(potential chemical

energy of fuel) 3
- (boiler)
- (turbine)
- (electric generator)

1
boiler (steam) turbine
electric generator boiler turbine
turbine

generator
generator


generator
() (electric current)

(.)
1.

Page 1 of 26

90 1 (kilowatthour)
1.5 1 kw hr
90 3
3

1 boiler
boiler ,
2

2
(coal conveyor) (furnace)
(traveling grate stroker)
(chemical reaction)
(chain reaction) (carbon) (oxygen)
(CO2) (CO)
oxygen oxygen CO CO oxygen
CO2
CO
CO CO2
CO2

Page 2 of 26


CO2 oxygen (CO2)



(excess air)

,
,

, 1 17

(ash) (flue gas) 2

boiler

(stack) (flue gas)




3

3
Page 3 of 26

 (chimney stack) (flue gas)

( )
(ash conveyor)
(candle)



4






flue gas

4
flue gas
flue gas
flue gas
flue gas (
)

Page 4 of 26






5. boiler (drum) 2

(steam
drum)

5
boiler (water tube boiler) 5.
(boiler feed pump) boiler
boiler feed pump boiler boiler

boiler
steam drum
(water gage) steam drum
boiler steam
(load) steam

Page 5 of 26

(evaporation rate) steam drum (boiler

operator)

6

(operator) boiler boiler
boiler 500,000
90 boiler

boiler (boiler feed water)

boiler boiler
(
) boiler
(feed water heater)
feed water boiler heater
(air heater)
feed water boiler feed pump
(exhaust steam)

7.

Page 6 of 26

 7
feed water
heater (open heater) heater
(closed heater)

? flue gas
?
8. flue gas
boiler drum () flue gas
air heater boiler flue gas
boiler 600 FO flue gas
boiler
(economizer) feed water
212 FO exhaust stem boiler feed pump feed water
economizer

8
Page 7 of 26

 (boiler) (steam generator)

(turbine)

(blades) (stationary blades) (rotating blades)
(stage) 9.

9
3
(nozzle) stage 1
stage steam stage
stage 2 blade
stage 3 () (shaft rotor)
turbine (exhaust steam)
9.
1. 9. turbine
turbine turbine nozzle
(multiple nozzle)
blade
10. nozzle blades turbine 11.
blades turbine

Page 8 of 26

 10

11

boiler turbine (electric generator)

( 12)

12
12 steam boiler turbine turbine blade
stage (exhaust steam)
turbine (electric generator)

exhaust steam ? exhaust steam

exhaust steam 212 FO (100 CO) turbine
Page 9 of 26

 exhaust steam feedwater heater exhaust

steam boiler feed pump exhauster steam feed
water heater exhaust steam steam boiler turbine
exhaust steam
13.
exhaust steam feedwater heater

13
?
exhaust steam
turbine (exhaust end)

turbine = 1 15 / (lbs / in2 psi)
turbine
turbine turbine (vacuum)
1 turbine
turbine
()
2 3
(steam) 212 OF
(100 OC) (closed vessels)
steam
1 26 .
Page 10 of 26

 26 . 3 x 3 x 3

? 1 1
60 . ( 14)

14
99.93%
(vacuum)
6
7,776 15 /
7,776 x 15 116,640

15.

15
Page 11 of 26

 , ,

turbine ?
turbine (exhaust end)
16.

16
steam turbine
(vacuum)
1
(vacuum)

(condenser) condenser
2 1. vacuum turbine exhaust 2.
(condensate) boiler condensate
feedwater boiler
condenser condensate
boiler (hotwell)

17.

Page 12 of 26

 17
(steam) boiler main steam drum turbine turbine
stage stage turbine
turbine generator
turbine (exhaust end) steam condenser
(circulating water)

vacuum condensate hotwell

condenser condensate hotwell feedwater heater (condensate pump) feedwater heater exhaust steam boiler
feed pump condensate condensate boiler feed pump
boiler boiler feed pump feedwater
turbine
condenser boiler
pump bearing
(make up) make up

Page 13 of 26


17
?

boiler (chain grate stroker)

(pulverized coal) (pulverizer)
(fan) (furnace)
18.

18
pulverized coal
chain grate stroker stroker
(chain grate)
pulverized coal

pulverized coal stroker

(steam pressure)
(steam pressure)
15 psia 212 OF 500 psia
449 OF
Page 14 of 26

 (steam turbine) (gas turbine)

400 OF
turbine 212 OF turbine 300 OF
212 OF turbine 400 OF 212 OF turbine
400 OF 100 OF condenser vacuum
condenser turbine 212 OF (15 psia)
condenser vacuum 10 psia
5 psia 160 OF
condenser 2 psia turbine

turbine
turbine (thermal
efficiency) turbine

turbine
steam turbine 400 OF turbine exhaust
steam temperature 212 OF
thermal efficiency

E = T1 - T2 x 100
T1
(thermal efficiency)

T1

(absolute temperature) steam turbine

T2

(absolute temperature) steam turbine (exhaust)

turbine = 400 OF (860 Absolute*)

Exhaust temps = 212 OF
* Absolute = F + 460
0O Absolute 0O F 4600
turbine
860 - 672 x 100 =
860

188 = 21.8 %
860

Page 15 of 26

 condenser exhaust 212 OF

1 5 psia 162 OF
162 + 460 = 622 Absolute
862 - 622 x 100 = 238 = 27.5 %
860
860
condenser turbine 21.8% 27.5 %
turbine
exhaust turbine turbine
turbine
turbine
condenser
condenser vacuum exhaust turbine
condenser condenser
(circulating water) condensate
condensate condenser pump pump

turbine


turbine exhaust

steam
boiler
boiler

boiler feed water
exhaust boiler feed pump feed water
boiler feed water
boiler heater

feed water steam

boiler drum header feed water
Page 16 of 26

heater steam
boiler drum turbine

feedwater steam turbine stage
steam feed water

? steam turbine (extracted steam)

turbine condenser ?
(thermodynamic) turbine
2/3 steam turbine
condenser circulating water
1/3
turbine generator extracted steam turbine
condenser feed water
steam feed water boiler
2/3 turbine inlet condenser
extracted steam extracted steam
extracted steam
feedwater
diagram 19. extraction line steam turbine
feedwater

19
Page 17 of 26

 feedwater steam
exhaust feedwater
boiler steam turbine exhaust
feedwater heater 20

20
20 heater 2 extracted steam
condenser 2 extracted steam turbine inlet throttle
feedwater heater H1 heater H2
boiler heater 2

2 1 , 3 2 , 4 3 steam stage
heater

4 5 heater plant 7 8 heaters
extracted steam regenerative feedwater heating cycles
steam 20 30% turbine
feedwater

Page 18 of 26

 21
21 heater 4 stages feedwater
pump heater stages boiler feed pump
economizer boiler
21
diagram
(forced draft fans) airheater furnace
diagram 22

22
Page 19 of 26

 airheater flue gas

(air duct) stroker boiler
airheater furnace
(tubular air heater) (regenerative air heater) flue gas
air heater
flue gas air heater
(Induced draft fans)
motor motor 5000 hp ()
turbine fans

(superheater) superheater boiler
superheater (alloy steel) flue gas
boiler, superheater steam drum
1000 psia 556 OF
superheater
200 OF 756 OF
(superheated steam) (saturated steam) 2
turbine
turbine exhaust turbine
turbine
turbine superheated steam
superheated steam (reheat)
turbine superheated steam turbine

steam drum primary superheater turbine

2 3 stages boiler reheat superheater
turbine stage condenser 23

Page 20 of 26

 23
reheated steam superheated steam
primary superheated steam 1400 psia
1050 OF turbine 2 3 stage 200 psia
400 OF boiler reheated steam
1000 OF 200 psia turbine
superheat, reheat regenerative feedwater heating cycles
32% 32%

circulating
water condenser 2

turbine exhaust 0O Absolute
530 O Absolute (70 OF)
exhaust condenser


condenser
vacuum (heat loss)



90 3

Page 21 of 26


condenser
condenser
circulating water
condenser vacuum

condenser (steam air ejector)

boiler feed water , boiler

24 365
(scale forming material)
overheat boiler
scale O2
O2
(demineralization) boiler
make up water

(fly ash) flue gas

flue gas
electrostatic
precipitator cyclone

electric generator
99%
electric generator


11.5 23 KV. step up transformer
Page 22 of 26

 transformer (voltage)
99%
diagram ()
diagram diagram
diagram combustion control system ()
combustion control system

diagram reheat, turbine 2 High pressure turbine lowpressure turbine, steam high pressure (H.P) turbine boiler
low pressure (L.P.) turbine feedwater heater 2 low-pressure heaters 3
extraction steam low-pressure turbine high pressure heater 2 extraction steam high
pressure turbine heaters 2 LP. HP. (deaeration heater) O2
feedwater O2 boiler boiler
deaeration heater
O2
boiler feed pump steam turbine power motor
boiler feed pump, steam turbine boiler feed pump superheater valve
(reducing valve) (desuperheater) steam superheater
header superheated steam turbine
main
steam reducing valve desuperheater saturated steam turbine

(continuous blowdown) boiler

scale blowdown boiler boiler
blow off valve boiler 2-3 boiler
valve blow off continuous blowdown
heat exchanger
blowdown

Page 23 of 26


operator (control) SARA
(Sequential Automatic Recording Annunciator) electronic system computer
(protection system)
load turbine overspeed protection system
boiler feed pump boiler protection
boiler 90
turbine shaft (shaft eccentricity) (vibration)
turbine casing rotor (turbine expansion)
diagram electric generator
(exciter) generator rotor
electric generator (permanent magnet)
permanent magnet (magnetic field)
(electromagnet)
generator
( D.C) field coils
field coils (sliding contact)

24
24 collector rings 2 generator
field coils 2 collector ring D.C
generator rotor
D.C. D.C generator
main generator D.C. generator excitor (excitation
current) main generator
Page 24 of 26

 excitor (voltage) main generator

excitation current () voltage main generator
generator steam turbine

electric generator
- (temperature recorder) windings generator

- differential relays
- hydrogen cooling system generator
condensate feedwater

bearing condensate oil cooler

- -

- Power Plant Primer A.W. Kramer

-

Page 25 of 26

Page 26 of 26