Thiet Ke Phan Xuong San Xuat Vinyl Axetat

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni
Khoa cng ngh ho hc

b mn cng ngh hu c - Ho du
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n tt nghip
THIET KE PHAN XNG SAN XUAT VINYL AXETAT T ETYLEN NANG SUAT 85.000 TAN / NAM
E TAI :
Giao vien hng dan : TNG
GS.TS AO VAN
Sinh vien thc hien : TRAN NGUYEN TIEN Lp : HOA DAU _ K50 QN
Ha Noi - 7 / 2010
BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO CHU NGHA VIET NAM

PHUC
CONG HOA XA HOI

OC LAP T DO HANH
TRNG H BACH KHOA HA NOI

KHOA CONG NGHE HOA HOC BO MON CONG NGHE HU C HOA DAU
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NHIEM VU THIET KE TOT NGHIEP

Ho va ten : Tran Nguyen Tien Lp : Hoa dau K50 QN 1- au e thiet ke: THIET KE PHAN XNG SAN XUAT VINYL AXETAT T C2H4 VA CH3COOH NANG SUAT 85.000 TAN/NAM. 2-Cac so lieu ban au: Etylen ky thuat (% the tch): C2H4 : 93% C2H6 : 4% C3H6 : 3% Axit axetic ky thuat : 98% (the tch). Oxy ky thuat : 99% (the tch). o chuyen hoa : 95% (theo etylen). Ton that : 2%. 3- Noi dung cac phan thuyet minh va tnh toan : Phan I : Tong quan ly thuyet. Phan II : Tnh toan. + Can bang vat chat. + Can bang nhiet lng. + Tnh thiet b chnh. Phan III : Xay dng cong nghiep. Phan IV : Tnh toan kinh te Phan V : T ong hoa trong phan xng. Phan VI : An toan lao ong va phong chong chay no.
4- Cac ban ve : tren kho A0 , A1 . Day chuyen san xuat. Thiet b chnh. Mat bang xay dng. 5- Can bo hng dan Tng. 6- Ngay giao nhiem vu CHU NHIEM KHOA HNG DAN (Ky va ghi ro ho ten) ten) : CAN BO (Ky va ghi ro ho 7- Ngay hoan thanh nhiem vu : : GS.TS. ao Van
KET QUA ANH GIA A HOAN THANH + Qua trnh thiet ke : + iem ban ve + iem bao ve : :
SINH VIEN Ky ten:
Ngay .. Thang .. Nam CHU TCH HOI ONG (Ky va ghi ro ho ten)
Li cam n
Trong thi gian hoc tap tai trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa Ha Noi, tuy ngan nhng em a nhan c s day bao, giup tan tnh cua cac thay co giao. ac biet la trong khoang thi gian lam o an tot nghiep, em nhan c s hng dan tan tnh cua thay giao GS.TS ao Van Tng, giup em hoan thanh ban o an ung thi gian quy nh. Ban o an a giup em cung co va hieu sau them ve cac kien thc a c hoc trong qua trnh hoc tap tai trng, ong thi cung giup em bc au nh hnh c nhng van e can thiet khi thiet ke mot phan xng san xuat trong cong nghe hoa dau. Tuy nhien, vi thi gian co han nen khong the tranh khoi nhng thieu sot, vng mac, knh mong cac thay co giao hng dan va ch bao them. Em xin chan thanh cam n GS.TS ao Van Tng a tan tnh giup va hng dan trong suot thi gian em hoan thanh ban o an. Em xin chan thanh cam n quy thay co giao trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa Ha Noi a tao moi ieu kien thuan li va giup trong khoang thi gian em hoc tap tai trng. Em xin chan thanh cam n quy thay co trng ai Hoc Quy Nhn. Qua ay, em cung xin bay to long biet n cua mnh oi vi gia nh, ban be a giup , ong vien trong suot thi gian qua. Em xin chan thanh cam n ! Ha Noi, 1/ 7 / 2010 Sinh vien
Tran Nguyen Tien
MUC LUC
Trang M AU---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 PHAN I : Tong quan ly thuyet------------------------------ 6 CHNG I : Gii thieu ve nguyen lieu cua qua trnh san xuat Vinyl axetat t etylen. ----------------------------- 6 I- Gii thieu, tnh chat vat ly, tnh chat hoa hoc, cac phng phap san xuat, va ng dung cua etylen.---------------- 6 1- Gii thieu --------------------------------------------------- 6 2- Tnh chat vat ly ----------------------------------------- 6 3- Tnh chat hoa hoc--------------------------------------- 7 4- Phng phap ieu che -------------------------------- 11 5- ng dung --------------------------------------------------- 11 6 Ton cha, bao quan--------------------------------- 12
II- Gii thieu, tnh chat vat ly, tnh chat hoa hoc cac phng phap san xuat, va ng dung cua axit axetic. -------------------------------------------------------------- 12
1- Gii thieu --------------------------------------------------- 12 2- Tnh chat vat ly ----------------------------------------- 13 3- Tnh chat hoa hoc --------------------------------------- 14 4- Phng phap ieu che-------------------------------- 16 5- ng dung---------------------------------------------------- 17 6 Ton cha, bao quan -------------------------------- 17 CHNG II : Gii thieu ve san pham vinyl axetat.- - 18 I- Gii thieu chung ------------------------------------------------ 18 II- Tnh chat vat ly ----------------------------------------------- 18 III- Tnh chat hoa hoc ------------------------------------------- 20 IV-Phan loai, tieu chuan, va bao quan vinyl axetat 24 V- Tnh hnh san xuat va s dung vinyl axetat ------- 26 1- Tnh hnh san xuat vinyl axetat --------------------- 26 2- Tnh hnh s dung vinyl axetat ----------------------- 27 CHNG III : Gii thieu cac phng phap san xuat vinyl axetat------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 I- Gii thieu chung------------------------------------------------- 28
II- Phng phap tong hp VA t etylen va axit axetic 28 1- Cong nghe tong hp VA t C2H4 va CH3COOH trong pha long --------------------------------------------------------29 1.1- Cac phan ng chnh xay ra trong qua trnh. 30 1.2- Cac thong so ky thuat cua qua trnh. 30 1.3- S o cong nghe va nguyen ly hoat ong. 30 2- Cong nghe tong hp VA t C2H4 va CH3COOH trong pha kh (USI Chemicals)--------------------------------------- 32 2.1- Cac thong so ky thuat cua qua trnh. 32 2.2- S o cong nghe va nguyen ly hoat ong. 33 3- Cong nghe tong hp VA t C2H4 va CH3COOH trong pha kh (Hang Hoechst Bayer)--------------------------- 35 Cac thong so ky thuat cua qua trnh---------- 35 III- Phng phap tong hp VA t C2H2 va CH3COOH- 35 1- Cong nghe tong hp VA t C2H2 va CH3COOH trong pha long --------------------------------------------------------- 36 2- Cong nghe tong hp VA t C2H2 va CH3COOH trong pha kh ------------------------------------------------------------- 39 IV-Cac phng phap san xuat VA khac.--------------- 46 1- Cong nghe tong hp VA t etyliden diaxetat 46 2- Cong nghe tong hp VA t metyl axetat, CO 2, va H2 48 3- Phng phap nhiet phan etylen glycol diaxetat 48 4- Phng phap tong hp VA t CH3CHO va CH3COCl. 49 5- Phng phap tong hp VA t CH 2 = CH Cl va CH3COONa. 49 6- Phng phap tong hp VA t isopropyl axetat va CH3CHO. 49 7- Phng phap tong hp VA t ClCH 2 CH2Cl va CH3COOH. 49
V-La chon va thuyet minh day chuyen cong nghe. 49 La chon day chuyen cong nghe.------------------ 49 Thuyet minh day chuyen cong nghe.------------- 50 VI- Ket luan tong quan.---------------------------------------- 51 PHAN II : Tnh toan cong nghe.---------------------------- 53 CHNG I : Tnh can bang vat chat thiet b phan ng 53 A- Tnh can bang vat chat thiet b phan ng------- 53 I- Cac thong so ky thuat e tnh toan -------------- 53 II- Xac nh thi gian lam viec va nang suat cua phan xng--------------------------------------------------------------- 54 III- Tnh lng vat chat i vao thiet b phan ng. 55 IV- Tnh lng vat chat i ra khoi thiet b phan ng 59 B-Tnh cn bng vt cht cho cm Thp hp th v Thp lc kh ---------- 61 I- Lng vt cht i vo ------------------------------------------------------- 62 II- Lng vt cht i ra -------------------------------------------------------- 63 CHNG II : Tnh can bang nhiet lng thiet b phan ng 64 I- Tnh nhiet lng mang vao thiet b phan ng: Q vao 65 1- Tnh nhiet dung rieng cua cac cau t i vao thiet b phan ng 1600C.------------------------ 65 2- Tnh nhiet lng mang vao thiet b phan ng: Qvao-------------------------------------------------------------- 66 2.1- Nhiet lng do nguyen lieu mang vao Q 1 67 2.2- Nhiet lng do dau tai nhiet mang vao Q2 68 2.3- Nhiet lng do cac phan ng toa ra trong thiet b phan ng Q3----------------------------------- 68 a- Nhiet lng do phan ng chnh tao ra. --------------------------------------------------------68 b- Nhiet lng do phan ng phu tao ra. 69 II- Tnh nhiet lng i ra khoi thiet b phan ng Q ra 70 1- Tnh nhiet dung rieng cua cac san pham ra khoi thiet b phan ng 1800C.--------------------------------------------------70
2-Tnh nhiet lng i ra khoi thiet b phan ng Qra 71 2.1-Nhiet lng do hon hp kh san pham i ra Q4 72 2.2- Nhiet lng do dau tai nhiet mang ra Q 5 73 2.3- Nhiet lng toa ra moi trng xung quanh Q6 73 CHNG III : Tnh toan thiet b chnh.---------------------75 1- Xac nh be mat truyen nhiet cua thiet b phan ng.--------------------------------------------------75 2- Tnh so ong truyen nhiet.--------------------------77 3- Tnh so ngan cua thiet b phan ng.-------79 4- Tnh ng knh trong thiet b phan ng.----81 5- Tnh be day cua than thiet b phan ng.81 6- Tnh ay va nap thiet b phan ng.---------84 7- Tnh chieu cao cua thiet b phan ng.-------85 8- Tnh ng knh cua ong dan.--------------------85 9- Chon bch.----------------------------------------------------86 PHAN III : Thiet ke xay dng -----------------------------88 I - Gii thieu chung.----------------------------------------------88 II- Cac yeu cau oi vi a iem xay dng.-----88 1- Yeu cau chung ve chon a iem xay dng. 88 2- Cac yeu cau ve khu at xay dng.----------89 3- Cac yeu cau ve bao ve moi trng.------89 III- Phan tch tong mat bang nha may.--------------90 1- Nguyen tac phan vung.----------------------------90
2- Cac ch tieu kinh te ky thuat.-----------------93 3- Thiet ke nha san xuat.----------------------------93 Phan IV: Tnh toan kinh te I. Mc ch v nhim v tnh ton kinh t -------------------------- 95 II. Tnh ton kinh t ------------------------------------------------------- 95 Phan V : T ong hoa trong phan xng I - Muc ch va y ngha.---------------------------------------102 II- Cac ky hieu dung trong t ong hoa.-----------102 1- Cac dang t ong hoa.-----------------------------103 2- Cau tao cua mot so thiet b t ong hoa. 106 PHAN VI : An toan lao ong va phong chong chay no. 108 1- Yeu cau ve sinh oi vi mat bang nha may.-----------------------------------------------------------108 2- Yeu cau ve phong chong chay no trong nha may.-----------------------------------------------------------108 3- Yeu cau ve an toan giao thong trong nha may.-----------------------------------------------------------109 4- Nhng yeu cau khac.-------------------------------110 Ket luan ------------------------------------------------------------111 Tai lieu tham khao ---------------------------------------------112 Phu luc 1 ban ve day chuyen chnh. 1 ban ve thiet b chnh. 1 ban ve mat bang nha may.
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4
Thiet ke phan
M AU
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N gy nay vi s pht trin mnh m ca khoa hc k thut, cng nh s pht trin cao ca i sng x hi th nhu cu s dng cc loi vt liu k thut ngy mt cao, c bit khi cc ngun nguyn liu t nhin ang ngy mt cn kit. Cc loi vt cht tng hp hu c c nhiu u im v c, l, ho nn ngy cng c c s dng rng ri trong nhiu nghnh cng nghip khc nhau. Mt trong nhng qu trnh quan trng trong cng nghip tng hp cc hp cht hu c l qu trnh Vinyl ho. Vinyl ho l mt qu trnh quan trng trong qu trnh tng hp cc cht trung gian nhm phc v cho qu trnh tng hp ra cc hp cht hu c cui cng. au the ky 20 nha bac hoc Klatte a tong hp ra Vinyl axetat t axetylen va axit axetic trong pha long. Va t o en nay cong nghiep san xuat Vinyl axetat ang ngay cang phat trien manh me, xuat hien them rat nhieu cong trnh nghien cu tong hp Vinyl axetat nham lam cho qua trnh tong hp Vinyl axetat cang phong phu hoan thien hn. Hien nay do s phat trien manh me cua nganh cong nghiep loc hoa dau, nen the gii a thay the phng phap san xuat Vinyl axetat t axetylen bang etylen. Bac My 100%Vinyl axetat c san xuat da vao qua trnh axit axetic/etylen vi cong nghe tang co nh trong pha kh va lng Vinyl axetat tao thanh c dung chu yeu e tao ra polyvinyl axetat. Nhng Tay Au va Chau A th lai chu yeu s dung qua trnh axit axetic/axetylen va lng Vinyl axetat tao thanh c dung chu yeu e tao polyvinyl alcol. Tren the gii hien nay san lng Vinyl axetat c san xuat t etylen chiem khoang 80%, con t axetylen chiem 20%. Nam 2000 lng Vinyl axetat c san xuat Bac My la 1.617.000 tan/nam, ong Au 244.000 tan/nam, Nhat 740.000 tan/nam, en nam 2008 tong san lng Vinyl axetat tren the gii a at khoang 5,7 trieu tan. Co the thay nhu cau ve s dung Vinyl axetat cua cac nghanh cong nghiep trong nc noi rieng va the gii noi chung ang ngay mot tang. ac biet, at nc ta ang trong cong cuoc cong nghiep hoa, hien Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 1_
Thiet ke phan
ai hoa va co san nguon nguyen lieu cho qua trnh tong hp. Ngoai nguon nguyen lieu truyen thong th ngay nay nganh cong nghiep che bien kh phat trien manh tao ra nguon nguyen lieu gia re va phong phu cho qua trnh. Do o, Viet Nam viec thiet ke nha may san xuat Vinyl axetat la mot van e can thiet va co y ngha quan trong.
PHAN I TONG QUAN LY THUYET

CHNG I: GII THIEU VE NGUYEN LIEU CUA QUA TRNH SAN XUAT VINYL AXETAT T ETYLEN
I-Gii thieu, tnh chat vat ly, tnh chat hoa hoc, cac phng phap san xuat ng dung va bao quan cua Etylen: 1-Gii thieu:[7]
Etylen (CH2=CH2) co khoi lng phan t M=28.052, la hp chat olefin n gian nhat, co kha nang phan ng cao va c s dung rong rai trong cong nghiep hu c- hoa dau va la nguon nguyen lieu hang au cho nganh cong nghiep polymer. T nhng nam 1930, chau au etylen bat au c thu hoi t kh lo coc va nhng nguon nguyen lieu khac. Nhng nam 50, etylen noi len nh mot san pham trung gian va c ng dung rong rai tren toan the gii, pho bien khi ma U.S oil va mot so cong ty hoa chat khac bc au tach va san xuat c no t cac san pham phu cua qua trnh che bien dau. T o cung vi s phat trien cua cong nghiep dau kh- hoa dau, etylen hoan toan thay the c axetylen trong nhieu qua trnh tong hp. My etan la nguon nguyen lieu chu yeu e tong hp etylen v etan co nhng
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Thiet ke phan
u iem la re, khong phc tap vi qua trnh hoat ong, t san pham phu.
2-Tnh chat vat ly:[16, 7] Etylen la mot chat kh ng au trong day ong ang anken, khong mau, khong mui, hau nh khong tan trong nc ( 0oC, 100 the tch nc hoa tan 0,25 the tch kh etylen). Etylen hoa long 105 oC, ty trong d420 =0,566. Etylen co mot so tnh chat vat ly sau: Nhiet o nong chay : 169,15oC Nhiet o soi : 103,71oC Nhiet o ti han Tc : 9,90oC Ap suat ti han Pc : 5,117Mpa Ty trong ti han : 0,21g/ml Ty trong nhiet o soi : 0,57g/ml 0oC : 0,34g/ml Ty trong kh tai Tc va Pc : 1,2603g/L Ty trong so vi khong kh : 0,9686 The tch phan t gam Tc va Pc : 22,258L Nhiet nong chay : 119,5KJ/Kg Nhiet tr : 47,183KJ/Kg Nhiet hoa hi nhiet o soi : 488KJ/Kg 0oC : 191KJ/Kg Ty nhiet cua chat long tai nhiet o soi : 2,63KJ/Kg.K cua kh tai Tc : 1,55 KJ/Kg.K Entapi tao thanh : 52,32KJ/mol Entropi : 0,220KJ/mol.K o nht cua kh nhiet o nong chay : 36.10-4mPa.s 0oC : 93.10-4mPa.s 150oC : 143.10-4mPa.s Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 3_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 Ap suat hi 150oC : nhiet o soi : 50oC : 0oC : iem boc chay : 3-Tnh chat hoa hoc:[16,22,24] Etylen la mot hyrocacbon
2
Thiet ke phan
0,002Mpa 0,102Mpa 1,10Mpa 4,27Mpa 425527oC khong no, lai hoa
sp trong cau tao co 1 lien ket , 1 lien ket , lien ket kem ben so vi lien ket , nen co nhng phan ng quan trong nh: cong, oxy hoa, trung hp. 3.1-Phan ng cong : Cac phan ng ac trng nhat cua etylen la phan ng cong vao lien ket oi. Trong phan ng nay, lien ket oi thc chat la lien ket b be gay va ket hp vi 2 nguyen t hoac 2 nhom nguyen t khac tao ra hp chat no. 3.1.1-Cong H2: Etylen cong vi H2 co xuc tac Pd tao ra etan, phan ng toa nhiet. 0 CH2 = CH2 + H2 CH3 CH3 H 298 = 30 Kcal 3.1.2-Cong Br2: Etylen cong Br2 tao ra ibrom etan, phan ng toa nhiet, hieu suat 85%. 0 H 298 = 27 Kcal CH2 = CH2 + Br2 BrCH2 CH2Br 3.1.3-Cong axit: Cong axit HCl: CH2 = CH2 + HCl Cong axit H2SO4: CH2 = CH2 + H2SO4 2CH2 = CH2 + H2SO4 Cong axit HOCl, HOBr: CH2 = CH2 + HOCl
CH3 CH2Cl CH3 CH2 OSO3H (C2H5O)2SO2 ClCH2 CH2OH Etylen clohirin _ 4_
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o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 CH2 = CH2 + HOBr
Thiet ke phan
3.1.4-Cong H2O: Etylen cong nc co H2SO4 lam xuc tac, nhiet o nho hn 1700C tao ra ru etylic. CH2 = CH2 + H2OH2SO CH3 CH2OH o <170 C 4 Etylen cong nc co -Al2O3 lam xuc tac, nhiet o 250260oC va ap suat 5080at tao ra ru etylic. -Al2O3 CH2 = CH2 + H2O 250260o C 3.1.5-Cong benzen: 5080at CH2 = CH2 CH2 AlCl + C6H6 3 801000 C C 6H5CH2CH3 -H2 CH3 CH2OH
BrCH2 CH2OH Etylen bromhirin
C6H5CH =
Qua trnh thc hien vi s co mat cua xuc tac dang phc long cha 1012% AlCl3, 5060% benzen, 2530% polyankyl benzen. Nhiet o phan ng 80100 0C. 3.1.6-Cong Cl2: Tao 1,2-dicloetan: Cong hp etylen vi clo c 1,2-dicloetan. Phan ng xay ra pha long va thng co FeCl 3 lam xuc tac: 0 CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 ClCH2 CH2Cl H 298 = 185 Kj / mol Ngoai ra cung co the nhan c 1,2-dicloetan bang phan ng clo-oxy hoa etylen va co mat cua xuc tac. CH2 = CH2 + 2HCl + 0,5O2 ClCH2 CH2Cl + H2O
0 H 298 = 240 Kj / mol
Tao vinyl clorua. CH2 = CH2 + Cl2
+NaOH ClCH2 CH2Cl -NaCl, -H2O
CH2 = CHCl
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Thiet ke phan
Phan ng c thc hien pha long trong dung moi etanol, nhng tieu ton NaOH va C 2H5OH, ong thi oi hoi 1,2-dicloetan phai co o tinh khiet cao 99,9%. Neu un nong 4000C, CaCl2 nong chay lam xuc tac tao c vinylclorua vi hieu suat 65 67%. 0 CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 400 C CH2 = CHCl + HCl nc 2 3.2-Phan ng oxy CaCl hoa: 3.2.1- Oxy hoa hoan toan: CH2 = CH2 + 3O2 2CO 2 +
0 H 298 = 135 KJ / mol
2H2O
3.2.2- Oxy hoa khong hoan toan : Etylen b oxy hoa bi tac nhan oxy hoa manh kalipemanganat trong dung dch KOH tao ra etylen glycol. CH2 = CH2 + 2KMnO4 + 2KOH + 2K 2MnO4 CH CH OH OH 2 Oxy hoa etylen thanh axetalehit: Etylen b oxy hoa en axetalehit trong dung dch HCl pha loang cha PdCl2 va CuCl2. Thuy phan phc nay cho axetalehit va kim loai Pd. C2H4 + PdCl2 [C2H4.PdCl CH3CH + Pd + 2HCl 2] O +H 2 O Pd + CuCl2 2CuCl + PdCl2 e co CuCl2 th oxy hoa CuCl trong khong kh hoac oxy. 2CuCl + 2HCl + 0,5O2 Phan ng tong quat: C2H4 + 0,5O2
0 CH3 C H H 298 = 562 KCal / mol
2CuCl2 + H2O
Phan ng oxy hoa CH2=CH2
etylen tao etylen oxit: CH 2 CH2
xt2 + 0,5O Ag 0 0 H 298 = 108 KJ / mol200300 C O 0,71,0Mp a Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang O
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o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 5CH2=CH2 + 5O2
Thiet ke phan
4CH2 CH2 + 2CO2 + H2O O 2: Phan ng oxy hoa bi SeO CH2=CH2 + SeO2 OHCCHO + H2Se Glioxal Phan ng oxy hoa bi O +H 3: O 2 CH2=CH2 + O3 O O 2HCHO + H 2O2
H2C CH2 O Phan ng oxy hoa co mat CH3COOH: CH2=CH2 + CH3COOH + 0,5O2 CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + H2O 3.3-Phan ng trung hp: Mot trong nhng phan ng quan trong nhat trong ky thuat hien nay la phan ng trung hp tao ra cac polyme. Qua trnh toa nhiet manh, etylen toa nhiet ln nhat trong trung hp the kh la 800 cal/g. nCH2 = CH2 [ CH2 CH2 ]n (Poly etylen) Polyme nay co gia tr cao trong i song: c dung e san xuat nha, vai tong hp... 3.4-Phan ng tong hp oxo: Tong hp oxo la tong hp cac anehit hay xeton t oxit cacbon va hiro. Etylen thc hien phan ng tong hp oxo tao ra andehit propanic bang cach phong kh than t (CO:H2 =1:1) i qua etylen nhiet o 50 1000C va ap suat 10Mpa vi xuc tac Coban, phan ng toa nhiet manh. CH2 = CH2 + CO + H2 CH 3 CH2 CHO 0 = 117 Kj / mol 298 4-Phng phap ieu che: [15] Co 4 phng phap san xuat etylen: - Lay etylen t kh dau mo va kh coc. - Nhiet phan etan va propan. - Kh nc cua ru etylic. Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 7_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 - Hydro hoa axetylen. 5-ng dung:[16, 11]
Thiet ke phan
Trong cong nghiep, etylen c ng dung e san xuat mot so hp chat quan trong nh nha tong hp, oxit etylen, cac chat hoat ong be mat va nhieu san pham hoac ban san pham hoa hoc khac. + Polyme hoa ap suat cao vi chat kch ong la cac peroxit e san xuat polyetylen ty trong thap (LDPE). + Tac dung vi clo tao thanh 1,2 dicloetan (Cl CH 2 CH2 Cl). + Trung hp ap suat thap dung xuc tac Ziegler Natta tren chat mang oxyt kim loai e san xuat polyetylen ty trong cao(HDPE). + Oxy hoa thanh oxitetylen, peoxyetan tren xuc tac Ag. + Phan ng vi benzen tren xuc tac AlCl 3 e san xuat etylbenzen, sau o dehydro hoa etylbenzen e san xuat styren. Styren dung e san xuat polystyren va cao su tong hp Buna-S. + Copolyme hoa vi cac olefin khac ap suat thap bang xuc tac Crom, hoac hp chat c kim cua titan hoac vanadi e san xuat polyetylen mach thang ty trong thap (LDPE) cung vi cac san pham khac. + Oxy hoa tren xuc tac PdCl2 hoac ong CuCl2 trong dung dch HCl tao thanh axetandehyt. + S hydrat hoa bang cach s dung axit sunfuric hoac axit photphoric, tao ra etanol. + Phan ng vi axit axetic va oxy trong s co mat cua xuc tac PdCl2 tao thanh vinylaxetat (VA). Mot so ng dung khac nh san xuat cac ru mach thang, cac olefin cao phan t, etylclorua va copolyme hoa vi propylen e tong hp cao su dien-monoetylen-propylen (EPDM). Ngoai nhng ng dung trong tong hp hu c vi rat nhieu san pham quy noi tren, etylen co tac dung kch thch s hoat ong cua cac men lam qua mau chn. Do o, co the dung etylen vi nong o rat loang (1V Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
_ 8_
Thiet ke phan
etylen tren 1000-2000V khong kh) e dam qua xanh 18 200C. 6 Ton cha, bao quan[8] Etylen tai cac c s san xuat c nen hoac hoa long trong cac bnh cha bang thep day co o an toan cao, co cac thiet b an toan chiet nap, va phong chong chay no nghiem ngat. Khi can lng kh vao cac thiet b san xuat vi van toc cham ngi ta xa kh vao cac be cha dang phao hnh cau, tru, hoac cho qua thiet b giam ap nh van tiet lu. II-Gii thieu, tnh chat vat ly, tnh chat hoa hoc, cac phng phap ieu che va ng dung cua axit axetic: 1-Gii thieu:[5] Axit axetic l mt cht hu c in hnh ca dy ng ng axit mono cacboxylic c nhiu ng dng trong sn xut v i sng con ngi, l mt trong nhng sn phm hu c c bn, quan trng v c s dng rng ri trong tng hp hu c ho du. Axit axetic co cong thc hoa hoc CH 3COOH, khoi lng phan t M=60,05, la chat long khong mau, co tnh an mon. Axit axetic co mui hang va chat nguy hiem vi da. Axit axetic c tm thay trong dung dch loang cua nhieu loai ong thc vat. Trong giam co khoang 412% axit axetic va c san xuat bang phng phap len men ru. No c tm thay cach ay hn 5000 nam trc. Hien nay cac nc san xuat axit axetic tong hp nhieu nhat la My, Tay Au, Nhat Ban, Canada va Mexico.Tong cong suat cua cac nha may san xuat axit axetic tai cac nc nay at khoang 4 trieu tan/nam. Sn xut axit axetic trong cng nghp c rt nhiu phng php. Nhng phng php quan trng v c ngha hn c l phng php oxy ho axetaldehyt. Phng php ny c Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 9_
Thiet ke phan
nhiu u im hn cc phng php sn xut axit axetic khc v c mt l lun cng nh v mt thc tin, n cho ta sn phm tinh khit nng cao v hiu sut qu trnh ln. 2-Tnh chat vat ly:[15, 5] Axit axetic l mt cht lng khng mu, c mi chua ca gim, c v chua, c tc dng ph hu da gy bng. Axit Axetic d ho tan trong nc, ru, axeton v cc dung mi khc theo bt c t l no. Axit Axetic tan tt trong xenluloza v cc nitroxenluloza. Khi un nng, axit Axetic ho tan mt lng nh phtpho v mt lng rt nh lu hunh. Axit Axetic cn c th ho tan c nhiu cht hu c, v c, n l hp cht rt n nh, hi ca n khng b phn hu nhit 400OC, nhit t nng l 3490 kcal/mol . Mt s tnh cht vt l ch yu ca Axit Axetic : + T trng 1,049 g/cm 3 ( 20 O C ) + + Kt tinh nhit l 16,63 O C thnh tinh th khng mu c khi Nhit si l tso = 118 OC. lng ring l 1,105 g/cm Axit axetic c nhit si cao hn ru c cng khi lng phn t l v gia cc phn t axit c lin kt hydro bn vng . Ngoi ra, axit axetic cn c kh nng ht m t khng kh . Axit axetic c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip thc phm, dt v l sn phm trung gian rt quan trng trong tng hp hu c. Axit axetic c dng iu ch axeton, etyl axetat, i-amyl axetat, mt s dc phm ( nh l aspirin ), polime ( vinylaxetat , xenluloz axetat ), cht dit c Nhm axetat v crom axetat c dng lm cht cm mu trong cng nghip nhum. Dung dch axit axetic 3 6% c dng lm dm n ( thu c khi cho ln men gim cc dung dch ng , ru etylic ) Bng 1: cc thng s vt l c trng ca axit axetic. i lng. Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang Gi tr
_ 10_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 Nhit dung ring ,Cp ( nhit 250C) Nhit dung ring ,Cp (dng lng, 19,40C ) Nhit dung ring ,Cp ( dng tinh th, 1,50C) Nhit kt tinh Nhit ho hi ( nhit si) 0 nht ( 25 C) Hng s in mi ( nhit 200C) Ch s khc x nD20 Entapy to thnh (H0298 lng) Entapy to thnh (H0298 hi) im chp chy cc kn im t bc chy Gi hn n trong khng kh Nhit ti hn , Tc p sut ti hn , Pc
Thiet ke phan 1,110 J.g-1.K-1. 2,043 J.g-1.K-1. 1,470 J.g-1.K-1. 195,5 J / g. 394,5 J / g. 10,97 m.Pa 6,170 1,3719 -484,50 Kj / mol -432,25 Kj / mol 430 C 465 0 C 4,0 - 16% th tch 592,71 K 5,786 MPa
3. Tnh cht ho hc: [15,16,24]

Axit axetic c cng thc phn t l CH3COOH, l axit mt ln axit v cng thc cu to l :
CH3 C O H O
Cc tnh cht ho hc ca n c quyt nh bi s c mt ca ca nhm cacboxyl COOH trong phn t. Trong nc , CH3COOH phn ly ( in ly ) CH3COOH + H2O
CH3 C O O
+ H3O+.
So vi cc axit v c th CH3COOH l mt axit yu , Ka rt nh. Tc dng vi dung dch kim CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O Mui to thnh s b phn hu mnh trong nc. Tc dng vi Pentaclorua Photpho ( PCl5 ) to thnh clorua axetic CH3COOH + PCl5 CH3 C = O + POCl3 + HCl
Cl
_ 11_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 Phn ng loi H2O to thnh Anhydrit axetic
O CH3 CH3 C OH O H O P2O5 - H2O CH3 CH3 C
Thiet ke phan
O O C O + H2O
Tc dng vi kim loi to mui axetat : 2CH3COOH + Mn (CH3COO)2Mn + H2. Mui ca axit axetic c gi tr s dng rt ln Axetat km, axetat ng c s dng lm bt mu. Ngoi ra axetat st, axetat natri, axetat mangan c s dng lm xc tc cho cc qu trnh tng hp hu c. Phn ng tng hp Axeto-phenon : Cho hi ca hn hp axit axetic v axit benzoic i qua xc tc (THO2, MnO2) 400 5000C : CH3COOH + C6H5COOH liu sn xut x phng thm. Phn ng vi axetylen vi xc tc thu ngn nhit 70 850C to thnh etyl diaxetat: 2CH3COOH + C2H2 axetaldehyt v anhydric axetic. CH3CH(OCOCH3)2 CH3COOH + Cl2 CH3COOH + ROH
H2SO4
C6H5COCH3 + CO2 + H2O.
Axeton-phenon c mi d chu c s dng trong cng nghip hng
CH3 CH - (OCOCH3)2.
Di tc dng ca nhit v xc tc etyl diaxetat s phn hu to thnh XT, to CH3CHO + (CH3CO)2O. ClCH2COOH + HCl CH3COOR + H2O O t
O
Phn ng th halogen vo gc hydrocacbon ( 90 100o C ) Tc dng vi ru to thnh este ( Phn ng este ha ) Tc dng vi NH3 to thnh Amid CH3COOH +NH3
MnO,tO
CH3COONH4
CH3 C
NH2 + H2O
_ 12_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 Phn ng Decacboxyl ho to thnh axeton 2CH3COOH
Thiet ke phan
CH3 CO CH3 + H2O + CO2
O Phn ng vi C2H2 to thnh Vinylaxetat XT,tmonome
CH3COOH + CH CH
CH2 = CH OCOCH3
4. Cc phng php iu ch Axit axetic: [17,24,15,5,19]

Axit axetic c dung rong rai trong cong nghiep, i song va y hoc. Cong nghiep san xuat axit axetic phat trien t sau ai chien the gii th hai va hien nay ang phat trien manh me. Co rat nhieu phng phap ieu che axit axetic, trc ay ngi ta ieu che bang phng phap len men va chng kho go, oxy hoa ru etylic. Nhng trc nhng yeu cau s dung axit axetic ngay cang ln oi hoi phai san xuat theo phng phap tong hp. Oxy hoa axetalehit: Phng phap oxy hoa axetaldehit e ieu che axit axetic c dung rong rai trong cong nghiep nhieu nc. Phan ng tong quat: CH3CHO + 0,5O2 CH3COOH Oxy ho n-butan trong pha lng : CH3 CH2 CH 2 - CH3 + 1/2 O2 Tng hp t metanol v oxit cacbon. CO + 2H2 CH3OH CH3COOH. iu ch t C2H2 hoc CH4: HC CH CH3CHO H2C = CH2 CH3CH2OH CH3COOH. 2CH3COOH + H2O.
_ 13_
Thiet ke phan
Qu trnh xy ho etylen v xy ho n-butan c hiu sut cao hn v t giai on hn nn khi p dng vo sn xut mang li hiu qu kinh t cao hn. 5-ng dung:[5,19] Axit axetic co rat nhieu ng dung trong cong nghiep tong hp hu c. T axit axetic em tong hp tao ra cac polyme co gia tr kinh te cao trong cong nghiep: thuoc tr co, lam dung moi, axetat xelulo, este, si tong hp, chat ket dnh, nhuom... Bang 2 : Tnh hnh san xuat axit axetic cac nc tren the gii. [19] Nhat San xuat,% Tay Au My Ban Oxy hoa axetalehit Oxy hoa butan va naphta 45 20 52 T etanol 16 17 6 T metanol 5 Cac phng phap khac 34 62 42 San pham(103 1 tan/nam) 955 1,200 330 Kha nang san 1,245 1,450 540 3 xuat(10 tan/nam) 960 1,175 330 3 Mc tieu thu(10 tan/nam) 6 Ton cha, bao quan [15, 23] Axit axetic la chat gay an mon, va de tao muoi vi mot so kim loai hoat ong nen viec ton cha bao quan rat kho khan, thong thng tai cac c s san xuat thng cha Axit axetic vao cac be cha bang thep khong r va sn phu can than bang cac chat chong an mon, hoac cha trong cac be thuy tinh vi nhng ni ton cha vi dung tch nho.
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Thiet ke phan
CHNG II: GII THIEU VE SAN PHAM VINYL AXETAT

I-Gii thieu chung:[15, 20] Vinyl axetat co cong thc cau tao CH2 = CH O COCH3, khoi lng phan t M=86,091, goi tat la VA, la mot trong nhng monomer quan trong trong cong nghiep chat deo va si tong hp vinylen. VA con c dung e san xuat sn, keo dan co o ben cao, ben vi hoa chat va cac chat oxy hoa khac. VA c biet vao nam 1912 trong qua trnh ieu che etylien iaxetat t axetylen va axit axetic. Cong nghiep san xuat VA xuat hien au tien vao nam 1925 va t o en nay cong nghe san xuat VA ngay cang hoan thien, phat trien manh me. S phat trien manh me cua cong nghe san xuat VA a lam cho san lng VA tren the gii khong ngng tang len t nhng nam 1950. Nam 2000 My a san xuat c 1,6 trieu tan va cung nam nay mot so lng ln VA c san xuat ra Nhat Ban va Chau Au. II-Tnh chat vat ly:[15,18,20] VA la chat long chay c, khi chay co mui ac trng nhe, khong mau, rat linh ong. Hi cua VA co the gay ton thng en mat bi s thuy phan cua no tao thanh axit axetic va axetalehit. nhiet o thng VA kem on nh va de trung hp. Mot so tnh chat vat ly quan trong cua VA: Nhiet o soi 760mmHg : 72,70C Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
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o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 Ap suat hi 200C Ty trong hi Ty trong chat long d 420 Ty trong 20/200C 10/200C Nhiet o nong chay
Thiet ke phan : 92mmHg : 2,97 : 0,9312g/ml : 0,9342 : 0,9455 : 92,80C
Nhiet o ong ac : 100,20C Nhiet dung rieng: 200C : 0,46cal/g 600C : 0,48cal/g iem chay: Coc kn : 180F Coc h : 300F Nhiet dung cua VA hi 200C : 22,5cal/sec.cm.0C 1000C : 27,3cal/sec.cm.0C Nhiet o ti han : 140,80C Ap suat ti han : 45,67atm Nhiet o t boc chay : 4270C Nhiet nong chay : 495Kcal/mol Nhiet hoa hi : 7,8Kcal/mol The tch ti han : 0,265lt/mol Ty trong ti han : 0,324g/ml Ap suat hi cua VA phu thuoc vao nhiet o c xac nh theo cong thc: 0,05223 34433 log Pm = 8,091 T VA co the hoa tan trong nhieu chat hu c nhng vi nc no hoa tan rat han che. 200C dung dch bao hoa VA trong nc chiem 2 2,5% ve khoi lng nhng cung tai nhiet o o dung dch bao hoa cua nc trong VA chiem 0,9 1% nc. Tai 500C kha nang hoa tan cua VA trong nc tang len 0,1% so vi kha nang hoa tan tai nhiet o 200C nhng ngc lai kha nang Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
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Thiet ke phan
hoa tan cua nc trong VA lai tang len gap oi khoang 2%. VA con co kha nang tao hon hp ang ph vi mot so chat nh: nc, metanol, 2 propanol, xyclohexan, heptan. Bang 3: Hon hp ang ph cua VA vi mot so chat.[20] iem ang Thanh phan VA,% Cau t ang ph 0 ph, C (k.lng) Nc 66,0 92,7 Metanol 58,9 63,4 70,8 77,6 2propanol 67,4 61,3 Xyclohexan 72,0 83,5 Heptan III-Tnh chat hoa hoc:[15,18,20] Trong cong thc cau tao cua VA co lien ket oi trong phan t nen VA co ay u tnh chat quan trong cua hp chat hyrocacbon khong no nh: Phan ng cong. Phan ng oxi hoa. Phan ng trung hp, ong trung hp. 1-Phan ng cong: Cong halogen (Cl2,Br2): tao thanh dihalogen etyl axetat. CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + CHCl axetat CH2 = CHOCOCH3 axetat Cong vi HX (HCl,HBr): tao thanh 1 hay 2 halogen etyl CH3 CH axetat. Cl OCOCH3 CH2 = CHOCOCH + - HD HCl K50 QN Tran Nguyen Tien 3 Trang axetat 1-Clorua etyl _ 17_ OCOCH3 ClCH2 CH2 Cl2 ClCH2 OCOCH3 Diclorua etyl + Br2 OCOCH 3 BrCH CHBr 2 Dibromua etyl
2- Clorua etyl axetat o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 Thiet ke phan
Cong ru ROH: VA tac dung vi ru trong moi trng kiem. CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + ROHKOH CH3CHO + CH3COOR VA tac dung vi ru trong moi trng axit. Hieu suat 90% OR H2SO4 CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + ROH CH3COOR + CH3 CH + CH3 CH OR OCOCH3 OR VA tac dung vi ru trong moi trng axit manh va xuc tac la muoi thuy ngan. OR HgOBF3 CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + ROH CH3 CH + CH3 CH BF3 OR Hieu suat OR 90% OCOCH Cong 3hp chat xianua: OH CH = CHOCOCH + CH CH CN CH CH CN +
2 3 3 3
CH3CHO Cong vi phenol: OH CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + + CH3COOH Cong vi metanal: OH H

+
OH CH = CH2
OCOCH3
H+ CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + HCHO CH3COOH H3PO4 Cong vi clorua nitranyl: CH2 = CHOCOCH3 OCOCH3 CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + Cl N = O Cl
CH2 = CH CHO
CH2 CH N= O OCOCH CH3 CH3+ OCOCH3 CH3CHO _ 18_ +
+ CH3COOH H
Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + CH3COOH PdCl2 Trang (CH3CO)2O CH3COONa
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 Cong vi axit axetic:
Thiet ke phan
Cong vi cacbon tetraclorua (CCl4): CH = CHOCOCH + CCl Bz2O2

2 3 4
Cl3C[CH2CH(OCOCH3)]nCl Cong vi CCl3Br: CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + CCl3Br CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + C4H9SH BF3 Cl3CCH2 CHBr OCOCH3 C4H9SCH2CH2 OCOCH3 Cong vi mecaptan:
Cong vi NH3: Phan ng xay ra nhiet o phong: CH3CH(OH)NH2 + Hieu suat Hieu suat 59% 55% 0 Phan ng xay ra 130 C va xuc tac CH3OH: H5C2 CH OH 4CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + 5NH3 3 + 0 130 C 4CH3CONH2 + 4H2O N CH3 Hieu suat Cong vi ibutyl amin: Hieu suat 75% 10% CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + (C4H9)2NH (C4H9)2NCH2CH2 Hieu suat OCOCH3 Cong vi etanal: 50% Na CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + 2CH3CHO OCOCH3 CH3 CH CH2 CH O CH O CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + NH3 CH3CONH2
Axetyl CH3 aldoxan _ 19_
Thiet ke phan
AlCl CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + CH3COCl 3
CH3COCH2COCH3 + HCOCl Axetyl axeton Clorua Fomyl
Phan ng cong vi axetyl clorua e tao thanh axetyl axeton vi xuc tac AlCl3. Phan ng cong tao vong: Khi dung diod metan ket hp vi ong va kem, nhom metylen (CH2 ) c cong vao nhom vinyl axetat tao ra cyclopropyl axetat. CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + CH2 CH2
CHOCOCH3 CH 2
2- Phan ng oxy hoa: VA b oxy hoa bi hyropeoxit H2O2 di tac dung cua xuc tac Osmi tetraoxit tao thanh glycol alehit. CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + H2O2 OsO4 CH3COOH HOCH2CHO +
VA di tac dung cua chat oxy hoa manh KMnO 4 co mat kiem KOH tao thanh axetat etylenglycol. CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + 2KMnO4 + 2KOH 2K2MnO4 CH2 CH OCOCH3 + O H OH
3-Phan ng trung hp: Phan ng quan trong nhat cua VA la phan ng trung hp theo c che goc t do. Qua trnh trung hp co the c khi mao bang cac hp chat hyroxyl cua cac chat thm, cac hp chat nitro, amin, oxy, muoi Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 20_
Thiet ke phan
ong, cac polyolefin co noi oi lien hp, sunfua...VA nguyen chat nhiet o thng trung hp rat cham, nhng neu co tac dung cua anh sang hay cac peoxit th phan ng trung hp xay ra nhanh. VA trung hp cho polyvinyl axetat (PVA). PVA la mot chat deo rat co gia tr. nCH2=CHOCOCH3 [ CH2 CH ]n OCOCH3
PVA dung e san xuat sn co o bam dnh cao, e che bien be mat da va vai...T PVA co the ieu che ra ru polyvinilic bang cach cho PVA tac dung vi kiem CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH OCOCH
3
OCOCH
3
OCOCH3
H+ hoac OH ROH +
CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH OH OH OH CH3COOR
hoac axit trong moi trng ru ROH.
Ru polyvinilic la ban san pham dung e san xuat si vinylon, keo dan... 4-Phan ng ong trung hp: Vi noi oi trong phan t VA co the tham gia vao mot so phan ng ong trung hp vi cac monome khac tao ra copolyme co nhieu ng dung trong thc te nh:axit acrylic, acrynonitril, vinyl clorua, styren, anhyrit Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
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Thiet ke phan
maleic, isopropenyl axetat, etyl vinyl ete...V du nh khi ong trung hp VA vi vinyl clorua thu c loai chat deo vinilic, loai chat deo nay dung lam mang mong, sn, vat lieu tam ngam... nCH2 = CHOCOCH3 + nCH2 = CH CH ]n Cl [ CH2 CH CH2 OCOCH
3
Cl
Bang 4: Ty le phan ng cua VA vi mot so monomer.[20] Comonomer rVA rM Nhiet o,0C Axit acrylic 0,1 2 70 Acrynonitril 0,07 6 70 Clopren 0,01 50 65 Diallyl phtalat 0,72 2,0 Dietyl fumarat 0,01 0,44 60 Etylen 1 1 90 150 Etyl vinyl ete 3 0 60 Isobutyl 0,025 30 60 metacrylat 1 1 75 Isopropenyl 0,07 0,01 axetat 0,01 55 60 Anhydrit maleic 0,6 1,4 40 Styren 0,2 3,3 50 Vinyl clorua n-vinyl pyrrolidon 5-Phan ng thuy phan VA, PVA: Phan ng thuy phan VA khong tao ra ru nh cac phan ng thuy phan este khac v san pham tao ra khong ben chuyen ngay thanh axetalehit, xuc tac la axit. CH = CHOCOCH + H O CH COOH +
2 3 2 3
CH3CHO Khi thuy phan PVA trong moi trng axit thu c ru + [CH2 CH ]n + nH2O H [ CH2 CH ]n + polyvinilic. nCH3COOH OH OCOCH3 Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 22_
Thiet ke phan
6-T VA tao ra cac vinyl este khac: VA con co the s dung e ieu che cac vinyl este Hg2+ CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + RCOOH H+ CHOCOR
CH3COOH + CH2 =
khac bi phan ng trao oi nhom vinyl vi goc axit khac. Xuc tac la muoi cua Hg va moi trng axit.
IV-Phan loai, tieu chuan va bao quan VA:[20] 1-Phan loai: VA c phan lam ba loai tuy theo lng chat c che a vao. Chat c che thng dung la hyroquinon hoac diphenyl amin. Loai 1: Neu VA c em s dung ngay ma khong ton cha th lng hyroquinon a vao t 3 7ppm. Loai 2: Neu VA c s dung sau 4 thang th lng chat c che a vao ng vi loai VA cha 12 17ppm hyroquinon. Loai 3: ng vi chat c che s dung la diphenyl amin th ham lng 200 300ppm. Loai nay co the ton cha trong thi gian dai ma VA khong b bien chat. Trc khi s dung loai VA nay e trung hp can phai loai bo chat c che diphenyl anim, vi loai 1 va 2 th ieu nay khong can thiet. 2-Tieu chuan: VA thng pham co nhng tieu chuan sau: Vinyl axetat,% : 99,8 ,min. Nhiet o soi,0C Ham lng axit axetic,% Ham lng axetalehit,% : 72,3 73,0. : 0,007 ,max. : 0,013 ,max. _ 23_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 Ham lng nc,% Mau san pham, he APHA : 0 5.
Thiet ke phan
: 0,04 ,max.
Ham lng chat l lng : khong. 3-Bao quan: VA thng ton cha va bao quan trong cac be cha lam bang thep cacbon, nhom, thep trang men, thep khong g. Ngi ta khong dung vat lieu ong lam be cha v ong de lam nhiem mau VA va lam bien chat chat c che. Trong qua trnh ton cha va bao quan can chu y gii han chay no cua VA vi khong kh. Gii han chay no cua hi VA vi khong kh la 2,6 13,4% the tch. Tai nhiet o thng VA co the de dang tao hon hp no vi khong kh trong khoang khong gian be cha. e ngan chan kha nang nay ngi ta cho them nit vao be cha. Khi bao quan tat ca cac ng ong va be cha c noi at va co thiet b phong chong chay no. Cac nghien cu e ch ra rang s c che kha nang bien chat cua VA tao cac phan ng phu trong khi bao quan cua chat c che hoat ong tot nhat tai nhiet o thng (< 1000F). Vi cac be cha VA noi tren mat at can phai lam lanh bang nc hoac c sn trang ben ngoai e giam nhiet o be mat be trong mua he tranh hien tng chay no va s bien chat cua VA. V-Tnh hnh san xuat va s dung VA: 1-Tnh hnh san xuat VA: [15,18,19] VA c phat hien vao nam 1912 bi nha bac hoc KLATTE (C), vi viec tong hp c VA t axetylen va axit axetic trong pha long. en nam 1925 qua trnh san xuat VA va PVA c phat trien manh me, san lng VA tren the gii tang nhanh vao nam 1950. Vao nam 1968 co ti 321 trieu kg VA c san xuat My. Phng phap san xuat VA t axetylen dan c thay the Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
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Thiet ke phan
v axetylen rat at tien. Ngay nay trong cong nghiep axetylen c thay the bang etylen. Khoang 80% VA tren the gii c san xuat t etylen, con lai 20% VA c san xuat t axetylen trong pha kh. Do tnh kinh te cua nguon nguyen lieu ma ngay nay trong cong nghiep san xuat VA i t metyl axetat hay dimetyl ete vi CO va H2 ang c nghien cu va hoan thien. Bang 5: Tnh hnh s dung cac nguon nguyen lieu e san xuat VA cac nc.[19] San xuat,% Tay Au My Nhat Ban Axetylen 43 19 Etylen 57 81 100 San lng VA tang rat nhanh, vao nam 1965 tren the gii co 106 tan/nam VA c san xuat ra, con vao nam 1984 at 2,7.106 tan/nam. en nam 2000 san lng VA mot so nc tren the gii nh sau: Bang 6: San lng VA san xuat c nam 2000 mot so nc. Nc My Nam va ong Nam A Chau My Latinh Tay Au ong Au Chau Phi Trung ong Nhat Ban ong A San lng,tan/nam 1,617.106 0,21.106 0,18.106 0,705.106 0,244.106 0,74.106 1,048.106
2-Tnh hnh s dung VA:[15,19] VA la mot monomer cho qua trnh trung hp, ong trung hp. VA c s dung cho cac qua trnh sau:
_ 25_
Thiet ke phan
Trong qua trnh trung hp tao polyvinyl axetat, lng VA tieu ton cho qua trnh nay chiem t 55 60% tong lng VA san xuat ra. San xuat polyvinyl alcol, lng nay chiem 13 15%. Qua trnh ong trung hp gia VA va etylen chiem 8%. Trung hp tao polyvinyl butyrat, lng nay chiem 15%. Dung trong phu gia dau nhn, trong ong trung hp, vi acrylonitryl tao si acylic. Dung trong cac qua trnh khac. VA co the hoa tan trong ru etylic va dietyl ete. nhiet o thng VA kem on nh va de b trung hp cho san pham polyvinyl axetat. ay la mot san pham co gia tr kinh te cao trong nhieu lnh vc. Polyvinyl axetat co tnh bam dnh cao, c ng dung trong san xuat keo dan va vecni, cac dan xuat cua no nh polyvinyl alcol, polyvinyl butyrat. Khi thuy phan polyvinyl axetat se thu c mot polyme rat thong dung o la polyvinyl alcol, polyme nay c s dung lam chat nhu hoa va lam chat tang o nht cho dung dch nc. Thuy phan mot phan polyvinyl axetat se thu c mot polyme de tao mang, chat nay co the dung lam vai gia da. Ngoai ra cac copolyme cua vinyl axetat vi vinyl clorua va cac monome khac cung c ng dung rong rai trong ky thuat. Bang 7: Tnh hnh s dung VA mot so nc. [19] S dung,% Tay Au My Nhat Ban
_ 26_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 Etylenvinyl axetat Polyvinyl axetat Polyvinyl alcol Polyvinyl butyrat Copolyme vinyl clorua Cac loai khac 4 60 17 3 11 5
Thiet ke phan 7 58 21 7 4 3 11 16 71 1 1
CHNG III:
GiI THIU CC PHNG PHP SN XUT VA
I-Gii thiu chung:[20] Cho n nay c rt nhiu phng php tng hp VA trong cng nghip t cc ngun nguyn liu khc nhau trn th gii. C 3 phng php sn xut VA chnh nh sau: Phng php c in nht sn xut VA l cho CH 3COOH phn ng trc tip vi C2H2 trn xc tc. Phn ng thc hin pha lng hay pha kh. Hin nay trong sn xut cng nghip phng php ny ch dng pha kh. Phn ng: CH3COOH + C2H2 CH2 = CHOCOCH3 0 = 118Kj / mol 298 Phng php hin i ang c s dng rng ri nht trn th gii l oxy ho trc tip C 2H4 vi CH3COOH c xc tc mui Pd. Phn ng thc hin pha lng v pha kh. Phn ng: C2H4 + CH3COOH + 0,5O2 CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + H2 O 0 = 180 Kj / mol 298 Phng php cn li l tng hp VA qua hai bc (hng Celanese). Anhyric axetic phn ng vi axetalehit to ra etyliden diaxetat. Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
_ 27_
Thiet ke phan
Nhit phn etyliden diaxetat to ra VA v axit axetic. CH3CHO + (CH3CO)2O CH3CH(OCOCH3) CH3CH(OCOCH3)2 CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + CH3COOH Trong , phng php sn xut VA t etylen vi axit axetic v oxy c s dng rng ri vng Bc M. Cn Ty u v c bit l Chu th phng php sn xut VA i t axetylen v axit axetic c s dng nhiu hn. Ngy nay cng vi s pht trin mnh ca cng nghip v nhu cu s dng VA vo nn kinh t cng cao. Nn qu trnh tng hp VA trong pha lng t c s dng v dn c thay th bng cc phng php sn xut trong pha kh, bi v phng php tin hnh trong pha lng thng cho hiu sut thp, gy hao tn xc tc, xc tc c v gy n mn, ph hng thit b. Bn cnh ngnh tng hp hu c c xu hng s dng nguyn liu r tin hn nh thay C2H2 rt t bmg C2H4 nng cao hiu qu kinh t. II-Phng php tng hp VA t Etylen v Axit axetic: [18,20] Ngy nay gi thnh ca axetylen t nn trn th gii ang c xu hng tm ra nhng phng php sn xut VA cho hiu sut cao tng ng vi phng php sn xut VA t axetylen v axit axetic trong pha kh nhng s dng nguyn liu u vo c gi thnh r hn, d sn xut hn. Mt trong nhng phng php mi c s dng gn y l tng hp VA i t etylen v axit axetic. Theo tnh ton ca cc nh sn xut th vic thay th axetylen bng etylen trong cng nghip tng hp VA s tit kim c hn 20% gi thnh sn xut. Phng php ny tin hnh bi cc hng:
Tin hnh trong pha lng vi cng ngh ca cc hng

Hoechst(c); ICI(Anh); Nippon Gosei (Nht Bn)...
Tin hnh trong pha kh vi cng ngh ca cc hng

Bayer-Hoechst (c); USI Chemicals...
_ 28_
Thiet ke phan
Phng php tng hp VA t etylen v axit axetic da vo phn ng oxy ho kt hp etylen vi axit axetic s dng xc tc mui Paladi. CH3COOH + C2H4 CHOCOCH3 + H2O 0 = 180 Kj / mol 298 Phn ng ny tin hnh trong pha lng hay pha kh. Nhng d tin hnh trong pha no th vn thm mt lng mui Cu2+ (vi nng [Cu2+] >>[Pd2+]) vo xc tc thc y s oxy ho Pd0 thnh Pd2+, khi thm mui Cu2+ vo th n s oxy ho Pd v tr v Cu+. Cu+ rt d b oxy ho bi O2 thnh Cu2+. Pd0 + 2Cu2+ Pd 2+ + 2Cu+ 2Cu+ + 0,5O2 + 2H+ 2Cu2+ + H2O C hai phn ng u xy ra mnh lit trong mi trng axit, trong PdCl2 nm dng H2PdCl4. C ch phn ng bao gm cc giai on to phc trung gian t PdCl2, C2H4, H2O v s chuyn ho ni phn t ca cc phc ny: [18] [PdCl4] +OAc +Cl
2
Pd2+ + 0,5O2
CH2 =
+C2H
4
+Cl
[PdCl3(C2H4)] +OAc +Cl
[PdCl3(OAc)] 2+C2H 4 +Cl (C2H4)]
Cis[PdCl2(OAc)
1-Cng ngh tng hp VA t C 2H4 v CH3COOH trong pha lng:(hng ICI) [18,20] Cng ngh tng hp VA t etylen v axit axetic trong pha lng c pht minh bi hng Hoechst(c); ICI(Anh); Nippon Gosei(Nht Bn) v c ICI p dng vo sn xut thng mi vi
_ 29_
Thiet ke phan
qui m ln ti Anh, M trong mt vi nm gn y vi sn lng l hn 100 triu pound/nm. 1.1-Cc phn ng chnh xy ra trong qu trnh: CH2 = CH2 + CH3COOH + PdCl2 CH2 = CHOCOCH3 +Pd + 2HCl CH2 = CH2 + H2O + PdCl2 CH3CHO + Pd + 2HCl Pd + 2CuCl2 PdCl2 + 2CuCl 2CuCl + 2HCl + 0,5O2 2CuCl2 + H2O 1.2-Cc thng s k thut ca qu trnh: Qu trnh tin hnh nhit 100 1300C, p sut 30atm, thnh phn oxy v kh etylen nm ngoi gii hn n: 94,5% i vi etylen v 5,5% i vi oxy. Sn phm VA v axetalehit c tch t dng kh sn phm bi mt dy cc ct chng ct. Axit axetic v H2O cng c a vo thit b phn ng, t l H2O trong dung dch xc tc xc nh t l axetalehit to thnh VA. T l sn phm theo phn mol ca axetalehit trn VA ti u l 1:14. Xc tc PdCl2..CuCl2 trong mi trng axit axetic c thm mui axetat natri hoc mui clorua tng hot ng ca xc tc. Dung dch xc tc c cha cc mui Pd vi nng 30 50mg Pd 2+/l v mui dung dch ng nng 3 6g Cu 2+/l. Hiu sut ca qu trnh t 90% tnh theo C 2H4 v 95% tnh theo CH3COOH.Cc thit b dng cho qu trnh lm bng vt liu titan... trnh s n mn do trong sn xut phn ng c axit HCl. Tuy nhin y l nhng vt liu t tin v do n lm cho tng chi ph ton b qu trnh cao hn khong 50% so vi qu trnh tng hp VA t C2H2 v axit axetic trong pha hi. Qu trnh tng hp VA t etylen v CH 3COOH trong pha lng ngoi sinh ra sn phm chnh VA cn c cc sn phm ph: etyliden diaxetat, axetalehit (do sinh ra nc nn tch t ca nc Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
_ 30_
Thiet ke phan
to thnh axetalehit), n-C4H8 (do ime C2H4), CO2, axit fomic, axit oxalic (C2H2O4)... 1.3-S cng ng v nguyn l hot ng: 1.3.1-S cng ngh: (hnh 1)
_ 31_
C2H4 tua n hoa n Kh tha i CO2
2 1 3 4 5
13
Ethylen
Axit axetic
Oxy
14
Sa n pha m nhe
14 Thie t bun no ng a y tha p 13 Thie t bne n kh 12 Tha p chng ca t CH 3CHO

p ha p thuCH 3CHO 11 Tha
2 2 3 8
N c
2 2
2
N c
p ta ch VA 10 Tha 9 8 7 Tha p ta ch n c Tha p ta ch CH 3CHO
CH3COOH tua n hoa n

9 10
Vynyl axetat
11 14
12
Axetaldehyt
Tha p ta ch CH 3COOH 6 5 4 Bm Tha p nha ha p thuCO 2 Tha p ha p thuCO 2
14 14 14
14
Sa n pha m na ng
3
N c
Thie t bpha n ly 2 1 STT Thie t bngng tu Thie t bpha n ng Te n thie t b
Thiet ke phan
_ 32_
Hnh 1: S O CO NG NGHE TO NG H P VA T ETY LEN, AXIT AXETIC TRONG PHA LO NG [Ha ng ICI]
Thiet ke phan
1.3.2-Nguyn l hot ng:(hnh 1) Hn hp kh gm 30% th tch etylenv 70% th tch oxy cng vi axit axetic (lng mi trn vi lng hi lu) c a vo thit b phn ng (1), thit b phn ng lm vic nhit 100 1300C, p sut 30atm. Sn phm to thnh gm c VA, CH3CHO, H2O, CH3COOH v hn hp oxy-etylen c a ra khi thit b phn ng (1) vo thit b ngng t (2), sau c a vo thit b phn ly (3). Phn hn hp kh hi lu s c dn qua thp hp th (4) v thp nh hp th (5) loi b kh CO2. Cn phn hn hp lng s c a vo thp (7) d tch CH3COOH,v lng CH3COOH ny c hi lu tr li thit b phn ng (1). Hn hp lng sau khi ra khi thp (7) c a sang thp tch axetalehit (8) tch CH 3CHO. Hn hp sau khi ra khi thp (8) gm hai phn:
Phn hn hp i ra t nh thp (8) c a sang thp hp

th CH3CHO (11), y cc cht nh s c tch ra nh thp cn hn hp y thp th c a sang thp chng phn on CH3CHO (12) thu hi CH3CHO nh thp, cn H2O y thp mt phn qua bm (6) bm ra ngoi, mt phn qua thit b un nng (14) tr li thp.
Phn hn hp i ra y thp (8) mt phn hi lu y

thp, mt phn qua bm (6) a vo thit b phn ly (3) loi mt phn H2O. Sau hn hp tip tc c a vo thp tch H2O (9) v thp chng phn on VA (10), nh thp (10) s thu c VA, cn y thp l cc cht nng qua bm (6) bm ra ngoi, mt phn hi lu y thp qua thit b un nng y thp. Cn iu chnh lng nc trong dung dch xc tc th c th hn ch c lng axetalehit sinh ra, tc l iu chnh c t l gia axetalehit v VA trong sn phm to thnh. 2-Cng ngh tng hp VA t etylen v axit axetic trong pha kh (hng USI Chemicals):[18,20] Qu trnh tng hp VA t etylen v axit axetic trong pha kh c pht trin bi cc hng USI Chemicals ti M v hng Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
_ 33_
Thiet ke phan
Bayer ti c. Hin nay, qu trnh ny ang c hng Celanese ti M s dng sn xut VA vi cng sut 200 triu pound/nm, v hng Bayer sn xut vi cng sut 300 triu pound/nm. C hai hng USI Chemicals v Bayer cho php 6 cng ty Nht s dng cng ngh ca hng lp t dy chuyn thit b sn xut VA vi cng sut 512 triu pound/nm. 2.1-Cc thng s k thut ca qu trnh: Cng ngh tng hp VA trong pha kh c thc hin vi xc tc d th Pd/SiO2 hoc Pd/Al2O3 hoc alumosilicat vi ph gia l axetat natri c cha lng mui ng nhm thc hin chc nng cht mang thc y s oxy ho Pd thnh Pd 2+. Phn ng: Pd + 0,5O2 + 2CH3COOH Pd 2+ + H2O + 2CH3COO Pd 2+ + CH2 = CH2 + CH3COOH Pd + CH 2 = CHOCOCH3 + 2H+ Qu trnh tin hnh 175 200oC , p sut 70 140 Psi bng cch cho hn hp cc cht phn ng qua lp xc tc d th trong thit b phn ng ng chm. Tc nhn oxi ho bt buc s dng oxy. Hn hp ban u a vo thit b phn ng gm etylen,hi axit axetic, oxy vi t l th tch ln lt 8: 4: 1 v chuyn ho ca chng sau khi qua thit b phn ng i vi etylen l 10%, axit axetic l 20%, oxy l 60 70%, hiu sut c VA t 91 95%. Etylen p sut khong 5 10 atm c bo ho cng vi axit axetic 120 oC v c gia nhit trc khi cho vo thit b phn ng. Oxy thm vo trc khi vo thit b phn ng,lng oxy cho vo c gii hn trnh gii hn n. Cc kh phn ng trn xc tc Pd 0,1 2%. Sn phm ph ch yu l CO2 do khong 10% etylen tham gia phn ng chuyn ho thnh CO2 v cc hp cht cn li nh CH3CHO, etylien diaxetat... chim khong 1% . 2.2-S cng ngh v nguyn l hot ng : Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
_ 34_
Thiet ke phan
2.2.1-S cng ngh :(hnh 2). 2.2.2- Nguyn l hot ng : (hnh 2). Hn hp gm etylen mi v etylen hi lu cng vi axit axetic, oxy c un nng trc khi cho vo thit b un nng ng chm (1) ln 120oC, duy tr nhit trong thit b (1) l 175 200oC, p sut 70 140 Psi vi lp xc tc c t c nh trong cc ng. Hn hp sn phm sau c lm lnh (2) v i vo thit b phn ly (3) nhm tch ring pha lng, pha kh. Tip theo pha kh c qua my tng th (4) vo thp (5) ra vi propylen glycol, hn hp i ra t y thp (5) c a vo thp nh hp th (6) nhm tch VA ra, cn hn hp i ra t nh thp (5) c a qua thp ra cacbonat nng (7). Kh thot ra nh thp (7) l etylen c tun hon tr li thit b phn ng (1), cn hn hp y thp (7) c a qua thp nh hp th (6) nhm tch v loi b CO 2 . V pha lng, sau khi ra khi thit b (6) c lm lnh, cng vi hn hp lng t thit b (3) a vo thp chng ct ng ph (8). Hn hp i ra t nh thp (8) c a qua thp chng phn on VA (9), ti y thu c cc phn on nh t nh thp v VA. Hn hp i t y thp (8) a sang thp chng phn on CH3COOH (10), axt axetic thot ra t nh thp c bm (11) bm tun hon li thit b phn ng (1), cn y l cc cht cn nng, cng vi cn nng y thp (9) a ra ngoi.
_ 35_
CH 3COOH Kh ho i lu CO2
C2H4
O2
13. Thu ng ch a 12. Thie t bun no ng a y tha p 11. Bm 10. Tha p chng pha n oa n
CH 3COOH
2 7 6
1 12 2 13 13
CH3COOH tua n hoa n
9. Tha p chng pha n oa n V.A 8. Tha p chng ca t a ng ph 7. Tha p r a ba ng cacbonat no ng 6. Tha p gia i ha p 5. Tha p r a ba ng glycon 4. Ma y ta ng the 3. Thie t bpha n ly 2. Thie t bla m la nh
3 8
H2O VA

2 2
1. Thie t bpha n ng
10
Sa n pha m nhe
12 11
12 11
12
Sa n pha m na ng
Thiet ke phan
_ 36_
Hnh 2:QUA TRNH TO NG H P VINY L AXXETAL T ETY LEN VA AXIT AXETIC TRONG PHA KH CU A HA NG USI CHEMICAL
Thiet ke phan
3- Cng ngh tng hp VA t etylen v axit axetic trong pha kh: ( Hng Hoechst - Bayer) [19]
Cc thng s k thut ca qa trnh:

Phn ng: CH2= CH2 + CH3COOH + 0,5O2 H2O 0 = 180 Kj / mol 298 + Nhit phn ng t 160 1800C, p sut 0,5 0,8.106 Pa. + Xc tc ca qu trnh l Pd, hay mui Pd 2+ v mui ca kim loi kim chim t 1 3% trng lng, kt hp vi cc kim loi khc nh: Platium(Pt) (hng USI chemicals), cadimi (Cd) v vng (Au) (hng Bayer- Hoechst), cng nh Bi, Ba, Fe v cc kim loi tr khc. Axetat ca kim loi kim Na, K,... trn cht mang l .Al2O3 c dng cu trc ca axit silicic, hoc than hot tnh. Lng xc tc cn dng tnh theo sn phm VA l 200g cho mt lt VA/ gi, nhng s cng ngh c th cn 1000g cho mt lt VA/ gi. Lng xc tc ph thuc vo cch b tr thit b v loi xc tc. Thi gian hot ng ti a l 4 thng. Thnh phn hn hp a vo phn ng l 15% mol CH 3COOH, 50% mol C2H4, 29% mol kh tr CO2, lng oxy ti a l 6%. Th tch nit v kh tr c iu khin theo lng kh d ( khong 10%), nhng ph thuc vo mc tinh khit ca oxy c dng. Hiu sut ca qu trnh pha hi 88 90% i vi etylen, 98% i vi axit axetic. CH 2= CHOCOCH3 +
Hnh 3 : S nguyn l qu trnh sn xut vinyl

axetat t etylen v axit axetic trong pha kh (hng Etylen tuan Hoechst - Bayer ). hoan CO2 Tch CO2 Etylen + Etylen CO2 Tch VA Chng Axit axetic Thit b phn v axit ng Oxy Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN ng axetic ph Trang Axit axetic tuan Nc hoan SP nh Chng tch _ 37_ SP Nng VA
Thiet ke phan
III-Phng php tng hp VA t axetylen v axit axetic: [20] Qu trnh tng hp VA t axetylen v axit axetic c bt u pht trin trong pha lng vo nm 1912. Nhng cng ngh chnh l pha hi, v c ng dng bi hng Wacker (nm 1930), n nm 1960 phng php tng hp ny vn cn tn ti khp th gii, ch yu Ty u. Qu trnh sn xut VA t C2H2 v CH3COOH pha lng hay pha hi u da vo phn ng to nhit. C2H2 + CH3COOH CH2 = CHOCOCH3 Vo nhng nm 1970, VA ch yu c sn xut ra da vo phn ng ny. Theo thng k nm 1968 t 6 cng ty M sn xut vi sn lng 710 triu pound/nm da trn cng ngh tng hp VA t C2H2 v CH3COOH. Cng nm ny Ty u th sn xut VA vi tng sn lng l 530 triu pound/nm. Bng 8: S liu v sn lng ca cc cng ty. [20] Sn lng Qu trnh Tn cng ty (triu Ni sn xut s dng pound/nm) Air Reduction 95 Thnh ph Wacker Calvert Borden 150 (Kentucky) BordenGersmar(Louisi Blaw-Knox Dupont 75 ana) Wacker Monsanto 80 MonsantoNiagara ScientificNational 50 Falls(N.F) Design Starch 260 Thnh ph Wacker Union Carbide Texas Warker (Texas) Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 38_
Thiet ke phan
Long Warker Mott(Texas) South Charleston (W.Va) Thnh ph Texas (Texas) 1-Cng ngh tng hp VA t C 2H2 v CH3COOH trong pha lng:[15,18] Phn ng chnh: 0 CH3COOH + CH CH CH2= CHOCOCH3 298 = 28,3Kcal / mol Phn ng ph: CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + CH3COOH CH3CH(OCOCH3)2 0 = +6,2 Kcal / mol 298
Nh vy ngoi sn phm chnh l VA, qu trnh cn to ra sn phm ph l etyliden diaxetat v cc sn phm khc. Do nng cao hiu sut sn phm chnh cn phi hn ch to thnh sn phm ph bng cc bin php sau: Tch nhanh VA ra khi vng phn ng. Pha long dung dch phn ng bng nhng cht c tc dng vi CH3COOH d gim bt s tc dng ca axit axetic vi VA. Khng ch nhit nh hn nhit to thnh etyliden diaxetat. CH CH + HgSO4 HC = CH HgSO4 HC = CH + CH3COOH CHOCOCH3 HgSO
4
HgSO4 +
CH2 =
1.1-C ch:
_ 39_
Thiet ke phan
1.2-Xc tc : Xc tc dng sn xut VA trong pha lng l mui thu ngn ca cc axit v c khc nhau: axit sunfuric, axit photphoric ... Xc tc c hot tnh tt nht trong qu trnh l HgO + CH3COOH v oleum nhit thng. gim sn phm ph ngi ta dng mt s xc tc khc nh cc sunfoaxit hu c v cc mui thu ngn ca chng, cho thm cht tr xc tc nh BF3 ... cc cht ny lm tng hot tnh xc tc, tng kh nng chn la tc chn lc v gim nhit qu trnh. mt s nc dng xc tc c thnh phn nh sau ( tnh cho 1 Kg axit axetic ): HgO = 4 (g). BF3 = 11,5 (g). HF = 0,5 ( g) . Sau mt thi gian lm vic xc tc b mt hot tnh v cn phi ti sinh. 1.3- Nhit : Nhit l mt yu t quan trng nh hng rt ln ti hiu sut ca VA. Nhit thng c duy tr t 60 80 oC. Nhit cng cao th phn ng to ra sn ph cng nhiu nh : etyliden diaxetat, axetaldehit, nc ... Do khng nn thc hin phn ng ln hn 80oC. Nu nhit qu thp, vn tc phn ng nh, lng VA to thnh s b gi li trong dung dch thc hin cc phn ng th cp khc nh phn ng trng hp, phn ng cng ... Vi xc tc HgSO4 th duy tr 6065oC . 1.4- p sut : Qu trnh tng hp VA trong pha lng tin hnh p sut thp 0,1 0,2.106 Pa. Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
_ 40_
Thiet ke phan
1.5- Vn tc axetylen : Vn tc axetylen thi vo dung dch phn ng phi tng i ln y nhanh VA ra khi dung dch phn ng. V vy phi cho d C2H2 v mt lng C2H2 cha phn ng c tun hon li. iu kin tt nht cho qu trnh tng hp VA t C 2H2 trong pha lng l a C2H2 nhit 450C vi tc 0,8 lt/ pht vo 240g axit axetic dng huyn ph vi 10g HgO , 5g Fe 2O3 v 4g H2SO4 . 1.6- sch C2H2 v CH3COOH: C2H2 v CH3COOH phi kh v sch, v nu c nc th C2H2 s tc dng vi CH3COOH to thnh axetaldehit. Trong C2H2 phi khng c cc hp cht cha lu hunh , phtpho, arsennic...v n l nhng cht l nhng cht lm ng c xc tc. 1.7 -S cng ngh v nguyn l hot ng:[10] 1.7.1-S cng ngh: (hnh 4)
He huyen phu CH3COOH/HgO Oleum C2H2 tuan hoan Kh thai
3
N c N c
4
N c muo i
6
C2H2
7 2
Dau tai nhiet
1.Thit b phn ng ; 2. Qut gi ; 3.Thit b ngng t hi lu ; 4.Thit b lm lnh bng nc; 5.Thit b lm lnh bng nc mui; 6.Thit b trn xc tc; 7.Thng cha VA th. Hnh 4: Qu trnh tng hp VA t C2H2 v CH3COOH trong pha lng. Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 41_
Thiet ke phan
1.7.2-Nguyn l hot ng: (hnh 4) Hn hp axit axetic v anhyrit axetic c a vo thit b trn xc tc(6), nh m xc tc mui thu ngn hoc photpho s c phn tn u trong hn hp axit axetic v anhyrit axetic. Sau hn hp ny a ti thit b phn ng (1). Axetylen c thi vo thit b (1) t pha di bng qut gi (2), nhit trong thit b phn ng c gi 75 800C. Sn phm VA to thnh cng vi C 2H2 cha phn ng v cc sn phm ph khc thot ra y thit b phn ng (1) c i ti thit b ngng t hi lu (3), thit b (3) duy tr nhit 67 740C ngng t cc cht c nhit si cao. Sau VA th c phn tch bi qu trnh lm lnh bng nc trong thit b (4), v li tip tc lm lnh bng nc mui trong thit b (5). VA th c a vo thp chng ct thu c VA tinh khit. C2H2 cha phn ng c tun hon tr li trn vi C 2H2 mi i vo thit b phn ng (1). 1.8-Nhn xt: Qu trnh tng hp VA t C2H2 v CH3COOH trong pha lng c u im l vn u t cho dy chuyn thit b thp.Tuy nhin c nhc im l tiu tn nhiu xc tc HgO (lng VA to thnh bng lng nc tiu tn ), xc tc rt c v c tnh n mn thit b,lng VA to thnh thp (theo l thuyt l 75% tnh theo CH3COOH v 80% tnh theo C2H2 ). Lng etyliden diaxeta to thnh tng i nhiu do VA b ngng t trong thit b phn ng v tc dng vi CH3COOH, khng nhng th khi VA b ngng t s to ra polyme trong tht b phn ng. 2-Cng ngh tng hp VA t axetylen v axit axetic trong pha kh:[14,15] khc phc nhng nhc im ca phng php tng hp VA trong pha lng ngi ta tin hnh tng hp VA trong pha kh. Qu trnh tng hp VA trong pha kh c pht trin nm 1921 bi hng Consortium v c s dng trong cng nghip nm 1928 bi hng Wacker -Cheme, ri sau c hng FarbWacker Hoechst ci tin thm. Trong chin tranh th gii th 2 Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
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Thiet ke phan
cng ngh ca Hoechst sn xut c 25 triu pound/nm [10].
Phn ng chnh:
CH3COOH + CH CH 0 = 118Kj / mol 298 2.1-C ch phn ng: C ch phn ng C2H2 vi CH3COOH trong pha kh c xc tc axetat Zn trn than hot tnh bao gm cc giai on hp ph ho hc C2H2 vi ion Zn2+ to thnh phc trung gian. Sau l s tn cng ca phn t C2H2 c hot ho bng ion axetat v cui cng l tc +dng C2H2 vi CH 3COOH to ra VA, hon nguyn li Zn 2+(OCOCH3)2 HC CH [CH = xc tc. CHOCOCH3] Zn+ (OCOCH3) +CH3COO H Zn 2+(OCOCH3)2 Zn2+(OCOCH3) + CH2 = CHOCOCH3 CH 2 = CHOCOCH3
Phn ng ph:
y l qu trnh xc tc d th, sn phm chnh l VA. Nhng vn c nhng sn phm ph, l VA tip tc kt hp +HOOCCH HC CH CH2 = CHOCOCH3 +HOOCCH3 3 CH3CH(OCOCH3)2
EDA
vi CH3COOH to thnh EDA. Do vy s xut hin mt h phn ng song song-ni tip.
Giai on u xy ra vi vn tc ln hn nhiu so vi giai on th hai, tuy nhin vn cn c mt lng d C2H2 so vi CH3COOH hn ch ti a s to thnh EDA. Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 43_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 2CH3COOH
Thiet ke phan
Phn ng phn hy CH3COOH to thnh axeton:

CH3COCH3 + CO2 + H2O CH3COOH + CH3CHO CH3CHO CH [ HC = CH ]n , PA [ CH2 CH ]n , PVA
Phn ng phn hu VA to thnh axit axetic v etanal:

CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + H2O HC CH + H2O nCH
Phn ng phn hu axetylen to thnh etanal: Cc phn ng to thnh polymer:

nCH2 = CHOCOCH3
OCOCH3 Tuy nhin cc phn ng ny c tc chm v lng sn phm ph to thnh khng nhiu. Nguyn nhn gy ra nhng phn ng ph l do lng xc tc dng cho 1 lt C2H2 nm ngoi khong khng ch cho php hoc do t l tc nhn v nhit khng thch hp. Khi lng xc tc gam/lt C2H2 trong mt gi tng hay gim qu gii hn cho php s gy ra nhng phn ng ph trng hp C 2H2,, VA to thnh cc polymer bm ln b mt xc tc, gy phn hu xc tc, lm cho hot tnh xc tc gim. 2.2-Cc yu t nh hng;
Xc tc:
Xc tc dng cho qu trnh l axetat Zn trn cht mang l than hot tnh, silicagen, oxit nhm,... hay dng xc tc axetat cadimi v axetat canxi nhng hiu qa khng cao. Thng dng l xc tc axetat Zn trn cht mang l than hot tnh. Xc tc c chun b bng phng php ngm tm: dng dung dch axetat Zn tm vo than hot tnh di p sut chn khng sao cho c 100 phn trng lng th c 10% l axetat Zn v 90% l than hot tnh. Sau sy kh v em nung nhit phn ng. Than hot tnh c kch thc t 1 3,5mm c iu ch bng than g hay t s da nung trong mi trng ym kh. Trong qu trnh lm vic hot tnh ca xc tc gim dn. Nguyn nhn l do C2H2 v VA trng hp to nn cc polyme bao ph ln b mt xc tc, axetylen b trng hp to ra nhiu Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 44_
Thiet ke phan
nhit gy nng cc b lm cho xc tc b phn hu, axetat Zn b bay hi trong qu trnh phn ng. Ngoi ra do C 2H2 nguyn liu c ln mt lng nh cc cht nh H2S, PH3, AsH3 ...y l nhng cht c gy ng c xc tc. V vy phi khng ch bng cch nng dn nhit ln 210 2200C v lm sch nguyn liu C2H2 .
Nhit :
Nhit thch hp vi loi xc tc axetat Zn l 180 2100C. nhit thp hn th hiu sut thu c VA nh v nhit cao qu th lm cho xc tc gim hot tnh.
Vn tc th tch:
Vn tc th tch cng nh (ngha l thi gian tip xc gia hn hp kh v xc tc cng ln) th mc chuyn ho cng tng. Nhng nu vn tc th tch qu nh th hiu sut VA li gim v trong kh sn phm c nhiu sn phm ph. Vi vn tc th tch thng thng mc chuyn ho t 60 70% .
T l s mol C2H2/CH3COOH:
T l s mol C2H2/CH3COOH tt nht cho hiu sut chuyn ho thnh VA cao nht l 8 10/ 1. Nhng trong thc t sn xut ngi ta ch cho d t 4 5 ln, tc l t l s mol C2H2/CH3COOH tt nht l 4 : 1 5 : 1, v tng lng C2H2 d nhiu hn na th hiu sut chuyn ho tng m li phi tun hon mt lng ln C2H2 . Axetylen v axit axetic phi kh trnh phn ng hyrat ho. ng thi cn phi lm sch C 2H2 ht nhng cht gy ng c xc tc, nht l C2H2 c sn xut t cacbua canxi thng c nhiu H2S, NH3, PH3, AsH3, ... Sn xut VA theo phng php pha hi nu khng ch c cc iu kin k thut nghim ngt th c c hiu sut VA s t 95 98% tnh theo axit axetic v 92 95% tnh theo axetylen. 2.3-S cng ngh v nguyn l hot ng: [18,20]
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Thiet ke phan
2.3.1-S cng ngh: (Hng Petroleum Refiner) (hnh 5) 2.3.2-Nguyn l hot ng: (hnh 5) Axetylen mi c trn vi axetylen tun hon t kh thi v cng vi CH3COOH mi, CH3COOH tun hon c a vo thp bc hi (2) vi t l theo yu cu. Ti hn hp CH 3COOH v C2H2 c un bc hi v c trn ln vo nhau. Nhit trong thp bc hi (2) c duy tr t 60 800C vi p sut 4 5 Psi v c khng ch nghim ngt c t l hn hp theo yu cu. Nu khng ch nhit 600C s nhn c hn hp kh c 23% trng lng axit axetic. c th iu chnh nhit mt cch d dng ngi ta un nng bng hi nc. Hn hp kh c a sang thit b trao i nhit (9), ti y hn hp kh c un nng nh kh sn phm, ri tip tc c a sang thit b un nng phn ng (10) hn hp t ti nhit 180 2100C tu thuc vo nhit lm vic trong thit b phn ng. Trong thit b trao i nhit c th dng hi p sut cao hoc du un nng. Hn hp kh sau khi c un nng ti nhit yu cu a vo thit b phn ng (3). Thit b dng ng chm, trong cc ng cha y xc tc, bn ngoi c un nng bng du hoc hi nc (trong khi vn hnh trnh s qu nhit cc b ngi ta c th cho hn hp kh t di i ln trn, sau cho i ngc li t trn xung ). Sau khi phn ng to sn phm, hn hp kh sn phm c lm ngui ti thit b trao i nhit (9) v c lm lnh ti thit b (11) ti nhit 0 100C. Ton b sn phm c a vo thng cha VA th (5). Ti thng cha (5) VA v axit axetic ngng t, kh khng ngng c a vo thp lm lnh kh khng ngng bng CH3COOH (4) thu hi cc cu t kh d cha phn ng. Kh sau khi thu hi tun hon li lm nguyn liu. Hn hp axit axetic cha kh tr li thng (5). Hn hp ngng t trong thng cha VA th (5) cha cc cht nh:VA, etyliden diaxetat, axit axetic, axetalehit, axeton v mt t kh axetylen ho tan c a vo thp tch kh v cc sn phm nh (6). Ti nh thp (6) thu c kh v cc phn nh, mt phn nh a qua thit b (11) ngng t hi lu li mt phn
_ 46_
Thiet ke phan
thi ra ngoi, kh C2H2 c tun hon li lm nguyn liu, cc tp cht nh theo C2H2 thi ra ngoi khng kh. Trong qu trnh sn xut m bo an ton khi vn hnh ta phi thi mt phn kh v trong kh thi cha mt lng nht nh cc kh tr v cc kh tr ny d to hn hp n vi axetylen. Sn phm phn y thp (6) c a vo thp tc VA (7). Trc khi a vo thp tch (7) ngi ta phi b sung thm mt lng nh cht c ch. Cht c ch thng dng trong cng nghip l hyroquinon hoc diphenyl amin, chng c tc dng ngn cn cc phn ng ph ca VA trong qu trnh tch cng nh bo qun. nh thp (7) sau khi lm lnh ta thu c VA tinh khit. Cn y thp (7) sn phm nng, CH 3COOH c a ti thp tch phn nng v CH3COOH (8). Ti nh thp (8) ta thu c axit axetic, CH3COOH c lm lnh ngng t v tun hon tr li lm nguyn liu. Cn phn y thp l phn nng bao gm etyliden diaxetat, mt phn axit axetic v cc hp cht cao phn t khc.
_ 47_
n n hoa CH 3COOH tua

Tha i ra ngoa i
CH3COOH
N c la nh N c la nh 11 VA 11
3
Hi n c
C2H2 10 hi 4 11 hi 10 5 12 C2H2 tua n hoa n 12 Cha t c che 10 7 6
11
CH3COOH
8 hi 10 hi 10

12 pha n na ng
7- Tha p ta ch VA ng sa n pha m na 8- Tha p ta ch VA va 9- Thie t btrao o i nhie t ng c chie u 4- Tha p ha p thukh kho ng ngng ba ng CH 3COOH 5-Thu ng ch a VA tho 6- Tha p ca t pha n nhe
1- Ma y qua t gio 2- Thie t bbo c hi 3- Thie t bpha n ng
Thiet ke phan
10-Thie t bun no ng 11-Thie t bla m la nh ngng tu 12-Bm
_ 48_
Hnh 5: Qua trnh to ng h p VA t axetylen va axitaxetic trong pha kh (ha ng Petroleum Refiner)
Thiet ke phan
2.3.3-S cng ngh (hng Wacker): (hnh 6) 2.3.4-Nguyn l hot ng: (hnh 6) Lng axetylen tinh khit v axetylen tun hon c trn ln vi nhau, cng vi axit axetic tinh khit v axit axetic tun hon trn ln vi nhau c a vo thit b bc hi (1). Thit b bc hi c khng ch nhit 70800C, p sut 0,3.106 Pa, ra khi thit b ny y thp, mt phn c un nng v a tr li y thp bi thit b un nng (5), mt phn sn phm nng a ra ngoi nh bm (13). Hn hp kh ra khi nh thp (1) c gia nhit bi thit b trao i nhit ngc chiu (3), sau c un nng bi thit b un nng (5), hn hp kh ra khi (5) c nhit 170 1900C v c a vo thit b phn ng (2). Qu trnh ny din ra vi lp xc tc c nh hay lng gi, xc tc gm than hot tnh c tm 2030% axetat km. Thit b phn ng c dng ng, chiu cao mi ng 3,54m. Do phn ng to ra VA l phn ng to nhit nn lm cho nhit trong thit b tng ln. Do vy, ngi ta ly nhit ra ngoi bng cch b tr thit b lm lnh hi lu ngoi thit b phn ng gi nhit 2000C. Qu trnh xy ra lin tc trong thit b ti sinh xc tc. Hn hp sn phm sau khi ra khi thit b phn ng gm c VA, DVA, C2H2 d, CH3COOH d, nc,... c nhit khong 2000C v c a ti thit b lm lnh (4) lm lnh sn phm bng nhit ca nguyn liu vo thp phn ng. Sau hn hp i qua thit b ct phn nh (7). thit b (7), nh thp ch yu l phn nh axetylen cha phn ng v mt t sn phm khc c a sang thit b tinh ch C 2H2 (8), phn nh axetylen tch ra nh thp (8) bng CH3COOH tun hon, c qua my nn (6) tun hon tr li cng vi axetylen ban u vo thit b phn ng (1), mt t l khng ng k c lm sch ngn s to nguyn t tr trong qu trnh tng hp, phn nng y gm VA v cc sn phm khc trn vi sn phm ly ra t y thit b (7) qua bm (13) bm vo thit b tch ra sn phm nh (9). Thp (8) gm 35 a c kh axetylen, axetalehit, axeton, propinolandehit, acrolin,... trng thi lng, thp (9) gm 50 n 60 a. trnh hin tng to ra polyme ho vinyl axetat trong qu trnh chng ct, Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
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Thiet ke phan
i hi phi thm cht c ch, thng dng l diphenyl amin hoc hydroquinon. Ti thit b tch phn nh (9), sn phm nh c tch ra nh thp tch, y sn phm mt phn qua thit b un nng (5) a tr li (9), mt phn qua bm (13) vo thit b tch VA (10). nh thp (10) thu c VA thng phm, cn cc sn phm khc nhau gm DVA, CH 3COOH, crofonaldehit v cc sn phm nng khc c a vo thit b tch sn phm trung gian (11). nh thp (11) th c divinyl axetylen, crofonandehit, cn sn phm y c a vo thit b tch axit axetic (12), axit axetic c tch ra nh thp tun hon tr li (1), mt phn i qua thit b lm lnh (4) vo thp (8) lm dung mi. y thp (12) nhn c cc sn phm nng. Thit b phn ng c lm bng thp khng g c thnh phn Niken khong 1015 %, crm khong 1520%.
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CH3COOH tua n hoa n
C2H2 tua n hoa n 6 4 4 4 4 4 Divinyl axetylen Crotonaldehit
ng ch a axit axetic 17 Thu ng ch a ca c SP trung gian 16 Thu ng ch a VA 15 Thu ng ch a sa n pha m nhe 14 Thu 13 Bm
14 16 15 17
p ta ch CH 3COOH 12 Tha p ta ch sa n pha m trunggian 11 Tha p ta ch VA 10 Tha
VA 10 11

p ta ch sa n pha m nhe 9 Tha
12
Cha t c che
Cha t c che
CH 3COOH SP nhe 9 8

p tinh che C2H2 8 Tha t bla m la nh ngng tu 7 Thie t bne n kh 6 Thie t bun no ng 5 Thie
5 13 5 13 5 13 5 Sa n pha m na ng 13 7
C2H2
13
t bla m la nh 4 Thie t bnhie t ng c chie u 3 Thie t bpha n ng 2 Thie t bbo c hi 1 Thie
Thiet ke phan
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HNH 6:S O CO NG NGHE TO NG H P VA T C2H2 VA CH3COOH TRONG PHA KH(Ha ng Wacker)
Thiet ke phan
IV-Cc phng php sn xut VA khc: 1-Cng ngh tng hp VA t etyliden diaxetat: [18,19,20] 1.1-Khi nim chung: Qu trnh tng hp VA t etyliden diaxetat, c hng Celanese Pampa, Texas (M) vo nm 1953 p dng sn xut vi cng sut 65 triu pound/nm. n nay khng cn tng hp VA t phng php ny na. Phn ng tng hp xy ra nhit 3000C, vi xc tc l axit. Qu trnh tri qua 2 giai on: + Giai on 1: xy ra phn ng gia axetaldehit v anhydrit axetic to thnh etyliden diaxetat. + Giai on 2: L s nhit phn ca etyliden diaxetat trong thp cracking to thnh VA v axit axetic. Cc phn ng xy ra: +Giai on 1: CH3CHO + ( CH3CO)2O CH3CH(OCOCH3)2 +
CH3COOH + CH2 = CHOCOCH3 Hiu sut to thnh 75% CH3CH(OCOCH3)2
Giai on 2: thnh 25%
CH3CHO + (CH3CO)2O Hiu sut to
gim ti mc ti thiu kh nng xy ra phn ng to thnh (CH3CO)2O v CH3CHO th hng Celanese s dng mt loi xc tc mi l xc tc axit sunfonic thm (ArSO 3H) nhm lm tng mc chuyn ho ca phn ng to thnh VA, tc l lm tng hiu sut to thnh VA. 1.2-S cng ngh v nguyn l hot ng: Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 52_
Thiet ke phan
1.2.1- S cng ngh: (hnh 7) 1.2.2- Nguyn l hot ng: (hnh 7) Hn hp nguyn liu vo gm CH 3CHO v (CH3CO)2O c a vo thit b phn ng (1) vi s c mt ca xc tc ArSO 3H, nng nhit ln to thnh etyliden diaxetat, cc cht rn c loi b bi thit b tch cc cht rn. Etyliden diaxetat sau c dn ti thp cracking (2) phn hy etyliden diaxetat v cc tp cht. Hn hp sn phm phn ng sau a sang thp tch phn on nh (3), y phn on nh c tch ra cho tun hon li thit b phn ng (1). Hn hp sn phm phn ng ra khi thp (3) y c a vo thp tch axit (4), axit c tch ra cho tun hon li thit b (2), (3). Sn phm ra khi thp (4) i vo thp (5) tch VA, y thp (5) l axit axetic c a tr li thp tch axit (4), cn nh thp l cc sn phm nh i qua thp tch phn on nh (3).
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Axetaldehyt
2 1 3 Axit axetic
Anhydric axetic

t bla m la nh 6 Thie p ta ch VA 5 Tha
Vinylaxetat
t bun so i a y tha p 7 Thie
4
5
Thie t bta ch axit
Ta ch ca c cha t ra n
3 2
7
Tha p ta ch pha n oa n nhe Thie t bcracking
Thiet ke phan
_ 54_
Cha t tha i
Thie t bpha n ng
Hnh 7: S O CO NG NGHE TO NG H P VA T ETY LIDEN DIAXETAT(Ha ng Celanese)
Thiet ke phan
2-Cng ngh tng hp VA t metyl axetat, CO v H 2 : (Halcon) [19] Phng php ny c trin khai bi hng Halcon, tng hp VA da trn vic s dng cc kh sn xut ra metanol, metyl axetat, v anhyrit axetic, sau li kt hp vi etyliden diaxetat. Sn phm to thnh chng li phn hu to ra VA v axit axetic, axit axetic to thnh tham gia vo qu trnh este ho vi metanol. Qu trnh xy ra: 4CO + 5H2 CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + 2H2O Cacbonyl ho ca metyl axetat l phng php ch yu tng hp VA( hiu sut thu c 85%). CH3COOCH3 + CO (CH 3CO)2O (CH3CO)2O + CH3COOCH3 + CO + H2 CH3CH(OCOCH3)2+ CH3CO 2CH3COOCH3 + 2CO + H2 CH3CH(OCOCH3)2 + CH3COOH. Phng php ny tin hnh trong pha lng nhit 1301600C v p sut 47.106 pa. Xc tc s dng: cc kim loi qu him: Pd, rdi (Rh), metyl iodie v cc nhm amin hay photphin (PH3). Anhydrit axetic c to thnh ng vai tr nh hp cht trung gian. S bin i trc tip to thnh sn phm etyliden diaxetat v lm tng t l CO trong qa trnh tng hp kh. Sau etyliden diaxetat phn hu thnh VA: CH3CH(OCOCH3)2 CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + CH3COOH CH3COOH to ra c th tham gia vo qu trnh ti sinh ho este thnh CH3COOCH3 khi dng CH3OH. CH3COOH + CH3OH CH3COOCH3 + H2O Do thc cht y l qu trnh s dng CH 3OH v kh tng hp (CO,H2) tng hp VA. Cc sn phm ph c hnh thnh trong tt c cc giai on phn ng nn vic tch chng ra khi sn phm tinh khit l rt tn km. Do s dng phng php ny vo sn xut VA ph thuc rt nhiu vo gi tr nguyn liu u. Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
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Thiet ke phan
3-Phng php nhit phn etylen glycol diaxetat: (Halcon) [19] Qu trnh tng hp xy ra nhit 500 5500C, hiu sut t c 8587%. Phn ng:
CH3-C-O-CH2-CH2-O-C-CH3 CH2=CH-O-C-CH3 + CH3COOH

O O O Etylen glycol diaxetat c to thnh bi axetoxylat ho ca etylen nhit 4000C v p sut 3.106pa, xc tc l oxy, Te, 3CH =CH2 + 5CH3 COOH 2CH3-C -O-CH2-CH2-O-CBr2. 2 CH3 O O 2H2O 4-Phng php tng hp VA t CH3CHO v CH3COCl: Phn ng: O -100C 50CH3CHO + CH3COCl CH3-CH-O-CO-CH3 600c pyridin -HCl + HO-CH2-CH2-O-C-CH3 +
Cl CH2=CHOCOCH3 (hiu sut 82%) 5-Phng php tng hp VA t CH2 = CHCl v CH3COONa: Phn ng: PdCl2 CH2=CHCl + CH3COONa CH 2 = CHOCOCH3 + 50750 NaCl C 6-Phng php tng hp VA t isopropyl axetat v 1200 CH3CHO: C Phn ng:
_ 56_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 CH3COO C = CH2 + CH3CHO CH3COCH3
Thiet ke phan CH2 = CHOCOCH3 +
CH3 Phn ng xy ra trong thi gian 4 gi. 7-Phng php tng hp VA t ClCH2 CH2Cl v CH3COOH: Phn ng: ClCH2 CH2Cl + 2 CH3COOH CH 3COOCH2 CH2 OCOCH3 + 2HCl CH3COOCH2 CH2 OCOCH3 CH 2 = CHOCOCH3 + CH3COOH. V-La chn v thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh: ( s trang 61 ). La chn dy chuyn: Qu trnh sn xut vinyl axetat t etylen ang c cc nc trn th gii p dng rng ri vi cc dy chuyn cng ngh ca cc hng khc nhau. Tu thuc vo iu kin tng nc, v u nhc im ca cc cng ngh m cc nh xy dng phi la chn cho ph hp. C rt nhiu cng ngh sn xut vinyl axetat t etylen, qua bn d n ny a ra 2 dy chuyn, chn dy chuyn ca 2 hng Hoechst Bayer v dy chuyn ny c nhng u im: p sut lm vic thp, nhit lm vic thp, c bit hiu sut thu c vinyl axetat rt cao 95 98%. Thuyt minh dy chuyn: Qu trnh tng hp xy ra trong thit b phn ng dng thp, thng dng hai tc nhn phn ng song song nhau. Axit axetic nguyn cht v axit axetic tun hon cng vi etylen nguyn cht v etylen tun hon a vo thit b bc hi (1) , trong thit b ny hn hp nguyn liu c un nng n ti nhit phn ng. Nhit trong thit b (1) l 140 0C v p sut 1.106 Pa. y thit b l cc sn phm nng khng bay hi i vo cng vi nguyn liu c chia lm hai phn, mt phn qua bm (16) bm ra ngoi, mt phn qua thit b un nng y thp (3) tr li thit b (1). Hn hp ra khi nh thp Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
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Thiet ke phan
(1) dng hi i qua thit b un nng s b (3), qua thit b ny hn hp c gia nhit n 1600C. Sau hn hp c trn vi oxy vi mt lng nht nh. Lng oxy ny c xc nh bi gii hn t bc chy ca hn hp etylen v oxy. Hn hp nguyn liu etylen, axit axetic, oxy c nhit 1600C i vo thit b phn ng (2) t y, qu trnh phn ng xy ra ti y. Hn hp sn phm ri khi thit b phn ng trn nh nhit 1800C v p sut 0,7.106Pa, c lm lnh trong thit b trao i nhit ngc chiu (4) xung nhit 1300C vi tc nhn lm lnh l hn hp kh etylen v kh tun hon. Sau khi ra khi thit b (4), hn hp qua thit b lm lnh ngng t (17), chuyn qua thp hp th (5) ng thi cng vi dng dung dch axit axetic tun hon lm dung mi cho qa trnh hp th. Ti thp (5), kh etylen, CO 2 cc tp cht do etylen mang vo ,... ra khi nh thp (5), i qua thp lc sch kh (6) bng H2O. Ra khi nh thp (6) mt phn kh c lm sch a ra ngoi mt phn c nn li ti my nn tun hon (7). Kh sau khi ra khi my nn (7) c a qua thp hp th CO2 (8), ngn chn s tch t kh CO 2 trong qu trnh tng hp dng dung mi K 2CO3 hp th CO2,, dung mi K2CO3 c ti sinh thp (9), CO2 nh hp th bng cch un si y thp v i ra nh thp (9). Sn phm y mt phn qua thit b un nng y thp tun hon li thp (9), mt phn lm dung mi a tr li thp (8). VA, CH3COOH v cc sn phm nng, nh khc ra khi y thp (5), (6) c bm (16) bm v cng vi cht c ch chuyn vo thp chng ct s b (10). Dung dch tch ra t y thp (10) c 97 98% axit axetic chia lm hai phn, mt phn qua bm (16) tun hon lm nguyn liu cho thp (1) v thp (5), phn cn li qua thit b un nng y thp hi lu li. Thnh phn ra khi nh thp (10) qua thit b lm lnh ngng t (17) i vo thit b tch lng kh (11). Ti y, hn hp sn phm chia lm 3 phn: mt phn qua thp chng ct phn nh (12), mt phn lng qua bm (16) tr v nh thp (10), mt phn qua bm (16) i vo thp tch nc (13). thp (12) y thp chia lm hai phn, Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 58_
Thiet ke phan
mt phn qua b phn un nng y thp mt phn nh bm (16) bm nc thi ra ngoi. Cc sn phm nh i ra t nh thp (12) qua thit b (17) tr li thit b tch lng kh (11). Phn ln phn ct c ly t thp tch phn nh (12) lm giu VA, phn khng ngng t l etylen v oxy c nn li a sang phn on phn ng v hn hp ng ph VA/H 2O ( nhit si 660C , trong H2O chim 7,3% trng lng). Pha tch xy ra trong thit b tch (11): hai phn ba pha hu c c hi lu cho ct chng ct th nht v phn chnh th ba c hi lu cho ct chng ct th ba, pha nc c a n thp chng ct phn nh (12). Ton b phn thu hi c cha mt s hp cht hu c ( 10002000ppm ). Hi nc ra khi y thp tch nc (13) kt hp vi cht c ch i vo thp tch sn phm nh (14) ( thp ny gm 25 a), ra khi y thp dung dch chia lm hai phn, mt phn qua thit b un si y thp tr li, mt phn kt hp vi cht c ch vo thp tch sn phm nng (15) ( thp ny c 100120 a). nh thp (14) thu c sn phm nh vi hm lng rt t. Thp tch phn nng c thit k thu hi etyl axetat trong sn phm nng, thp (14) c thit k thu hi axetaldehit trong s thnh phn nh. nh thp (15) thu c VA cn y thu c cc sn phm nng l etyl axetat. VA c thu hi v tinh ch i hi trong qu trnh c s tham gia ca cht c ch trnh s trng hp to nha, cht c ch dng hn hp kh O2 v CO2. VI. Kt lun tng quan: Qua nhng phng php tng hp VA trnh by trn ta thy cc cng ngh tng hp VA ngy cng pht trin v hon thin hn, i t nhiu ngun nguyn liu hn. Ngy nay cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca ngnh cng nghip ho du nn dn thay th phng php sn xut VA t axetylen bng etylen v ngun nguyn liu r tin d dng c c t phn on cracking du m ( cracking etan v propan), c nhiu trong kh thin nhin. Ngnh khai thc v ch bin kh pht trin l ngun cung cp nguyn liu di do cho qu trnh tng hp VA Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
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Thiet ke phan
cng vi cc ngnh ch bin khc. Cc nc c nn cng nghip ho hc pht trin nh Nga, M, c , Nht,.. p dng phng php tng hp VA t etylen trong pha kh vo sn xut rng ri. Bn cnh phng php tng hp VA t axetylen trong pha DY CHUYN cng nghtng hp va t etylen v axit axetic trong pha kh kh t c chuyn ho cao nhng do tnh kinh t ngun Lamsach 1 7 nguyn liu axetylen t nn phng php ny hin nay cc nc CH 4 Nc pht trin t c s COdng. Tuy nhin trong thc t sn xut, vic la chn phng php 5 9 7 8 sn xut l tu thuc vo iu kin ca tng nc, tng vng nhNc 21 Thungchancthai : ngun nguyn liu, ngun nng lng, vn u t...
2 4tuanhoan
2
1
CH3COOH C2H4 Hi nc
Hi nc
3 2 6
17
Nc
20 Thungchasanphamnang 19 Thungchasanphamnhe 18 Thungchavinyl axetat 17 Thietblamlanhngngtu 16 Bm 15 Thaptachsanphamnang 14 Thaptachsanphamnhe 13 Thaptachnc 12 Thapchngcatphannhe
17
Dau tai nhiet
Snphmnng Oxy
Hi 3 nc
16 16 10 17 17 17
Nc Nc Nc
17
Nc
17
Nc
19
San phamnhe
1 Thietbtachlongkh 10 Thapchngcatsbo 9 ThapnhahapthuCO2 8 ThaphapthuCO2 7 May nentuanhoan 6 Thaplockh bangbangnc 5 Thaphapthu 4 Thietbtraooinhietngcchieu
12
13 14
15
18
VA
Chatcche
Chatcche
Chatcche
tuan hoan
CH3COOH
Hi nc
Hi nc
Hi 3 nc
Hi nc
Hi nc
3 20 Sanphamnang
3 Thietbunnong 2 Thietbphanng 1 Thietbbochi voboc ngoai
16
16
21 16
Ncthai
16 16
_ 60_
Thiet ke phan
PHAN II: TNH TOAN CONG NGHE

CHNG I : TNH CAN BANG VAT CHAT
A-TNH CAN BANG VAT CHAT THIET B PHAN NG I-Cac so lieu ky thuat e tnh toan : Tnh can bang vat chat cua day chuyen san xuat vinyl axetat t etylen vi nang suat 85.000 tan/nam. Bang 9 : Thanh phan nguyen lieu nh sau: CH3COOH ky C2H4 ky thuat O2 ky thuat thuat (% the tch) (% the tch) (% the tch) C2H4 O2 99% CH3COO 98% 93% C2H6 Tap 1% H 2% 4% C3H6 chat Tap 3% chat o chuyen hoa tnh theo etylen la 95%, ton that vinyl axetat la 2% . oi nong o the tch sang nong o khoi lng: Mi Xi ai = [4] Mi Xi Trong o : Xi : Phan mol cua cac cau t (Kmol/Kmol). Mi : Khoi lng phan t cua cac cau t (Kg/Kmol). Coi cac chat kh ieu kien tieu chuan, nen ta co phan the tch cua cac chat kh cung chnh la phan mol cua cac chat kh o. X C H = 0,93( Kmol / Kmol ) M C H = 28( Kg / Kmol )
2 4 2 4
X C H = 0,04( Kmol / Kmol )

2 6
M C H = 30( Kg / Kmol )
2 6
X C H = 0,03( Kmol / Kmol )

3 6
M C H = 42( Kg / Kmol )
3 6
X O = 0,99( Kmol / Kmol )

2
M O = 32( Kg / Kmol )
2
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o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 X TC .O = 0,01( Kmol / Kmol )

2 3
Thiet ke phan M CH COOH = 98( Kg / Kmol )
X CH COOH = 0,98( Kmol / Kmol )

3
X TC .CH COOH = 0,02( Kmol / Kmol )

3
Tap chat cua O2 chu yeu la N2 : M N = 28( Kg / Kmol ) .

2
Tap chat cua CH3COOH M CH CHO = 44( Kg / Kmol ) .

3
chu
yeu
la
CH3CHO
Thay cac gia tr vao cong thc, ta co phan khoi lng cua cac chat : 28 0,93 aC H = = 0,914 . 28 0,93 + 30 0,04 + 42 0,03
2 4
aC H =
2 6
30 0,04 = 0,042 . 28 0,93 + 30 0,04 + 42 0,03 42 0,03 = 0,044 . 28 0,93 + 30 0,04 + 42 0,03
aC H =
3 6
aO =
2
32 0,99 = 0,9912 . 32 0,99 + 28 0,01 28 0,01 = 0,0088 . 32 0,99 + 28 0,01 60 0,98 = 0,9853 . 60 0,98 + 44 0,02 44 0,02 = 0,0147 . 60 0,98 + 44 0,02
aTC .O =
2
aCH COOH =
3
aTC .CH COOH =

3
Bang 10 : Thanh phan nguyen lieu sau khi a chuyen oi % the tch sang % khoi lng . CH3COOH ky C2H4 ky thuat O2 ky thuat thuat (% khoi lng) (% khoi lng) (% khoi lng) C2H4 91,4 O2 99,12 CH3COO 98,53 C2H6 4,2 Tap 0,88 H 1,47 C3H6 4,4 chat Tap chat
_ 62_
Thiet ke phan
Mc o chuyen hoa tnh theo etylen la 95%, trong o 92% C2H4 tao thanh VA; 7% tao thanh CO2 ; 0,9% tao thanh CH3CHO; 0,1% tap thanh etyl axetat. II-Xac nh thi gian lam viec va nang suat cua phan xng : Thi gian lam viec cua phan xng quyet nh nang suat lam viec cua phan xng o. Day chuyen san xuat vinyl axetat t etylen hoat ong lien tuc 24gi/ngay. Day chuyen ch ngng hoat ong khi cac thiet b en ky kiem tra bao quan, sa cha va thay the xuc tac cu. Nh ta biet 1 nam co 365 ngay, chon day chuyen hoat ong 335 ngay, con 30 ngay ngh v cac ly do ky thuat noi tren. Phan xng lam viec lien tuc trong ngay, nen so gi lam viec cua phan xng trong 1 nam la : 335 24 = 8040(h) . Tong nang suat cua 1 nam la : 85.000 tan = 85.000.000(kg). Nang suat cua phan xng trong 1 gi la: 85.000.000 = 10572,1393(kg / h). 8040 Nhng do lng VA sinh ra b mat mat 2% , nen lng VA b mat mat la: 10572,1393 0,02 = 211,4428(kg / h) Vay san lng VA tao thanh tong cong la: 10572,1393 + 211,4428 = 10783,5821(kg / h) . III-Tnh lng vat chat i vao thiet b phan ng: Lng vat chat i vao thiet b phan ng bao gom: C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, CH3COOH , O2 va cac tap chat do CH3COOH mang vao, do O2 mang vao. Cac phan ng xay ra: Phan ng chnh:
_ 63_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 C2H4 + 0,5O2 + CH3COOH H2O 0 = 180( Kj / mol ). 298 Phan ng phu: C2H4 + 3O 2 0 = 135( KJ / mol ) . 298 C2H4 + 0,5O2
Thiet ke phan CH 2 = CHOCOCH3 +
2CO 2
2H2O CH 3CHO
0 = 244( Kj / mol ). 298 C2H4 + CH3COOH CH3COOC2H5 . Tnh lng C2H4 tinh khiet tham gia phan ng tao thanh VA : Goi x(kg/h) la lng C2H4 tinh khiet a phan ng e tao thanh VA. Phan ng : C2H4 + 0,5O2 + CH3COOH CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + H2 O 28(kg/kmol) C2H4 tham gia phan ng vi O2 va CH3COOH tao thanh 86(kg/kmol) VA va H2O. x(kg/h) C2H4 tham gia phan ng vi O 2 va CH3COOH tao thanh 10783,5821(kg/h) VA va H2O. Lng C2H4 tinh khiet tham gia phan ng tao VA : 28 10783,5821 x= = 3510,9337(kg / h). 86 Mat khac theo gia thiet mc o chuyen hoa C 2H4 la 95% trong o 92% C2H4 tao thanh VA; 7% tao thanh CO2 ; 0,9% tao thanh CH3CHO ; 0,1% tao thanh etyl axetat. Lng C2H4 con lai 7% chuyen hoa thanh CO2 : 3510,9337 7 = 267,1362( kg / h). 92 Lng C2H4 con lai 0,9% chuyen hoa thanh CH3CHO : 3510,9337 0,9 = 34,3461(kg / h). 92 Lng C2H4 con lai 0,1% chuyen hoa thanh etyl axetat: Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 64_
Thiet ke phan
3510,9337 0,1 = 3,8162(kg / h). 92 Do o tong lng C2H4 tinh khiet a chuyen hoa tao thanh san pham la: 3510,9337 + 267,1362 + 34,3461 + 3,8162 = 3816,2322(kg/h). Nhng do hieu suat chuyen hoa cua C2H4 la 95% nen lng C2H4 tinh khiet thc te can cho phan ng la: 3816,2322 100 = 4017,0865(kg / h). 95 Tnh lng CH3COOH, O2 can cho phan ng vi C 2H4 e tao thanh VA va lng H2O tao ra : Phan ng: C2H4 + 0,5O2 + CH3COOH CH 2 = CHOCOCH3 + H2O 28(kg/kmol) C2H4 tham gia phan ng vi 16(kg/kmol) O2 va 60(kg/kmol) CH3COOH tao thanh VA va 18(kg/kmol) H2O. 3510,9377(kg/h) C2H4 tham gia phan ng vi y(kg/h) O2 va z(kg/h) CH3COOH tao thanh VA va k(kg/h) H2O tao ra. Lng O2 tham gia phan ng tao thanh VA: 16 3510,9337 y= = 2006,2478(kg / h). 28 Lng CH3COOH tham gia phan ng tao thanh VA : 60 3510,9337 z= = 7523,4293( kg / h). 28 Lng H2O tao ra trong phan ng thanh VA: 18 3510,9337 k= = 2257,0288( kg / h). 28 Tnh lng O2 can phan ng, lng H 2O tao ra trong phan ng phu tao thanh CO2 : Phan ng : C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O 28(kg/kmol) C2H4 tham gia phan ng vi 96(kg/kmol) O 2 tao thanh 88(kg/kmol) CO2 va 36(kg/kmol) H2O. Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
_ 65_
Thiet ke phan
267,1362(kg/h) C2H4 tham gia phan ng vi p(kg/h) O2 tao thanh q(kg/h) CO2 va r(kg/h) H2O. Lng O2 tham gia phan ng tao thanh CO2 : 96 267,1362 = 915,8955(kg / h). 28 Lng CO2 tao thanh: 88 267,1362 q= = 839,5709(kg / h). 28 Lng H2O tao thanh: 36 267,1362 r= = 343,4608(kg / h). 28 Tnh lng O2 can cho phan ng tao thanh CH3CHO : Phan ng : C2H4 + 0,5O2 CH3CHO 28(kg/kmol) C2H4 tham gia phan ng vi 16(kg/kmol) O 2 tao thanh 44(kg/kmol) CH3CHO. 34,3461(kg/h) C2H4 tham gia phan ng vi m(kg/h) O 2 tao thanh n(kg/h) CH3CHO. Lng O2 tham gia phan ng tao thanh CH3CHO : 16 34,3461 m= = 19,6263(kg / h). 28 Lng CH3CHO tao ra: p= 44 34,3461 = 53,9724( kg / h). 28 Tnh lng CH3 COOH can cho phan ng tao thanh etyl axetat : Phan ng: C2H4 + CH3COOH CH3COOC2H5 28(kg/kmol) C2H4 tham gia phan ng vi 60(kg/kmol) CH3COOH tao thanh 88(kg/kmol) etyl axetat . 3,8162(kg/h) C2H4 tham gia phan ng vi s(kg/h) CH 3COOH tao thanh t(kg/h) etyl axetat. Lng CH3COOH tham gia phan ng tao thanh etyl axtat: n=
_ 66_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 s=
Thiet ke phan
60 3,8162 = 8,1776(kg / h). 28 Lng etyl axetat tao thanh: 88 3,8162 t= = 11,9938(kg / h). 28 Tong lng CH3COOH tinh khiet a chuyen hoa: z + s = 7523,423 + 8,1776 = 7531,6069(kg/h). Do o chuyen hoa cua CH3COOH la 98% nen lng CH3COOH tinh khiet thc te la : 7531,6069 100 7685,3132 = 7685,3132( kg / h) = = 128,0885( kmol / h). 98 60 V lng CH3COOH tinh khiet chiem 98,53% khoi lng CH3COOH ky thuat, nen lng CH3COOH ky thuat a vao thiet b phan ng la: 7685,3132 100 = 7799,9728(kg / h). 98,53 Tong lng O2 tinh khiet a chuyen hoa : y + p + m = 2006,2478 + 915,8955 + 19,6263 = 2941,7696(kg/h). Do s chuyen hoa cua O 2 la 98% nen lng O2 tinh khiet thc te la: 2941,7696 100 = 3001,8057(kg / h). 98 V lng O2 tinh khiet chiem 99,12% khoi lng O 2 ky thuat, nen lng O2 ky thuat a vao thiet b phan ng la: 3001,8057 100 = 3028,4561( kg / h). 99,12 Tnh lng C2H4 ky thuat a vao thiet b phan ng : Trong thc te san xuat e hieu suat qua trnh at cao nhat th ty le mol C2H4/CH3COOH = 4/1. Lng C2H4 tinh khiet theo ty le: 4 128,0885 = 512,354(kmol / h) = 512,354 28 = 14345,912( kg / h).
_ 67_
Thiet ke phan
Nhng ta co phan tram khoi lng C 2H4 la 91,4% nen lng C2H4 ky thuat a vao thiet b phan ng : 14345,912 = 15695,7462(kg / h). 0,914 Tnh lng tap chat do nguyen lieu mang vao: Lng tap chat do C2H4 mang vao: + Lng C2H6 : 15695,7462 0,042 = 659,2213(kg / h). + Lng C3H6 : 15695,7462 0,044 = 690,6128(kg / h). Lng tap chat do O2 mang vao: 3028,4561 0,0088 = 26,6504(kg / h). Lng tap chat do CH3COOH mang vao: 7799,9728 0,0147 = 114,6596(kg / h). IV-Tnh lng vat chat i ra khoi thiet b phan ng : Lng VA tao ra : 10572,1393(kg/h). Lng VA mat mat 2% Lng san pham phu CO2 : 211,4428(kg/h). : 839,5709(kg/h). : 11,9938(kg/h).
Lng san pham phu CH3CHO : 53,9724(kg/h). Lng san pham phu etyl axetat Lng C2H4 d : V lng C2H4 ton that la 2%, nen ta co lng C 2H4 tinh khiet b mat mat : 14345,912 0,02 = 286,9182(kg / h). Lng C2H4 d la hieu cua lng C2H4 vao thiet b phan ng vi lng C2H4 phan ng va lng C2H4 b mat mat 2% : 14345,12 3816,2322 286,9182 = 10242,7616 . Lng CH3COOH d : 7685,3132 7531,6069 = 153,7063(kg/h). Lng O2 d : 3001,8057 2941,7696 = 60,0361(kg/h). Lng tap chat i ra khoi thiet b phan ng: + Lng C2H6 : 659,2213(kg/h). + Lng C3H6 : 690,6128(kg/h). Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
_ 68_
Thiet ke phan
+ Lng tap chat cua O2 : 26,6504(kg/h). + Lng tap chat cua CH3COOH : 114,6596(kg/h). Lng H2O sinh ra: 2257,0288 + 343,4608 = 2600,4896(kg/h). Bang 11 : Bang so lieu can bang vat chat cua thiet b phan ng. au vao au ra Trong Trong Cau t lng(kg/h Cau t lng(kg/h) ) C2H4 tinh khiet 14345,912 VA 10572,1393 C2H6 659,2213 VA mat mat 211,4428 C3H6 690,6128 CO2 839,5709 CH3COOH tinh 7685,3132 CH3CHO 53,9724 khiet 3001,8057 Etyl axetat 11,9938 O2 tinh khiet 114,6596 C2H4 d 10242,7616 T/c cua 26,6504 C2H4 mat mat 286,9182 CH3COOH C2H6 659,2213 T/c cua O2 C3H6 690,6128 T/c cua O2 26,6504 T/c cua 114,6596 CH3COOH 153,7063 CH3COOH d 60,0361 O2 d 2600,4896 H2O
Tong vao
26524,175 Tong ra
26524,175
B-Tnh cn bng vt cht cho cm Thp hp th v Thp lc kh:

I- Lng vt cht i vo: Sn phm kh sau khi ri khi vng phn ng s trao i nhit vi dng etylen tun hon, i vo thit b lm lnh (17). Sau c hp th bng axit axetic v ra bng nc thu hi sn phm VA to thnh v axit axetic cha phn ng. Phn kh khng hp th cha ch yu l etylen cha phn ng v CO 2 Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
_ 69_
Thiet ke phan
, mt phn s c thi trnh tch t kh tr, cn phn ln c nn, tch bng hp th ha hc. Do tn tht nu c thit b lm lnh (17) l khng ng k nn ta xem lng hn hp i vo thp hp th (5) chnh l u ra ca thit b phn ng (2). + Lng axit axetic cha phn ng i ra khi cm c a vo thp chng ct s b (10) v c thu li y thp, 20% lng axit axetic thu li ny s c a i lm dung mi cho thp hp th: 268,3659 20 = 53,6732(kg / h). 100 Tng lng axit axetic i vo l: 53,6732 + 268,3659 = 322,0391 Cau t VA CO2 CH3CHO Etyl axetat C2H4 C2H6 C3H6 T/c cua O2 CH3COOH O2 d H2O Trong lng(kg/h) 10783,5821 839,5709 53,9724 11,9938 10529,6798 659,2213 690,6128 26,6504 322,0391 60,0361 3130,9731
_ 70_
Thiet ke phan
+ Lng nc lc sch kh: 2% tng lng u vo 26524,175 2 = 530,4835(kg / h). 100 II- Lng vt cht i ra: Sau khi i vo 2 thp (5) v (6) ton b lng CH 3COOH, VA, H2O, EA i ra khi y thp vo thp tch (10), cn li tt c cc kh i t nh thp (5) vo thp (6) ri ra khi nh thp (6) chia lm 2 phn, 2% c lm sch v a ra ngoi trnh tch t kh tr. 98% cn li c a vo may nn (7) tip tc x l. + Lng C2H4 a i lm sch: 10529,6798 2 = 210,5936(kg / h). 100 + Lng C2H4 vo my nn: 10529,6798 98 = 10319,0862(kg / h). 100 + Lng C2H6 a i lm sch: 659,2213 2 = 13,1844( kg / h). 100 + Lng C2H6 vo my nn: 659,2213 98 = 646,0369(kg / h). 100 + Lng C3H6 a i lm sch: 690,6128 2 = 13,8122(kg / h). 100 + Lng C3H6 vo my nn:
_ 71_
Thiet ke phan
690,6128 98 = 676,8005(kg / h). 100 + Lng CO2 a i lm sch: 839,5709 2 = 16,7914( kg / h). 100 + Lng CO2 vo my nn: 839,5709 98 = 822,7795( kg / h). 100 + Lng O2 a i lm sch: 86,6865 2 = 1,7337(kg / h). 100 + Lng O2 vo my nn: 86,6865 98 = 84,9528(kg / h). 100 Bang 12: Bang so lieu can bang vat chat. au vao au ra Trong Trong Cau t lng(kg/ Cau t lng(kg/h) h)
_ 72_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 VA CO2 CH3CHO Etyl axetat C2H4 C2H6 C3H6 T/c cua O2 CH3COOH O2 d H2O 10783,582 1 839,5709 53,9724 11,9938 10529,679 8 659,2213 690,6128 26,6504 322,0391 60,0361 3130,9731
Thiet ke phan 10783,5821 53,9724 11,9938 3130,9731 322,0391
VA vo thp (10) CH3CHO vo thp (10) Etylaxetat vo thp(10) H2O vo thp (10) Lng CH3COOH vo thp (10) Cu t vo my nn (7) C2H4 C3H6 C2H6 CO2 O2 Cu t a i lm sch C2H4 C3H6 C2H6 CO2 O2
10319,0862 676,8005 646,0369 822,7795 84,9528
210,5936 13,8122 13,1844 16,7914 1,7337
Tong vao
27108,32 9
Tong ra
27108,331
_ 73_
Thiet ke phan
CHNG II: TNH CAN BANG NHIET LNG THIET B PHAN NG

Hon hp nguyen lieu au vao sau khi i qua thiet b un nong s bo (3) c gia nhiet bi nhiet cua hon hp kh san pham len en 160 0C. Do o nhiet o nguyen lieu vao thiet b phan ng (2) la 160 0C. Hon hp san pham i ra khoi thiet b phan ng (2) co nhiet o 1800C. Hon hp nguyen lieu au vao gom cac cau t : C2H4 tinh khiet, C2H6, C3H6, O2 tinh khiet va tap chat (chu yeu la N2), CH3COOH va tap chat (chu yeu la CH3CHO). Hon hp san pham au ra gom cac cau t sau: san pham chnh VA, san pham phu CO2 (chu yeu), CH3CHO, etyl axetat, C2H4 tinh khiet con d , CH 3COOH tinh khiet con d, O2 tinh khiet con d, C2H6 , C3H6,tap chat do CH3COOH mang vao, tap chat do O 2 mang vao, lng H2O sinh ra. Do cac phan ng xay ra trong thiet b phan ng eu toa ra mot lng nhiet tng oi ln nen ta can khong che nhiet o trong thiet b phan ng (2) e at hieu suat chuyen hoa cao nhat. V vay ta chon tac nhan khong che nhiet o la dau tai nhiet vi cac thong so sau: + Nhiet o dau tai nhiet i vao : 700C. + Nhiet o dau tai nhiet i ra : 140 0C. + Khoi lng rieng cua dau tai nhiet : = 900(kg / h). [20] Da vao khoi lng rieng va nhiet o dau tai nhiet i vao, i ra. Tra toan o so tay xac nh nhiet dung rieng cua dau tai nhiet :
_ 74_
Thiet ke phan
+ Nhiet dung rieng cua dau tai nhiet tai nhiet o 700C : d Cp = 0,49 (kcal/kg.o). + Nhiet dung rieng cua dau tai nhiet tai nhiet o 1400C : d Cp = 0,56 (kcal/kg.o). Mot so ky hieu dung trong tnh toan : + Q1 : Nhiet lng do nguyen lieu au mang vao (kcal/h). + Q2 : Nhiet lng do dau tai nhiet mang vao (kcal/h). + Q3 : Nhiet lng do cac phan ng toa ra (kcal/h). + Q4 : Nhiet lng san pham mang ra (kcal/h). + Q5 : Nhiet lng do dau tai nhiet mang ra (kcal/h). + Q6 : Nhiet lng mat mat ra moi trng xung quanh (kcal/h). + Gd : Lu lng dau can thiet e khong che nhiet o phan ng (kcal/h). + Qvao : Nhiet lng vao thiet b phan ng (kcal/h). Qvao= Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q ra : Nhiet lng ra khoi thiet b phan ng (kcal/h). Q ra= Q4 + Q5 + Q6 I-Tnh nhiet lng mang vao thiet b phan ng: Qvao 1-Tnh nhiet dung rieng cua cac cau t i vao thiet b phan ng 1600C: S dung toan o [197-1] : C H + Nhiet dung rieng cua C2H4 1600C : C p = 052
2 4
(kcal/kg.o).
C H + Nhiet dung rieng cua C2H4 1600C : C p = 0,57
2 6
(kcl/kg.o). + Nhiet dung rieng cua O2 1600C (kcal/kg.o). :

O Cp = 0,23
2
_ 75_
Thiet ke phan
+ oi vi CH3COOH va cac tap chat cua no th do lng tap chat chiem mot lng khong ang ke va co tnh chat hoa ly gan giong vi CH 3COOH. Do o khi tnh toan ta coi nh tnh toan chung cho CH 3COOH. Dung cong thc thc nghiem sau ay: CH COOH Cp = ao + a1 T + a2 T 2 [1]
3
Trong o : a0 , a1 , a2 : cac he so phng trnh tra bang sau. T : nhiet o (0k). Bang 13: Cac he so trong phng trnh tnh Cp cua CH3COOH. He so cua Khoang nhiet Chat phng trnh o T(0K) a0 a1.103 a2.106 300 700 CH3COOH 5,2 46,16 18,35 Thay cac he so vao phng trnh, ta co nhiet dung rieng cua CH3COOH 1600C (tng ng vi T = 4330K). 46,16 433 18,35 CH COOH Cp = 5,2 + (433) 2 = 21,75 (kcal/kmol.o) 3 6 10 10 21,75 = = 0,362 (kcal/kg.o). 60 + oi vi C3H6 do ay la mot hp chat hoa hoc nen viec kiem tra trc tiep gia tr nhiet dung rieng la kho khan. Nen no c xac nh theo cong thc thc nghiem sau: M C p = n1 C1 + n2 C2 + n3 C3 [1] Trong o : M : Khoi lng mol cua hp chat (kg/kmol). C : Nhiet dung rieng cua hp chat hoa hoc (J/kg.o). n1 ,n2, n3 : So nguyen t cua cac nguyen to trong hp chat. C1, C2, C3 : Nhiet dung nguyen t cua cac nguyen to trong hp chat (J/kg.o).
3
_ 76_
Thiet ke phan
Bang 14: Nhiet dung rieng cua cac nguyen to. Nguyen to C H O Nhiet dung rieng nguyen t (J/kg 11700 18000 25100 nguyen t.o). Ta co : C H M C H Cp = nC CC + nH CH
3 6 3 6
Vi : M C H = 42 (kg/kmol).
3 6
nc = 3. nH = 6. Cc = 11700 (J/kg nguyen t.o). CH = 18000 (J/kg nguyen t.o). Thay so : 3 11700 + 6 18000 C H Cp = = 3407,143 (J/kg.o) 42 3407,143 = = 0,814 (kcal/kg.o). 4,1868 103
3 6
2-Tnh nhiet lng mang vao thiet b phan ng: Qvao Nhiet lng au vao cua thiet b phan ng la tong nhiet lng cua hon hp nguyen lieu mang vao Q1; va nhiet lng do dau tai nhiet mang vao Q 2; va nhiet lng do cac phan ng toa ra trong thiet b phan ng Q3 . 2.1-Nhiet lng do nguyen lieu mang vao Q1 : Nhiet lng do nguyen lieu mang vao gom co: nhiet lng cua C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, CH3COOH va tap chat, O2 va tap chat. Q1 = QC H + QC H + QC H + QCH COOH +TC + QO +TC
2 4 2 6 3 6 3 2
Trong o : QC H : Nhiet lng do C2H4 mang vao (kcal/h).

2 4
QC H : Nhiet lng do C2H6 mang vao (kcal/h).

2 6
_ 77_

3 6
Thiet ke phan
QC H : Nhiet lng do C3H6 mang vao (kcal/h). QCH COOH +TC : Nhiet lng do CH3COOH mang vao va tap chat
3
mang vao(kcal/h). QO +TC : Nhiet lng do O2 va tap chat mang vao (kcal/h).
2
Nhiet lng tng cau t c tnh theo cong thc sau: i Qi = Gi C p t (kcal/h). Trong o: Gi : Lu lng cua cau t i (kg/h).
i Cp : Nhiet dung rieng cua cau t i (kcal/kg.o).
t : Nhiet o cua cau t (0C). Hon hp kh i vao thiet b phan ng co nhiet o 1600C va lng cac hon hp kh nh sau: GC H = 14345,912(kg / h) .
2 4
GC H = 659,2213( kg / h) .
2 6
GC H = 690,6128(kg / h) .
3 6
GCH COOH +TC = 7799,9728(kg / h) .

3
GO +TC = 3028,4561(kg / h) .
2
Ap dung cong thc ta co : + Nhiet lng do C2H4 mang vao: C H QC H = GC H C p t = 14345,912 0,52 160 = 1193579,878(kcal / h) .
2 4 2 4 2 4
+ Nhiet lng do C2H6 mang vao: C H QC H = GC H C p t = 659,2213 0,57 160 = 60120,9825(kcal / h) .

2 6 2 6 2 6
+ Nhiet lng do C3H6 mang vao: C 3H QC H = GC 3 H C p t = 690,6128 0,814 160 = 89945,4111(kcal / h) .

6 3 6 6
+ Nhiet lng do CH3COOH va tap chat mang vao: CH COOH QCH COOH = GCH COOH C p t = 7799,9728 0,362 160 = 451774,4246(kcal / h)
3 3 3
.+ Nhiet lng do O2 va tap chat mang vao: O QO = GO C p t = 3028,4561 0,23 160 = 111447,1845(kcal / h) .
2 2 2
Do o tong nhiet lng do hon hp nguyen lieu mang vao : Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
_ 78_
Thiet ke phan
Q1 = 1193579,878 + 60120,9825 + 89945,4111 + 451774,4246 + 111447,1845 = 1906867,881(kcal/h). 2.2-Nhiet lng do dau tai nhiet mang vao: Q2 Dau tai nhiet dung e khong che nhiet o trong thiet b phan ng. Nhiet o au vao la 70 0C, nen lng nhiet do dau tai nhiet mang vao la: d Q2 = Gd C p t (kcal/h). Trong o: Gd :Lu lng dau tai nhiet can thiet e khong che nhiet o phan ng (kg/h). d d Cp : Nhiet dung rieng cua dau tai nhiet, C p = 0,49(kcal/kg.o). t : Nhiet o dau tai nhiet, t = 700C. Vay : d Q2 = Gd C p t = Gd 0,49 70 = 34,3 Gd (kcal/h). 2.3-Nhiet lng do cac phan ng toa ra trong thiet b phan ng: Q3 a-Nhiet lng do phan ng chnh tao ra : Phan ng: C2H4 + 0,5O2 + CH3COOH CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + H2O 180 0 = 180( KJ / mol ) = = 42,992(kcal / mol ) . 298 4,1868 ay la phan ng toa nhiet vi 0 = 42,992(kcal / mol ) .Theo phan ng th khi tao thanh 1 298 mol VA ( 86g VA ) ta thu c lng nhiet toa ra la 42,992(kcal/mol). Do o khi tao thanh 10783,5821(kg/h) VA, tng ng vi lng nhiet toa ra la: 10783,5821 1000 42,992 = 5390787,926(kcal / mol ) . 86 b-Nhiet lng do phan ng phu tao ra: Phan ng: C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
_ 79_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 0 = 135( KJ / mol ) = 298
Thiet ke phan
135 = 32,244( kcal / mol ) . 4,1868
0 ay la phan ng toa nhiet vi 298 = 32,244(kcal / mol )
.Theo phan ng th khi tao thanh 2 mol CO 2 ( 88g CO2 ) ta thu c lng nhiet toa ra la 32,244(kcal/mol). Do o khi tao thanh 839,5709(kg/h) CO2, tng ng vi lng nhiet toa ra la: 839,5709 1000 32,244 = 307626,4102(kcal / h) . 88 Phan ng: C2H4 + 0,5O2 CH3CHO 244 0 = 244( Kj / mol ) = = 58,278( Kj / mol ) . 298 4,1868
.Theo phan ng th khi tao thanh 1 mol CH 3CHO (44gCH3CHO ) ta thu c lng nhiet toa ra la 58,278(kcal/mol). Do o khi tao thanh 53,9724(kg/h) CH3CHO, tng ng vi lng nhiet toa ra la: 53,9724 1000 58,278 = 71486,4438( kcal / h) . 44 Phan ng: C2H4 + CH3COOH CH3COOC2H5 Ta co : 0 = M t Et M s Es [3] 298 Trong o : Mt , Ms : So moi lien ket cua chat tham gia va chat tao thanh. Et , Es : Nang lng lien ket cua chat tham gia va chat tao thanh. Tra so tay hoa ly [3], ta co: EC H = 85,6(kcal/mol). EC = C = 101,2(kcal/mol). EC C = 62,8(kcal/mol). ECOOC = 327(kcal/mol). ECOOH = 360(kcal/mol). Vay : Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 80_
Thiet ke phan
0 = [4 EC H + 1 EC =C + 3 EC H + 1 EC C + 1 ECOOH ] [5 EC H + 2 EC C + 1 ECOOC 298 +3 EC H = 1 EC H + 1 EC =C 1 EC C + 1 ECOOH 1 ECOOC = 1 85,6 + 1 101,2 1 62,8 + 1 360 1 327 = 14,2( kcal / mol ) .
.Theo phan ng th khi tao thanh 1 mol CH 3COOC2H5 (88g CH3COOC2H5 ) ta thu c lng nhiet toa ra la 14,2(kcal/mol). Do o khi tao thanh 11,9938(kg/h) CH3COOC2H5, tng ng vi lng nhiet toa ra la: 11,9938 1000 14,2 = 1935,3632(kcal / h) . 88 Lng nhiet do phan ng phu toa ra la: 307626,4102 + 71486,4438 + 1935,3632 = 381048,2172(kcal/h). Vay lng nhiet do cac phan ng toa ra trong thiet b phan ng: Q3 = 5390787,926 + 381048,2172 = 5771836,143(kcal/h). Do vay lng nhiet a vao thiet b phan ng: QVao = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 1906867,881 + 34,3.Gd + 5771836,143 = 7678704,024 + 34,3.Gd (kcal/h). II-Tnh nhiet lng i ra khoi thiet b phan ng: QRa 1-Tnh nhiet dung rieng cua cac san pham ra khoi thiet b phan ng 1800C. Tra toan o [197-1] ta co: Nhiet dung rieng cua CO2 1800C:
CO Cp = 0,24 (kcal/kg.o).
2
Nhiet dung rieng cua C2H4 1800C:

C H Cp = 0,54 (kcal/kg.o).
2 4

2 6

3 6
_ 81_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 Nhiet dung rieng cua O2 1800C:
O Cp = 0,24 (kcal/kg.o).
2
Thiet ke phan
Nhiet dung rieng cua H2O 1800C:

H O Cp = 0,472 (kcal/kg.o).
2
Nhiet dung rieng cua VA 1800C: C VA = 0,376 (kcal/kg.o). p Nhiet dung rieng cua CH3COOC2H5 1800C:
CH COOC H Cp = 1554 (J/kg.o) = 0,371(kcal/kg.o).
3 2 5
oi vi CH3CHO, nhiet dung rieng c tnh theo cong thc thc nghiem:
CH CHO M CH CHO C p = nC CC + nH CH + nO CO [13]
3 3
Vi : M CH CHO = 44(kg / kmol )

3
CC CH CO
= = =
11700(J/kg 18000(J/kg 25100(J/kg
nguyen nguyen nguyen
t.o). nC = 2. t.o). nH =4. t.o). nO = 1. Thay so :

CH CHO Cp =
3
2 11700 + 4 18000 + 1 25100 = 2738,64 (J/kg.o) 44 2738,64 = = 0,654 (kcal/kg.o). 4,1868 103
oi vi CH3COOH va cac tap chat cua no, tng t phan trc. Tnh nhiet dung rieng cua no dung cong thc thc nghiem va bang so lieu:
CH COOH Cp = aO + a1 T + a2 T 2 = 5,2 +
3
46,16 453 18,35 (453) 2 3 6 10 10
_ 82_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 = 22,345 (kcal/kmol.o) =
Thiet ke phan
22,345 = 0,372 (kcal/kg.o). 60 2.Tnh nhiet lng i ra khoi thiet b phan ng: Nhiet lng au ra cua thiet b phan ng la tong nhiet lng cua hon hp san pham kh mang ra Q 4, nhiet lng do dau tai nhiet mang ra Q5, va nhiet lng mat mat mot phan ra moi trng xung quanh Q 5 . QRa = Q4 + Q5 + Q6 (kcal/h). 2.1-Nhiet lng do hon hp kh san pham i ra: Q4 Hon hp kh san pham ra khoi thiet b phan ng gom co VA, CO2, CH3CHO, C2H4, C2H6,C3H6,CH3COOH d va tap chat, O2 d va tap chat, CH3COOC2H5, H2O. Q4 = QVA + QC2H4 + QC2H6 + QC3H6 +QCH3CHO +QCO2 +QCH3COOH d +TC +QO2 d + TC + QH2O + QCH3COOC2H5 . Nhiet lng tng cau t c tnh theo cong thc : i Qi = Gi C p t (kcal/h) [1]. Lu lng cac cau t i ra khoi thiet b phan ng nh sau: GVA = 10572,1393(kg/h). GC2H4 = 10242,7616 + 286,9182 = 10529,6798(kg/h). GC2H6 = 659,2213(kg/h). GC3H6 = 690,6128(kg/h). GCH3CHO = 53,9724(kg/h). GCO2 =839,5709(kg/h). GCH3COOH d + TC = 268,3659(kg/h). GO2 d + TC = 86,6865(kg/h). GH2O = 2600,4896(kg/h). GCH3COOC2H5 = 11,9938(kg/h). Nhiet lng do VA mang ra: QVA = GVA C VA t = 10572,1393 0,376 180 = 715522,3878(kcal / h) . p Nhiet lng do C2H4 mang ra: Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
_ 83_

2 4 2 4 2 4
Thiet ke phan
C H QC H = GC H C p t = 10529,6798 0,54 180 = 1023484,877( kcal / h) .
Nhiet lng do C2H6 mang ra:

C H QC H = GC H C p t = 659,2213 0,6 180 = 71195,9004(kcal / h) .
2 6 2 6 2 6
Nhiet lng do C3H6 mang ra:

C H QC H = GC H C p t = 690,6128 0,814 180 = 101188,5875(kcal / h)
3 6 3 6 3 6
Nhiet lng do CH3CHO mang ra:

CH CHO QCH CHO = GCH CHO C p t = 53,9724 0,654 180 = 6353,6309(kcal / h)
3 3 3
Nhiet lng do CO2 mang ra:

CO QCO = GCO C p t = 839,5709 0,24 180 = 36269,4629( kcal / h) .
2 2 2
Nhiet lng do CH3COOH d va tap chat mang ra:

CH COOH QCH COOH = GCH COOH C p t = 268,3659 0,372 180 = 17969,7806(kcal / h) .
3 3 3
Nhiet lng do O2 va tap chat mang ra:

O QO = GO C p t = 86,6865 0,24 180 = 3744,8568(kcal / h) .
2 2 2
Nhiet lng do H2O mang ra:

H O QH O = GH O C p t = 2600,4896 0,472 180 = 220937,5969( kcal / h) .
2 2 2
Nhiet lng do CH3COOC2H5 mang ra:

CH COOC H QCH COOC H = GCH COOC H C p t = 11,9938 0,371 180 = 800,9459(kcal / h)
3 2 5 3 2 5 3 2 5
Vay lng nhiet do san pham mang ra la: Q4 = 715522,3878 +1023484,877 + 71195,9004 + 101188,5875 + 6353,6309 + + 36269,4629+ 17969,7806 + 3744,8568 + 220937,5969 + 800,9459 = 2197468,026(kcal/h). 2.2-Nhiet lng do dau tai nhiet mang ra: Q5 Dau tai nhiet mang ra co nhiet o 1400C. Do o nhiet lng do dau tai nhiet mang ra la: d Q5 = Gd C p t (kcal/h).
d Vi : C p = 0,56 (kcal/kg.o). d Vay : Q5 = Gd C p t = Gd 0,56 140 = 78,4 Gd (kcal/h).
_ 84_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 Q6
Thiet ke phan
2.3-Nhiet lng toa ra moi trng xung quanh: Nhiet lng b mat mat trong thiet b phan ng ra moi trng xung quanh do toa nhiet hoac do truyen nhiet thng co ga tr bang 2% tong lng nhiet a vao thiet b phan ng. Do o, ta co: Q6 = 0,02 (Q1 + Q2 + Q3 ) = 0,02 (7678704,024 + 34,3 Gd ) = 153574,0805 + 0,686 Gd (kcal/h). Vay tong lng nhiet ra khoi thiet b phan ng la: QRa = Q4 + Q5 + Q6 = 2197468,026 + 78,4 Gd + 153574,0805 + 0,686 Gd (kcal/h). Tong nhiet lng i vao bang tong nhiet lng i ra: QVao = QRa 7678704,024 + 34,3 Gd = 2351042,107 + 79,086 Gd 44,786 Gd = 5327661,917 Gd = 118958,1994(kg / h) . Nh vay lng dau tai nhiet can thiet e khong che nhiet o trong thiet b phan ng la: 118958,1994(kg/h). Nhiet lng do dau tai nhiet mang vao: Q2 = 34,3 118958,1994 = 4080266,239(kcal / h) . Nhiet lng do dau tai nhiet mang ra: Q5 = 78,4 118958,1994 = 9326322,831(kcal / h) . Nhiet lng mat mat ra moi trng xung quanh: Q6 = 153574,0805 + 0,686 118958,1994 = 235179,4053(kcal / h) . Vay: QVao = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 1906867,881 + 4080266,239 + 5771836,143 = 11758970,26(kcal/h) QRa = Q4 + Q5 + Q6 = 2197468,026 + 9326322,831 + 235179,4053 = 11758970,26(kcal/h). Bang 15: Bang can bang nhiet lng cua thiet b phan ng. Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang = 2351042,107 + 79,086 Gd
_ 85_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 Nhiet lng mang vao (kcal/h) Nhiet lng do hon hp 1906867,881 nguyen lieu mang vao Q1 Nhiet lng do dau tai 4080266,239 nhiet mang vao Q2 Nhiet lng do cac 5771836,143 phan ng toa ra Q3 Tong vao 11758970,26
Thiet ke phan
Nhiet lng mang ra (kcal/h) Nhiet lng do hon hp san pham i ra Q4 Nhiet lng do dau tai nhiet mang ra Q5 Nhiet lng do mat mat ra moi trng Q6 Tong ra
2197468,026
9326322,831
235179,4053 11758970,2 6
CHNG III : TNH TOAN THIET B CHNH

Thiet b phan ng c tnh toan ay la thiet b truyen nhiet dang ong chum. Do thiet b lam viec vi hon hp nguyen lieu co cha axit axetic, co xuc tac, nhiet o cao nen vat lieu che tao thiet b chnh co o ben vi axit axetic, chu c nhiet o cao, co kha nang thoat nhiet tot, tranh hien tng qua nhiet cuc bo gay anh hng en xuc tac cua qua trnh phan ng. Do o ta nen chon vat lieu e che tao thiet b phan ng la thep cacbon khong r X18H10T, ham lng C khoang < 0,1%, crom khoang 18%, niken 10% , titan khong qua 1 1,5 %. Hieu suat san pham nhan c oi vi thiet b phan ng nay rat cao, de dang khong che cac ieu
_ 86_
Thiet ke phan
kien nhiet ong, cau tao thiet b khong phc tap, gia thanh au t che tao re. Qua trnh phan ng tong hp VA t etylen trong pha kh cua Hoechst Bayer co cac phan ng toa nhiet nen tm cach khong che nhiet o bang cach dung dau tai nhiet. Cac phan ng xay ra trong cac ong truyen nhiet, co cha xuc tac, nhiet o t 160 1800C. Chon ng knh ngoai cua ong truyen nhiet : d n = 0,063(m). Chon be day cua ong truyen nhiet : ong = 0,0035(m). ng knh trong cua ong truyen nhiet : dt = 0,056(m). 1-Xac nh be mat truyen nhiet cua cac ong trong thiet b phan ng: Be mat trao oi nhiet cua cac ong trong thiet b phan ng c xac nh theo cong thc: Q F= (m2) [2]. K ttb Trong o: + Q : Lng nhiet trao oi trong thiet b phan ng (kcal/h). + K : He so truyen nhiet (kcal/m2.h.o). + ttb : Hieu so nhiet o trung bnh cua 2 lu the (0C). ttb c xac nh theo cong thc sau: ttb = t1 t2 t1 t2 = t t ln 1 2,3 lg 1 t2 t2 [2]. T (0C)
Gian o cua hai lu the T (0C) 180
160 140 Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN 70 Trang F (m2)
_ 87_
Thiet ke phan
0 Ta co : t1 = 180 70 = 110 C .
t2 = 160 140 = 200 C . 110 20 = 52,8530 C 110 Nen : . 2,3 lg 20 Nhiet dung rieng cua dau tai nhiet tai nhiet o 52,8530C la: d Cp = 0,472 (kcal/kg.o). ttb = Lng nhiet trao oi trong thiet b phan ng c xac nh theo cong thc : d Q = Gd C p ttb (kcal/h) [2]. Trong o: + Gd: Khoi lng cua dau tai nhiet, G d = 118958,1994(kg/h). d + C p :Nhiet dung rieng cua dau tai nhiet tai 52,853 0C,
d Cp = 0,472 (kcal/kg.o) Chon he so truyen nhiet K =
40(kcal/m2.h.o) [2]. Thay cac gia tr, ta c : d d Gd C p ttb Gd C p F= = K ttb K 118958,1994 0,472 = 1430,7067( m 2 ) . 40 Vay be mat truyen nhiet cua cac ong trong thiet b phan ng la : 1430,7067(m2). 2-Tnh so ong truyen nhiet: Lu lng the tch cua tng cau t vao thiet b phan ng c xac nh theo cong thc : G Vi = i 22,4 (m3/h) [13]. Mi F= Trong o: Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 88_
Thiet ke phan
+ Gi : Khoi lng cua cau t i (kg/h). + Mi : Khoi lng rieng cua cau t i . Lu lng the tch cua C2H4 vao thiet b phan ng: 14345,912 22,4 = 11476,7296( m3 / h) . 28 Lu lng the tch cua C2H6 vao thiet b phan ng: 659,2213 VC H = 22,4 = 492,2186( m3 / h) . 30 Lu lng the tch cua C3H6 vao thiet b phan ng: 690,6128 VC H = 22,4 = 368,3268(m3 / h) . 42 Lu lng the tch cua CH3COOH vao thiet b phan ng: 7799,9728 VCH COOH = 22,4 = 2911,9898(m3 / h) . 60 Lu lng the tch cua O2 vao thiet b phan ng: 3028,4561 VO = 22,4 = 2119,9193(m3 / h) . 32 Vay tong lu lng the tch cua hon hp phan ng i vao thiet b phan ng; VT = VC H + VC H + VC H + VCH COOH + VO VC H =
2 4 2 6 3 6 3 2 2 4 2 6 3 6 3 2
= 11476,7296 + 492,2186 + 368,3268 + 2911,9898 + 2119,9193 = 17369,1841(m3/h). V the tch lam viec cua thiet b phan ng khoang 70 80% the tch thc cua no, cho nen e am bao che o an toan cho thiet b phan ng, tranh gay no nen ta chon the tch lam viec cua thiet b la 75%. Do o lu lng the tch cua hon hp phan ng vao thiet b la: 17369,1841 75 VT = = 13026,8881(m3 / h) . 100 Tiet dien ngang cua thiet b phan ng tnh theo cong thc:
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o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 S=
Thiet ke phan
VT (m2) [13]. 3600 Trong o: + : Toc o hi i trong thiet b phan ng, chon = 2(m/s). 13026,8881 = 1,8093(m 2 ) . 2 3600 The tch xuc tac c xac nh theo cong thc: VXT = V T (m3) [13]. Vay : S = Trong o: + V : Lu lng the tch cua dong kh vao thiet b phan ng (m3/h). + T : Thi gian phan ng (s), chon thi gian lam viec la 2(s). 13026,8881 V = VT = 13026,8881(m3 / h) = = 3,6186(m3 / s ) . 3600 3 Vay : VXT = 2 3,6186 = 7,2372(m ) . Chieu cao cua lp xuc tac: V 7,2372 L = XT = = 4(m) . S 1,8093 V xuc tac at trong ong nen chieu cao cua lp xuc tac bang chieu cao cua ong xuc tac va cung bang chieu cao cua than thiet b. So ong cua thiet b phan ng c xac nh theo cong thc: S n= d [9]. 3,14 ( t ) 2 2 Trong o: + S : Tiet dien ngang cua thiet b phan ng (m 2) , S = 1,8093(m2). + dt : ng knh trong cua ong cha xuc tac (m), d t = 0,056(m).
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o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 n=
Thiet ke phan
1,8093 = 734,962 0,056 2 Vay : (ong). 3,14 ( ) 2 Quy chuan : n = 823 (ong). Bo tr cac ong tren mang ong, cac ong c xep theo hnh 6 canh eu bang cach han. Vi n = 823 (ong), theo [2] ta co cong thc: n = 3a.( a 1 ) + 1 b = 2a 1 Trong o: n : tong so ong cua thiet b. a : so ong tren mot canh hnh sau canh eu. b : so ong tren ng cheo hnh sau canh eu. Thay n vao cong thc tren ta tnh ra c: a = 17 va b = 33. Nh vay: + So ong tren 1 canh cua hnh 6 canh: a = 17 (ong). + So ong tren ng cheo cua hnh 6 canh: b = 33 (ong). Vi cach bo tr ong nay th tong so ong trong thiet b la 817 ong, ln hn nhieu so vi so ong can thiet (735) v vay van am bao cho qua trnh lam viec cua thiet b. 3-Tnh so ngan cua thiet b phan ng: Trong thiet b ong chum ngi ta chia ngan e am bao qua trnh trao oi nhiet c tot . So ngan trong thiet b phan ng c xac nh theo cong thc : m = gt [9]. t Trong o: + gt : Toc o chay gia thiet cua hon hp phan ng (m/s). Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 91_
Thiet ke phan
+ t : Toc o chay thc te cua hon hp phan ng (m/s). Toc o chay thc te c xac nh theo cong thc: 4 VT t = (m/s) [9]. 2 dt n 3600 Thay so:
t =
4 13026,8881 = 1,799( m / s ) . 3,14 (0,056) 2 817 3600
Toc o chay gia thiet c xac nh theo cong thc: Re gt = (m/s) [9]. dt Trong o: + Re : Chuan so Raynol, e am bao qua trnh cap nhiet c tot, ta chon hon hp kh lam viec che o xoay co Re 104, chon Re = 3.104 . + : o nht cua hon hp phan ng nhiet o 160 + 180 = 1700 C 2 + : Khoi lng rieng cua hon hp phan ng (kg/m3). G = (kg/m3). VT trung bnh: Vi G = GC H + GCH COOH + GO + GC H + GC H
2 4 3 2 2 6 3 6
= 14345,912 + 7799,9728 + 3028,4561 + 659,2213 + 690,6128 = 26524,175(kg/h). VT = 13026,881(m3/h). 26524,175 = 2,0361(kg / m3 ) . Vay: = 13026,8881 o nht cua hon hp phan ng c xac nh theo cong thc :
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2 4 2 4 3 3 2 2
Thiet ke phan
M hh nC H M C H nCH COOH M CH COOH nO M O nC H M C H nC H M C H = + + + + hh C H CH COOH O C H C H

2 6 2 6 3 6 3 2 4 3 2 2 6 3 6
[13]. Trong o: + M hh , M C H , M C H , M C H , M O , M CH COOH : Khoi lng rieng cua

2 4 2 6 3 6 2 3
hon hp va cua tng cau t. + hh , C H , C H , C H , O , CH COOH : o nht cua hon hp kh

2 4 2 6 3 6 2 3
va cua tng cau t . + nC H , nC H , nC H , nO , nCH COOH : Phan mol cua cac cau t.
2 4 2 6 3 6 2 3
Ta co : M hh = 192(kg / kmol ) . M C H = 28(kg / kmol ) .

2 4
nC H = 0,914(kmol / kmol ) .
2 4
nC H = 0,042( kmol / kmol ) .

2 6
M CH COOH = 60(kg / kmol ) .

3
nC H = 0,044(kmol / kmol ) .
3 6
M O = 32( kg / kmol ) .
2
nO = 1(kmol / kmol ) .
2
M C H = 30(kg / kmol )
2 6
nCH COOH = 1(kmol / kmol ) .

3
M C H = 42(kg / kmol ) .
3 6
Tra gian o [117-13] nhiet o 1700C, ta co: C2H4 = 0,0142.10-3 (N.S/m2). CH3COOH = 0,0122.10-3 (N.S/m2). O2 = 0,027.10-3 (N.S/m2). C2H6 = 0,0135.10-3 (N.S/m2). C3H6 = 0,0113.10-3 (N.S/m2). Thay so: 192 0,914 28 1 60 1 32 0,042 30 0,044 42 = + + + + 3 3 3 3 hh 0,0142 10 0,0122 10 0,027 10 0,0135 10 0,0113 10 3 hh = 0,24.10-4 (N.S/m2). 3 104 0,24 104 = 6,3146( m / s ) Vay: gt = 0,056 2,033 Khi o: m = 6,3146 = 3,512 (ngan). 1,799
Quy chuan : m = 4 (ngan). Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
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Thiet ke phan
4-Tnh ng knh trong cua thiet b phan ng: ng knh trong cua thiet b phan ng c tnh theo cong thc: Dt = t.(b-1) + 4.dn (m) [4]. Trong o: + t : Bc ong, t = 1,2.d n = 1,2.0,063 = 0,0756 (m). + b : So ong tren ng cheo cua hnh 6 canh, b = 33 (ong). Vay : Dt = 0,0756.(33 - 1) + 4.0,063 = 2,67 (m). Qui chuan: Dt = 2,8 (m). 5- Tnh be day cua than thiet b phan ng: Be day than hnh tru cua thiet b phan ng lam viec ap suat trong c xac nh theo cong thc: Dt P S= + C (m) [2]. 2 [ ] P Trong o: + Dt : ng knh trong cua thiet b phan ng, D t = 2,8 (m). + P : Ap suat lam viec cua thiet b phan ng, P = 0,7.106 (N/m2). + : He so ben cua thanh hnh tru theo phng doc. + C :ai lng bo sung do an mon, bao mon, va dung sai ve chieu day (m). + [] : ng suat cho phep cua thanh thiet b (N/m 2). Do thanh thiet b kn va c han giap moi hai ben nen : = h = 0,95 [14]. ng suat cho phep [] c xac nh: [ ] = k [ ] = c [2]. va nk nc Trong o : + : He so ieu chnh, chon = 1 [2]. + nk , nc : He so an toan theo gii han ben va he so an toan theo gii han chay. Chon : nk = 2,6 ; nc = 1,5 [2]. Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 94_
Thiet ke phan
+ k : Gii han ben khi keo cua thep X18H10T, k = 550.106 (N/m2) [2]. + c : Gii han ben chay cua thep X18H10T, c = 220.106 (N/m2) [2]. Thay cac gia tr vao cong thc, ta c: k 550 106 1 = 211,538 106 ( N / m 2 ) [ k ] = = nk 2,6
c 220 106 1 = 146,667 106 ( N / m 2 ) [ c ] = = nc 1,5

e thiet b c ben th ta chon ng suat: [] = [c] = 146,667.106 (N/m2). V
[ ]
P
146,667 106 0,95 = 199,048 > 50 0,7 106
[2].
Do o co the bo qua ai lng P mau so cua cong thc tnh chieu day: Dt P 2,8 0,7 106 S= +C = + C (m). 2 [ ] 2 146,667 106 0,95 ai lng C c xac nh theo cong thc sau: C = C1 + C2 + C3 (m) [2]. Trong o: + C1: ai lng bo sung do an mon. oi vi vat lieu ben X18H10T an mon 0,05 0,1mm/nam, tnh theo thi gian lam viec t 15 20 nam chon C1 = 1(mm). + C2 : ai lng bo sung do bao mon. Khi tnh toan bo qua C2. + C3 : ai lng bo sung do dung sai cua chieu day phu thuoc vao chieu dai tam thep s dung, chon C 3 = 0,6 (mm). Vay : C = 1 + 0 + 0,6 = 1,6 (mm) = 1,6.10-3 (m). Khi o chieu day than hnh tru : 2,8 0,7 106 S= + 1,6 103 = 8,63 10 3 ( m) = 8,63( mm) . 6 2 146,667 10 0,95 Quy chuan : S = 10 (mm). Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 95_
Thiet ke phan
Tien hanh kiem tra ng suat cua thanh thiet b theo

ap suat th va gia tr be day thanh thiet b S. Ap suat th c xac nh theo cong thc : P0 = Pth + P1 (N/m2) [2]. Trong o : + Pth : Ap suat th thuy lc. Pth = P + 0,1.106 = 0,7.106 + 0,1.106 = 0,8.106(N/m2) [2]. + P1 : Ap suat thuy tnh cua nc. P = g 1 H1 (N/m2) [2]. 1 Vi g : Gia toc trong trng, g = 9,81(m/s 2). 1 : Khoi lng rieng cua nc, 1 = 1000(kg/m3). H1 : Chieu cao chat long chnh la chieu cao ong xuc tac (m), H1 = 4(m). = 9,81 1000 4 = 0,0392 106 ( N / m 2 ) . Nen : P 1 Vay : P0 = 0,8.106 + 0,0392.106 = 0,839.106 (N/m2). ng suat cua thanh thiet b tnh theo cong thc :
+ ( S C )] P0 < C (N/m2) [2]. 1,2 2 (S C )

t
[D
Trong o: + Dt = 2,8(m). +S = 10(mm) = 10.10-3 (m). + c = 220.106 (N/m2). +P0 = 0,839.106 (N/m2). + C = 1,6.10 3 (m). + = 0,95. Thay so : 2,8 + (10 1,6) 10 3 0,839 106 = = 147,634 106 < 183,333 106 3 2 (10 1,6) 10 0,95 (N/m2). Nh vay chieu day thanh thiet b la 10(mm). 6-Tnh ay va nap thiet b phan ng: ay va nap thiet b thiet ng c lam t vat lieu cung loai vi than thiet b la thep X18H10T. Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
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Thiet ke phan
Dung loai ay va nap elip co g, chieu day cua ay va nap lam viec ap suat trong xac nh theo cong thc: Dt P Dt S= + C (m) [2]. 3,8 [ ] k h P 2 hb Trong o: + Dt = 2,8(m). + P = 0,7.106 (N/m2). + [] = 146,667.106 (N/m2). + k : He so khong th nguyen. oi vi ay va nap khong co lo c tang cng hoan toan k = 1. + h = 0,95. + hb : Chieu cao phan loi cua ay elip D t = 2,8(m) co hb = 0,5(m) [2]. [ ] k h = 146,667 106 1 0,95 = 199,048 > 30 Khi th bo qua P P 0,7 106 trong cong thc tnh S. Vay cong thc tnh S nh sau: Dt P Dt S= +C 3,8 [ ] k h 2 hb = 2,8 0,7 106 2,8 + C = 0,0104 + C 3,8 146,667 106 1 0,95 2 0,5
= 10,4.103 + C (m). Do o : S = 10,4.10-3 + 1,6.10-3 = 12.10-3 (m). Quy chuan : S = 12(mm). Kiem tra ng suat cua nap thiet b theo ap suat th thuy lc theo cong thc Dt2 + 2 hb ( S C ) P0 < c = 1,2 7,6 k h hb ( S C ) [2].
2 3 6 2,8 + 2 0,5 (12 1,6) 10 0,839 10 = 175,4338.106 < 183,333.106 . 7,6 1 0,95 0,5 (12 1,6) 10 3
Vay chieu day ay va nap la : 10(mm). Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 97_
Thiet ke phan
V S = 12(mm) va D = 2,8(m) nen chieu cao g h = 40(mm). 7-Tnh chieu cao cua thiet b phan ng: Chieu cao cua thiet b la tong chieu cao cua ong phan ng va chieu cao ay va nap : H = L + 2.( h + hb ). H = 4 + 2.( h + hb ) = 4 + 2.( 0,04 + 0,50 ) = 5,08 (m). Vay chieu cao thiet b : H = 5 (m). 8-Tnh ng knh ong dan:
ng knh ong dan nguyen lieu va san

pham: Theo phan tnh can bang vat chat, tong lng nguyen lieu vao thiet b phai bang lng san pham i ra. Nen ng knh cua ong dan nguyen lieu vao bang ng knh ong dan san pham ra. Xet phng trnh lu lng:
d2 V V= d = 4 0,785
(m) [1].
Trong o : + V : Lu lng the tch hon hp kh i vao thiet b phan ng. V = 3,6186(m3/s). + : Toc o chay trung bnh cua hon hp phan ng trong ong dan. Theo [13] ta co : = 30(m/s). Thay so : d= 3,6186 = 0,395 (m). 0,785 30
Quy chuan : d = 0,4 (m) = 400 (mm).
Ong dan dau tai nhiet:

Ta co: d= V 0,785 (m).
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o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 Vi : V=
Thiet ke phan
Gd 118958,1994 = = 0,0367(m3 / s ) . 3600 900 3600
+ = 1,5 (m/s). Vay d = 0,0367 = 0,177 (m). 0,785 1,5
Quy chuan : d =200 (mm). 9-Chon bch: Bang 16 : Bch lien bang thep e noi thiet b. Dt(m D(mm Db(m D1(m D0(m db(mm Z(cai h(mm m) ) m) m) m) ) ) ) 2800 3000 2920 2870 2819 M36 60 40 Bang 17 : Bch lien e noi cac bo phan cua thiet b va ong dan. Dy(m D(mm Db(m D1(m Dn(m db(mm Z(cai h(mm m) ) m) m) m) ) ) ) 400 535 495 465 426 M20 16 28 200 290 255 232 219 M16 8 22 Cac thong so ve thiet b phan ng : Thiet b phan ng la loai thiet bi trao oi nhiet co dang ong chum c cau tao t vat lieu la thep cacbon khong g X18H10T. Thiet b co vong bu gian n nhiet bang cach ghep vao vo thiet b mot vanh an hoi . - ng knh thiet b : Dt = 2,8 (m). - Chieu cao : H = 5 (m) . - Be day than thiet b : S = 10 (mm). - So ngan : m = 4 (ngan) . - So ong truyen nhiet : 817 (ong) .
- Chieu dai ong
: L = 4 (m).
- Be day ay va nap : S = 12 (mm). - Chieu cao g : h = 40 (mm). - Chieu cao phan loi : hb = 0,5 (m) . Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
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Thiet ke phan
PHAN III : THIET KE XAY DNG

I-Gii thieu chung: Muon xay dng mot nha may cong nghiep thch hp trc het can phai xac nh a iem xay dng roi mi thiet ke mat bang nha may. Nha may san xuat vinyl axetat t etylen va axit axetic hoat ong lien tuc vi nguyen lieu va san pham eu la nhng hoa chat oc hai va co kha nang gay chay no. Do o no anh hng trc tiep ti sc khoe con ngi va anh hng ti moi trng canh quan va sinh thai chung quanh. Khong nhng co san pham chnh vinyl axetat oc hai ma con co san pham phu eu oc hai. V cac ly do o ma viec xac nh a iem xay dng va cach bo tr cac cong trnh phai c tnh toan can than. am bao cac yeu cau la giam ti mc toi thieu van e o nhiem moi trng va sc khoe cua cua ngi lao ong cung nh dan c sinh song xung quanh nha may. II- Cac yeu cau oi vi a iem xay dng: 1-Yeu cau chung ve chon a iem xay dng:
Ve qui hoach:
a iem xay dng phai phu hp vi qui hoach lanh tho, qui hoach vung, qui hoach cum kinh te cong nghiep a c cac cap co tham quyen phe duyet. Tao ieu kien phat huy toi a cong suat cua nha may va kha nang hp tac san xuat cua nha may vi cac nha may lan can. Ve ieu kien to chc san xuat : Nha may phai gan vi nguon cung cap nguyen lieu, gan vi tieu thu san pham, gan vi cac nguon cung cap nang lng, nhien lieu nh:ien,nc ...Nh vay se han che toi a chi ph khi van chuyen, ha gia
_ 100_
Thiet ke phan
thanh san pham gop phan thuc ay s phat trien cua nha may. Ve ieu kien ha tang ky thuat : a iem xay dng phai phu hp va tan dung toi a he thong giao thong quoc gia bao gom: ng bo, ng sat, ng song, ng bien va ke ca ng hang khong, phu hp vi he thong mang li cung cap ien, thong tin lien lac va cac mang li ky thuat khac. Neu a phng cha co san cac ieu kien ha tang ky thuat th phai xem xet en kha nang xay dng no trc mat cung nh trong tng lai. Ve ieu kien xay lap va van hanh nha may : + a iem xay dng phai gan ni cung cap vat lieu, vat t xay dng e giam chi ph gia thanh au t xay dng c ban cua nha may, han che toi a lng vat t t ni xa en. + a iem xay dng phai ap ng nguon nhan cong trong qua trnh xay dng nha may cung nh van hanh nha may sau nay. 2-Cac yeu cau ve khu at xay dng:
Ve a hnh :
+ Khu at phai co kch thc va hnh dang thuan li cho viec xay dng trc mat cung nh viec m rong nha may trong tng lai. Kch thc va quy mo dien tch cua khu at neu khong hp ly se gay kho khan trong qua trnh thiet ke bo tr day chuyen cong nghe cung nh viec bo tr cac hang muc cong trnh tren mat bang khu at o. + Khu at co kch thc hnh dang thuan li cho viec xay dng. Khu at phai cao rao, thoang ang, tranh ngap lut trong mua ma lu, co mc nc ngam thap tao ieu kien cho viec thoat nc thai de dang.
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Thiet ke phan
+ Khu at phai tng oi bang phang vi o doc t nhien tot t 0,5 1% e han che toi a kinh ph cho viec san lap mat bang. Ve a chat : + Khu at phai khong co mo khoang di va nen at phai chac, nen xay dng tren nen at set, set pha cat hoac a ong ...va cng o khu at la 1,5 2,5Kg/cm2 . + Khu at xay dng phai ni am bao tot moi quan he hp tac mat thiet vi cac nha may lan can trong khu cong ngiep vi viec s dung chung cac cong trnh am bao ky thuat, x ly chat thai chong o nhiem moi trng cung nh cac cong trnh hanh chnh phuc vu cong cong ... nham mang lai hieu qua kinh te . 3-Cac yeu cau ve bao ve moi trng : Khi a iem xay dng c chon can xet en moi quan he mat thiet gia khu dan c o th va khu cong nghiep. ieu o khong tranh khoi v qua trnh san xuat cac nha may thng thai ra cac chat oc hai nh kh oc, nc ban, khoi bui, tieng on ... hoac cac yeu to bat li khac nh de chay no, o nhiem moi trng ... e han che toi a anh hng xau cua nha may en khu dan c, cac khu vc co di tch lch s va danh lam thang canh cua a phng, can phai thoa man cac yeu cau sau: + Phai am bao cac yeu cau ve sinh cong nghiep han che toi a cac s co san xuat, am bao yeu cau ve sinh moi trng bang cac giai phap phan khu va bo tr hng nha may cho phu hp vi hng gio e bao ve moi trng. + Khu at cung nh a iem xay dng am bao viec thoat nc thai cung nh cac chat thai khac khong anh hng ti moi song xung quanh. v tr nha may thng cuoi hng gio chu ao, nguon nc Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
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Thiet ke phan
thai cua nha may a c x ly phai ha lu va cach biet nc sinh hoat cua dan c toi thieu phai ln hn 500m. Nh vay da vao cac yeu cau tren, xay dng nha may san xuat vinyl axetat t etylen trong khu cong nghiep Dung Quat Quang Ngai la hp ly nhat. Xay dng tai ay co nhng thuan li sau: + Gan vi ni cung cap nguyen lieu la etylen t nha may loc dau so 1, Dung Quat nam trung iem cua Viet Nam cach 2 trung tam kinh te ln la Ha Noi va thanh pho Ho Ch Minh khoang 900 Km, tiep giap quoc lo 1A, ng sat xuyen Viet, iem au cua 1 trong 6 tuyen ng xuyen A noi vi Lao, Campuchia va Thai Lan, gan san bay Chu Lai, cang bien nc sau, bac la khu kinh te m Chu Lai. Nh vay ve giao thong la rat thuan tien cho van chuyen nguyen lieu va tieu thu san pham. +Thong tin lien lac thuan tien, cac c s ha tang ien nc, cac dch vu khac ap ng moi yeu cau cho viec xay dng nha may. +Ben canh o khu cong nghiep Dung Quat co nhng chnh sach u ai nh: mien tien thue at suot i d an, mien thue nhap khau trong 5 nam au san xuat III-Phan tch tong mat bang nha may : Tong mat bang nha may c thiet ke da tren nguyen tac phan vung. 1-Nguyen tac phan vung: Tuy theo ac tnh san xuat cua nha may ma phan vung cho hp ly. Trong thc tien thiet ke, bien phap phan chia khu at thanh cac vung theo ac iem s dung la pho bien nhat . Tong mat bang nha may c chia lam 4 vung chnh: + Vung trc nha may : Ni bo tr cac nha hanh chnh quan ly, phuc vu sinh hoat , cong ra vao, gara o to xe may, xe ap, phong Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 103_
Thiet ke phan
bao ve, nha an ...Dien tch t 4 20% tong dien tch toan nha may. + Vung san xuat : Vung san xuat bao gom phan xng san xuat chnh, phong ieu khien trung tam, nha kho nguyen lieu va kho san pham ...Dien tch t 22 25% tong dien tch toan nha may . + Vung phu tr phuc vu san xuat : Vung nay bao gom cac kho cong cu, phan xng c kh , tram ien, bo phan nc sinh hoat, x ly nc thai, nha cu hoa ... Dien tch t 19 28% tong dien tch toan nha may. + Vung kho tang va phuc vu giao thong : Vung nay bao gom ni xuat san pham, he thong kho hang, ben bai, cac cau boc d hang hoa ... Dien tch t 23 37% tong dien tch toan nha may. u, nhc iem cua nguyen tac phan vung: u iem: + De dang quan ly theo nganh, theo cac phan xng, theo cac cong oan cua day chuyen san xuat . + Thch hp vi cac nha may co nhng xng, nhng cong oan co ac iem va ieu kien san xuat khac nhau. + am bao c yeu cau ve sinh cong nghiep, de dang x ly cac bo phan phat sinh , cac ieu kien bat li trong qua trnh san xuat nh kh oc, bui, chay no ... + De dang bo tr he thong giao thong ben trong nha may. + Thuan li trong qua trnh phat trien m rong nha may. + Phu hp vi ac iem kh hau nc ta. Nhc iem: + Day chuyen san xuat phai keo dai. + He thong mang li ky thuat va mang li giao thong tang. + He so xay dng, he so s dung thap. Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
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o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 Kch thc(m) STT Tn cng trnh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Phng bo v Cng tin, nh n Khu hnh chnh, hi trng QL v H phn xng Phng v sinh tm ra Phng y t Trm in nc Phn xng sa cha Khu sn xut chnh Khu th dc th thao Kho cha nguyn liu Kho cha sn phm ph Trm bm Nh xe p, xe my Trung tm nghin cu Khu x l nc thi Khu x l kh thi Nh cu ha v vn ti kho cha sn phm chnh t d tr Nh v sinh Be cha nc Tng Di 5 24 30 18 18 22 10 24 48 25 30 16 10 32 22 18 18 20 30 14 10 Rng 4 12 12 9 9 11 8 12 20 12 14 10 8 10 11 10 10 10 14 7 10
Thiet ke phan
Din tch (m2) 20 288 360 162 162 242 80 288 960 300 420 160 80 320 242 180 180 200 420 500 98 100 5822
S Lng 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Bang 18: Cac hang muc cong trnh trong nha may san xuat vinyl axetat. 2-Cac ch tieu kinh te ky thuat c ban: e anh gia la chon phng an thiet ke tong mat bang nha may ngi ta con da vao mot so ch tieu kinh te ky thuat, trong o co 2 ch tieu quan trong nhat la he so xay dng va he so s dung. Dien tch tong mat bang nha may : S = 5755.4 = 23288 m2 Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 105_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 Dien tch san be tong: 200 m2 He thong ng bo: 6000 m2
Thiet ke phan
He thong ky thuat, he ranh: 4000 m2 He so xay dng: He so s dung:

K SD A+B 100 F A+ B +C = 100 F K XD =
Trong o: F: Dien tch toan nha may A: Dien tch cua nha va cong trnh B: Dien tch kho bai lo thien C: Dien tch cua ng, he ranh thoat nc 5822 + 200 K XD = 100 = 25,86% 23288 5822 + 200 + 10000 K SD = 100 = 68,8% 23822 Nhan thay he so KXD = 25,86% nam trong khoang 25% - 30% va he so KSD = 68,8% thuoc khoang 65% 75%. Dien tch tong mat bang nha may bang 23288 m 2 la phu hp vi yeu cau xay dng. 3- Thiet ke nha san xuat: Gii thieu cac yeu cau thiet ke: Day chuyen san xuat VA t etylen gom cac thap hap thu, nha hap thu, thap chng luyen, ... cac thap nay cao. Ngoai ra con co cac thiet b ngng tu, bm, thiet b trao oi nhiet ... moi thap eu co cac san thao tac va he thong cau thang. Cac thiet b ngng tu, trao oi nhiet, hoi lu tren cao eu co gia . Cac ng ong dan kh, long at tren cao eu co gia . Cac yeu cau thiet ke mat bang: + Thoa man cac yeu cau ve cong nghe, bo tr san xuat hp ly, de thao tac va de di chuyen.
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Thiet ke phan
+ Cac bo phan lien he trc tiep vi nhau, am bao van chuyen trong va ngoai thuan tien phu hp vi day chuyen san xuat. + am bao ieu kien lam viec cho cong nhan, co anh sang t nhien, thoang kh e thoat nhanh kh oc, nhiet tha ra ngoai. + Xac nh he thong li cot, hnh dang mat bang theo yeu cau thong nhat nha trong xay dng cong nghiep. + am bao yeu cau phat trien m rong cua nha may trong tng lai, d kien trc hng phat trien m rong e tan dung khong phai sa cha, pha bo i. Phan xng san xuat VA xay dng bang betong cot thep vi cac thong so: Nhp nha : L = 9 9 6 (m). Chieu cao : H1 = 6 (m) ; H2 = 7,2 (m). Bc cot : B = 8 6(m) . Gii thieu mat cat va cac yeu cau thiet ke : + Phan xng san xuat c xay dng bang be tong cot thep. + Nen nha la loai ximang va be tong, loai nen nay chu c khoang chat, hp chat vo c va kiem. + Cot nha bang btng ct thp dung mong m di cot, loai mong nay thng at tren mot lot mong day 100mm. Neu at kho cung co the dung lp lot a ram, neu at t dung betong gach v hoac betong mac 50. Giao thong trong nha may va cac ng ong, cac cong trnh khac: ng giao thong trong nha may chu yeu la ng bo, ng oto. ng oto c bo tr bang betong nha co 2 lan xe moi lan 4,5m, mot au noi vi ng quoc lo mot au noi vi truc ng phu xung
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Thiet ke phan
quanh nha may. ng giao thong co be rong la 6m, va he i bo co be rong la 2m. Trong nha may co ng noi lien cac khu vi nhau bao am mat o giao thong van chuyen cac vat t nguyen lieu, san pham c de dang va thuan tien. Hai ben ng trong cay canh va tham co xung quanh nha may. Cac ng ong chnh trong nha may nh ng ong cap nc phuc vu san xuat, sinh hoat, ng ong nc thai, cac ong dan nguyen lieu long, cac ong dan san pham ... c dat tren mat at va ngam di mat at Ket cau cac cong trnh xay dng nha hanh chnh, hoi trng, nha an, nha ve sinh... la nha mai bang tng gach cot betong 1 tang, nha san xuat xay 2 tang, mot tang 6m, mot tang 7,2m.
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Thiet ke phan
Phan IV: TNH TOAN KINH TE

I. Mc ch v nhim v tnh ton kinh t: Nh chng ta bit khi tnh ton thit k mt phn xng sn xut th bn cnh vic tnh ton thit k cng ngh, xy dng th vn tnh kinh t l vn hng u, mang tnh quyt nh kh thi hay khng kh thi ca d n chun b tin hnh. Tnh ton kinh t l mt phn quan trng trong n thit k. Mt phng n thit k tt m bo v trnh k thut sn xut, cht lng sn phm ng thi em li hiu qu kinh t cho nh sn xut. Do vic tnh ton kinh t cho ta thy c gi tr ca mt d n. N tc ng n s iu chnh, b tr ph hp cho c cu ca d n nh t chc, k hoch sn xut, t chc qun l, vn u t, gi thnh nguyn vt liu cng nh sn phm... T xc nh c d n, nu c u t s c kh nng kh thi c hay khng. V nu kh thi th s u t v duy tr hot ng nh th no. y chnh l vn trung tm m ngi qun l cng nh nh k thut cn nm vng iu hnh d n mt cch tt nht. II. Tnh ton kinh t Trong phn thit k cng ngh tnh: S ngy lm vic ca phn xng l 330 ngy hay 8040 h/nm . - Nng sut phn xng l 85.000 tn /nm . 1. Nhu cu v in nng tiu th v chi ph nguyn vt liu Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
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Thiet ke phan
Trong qu trnh lm vic ca phn xng ta dng in thp sng, dng cho bm nguyn liu, un si nc (dng cho thit b un si y thp ) v cn nhiu hnh thc in sinh hot khc. *in dng cho my cng nghip c tnh bng cng thc sau: W = K 1 . K 2 . ni . ti Trong : W : in nng dng trong mt nm . ti: Thi gian s dng trong 1 nm K1 : h s ph ti , thng ly 0,75 K2 : h s tn tht , thng ly 1,05 Bng19: nhu cu v in nng trong cng nghip STT 1 2 3 4 Tn thit b Bm du Bm tun hon Bm sn phm My nn Tng Cng sut 3 0,4 0,5 2 S lng 1 8 5 1 Tng cng sut 3 3,2 2,5 2 in nng(KW) 18994 20261 15829 1263 67747
*in dng thp sng cho phn xng ca hai ca chiu c tnh theo cng thc: Ws = ni.p.Ti Trong : ni : s bng n loi i p : cng sut n loi i Ti : thi gian s dng trong nm. Ti = 5360h Bng 20: Nhu cu v in thp sng . STT Tn cc hng mc Loi S lng Thi Nhu cu
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o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 tiu th in 1 2 Khu nh sn xut Cc nh cn li Tng cng bng (W) 220 100 (ci) 70 120
Thiet ke phan gian s dng 5360 5360 trong nm(KW) 82544 64320 146864
Nh vy lng in tiu th trong c nm ca phn xng l: 67747 + 146864 = 214611 (KW) *Tnh chi ph nguyn vt liu, nhin liu, nng lng.
Bng 21: Chi ph nguyn vt liu, nhin liu, nng lng STT Tn nguyn liu nng lng 1 2 3 4 5 6 C2H4 CH3COOH Xc tc in Du ti nhit Nc lc kh n v T n T n Kg KW T n T n Tng 2333512,86 9.106 2. Tnh vn u t xy dng Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 111_ Lng dng n trong nm 126193,7 99 62711,78 1 1000 214611 47940,15 4 4265,087 5000 30000 1200 4.106 10.106 gi (VN) 12.106 1514325,588 .106 627117,81.1 06 30.106 257,533.106 191760,616. 106 21,325.106 Thnh tin (VN)
Thiet ke phan
n gi xy dng nh khung b tng ct thp ton khi, tng bao che l 1.600.000 /m2. Tng din tch xy dng l 5822 m2. Vy: 5822 . 1,6.106 = 9315,2.106 VN 3. Vn u t cho thit b my mc VTB My mc thit b c chuyn giao t cc i tc nc ngoi. Chi ph cho u t cho dy chuyn thit b sn xut VA c th bng. Chi ph ton b cho dy chuyn c chuyn giao t nc ngoi l 870.106 VN Chi ph lp t 20 % VTB Chi ph vn chuyn 10 % VTB Chi ph dng c o chim 20 % VTB Tng s vn u t cho thit b l: 870.106 + 0,5.870.106 = 1305.106 (VN) *Cc vn u t khc: gm chi ph vn chuyn, kho st thit k, o to cn b chim 10% tng s vn u t c nh.
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o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 VT = VXD + VTB + VK
Thiet ke phan
VT = VXD + VTB + 0,1.VT Bng 22: chi ph u t cho dy chuyn thit b STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Tn thit b Thit b bc hi v bc ngoi Thit b phn ng Thit b un nng Thit b trao i nhit ngc chiu Thp hp th Thp lc kh My nn tun hon Thp hp th Thp nh hp th CO2 Thp chng ct s b Thp tch lng kh Thp chng ct phn nh Thp tch nc Thp tch sn phm nh Thp tch sn phm nng Bm Thit b lm lnh ngng t Thng cha VA Thng cha sn phm nh Thng cha sn phm nng Thng cha nc Tng
VXD + VTB = 0,9
S lng 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 5 1 1 1 1
n gi.106 (VN) 50 90 30 50 30 10 4 30 30 45 30 45 30 30 30 2 25 1 1 1 1
Thnh tin.106 (VN) 50 90 210 50 30 10 4 30 30 45 30 45 30 30 30 26 125 1 1 1 1 870
V T =
9315,2.106 + 1305.106 0,9
= 11800,22.106 (VN )
Vk = 0,1 . VT ( VN).
0,1.11800,22.106
1180,022.10 6
4. Lng cng nhn v nhn vin Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 113_
Thiet ke phan
Mc lng cng nhn trc tip l 2.500.000 /thng.
Bng 23: Bng lng cn b cng nhn vin STT Chc v S lng Lng thng (VN) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gim c Ph gim c Cn b k thut T trng Th k Hnh chnh K ton Bo v V sinh Cng nhn Tng 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 4 4 27 4.10 3,8.106 3,5.106 2,8.106 2,8.106 2,8.106 2,8.106 1,8.106 1,8.106 2,5.106
6
H s
Lng c nm ton b(VN) 48.106 91,2.106 84.106 100,8.10

6
1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 1 1 1 0,7 0,7 1
33,6.106 33,6.106 33,6.106 86,4.106 86,4.106 810.106 1407,6. 106
* Lng bi dng ca m l: (84+100,8+810+86,4).106.0,02 = 21,624.106 * Lng bi dng c hi: 1407,6.106.0,02 = 28,152.106 Tng qu lng c nm: (2072,4+ 49,48 + 207,24) . 106 (VN) * Chi ph bo him bng 10% lng chnh: 1407,6.106 x 0,1 = 140,76.106(VN) Vy tng s tin tr lng v bo him l : (1407,6 + 21,624 + 28.152 + 140,76 ).106 =1598,136.106(VN) Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 114_ = 2329,12.106
Thiet ke phan
5. Tnh khu hao. Nh sn xut c thi gian khu hao l 20 nm: 9,3152.109 / 20 = 465,76.106 VN/nm. Thit b my mc thi gian khu hao l 10 nm: 870.106 /10 = 87.106 VN/ nm. Tng mc khu hao c bn : 465,76.106 + 87.106 = 552,76.106 VN/nm. Khu hao sa cha ly 25% 552,76.106 x 0,25 = 138,19.106 Tng mc khu hao ton b phn xng : 465,76.106 + VN/nm. 6. Tnh gi thnh sn phm Bng 24: Bng gi thnh u t. Khon mc Tng chi ph nguyn liu,nhin liu , in Chi ph tin lng v bo him Khu hao Vn u t khc Vn u t cho thit b Vn u t cho xy dng Tng Chi ph cho ton b Thnh tin (VN) 2333512,869.106 1598,136.106 690,95.106 1180,022.106 1305.106 9315,2.106 2347602,177 87.106 + 138,19.106 = 690,95.106
Tng gi thnh u t sn xut 85000 tn sn phm l: 2347602,177.106 (VN) Nh vy gi thnh xut xng 1 tn sn phm l: (2347602,177.106/ 85000) = phm). T chi ph u t v gi c th trng, quyt nh mt tn sn phm bn ra vi gi c cnh tranh l: 35.10 6 (VN/Tn sn phm ). Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 115_ 27,619.106 (VN/Tn sn
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 STT 1 2 3 4 Tn sn phm ph CH3CHO T/c CH3COOH H2O EA Tng n v Kg/h Kg/h Kg/h Kg/h Kg/h
Thiet ke phan S lng 53,9724 114,659 6 3130,97 31 11,9938 3311,59 89
Do , tng s doanh thu bn ra ca 85000 tn sn phm l: (85000 x 35.106 ) =2975000.106 (VN). 7. Thu hi sn phm ph Ly gi tr trung bnh sn phm ph l 3.106 VN Vy lng sn phm ph c tr gi: 3311,5989 8040 3 10 = 79875,765.106 (VND) 1000
6
Bng 25: Doanh thu sn phm ph * Tng gi thnh sn phm bn ra trong mt nm l : 2975000.106 (VN) * Li nhun sau thu trong mt nm l : Nh my c thit k t ti Khu kinh t Dung Qut, vi c ch u i vt tri nh hin nay, trong sn xut doanh nghip + 79875,765.106 = 3054875,765.106
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o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 Do li nhun sau thu l : L = 3054875,765.106 2347602,177.106 = 401786,0115.106 VN
Thiet ke phan
ch phi np thu V = 10% tng thu nhp trong 15 nm u. (3054875,765.106x 0.05 ) -
y l li nhun c tnh theo mc thu u i trong 15 nm u nh my i vo sn xut, sau thi gian ny mc thu i vi doanh nghip s l 25%, vi cch tnh ton kinh t nh trn sau khong thi gian ny ta hon ton c th xc nh li li nhun trong ton phn xng v a ra nhng iu chnh thch hp. * Doanh li vn u t l :
L 401786, 0115.106 = = 0,17 V T 2347602,177.106

* Thi gian thu hi vn :
THV V T = = KH + L 2347602,177.106 690,95.106 + 401786,0115,6118.106 = 5,83
Vy thi gian thu hi vn l 5,83 nm hay 5 nm 9 thng. *Kt lun : Qua phn tnh ton kinh t trn gip em hiu bit c bn nhng vn ca vic u t cho mt doanh nghip. Tp n ny c th p ng v mt kinh t vi thi gian hon vn l 5 nm 9 thng v li nhun thu c trong 1 nm l 401,1786 t VN. y l mt kt qu kh quan em li hiu qu cao. Tuy vy, p dng vo thc t cn phi xem xt thm nhiu yu t khc.
PHAN V :
T ONG HOA TRONG PHAN XNG
I-Muc ch va y ngha. T ong ieu chnh la qua trnh ng dung cac dung cu, cac thiet b va cac may moc t ong ieu khien vao cong nghe. Nhng phng tien ky thuat Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 117_
Thiet ke phan
nay cho phep thc hien nhng qua trnh cong nghe theo mot chng trnh tieu chuan a c tao dng phu hp vi cong nghe. am bao cho may moc thiet b hoat ong theo che o toi u nhat, viec t ong hoa khong ch lam n gian cac thao tac san xuat, tranh c nham lan, tang nang suat lao ong va cho phep giam so lng cong nhan va con co bien phap hu hieu trong an toan lao ong. e am bao cac yeu cau tren th viec s dung he thong t ong o lng va cac bien phap t ong hoa trong san xuat khong ch la mot van e can thiet ma con co tnh chat bat buoc oi vi cong nghe nay. Trong hoat ong ch mot thiet b khong on nh th che o cong nghe cua ca day chuyen b pha v. Trong nhieu trng hp phai ngng hoat ong cua ca day chuyen e sa cha cho du ch mot thiet b. Nh vay t ay cho thay o lng t ong va t ong hoa trong day chuyen cong nghe la mot van e het sc quan trong. No khong ch tang nang suat cua cong nghe, cong suat thiet b ma la c s e van hanh cong nghe toi u nhat tang hieu qua thu hoi san pham ong thi giam ang ke cac chi ph khac, am bao an toan cho nha may san xuat, nh co t ong hoa ma nhng ni co the xay ra cac hien tng chay no hay ro r hi, san pham oc hai ra ngoai c ieu khien t ong, t ong kiem tra, tranh c viec s dung cong nhan. T ong hoa am bao cac thao tac ieu khien cac thiet b cong nghe mot cach chnh xac. Tranh c s co xay ra trong thao tac ieu khien, t ong bao ong khi co s co xay ra. II- Cac k hieu dung trong t ong hoa. Dung cu o nhiet t o 0 Dung cu o ap suat Dung cu o lu lng Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 118_
Thiet ke phan
Dung cu o nhiet o hien th tai trungTItam ieu khien TT Dung cu o nhiet o truyen xa tai trung tam ieu Pcz khien Thiet b o ap suat t ong ieu chnh (van an toan) Bo ieu chnh mc chat long t ghi co bao ong kh cu lapLRA tai trung tam ieu khien. PIR Bo ieu chnh ap suat t ghi va hien th, kh cu lap tai trung tam ieu khien. C cau ieu chnh. C cau chap hanh. T ong m khi mat tn hieu. T ong khi mat tn hieu. Gi nguyen. He thong t ong ieu chnh bao gom oi tng ieu chnh va bo ieu chnh. Bo ieu chnh co the bao gom bo cam bien va bo khuech ai. Bo cam bien dung e phan anh s sai lech cac thong so ieu chnh so vi gia tr cho trc va bien oi thanh tn hieu. Bo khuech ai lam nhiem vu khuech ai tn hieu cua bo cam bien en gia tr co the ieu chnh c quan ieu khien, c quan nay tac ong len oi tng nham xoa i o sai lech cua cac thong so ieu chnh. 1.Cac dang t ong hoa. T ong kiem tra va t ong bao ve. T ong kiem tra cac thong so cong nghe (nhiet o, ap suat, lu lng, nong o,...) kiem tra cac thong so cong nghe o co thay oi hay khong? Neu co th canh bao ch th ghi gia tr thay oi o. Hnh 8: S o t ong kiem tra va t ong ieu chnh : Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 119_
o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 C

1
T
Thiet ke phan
5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4
CB
BK N
4
CT G PL
1. oi tng ieu chnh.2. Cam bien oi tng. 3. Bo khuech ai. 4. Nguon cung cap nang lng. 5. C cau chap hanh. 5.1. Canh bao. 5.2. Ch th bang kim loai hoac so. 5.3. Ghi lai s thay oi. 5.4. Phan loai. Dang t ong ieu khien. Hnh 9 : S o cau truc: 1 2 3 5 1. oi tng ieu chnh. T CB SS B 2. Cam bien oi tng. 3. Bo khuech ai. 4 4. Nguon cung cap nang lng. N 5. Bo ac cho phep ta at tn hieu ieu khien, no la mot to chc cac tac ong co nh hng ieu khien t ong. Dang t ong ieu chnh Hnh 10 : S o cau truc: 1 2 6 5 1. oi tng ieu chnh. 2. Cam bien oi tng. T CB SS B 3 3. Bo khuech ai. 7 4 4. Nguon cung cap nang lng. CCC BK N 5. Bo ac. H 6. Bo so sanh. 7. C cau chap hanh. Trong tat ca cac dang t ong ieu khien thng s dung nhat la kieu he thong t ong ieu khien Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
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Thiet ke phan
co tn hieu phan hoi (mach ieu khien khep kn). Gia tr thong tin au ra cua thiet b da tren s khac nhau gia cac gia tr o c cua bien ieu khien vi gia tr tieu chuan. S o c mo ta nh sau:
N ai lng at Y ai lng ra X
X XCB Phan hoi Hnh 11 : S o mach ieu khien phan hoi Y :ai lng at T : Phan t at tr X: ai lng ra C : Phan t ieu chnh N: Tac nhan nhieu XCB :Gia tr cam bien O: oi tng ieu chnh XT: Gia tr at tr XPH: Tn hieu phan hoi X(tr so)= XT -XCB CB: cam bien SS: Phan t so sanh Phan t cam bien : la phan t lam nhiem vu nhan tn hieu ieu chnh X va dch chuyen no ra mot dang thong so khac cho phu hp vi thiet b ieu chnh. Phan t at tr: la bo phan an nh cac thong so can duy tr hoac gia tr pham vi cac thong so can duy tr (XT). Khi thong so van hanh lech ra khoi gia tr o th thiet b ieu chnh t ong phai ieu chnh lai cac thong so cho phu hp thng tren bo at tr co thiet Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 121_
XC
Thiet ke phan
ke cac vt hoac cong tac e ngi ieu chnh de dang thay oi cac gia tr (at cac thong so ieu chnh) cho phu hp khi van hanh. Phan t so sanh: la c cau tiep nhan gia tr cua phan t nh tr qui nh (X T) so sanh vi gia tr thong so nhan c t cam bien XCB, xac nh sai lech cua hai thong so X = XT _ XCB e a tn hieu vao c cau ieu chnh. C cau ieu chnh: co nhiem vu bien cac tn hieu a nhan ve sai lech X e gay ra tac ong ieu chnh trc tiep. Gia tr ieu chnh c thay oi lien tuc tng ng vi s thay oi lien tuc cua c cau ieu chnh. 2-Cau tao cua mot so thiet b t ong. Bo cam bien ap suat. Trong cac bo ieu chnh thng s dung bo cam ng ap suat kieu mang, hop xep, piston, ong cong an hoi,... viec chon bo cam ng ap suat phu thuoc vao viec cam ng ieu chnh va o chnh xac theo yeu cau.
Z
Z Cam ng kieu hop xep
Bo cam ng suat kieu mang
Bo cam ng nhiet o Hoat ong cua bo cam ng nhiet o da tren nguyen ly gian n nhiet, moi quan he gia nhiet o cua chat kh va ap suat hi bao hoa cua no trong he kn da tren nguyen ly nhiet ien tr.
_ 122_

Z
Thiet ke phan
Z
Ca m ng nhie t o kie um a ng Ca m ng nhie t o kie u ho p xe p
Ca m ng nhie t o kie u thanh l ng kim gia n n
Ca m ng nhie t o kie u ie n tr
Bo cam ng mc o chat long Mc cac chat long co the o c bang nhieu cach khac nhau nhng phng phap n gian va co o chnh xac cao o la o bang phao.
Z Z
Kie u phao
Kie u ma ng
Bo cam bien lu lng Bo cam bien lu lng c xay dng tren s phu thuoc vao bieu thc sau: Q = f.V F : Dien tch cua ng ong dan.
_ 123_
Thiet ke phan
V: Toc o chat long chay trong ong dan theo nh luat Becnuli 2.P S Vi S: Ty trong cua chat long P: o chenh lech ap suat chat long Neu ty trong khong oi th lu lng the tch phu thuoc vao hai thong so la tiet dien f va o chenh V= lech ap suat P Ta co hai cach o lu lng: + Khi tiet dien khong oi o lu lng bang o chenh lech ap suat trc va sau thiet b co ong hep. + Khi o chenh lech ap suat khong oi o ien tch tiet dien cua ong dan xac nh c lu lng cua dong chay.
_ 124_
Thiet ke phan
PHAN VI : AN TOAN LAO ONG VA PHONG CHONG CHAY NO

Trong cac nha may cong nghiep an toan lao ong la mot van e het sc quan trong. V vay khi thiet ke nha may can phai chu y ti van e an toan. Yeu to ve sinh mat bang. Giao thong trong nha may. Phong chong chay no. Nhng yeu cau khac. 1-Yeu cau ve sinh oi vi mat bang nha may: Mat bang nha may phai am bao ieu kien thai cac chat oc hai thuan li. Muon nh vay th mat bang phai u cao mi tieu nc de dang va tranh hien tng ngam nc t ngoai vao. Mat bang can phai chu y en hng gio va hng mat tri. Cac xng san xuat co bui, kh oc co tieng on can bo tr cuoi hng gio. Bo tr hng nha may theo hng mat tri sao cho chong nang tot, nhng ieu kien chieu sang t nhien la tot nhat . 2-Yeu cau ve phong chong chay no trong nha may: Phong chong chay no trong nha may la mot van e het sc quan trong cua nganh hoa hoc, v trong cac nha may che bien co rat nhieu nguon nhien lieu de chay no. Do vay can chu y cac bien phap phong chong chay no nham han che cao nhat hau qua khi co s co xay ra. Do trong nha may s dung nguyen lieu au la cac hp chat de chay no va oc hai nen can thiet phai am bao an toan. Neu khoi lng ln kh tao ra ap Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
_ 125_
Thiet ke phan
suat cao dan en no co the gay chan thng cho cong nhan tham ch pha huy phan xng. Nh vay co the noi rang phong chong chay no la khau rat quan trong e am bao cho phan xng. Cac bien phap can thiet e phong chong chay no cho phan xng: + Thay khau san xuat nguy hiem bang khau t nguy hiem. + C kh hoa, t ong hoa cac qua trnh san xuat co tnh chat nguy hiem e am bao an toan. + Thiet b bao am kn han che hi, kh thoat ra xung quanh khu vc san xuat. + Loai tr kha nang phat sinh moi la, khong dung nguon la h, khong hut thuoc la trong khi lam viec, khong i lai bang giay inh v de gay chp la dan en chay no, khong mang theo nhng vat lieu de chay no vao khu vc san xuat. + Tai nhng ni co the gay ra chay no can at bien cam, dung cu cha chay ni de thay va thuan tien thao tac. + oi vi cong nhan, phai thc hien ung qui nh ve an toan lao ong trong nha may, cong nhan phai c ao tao ve an toan chay no trc khi vao nha may. Xay dng oi ngu cha chay chuyen nghiep va nghiep d thng xuyen kiem tra dien tap. +Khi co s co chay no xay ra, tuy theo tnh chat nguy hiem cua no tao chay, can phai nhanh chong thi hanh cac bien phap ky thuat can thiet nhng khu vc lan can nh ngng cong tac, cat ien, phat tn hieu cap cu cha chay. + An toan lao ong oi vi cac thung cha, be cha phai c kiem tra nh ky nham khac phuc nhng hong hoc kp thi. + Phai co cac thiet b phong chay at co nh tren cac be cha xang dau, khi co s co ve chay Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang _ 126_
Thiet ke phan
no no t ong lam viec cung vi ho tr cua cac thiet b lu ong nham dap tac ngay am chay. 3-Cac yeu cau ve an toan giao thong trong nha may: Trong nha may co rat nhieu ng giao thong v vay viec bo tr ng i lai phai am bao khoa hoc khong e xay ra tai nan, am bao cho i lai khi co s co xay ra. Muon at tot ieu nay can bo tr ng i lai trong nha may sao cho hp ly: ng o to phai co le ng va va he cho ngi i bo. ng mot chieu phai co chieu rong toi thieu la 3,5m. ng 2 chieu phai co chieu rong toi thieu la 6m. e am bao cha chay tot th ng dan ve bat c phan xng nao eu co hai pha. Nha may can bo tr e xe cha chay co the ra vao 4 pha, ca toi thieu cho xe la 6m. Neu ng cut th phai co bai quay xe moi be rong bai quay 12m. 4-Nhng yeu cau khac: Chong oc hai cho cong nhan: Kiem tra nh ky sc khoe cho cong nhan e kp thi phat hien va ieu tr, thay oi moi trng lam viec cho cong nhan. Thc hien ung qui nh ve sc khoe cho can bo cong nhan. Khi lam viec cong nhan phai mang theo cac thiet b phong oc nh : mat na, gang tay, quan ao bao ho, ung e tranh nhiem oc. An toan ve ien: Khi s dung phai dung ien an toan, cach ly day dan, che chan c hoc, cac thiet b ien eu phai co day noi at, phai s dung gang tay va ung bang cao su. Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
_ 127_
Thiet ke phan
Tren ay ch la mot so bien phap toi thieu trong cong tac phong chong chay no, bao ho lao ong trong nha may song can thiet phai tuyen truyen moi ngi thc hien tot bien phap phong nga, am bao an toan trong qua trnh san xuat.
_ 128_
Thiet ke phan
KET LUAN
au gan 4 thang tm tai lieu, nghien cu va tnh toan o an tot nghiep vi e tai Thiet ke phan xng san xuat vinyl axetat t etylen vi cong suat 85.000 tan/nam. Vi s hng dan tan tnh cua cac thay co giao bo mon cong nghe hoa hu c hoa dau ma ac biet la GS.TS. ao Van Tng cung vi s no lc cua ban than. V the em a hoan thanh c o an nay ung thi gian quy nh. Qua o an nay em a rut ra c mot so ket luan sau: + Vinyl axetat la mot monome co vai tro rat quan trong trong nen cong nghiep hoa hoc hien ai, ac biet la cong nghiep chat deo va si tong hp. + Vinyl hoa la mot qua trnh quan trong trong qua trnh tong hp cac hp chat trung gian phuc vu cho viec tong hp ra cac san pham hu c cuoi cung co gia tr cao phuc vu i song. Nguyen lieu chnh cho qua trnh san xuat vinyl axetat la etylen va axit axetic. Axit axetic la chat hu c tng oi oc hai va de chay no. Do o co kha nang gay nguy hiem cho con ngi. V vay khu vc san xuat phai luon c am bao cac yeu cau phong chong chay no cung nh ve sinh moi trng. T lau, cong nghe san xuat vinyl axetat a c ng dung vao trong san xuat bi nhieu hang khac nhau tren the gii. Tuy nhien moi day chuyen cong nghe cua tng hang eu co nhng u nhc iem khac nhau, nhng nhn chung th che o cong nghe cua tat ca cac day chuyen o eu phu thuoc chu yeu vao cac yeu to sau: + Nhiet o phan ng. + Loai xuc tac dung cho qua trnh. + Ty le cua cac cau t trong hon hp nguyen lieu au vao.
Tom lai, viec la chon mot day chuyen cong nghe hp ly phai da vao tng ieu kien cu the cua moi vung, moi quoc gia. Vi xu the hien nay th nh a noi tren viec thiet ke va xay dng
nha may san xuat Vinyl axetat Viet Nam la mot van e can thiet va co y ngha quan trong. Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang
_ 129_
Thiet ke phan
Ha Noi 7/2010 Sinh vien Tran Tien Nguyen
_ 130_
Thiet ke phan
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1]- Nguyen Trong Khuong, inh Trong Xoan, o Van ai, Nguyen Bin, Pham Xuan Toan, inh Van Huynh, Tran Xoa So tay qua trnh va thiet b cong nghe hoa chat tap 1 Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat Ha Noi 1999. [2]- Nguyen Bin, o Van ai, Le Nguyen Dng, inh Van Huynh, Nguyen Trong Khuong, Phan Van Thm, Pham Xuan Toan, Tran Xoa- So tay qua trnh va thiet b cong nghe hoa chat tap 2- Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat 1999. [3]- C s cac qua trnh va thiet b trong cong nghe hoa hoc tap 1 o Van ai, Nguyen Bin, Pham Xuan Toan, o Ngoc C Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa Ha Noi 1999. [4]- Tnh toan qua trnh thiet b trong cong nghiep hoa chat va thc pham tap 2 Nguyen Bin Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat 2001. [5]- Ullmann,s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry vol A1 1996. [6]- Ullmann,s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry vol A27 1996. [7]- Ullmann,s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry vol A10 1996. [8]- So tay tom tat ky s hoa chat Vng nh Nhan Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat 1961. [9]- C s tnh toan thiet b hoa chat Ho Hu Phng Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa Ha Noi 1977. [10]- C s xay dng nha cong nghiep Ngo Bnh Bo mon xay dng cong nghiep Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa Ha Noi 1973. [11]- Dau kh va dau kh Viet Nam Tran Manh Tr Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat 1996. [12]- So tay hoa ly- Bo mon hoa ly- Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa Ha Noi 1964.
_ 131_
Thiet ke phan
[13]- Thiet b phan ng tong hp cac hp chat hu c - Tran Cong Khanh- Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat 1986. [14]- Tong hp hu c - hoa dau tap 1,2 - Phan Minh Tan -Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh 1999. [15]- Tong hp hu c- Nguyen Mai Lien- Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa Ha Noi 1964. [16]- Hoa Hoc Hu c tap 2- Hoang Trong Yem- Nguyen ang Quang- Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa Ha Noi 1996. [17]- Hoa hoc va ky thuat tong hp hu c -Bo mon tong hp hu c- Trng ai Hoc Bach khoa Ha Noi 1974. [18]- Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology vol 15 1974. [19]- Petrochemial processes 2 1989. [20]- Encyclopedia of chemial technology vol 21 1964. [21]- Hoa hoc vo c tap 2 Hoang Nham Nha xuat ban giao duc va ao tao 1999. [22]- Tong hp hu c Nguyen Minh Thao Nha xuat ban ai hoc quoc gia Ha Noi 2001. [23]- Cong nghe tong hp hu c hoa dau Pham Thanh Huyen, Nguyen Hong Lien Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc va ky thua 2006. [24]- Hoa hoc hu c o nh Rang Nha xuat ban Giao duc 2005.
_ 132_

Thiet Ke Phan Xuong San Xuat Vinyl Axetat

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Thiet Ke Phan Xuong San Xuat Vinyl Axetat

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Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Khoa cng ngh ho hc

Giao vien hng dan : TNG

BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO CHU NGHA VIET NAM

CONG HOA XA HOI

TRNG H BACH KHOA HA NOI

NHIEM VU THIET KE TOT NGHIEP

SINH VIEN Ky ten:

Tran Nguyen Tien

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4

PHAN I TONG QUAN LY THUYET

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4

0,002Mpa 0,102Mpa 1,10Mpa 4,27Mpa 425527oC khong no, lai hoa

Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 CH2 = CH2 + HOBr

BrCH2 CH2OH Etylen bromhirin

Tao vinyl clorua. CH2 = CH2 + Cl2

+NaOH ClCH2 CH2Cl -NaCl, -H2O

Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4

Phan ng oxy hoa CH2=CH2

etylen tao etylen oxit: CH 2 CH2

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 5CH2=CH2 + 5O2

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4

3. Tnh cht ho hc: [15,16,24]

Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang

C6H5COCH3 + CO2 + H2O.

Axeton-phenon c mi d chu c s dng trong cng nghip hng

Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang

CH3 CO CH3 + H2O + CO2

O Phn ng vi C2H2 to thnh Vinylaxetat XT,tmonome

4. Cc phng php iu ch Axit axetic: [17,24,15,5,19]

Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4

Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4

CHNG II: GII THIEU VE SAN PHAM VINYL AXETAT

Thiet ke phan : 92mmHg : 2,97 : 0,9312g/ml : 0,9342 : 0,9455 : 92,80C

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4

CH3CHO Cong vi phenol: OH CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + + CH3COOH Cong vi metanal: OH H

CH2 CH N= O OCOCH CH3 CH3+ OCOCH3 CH3CHO _ 18_ +

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4 Cong vi axit axetic:

Cong vi cacbon tetraclorua (CCl4): CH = CHOCOCH + CCl Bz2O2

Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang

Axetyl CH3 aldoxan _ 19_

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4

AlCl CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + CH3COCl 3

CH3COCH2COCH3 + HCOCl Axetyl axeton Clorua Fomyl

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4

CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH OH OH OH CH3COOR

hoac axit trong moi trng ru ROH.

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4

Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4

Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4

Tran Nguyen Tien - HD K50 QN Trang

o an tot nghiep xng san xuat VA t C2H4

Tin hnh trong pha lng vi cng ngh ca cc hng

Tin hnh trong pha kh vi cng ngh ca cc hng