Conducting An Energy Audit

Conducting An Energy Audit

OUTLINE

Initiating an Energy Management Program Goals of the Energy Audit Energy Bills Steps in the On-Site Energy Audit Degree Days, Layout, Operating Hours Equipment List Systems to Consider Energy Audit Report

Initiating an Energy Management Program

Designate an energy manager or an energy management team.
Make sure energy manager or team have support of top management of the company and the specific facility

Essential to get cooperation from the maintenance and operating personnel

2 Kinds of Management Support Needed

Support

for the data collection necessary to determine - how energy is used in the facility - how much it costs - how improvements could be made by providing the authority and funding to implement the most cost-effective improvements

Support

A Difficult Problem for an Energy Manager

Trying to reduce energy costs for a facility when these costs are accounted for as part of general overhead Why? Individual managers and supervisors do not consider themselves responsible for controlling the energy costs. Why not? Individual managers or supervisors do not get any direct benefit from reducing costs that are part of total company overhead (C. Air, Motor Tags)

Best Solution to this Problem

Top management should allocate energy costs down to cost centers in the company or the facility

If energy costs are charged to production centers just like materials and labor then managers have a direct incentive to control energy costs to improve the overall cost-effectiveness of the production center.
10% bonus if goal is met Employee feels they are considered

Allocation of Energy Costs for Residential Building

Each tenant receives a bill and pays for its own energy consumption

Large buildings are often master metered to reduce utility fixed charges. Utility costs should still be allocated to individual users Master metering plus submetering can be an attractive approach

Starting an Energy Management Program

Conduct

an energy audit

An energy audit (or energy survey) is: A study of how energy is used in a facility and an analysis of what alternatives could be used to reduce energy costs improve profits

Goals of the Energy Audit are to:

Clearly identify types and costs of energy use Understand how that energy is being used and possibly wasted Identify and analyze more cost-effective ways of using energy - improved operational techniques - new equipment

Perform an economic analysis on those alternatives and determine which are costeffective for your business or industry $$$$$

Analysis of Bills
The audit must begin with a detailed analysis of the energy bills for the previous twelve months. This is important because:

The bills show the proportionate use of each different energy source when compared to the total energy bill, An examination of where energy is used can point out previously unknown energy wastes, and The total amount spent on energy puts an obvious upper limit on the amount that can be saved.

A complete analysis of the energy bills for a facility requires a detailed knowledge of the rate structures in effect for the facility.
To accurately determine the costs of operating individual pieces of equipment, break energy bills down to their components. e.g. demand charge and energy charges for the electric bill. This breakdown also allows more accurate savings calculations for Energy Management Opportunities (EMOs) such as: high-efficiency equipment, rescheduling of some on-peak electrical uses, etc, etc.

ELECTRIC ENERGY USAGE AND COSTS FOR May 2004 to April 2005 Month Energy Consumed kWh 175,600 182,800 188,400 186,800 Energy Cost ($) 9,110 9,482 9,806 9,734 Total Demand kW 604 628 664 664 Demand Cost $ 3,926 4,082 4,316 4,316 Tax on Electricity ($) 1,856 1,931 2,010 1,999 Total Cost $ 14,892 15,495 16,132 16,049

May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 Aug-04

Sep-04
Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 Totals Averages

206,800
185,600 179,600 165,600 142,800 165,400 188,000 206,400 2,173,800 181,150

10,610
9,672 9,394 8,588 7,568 8,630 9,692 11,326 113,612 9,468

652
660 656 568 584 600 616 632 7,528 627

4,238
4,290 4,264 3,692 3,796 3,900 4,004 4,108 48,932 4,078

2,116
1,987 1,943 1,749 1,616 1,783 1,951 2,157 23,099 1,925

16,964
15,949 15,601 14,029 12,980 14,314 15,647 17,591 185,644 15,470

Average cost per kW per month Average cost of energy without demand Average cost of energy including demand

= $7.42/kW/month = $0.060/kWh = $0.085/kWh

Monthly Peak Demand

680 660 640 620

kW

600 580 560 540

250,000

Total Monthly Energy Consumed

520 May- Jun- Jul-04 Aug- Sep04 04 04 04 Oct04 Nov04 Dec04 Jan05 Feb05 Mar05 Apr05
200,000

150,000

Total Electric Costs

12,000

kWh
100,000 50,000

10,000
0

8,000

May- Jun04 04

Jul04

Aug- Sep- Oct- Nov- Dec- Jan- Feb- Mar- Apr04 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05

6,000

4,000 2,000

0 May- Jun04 04 Jul04 Aug- Sep- Oct- Nov- Dec- Jan- Feb- Mar- Apr04 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05

May 2004 - April 2005

Steps in the On-site Energy Audit

1. Identify layout and operating schedule for facility.
Make a plan or sketch of the building(s) which shows building size, room sizes, window areas, and wall and roof composition and insulation (offices, prod, maint,) 2. Compile an equipment inventory.

List all energy consuming equipment, with hours of use each year and energy ratings or efficiencies.

Steps in the On-site Energy Audit

3.

Determine the pattern of building use to show annual needs for heating, cooling, & lighting.

4. Conduct a room-by room lighting inventory - light fixtures - lamp types, sizes and numbers - levels of illumination - uses of task lighting

Energy Balance for a Facility

Electricity 2,432,501 kWh Natural Gas 329,863 therms

Lighting 130,560 kWh

Facility

Boiler 329,863 therms

Motors 1,516,619 kWh

Compressors 116,376 kWh

Chillers 274,560 kWh

Electric Heaters 100,100 kWh

HVAC 34,286 kWh Total: 2,432,501 kWh/yr

Miscellaneous 260,000 kWh

Demand Balance for a Facility

Electricity 330 kW

Lighting 18 kW

Facility

Boiler 329,863 therms

Motors 197.1 kW

Chillers Compressors 34.3 kW 14.9 kW Miscellaneous HVAC 35 kW 17.1 kW

Electric Heaters 13.5 kW

Total: 329.9 kW

Geographic Location/ Degree Days/ Weather Data

Geographic location of facility and weather data for that location are important. Obtain average degree days for heating and cooling for that location for the past twelve months from: - local weather station, - local utility, or - state energy office

Degree-day data is very useful in analyzing energy needed to heat or cool facility.

NOAA: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration

Heating Degree Days (HDD) and Cooling Degree Days (CDD), are separate values and are specific to a particular geographic location. DD assumptions:
the average building has a desired indoor temperature of 70F 5F of this is supplied by internal heat sources such as lights, appliances, equipment, and people.

The base for computing degree-days is 65F.

For more thermally heavy buildings, we cool more

Example:
Assume a period of three days when the outside temperatures averaged 50F each day The number of HDD for this three day period would be: HDD = (65F - 50F) * 3days = 45 degree days

Gainesville: HDD = 1,200 dd

CDD = 2,400 dd/yr

HDD = (65 - <Ti >)

CDD = (<Ti > - 65)

Facility Layout
Obtain the facility Layout or plan and review it to determine: - facility size, - floor plan, - construction features (wall & roof material, insulation levels, door & window sizes and construction)

Facility Layout (contd)

Obtain

operating hours for facility

- How many shifts does the facility run ? - Is there only a single shift ?, Two, Three ?

Knowing the operation hours in advance gives some indication as to whether any loads could be shifted to off-peak times.
Example: Produce Ice at night Cooling @ On-Peak

Equipment List

Get Equipment list for facility and review it before conducting audit.
Identify all large pieces of energy consuming equipment such as: - heaters, AC, water heaters, and specific process-related equipment

Equipment list and data on operational uses of equipment provide understanding major energyconsuming tasks or equipment at facility

Nine Major Systems to Consider

Building Envelope HVAC System Electrical Supply System Lighting Boiler and Steam System Hot Water System Compressed Air System Motors Special Purpose Process Equipment

As you examine each system, ask:

1. What function(s) does this system serve ? 2. How does this system serve its function(s) ? 3. What is the energy consumption of this system? 4. What are the indications that this system is probably working properly ?

5. If this system is not working, how can it be restored to good working condition ? 6. How can the energy cost of this system be reduced ?

7. How should this system be maintained ?

8. Who has direct responsibility for maintaining and improving the operation and energy efficiency of this system ?
Examples: Group Relamping, Variable Speed Drives, etc.

Preliminary Identification of Energy Management Opportunities

During the on-site audit, take notes on potential EMOs that are evident.
In general, devote the greatest effort to analyzing and implementing the EMOs which show the greatest savings, and the least effort to those with the smallest savings potential.

Identifying EMOs requires a good knowledge of energy efficiency technologies available to do the same job with less energy and cost.

The Energy Audit Report

The energy audit report details the final results of the energy analyses and provides energy cost saving recommendations.
The length and detail of this report will vary depending on the type of facility audited A residential audit may result in a computer printout from the utility

An industrial audit should have a detailed explanation of the EMOs and benefit-cost analyses.

Energy Audit Report Format

Executive

Summary Brief summary of recommendations and cost savings Table of Contents Introduction - Purpose of the energy audit - Need for a continuing energy cost control program

Facility Description Product or service, and materials flow Size, construction, facility layout, and hours of operation, Equipment list, with specifications Energy Bill Analysis Utility rate structures Tables/graphs of energy consumptions and costs Discussion of energy costs and energy bills Energy Management Opportunities Listing of potential EMOs Cost and savings analysis Economic evaluation

Energy Action Plan

Recommended EMOs and an implementation schedule Designation of an energy monitor and ongoing program

Conclusion
Additional comments not otherwise covered