v TNKH. Tuy nhin ngi ta khng tip tc thu nh quan h nh trc. T quan h KHCHHNG, c th nhn c tn khch hng t m s ca khch hng. 90

d) Cc dng chun khc

T dng chun 3, ngi ta nh ngha dng chun 3BCKNF (BCK - Boyce Codd Kent), dng chun 4 v dng chun 5. Tuy nhin trong khun kh gio trnh ny, chng ta dng li dng chun 3 vi dng chun 1 l bt buc.

II.4.V d khu du lch Non Nc

II.4.1.Gii thiu c s d liu
qun l khu du lch Non Nc, y ch xt vic qun l cc lu tr, bo gm vic thu ch ngh, a im cm tri v thu phng tin th thao. lu gi thng tin v lu tr ca mt nhm khch, ban qun l s lp mt ha n thanh ton vo cui k. Mi nhm khch c ch nh bi mt s ng k lu tr v tn ca mt ngi khch trong nhm.

a) nh ngha bng
Mi bng c mt tn gm nhiu dng v ct. Mi ct mang mt tn d liu, nm u ct. Mi dng cha tp hp cc gi tr ca cc d liu, mi gi tr cho mt ct (giao gia hng v ct). Nh vy, bng c bao nhiu ct mang tn d liu th c by nhiu gi tr. Thng ngi ta thm mt ct ph bn tri cng ghi th t cc dng d liu ca bng.

b) Cc bng ca c s d liu v d
C s d liu gm 5 bng nh sau : B ng KI U B ng L UTR B ng CH B ng TH THAO B ng THU Bng KIU gm 2 ct : KiuCh v GiNgyNgi. Bng KIU KiuCh GiNgyNgi Lu bt 70 000 Xe nh 82 500 Xe cm tri 95 000 Nh ln 128 500

1 2 3 4

91

Bng CH gm 4 ct : ChS s th t ca ch, DinTch din tch ca ch, SNgMax s khch ti a c th , KiuCh kiu ch.

1 2 15 16 33 34 58 59

ChS 1 2 15 16 33 34 58 59

Bng CH DinTch SNgMax 10 4 12 4 14 4 19 6 16 4 16 4 30 4 34 5

KiuCh Lu bt Lu bt Xe nh Xe nh Xe cm tri Xe cm tri Nh ln Nh ln

Bng LUTR gm 6 ct : LuTrS mi nhm khch c mt s ng k lu tr. TnKhch Tn khch chu trch nhim trong nhm. Ngyn Ngy n lu tr. Ngyi Ngy i khi (ngy lu tr cui cng). SNgi S ngi lu tr. ChS Ch s th t ch lu tr. Bng LUTR LuTrS TnKhch Ngyn Ngyi 1 100 Qunh 02/07/96 09/07/96 2 101 Lin 02/07/96 09/07/96 3 102 Thi 03/07/96 05/07/96 4 103 Dng 05/07/96 014/07/96 5 104 Hin 05/07/96 010/07/96

SNgi 3 5 4 5 2

ChS 4 12 3 16 31

Bng THTHAO gm 3 ct : TnThThao Qun vt, i xe p trn mi a hnh, cho thuyn, lt vn... nVTnh Thi gian thu tnh theo n v gi, 1/2 ngy, ngy... GiTin Gi tin theo n v thi gian. Bng THTHAO nVTnh 1 gi 1 ngy 1/2 ngy 1 gi 1 gi

1 2 3 4 5

TnThThao Qun vt i xe p Lt vn Cho thuyn Bng bn

GiTin 50 000 55 000 65 000 25 000 15 000

92

Bng THU gm 4 ct : LuTrS 102 101 104 103 107 Bng THU TnThThao NgyThu Qun vt 06/07/96 Cho thuyn 07/07/96 Bng bn 06/07/96 Lt vn 06/07/96 i xe p 08/07/96 SnV 1 2 2 1 1

1 2 3 4 5

II.4.2.Quan st d liu
Sau khi lp cc bng d liu, ta quan st theo cc giai on nh sau : Lc u, ta thy cc bng c lp vi nhau, khng c mi lin h no gia chng. Tip theo, ta ch n ton b cc bng, xem xt nhng mi lin h gia chng to thnh c s d liu.

a) Quan st cc bng
Vi mi bng, chn mt, hoc nhiu d liu, c chc nng kha (gch chn trong cc bng). V d 1 : Trong bng KIU, xc nh gi thu mt ngy cho mt ngi theo kiu ch cho thu, cn phi bit kiu ch lin quan. Nh vy gi tr ca KiuCh l kha d liu. V d 2 : Trong bng CH, xc nh din tch v s ngi ti a c th thu ch, cn bit v tr (ch s my). Nh vy, gi tr ca ChS l kha. Nh vy : Kha l mt d liu c bit ca bng (hoc ca mt tp hp d liu) m khi cho n gi tr th c th truy cp n cc gi tr d liu tng ng khc ca bng (trn cng mt dng ca bng). Cc gi tr ca kha l duy nht. V d : Ch c mt gi tr ca d liu KiuCh trong bng CH. Trong khi , cc gi tr ca d liu khng phi kha th c th c nhiu dng c cng gi tr l s ngi, v mi dng ng vi mt nhm, m cc nhm ny c th c s ngi ging nhau. Ch rng bng THU c 3 kha l LuTrS, TnThThao v NgyThu (cc bng khc ch c 1). C ngha rng, nh danh mt dng mt cch chc chn,cn cung cp cho mi kho mt gi tr d liu. Bi v vi cng mt lu tr, c th c nhiu mn th thao khc nhau c thu cho nhiu ngy khc nhau. Chng hn t lu tr s 5 c 2 ngy thu can.

b) Quan st cc mi lin h
D liu D liu kha ca mt bng c th xut hin trong mt hoc nhiu bng khc nhau. Trong khi , d liu khng phi l kha ch xut hin ng mt ln trong mt bng, v trong CSDL. Chng hn, d liu KiuCh l kha ca bng KIU c mt trong bng CH. Nh vy, vi mt ch no , c th tm ra gi tin thu mt ngy cho mt ngi, nh d liu KiuCh trong bng CH, ri truy cp bng KIU tm ra GiNgyNgi tng ng.

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Tng t, d liu ChS l kha ca bng CH c mt trong bng LUTR. Li ch y l c th tm ra cc thng tin lin quan n mt ch cho mt k lu tr ang xt, ri tm ra gi tin bi KiuCh nh va ni trn. Bng KIU KiuCh Bng LU TR LuTrS ChS Bng THU LuTrS TnThThao Bng CH ChS KiuCh

Bng THTHAO TnThThao

Nh rng cc d liu kha ca bng THU, LuTrS, TnThThao v NgyThu, u l kha ca cc bng khc. y, NgyThu l trng hp c bit s gii thch mc sau. Gi tr Gi tr d liu c mt trong cc bng khng th khng tng thch vi nhau. Trong bng CH, gi tr ca KiuCh khng th khc vi gi tr ca KiuCh trong bng KIU. V lc s khng xc nh c gi tin tng ng thanh ton. Tng t, gi tr ca TnThThao trong bng THU, phi c mt trong bng THTHAO. Nu khng, s khng thanh ton c nhng thu bao v th thao. Cc gi tr d liu khc cng khng th khng tng thch. Chng hn, gi tr NgyThu trong bng THU bt buc phi nm gia hai gi tr Ngyn v Ngyi trong bng LUTR. Bi v ch c th c thu bao th thao trong k lu tr. Mt khc, gi tr SNgi trong bng LUTR bt buc phi nh hn hoc bng gi tr SNgMax trong bng CH vi ch thu tng ng ChS.

c) Khai thc c s d liu

Sau khi t chc CSDL, vn l khai thc n. C th c nhng cu hi sau : Cho bit gi thu xe cm tri (camping-car) cho mt ngi trong mt ngy ? T bng KIU, tm gi tr KiuCh l Xe cm tri. Xc nh c GiNgyNgi l 95 000. Cho bit thu lu bt nhng ch no (tm ch s) vi din tch ln hn 10m2 ? T bng CH, tm gi tr KiuCh l Lu bt. Chn ra c mt dng ng vi lu bt c din tch ln hn 10 l ch s 2. Cho bit gi p dng cho ch s 15 ? Gi tin thu nm trong bng KIU, tuy nhin cha c gi tr ca KiuCh. Gi tr KiuCh c tm thy trong bng Ch, l Xe nh , ng vi ch s 15. T , d dng tm ra gi tr GiNgyNgi l 82 500. Cho bit nhng mn th thao no nhm khch ng k lu tr s 104 thu ? 94

 T bng THU, tm nhng dng c gi tr LuTrS l 104. y tm c 1 dng c gi tr TnThThao l Bng bn. Ngoi ra cn bit ngy thng nhm khch ny thu v s n v thi gian thu phi thanh ton. Chn ra c mt dng ng vi lu bt c din tch ln hn 10 l ch s 2. Ch : Trn y ch l nhng v d ty . Thng thng, ngi ta phi tm ra nhng thng tin cn thit xc nh gi tin phi tr theo quy nh cho mt nhm khch lu tr vo thi im ln ng ca h.

II.4.3.M hnh quan h tng ng

Nhng bng d liu va xt trn y th hin kha cnh p dng thc t ca mt h QLCSDL. Chng c biu din di dng m hnh quan h kiu logic ca CSDL.

a) S biu din
Mi bng th hin mt quan h. Cc d liu tham gia vo quan h to thnh s biu din quan h ny. Tp hp cc s biu din quan h to thnh s biu din CSDL. KIU (KiuCh, GiNgyNgi) CH (ChS, DinTch, SNgMax, #KiuCh) LUTR (LuTrS, TnKhch, Ngyn, Ngyi, SNgi, #ChS) THTHAO (TnThThao, nVTnh, GiTin) THU (STT, #LuTrS, #TnThThao, #NgyThu, SnV) NGY (NgyThu) Biu din khng gian : THU (STT, #LuTrS, #TnThThao, #NgyThu, SnV) NGY (NgyThu) THTHAO (TnThThao, nVTnh, GiTin) LUTR (LuTrS, TnKhch, Ngyn, Ngyi, SNgi, #ChS) CH (ChS, DinTch, SNgMax, #KiuCh) KIU (KiuCh, GiNgyNgi)

Hnh 4.53 Biu din khng gian ca cc quan h

b) Xt cc quan h
Mt cch tng quan, ta nhn thy cu trc d liu ca cc bng, nhng khng nhn thy cc gi tr. Mi bng tng ng vi mt s biu din quan h gia cc d liu. Cc d liu kho c gch chn. Mt s d liu c du # t trc. l nhng d liu c vai tr c th ho mi rng buc gia cc quan h. Kho trong mt quan h (chng hn KiuCh trong bng KIU) khng l d liu kho trong mt quan h khc (KiuCh trong bng CH), c xem l kho ngoi lai.

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Bng THU l trng hp c bit c kho c to bi 3 kho ngoi lai LuTrS, TnThThao v NgyThu. Nhng quan h bao gm mt hoc nhiu d liu (thng c gi l thuc tnh trong m hnh quan h) c du # ng trc c gi l nhng quan h ng, v chng cho php thit lp mi rng buc gia cc quan h (cc quan h CH, LUTR, v THU). Nhng quan h khc c gi l tnh (cc quan h KIU, THTHAO v NGY). Ch : Quan h NGY ch c mt d liu NgyThu m khng c bng tng ng. Trong CSDL, kho NgyThu l ngoi lai i vi quan h THU. S dng quan h NGY tham chiu kim tra.

II.4.4.M hnh thc th kt hp a) Nhn xt

Trong MHYNDL, khng c s d tha d liu. Cc mi rng buc (kho ngoi lai) trong m hnh quan h c th hin bi cc kt hp gia cc thc th. Kt hp thuc v tnh tin gia cc thc th CH v KIU cho bit mt ch ch thuc v 1 v ch 1 KiuCh, bn s (1-1), mt KiuCh ng vi t 1 n n ch, bn s (1-n). Kt hp tip nhn trin khai gia cc thc th CH v LU TR ch rng mt t lu tr ch thc hin trn 1 v ch 1 ch, bn s (1-1), v mt ch c th khng c, hoc c nhiu khch n lu tr trong mt ma du lch, bn s (0-n). Kt hp thu c ngha trong mt t lu tr, ngi ta ghi li mt s lng n v thi gian cho mt phng tin th thao v vo mt ngy cho no . Trong mu du lch, vi mt lu tr, khng c hoc c nhiu, vi mt th thao c th khng c hoc c nhiu cuc thu, bn s (0-n), v cng c th vo mt ngy no , khng c hoc c nhiu ngi thu phng tin th thao, bn s (0-n). Nhng cng c th trong mt ma du lch, c lu tr nhng khng c hoc c nhiu ngi thu phng tin th thao, mt th thao c th khng ai thu hoc c nhiu ngi thu, v vo mt ngy no , c th khng c hoc c nhiungi thu phng tin th thao, u bn s (0-n).

96

b) Biu din m hnh

M hnh thc th - kt hp cho CSDL Khu du lch Non Nc nh sau : CH ChS DinTch SNgMax 0n Tip nhn Trin khai 11 KIU KiuCh GiNgyNgi

11

Thuc v Tnh tin LUTR LuTrS TnKhch Ngyn Ngyi SNgi

1n

0n NGY NgyThu 0n Thu SnV 0n

THTHAO TnThThao nVTnh GiTin

Hnh 4. 54 M hnh nim d liu Khu du lch Non Nc

c) M rng c s d liu
KHU DU LCH NON NC Qun l lu tr Vo s lu tr mi Vo s thu th thao Lp ho n thanh ton lu tr. Qun l dnh ch Khch n lu tr Thu th thao

Khch ra i Ho n

Hnh 4.55 M rng c s d liu Khu Du lch Non Nc Ngoi nhng cu hi v d a ra mc trc, mc ch cui cng ca c s d liu l lp ha n thanh ton cho khch hng vo thi im h ra i. Trong v d v c s d liu Khu du lch Non Nc, ta mi ch xt vic qun l lu tr. Lnh vc cha c xem xt n l qun l dnh ch.

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III.Cc cng c biu din PTH cho m hnh EA

Khi nim v PTH cng c p dng trong cc m hnh thc th - kt hp. Nu trong mt thc th, tn ti PTH gia d liu l kho A v mt d liu l c tnh B, ngi ta biu din PTH di dng : A B Nu gi tr ca A bit (ngun) th gi tr ca B (ch) cng c bit. Trong trng hp tn ti nhiu PTH, c hai cng c biu din l ma trn cc PTH v th cc PTH. Hai cng c ny b sung cho nhau.

III.1.1.Ma trn cc ph thuc hm

xy dng ma trn cc PTH, ngi ta s dng li t in d liu xy dng trong bc phn tch hin trng. Mi d liu s cp trong t in c t ln lt trn cc dng lm ch ca cc PTH. Sau chng li c t ln lt trn cc ct biu din cc ngun ca PTH. C 2 kiu ma trn : Ma trn y : mi d liu s cp c t ht trn dng v trn ct to thnh mt ma trn vung cho php xt ht mi kh nng ca PTH. Ma trn rt gn : ch nhng d liu c thuc tnh kho mi c t trn ct. Nh vy, ma trn tr nn d c nhng trc phi hiu ma trn dng y v khng c s nhp nhng trn cc kho. Ma trn y : ch A B C D E 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Ngun 3 4 1 5 Ma trn rt gn : ch A B C D E 1 1 1 Ngun 3 4 1

1 1

i vi ma trn y : ng cho chnh mc nhin cha cc s 1 th hin tnh cht phn x ca cc PTH. Cc ct c cha nhiu hn mt s 1 tng ng vi cc d liu l kha, trong , mt s 1 trn mt hng th hin tnh cht phn x (s th t hng v ct ging nhau) v mt hoc nhiu s 1 trn cc hng khc tng ng vi cc d liu ch ca PTH m d liu trn ct tng ng ng vai tr ngun. y, cc kha l A, C v D. i vi ma trn rt gn : Ma trn c dng hnh ch nht, ng cho chnh bin mt cng vi cc PTH phn x. Cc d liu kha c gch chn (in m). Ngun ca mi PTH bt buc l mt kha, tuy nhin ch c th khng phi l kha. Nu ch khng l kha, th ngun phi l kha ca mt thc th, nh trng hp d liu B (A B).

98

Nu ch l mt kha, vn l mt kt hp c phn cp gia hai thc th. l trng hp gia A v D. THCTH D D 11 FIC 1 n THCTH A A B

Hnh 4.56 Kt hp phn cp xy dng t ma trn rt gn Cc d liu c th b t tch bit, ngha l chng khng phi ch ca bt k mt PTH no c ngun l d liu s cp. l trng hp ca d liu E. Cn phi tm mt ph thuc hm sao cho ngun l cc kha ghp li, cn E l ch. Chng hn A + C (tc 1+3) cho mt kt hp khng phn cp gia cc thc th tng ng. C th b sung mt ct mi biu din PTH ny vi ngun l A + C, ch l E. Nu mun ch PTH ny l phn x, c th thm mt dng A + C. Ngun ch 1 3 4 1+3 1. A 1 1 1 2. B 1 3. C 1 1 4. D 1 1 5. E 1 Mt d liu khi c mt trong mt thc th hay trong mt kt hp, s ch c mt s 1 trn dng tng ng. Tuy nhin, c hai kh nng : Mt mt, cc d liu khng phi l kha ch c th c mt s 1 trn cc dng tng ng. Nu khng phi nh vy, th chc chn rng l du hiu ca PTH c tnh bc cu cn loi b ( y l hai d liu B v E). Mt khc, cc d liu l kha c th c nhiu s 1 trn cc dng tng ng. Mt s 1 th hin vai tr l kha (cng s th t dng v ct), cn cc s 1 khc ch ra cc kt hp phn cp (dng 1, ct 4) hoc cc kt hp khng phn cp (ct 1 + 3 v cc dng 1, 3). Ch cc d liu l tham s, hay cc h s tnh ton, khng phi l ngun cng khng phi l ch ca PTH. C th nh du chng bng cch ghi thm tham s trn nhng dng tng ng.

99

III.1.2. th cc PTH
xc nh v loi b cc PTH c tnh bc cu gia cc kha, ngi ta biu din cc PTH bng th, m dng biu din ma trn khng th xc nh c. Cch biu din nh sau : Kho-X PTH gia kha v cc thuc tnh khc trong Thuc-tnh-A cng mt thc th. Thuc-tnh-B Kho-X Kho-Y Cc PTH c ngun l d liu ghp c biu din : d-liu-1 + d-liu-2.

PTH gia cc kha ca nhiu thc th ni vi nhau bi mt kt hp phn cp (FIC).

Thuc-tnh-A Thuc-tnh-B Thuc-tnh-C Thuc-tnh-D

Kho-X + Kho-Y Thuc-tnh-P Kho-X Gia cc kha ca nhiu thc th ni vi nhau bi cc kt hp khng phn cp (MIC). Kho-Y Vi cc PTH c ch l d liu khng phi kho, vic kim tra rt d dng : trong ma trn rt gn cc PTH, nhng d liu ny ch c th c duy nht mt s 1 trn cc dng tng ng, ch ra rng chng khng l ch ca mt PTH no. Do vy ta cng d dng biu din c cc PTH gia cc kho bng th. Ngc li, i vi cc d liu ng thi va l ngun, va l ch ca PTH, c th tn ti cc PTH bc cu tng ng vi cc s 1 trn cng mt dng trong ma trn cc PTH. Vn ny thng xy ra khi cu trc d liu lm xut hin nhiu PTH gia cc kho c dng thc (cascade) : kho-1 kho-2 kho-3 kho-4 th biu din cc PTH bc cu ny nh sau : Kho-1 PTH4 PTH2 PTH3 Kho-4 Hnh 4.57 Cc ph thuc hm bc cu PTH1 Kho-2 PTH5

Kho-3

100

Cc PTH1, PTH2 v PTH3 th hin tnh bc cu nh trn. Cc PTH4 v PTH5 l kt qu ca tnh cht bc cu ca cc PTH. Cn phi loi b cc PTH bc cu trong th cc PTH, cng nh loi b cc s 1 tng ng trong ma trn cc PTH m bo tnh thun nht gia ma trn, th v m hnh d liu.

III.2.V d ng dng ph thuc hm

Ta tip tc xt v d v ng dng PTH cho CSDL X nghip DanaFood.

III.2.1.Ma trn PTH a) Ma trn PTH dng y

Lp ma trn theo ct, mi ct tng ng vi mt d liu l ngun ca PTH. Sau cn t cu hi cho mi d liu ng vi mi dng. Nh vy, vi mi ct, nu d liu tng ng thc s l ngun ca mt PTH th ta ghi 1 trn nhng dng cha d liu l ch ca PTH ny. Cn ch tnh i xng ca phng php. Tt c nhng PTH s cp, ngha l nhng PTH c ngun l mt d liu s cp, phi c lm r. STT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

D liu
ChDnHg DSNm-1 DSThng aChKH GinV GiNiBn GiaTin HnGiaoHg MHng MKH NiBnHg NgytHg NgyBn NgyCHg NgyGiao NgyKThc SHtHg SHGiaoHg SLt SLBn SLSX TnKH TnThng Thng SLBong SLC inThKH

Quy tc qun l
Khng l ngun ca PTH Khng l ngun ca PTH Khng l ngun ca PTH Khng l ngun ca PTH Khng l ngun ca PTH Khng l ngun ca PTH Khng l ngun ca PTH Khng l ngun ca PTH Ngun ca cc PTH lin quan n ch dn v mt hng, SLC, ... Ngun ca cc PTH lin quan n khch hng. Ngun ca nhiu PTH, ko theo s nhn bit NgyBn, GiNiBn, SLBn, HnGiaoHg, v khch hng, mt hng v vic giao hng tng ng. Khng l ngun ca PTH Khng l ngun ca PTH Khng l ngun ca PTH Khng l ngun ca PTH Khng l ngun ca PTH Ngun ca nhiu PTH, ko theo s nhn bit nhng thng tin v n t hng : NgytHg, GiaTin, SLt, v khch hng, mt hng v vic giao hng tng ng. Ngun ca nhiu PTH, ko theo s nhn bit NgyGiao, nhng thng tin lin quan n khch hng hay ni bn v mt hng. Khng l ngun ca PTH Khng l ngun ca PTH Khng l ngun ca PTH Khng l ngun ca PTH, do khng xc nh r c a ch ca khch hng. Khng l ngun ca PTH Duy nht PTH cho bit tn thng Khng l ngun ca PTH Khng l ngun ca PTH Khng l ngun ca PTH, mc d c th xc nh c khch hng

101

Trong ma trn PTH y , cc ch N (Ngun) c t u mt s ct ch ngun ca cc PTH. l : 12 SHGiaoHg 15 NiBnHg 13 SHtHg 16 Thng 14 MKH 23 MHng Nhng d liu trn l nhng ngun duy nht ca PTH, chng ng vai tr quan trng c bit trong vic thit k CSDL. Mi mt trong chng cho php nh danh cc i tng c quan h ti. V d, SHGiaoHg cho php nh danh duy nht mt ho n giao hng, v khng th c nhiu ho n giao hng c cng SHGiaoHg trong CSDL. Ma trn PTH dng y ca XN DanaFood : Ngun
N N N N N N

ch 1 DSNm-1 2 DSThng 3 NgytHg 4 NgyCHg 5 NgyKThc 6 NgyGiao 7 NgyBn 8 HnGiaoHg 9 ChDnHg 10 TnThng 11 GiaTin 12 SHGiaoHg 13 SHtHg 14 MKH 15 NiBnHg 16 Thng 17 TnKH 18 GiNiBn 19 GinV 20 SLt 21 SLSX 22 SLBn 23 MHng 24 aChKH 25 SLBong 26 SLC 27 inThKH

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

102

b) Vn khng d tha d liu

Trong cc m hnh thc th - kt hp, cc d liu c t trong cc thc th hoc cc kt hp. Tuy nhin, mi d liu ch c th xut hin trong mt thc th hoc trong mt kt hp. Mt d liu ch c th c t trong thc th ny, m khng c t trong thc th kia, bi n l ch ca mt PTH. Ngun ca PTH ny l kho nh danh ca thc th. Hu qu l, mt d liu khng phi kho nh danh ca thc th th ch c th l ch ca mt PTH. iu ny c ngha rng trong ma trn cc PTH, mi dng ch c th c mt s 1 duy nht. Trong ma trn y , cc s 1 trn ng cho chnh th hin tnh cht phn x ca cc PTH. Nhng i vi cc s 1 khc, c mt s la chn gia cc ngun khc nhau ca PTH xc nh. V d : Trn dng 1, DSNm-1 l ch ca 4 PTH : Ta cng c MKH l ch ca 3 PTH :
SHGiaoHg SHtHg MKH NiBnHg SHGiaoHg SHtHg NiBnHg

DSNm-1 DSNm-1 DSNm-1 DSNm-1

MKH MKH MKH

Do tnh cht bc cu ca PTH, nu a b v b c, th a c, do : nu :

SHtHg MKH v MKH DSNm-1,

th :
SHtHg SNm-1.

Tng t nh vy i vi SHGiaoHg v NiBnHg. Do s v ch ca cc PTH c tnh bc cu m ngi ta phi b chng i. Nh vy, 4 PTH ca DSNm-1 ch cn li MKH DSNm-1. Trong ma trn rt gn ca PTH, ngi ta ch gi li nhng ct d liu ngun ca PTH v ch ch n nhng PTH khng c tnh bc cu. Cc PTH phn x s khng c a vo ma trn, ngoi tr cc kho (d liu ngun s cp ca PTH).

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c) Cc PTH gia cc kho

Khi trn dng d liu l kho c nhiu 1, c th dn n cc PTH bc cu v vn l phi kh b chng i nh thy. Tuy nhin trong trng hp ny cng c nhng kt hp phn cp (hay rng buc ton vn hm - CIF) gia cc thc th m kho ca chng l PTH. Xt dng 23 c MHng l ch ca 3 PTH vi cc ngun l SHGiaoHg, SHtHg v NiBnHg. Ta c : SHtHg MHng v n t hng ch c th t mt sn phm. Ngc li, mt sn phm c th tm thy trong nhiu n t hng. S PTH ny dn n mt kt hp phn cp gia cc thc th HNG v SNPHM. i vi NiBnHg, ta c PTH l NiBnHg MHng. Ngha l mt ni bn ch lin quan n mt sn phm, cn mt sn phm c th bn nhiu ni, hoc khng c ni no. Nh vy c mt kt hp phn cp gia cc thc th NIBN v SNPHM Ta cng thy PTH : v :
SHtHg SHGiaoHg SHGiaoHg

MHng SHtHg MHng.

c tnh bc cu v :

Trong ma trn rt gn cc PTH, ta ch gi li cc PTH gia cc kho m khng gi li cc PTH c tnh bc cu.

III.2.2.Ma trn rt gn cc PTH a) Cc PTH s cp

Mt PTH c gi l s cp nu ngun l mt d liu s cp, khng phi dng ghp (t hp) ca nhiu d liu. Ging ma trn y cc PTH, ma trn rt gn c xy dng t cc PTH s cp.

b) PTH trc tip

Mt PTH l trc tip nu n khng l bc cu. Ma trn rt gn ch cha cc PTH trc tip.

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c) Ma trn rt gn
Ngun ch 12 13 14 15 16 23 A DSNm-1 1 DSThng 1 NgytHg 1 NgyCHg 1 NgyKThc 1 NgyGiao 1 NgyBn 1 HnGiaoHg 1 ChDnHg 1 TnThng 1 GiaTin 1 1 SHGiaoHg 1 1 1 1 SHtHg 1 1 1 1 MKH 1 1 NiBnHg 1 1 Thng TnKH 1 GiNiBn 1 GinV 1 SLt 1 SLSX 1 SLBn 1 1 1 1 MHng aChKH 1 SLBong 1 SLC 1 inThKH 1 A = 14 + 16 (MKH + Thng) Trong ma trn rt gn, cc kho v cc s 1 c gch chn d phn bit. Cc dng d liu khng l kho ch c mt s 1 duy nht th hin cc PTH s cp v trc tip. Trng hp dng 2 cho d liu DSThng s xt sau. i vi cc dng tng ng vi d liu kho, tr mt s 1 th hin tnh phn x, cc s 1 khc th hin cc kt hp phn cp (CIF). Chng hn, dng 14 cho MKH, hai s1 khng gch chn th hin hai CIF : mt s 1 tng ng vi thc th HNG c kho l SHtHg : SHtHg MKH, mt s 1 s tng ng vi thc th NIBN c kho l NiBnHg : NiBnHg MKH Ch : Trc ht cn nh rng cc n t hng, cng nh cc ni bn, thng c yu cu giao hng ton b mt lc, v, mt giao hng ch lin quan n mt n t hng hoc mt ni bn m thi. Tuy nhin, n t hng hay ni bn c ghi nhn ri m vic giao hng c th cha c thc thi.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Cc PTH gia cc kho lin quan n SHGiaoHg, c hai vn nh sau : PTH SHtHg SHGiaoHg l mt PTH khng hon ton, bi v bit mt gi tr ca SHtHg c th ko theo s nhn bit nhiu gi tr ca SHGiaoHg. Nhng chng no m vic giao hng ng vi mt n t hng cha c ghi nhn th cha th ko theo s nhn bit gi tr ca SHGiaoHg. Tng t nh vy cho PTH : NiBnHg SHGiaoHg. Hai PTH trn c tnh tng h qua li. Ngha l ta c cc PTH : SHGiaoHg SHtHg v SHGiaoHg NiBnHg. y l trng hp c bit. Hn na, hai PTH ny l s cp v bit c gi tr ca SHGiaoHg th bit c hoc mt gi tr ca SHtHg, hoc mt gi tr ca NiBnHg. Nh vy, mt giao hng c th ch ng vi mt ni bn, hoc ch ng vi mt n t hng (loi tr ln nhau).

III.2.3.Cc PTH khng s cp

Ta d xt cc PTH s cp. Nhng khng phi lun lun mi PTH to nn CSDL u c ngun l mt d liu duy nht. Mt s PTH khng s cp c ngun l s ghp nhiu d liu li vi nhau, c gi l PTH v tri ghp. 105

Cc PTH khng s cp xut hin trong ma trn cc PTH l do khng tn ti nhng PTH c ngun l d liu s cp. l trng hp ca DSThng. Khng c PTH m MKH l ngun v vi mt khch hng, c bao nhiu thng qua th cng c by nhiu DSThng. Tng t nh vy, i vi PTH c ngun l Thng, v vi mt thng cho, c bao nhiu khch hng hin din trong CSDL trong thng th cng c by nhiu DSThng. Nh vy, bit duy nht mt gi tr DSThng, cn bit MKH v Thng. Cu trc ny c th hin bi mt bng hai chiu, mt chiu l cc gi tr ca MKH, v chiu kia l cc gi tr ca Thng. Ta c mt kt hp khng phn cp (hay rng buc ton vn bi CIM) nh sau : MKH, Thng DSThng y l nhng PTH v tri ghp. Trong ma trn rt gn cc PTH, ta thm mt ct v mt dng cho PTH khng s cp. Thc ra th ch cn thm mt ct, l ct A = 14 + 16, vi s 1 dng 2, dng 14 v dng 16. Sau khi xy dng xong ma trn rt gn cc PTH theo cch ny, cc d liu u c t, hoc trong mt thc th (chng l ch ca cc PTH c ngun l s cp), hoc trong mt kt hp khng phn cp (chng l ch ca cc PTH c ngun l do nhiu d liu ghp li). Ch : Mi kt hp khng phn cp (CIM) khng mang d liu, nh trong v d chng ta va xt. Vn l khng tn ti nhng d liu tch bit khi nhng PTH s cp. Chng c biu din nh sau : kho-1, kho-2 0

III.2.4.Kt lun
Mi thc th c th hin bi mt kho v cc d liu l thuc tnh ca thc th trong , kho l ngun, cc d liu l cc ch ca PTH (s cp v trc tip). V d, ti ct 14, thc th l KHHNG, kho l MKH, v cc thuc tnh l DSNm-1, MKH, TnKH v aChKH. Hai kiu kt hp c xem xt nh sau : Kt hp phn cp (kiu CHA-CON, s xt chng sau) vi cc PTH gia cc kho. Chng hn, ct 14 c s 1 dng 14 biu din mt kt hp phn cp gia cc thc th HNG v KHHNG. Mt n t hng ch lin quan n mt khch hng nhng mt khch hng li c th t nhiu n t hng. Kt hp khng phn cp (kiu BNG, s xt chng sau) vi cc PTH v tri ghp. Chng hn, duy nht trong v d, ct 14+16, hai thc th lin quan l KHHNG v THNG. Kt hp ny c mt d liu l DSThng.

106

III.3. th PTH biu din CSDL ca nh my ng hp DanaFood

SHtHg MKH NgytHg GiTin SLt NiBnHg NgyBn GiNiBn SLBn HnGiaoHg MKH + Thng DSThng

SHGiaoHg NgyGiao

MHng Ch dnHg SLC SLBong SLSX NgyC GinV

MKH TnKH DSNm-1 aChKH inThKH

Thng TnThng

Gii thch :

PTH PTH khng hon ton PTH khng hon ton tng h + PTH s cp v trc tip Hnh 4.58 th cc PTH ca CSDL DanaFood

PTH gia cc kho

PTH khng s cp

III.4.Chuyn i gia m hnh d liu v th PTH

Lm th no chuyn i mt th PTH thnh m hnh thc th - kt hp ?

III.4.1.PTH c ngun l d liu s cp

Nu PTH c ngun l d liu s cp th xy dng thc th c kho l ngun ca PTH cho. V d : SH l kho ca thc th H-KH

III.4.2.PTH s cp gia kho v cc d liu s cp

Nu l PTH s cp gia kho v cc d liu s cp th xy dng thc th c cc thuc tnh l cc d liu s cp v kho ca thc th l ngun ca PTH cho. V d : Thc th : H-KH SNPHM Kho : SHtHg MKH Cc thuc tnh : MKH SLC NgytHg SLBong GiTin SLSX SLt NgyC GinV

107

III.4.3.PTH s cp gia cc kho

Nu l PTH s cp gia cc kho th to ra mt kt hp phn cp (CIF). V d : PTH gia cc kho : SHtHg MKH c chuyn thnh : c yu cu bi yu cu H-KH 11 CIF KHHNG 0n

Hnh 4.59 Kt hp phn cp Kt hp c yu cu bi yu cu l phn cp v rng bn s cc i bn tri bng 1 v bn s bn phi bng n. Mt n t hng ch c th c yu cu bi mt v ch mt khch hng, bn s (11), trong khi , mt khch hng c th yu cu nhiu n t hng, bn s cc i s l n. Khch hng c th yu cu ti thiu 1 hoc 0 n t hng. y, vi mi x l, CSDL t gi tr 0 cho mi d liu lin quan n vic qun l n t hng v ni bn hng. Ngc li, gi tr ca mi d liu thuc cc thc th KHHNG v SNPHM c chp li t x l trc . Nh vy, mt khch hng d c mt trong CSDL nhng c th vn cha yu cu mt n t hng no. iu ny gii thch v sao bn s tt thiu l 0.

III.4.4.PTH khng s cp
Vi cc PTH loi v tri ghp ny, xy dng kt hp khng phn cp (CIM). Cc thnh phn kho ch ra cc thc th lin quan. V d : MKH + Thng DSThng c chuyn thnh : KHHNG 0n mua hng DSThng 1n THNG

Hnh 4.60 Kt hp khng phn cp Kt hp mua hng l khng phn cp v bn s cc i ca c hai u bng n. Bn s 0n (KHHNG) ch ra rng mt khch hng c th khng c doanh s thng, nu khch hng ny cha yu cu mt n t hng no. Ngc li, khch hng ny c th c doanh s thng tu theo s thng tri qua t khi bt u xut hin trong CSDL. Bn s 1n (THNG) ch ra rng vi mt thng cho, c t nht mt khch hng yu cu mt hoc nhiu n t hng.

108

M hnh thc th - kt hp cho nh my ng hp DanaFood nh sau : KHHNG MKH TnKH aChKH DSNm-1 0n 11 H-KH SH NgyH SLt STin GhiChKH
01 01 11

0n

mua hng DSThng

1n

THNG SThng TnThng

0n

GIAOHNG SPhiu NgyGiao

01

01

11 0n Gii thch : l cc CIF.

SNPHM MSP TnSP GinV SLC SLBong

NIBN NiBnS. NgyBn GiBn SLBn HnGiaoHg

11 0n

Hnh 4.61 M hnh nim d liu ca DanaFood

Bi tp chng 4
1. Cng ty bo him ti sn BAVICO Cng ty bo him ti sn BAVICO bo him cc loi bt ng sn nh nh, ca hng, garage, kho bi... xy dng HTTT, cng ty cn nhng thng tin sau : Tn, h, a ch v in thoi ca ch s hu. Tn, tnh trng v a ch bt ng sn ca ch s hu. V d ng Trn Vn A ng ti ..., in thoi... c mt cn nh cp 2 ti ... Yu cu : 1. Xy dng m hnh thc th - kt hp biu din cc thc th, cc thuc tnh, cc kho, cc kt hp v kiu ca kt hp, cc bn s tng ng v s hu. 2. Tng t cu a) nhng v quan h thu bt ng sn (v trn cng mt m hnh). V d ng Trn Vn A ng ti ..., in thoi... thu ( hnh ngh) ca hng n ung bnh dn ti ti ... 2. Thi nu n Trong mt cuc thi nu n ca nhng ngi u bp, ban T chc cn nhng thng tin sau y : 109

Mn n d thi : Tn mn n (b lc lc, st vang th, c hp gng, ...) Kiu (khai v, mn chnh, trng ming, ...) Thc phm dng lm mn n : Loi (tht, c, rau, bt, ...) Tn thc phm (g cng nghip, chim b cu, b, ...) c im (ti, p lnh, hun khi, ...) Tn, h, a ch, ca hng ang hnh ngh ... ca mi ngi u bp d thi. Vi mi mn n, mi u bp d thi c cch chun b ring. V d cng lm mn Trng Vng min, ng A dng 6 qu trng v 200 gram m ln, nhng ng B li ch dng 5 qu trng v 150 gram beure. Ch : Mi mn n phi nu cho nhiu ngi n, khng lm cho mt ngi. Mi u bp khong lm tt c cc mn n d thi. Yu cu : Xy dng m hnh thc th - kt hp cho HTTT va nu.

110

CHNG 5

M hnh ha d liu bng phng php li

Trong chng trc, chng ta nghin cu cch xy dng cc m hnh nim d liu da trn vic phn tch cc ph thuc hm, xut pht t nhng d liu th thu nhn c t HTTT ang xt. Phng php m hnh ho d liu nh vy c gi l phng php tin, hay t di ln (mthode ascendante). Trong chng ny, chng ta s nghin cu mt phng php khc nhanh hn, gi l phng php li, hay t trn xung (mthode descendante), da trn vic phn tch cc cu trc kiu (structures types). Trc ht, chng ta s gii thiu cc cu trc kiu v sau , dng cc v d minh ho, chng ta ch ra cch xy dng mt m hnh d liu nh cc cu trc kiu trong HTTT ang xt.

I. Cc cu trc kiu
xy dng cc m hnh d liu, ngi ta a vo cc cu trc kiu c th cho h thng thng tin m n biu din. Cc cu trc kiu gm : Cc cu trc kiu c s : PHIU, CHA-CON, BNG. Cc cu trc kiu c bit c t hp t cc cu trc kiu c s, l : HOCHNH, C-KHNG, PHNX, BNHNG, THAK v KTT.

I.1. Cu trc kiu PHIU

Cu trc kiu PHIU (FICHE) cho php m t tng minh mt thc th v cc thnh phn ca thc th nh kha, cc thuc tnh v s PTH gia kha v cc thuc tnh ca thc th. T mt phiu d liu (thu lm c t bi ton ang phn tch), c th d dng chuyn thnh kiu thc th tng ng.

111

V d Phiu d liu
PHIU KHCH HNG M s khch hng : ........................................... Tn khch hng : .......................................... a ch khch hng : .......................................... in thoi khch hng : .......................................... Doanh s nm trc : ..........................................

Kiu thc th tng ng

KHCHHNG MKH TnKH aChKH inThoiKH DSNm-1

Thc th KHCHHNG nhn c t phiu khch hng cho bit : mi khch hng c ng nht bi mt MKH, v vi mt MKH, ch c mt v ch mt khch hng. Nh vy MKH l kha ca thc th KHCHHNG. MKH TnKH aChKH inThoiKH DSNm-1

Nhng d liu khc l cc thuc tnh ca thc th KHCHHNG. V rng tn ti s PTH gia kha MKH v mi mt thuc tnh ny, sao cho MKH l ngun v cc thuc tnh l ch. Nh vy, mi gi tr MKH ch tng ng vi mt gi tr ca hoc TnKH, hoc aChKH, hoc inThoiKH, hoc DSNm-1.

I.2. Cu trc kiu CHA-CON

Cu trc kiu CHA-CON (pre-fils) lin quan n s kt hp phn cp (hay ph thuc ton vn hm CIF) v s PTH gia kha v nhiu thc th. V d
PHIU KIU CH Kiu ch Gi Ngy Ngi Danh sch cc ch S TT Ch s. : ..................................................................... : ..................................................................... : ..................................................................... Din tch S ngi ti a

.......... ..........

........... ...........

................. .................

........... ...........

Phiu trn to ra cc thc th CH, KIU v kt hp phn cp Thuc v Tnh tin. Vic phn tch phiu ch ra rng, mt s d liu ch nhn mt gi tr cho mt phiu, y l cho mt phiu kiu ch (lu bt, xe nh ...). l trng hp ca cc d liu KiuCh v GiNgyNgi (gi cho mt ngy v cho mt ngi).

112

Trong khi , cc d liu khc c th nhn nhiu gi tr, nh l ChS, DinTch v SNgiMax. V rng c th c nhiu ch cng kiu ch. Ngi ta ni trng hp ny c hai lung thng tin. Do , khng th xem nhng d liu va nu l thuc v mt thc th duy nht, m l thuc v hai thc th. CH ChS. DinTch SNgiMax 11 Thuc v Tnh tin 1n KIU KiuCh GiNgyNgi

Hnh 5.1 M hnh d liu cu trc kiu CHA-CON Nh vy, hai thc th quan h vi nhau bi kt hp Thuc v Tnh tin v cc bn s c ngha rng mt ch ch thuc v mt v ch mt kiu ch, mt kiu ch tnh ton cho ti thiu mt ch v c th cho nhiu ch (n). Cc bn s ch ra kiu kt hp phn cp hay CIF. Hai thc th ni nhau bi mt CIF to thnh cu trc kiu CHA-CON ni ln rng, mt cha c th c nhiu con, nhng mi con ch c mt cha. Cc thc th CH v KIU ni ring l nhng cu trc kiu PHIU. Mt khc, trong cu trc kiu CHA-CON, tn ti s PTH gia hai kha : ChS KiuCh.

I.3. Cu trc kiu BNG

V d : Mi khch hng c ghi chp vo mt phiu gm m (do cng ty t n nh), tn h, a ch, in thoi v doanh s hng thng nh sau :
PHIU KHCH HNG M khch hng : Tn khch hng : a ch : in thoi : Doanh s nm trc : Doanh s hng thng : Ging : .............................. Hai : .............................. Ba : .............................. T : ..............................

.............................................................. .............................................................. .............................................................. .............................................................. ..............................................................

Nm Su By Tm : .............................. Chn : .............................. Mi : ....................... Mi Mt : ....................... Mi Hai : : : : ....................... ....................... ....................... .......................

Cu trc kiu BNG (TABLEAU) lin quan n s kt hp khng phn cp hay CIM (ph thuc ton vn bi), s ghp cc kha v cc PTH gia cc kha ca t nht hai thc th v cc thuc tnh ca kt hp khng phn cp. Vi mi khch hng, c bao nhiu thng giao dch trong nm th s c by nhiu doanh s thng. Mt khc, ly mt thng no , c bao nhiu khch hng trong CSDL th s c by nhiu doanh s tng ng. T c bng hai chiu nh sau :

113

Thng Khch hng Khch hng 1024 Khch hng 1134 Khch hng 1145 ..... Ging 12 543 000 5 467 000 15 687 000 Hai 8 654 000 6 785 000 13 232 000 Ba 19 231 000 11 942 000 20 980 000 ...

Trong bng trn, d liu DSThng ph thuc vo hai kha l MKH v Thng. C ngha gi tr ca mt doanh s thng lin quan n mt khch hng v ti mt thng cho. Phiu khch hng c chuyn thnh hai thc th KHCHHNG v THNG. Tn ti mt kt hp khng phn cp gia hai thc th ny : KHCHHNG MKH TnKH aChKH inThoiKH DSNm-1
1n

THNG mua bn DSThng

1n

Thng TnThng

Hnh 5.2 M hnh d liu cu trc kiu BNG Ta c mt PTH vi ch l DSThng v ngun l ghp ca cc kha ca cc thc th tham gia vo kt hp mua bn : M-KH + Thng DSThng Trong th d trn, ta t gii hn bng hai chiu do cc kt hp phn cp ch lin quan n hai thc th. Trong khi , cc kt hp khng phn cp li c th lin quan n nhiu thc th. Vi ba thc th, ta c bng bng ba chiu. Vi bn thc th, ta c bng bn chiu, v.v... Tp hp t 2 n n thc th c quan h vi nhau bi mt kt hp khng phn cp c gi l cu trc kiu BNG.

114

I.4. Cu trc kiu HOCHNH

Cu trc kiu HOCHNH (planning) l trng hp c bit ca cu trc kiu BNG. Mt trong nhng thc th bt buc hin din l thi gian. Trong th d v cu trc kiu BNG trn, c mt thc th th hin thi gian l thng. Tuy nhin khng phi l mt hoch nh. Ta s thy rng c s phn bit gia cu trc HOCHNH v cc cu trc kiu khc. Trong cu trc kiu HOCHNH, c thc th th hin THIGIAN. Ngi ta thng quan tm n chu k thi gian l ngy. qun l vic thu phng trong mt khch sn, ngi ta cn bit hin trng ca cc phng nh MHinTrg c th nhn cc gi tr nh sau : T : phng trng B : c ngi (phng bn) : phng t trc Trong bng di y, ta thy MHinTrg ph thuc vo hai d liu l NgyTh v PhngS. Ngy ... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Phng s
T B B T T B T B B T T B T B B T T B T B B T T B T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T

Ngy hm nay : 05/07/199 ............ Cc thc th PHNG v NGY ni vi nhau bi kt hp khng phn cp c thu. D liu MHinTrg l thuc tnh ca kt hp ny. PHNG PhngS GiNgy TngS 1n c thu MHinTrg 1n NGY NgyTh.

Hnh 5.3 M hnh d liu cu trc kiu HOCHNH Tn ti PTH vi ch l MHinTrg, ngun l do hai kha PhngS v NgyTh ghp li : PhngS + NgyTh MHinTrg Cu trc kiu HOCHNH c th c to ra t nhiu bng (hai chiu, ba chiu hoc nhiu chiu) tng ng, tng t cu trc kiu BNG. Nu cn qun l chi tit hn v thi gian hot ng, c th s dng thm nhng thc th khc. Chng hn, nu ngi ta mun qun l vic dnh ch sn qun vt vo nhng gi gic no , cn phi thm vo thc th GI v ta c m hnh d liu sau : Nh vy, vi mi sn, mi ngy v mi gi, ta c mt gi tr ca thuc tnh MHinTrg : Sn s + NgyTh + GiThu MHinTrg Ch : Vy khi no th phi to ra mt thc th thi gian ?

115

SNCHI SnS cim

1n

c thu MHinTrg
1n

1n

NGY NgyTh.

GI GiThu Hnh 5.4 Cu trc kiu HOCHNH nhiu chiu Nu nh vic qun l ch lin quan n nhng ngy c bit, chng hn NgyH (ngy t hng) hoc NgyTTon (ngy thanh ton), th khng nn to thc th thi gian, m to ra cc d liu tng ng, sau t chng vo cc thc th lin quan vi vai tr l nhng thuc tnh. V du, NgyH a vo thc th THNG v NgyTTon vo HAN. Khi , ta c th s dng cc PTH. Tuy nhin, khi thi gian l ngun ca mt PTH, vi vai tr l d liu s cp, hoc thi gian l thnh phn ca mt ngun gm nhiu thnh phn ghp li, th phi to ra mt thc th thi gian. Chnh v vy m tn cu trc kiu l HOCHNH.

I.5. Cu trc kiu C-KHNG

c to thnh t cc cu trc kiu c s BNG v CHA-CON. Cu trc kiu C-KHNG (oui-non) da trn tng rng mt trng hp c th ca mt thc th ny t khi tng ng vi mt trng hp c th ca mt thc th kia, mc du gia chng c lin h vi nhau bi mt kt hp. Ngi ta a vo khi nim trng hp c th tu ca thc th v s dng khi nim rng buc ton vn trong cu trc kiu ny. V d H-KH SH MKH NgyH SLt STin 11 t hng 0n SNPHM MSP TnSP GinV SLC SLBong

Hnh 5.5 M hnh d liu cu trc kiu C-KHNG y, s dng cu trc kiu CHA-CON. Cc bn s ca H-KH ch ra rng, mt n t hng ca khch hng ch lin quan n mt v ch mt sn phm. Bn s ti thiu 1 c ngha tnh rng buc ton vn phi c kim tra : mt trng hp c th ca H-KH phi tng ng vi mt trng hp c th ca SNPHM. Cc bn s ca SN PHM ch ra rng, mt sn phm no c th khng c t hng, nhng cng c th c t hng nhiu ln. Bn s ti thiu 0 ch ra rng y khng c rng buc ton vn. y l c trng cu cu trc kiu C-KHNG : mt trng hp c th ca 116

mt thc th ny c th khng tng ng, hoc tng ng vi mt hoc nhiu trng hp c th khc. Cc bn s c th l 01, hoc 0n. Tu theo quy tc qun l m cu trc kiu ny tn ti, tng ng vi bn s ti thiu c gi tr 1, hoc khng tn ti, bn s ti thiu c gi tr 0. Cn phi hiu c iu mun din t. Trong th d trn, cc sn phm c th c nhiu n t hng n nhng cng c th c tiu th ni bn, iu gii thch gi tr 0 ca bn s ti thiu.

I.6. Cu trc kiu PHNX

Cu trc kiu PHNXA (reflex) c th c kt hp vi cc cu trc kiu khc. Mt s kt hp khng to ra mi lin h gia hai (hay nhiu) thc th. Tuy nhin kt hp c th tn ti trn cng mt thc th. Khi kt hp c tnh phn x. C hai cu trc kiu trong v d ny l cu trc kiu BNG (tp hp c bit v rng ch c duy nht mt thc th, trong khi kt hp l khng phn cp) v cu trc kiu C-KHNG. M hnh ny xc nh mt ma trn thay th gia cc sn phm. Mt sn phm c th khng dng thay th hoc thay th cho nhiu sn phm khc. Tri li, mt sn phm c th khng b thay th hoc b thay th bi nhiu sn phm khc. SNPHM MSP TnSP GinV SLC SLBong 0n Thay th c thay th bi 0n Hnh 5.6 M hnh d liu cu trc kiu PHNXA

I.7. Cu trc kiu BNHNG

Cu trc kiu BNHNG (GALIT) t mt kt hp gia hai cu trc kiu PHIU. y l mt kt hp c bit m ngi ta gi l CIF qua li (thun nghch) do bn s ti a hai u u bng 1. Ngi ta cng ni y l trng hp mt cha c mt con duy nht. V d : Ta tha nhn rng mt ha n ch c th thanh ton mt ln v mt ln thanh ton ch cn c trn mt ha n. HON SH NgyLpH 01 c 11 THANHTON TTonS NgyTTon

Hnh 5.7 M hnh d liu cu trc kiu BNHNG Mi thc th c cc c tnh ring khng nh s tn ti ca thc th : kha v cc thuc tnh. Mi trng hp c th ca mi mt trong hai thc th tng ng vi nhiu nht l mt trng hp c th ca thc th kia. V d trn cng th hin cu trc kiu C-KHNG. M hnh c gii thch nh sau :

117

Mt ha n ch c thanh ton nhiu nht mt ln. Nhng chng no thanh ton ny cha c thc hin, s khng c trng hp c th ca THANHTON tng ng vi trng hp c th ca HAN ang xt. T ta c bn s 0 (cu trc kiu C-KHNG). Mt thanh ton, mt khi c ghi nhn, s tn ti trong CSDL v c quan h n mt v ch mt ha n. Ch rng do ch cn lm vic vi mt thc th duy nht, vic m hnh ha t ra nhng vn sau : HAN SH NgyLpH TTonS NgyTTon

Cc thuc tnh TTonS v NgyTTon c gi tr 0 khi vic thanh ton cho ha n tng ng cha c thc hin. Khng th thanh ton nu cha bit s ha n lin quan. NgyTTon l ch ca mt PTH m TTonS l ngun, v cng l ch ca mt PTH khc m SH l ngun. PTH sau cng ny c tnh bc cu. TTonS SH NgyTTon NgyTTon v ta cng c SH TTonS

I.8. Cu trc kiu THA K

Vic a vo khi nim tha k (hritage) trong cc m hnh d liu thc th - kt hp thc s lm phong ph thm v mt ng ngha. Khi nim cu trc kiu THAK lin quan n s chuyn mn ha v s khi qut ho. V d : Trong mt m hnh d liu, ta quan tm n nhiu loi xe : loi xe du lch (DL), loi xe chuyn dng (CD). Thot tin, ta d kin hai m hnh ha : M hnh dng mt thc th duy nht : (a) XEHI BinKS MacXe CngSut SChNgi TiTrng
(b)

M hnh dng hai thc th phn bit : XEDL BinKSDL MacXeDL CngSutDL SChNgi XECD BinKSCD MacXeCD CngSutCD TiTrng

C hai m hnh trn u khng tha mn. Trong m hnh dng mt thc th duy nht (a), d liu SChNgi ch c ngha vi loi xe du lch v d liu TiTrng ch c ngha vi cc xe chuyn dnng. Cn trong m hnh dng hai thc th phn bit (b), cc thuc tnh chung cho c hai loi xe (MacXe v CngSut) li nm trong c hai thc th. 11 XEHI BinKS MacXe CngSut 01

11 XEDL BinKSDL SChNgi

11 XECD BinKSCD TiTrng

Hnh 5.8 M hnh d liu cu trc kiu THAK 118

 khc phc, ta a cc d liu chung cho c hai loi xe vo trong mt thc th XEHI v cc d liu c trng ca mi loi xe c t vo cc thc th XEDL v XECD. Ta c cc PTH nh sau : M hnh (a) th hin s chuyn mn ha : cc d liu c trng cho mi loi xe c t trong thc th tng ng). M hnh (b) th hin khi qut ha : nhm cc d liu chung cho c hai loi xe vo trong cng mt thc th c chng. Vy th tnh tha k l g trong m hnh d liu ny ? Hai thc th XEDL v XECD tha k cc thuc tnh MacXe v CngSut ca thc th dc chng XEHI. Chng l cc cu trc kiu BNHNG v C-KHNG, to thnh cu trc kiu THAK. Mt trng hp c th ca XEDL phi tng ng vi mt trng hp c th ca XEHI (rng buc ton vn). Tng t nh vy i vi thc th XECD. Vi thc th XEHI, vn phc tp hn. Mt trng hp c th ca XEHI khng nht thit tng ng vi mt trng hp c th ca XEDL (cu trc kiu C-KHNG). Cng l lun tng t cho thc th XECD. Tuy nhin, cn c mt trng hp c th ca XEHI tng ng vi mt trng hp c th ca XEDL, hoc ca XECD. Thc t, mt xe no hoc l loi xe du lch, hoc l loi xe chuyn dng (trong th d ny). iu ny th hin bi du + (hay hoc c loi tr). y l mt rng buc c loi tr ln nhau gia hai kt hp cho php ni kt XEHI vi XEDL v XEHI vi XECD.

I.9. Cu trc kiu KTT

Cu trc kiu cui cng ny ch ra rng i khi cn phi m hnh ha mt h thng thng tin bng cch thc hin tng giai on. y cp n khi nim kt t (AGRGATION) v cng cp n khi nim c th ha gii quyt cng mt vn theo mt cch khc. V d : Xt mt th vin phc v sinh vin Tin hc. Cc tc phm (sch, ti liu...) thuc nhiu ch khc nhau (ngn ng lp trnh, h iu hnh, c s d liu, ...). ng nhin, mt ch c th c nhiu tc phm. Ta c m hnh d liu kiu BNG thit lp s tng ng gia cc tc phm v cc ch nh sau : TCPHM KS TnTcPhm ... CH. 1n cp n C trong 1n ChS TnCh
...

Hnh 5.9 M hnh d liu cu trc kiu BNG qun l th vin d dng v hiu qu, sinh vin a ra sng kin thit lp mt danh mc cc t kha c ngha nht v tnh trng kin thc Tin hc. H mun rng c th tm c nhng t kha trong mi phn ca tc phm c t m tham chiu, ngha l cho mi ch trong mi tc phm. Chng hn, hy tm nhng t kha v ti M hnh quan h, m MHQH, c mt trong tc phm c tn C s d liu, m tc phm l BD143. Ta thm thc th mi TKHA v ni kt vi m hnh trn.

119

Khng th ni trc tip T KHA vi TCPHM c, v nh vy, khi nim v ch s b loi tr. Ta cng khng th ni vi thc th CH , v khi nim v tc phm s b loi ra. y, cn phi ni TKHA vi ton b m hnh, hoc bi kt t, hoc bi vic c th ha kt hp Bao hm C trong.

a) Kt t TCPHM
KS TnTcPhm 1n Thuc v Ly trong 1n
Bao hm C trong

1n

...

CH. ChS TnCh ...

1n TKHO TKhoS TnTKho Hnh 5.10 M hnh d liu cu trc kiu KTT Nu coi mt phn tc phm l mt ch c cp n trong tc phm, th m hnh trn ch ra rng, vi mi phn ca tc phm, tm thy t 1 n n t kha v ngc li, mt t kha c th c tm thy trong 1 hoc n phn ca cc tc phm khc nhau. y, m hnh khng th c thit lp nu nh khng tri qua giai on kt t.

b) C th ha
TCPHM KS TnTcPhm 1n CIF 11 1n Cha C trong 1n TKHO TKhoS TnTKho Hnh 5.11 M hnh d liu cu trc kiu c th ho C th ha mt kt hp khng phn cp l thay th kt hp ny bi mt thc th v bi mt s kt hp phn cp bng s cc thc th tham gia vo kt hp khng phn cp ny. Nh vy, ta chuyn v m hnh nh nguyn (m hnh hai chiu, mi kt hp l phn cp). Tip theo, c th t mt kt hp phn cp hoc khng gia thc th mi ny vi mt thc th khc. Kt qu ca c th ha l cho ra mt m hnh ging m hnh trn. 120
PHNTP KS ChS

1n CIF 11

CH. ChS TnCh

...

...

II. ng dng phng php t trn xung

Trong mc ny, ta s a vo mt v d minh ho phng php t trn xung, thy c s gn gi ca phng php vi nhng cu trc thu lm c t HTTT. Vn dng cc cu trc kiu xy dng mt m hnh d liu, phng php ny thc s nhanh chng v t tru tng hn phng php t di ln ln xt.

II.1.Gii thiu cng ty xy dng nh BKCO

II.1.1.Cc quy tc qun l
Cng ty xy dng nh BKCO, c nhim v xy dng cc cn h cho khch hng. Sau khi phng vn nhng ngi c trch nhim ca BKCO, phn tch vin (PTV) thu nhn c nhng thng tin v quy tc qun l nh sau : 1. BKCO c hn 10 kiu nh (mu thit k). Vic xy dng mt kiu nh bao gm mt s giai on lin tip nhau. Mi giai on c c trng bi tn gi v thi gian thi cng. 2. Mi cng trnh c mt ngi ph trch. Tuy nhin, tu tnh hnh thc t m mt ngi c th ph trch nhiu hoc khng ph trch cng trnh no. 3. BKCO ch qun l thng tin i vi nhng khch hng ang c cng trnh thi cng (n 6 thng sau khi giao cha kho nh). BKCO ch thi cng mt cng trnh cho mi khch hng. 4. Vi mi mu nh thi cng, trc khi tin hnh mt giai on xy dng, khch hng phi thanh ton trc mt s tin. 5. Vo ngy tho thun, khch hng thanh ton trc s tin v giai on tng ng c bt u. Thi hn thi cng c m bo nu khch hng thanh ton ng k hn v khng xy ra s c (v l do thi tit, cp vt liu tr, v.v...).

II.1.2.H s
PTV thu nhn c ba loi h s nh sau :

a) Phiu khch hng

Mi phiu khch hng bao gm : S ca khch hng Tn khch hng a ch ca khch hng S ti khon Tn v a ch ca ngn hng M s kiu nh c chn S ca cng trnh tng ng Ngy cam kt tr tin trc

b) Phiu kiu nh thi cng

Mi phiu kiu nh bao gm : M s kiu nh Tn kiu nh

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 Gi kiu nh Din tch s dng S phng

c) Chng trnh thi cng d kin

Chng trnh thi cng c giao cho khch hng sau khi cam kt. BKCO ...,  ... PHIU THI CNG M s kiu nh : ........................ Ngy cam kt : .................................. Giy php s : ............................ Cng trnh s : .................................. Ngi ph trch : H tn : ................................................................... in thoi : ............................................................. S TT giai on 1 2 3 4 5 Ngy bt u d kin S tin t trc

d) Tin thi cng

Bng sau y theo di tin thi cng ca tng cng trnh. Tin thi cng ph thuc vo vic tr tin trc ca khch hng ti mi giai on. Mi giai on ca cng trnh (v d giai on th 3, cng trnh s 104) c ghi ln mt phiu gm cc mc sau : tr trc cha (tr ri cha tr), Ngy tr tin, Ngy bt u thc t, Ngy kt thc thc t. Cng trnh s 107 105 104 101 1 2
Phiu theo di tin thi cng

3 4 5 6

Lit k giai on 7 8

122

e) Theo di cng trnh

theo di cng trnh, ngi ta dng mt phiu ghi tng hp bt u t giai on 1 cho n khi bn giao cha kho cho khch hng. BKCO ...,  ... PHIU THEO DI CNG TRNH M s kiu nh : .................................... H tn ngi ph trch : ................................... Ngy bn giao cha kho : ..................... S TT giai on 1 2 3 4 5 Ngy bt u d kin Ngy kt thc thc t.

II.1.3.Nghin cu cc cu trc kiu

Mi loi phiu cng tc c th to thnh mt hoc nhiu cu trc kiu phc v xy dng mt m hnh d liu biu din HTTT ca BKCO.

a) Phiu KHCHHNG
D liu KHS l kho ca thc th KHCHHNG v n cho php ch nh mt khch hng duy nht. Cc d liu khc u l thuc tnh ca thc th KHCHHNG v c cc ph thuc hm (PTH) gia kho KHS (ngun) v mi mt thuc tnh (ch) ca n. Ta nhn c cu trc kiu PHIU l KHCHHNG. Nh vy, mi gi tr ca kho KHS tng ng vi mt v ch mt gi tr thuc tnh khc ca thc th KHCHHNG. KHCHHNG KHS TnKH aChKH STiKhon TnNgnHng KiuNhS CngTrnhS NgyCamKt KIUNH KiuNhS TnKiu GiKiu DinTch SPhng

b) Phiu KIUNH
y cng l mt cu trc kiu PHIU. KiuNhS l kho ca thc th KIUNH v n cho php ch nh mt kiu nh duy nht. Cc d liu khc u l thuc tnh ca thc th ny v c cc PTH gia kho KiuNhS (ngun) v mi mt thuc tnh (ch) ca n. Mi gi tr ca KiuNhS tng ng vi mt v ch mt gi tr ca TnKiu, mt v ch mt gi tr ca GiKiu, mt v ch mt gi tr ca DinTch v mt v ch mt gi tr ca SPhng.

c) Chng trnh thi cng

123

Mt s d liu gn lin vi cng trnh (phn u phiu), cn nhng d liu khc th lin quan n cc giai on thi cng khc nhau. Cc giai on khng lin quan n cng trnh, nhng lin quan n cc kiu nh l i tng ca cc cng trnh (phn bng pha di phiu) CNGTRNH CngTrnhS GiyPhpS NgyCamKt KiuNhS ChCTrnh TnNPTrch TNPTrch 1n Bao gm NgyBDKin STintTrc 1n GIAION GonS TnGon

T phiu thi cng, ta nhn c cu trc kiu BNG. Ti BKCO, mt cng trnh c thi cng trong nhiu giai on, cn mt giai on c th lin quan n nhiu cng trnh.

d) Tin cc cng trnh

Cu trc kiu cho tin cc cng trnh tng t cu trc kiu chng trnh thi cng trnh by trn. Tuy nhin cn thm mt s thuc tnh vo kt hp Bao gm. l cc d liu cho bit khch hng tr trc cha (TrTrc), ngy tr trc (NgyTrTrc), ngy bt u thc t (NgyBTT) v ngy kt thc thc t (NgyKTTT). Ta c m hnh y nh sau : CNGTRNH CngTrnhS GiyPhpS NgyCamKt KiuNhS ChCTrnh TnNPTrch TNPTrch 1n 1n GIAION GonS TnGon

Bao gm
NgyBDKin STintTrc TrTrc NgyTrTrc NgyBTT NgyKTTT

124

e) Theo di cng trnh

Phiu theo di cng trnh c cng kiu cu trc d liu vi h s tin cc cng trnh. Tuy nhin, thc th CNGTRNH c thm mt d liu thuc tnh mi l NgyChaKho (ngy giao cha kho). Mi cng trnh c mt gi tr d liu ny. Ta c m hnh mi y nh sau : CNGTRNH CngTrnhS GiyPhpS NgyCamKt KiuNhS ChCTrnh TnNPTrch TNPTrch NgyChaKho 1n Bao gm NgyBDKin STintTrc TrTrc NgyTrTrc NgyBTT NgyKTTT 1n GIAION GonS TnGon

II.1.4.Xem xt cc quy tc qun l

Ta xt li ni dung cc quy tc qun l phng vn t a) n d) trong mc II.1.1. Ring ni dung e) khng c g c bit xem xt.

a) Quan h gia KIUNH v GIAION

y l cu trc kiu CHA-CON gia cc thc th KIUNH (cha) v GIAION (cc con). Trong m hnh ny, kho ca thc th GIAION t ra vn . Trong cc phiu ang xt, gi s cc giai on c s th t i t 1 n 8 (gi tr cui cng c vai tr quan trng). iu ny khng c nghi phi ch trng vo tng giai on ca mi kiu nh. KIUNH. KiuNhS TnKiu GiKiu DinTch SPhng 1n CIF 11 GIAION GonS TnGon ThiGian

Tuy nhin, trong m hnh d liu ang xy dng, cn ch rng gi tr kho ca mi thc th phi l duy nht trong CSDL. khng phi l trng hp ca GonS v rng c bao nhiu gi tr 1, 2, ... th c by nhiu kiu nh khc nhau trong CSDL. Do , nhn t cc phiu thc t, chn GonS l kho t nhin ca thc th GIAION l hon ton khng ph hp. chn mt kho khc ph hp hn, cn tr li cu hi sau y : cn nhng d liu no hoc cn ghp nhng d liu no nh danh mt cch chc chn mt giai on trong CSDL ? C hai cu tr li cho cu hi ny.

125

Cu tr li th nht c tnh l thuyt, d hiu nhng t khi thc hin c : ta thy rng GonS l duy nht trong CSDL, dn n c th c cc giai on t 1 n 8 cho kiu nh th nht, t 9 n 18 cho kiu nh th hai, v.v... Cu tr li th hai c tnh thc dng v cho rng nh danh mt giai on, cn bit s th t ca n v s ca kiu nh tng ng. Nh vy, kho ca thc th GIAION s l KiuNhS+ GonS. y l li gii ph hp v tnh thc hin c ca n. Cc giai on v tn gi tng ng trong chng trnh thi cng hon ton c trng cho mi kiu nh xy dng. M hnh by gi nh sau : KIUNH. KiuNhS TnKiu GiKiu DinTch SPhng 1n CIF 11 GIAION KiuNhS + GonS TnGon ThiGian

b) Quan h gia CNGTRNH v NGPHUTRCH

Ta c cu trc kiu CHA-CON khc b sung cho cu trc kiu C-KHNG. Chng ta gii thch cu trc kiu ny nh sau : Mi cng trnh do mt v ch mt ngi ph trch. Ngc li, mt ngi ph trch c th khng ph trch mt cng trnh no thi im no (cu trc kiu C-KHNG), nhng c th ng thi ph trch nhiu cng trnh. Ta c cu trc kiu CHA-CON, trong , thc th NGPHUTRCH c vai tr l cha v thc th CNGTRNH c vai tr l cc con. T , cc d liu TnNPTrch v TNPTrch, vn d l cc thuc tnh ca CNGTRNH, by gi tr thnh thuc tnh ca NGPHUTRCH m khng cn thuc v CNGTRNH na. CNGTRNH CngTrnhS GiyPhpS NgyCamKt KiuNhS ChCTrnh NgyChaKho 11 0n NGPHUTRCH TnNPTrch TNPTrch

CIF

Lc ny, d liu TNPTrch l ch ca mt ph thuc hm m TnNPTrch l ngun. Ta li c PTH vi TnNPTrch l ch v CngTrnhS l ngun. y l cc PTH bc cu.

126

c) Quan h gia CNGTRNH v KHCHHNG

y l cu trc kiu BNHNG. CNGTRNH CngTrnhS GiyPhpS NgyCamKt KiuNhS ChCTrnh NgyChaKho 11 11 KHCHHNG SKH TnKH STiKhon NgyCamKt

CIF

i vi BKCO, mi khch hng ch c mt v ch mt cng trnh, mt cng trnh ch thuc v mt v ch mt khch hng m thi.

d) Ch
Mc du cha m t tng minh, nhng tn ti quan h gia cc thc th CNG-TRNH v KIUNH. Mi cng trnh ch lin quan n mt v ch mt kiu nh. y, loi b kh nng mt khch hng c th xy dng trn cng ch hai nh cng kiu hay theo hai kiu nh khc nhau. Ngc li, mi kiu nh c th khng c cng trnh no ng ti (cu trc kiu CKHNG), hoc c nhiu cng trnh thc thi, hoc c nhiu khch hng cng la chn. T , ta c cu trc kiu CHA-CON kt hp vi cu trc kiu C-KHNG sau y : CNGTRNH CngTrnhS GiyPhpS NgyCamKt KiuNhS ChCTrnh NgyChaKho 11 CIF 0n KIUNH. KiuNhS TnKiu GiKiu DinTch SPhng

II.1.5.Hn hp cc cu trc kiu

By gi ta c th xy dng mt m hnh d liu tng th bng cch t hp cc cu trc kiu hay cc m hnh con xy dng mc trc. Ta bt u bng mt cu trc kiu, sau ln lt thm vo m hnh cc cu trc kiu khc.

127

Ta bt u xy dng m hnh tng th nh sau : 1. Phiu khch hng KHCHHNG SKH TnKH aChKH STiKhon TnNgnHng KiuNhS CngTrnhS NgyCamKt 2. Phiu kiu nh KIUNH KiuNhS TnKiu GiKiu DinTch SPhng

3. Chng trnh thi cng CNGTRNH CngTrnhS GiyPhpS KiuNhS ChCTrnh TnNPTrch TNPTrch 1n Bao gm NgyBDKin STintTrc 1n GIAION GonS

Trc khi tin hnh t hp, cn ch hai im sau : Du rng mt s thc th c th xut hin trong nhiu m hnh con, chng ch c th xut hin mt ln trong m hnh tng th. Mt s d liu c th xut hin trong nhiu thc th hoc trong nhiu kt hp khng phn cp. iu ny hon ton hp l i vi cc m hnh con nhng khng cn hp l i vi m hnh tng th. D liu NgyCamKt khng th xut hin trong c hai thc th, m ch c th xut hin trong KHCHHNG, v y l iu cam kt ca khch hng.

128

Ta tip tc qua bc 4 : Thm cc thuc tnh mi vo kt hp Bao gm. 4. Tin thi cng cc cng trnh : KHCHHNG SKH TnKH aChKH STiKhon TnNgnHng KiuNhS CngTrnhS NgyCamKt

KIUNH KiuNhS TnKiu GiKiu DinTch SPhng

CNGTRNH CngTrnhS GiyPhpS KiuNhS ChCTrnh TnNPTrch TNPTrch

1n

Bao gm NgyBDKin

1n

GIAION GonS

STintTrc
NgyTrTrc NgyBTT NgyKTTT

5. Theo di cng trnh : Hai thc th KHCHHNG v KIUNH cha c g thay i. Lc ny, thm thuc tnh NgyChaKho vo thc th CNGTRNH :

129

CNGTRNH CngTrnhS GiyPhpS KiuNhS ChCTrnh TnNPTrch TNPTrch NgyChaKho

1n

Bao gm NgyBDKin

1n

GIAION GonS

STintTrc
TrTrc NgyTrTrc NgyBTT NgyKTTT

6. Hon thin tng bc a. Xc lp quan h gia KIUNH v GIAION v hon thin GIAION KHCHHNG SKH TnKH aChKH STiKhon TnNgnHng KiuNhS CngTrnhS NgyCamKt KIUNH KiuNhS TnKiu GiKiu DinTch SPhng

1n CIF 11 CNGTRNH CngTrnhS GiyPhpS KiuNhS ChCTrnh TnNPTrch TNPTrch NgyChaKho 1n Bao gm NgyBDKin 1n GIAION KiuNhS +GonS TnGon ThiGian

STintTrc
TrTrc NgyTrTrc NgyBTT NgyKTTT

130

b) Thm thc th NGPHUTRCH v mt kt hp phn cp gia thc th ny vi CNGTRNH KHCHHNG SKH TnKH aChKH STiKhon TnNgnHng KiuNhS CngTrnhS NgyCamKt KIUNH KiuNhS TnKiu GiKiu DinTch SPhng

1n CIF 11 CNGTRNH CngTrnhS GiyPhpS KiuNhS ChCTrnh NgyChaKho 11 CIF 0n NGPHUTRCH TnNPTrch TNPTrch 1n Bao gm NgyBDKin 1n GIAION KiuNhS +GonS TnGon ThiGian

STintTrc
TrTrc NgyTrTrc NgyBTT NgyKTTT

Cc d liu TnNPTrch v TNPTrch khng cn trong CNGTRNH na m tr thnh cc thuc tnh ca thc th NGPHUTRCH

131

c) Xc lp mi lin h gia thc th CNGTRNH v KHCHHNG

KHCHHNG SKH TnKH aChKH STiKhon TnNgnHng KiuNhS CngTrnhS NgyCamKt KIUNH KiuNhS TnKiu GiKiu DinTch SPhng

11 CIF 11 CNGTRNH CngTrnhS GiyPhpS KiuNhS ChCTrnh NgyChaKho 11 CIF 0n NGPHUTRCH TnNPTrch TNPTrch 1n Bao gm NgyBDKin 1n

1n CIF 11 GIAION KiuNhS +GonS TnGon ThiGian

STintTrc
TrTrc NgyTrTrc NgyBTT NgyKTTT

Ta thy thuc tnh CngTrnhS ca KHCHHNG l kho ca thc th CNGTRNH. D liu ny khng cn nm trong KHCHHNG na. M hnh ch ra rng vi mi khch hng, ch c mt v ch mt cng trnh. S nhn bit mt khch hng ko theo s nhn bit cng trnh tng ng v ngc li.

132

d) Xc lp mi lin h gia thc th CNGTRNH v KIUNH. KHCHHNG SKH TnKH aChKH STiKhon TnNgnHng KiuNhS CngTrnhS NgyCamKt KIUNH KiuNhS TnKiu GiKiu DinTch SPhng

0n

CIF

11 CIF 11 CNGTRNH CngTrnhS GiyPhpS KiuNhS ChCTrnh NgyChaKho 11 CIF 0n NGPHUTRCH TnNPTrch TNPTrch 11 1n Bao gm NgyBDKin 1n

1n CIF 11 GIAION KiuNhS +GonS TnGon ThiGian

STintTrc
TrTrc NgyTrTrc NgyBTT NgyKTTT

D liu KiuNhS, kho ca KIUNH, cng l thuc tnh ca KHCHHNG v ca CNGTRNH. D liu ny cn c xo khi hai thc th trn. Bi v cc kt hp KHCHHNG CNGTRNH v CNGTRNH KIUNH, ch ra rng, khi bit mt khch hng th bit cng trnh tng ng, v, khi bit cng trnh th cng bit khch hng tng ng.

133

Do tnh bc cu, khi bit mt khch hng th cng bit kiu nh m khch hng la chn. e) Kt qu ca t hp cc cu trc kiu Ta xy dng xong m hnh d liu cn c vo vic phn tch cc phiu v thng tin thu lm c t cng ty BKCO. Nu nh vn cn nhng ch hoi nghi v tnh ng n ca m hnh, nhng trao i trc tip vi BKCO vn cn l cn thit sau giai on phn tch hin trng. Bc tip theo l hp thc ho m hnh d liu ny.

II.2.Hp thc ho m hnh nim d liu

Sau khi thnh lp t in d liu v ma trn cc PTH, vn l p dng cc quy tc hp thc ho i vi m hnh nim d liu xy dng.

II.2.1.T in d liu
T in d liu cho HTTT ca BKCO c thnh lp nh sau : Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 D liu CngTrnhS DinTch TrTrc ChCTrnh aChKH TNPTrch GonS GiKiu GiyPhpS KHS KiuNhS NgyBDKin NgyBTT TT Loi Kiu N N L C C N N N N N N D D Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 D liu NgyCamKt NgyChaKho NgyKTTT NgyTrTrc SPhng STiKhon STintTrc TnGon TnKH TnKiu TnNgnHng TnNPTrch ThiGian TT Loi Kiu D D D D N N N C C C C C N

Ghi ch : Cc d liu c Loi = TT l cc d liu tnh ton theo cng thc

134

II.2.2.Ma trn rt gn cc PTH

Ta thm vo ma trn rt gn cc PTH cc ct mi c ni dung l ghp cc d liu kho. Trong ma trn c th c cc PTH phn x. ch 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 CngTrnhS DinTch TrTrc ChCTrnh aChKH TNPTrch GonS GiKiu GiyPhpS KHS KiuNhS NgyBDKin NgyBTT NgyCamKt NgyChaKho NgyKTTT NgyTrTrc SPhng STiKhon STintTrc TnGon TnKH TnKiu TnNgnHng TnNPTrch ThiGian 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 Ngun (kho) 11 25 11+7 1 1 1+11+7 1

135

II.2.3.Quy tc hp thc ho m hnh nim d liu a) Quy tc thng nht cc thuc tnh
Mt thuc tnh ch c ngha i vi mt thc th hoc mt kt hp duy nht. Ma trn cc PTH ch r quy tc ny. V rng i vi cc d liu kho, s c nhiu con 1 trn dng tng ng, cn cc dng khc ch c duy nht mt con 1.

b) Quy tc thng nht cc kt hp

Vi mi trng hp c th ca mt kt hp, ch c th tn ti mt v ch mt trng hp c th ca mi thc th tham gia vo kt hp ny v ngc li. Quy tc ny ch t ra i vi cc kt hp khng phn cp. Nh thy, kt hp khng phn cp Bao gm gm mt tp hp cc thuc tnh nhn gi tr vi mi cng trnh v mi giai on. Quy tc thng nht cc kt hp cng c kim chng trong ma trn cc PTH, trong , kho ca kt hp khng phn cp c ghp t cc kho ca cc thc th tham gia vo kt hp ny : CngTrnhS + KiuNhS + GonS. Cc cu trc kiu BNG cho php gii thch tng minh quy tc ny.

c) Quy tc cc thuc tnh v kho ca mt thc th

Nu mt thuc tnh ph thuc vo nhiu kho ca nhiu thc th, thuc tnh ny phi thuc v mt kt hp gia cc thc th ny. l trng hp ca kt hp Bao gm. Nu mt thuc tnh ph thuc vo kho ca thc th cha n v ng thi ph thuc vo mt thuc tnh khc cng trong thc th ny, th tn ti mt thc th con (b bao hm) trong . l trng hp ca cc thc th TnNPTrch v TNPTrch lc u xut hin trong thc th CNGTRNH. Vic to ra thc th NGPHUTRCH khc phc vn ny.

II.3.Rng buc ton vn

Cu trc d liu khng l c trng duy nht ca mt m hnh d liu. Cc rng buc tn ti trn v gia cc d liu lm phong ph thm v tng cng tnh hiu qu ca m hnh ang xt. Nh vy, cc rng buc ton vn m bo tnh cht ch ca d liu, d cch thao tc trn d liu l nh th no.

a) Rng buc ton vn ca thc th

Mi trng hp c th ca thc th phi c xc nh. Mi thc th phi c mt kha. Gi tr ca kho khng th l 0, d l d liu s cp hay d liu ghp. Nu l d liu ghp th khng c thnh phn no trong c gi tr 0.

b) Rng buc ton vn tham chiu

Rng buc ton vn tham chiu lin quan n cc kt hp. Trong kt hp c phn cp, rng buc ton vn hm (CIF) gia thc th KHCHHNG v thc th THNG c ngha rng khng th tn ti mt trng hp c th ca THNG quan h vi mt khch hng m mt trng hp c th tng ng ca KHCHHNG li cha c to ra. Mt cc tng t, khng th loi b mt trng hp c th ca KHCHHNG chng no cc trng hp c th ca THNG tng ng li cha c loi b. 136

Vn rng buc ton vn tham chiu cng t ra i vi cc kt hp khng phn cp. Chng ta ly li v d v rng buc ton vn bi (CIM) gia cc thc th KHCHHNG v THNG. Rng buc ny c mang d liu l DSThng. R rng, mi trng hp c th ca rng buc ny, tc l mi DSThng, phi tng ng vi mt trng hp c th ca KHCHHNG v vi mt trng hp c th ca THNG.

c) Rng buc ton vn trn min xc nh ca d liu

Mi d liu ch c th nhn gi tr trong min xc nh nh ngha.

d) Rng buc ton vn bin i

Gi tr ca mt d liu no ch c th bin i khi c s cp nht. V d, gi ca mt mt hng no c th bin i khi tnh ton.

e) Rng buc ton vn lin kt

Gi tr ca mt d liu no khng th bin i mt cch hon ton c lp. V d, vic qun l thu ch ng k trong bng THU : khng th c mt ngy thu khng nm trong khong thi gian khch hng lu tr thc t (ngy n - ngy i).

f) Rng buc ton vn tng th

Xut hin rng buc ton vn tng th khi bn s ti thiu ca mt thc th gn vi mt kt hp c gi tr 1. iu ny c ngha mi trng hp c th ca thc th ny u tham gia vo kt hp ang xt. Trong rng buc ton vn hm gia thc th XEHI v thc th KIUXE, bn s ti thiu ca XEHI phi bng 1 v xe hi no cng thuc v mt kiu.

g) Rng buc ton vn bnh ng

Xut hin khi mt trng hp c th ca mt kt hp t ng ko theo mt trng hp c th ca mt thc th khc v ngc li. y chnh l cu trc kiu BNHNG m ta xt.

h) Rng buc ton vn loi tr

Ta xt cu trc kiu THAK c m hnh nh sau : XEHI BinKS MacXe CngSut

11

01

11 XEDL BinKSDL SChNgi

11 XECD BinKSCD TiTrng

Du + ch ra rng y l rng buc ton vn loi tr. C ngha rng mt xe hi, hoc l loi xe du lch (DL), hoc l loi xe chuyn dng (CD), nhng khng th cng lc l c hai. Mi trng hp c th ca XEHI tng ng vi mt trng hp c th ca XEDL, hoc (hoc loi tr) mt trng hp c th ca XECD.

i)

Rng buc ton vn bao hm

137

Xt v d sau y : 11 NGI 01

11 NGIHGDN

1 THCTPSINH

Trong dp thc tp ngh ti mt c s, mi thnh vin c th l mt thc tp sinh no , hoc l hng dn vin duy nht hoc l hng dn vin cho mt giai on thc tp nhng li l thc tp sinh mt giai on khc. Chnh v vy y ta c du v. Mt trng hp c th ca thc th NGI tng ng vi mt trng hp c th ca thc th NGIHGDN hoc (hoc bao hm) mt trng hp c th ca thc th THCTPSINH. Ch i vi cc rng buc ton vn loi tr v bao hm : Trong c hai trng hp v d, ta thy c s bao hm. Mt mt, tp hp cc xe du lch v tp hp cc xe chuyn dng c bao hm trong tp hp cc xe hi. Mt khc, tp hp cc hng dn vin v tp hp cc thc tp sinh c bao hm trong tp hp ngi. Vic nh ngha cc rng buc ton vn loi tr v bao hm lm phong ph thm cc m hnh thc th kt hp trn bnh din ng ngha.

II.4.V d : Bi ton qun l du lch

Mt cng ty du lch t chc cc chuyn du lch vng quanh th gii. Hot ng ca cng ty c m t qua cc qui tc qun l nh sau :

a) Qui tc qun l
QT 1 QT 2 Mi h s v khch hng ca cng ty c lu gi lu di. Trong mt hnh trnh (chng), ti mi thnh ph, nu phi lu tr qua m th khch du lch ch lu tr ti mt khch sn duy nht. V d khi n thnh ph Nng, Vit Nam, khch du lch lun lun khch sn Tre Xanh (Bamboo Green). Nu khch du lch phi qua m mt thnh ph no trong hnh trnh th lu tr khch sn ch nh QT 2. Tn cc thnh ph khng c trng nhau. V d : trong h thng, ch c duy nht mt thnh ph tn Nng. Mi hnh trnh lun c mt v ch mt ngi hng dn du lch ca cng ty. Mi hnh trnh phi qua t nht hai thnh ph. Mi hnh trnh khng nht thit phi i qua ht tt c cc thnh ph theo k hoch d kin trong hnh trnh. Trong cng mt ngy ca hnh trnh, vi mi thnh ph, ch n v t y i duy nht mt ln. Trc mi vng du lch d kin, thng tin v vng du lch ln trc lin quan n cc hng hng khng, ng st, khch sn, v.v... c ph bin rng ri cho khch hng. Khi khch hng yu cu t ch trc th ty theo tnh hnh thc t phi tr li c chp thun hay khng (t chi nu ht ch). 138

QT3 QT 4 QT 5 QT 6 QT 7 QT 8 QT 9 QT 10

QT 11 QT 12 QT 13

QT 14

Khch hng ch t ch c nu cn ch (QT 10) v lc phi t cc trc mt s tin, sau tr dn phn cn li + li sut nu khng tr ht mt ln. Vic t ch ch c hiu lc khi ln tr tin sau cng hon li sut ca cc ln tr trc. Sau mt ngy nh N1 no (chng hn cch mt thng trc ngy khi hnh), nhng khch hng no cha tr tin s b loi b tr cho khch hng khc, d h c phn nn hoc sau c yu cu tr tin tip. Sau mt ngy quy nh N2 no (chng hn cch ng 15 ngy trc ngy khi hnh) : Nu khng s khch theo k hoch, cng ty phi hy b hnh trnh v hon tr tin li cho nhng khch hng tr . Nu khng c khch hng no tr tin theo ng yu cu th vng du lch d kin cng b hy b. Trng hp c s khch theo k hoch, vng du lch c ghi nhn.

b) Xy dng m hnh EA
Xy dng t in cc thc th nh sau :
Stt 1 2 Kiu thc th HGDNDL VNGDL Kha TnNHD MVngDL Thuc tnh TnNHD MVngDL SLgKDL GiTin Ngyi NgyV TnhTrng MKHDL TnKHDL MHTrnh NgyHT Gin Gii MSTT KiuTT STinTT TnNc MtCh TrThiC NgyC STinC TnTP TnKhSn Gii thch Tn ngi hng dn du lch M s th t vng du lch S ch d kin cho mt vng DL Gi tin Ngy khi hnh Ngy tr v Tnh trng ca chuyn DL M s khch DL H tn khch DL M s ca hnh trnh Ngy i v n trong hnh trnh Gi n ch hnh trnh Gi xut pht M s thanh ton Kiu thanh ton S tin thanh ton Tn nc n v i trong hnh trnh M s ca vic t ch Trng thi t ch Ngy t ch S tin t ch t ny Tn thnh ph Tn khch sn ni lu tr qua m

3 4

KHCHDL HNHTRNH

MKHDL MHTrnh

THANHTON

MSTT

6 7

NC TCH

TnNc MtCh

THNHPH

TnTP

139

M hnh thc thkt hp cho bi ton qun l du lch : VNGDL

MVngDL SLgKDL GiTin Ngyi NgyV TnhTrng 1,1 1,n KHoch 1,n i 1,1 1,n 1,1 iQua 0,n

THNHPH
TnTP TnKhSn

1,1 HngDn

1,1 1,n

n 1,1

HNHTRNH
MHTrnh NgyHT Gin Gii ThucV

1,n

1,n

HGDNDL
TnNHD 1,1

NC TCH
MtCh TrThiC NgyC STinC 0,2 LinQuan 1,1 TnNc

1,1 C 0,n

KHCHDL
MKHDL TnKHDL

THANHTON
MSTT KiuTT STinTT

c) Lc quan h
T s E-A, ta c th chuyn thnh LQH nh sau : Kim tra cc qui tc 1 v 2 : mi kiu c tnh trong s EA trn y u l d liu n v s cp. Kim tra qui tc 3 : mi kiu thc th u c mt kiu c tnh kha. Kim tra qui tc 4 : mi kiu kt hp u nh nguyn. Kim tra qui tc 5 : mi kiu kt hp u c t nht mt bn s cc i l 1. Ap dng cc qui tc 6, 7, 8, 9 a n cc lc quan h nh sau ( cho tin theo di, ta s dng ton b ch in hoa cho cc tn thuc tnh) : 140

VNGDL (MVNGDL, SLGKDL, GITIN, TNTP, NGYI, NGYV, TNHTRNG, TNNHD) HNHTRNH (MVNGDL, MHTRNH, NGYHT, GIN, GII, TNTPI, TNTPN) HGDNDL (TNNHD) THNHPH (TNTP, TNKHSN, TNNC) NC (TNNC) TCH (MTCH, TRTHIC, NGYC, STINC, VNGDLS, MKHDL) THANHTON (MSTT, KIUTT, STINTT, MTCH) KHCHDL (MKHDL, TNKHDL) Ch : trong cc chuyn i trn y, do gia hai kiu thc th HNHTRNH v THNHPH tn ti hai kiu kt hp, l i v n, nn ta phi thm vo lc quan h HNHTRNH hai c tnh ng ngha vi kha TNTP (ca thc th THNHPH) l TNTPI v TNTPN. Mt khc, lc quan h HNHTRNH sa i li kha bng cch ghp hai c tnh kha MVNGDL v MHTRNH. Kha ghp ny cho php lit k th t cc hnh trnh trong mt vng du lch.

II.5.Cc rng buc ton vn d liu

Sau y l mt s rng buc ton vn p dng cho cc lc quan h nu

II.5.1.Cc rng buc tnh i vi cc quan h a) Cc rng buc i vi quan h VNGDL

VNGDL (MVNGDL, SLGKDL, GITIN, TNTP, NGYI, NGYV, TNHTRNG, TNNHD) Kha chnh : MVNGDL Kha ngoi : TNNHD, tham chiu n quan h HGDNDL Min gi tr ca TNHTRNG : {D kin, Hy b, ang thc hin, qua} Min gi tr ca GITIN: mt s nguyn ln hn 500 (USD) Rng buc cho cc b-n : NGYI < NGYV Rng buc khc : hai c tnh GITIN v TNNHD khng c thay i mt cch tu tin.

b) Cc rng buc i vi quan h HNHTRNH

HNHTRNH (MVNGDL, MHTRNH, NGYHT, GIN, GII, TNTPI, TNTPN) Kha chnh : MVNGDL, MHTRNH Kha ngoi : MVNGDL tham chiu n quan h VNGDL, TNTPI v TNTPN tham chiu n quan h THNPH Min gi tr ca MVNGDL: mt s nguyn 1..30 Min gi tr ca GIN : Min gi tr ca GII : mt s 12..21 ng trc ch G mt s 6..11 ng trc ch G

Rng buc cho cc b-n : lun lun TNTPI TNTPN 141

c) Rng buc c trng cho tt c cc quan h

RB1 : Trong mt vng du lch, cc m s hnh trnh ch nh th t cc giai on ca vng du lch v do phi c tnh tng thch gia cc m s hnh trnh, ngy thc hin hnh trnh v cc thnh ph i, thnh ph n. Rng buc c m t nh sau : d1 v d2 HNHTRNH sao cho : (d1.MVNGDL = d2.MVNGDL) v (d2.MHTRNH = d1.MHTRNH + 1), th ta phi c : (d1.TNTPN = d2.TNTPI) v (d2.NGYHT > d1.NGYHT) Ngha l trong mt vng du lch, thnh ph n hnh trnh th i l thnh ph i hnh trnh th i+1 v ngy thc hin hnh trnh th i+1 phi sau ngy thc hin hnh trnh th i.

d) Cc rng buc kt hp vi cc quan h khc

Sau y l cc rng buc kt hp vi cc quan h HGDNDL, THNHPH, TCH, THANHTON v KHCHDL Quan h HGDNDL THNHPH TCH Kha chnh TNNHD TNTP TNNC TRTHIC = {Chp nhn, T chi, Chc chn, Hy b, Hon tr} Gi tr mc nhin : STINC = 0 THANHTON KHCHDL MSTT MKHDL MTCH Kiu TT = {Tin mt, chuyn khon} MTCH MVNGDL TNKHDL Kha ngoi Min gi tr

II.5.2.Cc rng buc i vi nhiu quan h a) Rng buc ton vn tham chiu
Rng buc ny c p dng cho tt c cc c tnh ca cc quan h, tr c tnh TNNHD thuc quan h HGDNDL trong quan h VNGDL. y, ngi ta trin khai lp k hoch cho mt vng du lch trc khi ch nh ngi hng dn.

b) Rng buc c trng

RB2 : Gia cc quan h VNGDL v HNHTRNH. Thnh ph khi hnh (i) ca mi mt vng du lch phi l thnh ph khi hnh ca hnh trnh u tin thuc vng du lch v thnh ph ch (v) ca hnh trnh cui cng. c VONGDL : d1 v d2 HNHTRNH sao cho : (d1.MVNGDL = d2.MVNGDL = c.MVNGDL) v (d1.MHTRNH = 1) v (d1.TNTPI = c.TNTP) v (d2.TNTPN = c.TNTP)

II.5.3.Cc rng buc ton vn ng

RB3 : Khi mt vng du lch tnh trng Hy b, cn phi chuyn i cc t ch Chc chn thnh Hon tr (quy tc 14).

142

 c t kiu rng buc ny, cn s dng mt ngn ng cho php s dng cc php ton trn cc quan h. Tuy nhin, vic thit k CSDL trong mt ngn ng nh vy khng n gin v ty theo mi trng CSDL ang s dng m c cch gii quyt ph hp. V d trong ngn ng FoxPro, ta c th vit : ... N2 = NGYI-15 SL-OK = 30 && S khch t ch ti thiu theo k hoch * Tnh TSTDC = tng tt c STINC IF (DATE()>= N2 AND DATE()< NGYI) AND ((SLGKDL < SL-OK) OR (TSTDC = 0)) TRTHIC = Hon tr ELSE TRTHIC = Chc chn ENDIF ...

U 9
Bi tp chng 5
Yu cu xy dng m hnh thc th kt hp i vi cc bi tp sau y : 1. Qun l phn pht bo tp ch hng ngy qun l vic phn pht bo v tp ch hng ngy ca cc nhn vin bu in, ngi ta s dng nhng thng tin tnh hung nh sau : Mi t bo hay tp ch u c : m, tn (tiu ), th loi v n gi. V d : bo 01Nhn dn ra hng ngy (nht bo) c gi bn 1 000 , tp ch 13Th gii Vi tnh ra hng thng (nguyt san) c gi bn 8 000 , ph san Kin thc ngy nay ra 10 ngy mt s, gi bn 4 500 , v.v... Mi ni nhn bo tp ch c qun l bi s m, tn ngi nhn (hoc tn quy bo), a ch v s in thoi (nu c). V d ng inh Quang V c m DN325 ti a ch 43b, Bch ng. Quy bo Tui Hoa c m DN037 ti 64 Hong Diu, v.v... Nhn vin bu in c nhim v phn pht bo ch hng ngy cho ni nhn c t ng k theo l trnh c nh v c n nh sn. Mi nhn vin ph trch phn pht khng qu 20 a ch. C quan Bu in qun l h bi m nhn vin, h tn, a ch v s in thoi. Tuy nhin ni nhn bo c th khng nhn mt s lng bo c nh v tu theo ngy, theo tun, theo thng trong nm m s lng bo ch bn ra ti quy c th khc nhau. Theo kinh nghim hoc nhu cu thc t m ni nhn yu cu cp pht s lng bo c th cho tng ngy. 2. Qun l tu vo ra v bc hng ti cng Nng qun l theo di tu vo ra v bc hng ti cng Nng, ngi ta s dng nhng quy tc qun l nh sau : Mi tu cp bn cng u ghi nhn m tu, tn tu, tn thuyn trng, nc s hu, loi tu, trng ti, v.v... Mi con tu c th ch nhiu loi hng ho v c chuyn ch trong

143

nhng loi kin hng khc nhau (container, li bao b, thng g, v.v...). Mi con tu u c ni i (c th l cng Nng), ni n v c ghi nhn ngy i, ngy n cng Nng. Thi gian bc hng ln hoc xung tu c ghi nhn d kin trong hp ng bc hng v nh hng n vic thanh ton thc t trong bn thanh l hp ng bc hng. Vic bc hng do cc i bc d ca cng Nng m nhim. Mi i bc d c qun l bi tn i, tn ngi ph trch i, s lng cng nhn trong i. Mi con tu c th do nhiu i bc d bc hng. Mi i c th tham gia bc d cho nhiu con tu. 3. Qun l chm thi qun l vic chm bi thi tp trung mt s mn hc cho cc trng thnh vin ca i hc nng, hng nm, Ban o to v CTCT yu cu mi cn b ging dy n i hc nng chm thi phi in vo mt phiu nh sau :
I HC NNG Ban o to v CTCT H v tn cn b chm thi Chc danh Tn Khoa cng tc Tn Trng cng tc M mn thi Tn mn thi S n v hc trnh Kiu thi (nh du vo ) Ngy chm thi Tn lp thi Thuc Trng S lng sinh vin PHIU CHM THI S .

: ............................................................... : ............................................................... : ............................................................... : ............................................................... : ............................................................... : ............................................................... : ............................................................... : Vit Trc nghim : ............................................................... : ............................................................... : ............................................................... : ...............................................................

Cho bit mi mn thi do nhiu ngi chm, nhng ti thiu phi c hai ngi. Mi ngi chm ch c chm mt mn. Mi Khoa c th c nhiu ngi i chm v c th chm thi cho nhiu Trng khc nhau. Cc Trng khc nhau c th c cng mt mn thi. 4. Qun l thi sn phm phn mm ti nng tr Quc Gia Trong mt cuc thi sn phm phn mm bnh chn ra ti nng tr Quc Gia v lnh vc Cng ngh Phn mm, ban T chc cn n nhng thng tin nh sau : Sn phm phn mm d thi : tn phn mm, cng c lp trnh, h iu hnh, phng tin ci t (a mm, a cng, CD ROM, v.v...), dung lng chim ch v thi gian kin to phn mm (s thng c chng). Tc gi ca phn mm d thi : tn, h, ch tr (l ngi ch tr hoc thnh vin cng tham gia kin to phn mm), tui, phi (nam/n), a ch, in thoi, ngh nghip, ni lm vic (tn trng hc, c quan cng tc hoc nh ring) v khu vc (tnh, thnh hoc ang tn nc ngoi ang c tr...). Lnh vc lin quan ca phn mm d thi : m s, tn lnh vc, loi hnh p dng (l thuyt, nghin cu c bn, thc tin, o to, v.v...) Thnh vin ban gim kho : tn, h, hc hm, ni lm vic. Mi ngi d thi c th gi tham gia ti a 2 sn phm phn mm cha tng c cng b. Vi mi phn mm d thi c th c nhiu tc gi, trong c mt ch tr, nhng ngi cn li l thnh vin. Ban gim kho duyt chm ln lt tng phn mm v mi thnh vin phi cho cho 3 loi im : im khoa hc (v lnh vc lin quan), im ng dng v im giao tip. 144

5. Qun l chm thi nng khiu i Truyn hnh TW t chc mt cuc thi nng khiu gia cc i tuyn. Mi i tuyn tham gia u phi thi ht c 5 tit mc c chm im. Mi thnh vin ca Hi ng chm thi c qun l bi tn h, chc danh (tc hiu), tn C quan ang cng tc v s in thoi. qun l chm v cng b kt qu, Ban T chc i Truyn hnh yu cu mi thnh vin ca Hi ng khi chm thi phi in vo mt phiu nh sau : I TRUYN HNH TW Ban T chc PHIU CHM THI S .

Tn i tuyn : ................................................................. H tn i trng : ................................................................ S ngi tham gia : ................................................................ M Tn tit mc Th loi im 01 02 03 04 05 a im, Ngy chm thi : .............................................................. Trng Ban T chc (k) Thnh vin Hi ng chm (k)

6. Qun l tiu th sn phm cng nghip ti mt i l Mt i l nhn u quyn tiu th sn phm cng nghip cho mt s nh my, x nghip trong nc v nc ngoi. i l yu cu mi khch hng bt buc phi lm th tc ng k trc mt ln vi i l c mua hng. Mi khi khch hng t mua cc loi sn phm, i l phi lin h vi ni cung cp tho mn yu cu. Mi khch hng c qun l bi m s ng k, tn, h, a ch (ca ngi i din c quan n t mua hng), in thoi v tn c quan (nh my, x nghip...). Mi khch hng c th t mua vi s lng tu nhiu loi sn phm cng nghip khc nhau, ng thi yu cu thi gian c th nhn c hng sau khi thanh ton. Ni cung cp sn phm cng nghip c qun l bi tn c quan, in thoi, ngi i din (tn, h, in thoi v e-mail). Ni cung cp c th giao nhiu loi sn phm cng nghip cho i l km theo gi gc (gi i l mua vo). Tu theo ni cung cp m gi gc ca cng mt sn phm c th khc nhau. Mi sn phm cng nghip c th c t mua nhiu ni cung cp khc nhau v c n nh mt gi bn cho khch hng, khng ph thuc khch hng l ai v s lng t mua l bao nhiu. Thi gian v l do ni cung cp giao hng tr hn hoc do chnh i l gy ra cho khch hng u phi c ghi nhn trong h thng qun l.

145

CHNG 6

Xy dng m hnh logic d liu

Mc ch ca chng ny l tm chn mt cng c phn mm ph hp th hin cc cu trc d liu nh ngha sau khi xy dng m hnh nim d liu (MHYNDL). Ch rng cc gii php la chn y vn ch dng li tip cn c in, ngha l nhng cng c thuc th h 3, th h ca lp trnh cu trc. Nh bit, hin nay, cc ng dng thuc lnh vc phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin qun l bc sang giai on hng i tng, vi cc cng c mnh hn, tin li hn, v tt nhin, d s dng hn, chng hn UML.

I. Chn phn mm
Nhng cng c phn mm phc v ci t v khai thc HTTT hin nay c rt nhiu, l : Bng tnh in t (WorkSheets). V d Tableur, Lotus-123, Quatro Pro, Microsoft Excel... H qun l tp (FMS Files Management System) bao gm cc ngn ng lp trnh cp cao nh C, Cobol, Pascal, Java, ... C th coi h qun l tp l cng c phn mm th h 3, ngn ng my l th h 1 v hp ng l th h 2. H qun l c s d liu quan h (RDBMS Relational DataBase Management System), cng c phn mm th h 4, cho php th hin s c lp gia d liu v chng trnh. V d FoxPro, Oracle, Lotus Notes, Paradox... Mi cng c u c nhng c im v ch li ring. Cc yu t so snh l : Cch th hin cc cu trc d liu (CTDL) v cc rng buc ton vn (CIF - CIM) c nh ngha mc nim. Khi lng d liu x l c. phc tp tnh ton. Cch th hin cc quy tc qun l. Tnh c lp gia ng dng cn trin khai v cng c phn mm s dng. S dng cc ngn ng khc nhau (nh ngha, thao tc, truy vn v iu khin).

146

Di y l cc kh nng la chn mt cng c phn mm thch hp cho mt ng dng phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin qun l da trn mt s m hnh xt : M hnh nim d liu La chn

M hnh quan h

M hnh tp Cc m hnh logic

M hnh bng tnh

Hnh 6.12 Chn mt cng c phn mm

I.1. Chuyn i cc cu trc d liu

a) Bng tnh
Bng tnh khng thch hp vi nhng CTDL phc tp va kh ci t, va kh qun l. Bng tnh khng c nhng cu trc c s nh tp hoc cc quan h. Mi vn cn gii quyt c th hin trn mt hoc nhiu bng, c cu trc l t hp ca cc cu trc kiu nh CON, CHA-CON, BNG... V vy bng tnh thng c dng cho cc m hnh d liu n gin. Mt khc, bng tnh khng cp n cc rng buc ton vn. Tuy nhin, nu a c MHYNDL ang xt v s dng bng tnh s lm cho vic ci t ng dng tr nn d dng, vn hnh v x l c hiu qu.

b) H qun l tp (HQLT)
V mt l thuyt, cc HQLT khng a ra hn ch g v phc tp ca CTDL. Tuy nhin, mt chng trnh s dng CTDL phc tp phi nh ngha tt c cc tp d liu lin quan, lc , s vn hnh ca h thng s tr nn nng n, tnh trong sng, d hiu c th b hn ch. Phn ln cc rng buc ton vn li c cp n trong cc HQLT.

c) H qun l c s d liu (HQLCSDL)

Cc HQLCSDL cho php biu din bt k mt MHYNDL d phc tp n u. V rng cu trc bn trong ca HQLCSDL khng cng nhc nh cc HQLT. Mt khc, cc rng buc ton vn c cp n trong cc HQLCSDL. C ngi thit k v NSD u c th s dng HQLCSDL mt cch d dng v hiu qu.

I.2. Khi lng d liu x l

a) Bng tnh
Do mi d liu dng cho x l u c mt trong bng tnh v xut hin trn mn hnh, nn khi lng d liu khng ln. S lng cc bng tnh phc v mt ng dng no cn ph thuc vo dung lng ca a cng. Bng tnh thng c dng cho nhng ng dng khng i hi khi lng d liu x l ln v vic qun l chng s tr nn nng n.

b) H qun l tp

147

HQLT thch hp cho nhng ng dng c khi lng d liu ln, c bit l nhng ng dng i hi s dng thng xuyn nhng tp thc thi, nh son tho ho n, chng t thanh ton...

c) H qun l c s d liu
V mt l thuyt, khng c hn ch g v khi lng d liu. Tuy nhin, c s d liu (CSDL) cng ln th thi gian x l tm kim d liu tr li cc cu hi (thng qua cc ngn ng vn tin) cng ln. c c thi gian tr li chp nhn c, cn d kin trang thit b phn cng v phn mm ph hp.

I.3. Mc tnh ton

a) Bng tnh
Bng tnh thch hp cho nhng cng vic c nhiu tnh ton ng thi, d dng m phng cc hm ton hc phc tp, cc hm ti chnh v thng k.

b) H qun l tp
Tc tnh ton ph thuc vo ngn ng lp trnh ang s dng. Cc hm ton hc phc tp i hi phi lp trnh v vn cn ch tc. NSD khng th thay i, ti u c g hn vi nhng phng tin m h ang c. V d, ngn ng COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language, ra i nm 1964) c s dng rng ri trong lnh vc thng mi do thch hp vi nhng tnh ton n gin, d cp nht.

c) H qun l c s d liu
Cc ngn ng vn tin, nh SQL (Structured Query Language), Oracle cho php thc hin nhng tnh ton n gin. Nhng tnh ton nhng cng thc phc tp hn t nhng d liu c trch ra t CSDL, cn s dng mt cng c sn sinh ng dng (AG Application Generator).

I.4. Chuyn i cc quy tc qun l

Ngoi cc quy tc tnh ton, cc quy tc qun l i hi s dng nhng cu trc thut ton phc tp, c cu thnh t cc cu trc iu khin c s, nh tun t, la chn v lp.

a) Bng tnh
Nhng quy tc qun l c cu trc thut ton n gin d dng chuyn i thnh cc cng thc ca bng tnh. Tuy nhin, nhng cu trc thut ton phc tp, v d nh cc x l lp..., li kh s dng trong bng tnh.

b) H qun l tp
Cc ngn ng lp trnh thch hp cho mi thut ton, d phc tp n u.

c) H qun l c s d liu
B sn sinh ng dng GA c mt trong mt HQLCSDL dng chuyn i cc quy tc qun l thnh cc cu trc thut ton. i vi nhng trng hp n gin, GA c dng tng t nh mt bng tnh. i vi nhng trng hp phc tp hn, cn phi s dng mt ngn ng lp trnh mnh v c cu trc, v d ngn ng Pal trong Paradox.

148

I.5. Tnh c lp ca cc ng dng

a) Bng tnh
pht trin mt ng dng trn bng tnh, cn c phn mm bng tnh v nhng kin thc c s s dng. Thng thng, ngi thit k bng tnh ng thi cng l ngi s dng.

b) H qun l tp
Cc HQLT hon ton c lp vi cc ng dng. Ngi thit k lp trnh trn cc ngn ng bc cao (nh Cobol, Pascal, C...) v cho bin dch thnh ngn ng my gi chy trc tip.

c) H qun l c s d liu
Tn ti hai kh nng : ng dng c thit k trn HQLCSDL v AG tng ng. NSD bit cch vo CSDL v gi chy ng dng ca mnh. Lc ny NSD lm vic vi mt chng trnh c bin dch. NSD khng cn n HQLCSDL m cho chy mt chng trnh c lp vi HQLCSDL.

I.6. Cc kiu ngn ng khc nhau

Ngi ta phn bit bn loi ngn ng nh sau : Ngn ng nh ngha d liu (DDL Data Description Language) chuyn i MHYNDL thnh CTDL tng ng vi phn mm s dng. Ngn ng thao tc d liu (DML Data Manipulation Language) nhp, sa i (cp nht), thm hoc hu b d liu. Ngn ng truy vn d liu (DIL Data Inquiry Language) truy tm xem xt d liu thng qua cc quy tc qun l. Ngn ng iu khin d liu (DCL Data Control Language) nhiu NSD cng tham gia khai thc s dng CSDL tu theo quyn hn ca mnh.

a) Bng tnh
Bng tnh khng c nhng ngn ng k trn. Tu theo mc s dng thnh tho bng tnh m t NSD tin hnh : Thit k v to ra cc mi quan h gia cc d liu (vai tr DDL). Thao tc trc tip trn cc ca bng tnh, t thit k cc cng thc tnh ton (vai tr DML). Tm kim d liu trc tip trn bng tnh nh cc hm chuyn dng c sn trong bng tnh, hoc nh cc lnh v m (macro) t lp ly (vai tr DIL). Qun l d liu v phn quyn truy xut trn cc bng tnh m bo tnh ton vn d liu (vai tr DCL).

b) H qun l tp
H qun l tp cng khng c nhng ngn ng k trn, hu ht cc ngn ng lp trnh u c : Phn m t, khai bo (nh ngha) cc bin, cc hm, cc tp d liu lin quan... c mt u chng trnh (vai tr DDL).

149

Phn thao tc, x l trong chng trnh. Ngi thit k phi lng trc mi kh nng cn thit trong khi lp trnh m bo tnh cht ch, ng n v hp l khi s dng. y l mt h thng nng n, chc chn nhng phin phc khi cn sa i (vai tr DML). Vic truy tm d liu cng c m bo bi chng trnh (vai tr DIL). HQLT cho php phn loi NSD theo quyn hn trch nhim ca h nh cc mt m (keyword). H thng tuy nng n, nhng m bo mc an ton (vai tr DCL).

c) H qun l c s d liu
Cc DDL, DML, DIL v DCL c mt trong cc HQLCSDL, n gin v d s dng. V d, cc ngn ng nh SQL, hay QBE (Query By Exemple), c ci vo Paradox, Oracle, FoxPro..., cho php nh ngha, thao tc, truy vn v iu khin khai thc d liu mt cc tng tc.

I.7. Kt lun
Ba kiu cng c phn mm va k trn khng c cng c tnh, kh nng v mc ch. Sau y l bng nh gi tng hp (DL l d liu c vit tt): Bng tnh 1.Cu trc d liu 2.Khi lng d liux l Ch thch hp vi nhng cu trc n gin (c vn i vi cc rng buc ton vn) Khng nhiu qu HQLT HQLCSDL

X l c cc CTDL Thch hp vi nhng cu phc tp nhng thao tc trc phc tp v cc rng nng n buc ton vn Khi lng DL ln

Khng hn ch khi lng DL nhng hn ch thi gian tr li Kh nng hn ch, tr Thch hp vi tnh ton Chc nng ca ngn ng 3.Mc trng hp c GA i lp, chuyn nghip lp trnh tnh ton km GA i km QLCSDL c 4.Chuyn i cc Ph hp vi nhng QTQL Ph hp vi nhng th x l cc QTQL QTQL phc tp quy tc qun l tng i n gin phc tp NSD phi c bng tnh v c lp nu c c 5.Tnh c lp Hon ton c lp bit cch s dng Run- Time ng dng Nhiu kh nng nhng Nhiu kh nng 6.Kiu ngn ng Hn ch h thng nng n v mm do

150

II. Chuyn i m hnh EA v m hnh quan h

Di y trnh by chn qui tc chuyn i mt s E-A thnh mt lc quan h. Trc khi chuyn i, s E-A phi c thit k ng v y , khng d tha cc kt hp, cc kiu c tnh kha v cc bn s u hu hn. S E-A ch cha cc kt hp nh nguyn m t nht mt trong hai bn s cc i phi bng 1. Ngi ta ni s E-A c chun ha. T ni s E-A c chun ha, xy dng lc quan h bng cch t tng ng mi kiu thc th thnh mt s ca quan h. Thc tin cho thy nhng ngi phn tch thit k h thng c kinh nghim c kh nng xy dng c cc m hnh nim d liu chuyn thnh cc c s d liu dng 3 NF.

a) Qui tc 1
Kim tra cc kiu c tnh u c kiu n. Thay th cc kiu c tnh a tr thnh mt kiu thc th v mt kiu kt hp. Khi ca c th a vo mt kiu c tnh kha cho kiu thc th mi v xc nh li cc bn s ca kt hp mi ny. Trong kiu thc th NHNVIN, c tnh TuiConNV l mt danh sch tui ca cc con ca nhn vin. Thay th c tnh ny bi kiu thc th CONNV. CONNV s c cc c tnh TuiConNV v NVConTh (con th my). Kha ca CONNV l NVConTh c xc nh t MNV ca NHNVIN v NVConTh ca nhn vin ny. NHNVIN MNV TuiConNV (a) NHNVIN MNV (b) 0n CCon 11 CONNV NVConTh TuiConNV

b) Qui tc 2
Kim tra cc kiu c tnh s cp. Thay th cc kiu c tnh t hp (aggregate) bi cc c tnh mi l nhng thnh phn t hp thnh kiu c tnh ny. V d kiu c tnh a ch thng c thay th bi danh sch cc kiu thuc tnh Ph (x), Qun (huyn), ThnhPh (tnh), QucGia.

c) Qui tc 3
Kim tra cc kiu thc th c cc kiu c tnh kha n. a vo cc d liu ng ngha (synonymous) cho cc kha t hp. V d trong qui tc 1, thay th kha t hp m NVConTh th bi d liu ng ngha MConNV.

d) Qui tc 4
Thay th tt c cc kiu kt hp khng nh nguyn bi mt kiu thc th v nhiu kiu kt hp. To kha mi cho kiu thc th mi v xc nh li cc bn s cho cc kiu kt hp mi.

151

V d : BNHNHN MBN TnBN M ThiGianM PHNGM PhngS NGYM NgyGhiS BCS MBS TnBS

Thay th kiu kt hp M bi kiu thc th mi M v 4 kiu kt hp mi cng cc bn s tng ng c to thnh nh sau :

BNHNHN BCS

MBN
TnBN 0n BM 11 11 MTi 1n PHNGM M MCaM ThiGianM

MBS
TnBS 1n ThcHin 12 11 XyRa 0n NGYM

PhngS

NgyGhiS

152

e) Qui tc 5
a kt hp khng phn cp (n:m) v kt hp phn cp (1:n) : Thay th cc kiu kt hp c bn s (*n) v (*n), ngha l quan h n:m, bi mt kiu thc th v hai kiu kt hp. To kha mi cho kiu thc th mi v xc nh cc bn s ca hai kiu kt hp mi ny. Mt trong hai bn s cc i phi l 1, ngha l kiu kt hp phi tng ng vi mt PTH gia cc kha v hai thc th. Trong v d qui tc 4, kt hp TIN HNH phi c thay th bi mt kiu thc th v hai kiu kt hp.
M MCaM ThiGianM 12 ThcHin 1n BCS MBS TnBS

(a)
M MCaM ThiGianM

12

11

THCHIN MSTH

11

1n

BCS MBS TnBS

(b)

f) Qui tc 6
Trong trng hp gia hai kiu thc th c nhiu kiu kt hp, thm vo trong cc kiu thc th c to ra qui tc 5, mt kiu thuc tnh l ghp ca cc kha ca cc kiu thc th lin quan. V d : trong v d hnh 52 chng 4, gia hai kiu thc th CNHN v CNH c cc kiu kt hp SHu, Thu v Ti. Ring kiu kt hp Ti l khng phn cp. p dng hai qui tc 5 v 6 nhn c s nh sau :
SHu CNHN SCMND HTn 0n 0n 0n Thu 11 01 CNH NghipChS aCh

TI 11 CTrS SCMND NghipChS 11

0n

Trong m hnh d liu, ch s hu v ngi thu nh (CNHN) u ng ngha vi s chng minh nhn dn (SCMND).

g) Qui tc 7
V th ph thuc hm ni cc kha ca cc kiu thc th v tm kim cc PTH bc cu c th tn ti trong th. Loi b cc bc cu v thay i li s E-A nu cn.

h) Qui tc 8

153

To mt lc quan h cho mi mt kiu thc th. Kha ca quan h l kha ca kiu thc th. Cc thuc tnh ca quan h tng ng vi cc kiu c tnh ca kiu thc th. Nh vy, v d cho qui tc 6 cho ta cc lc quan h sau : CNHN (SCMND, HTn, ...) CNH (NghipChS, aCh, ...) TI (CTrS, SCMND, NghipChS, ...)

i)

Qui tc 9

Loi b cc kha n ng ngha c to ra t cc kiu kha t hp v kim tra quan h nhn c dng 2 NF v 3 NF. S dng phng php phn chia nu cn cho nhng quan h nh dng chun 2 NF v 3 NF, sau sa i li m hnh E-A.

III.S dng cc ngn ng lp trnh

Cc ngn ng lp trnh hay h qun l tp l cng c phn mm th h ba. H qun l tp m ng mi lin h gia cc tp d liu v cch t chc chng trn mt thit b nh (mc vt l) trong h iu hnh ang s dng. Cc tp d liu c th c to ra bi NSD, bi chng trnh hay bi mt HQLCSDL v/hoc bi mt cng c to sinh ng dng (mc logic),. V d v Khu du lch Non nc xt chng trc c th c pht trin trong mt HQLCSDL quan h. Tuy nhin, do MHYNDL xy dng trc y khng qu phc tp, khi lng d liu khng qu ln, cc chc nng cn x l khng qu nhiu v tng i n gin, ta c th s dng mt h qun l tp. Ta chn FoxPro, do y l mt phn mm (ph bin Vit nam) nm gia cc ngn ng th h ba v cc HQLCSDL quan h thuc th h 4. S dng FoxPro, ta thy c tnh tun t c ch mc ca h qun l tp ny, tng t DBase.

III.1.Chuyn i MHYNDL thnh m hnh logic d liu

Trc khi chuyn i MHYNDL thnh m hnh logic d liu (MHLGDL), ta cn tm hiu cch th hin cc tp d liu ca FoxPro.

III.1.1. Cc tp d liu ca FoxPro

Mi tp d liu (DBF DataBase File) gm hai yu t : bn thn DBF v mt (hoc nhiu) tp ch mc (Index File) tng ng. Tp ch mc khng l tt yu, cng khng bt buc phi c. Nu nh tp ch mc khng c to ra th bn thn DBF c t chc theo kiu tun t. C hai kiu ch mc thng s dng : Ch mc n hay chun (standard index), tng t khi nim kho : ng vi mt gi tr ch mc duy nht th xc nh c gi tr ca mt d liu khc. Ch mc kt hp (compound index) l ghp ca nhiu ch mc n (nh mc). Mi DBF gm cc bn ghi (Record). Mi bn ghi gm cc trng (Field) l d liu c s, khng cha cc cu trc con. Cc trng d liu to thnh bn ghi l cc thuc tnh ca mt thc th,. Mi thuc tnh l ch ca mt PTH m ch mc n (hay kha ca thc th) l ngun.

154

Sau y l mt MHYNDL trc khi chuyn : CH ChS DinTch SNgMax 0n CIF 11 LUTR LuTrS TnKhch Ngyn Ngyi SNgi 0n Thu SnV 0n NGY NgyThu 0n THTHAO TnThThao nVTnh GiTin 11 1n KIU KiuCh GiNgyNgi

CIF

III.1.2.Chuyn i MHYNDL MHLGDL

n gin ha vic chuyn i, trc tin ta chuyn MHYNDL cho thnh m hnh nh nguyn, mt m hnh ch gm cc kt hp phn cp hai chiu.

a. Chuyn i thnh m hnh nh nguyn

Cc kt hp khng phn cp phi c n gin ha (hay c c th ha). Trong v d MHYNDL trn y, ch c kt hp Thu l khng phn cp, phi c n gin ha. MHYNDL sau khi chuyn i thnh m hnh nh nguyn :

155

CH ChS DinTch SNgMax 0n CIF 11 LUTR LuTrS TnKhch Ngyn Ngyi SNgi 0n CIF 11 THU LuTrS + TnThThao + NgyThu SnV 11 CIF 0n NGY NgyThu

11

CIF

1n

KIU KiuCh GiNgyNgi

11 CIF

1n

THTHAO TnThThao nVTnh GiTin

Nh vy, kt hp Thu c n gin ha v c thay th bi : Thc th THU c kha l kha ca kt hp Thu, l do ghp cc kha ca cc thc th tham gia vo kt hp ny. Kt hp Thu l ba chiu nn phi to ra ba CIF gia thc th mi THU v cc thc th LUTR, THTHAO v NGY.

156

Ta nhn thy rng m hnh ch cn li cc CIF, v l m hnh nh nguyn.

b. Nguyn tc chuyn i cc thc th thnh cc tp

Mi thc th c to thnh hai tp d liu l DBF v tp ch mc ca n. Cc thuc tnh ca thc th to thnh cc trng tin ca DBF. Kha c vai tr l gi tr ch mc n ca tp ch mc. Tuy nhin, m hnh logic cc tp s khng y nu mi lin h gia cc thc th (CIF) khng c chuyn i.

c. Nguyn tc chuyn i cc mi lin h gia cc thc th

MHYNDL NHNG SH NgyH 11 CIF 1n KHHNG KHS HTnKH

M hnh logic cc tp Cc tp c s d liu (DBF) :

NHNG SH KHS NgyH

KHHNG KHS HTnKH

Cc tp ch mc (IDX) : CMH SH ch mc n ch mc n ch mc kt hp CMKH KHS

CMHKH KHS

Mi lin h CIF gia hai thc th c chuyn i nh sau : tp NHNG c thm d liu KHS l kha ca thc th KHHNG. Trong trng hp xy dng tp ch mc kt hp CMHKH th KHS s l kho ca tp ch mc ny, v t c th : Tm li cc thng tin v mt khch hng t mt n t hng,
d. Tm li tt c cc n t hng ca mt khch hng (t khch hng s).

157

e. Chuyn i MHYNDL thnh MHLGDL cc tp

Thc th KIU DBF KIU Cc trng : KiuCh GiNgyNgi DBF CH Cc trng : ChS KiuCh DinTch SNgMax DBF THU Cc trng : LuTrS TnThThao NgyThu SnV Tp ch mc CMKIU Kho ch mc n : KiuCh Tp ch mc CMCH Kho ch mc n : ChS CMCHKIU Kho ch mc kt hp : KiuCh Tp ch mc CMTHU Kho ch mc : LuTrS TnThThao ghp cc kho NgyThu

Thc th CH

Thc th THU

Kho ch mc ca tp THU do cc kho LuTrS, TnThThao v NgyThu ghp li t xc nh gi tr ca d liu SnV. Thc th NGY Thc th NGY khng cn chuyn thnh DBF v ch c mi d liu NgyThu nn NgyThu cng ng thi l kho ch mc ca n.

III.2.Hp thc ha m hnh d liu bi x l

Ta s chng t rng cc tp d liu va xy dng trn tha mn cc x l cho bi ton qun l lu tr trong v d Khu du lch Non Nc nh sau : ng k mt lu tr mi khi khch n. ng k thu bao th thao. Lp ha n thanh ton khi khch i. Nh vy, m hnh thc th - kt hp khi chuyn thnh MHLGDL cc tp s c hp thc ho bi cc x l.

a. ng k mt lu tr mi

158

Tp d liu LUTR.DBF c thm mt bn ghi mi : SELECT 0 USE LUTR INDEX CMLUTR && Kho LuTrS APPEND BLANK SCATTER MEMVAR *INPUT m.LuTrS,m.ChS,m.TnKhch,m.Ngyn,m.Ngyi,m.SNgi GATHER MEMVAR USE

b. ng k thu th thao
Tp d liu THU.DBF c thm mt bn ghi mi : SELECT 0 USE THU INDEX CMTHU && Kho LuTrS+TnThThao+NgyThu APPEND BLANK SCATTER MEMVAR *INPUT m.LuTrS,m.TnThThao,m.NgyThu,m.SnV GATHER MEMVAR USE

c. Lp ha n
y l th tc phc tp hn c, mi tp d liu v ch mc u dng n : STORE 0 TO m.LuTrS, m.STin INPUT Cho bit Lu Tr S: TO m.LuTrS SELECT 0 USE LUTR INDEX CMLUTR && Kho LuTrS SEEK m.LuTrS IF FOUND() && Tm thy bn ghi c kho m.LuTrS *Nhn cc gi tr ChS,TnKhch,Ngyn,Ngyi v SNgi SCATTER MEMVAR SELECT 0 USE CH INDEX CMCH && Kho ChS SEEK m.ChS IF FOUND() && Tm thy bn ghi c kho m.LuTrS SCATTER MEMVAR && Nhn gi tr m.KiuCh SELECT 0 USE KIU INDEX CMKIU && Kho KiuCh SCATTER MEMVAR && Nhn gi tr m.GiNgyNgi SELECT 0 USE THU *To tp DBF trung gian kho LuTrS COPY TO THUTG.DBF FOR LuTrS=m.LuTrS *M tp THTHAO ly GiTin tnh ton SELECT 0 USE THTHAO INDEX CMTHTHAO && Kho TnThThao SELECT 0 USE THUTG *To tp ch mc trung gian kho TnThThao+NgyThu INDEX ON TnThThao+NgyThu TO CMTHUTG SCAN

159

SELECT THTHAO SEEK THUTG.TnThThao m.STin=m.STin+THTHAO.GiTin*THUTG.SnV SELECT THUTG ENDSCAN *Tip tc tnh s tin lu tr v tng s tin phi tr *In ho n thanh ton ELSE ? Khng tm thy bn ghi c ch +STR(m.ChS,4) ENDIF ELSE ? Khng tm thy bn ghi c kho +STR(m.LuTrS,4) ENDIF CLOSE DATABASES

160

Bi tp chng 6
1. Lm li cc bi tp chng 5 vi cc yu cu sau y : 1. 2. 3. 4. Xy dng m hnh thc th kt hp. Chuyn i m hnh thc th - kt hp v m hnh logic d liu M t cc tp CSDL v cc quan h gia chng (nu c), ch ra cc tp ch (master), tp t (slave) v cc kho sp xp tng ng. Cho 3 v d v cc cu hi vn tin trn CSDL xy dng. C th s dng lnh SQL (select...) vit cu tr li.

2. Vit cc lnh FoxPro : chuyn i cc thc th LUTR v THTHAO trong v d cho chng 6 thnh cc tp CSDL (DBF) v tp ch mc (IDX hoc CDX) tng ng. 3. Qun l ng vin ti ng b c s Y

a. S dng thng tin

NG B C S Y ng vin mi

Thng v. ng u

d j

B phn Vn th, Ti v

ghi
c H s gia nhp ng (khong 10 mc tin). d H s gia nhp ng vo s ng + m s ng vin + chc v ng + ng ph phi ng hng thng. e Phiu sa i h s ng vin : thng tin mi v ng vin cn sa i. f Phiu xo b h s ng vin (do khai tr, thuyn chuyn...) : m s ng vin. g Danh sch ng vin trong ng b (th t ABC). h Danh sch Ban Thng v ng u. i Danh sch ng ng ph ca ng vin trong ng b (th t ABC). j Giy bin nhn ng ng ph.

b. Yu cu cng vic
Lp bng cc dng. T in d liu cng cc quy tc qun l. M hnh nim d liu - m hnh logic d liu S x l cng vic qun l ng vin. 161

4. Qun l th vin

a. M t
qun l th vin ca mt trng i hc, ngi ta s dng nhng thng tin nh sau : Tc phm Tc gi (ca tc phm) Sinh vin mn cc tc phm ny Mn tc phm Gm cc thng tin v tc phm s, tiu , nm xut bn, tn nh xut bn, n gi... H v tn tc gi, quc tch, ni lm vic... Mt tc phm c th c vit bi nhiu tc gi. M sinh vin, h v tn sinh vin, lp, ngnh chuyn mn... Ngy mn, ngy tr, m sinh vin mn, tc phm s

Th vin quy nh rng mi sinh vin ch c th c mn khng qu 3 tc phm mi ln. iu ny c ngha nu mt sinh vin no mn v cn gi li mt vi tc phm (cha tr) th anh ta ch c mn tip cho 3 tc phm. Cn nu anh ta tr ht (hoc cha mn) th c th mn cng lc ti a 3 tc phm.

b. Yu cu cng vic
Anh (hay ch) hy lp m hnh thc th quan h (c ghi bn s min max tng ng vi CIF hoc CIM) cho cc trng hp c th sau : S lng mi tc phm ch c mt. S lng mi tc phm c nhiu. Th vin mun qun l thm nh xut bn (gm tn v a ch nh xut bn). Lp ma trn ph thuc hm hp thc ho cho trng hp 3 va nu. Chuyn m hnh d liu trn v cu trc d liu trong FoxPro.

162

5. Thc tp tt nghip

a. M t
Ti mt trng i hc, Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin (CNTT) t chc cho sinh vin thc tp tt nghip hng nm trong thi gian 10 tun ti cc c s sn xut nghin cu thuc v lnh vc Tin hc. Khoa CNTT bo cho sinh vin danh sch nhng c quan ng tip nhn sinh vin h c th t do la chn ni ph hp vi ti ca h. Sinh vin chn xong, Khoa phn cng gio vin trc tip hng dn sinh vin thc tp. Sau , Khoa nh quyt nh thc tp cho mi sinh vin. Cc gio vin ca Khoa sau khi c phn cng s xung cc c s thc t kim tra vic thc tp tt nghip ca sinh vin. Mi gio vin phi hng dn t nht bn sinh vin. phn phi gio vin cho ph hp, Khoa CNTT cn bit nhng c s thc t m gio vin tng n trong nhng k thc tp ca cc nm trc. Khoa CNTT cn c nhng thng tin nh sau : Vi mi c quan : tn c quan, a ch, s in thoi, loi c quan (nh nc, t nhn, lin doanh...), h tn ngi ph trch nhn qun l sinh vin thc tp. Vi mi sinh vin : m s, h tn, ngy sinh, gii tnh, nhm ti, v, nhng thng tin sau khi nhn quyt nh thc tp : tn c quan sinh vin s n, ngy k quyt nh thc tp v h tn gio vin trc tip hng dn. Vi mi gio vin : m s, h tn, gii tnh, chc danh, s in thoi, tn c quan tng n hng dn sinh vin v nm tng ng (gn y nht). Ch : Mt c quan c th tip nhn ng thi nhiu sinh vin, tuy nhin, mi sinh vin c th c mt gio vin hng dn ring (cc sinh vin ti cng mt c quan khng nht thit c cng gio vin hng dn).

b. Yu cu cng vic
Xy dng m hnh thc th quan h (c ghi bn s min max tng ng vi CIF hoc CIM) biu din vic t chc thc tp tt nghip ca Khoa CNTT ti mt nm hc cho.

U 9

163

Mc lc
M u

CHNG 1 I. I.1. I.2. I.3. I.3.2. I.3.3. I.3.4. I.4. I.5. I.5.1. I.5.2.

KHI NIM V H THNG THNG TIN QUN L............................1

KHI NIM V H THNG ......................................................................................3 nh ngha h thng..........................................................................................3 Tnh cht ca h thng ......................................................................................2 Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng................................................................2 Hnh vi ca h thng.........................................................................................3 Mc tiu ca h thng .......................................................................................4 Cu trc ca h thng........................................................................................4 Phn loi h thng ............................................................................................5 Nghin cu l thuyt h thng...........................................................................6 L thuyt tng qut v h thng........................................................................6 Quan im nghin cu h thng........................................................................6 II. X NGHIP V VAI TR CA X NGHIP TRONG NN KINH T ..................................8 II.1. X nghip v cc t chc bn trong...................................................................8 II.1.1. Lin h gia x nghip vi mi trng..............................................................9 II.1.2. Phn tch cc lin h vi mi trng.................................................................9 II.2. H thngl t chc x nghip ..........................................................................10 II.3. Ba h thng ca mt t chc x nghip ...........................................................11 III. H THNG THNG TIN QUN L (HTTTQL) ......................................................13 III.1. Khi nim HTTTQL.........................................................................................13 III.2. Cu trc ca HTTTQL ....................................................................................13 III.2.1. Cc phn h ....................................................................................................13 III.2.2. D liu............................................................................................................15 III.2.3. M hnh qun l .............................................................................................16 III.2.4. Quy tc qun l ..............................................................................................17 III.3. Vai tr v cht lng ca HTTTQL ................................................................17 III.4. HTTTQL - cng c iu phi v kim sot h thng ......................................19 III.5. Phn loi cc h thng thng tin ....................................................................21 CHNG 2 I. I.1. I.2. I.3. II. II.1. II.2. II.3. II.3.1. CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH V THIT K H THNG ........24 TH NO L PHN TCH H THNG ? ..................................................................24 Khi nim ........................................................................................................24 Bn cht v yu cu ca phn tch h thng...................................................25 nh gi cc phng php .............................................................................26 MT S PHNG PHP PTTKHT C IN.......................................................27 Phng php SADT.........................................................................................28 Phng php MERISE ....................................................................................30 PTTKHT theo quan im ba trc to .........................................................32 M hnh phn tch v thit k HTTT...............................................................32 164

II.3.2. II.3.3. III. CHNG 3 I. I.1. I.2. I.3. I.4. I.5. II. II.1. II.2. II.2.1. II.2.2. II.2.3. II.3. II.3.1. II.3.2. II.3.3. II.3.4. II.3.5. III. III.1. III.2. III.3. CHNG 4 I. I.1. I.1.1. I.1.2. I.1.3. I.1.4. I.1.5. I.2. I.3. II. II.1. II.2. II.2.1. II.2.2. II.2.3. II.2.4. II.3. II.4. II.4.1. II.4.2.

Cc giai on phn tch v thit k h thng .................................................. 34 Tip cn ba mc.............................................................................................. 37 PHNG PHP PHN TCH THIT K HNG I TNG, UML .......................... 39 PHN TCH HIN TRNG ....................................................................... 42 PHNG PHP PHNG VN (INTERVIEW) ........................................................... 42 Nguyn l ca phng php ........................................................................... 42 Phn tch hin trng........................................................................................ 43 Phng vn lnh o ........................................................................................ 44 Phng vn cc v tr lm vic.......................................................................... 44 Cng c cc phng vn................................................................................... 46 TNG HP CC KT QU PHN TCH HIN TRNG ................................................. 48 Xc nh cc phn h ...................................................................................... 48 Phn tch d liu............................................................................................. 50 Khi nim v d liu s cp............................................................................ 50 Thanh lc d liu ............................................................................................ 51 Xy dng t in d liu ................................................................................ 51 S dng d liu .......................................................................................... 54 Khi nim........................................................................................................ 54 Phn bit DFD vi s khi ........................................................................ 55 V d : ............................................................................................................. 55 Xy dng s dng d liu.......................................................................... 56 Trnh son tho PPP DFD editor .................................................................... 58 V D : X NGHIP NG HP DANAFOOD .......................................................... 60 M t hot ng ca x nghip DanaFood ..................................................... 60 Giao tip gia c s d liu vi ngi s dng ............................................. 61 Phn tch cc dng thng tin .......................................................................... 62 PHN TCH NIM D LIU V CC PHNG PHP M HNH HO............................................. 69 M HNH THC TH - KT HP ............................................................................ 70 Khi nim v m hnh thc th - kt hp ........................................................ 70 Khi nim v thc th ..................................................................................... 70 Khi nim v kt hp ...................................................................................... 72 16 kh nng ca kiu kt hp nh phn........................................................... 75 Cc kiu kt hp ............................................................................................. 77 Cc thnh phn ca t in d liu................................................................. 79 M hnh thc th - kt hp m rng ............................................................... 79 Chuyn i cc m hnh thc th kt hp....................................................... 81 M HNH QUAN H............................................................................................ 83 Cc nh ngha................................................................................................ 83 Ph thuc hm ................................................................................................ 86 Khi nim........................................................................................................ 86 Cc tnh cht ca ph thuc hm .................................................................... 87 Cc loi hnh ca ph thuc hm.................................................................... 88 th ca cc ph thuc hm......................................................................... 88 Cc dng chun ca lc quan h............................................................. 90 V d khu du lch Non Nc............................................................................ 91 Gii thiu c s d liu................................................................................... 91 Quan st d liu .............................................................................................. 93 165

M hnh quan h tng ng ............................................................................95 M hnh thc th kt hp .............................................................................96 III. CC CNG C BIU DIN PTH CHO M HNH EA .............................................98 III.1.1. Ma trn cc ph thuc hm ............................................................................98 III.1.2. th cc PTH .............................................................................................100 III.2. V d ng dng ph thuc hm .....................................................................101 III.2.1. Ma trn PTH.................................................................................................101 III.2.2. Ma trn rt gn cc PTH ..............................................................................104 III.2.3. Cc PTH khng s cp.................................................................................105 III.2.4. Kt lun ........................................................................................................106 III.3. th PTH biu din CSDL ca nh my ng hp DanaFood ..................107 III.4. Chuyn i gia m hnh d liu v th PTH...........................................107 III.4.1. PTH c ngun l d liu s cp ...................................................................107 III.4.2. PTH s cp gia kho v cc d liu s cp................................................107 III.4.3. PTH s cp gia cc kho ............................................................................108 III.4.4. PTH khng s cp ........................................................................................108 II.4.3. II.4.4. CHNG 5 I. I.1. I.2. I.3. I.4. I.5. I.6. I.7. I.8. I.9. II. II.1. II.1.1. II.1.2. II.1.3. II.1.4. II.1.5. II.2. II.2.1. II.2.2. II.2.3. II.3. II.4. II.5. II.5.1. II.5.2. II.5.3. CHNG 6 I. I.1. I.2. M HNH HA D LIU BNG PHNG PHP LI .....................111 CC CU TRC KIU ........................................................................................111 Cu trc kiu PHIU ....................................................................................111 Cu trc kiu CHA-CON...............................................................................112 Cu trc kiu BNG......................................................................................113 Cu trc kiu HOCHNH.........................................................................115 Cu trc kiu C-KHNG ...........................................................................116 Cu trc kiu PHNX .................................................................................117 Cu trc kiu BNHNG............................................................................117 Cu trc kiu THA K ...............................................................................118 Cu trc kiu KTT ....................................................................................119 NG DNG PHNG PHP T TRN XUNG ......................................................121 Gii thiu cng ty xy dng nh BKCO ....................................................121 Cc quy tc qun l .......................................................................................121 H s .............................................................................................................121 Nghin cu cc cu trc kiu ........................................................................123 Xem xt cc quy tc qun l .........................................................................125 Hn hp cc cu trc kiu .............................................................................127 Hp thc ho m hnh nim d liu ...........................................................134 T in d liu ..............................................................................................134 Ma trn rt gn cc PTH ...............................................................................135 Quy tc hp thc ho m hnh nim d liu ..............................................136 Rng buc ton vn .......................................................................................136 V d : Bi ton qun l du lch ....................................................................138 Cc rng buc ton vn d liu ....................................................................141 Cc rng buc tnh i vi cc quan h ........................................................141 Cc rng buc i vi nhiu quan h ............................................................142 Cc rng buc ton vn ng ........................................................................142 XY DNG M HNH LOGIC D LIU..............................................146 CHN PHN MM ..............................................................................................146 Chuyn i cc cu trc d liu....................................................................147 Khi lng d liu x l................................................................................147 166

Mc tnh ton........................................................................................... 148 Chuyn i cc quy tc qun l .................................................................... 148 Tnh c lp ca cc ng dng..................................................................... 149 Cc kiu ngn ng khc nhau....................................................................... 149 Kt lun......................................................................................................... 150 II. CHUYN I M HNH EA V M HNH QUAN H ........................................... 151 III. S DNG CC NGN NG LP TRNH ................................................................. 154 III.1. Chuyn i MHYNDL thnh m hnh logic d liu...................................... 154 III.1.1. Cc tp d liu ca FoxPro.......................................................................... 154 III.1.2. Chuyn i MHYNDL MHLGDL ...................................................... 155 III.2. Hp thc ha m hnh d liu bi x l ....................................................... 158 I.3. I.4. I.5. I.6. I.7.

167

Ti liu tham kho

[ 1] E. M. Bennatan, Software Project Management : A Practitioner Approach, McGrawHill. 1992. [ 2] J. Claviez, Diriger un Projet Informatique, dition J.C.I. Inc., Montral (Qubec) 1993. [ 3] A. Collongues, J. Hugues, B. Laroche, MERISE phng php thit k h thng thng tin Tin hc ho phc v qun l doanh nghip, sch dch. Nh XB Khoa hc K thut, H ni 1994. G. Devoivre, La vie dun projet informatique en contexte industriel, Cours de 3me anne, ENSIMAG, 1996. O. Foucaut, O. Thiry, K. Smli, Conception des Systmes dinformation et Programmation vnementielle, InterEditions, Paris 1996. [ 6] J. Gabay, Apprendre et Pratiquer MERISE, MASSON, Paris 1993. Harozyszkiewicz, Introduction to System Analysis and Design, Prentice Hall 1989. H. Habrias, Introduction la Spcification, MASSON, Paris 1993. J. Hugues. MERISE vers la Conduit de Projet. DUNOD Infomatique, 1990. F. Jolivet, G. Reboul, Informatique Appliqu la Gestion, DUNOD, Paris 1992. Page-Jones, The Practical Guide to Structured Systems Design, Yourdon Press 1980. Pressaman, Software Engineering, McGrawHill, 1982. C. Smart, R. Sims, Phn tch, thit k, ci t h thng thng tin qun l, Vin Cng ngh Thng tin bin dch v xut bn, H ni 1990. Weinberg, Structured Analysis, Prentice Hall 1980. Ng Trung Vit (sch dch), Phn tch v Thit k Tin hc - H thng Qun l, Kinh doanh, Nghip v, Nh XB Giao thng vn ti 1995. Cc ti liu trn internet.

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