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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

19

hd (fdG dG) cG GdG J

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

21

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

20


Ld cCG jM eh ObG IQGOEG e dhdG
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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

G HCG jR
eL IPSG
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23

G CG HdG eh .gUYh JOb eCGh eCG

g H QhdG GH dG Y IQdG dG
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j dHh .HNh Jdh ehG bGe
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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

22

IAc hCG IN jCG fC dh ,a Zj

b ,IOQG cSG dG IQ QWEG QN
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dd fi e IjL S aH `` TG Ffh
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H Aj e Lh hNBG j e H ie Y
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h dhdG QhO e j dG ,ceCG GddG
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Qa ,dG G SCGQ e hdGh MG GSCG

dh ,f GhNCj CG G GdG IOb
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c fCG fj bGdG c ,WdG ObG
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IG SdG zQdGh MdG{ fi S
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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

f dc jq G J
fdG dH dG dSCGQ bY Y eCG
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Y j dM e c H f jdG

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

24

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dGeCG gdSCGQ j dG jG YCH dhdG
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.dGddG JYh c YCG e IhdG Y bJ
fdG dG IQK JCG c fCG adG cQj e
jh j e c Y JCJ S ,Qe Y
L GL Y Y HN Gk OOe ,iNCG Ie
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66

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59

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gaj IS a ,YCG LQ e JFGO IOaE
Y JFW Y e NCj e QN Se
ej ,FMh fGNEG e dSCGdG e Ie
,cJh dG e hO dSCGdG FGf AH
dSCGQ H FdG dG bdG EG aVEH
.AGdG Lh Y jeh geCH bh GNEG
cG dhdG N Y
Y j GNEG CG d G e d
,FGe Z Shb f ceCG dGddG
f c Uh zeSEG{ c Vh N e
dH bY T k jCGh ,H ej ObG
eSEG hO P e oGh ,SdGh fdG
Y jG b e eSEG dhdG eb .Sc
SQh ,YdG e FGdG cG dG CG
K ,YUh jQh YGQR GQMG YCGh g
G`````NEG d````````````````SCGQ ````````````````J
``````````````````fCG ````````````````````````````G
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IOQ`````G c``````````````````SG `````````dG
hCG bhCG IQU Yd jQhdG eG J
g g GNEG H j P bCG .jQL bU
e RGh dGh e Mn dG cG dhdG
MG M ,Y SOdGh Y ddG fdG H
IQ e e Yb dSCGdG jdG f
S Y Jh dG b YGQRh dG
YCGh dG eb K ,FGdG Lh ,G
VGQCG UCGh Q e H JG dSCGdG
JdGh SQGGh fSQdG AfEH gZh
H jQ bh jW Y fGGh HQCGh
j dG jG dhdG H .jQL bc
M ,c edG eG Y a zWGG{
OL N c VG eG Y zYdG{
jh ,UG e HcCGh WdG b W H
.dG QG G GNEG
GNEG dSCGQ c ,G Id OdG b

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

26

SEG CG e .fcQCGh ReQ L SEH Jh

SEGh ,cQCG SEG IQhdH j RedG
dN dG YdH j CG cQCG
zWdG G{ b CG Y a .RedG SEG
J Wh IMh eH SdG fH IOe
Mj zjdG SDe{ :cdG dG cQ EG
.MGh bh cQCGh RedG SEG feEG e
c :iJ) cQCG eCG ,IMGh HH J b Reda
(!e dS c EG RedG e G S
Z Id S J Y EG WSEG a
e ,AHh jQJ fG IQU d S ,Ib
.eTh MS IQdG QfG c
JMh IQdG FGhO
Jh ,ITe IQH YCG ag EG OJ SH
dG Y J ,GS AT h Mh e bH
gdG feEH WNh bOU fEG eDJh MGh
jc f e j jL eR EG e N
,IMGh Ie WSEG jQdG MG gL j
iNCG Me jC dGh dG e a
MU e) hjY M cCG dG dG e
a IQdG S Mh FGhO OLh M (dG g
Mc dG Jh VG bj ,M IQH
EGh ,H e IMGh c J Y WS e hCG
IQdGh VQG J bh .j hG j d fEa
OjEG a hCG g hG Y b M
bj FW M hCG IFGO gCG ,d U M
,dG j e IQG FdG bQh f Y dG
MGe eh e e cCG b S dG
L QhH J jY IFGOh ,hCG VfG
L hCG hG Y dG IQhVh dG
dKh ,Uh GOhfih Ge dG V eGSG
S dG ,gCGh G G IMH J
H dGh Sh hCG H J Y dG
,dG Y YGh UGG dH d dP
jh jh gjh j CG Y QL
Y EG WGH deh jd eM e
cGdG M J ja YCH NBG iJ e
J g dG IMH J HGQh ,WdG
IQH JOb J CG e H a .dG GG Y

Ia e gHh HH SJ ,VQG dG H
J jQK YG IH fc Ea ,VaG QdG
EGh ,Je e Yh
dG SEG G LG
q
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QdG Y T
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SEG QT Eq G bh .Y dBch c dG
U dhDe hG bGh Zh f IQH Mj
ADg G e ,eN edGh JOb EG G
M Y Gj CG h ,dhCc IQhdH Gd
jG e H a .eOdG jQS fe d GhLh
H d dh g e f c EG M ,e
jOG d :d f CG e e h ,H U
GdH fG cf fh ,dG Y jH
d HHQCG dj e GbJ a ,WSEH df eY
gHJ CG IQhVh IQdG b e aGSG M
.fG e HS eGO e ,fCG Y YaO
,cH ISG d jG Sh ,dG d fG
fC ,ZH Y GhYS H HQO GJ a
h ,dG e GhJ .e S e hCG fS
geS e L ceS fC JSS GJ
CG e GQGMCG Gd j CG d Nh ,dG e
T V ej e GY Gd j
ZU k fGPBG j G Gg .dEG J dG
e Jh VEG gCG GQOEG d eEG ,GG id
a IOaEGh IMh e JYbh dG b H
a dG dG dG fS hCG ,bJ e
J EG Sh ,WdG IMdH d hQh QdH
H a S LGG CG j FW dd
dG CGh ,eDeh IN
q ZCGh IjTh ISa bCG
dP .bCG f e T CG hOh b S
Ff e IjY Ge Z QM c QM fCG ZQ
cPh ,LGdGh dG e QdG Gg Y J
cQeh Hh ,TdG 1982-1978 HH
EG Yj b hG a CG Zh fOCGh ,KQdG
!dG jj P G j hCG gQGJ
Cf ,dG SG QT H aQ dG jdH
,MGGh dG e J VQe SS jDhQ
,dGh dG NGO Gj OLh Ia aJ

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

hO ,fh
q eY HQCG W gG W e QdG
dP j g gh .YOQ hCG LGe e Gj CG
jH Hh Y IQH ,MG QGdG
GH fCa .dGh dG fl e SfCG J
MQ QN ,jL e hdj Gh LG QdG
JH Jh ,gMh dEG J IOh ;Vh dG
MQ H Wh OSCG fS fCG cDJh ,gMh
gdPCGh SfCG Gch gQhU Y GL M
ehe PEG .ghMGh ,gOLh e c
aN e OdG WGG N CG H ,e fOe hCG
SG e ,K CH j c QGdG EG fh
.fj eM eh fJ JNEG
SdG MGGh QdG
aQ
q
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:g eYh FQ Ia Y bh ,jQJ j c
jCG aQ dHh d QG dG b aQ
J CG dSCG jCGh ,dEG OJ Sh MGe
JG hCG e QGc WGh jdG H eeCG
,dG SE .LJh JGe EG J hCG H
.dG hCG g :MGh QN Z g j CG Rj
,S dG FdG IGOCG SdG J d ,dd
e QHh ,fLh jfK IGOCc EG H fSG J dh
Jh L dG GhR :ag H Y IQdG J
j CG d OGj fi NBG f Mh ,jQS e
jG ee e JGNGh WGG Y Fb ef
dG QU ,efdG Gg .WGdGh fdG Mh
e GQGM{ e QGG QUh ,a Gj IMGh c
IGOCc ,SdG QUh .WGG J dG zHHdG

29

SEG QT W ,2011 e NCG dG

CGHh ,dG hGdG Ie hC jQS dG
IQdG QT EG jh SdG MdG Y j
UEH dj hgG c ,dP b .cG
dG QWEG AGfG j HW GP LM Jh
HSG Cq G JOb OY ,J aQ dG ,FdG
WGG Sh V dO S dG d
!Jde J Y
S gCLa bh ,jQdG e Fg b MG
jQdG CGH dG jG QdH ,Yh dG
fq CG ZQ ,IQdG AH Y a e Y Y ,aQ EG
CG hG a .gQfG b
k hGeh k ahe c
Y Gc fC GYG
o YQO WCG e Gc GOY
jj dG{ :G FdG QdG SQe QGL
HdG jje QUCG M ,zdG SEG
bh SQGe e IedG U H GQGb ehO
q ADg CH J jQJ JCG CG H ,MGh
j
hRj gh ,e BG J ITM GgJ
:Jgh eh LRg ,JH EG jG QGT
.zdG SEG jj dG{
dH UN f dG SEG QT M
gYe M Y L e Y
q a ,jQdG EG
aO dG G e Lh ,ef adG
ce CH Sf eCG Hh ,gdG EG H
hH GM d f e UG Me NO
JS e QdG EG MQGL H GbJh e
aQ dG QdG eCG jf ch .dG
dGh ,dh dGh eh fJ HdG IQdG
Ie REG Y JQH YbG Rq Yh dG Mh

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

c e
Tfh Jc
e SS
,G G
jQS ,eO

28

ae YGdG J H ,e G Y ASH
dG bdGh ,eGS SG dG
fdG LJh fdG hCG J ch ,H
,GVGh H jRGe J CG hO hCG
dG CG dG SEG QT hjDeh aGQ pan .dG
,dG Y jh fdG OhG j CG j QdG
e ,GG g j CG Gg CG GcQj h
dGh bGdG g j dG OhH AcG GO
CdG GL gG SdG e fh ,ba e
jhe j c a c dG ,dG
J d e J SS jG CG ijh ,SdG
`` fCG Y e Ggh `` O H ,SS G bGh
.bGdG T J d ,Iee ZQ VCG
dG SEG jW CG dP e SG g
?jG jW Y g dG J bh eH J
,g hCG g WJ fl jW dG fEG
g Gg .GMGh T d fC ,J hCG dG g
IQd jf c EG ,Y f Vj dG SG
f CGh ,WGOh jM IQK g J CG
d ,jdG ZH Q M e bGd J
dG SG CG gh ,IQdG jfK fc
JQhV ZQ ,fOH G jG ac j b
.jQS ISCe ch dG IOHEGh b bd idG
hj J EG FdG SG f
q c
,kcQ k cQh Gk M Gk M ejh OGSG dG
YCG dG g jH WGOh jM f dd
:NBG H ?AT c e H j G j dG
S ce e GAL dG SEG c
a ,dEG NCj e jh a j ,jG
hG e j CG Rj h a ,dBeh Dhe
Gg ?Yh f N bh e QGZ Y ,Y e
,dG Y f j dG FdG GDdG g
flh eZ Y GG Gj dGDS jh
G Ne WS h FdG f c :Y
ch ?WGOh jM H OGSG f GSG
X ,jG M j dGh dG
Ua OJh ,VQCG Y dG J ib jRGe
?SCG H e jQS eb

dY fCGh ,WN jH W QdG CG YCG

dBe e VGh Gg CG YCGh .CN JOGR jH
L jDhQ G M LGJ K Oeh OS Qc
fCG aGQ j dG ,zFdG SEG{`d jhe
Gg CG e .WSG EG NG hCG ,dG SEG j
dH S dG C ,IQhdH j b
,IMGh HH FdG j CG H ,QG
Ye SS GJ LJ CG fCG Y a
Ib Uh EG e j CG G eh ,d
H e OaCGh ,dG EG ge hCG dUCG
,NBG OGSG f AH eSG hG ,Jfe
.gGdG d je JCG EGh
M b b JcP Y dG Hh ,BGh
,Te QT EG j CG Rj dG dG
h ,jGH Gj G ,BGh J
L H EG d Hb Qc j CG
CG Y ,dGh IQdG dd idG jRGe
e jh dG GQhG j hCG j
MW Ea ,QfG EG jdG e fi
G VfG g Sh VEG EG iOCG
FcQ e H Jjh Y j e gh ,jG
fG ,WGc FcQ .fhH J eGMh
Hh
q H a n bn h geh J V IMdG
dhdGh ,M e SGh AL fh GG HWh
QhH M OdG jM VM ,WGdG
WGe L dhO gQYH SdG J g
Jh jM jM e dG ,QGMCG
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jhe QYH dG SEH QdG dW
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H ,jG JCJ CG hO dG j CG PEG
hO jM J CG a ,U Z dG
dG j C MG dG g .dG SEG
gfJ hCG jG jJ ib dG EG J CG hO
hO dG EG idG g Uh j H
OGSG LG H j d dG ,jG QfG
.FcQ L Jh QhL e

SGh jG EG gGMEG OJ jW H NG
?jj JCJ CG hO WSEG EG iNCG OJh dG
JG g jce dCe Y jL bdG gh
dG gGdh ,kJh k JGSG Sd hCG
JGf fl hCG GG id Ije J b
UGJ e J jJ d ,Y JJh
e H Jh ,dG CdG ib H eJh YJh
ee e g Yeh SGh IQhe eGg
Vj ce ?dG IjT ce QfG
V ,IMe IOb EG jh SS IG b T
H Ye GQhCH j ,Nh Nh N f
.beh H e Z hJ e dZ
Ge jG g H NG Yh gh
JOGR dG ,dG SEG QT Hh HWh YJGh
H QN EG e M V SdG IG b
jCJ ,dG hCG dG :g d jH jeCG
hCG NGdG VQe ,VQe hCG LQG NdG
e .dG ,e QGG hCG dG SEG ,QG VQe
M ib hW AbEGh jJ e dH JQG e
df GN jd hCG VQCG Y IOLe
eC
q H a IQdG fc Gg M .e IOaEG
NCG EGh ,JSQh JGf WeO EG LG
dG ib FS e hdGh dG TCG H
TCG H edG e CG SCJh ,VQG dG
e Y fY J ,Gh FdG GdG
Y Gk OhM SdG CG g ,Y Z d FT
,fdG e aCG IQhdH d hCG CGh ,fOh
Me d fGh ,dEG LG j gOLh CGh
Ua hCG Y ASGh J j e fO
j Y ASGh J CG gH ,Se hG
.QK Gc HW Rjh IQK EG GG
OhG CGe dG SEG SS HCG
G edG jCG b
q eY ,fdG SdG
JYGh aQh OhG g b q Sh SdG
SH dWh ,H jdGh fG e HV
dG ,dG SdG M gQYH dG OhG
dCJ g CG ge ,jQdG HdGh FGh J
YCG QW f f KMCa cGJ fO SS e
PEG .IjL fO OhM SS jh QhH j
SS h OhG e dG jg H bJ

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

jM hO dG SG ,dG SEGh jG
Yh g ?gCG FdG dG g Yh g

31

f HG VQG J CG Y ,Yah ITe

CG VY ,IN e dEG gh aJ
J eNh .JFb fCG YJh gX Y cJ
VQCG Y JGP HG VQG J IMH
dH SOSh .fGG JJh GG IMh
d S ,a IQdG S M Qc eGSGh
S ,UN GJh QGhOCGh MGeh VGe
aG j dG GG S H Ie bY Y
g J CG j dG ,eGSG W Hh ,Y
WdGh SdG QWEG dH Jh jG
.dG ,ZH j dG ,dGh
cG j gG G G G e c
fG j dG J Z SS jG aQ f ca
SdG e IjGe IQH jh ,dG S
e jb fc j jdG HGh jdG
CGe hj f ,H e Gj hCG dG
Nh dG I M f dG ,QGG
Jh YH gGP T bh jh
,UN
q
S C Y QfCG M MC j a ,ag EG
.Lh c e
OY ,dG SG QT Y
eY
o
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Ya hCG L CG jh j c ,GTeh dhCG
c b j h ,Zd jQhV fYh e
dG gOhMh JGQNh eGgh SdG AT
a g ,ReH SS ce N fdGh
Vj SS ce UGh YCGh cCG dP Y
fCG gh hC GH EGh ,jQJ e Y jQS T
GMCGh SdG Y G GG J NCG
k Y e
Jh ,WGdG SdG idGh
k
d dG jWh dG SS VJ
hdGh eSEG GQdG H QGhOCGh ,deh
,dP Y
eY bG .d dGh IjDG
o
G M Y bj dG H CG iQCG c
gh IQdG LGS dG ,gcP HdG ,IjdG
d dG Y eG CGh ,dEG jW
,HhQO jh dG j FG HLCH G
.IQdG fj e g Y dG CG e
FdG SG G dG SG e
?WN jH Y U GQT GG W g

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

30

fU{ Qhd iS gDJ jObGh jdG

.G ec bEG PdG SQ dh ,zG
aGdG `` GJ h `` jQS fc dP e ZdHh
gh ,HdG G bEG QGhOCd G
Y k jQJ H HGU e dG f
,dGh WdG Y e bEG QGhOCG
f eG jh .UdG Yh Y fi EG
k Uh
cJ Yh ,dG Mh JQK QfG e GjEG Y
cJ dG de dGh dGdG M J e
aGG SQO j QNH .edG e Y f b
k bEG QhO fq EG ShCG dG MGh bQ jQdGh
.jQS ,e ddG hCG ,Y dG hO
GjEG `` cdG Gd jL Ofi zHdG HdG{
jRGe
k ec k HfG zHdG HdG{ MCG
MWEG Y Gk e j H ,bEG idG
.IY HY hO G e bh J TCG
EG bEG idG jRGe fG dG Ojh
SdG CG HJ ej SCG e Y
Hh ,HdG HdG H e fd LdjjCG ``
EGh jdhCG e HhdG iG e j
dG Gg Jjh .eSEG LdjjCG iG
J dG dGh bEG dG H
fdG HfG IG SdG idG H
Hh ,HbCH JbYh aGG h gOd
JQU zHdG bEG dG{ e j
LdjjCG iG N .VG e k HV HdG
e Gk jL Aa
G AS YdG eSEG
k
CG ,G HdG Z eSEG hdG e hdG
c eCG G UdG e dP jjh .GjEGh cJ
GjEG G k UN ,cCG bEG QGhOCG d jdG
Y ,HdG G dG gPH UCG b
bEG dG k SSCG k Y ,jQS e ddG
Y f eG jh .bCG Y Y e HdG
GdG G fRGJ EG IH OY dG ,cJ
zce U{ SS L Y ,INCG G
d e d k NJ eO e JbY Hh
VfG H bdG QgJ CG b ,GjEG
aO dG UG fCG HMh jQdG dG
fG e .dG N e VGdG UG EG

Lh Z
q a eb WH OdG Yh dG
gH .SSCG G GU bh e Th G
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.jQS Y GfG 1920 dG zQ S
OGcCG YCG dG zS Ige{ JGP dG NGh
ec SG e bCG fdG dG eQCGh
Ige{ GHEG ITe dP J .JGP M e cCGh
fdG dG QfG d ,1923 Y zGRd
cdG jQd fdGh OG SSCG Jh
dG aG AdEG b ,VfCG Y eb dG
Lh CG 1915 dG Qj c e .1924
dG GdG dG GH S G
G fRGJ hJ BG .MCG YCG ?MdG
JJ Gk c j ,jL JJ IOYE Ye
Gd dG YdG d ,zH jS{ Ige
,Y e b G fc c Gk M LQG idG
.FGSEGh GjEGh cJ HdG Z bEG idG EGh
jS IY dM eh FGNh jQS fc
HJ gGdG jG GQdG h ,jcG H ``
dG Ojh .G b iNCG Ie jQS
J PEG ,jQdG jQdGh aGG jce EG dP
gLh d JW jQdG HdG jQG
Fa Y
k a ,jQJh aGL :HdG G
SS ``G jQS be j .FdGh bdG
ShG dG bEG idG fRGJ c
Y EG UdG e cJ jQS M ,Gh
T Y GdG e ,HdG IjG T
e g Y bdG jQSh ,SG dG
QhJ c ,hnn G e j dG GG d
HdG HL Y J H a e jQS
f C eCG Ggh .d jQdGh aGG FdG
H eG H `` jQdG HdG jQG
a bQhh d eEGh G e ch dG
bEG YGdG d RGdG f j CG ``
deh jObG feEH dG hO M ,G
EG G g OJ .fRGh fS c hCG UN
jQS CG gOe gCG Fa SS ``L f
EG dG Ohfih UN bEG QhO SQ J
JfeG CGh ,id bO hOh bEG RGJ ah

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

T e NBG T CG e cCG jQdG Ife
G H `` k jCG bQdG hJ h .zHdG HdG{
JHJh Gd hdG ddG iG `` OhG
.IOhG JeOJh G JUh
TdG{ jH ,dG Y Y bQdG J
jQdG dG Y AdG AdEH FOH ,zH
G cGM jQS jceh ,gGdG bEGh
GjEG `` cdG GdG IQU Ve ,JfRGJh
zHdG HdG{ d OJ CG b ,dG W
gH .IQdG EG bEG VdG Y JYGJh
VG dG GjEG `` cdG GdG EG J
`` jLG hJ VH d `` INCG hdGh
Y AdG J Y HdG GMCG IQd EGh
J Ff UN e dEG UdG bQdG jJ e
bEG JdG H GdG GQhSh WGTH
.cJh GjEG HdG Z
gGdG bEG dGh jQS
jQJ M Yh jQS FGdG GdG j
H jS bJG e ,ec b QGe Y eG
dG a dG OhH HdG G TO dG
SS FGN eh ,Ije bEG JJ eCG
gGdG jQdG dG J .G hd IjL
dG ee c JW M dG ,1915 dG
h ,G fRGJh OhH d gH fG dG
Ige{ g g .edH Lh J bh EG cj
G QGbCGh Fe SQ dG zH jS
dG TJ zHdG HdG{ Mh bh e HdG
(1917) zQH Yh{ QU eH gHh ,1916

33

FH W EG QdG VdG GJ OJ
YJ W K Y SCj dG ,YGdG
GbG EG edG dG HU e jJ dL
Gd hCG iG CG VH hj .bdG e
J dG ,QdG G iG j
deh je jLh FWh SS ib a
bEG dG iG jh .Iaf jObG
YGdG GjEG H jQS Y SSCG GU e
J dG cJ LGe ,e dGh d
Fa H e dJh QdG dG SEG
cdG GdG h .Gh dG VQe
de d bEG GWCG GfG e GjEG ```
id FdG G X EGh ,QdG GdG
Gd ddG hdG iG jh .dG
,Mf e dGh ShQ H dhdG Gh dG
OGh ceCG IG jdG LGe
Y bQdG g cJ .iNCG Mf e HhQhCG
bEG iG CG ,Gd dG iG
G iG EG dG hO e ,GjEGh cJ H
p Jo EGh ,JHMh JGH
VGdG eJ
WHh X f LGe jQdG VfG e
hG Z M eh ,SdG Yhe a
J ,NBG G Yh .eGdGh jG
,QdG dG ee Y cG jDhQ bQdG
J bEG GgCG d VfG SGh
aJ H ,ehd HdG Z jQdG M
SEG jQdG VfG e k He d dG
dG a j dG bEG eG ec
dH OGOa ,Geh deh QaCG e

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

OdG
q e
ce FQ
SGQd dG
bEG
,JGSGh
IgdG

32

QGG jOY dhO d cJh GjEG CG H

dG bEG Jb H ,HdG hd GG
SdG OhG bEG gQM Rhj ,ShCG
fGjEG bdG RhJ dP Y k SCJ .d
e JGSEGh SdG gOHCG cdG ``
W EG PEG ,HY Z jH H FK bY jCG
dG e bGh Y ITe KDJ UG
UCG .V jQSh HdG hdGh ,ShCG
Gk R k Me dG VfG fG e jQS
KdG ef d EG PEG ,cdG `` GjEG Gd
GfG Y
k a ,cd aGG JQhh GjEG e
GdG e jdG bEG jdG
d QdG G Cg dP c ,HG QdG
Y GjEGh cJ H FdG bEG GdG MS
.G dGh PdG
cdG `` fGjEG OhG EG jQdG Fbh J
e jOhM ce hCG jJ hH Fb dGRe
fdG dGh GjEG bh dG zgR Ige{
QJ .hb HQCG GM b CG ,1639 Y
H QdG Gfi e adG eGY e Y
QGhOC SDG QaCG bdG Ea ,GjEGh cJ
adG eGY e hJ SdG edG e c
Y Y SdG edG H IdG dG
jd jQdG adG eY dP H JCjh ,dG
bG bGG Gk NBG dh ,G PdG Y
k YVe cJ aJ dd .dhdG ddG
UY c e ZdH G GjEG hG e
IgX k bha g CG k VGh hjh ,hdG Gfih
GjEG aJ PEG ,YhG H GhOCGh PdG
MG dhOh IG jdG V zfG{ jGQ
hJ SS cMh GMCG e dJh dG
cJ aJ M ,FdG SdG dGh TGh
jObG M N Y zfGh jdG{ AGd
Va cCJh .TGh e ddHh ,WGOh
VGSH cJh GjEG H bdG Y ddG adG
bdG T PEG .FdG bdG SSCG fi
JG bJ QLh e Ga cdG `` fGjEG
HCG b aGG e Cch ,dG e e j
e SG Gh dG e FJd k Xf J CG EG
IVM aGG fc eh .Y FN Y jj e

jhJ Y LS ,dRY We N J
Ud GFd IOe jQGH VQG Je
J S dP G J dh ,dG dP EG
S e ,JGP jQGdH cJh jQS OGcCG
OhG Y cdG G U MOa FN
IdG HdG g Hh .GdG eh jQS e
HK e gh ,GjEGh cd IcDe e a
Jh .ShCG dG jbCG j
dG bE HdG ddG J CG G g
,NBG .a IFb QGhOCG d d j ,ShCG
,eb Z SSCG Y Jjgh G J GPEG
k W e d OdG QhdG j ,eSEG EGh
.iNCG MCG k e Mh H ,MCG k eeh

d GjEGh cdG NdG `` k YVe `` Yj

.ShCG dG
k a FdG GdG
`` GjEG GOGQEG GU EG gGdG VdG j
c PEG ,bEG IOdG Yh jQS Y cJ
dG Gfd UdG aCG k jf jdG
OdG EG k jQJ GjEG aGL J .RdG bEG
e EG
k hf dG OHh GdG CG ,dG f
dG ,HdG G gPf Y
k a .gO bCG
``````````````````````````cJ `````````H G``````````````dG
h``````````````````````````````j G```````````````````````````````jEGh
`` BG ```````Mh h``````b `````````N ```e ``
,`````````````````````````````````````jQJ IQh``````````````S
Y````````````````jh j`````````````````````````````````j
e`````````````dG H````dG G````````````````````dG GP
```````G H`````````````````````````````WCG Q``dG

bG iG GjEGh cJ
HdG G hd dG SdG OhG X
c AfG e aGdH (OQCG ,d ,jQS ,GdG)
`` fdG dG jQh `` cdG jQG e
cJ J .SdG gOhM NGO EG GjEGh
H HdG G IFb QGhOCG d GjEG hCG
,HdG JadG OGh ceCG H IOQdG G
dhO dh ShCG dG Y dH dCG dG
GjEG dP ,dhdG jG Y YRJ dG
e CG dG Gg cdG j h .cJh
c dG 1955 zOGH M{ MCG gdG
e HdG G Oe EG GjEGh cJ NS
o
ch FGSEG SJ 1967 M TO .jL
CG IQb hO dh ,G Oe HdG bdG
dP dG Ojh .dEG PdG Y GjEGh cJ e
jRGe NG LJ e IOQdG G CG EG
IjL QGhOCH j ,jL bEG f EG idG
:ShCG dG HdG Z idG e CG
ceCG GdG OLh e K .cJh GjEGh FGSEG
2011-2003 e IG IdG N GdG
,cJh fGjEG IOH jL bEG f QX e
bEG GQGhOCG dG gOLH d ceCG C
LG Y cJ Vh ,GdG J e GjEG e
zHdG HdG{ GQK fG aGJh .GdG SOc
QfGh jG dG M V 2011
e gh ,GdG e ceCG hN e ,dh eh fJ

gPf Od MS bCG Y hb N e c
gPf jQJh cJ aGL HG h .bEG
dG CG ,dG f hCG ,gG SdG EG
jh .eh jQS CG G f dGh ,HhQhCGh
d bEG MdG g CG g k Me
e Y EG LJ EGh ,SdG M H e JCJ
,kjQJ cJh GjEG OQGG T
k hCG .SCG
adG k dKh ,UGGh IQdG H d fKh
JG k HGQh ,NGO e dh LQN e OhG Y
k SSCG k ag j OhG QN SdG C ,kdK Y
jdG d FdG dG ANEG gh d
.YQG jdG jg
GjEG `` cdG Gd jQdG dG
eY hb e cdG `` fGjEG bdG J
fCG Hh ShCG dG FGN Y SSCG
jdG H jQdG adGh GG QhdG
,ke Bm G hdGh ad k egh Aa
jdG
k
d ,fhJ e ,GW e fCG aJ ddh
Hh ,IOfi d YGbh YVe hT V
d QdG Gfi e adG GhOCG
.bEGh dhdG bdG Yf e Gk ja k N
;Ye gCG cJh GjEG H bdG Jh

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

35

GjEa ,QfG G e c YCG zHdG HdG{

dG fGjEG IQdH KCJ zkeSEG k HQ{ JYG
eN H dP Y dSGh ,1979
Ra H gQfG YCa cJ eCG .eh fJ
fdG HfH dG eSEG e FbUCG
HdG{ hO jQJcdG fCG S YCG dG
c GAYOG HGU Y dG Hh .zHdG
ce e zHdG HdG{ N a ,dG
zHdG G{ jJ IOYEG C ,dG ad
IOYEG eCG dG a EG ODS zeSEG e{ EG
zHdG bEG dG{ j M ShCG jJ
de j e gh ,zeSEG bEG f{ EG
HdG S .GjEGh cJ CG bEG QGG ib
bdG jbCG d eSEG LdjjCG
jh
,G GjEGh cJ e d jdGh
q
ZU k M K eh ,bEG SDe LefG
.e Sb Y G eCG jdhCG
e HY dG GjEGh cJ e c QhJ
e QWGeEG jQH gc h ,HdG dG
dP e `` cJ .HdG gQGL OdG
dG Y J V fS c `` GjEG e
GdG e IG jdG J WdG HdG jdG
dG J CG c .kHZ jG OhG Mh k bT
Oj ShCG d jdGh bdG jG
bCG cJ CG Oe gCG Y cG EG
GjEG CGh ,kjdh k bY :ShCG dG LhOe
OLh jh .kjdh k bYh k FW :e bCG J
,H e OjEG Gk QhO jdG c OGcCG
Z ,H aGL We OGcCG cj PEG
LGg OGOJh .cJ VfCG T Lh GjEG
OGeG d OGcCG CG M e GjEGh cJ e c
dHh ,OhG QN GG QGG We eb
Gk VM dG N j dhd V CG Y
OGcG CG j jQS Y GdG S h .IH
,GdG IQGOEG UY e k eg Gk Y GUCG jQS
GG Fa jJ QdG dG hj H
H ,cJ e OhG M dG EG QdG
IGQOG be e cJ jh ejdG J
VfCG edG gOGeG H ,adG be EG
cJ Ch .cdG `` jQdG OhG fL Yh

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

34

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

37

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

36

,adG jdhCG S jQd FdG gCG -1

H dG bd YGdG dG -2
,hb N e jdG
AYS G YVG dG jRL -3
.adG H GdG
bd YGdG OHCG dG J Y
eCG ,INCG G hdG fGjEG-cdG
Y H Gd jQJ GQhS hCG O hG
GjEGh cJ H GdG Gg CG k Me hj .G
:Y k jQJ j
ShCG dG dG idG OLh V -CG
CGJ ic jQSG ib e I jQJ IN)
Y J h ,Y SOdG dG JdH
GfEGh fH Gk Qhe ceCG IG jdG
,(jdG ShQh
JQL LGe cJ LdJ J - hCG
dG aGGh OhQdG dG dG) jQS HG
WS LGe hCG S dG e S
,(eh jQS dG
,GdG LGe GjEG LdjjCG J - hCG
eR Ga EG h G Y J eCGh
bdG NGJh jdG aGG IG H HCG
,kjQJ GdGh GjEG H YLG
.QG AYSGh G ce bJ -O hCG
jeh WGTG g dG J Oj
FdG HQCG WGTG CG EG gGdG bGdG Y
G Y GjEGh cJ e c H GdG T
jce J gQhHh .gGdG MG IH e
dG gQhO HdG G jQdG aGG
`` jQS Y IdG C ,bEG GdG TEG
MCG g `` jQdG ShQOh aGG MCG dJ c
PEGh .bEG IOdG be d FdG hdG
H GdG CG EG ,GhOCG GH f jQdG Qj
`` BG Mh hb N e `` hj GjEGh cJ
HdG GdG GP Yjh jj ,jQJ IQhS
!G HWCG QdG edG

jQG b Mh VQ fi HdG dG bh
jdG AGfG ge EGh ,GjEG eSEG
JadG OG LGeh ceCG ddG e
k be cdG `` fGjEG bdG NO .HdG
Gg gS PEG ,2003 Y GdG MG H k SM
dd bEG idG jRGe J MG
d VY cdG dG L Hh GjEG
Wflh jOdG edG MdG QW AGL e
fdG dZh VfCG T L EG gOGeG
jRJ IOYEG EG GdG MG iOCG c .jOdG
cJh GjEG Hh k eY bEG idG jRG
gh HdG bGdG dG QfG EG PEG ,kUN
Y dG SdG GMCG e GjEG AM
OGcCG QhO QW dch ,bGdG dGh eG
c OCG ,OGH jcG dGh GdG T
e aGdH jaGdG OH GjEG PdG jGJ EG
gY .cdG edG eCd IjL GjJ Af
,jQS Y PdG GjEG cQe cJ dhM
Y fGjEG `` cdG bdG e RGdH
zdGh dGdG{ M eM X jG ac
FSH jQS e JbY cJ M .cdG
e cCG fc cJ e bdG CG k VGh ch ,T
RGdGh RJQG f d QdG d eg
e jQS d .G HdG Z idG d
H ah ,cJ e bdG aCG eGh GjEG
c a HH .MGh bh FGSEG e VhG
gQGLh JSDeh jQS OJ GjEG G k VGh
q bEG
dG ,dG e ddG IAY OGWH
GP jdG Pf We QGhOCG LGJ
Gk H dG S CG cJ cG eYh .IAdG
HdG{ c ,k Gk eCG d Jdh GjEG Y
cdG eG a ,jQS EG Uh b zHdG
bh UCG M YH dG UNh geCG
.WH jOGh eN e b

PdG Gg S J dG ,jQS EG
k Uh
gh .d L GG e EG
k Uh
H IRG GQhCG iMG JH INCG dWEG
S OhH AGS bEG gQM Vd GjEG
Y c e H hCG ,FGSEG e Te
Y J X k UN ,FdG HdG hdG
.FGSEG `` HdG Gd SdG jdG
eY L e k jFYh k jQJ JJ GjEG Ch
HJ dG UdG M k jCG jQS ,d
gPf H GjE k eYEGh k JGSG G d
k jCG UN ddG Gg jh .bEG
,bEG GjEG Pd SSCG aGdG fc e
QGL QdG QhdG LGJ bQe e RGdH
.ddG Gg X Jje fOCG EG bEG
L PH bQd GjEG e dG jQS
eGd LGj d gQM CG c ,GdG
,a dGh e dG GjEG fi h Ic
g d .kLGQ k FW Gk QL ,jQS e dG Y
dG IQH dG OQGh GjEG hJ SCG
.HdG eGd Gk f ,QdG
EG k aGL
k Ne HG MdG Y cJ
gL jh ,jQSh GdG j HdG G
dGh dGdG M IOb cdG hG

k a SdG d dG hGdG P J
e EG J bEG H jObG dG Y
EG cdG dGh dGdG M jh .PdG Gg
ceCG ShCG T he X G hO IOb
jM P d ,AcdG RHCG H c
ceCG dG fN IG KGG H aj
dh .G d jdGh adG KhQGh
H ,jQdG eRCG cJ aJ ,GgCG g
Gk jL k fRGJ QdG dG S Sj CG eCJ
QWh bGdG dG S JYGJ j ,id
.HYCG GjEG bEG QhdG
Y GjEGh cJ H GdG j CG bj
MCG j H ,jU IGQe Gk FS jQS
.VadG N NBGh dG H k HGQ adG
Ic eGY CG VdG g bU e jjh
e
v c J SS jH dG e adG
:ddG eGdG eh ,jj k H

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

jQS Y GjEG `` cdG GdG e

jdhCG SCGQ Y QdG `` GjEG ddG JCj
GW jW a ,bEG GjEG he
e e aGL S HQ e NCG dG
GdH Gk Qhe GjEG Z e CGJ bEG PdG

39

Gk gT jQdG c a ,bdG g QJ Qe
,L e GjEG dG YhG H GdG Y
SY dG e PEG ,iNCG L e cdG dGh
b ddG OGe dGh hCG hG IhQP dG
dh YhG H bdG jdh .dG hG
dG Y a ,fdG d jOe jg
jGH GjEG J YEG EG dG YSEG
ZCG dG gh ,OG Y SOdG dG
aGhdH cJ e YGdG JGQb Yd dPh ,Gbh
H ,a gG H jdG j h .gG
EG Uh M H dP e HCG EG dN gP
zdG{ J Y G Jh GjEG dG jeQ
dG QNG ch .Yh GjE Gk eQ zSCG{h
g EG k LGQ SQdG d Gk eQ d dG
gGh bEG OdG J Oe ,Y SS
k f fc SQdG da ,kjCG edG dH
.fdG dG Y jR
q dG d k jHh k jeQ
JeGQO
k TCG jdG H bdG JG
hdG dhdG H bG hG eb M
jdG OhM d GgG eHCGh ,MdG
gGG MC k eM NBH e c GYGh
,(d GjEGh d fdG dG) eSEG
H Ic Gge J dG eCG gh
UCG dG Mh GgG g bh eh .jdG
H G PdG Y Gd FY
H g
q
K ,dG fdG dhdGh dG fGjEG dhdG
MG e jL e SCGH d FdG dG OY
VfG fG e SJ K ,2003 Y GdG
dH PdG Y GdG hj .jQS dG
Gk e Gk Qb bEG OdG ZdGh ShCG
H e ZdG Y ,cdG `` fGjEG bd
k HQJ a bdG T dG jQdG GdG
EG Gk HCG QdG Gg bj CG hO dh ,jdG H
eh .jQG jdG H FdG ddG ie
T H HQ dG aGdG bdG QdG dP
cdG jQG SDeh T VQ SCG GjEG
FGhCGh jdG NGhCG QJJG c e
PdG{ bh cdG jQG e PEG ,KdG
M jdG ZGdG GjEG eCG zdG
e aGO bdG SG fl FJHh .T VQ

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

38

o .CGSCG da ,OdG eCG ;dG j e Gg

CG c ,zWdG{
j Je jQS gJ CG
q
eCG jh .jY J C Gk HCG J HK
dG
q iG JG e j PEG ,jQdG Y Y
J
q .Jd dH jdG e Ggh ,Td
.TdH Je Mhe SEG hjo
k Je ,ke
.S MhG CG e fCG YGh
H e jdG jQdG QGdG e Qj
J e OGR e g .Ia YLG
SCG QH FdG JG dG jObG GAGLG
,dP G aVH .2000 Y dG EG dUh H
GVJ dG dG Y H eG dG j
q
hj .M eL eG SGQO N d
.VGh H dEG fhdG M AZCG AHCG If EG
jdG ,d Y WG g AHCG e dGh
jQG e dG CG jG SG e .jNCG
m
H ,QdG de Y FQ H
J NG
m
LGJ fL EG ,c H
YdGh YGQdG LGJ
IdG JdG hP e Xd FGdG IQdG
JCJ ITdGh OdG ee GALh .SdG GQGOEG
.bGdG Gg jSCe e jd
gDhHCGh zIYdG{
jQdG IQdG Y Gh gd IG QeCG e
dhCG Gk jh ,a fLCG JG cQe g
.OG dG d j jdG
J{ e jb Gfc S
eSEG j
q
q
Tf e UGJ Y dGj h ,e k ej zIYdG
,d a .jQS EG NdG dS Y ,dG Gg
.fd Z L e eSEG e OY GS WoCG
EG dG dG eCG gM ,ADg MJ cGJ
.jQS EG eSEG e Nd ,cJ
jOL S QOe e eG WJ jh
o
jQS EG eSEG NO Cq G jQS Tf eh
dG fK faCG EG dNO e SCG H
,d T ,HGW e JG Ga .VG
cM M j b HSCG M Gfc jdG
.QdG dG EG GfG ,faCG zdW{
abG e OY GS WCG QdG dG Cq G M
VGdG dGh .zIYdG{ J e dG H jd

HdG .gDhSCG coP Yh U ch .e

G V . M G MU g
e ej Lh g CG c dG ihQ K .kjW
k fMCG RhJ b Lh .zfdG{ Ib Y jGhdG g
.jdG id edG dG Lh
ag .kGOfi Gk Ye J a dG Lh eG
GgCG j ZCG C ,cCG edG VGdG
dG e OY jo ,g .iNCG Re H ,VG
j eY OLh EG ,aG
S e G
q
edG G Je IN GfG hCG :eCG GH
id ZdG GfG dGh .JQf H jQdG qb f
e eJ f ,GgCG HUEG OG e OY
.HG GdG b Y j Y eCG .QGdG

:

H OLh dGh ,YdGh dGh WdG
U G b EG Uh .AGh jRfG
bh ,OG G NO .eQ T jCG MCG
.Ff dGj a JGh ,dG j e EG
.eOdG jGhdG CGHh .GSG M bdG j
?fG GPh c :gP G QOJ dG hCG GDdG
zc{ Y GL eCG .jW zGP{`dG Y GG
GhCGH jdG IdG dG MCG hj .d a
H QdG c hCG aGdG CG IdG GgdG
H .Mh M T Ige Y M eL
c hCG VG .kd gdG GhQb ,jW hGe
QGdG :jQdG IQdG SSCG f RJ gh .gCG
eh eG dG g e eCq G ,jG G AHCG g
c .j d dG Gg CH QT qa ,a
dG fK M H Y fjo KO
H iCGQ e eh ,kjY c e e .VG
CG k jCG adGh .M aG SQe dG
.IQdG b dG g aj Gfj dG
CGa ,G LM oc eY ,kM Y GaJ
Y ef IQb aj Gfj .dG Y gCG
.IQdG G SSCG aGO Gg c Q .dG
IdG H Y M ,jS JG H .W
Gg hCG ,kFU c G CG G JQ
ae hj IQh jb e SQ AL K .hj c
e La .jdG Y edG G g M
e Gg EG SdG j ?edG G g :JG
jT Y fCGb e Gg ,dH .zfdG{ jJ j
G CG cP dG ,SdG T jdG Y QNCG
Gk OY Sh
q zHgQEG{ GY bh k SGh k eg f

kGjYh k MS zG G{
jCG H OLG dG Y jo CG o Uh bCG
Ga .IOG g ,jQS T zG G{ Je
J
eh bGdG
G jH e N dG
q
q
G a e QGdG j eh ,jQS EG e
dG V a gh .jdG IG edG
a ,d ddG QG eCq G .UG
dG H
q
SCG dH gh ,cJ Y HS
dG
SCG
o
.jQS d INP Lj HZ
q
QdG Cd HG S e Gk c dG jGhdG
hCG d IjDe QOe e c EG VQG J Y
dG Ige Qa J ,HdG G hO H
QSG Yh .JG FdG OjCG H OLG
H NJ INdG CG j
q ,FdG g hDe
H Nj dG dG dch ,cJ e b
ceCG QGH dPh ,N GfCG eh k jCG b
G dhDG e jdG qcDj e Gg .VGh
jdG HhQhCG SeHdG
c ,G
QdG
q
q
k ShQO J ,Gj TGhh ,gOH CG EG hjo
;d K eh GdGh faCG NdG Y Sb
k dM dG Nd Ie d a dd
EG dG Uh e hdG g J
dc .jQS
q
.zIYdG J{ e jdG eSEG
Y j h ,U Y t n Jo
k e hdG aGe
N e hCG ,gH QSCHh NGdG dG e EG QGdG
.edG G e H Y ASG

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

41

e SGh AGLCG Y G
q QdG G jo
Nj dG EG G j .cdG jQdG OhG
dG Nj eh .QdG dG EG AGdG NO
SCd d G Vj e Gg .jhOCGh GdGh
e eh SdG jQdG eJG .U Z
GAYOGh .eJG fc hJ fG Qfi
Gg .jJ fc hJ QGdG If cdG
,Je EG Gd jdG ,jQdG WGG jo
.ef e ae Z ce jMh
jo fCG hCG ,J dG Gg CG hc ij b
f dG Gg .jQdG IQdG IQU J H
NGO SC
G ie Y QGdG e Tfh Gge
m
e dN NO SCG .M jW Y k jJ ,jQS
g c M jG EG G
q G Fc iMG
M EG e AL fG K jdG U M dG
AedG e OH dG ,jQS e IOdG Hh .SdG
e OY dc ,M e GhQGR jdG HhQhCGh dG
YdG Sd
jQS G HdG SeHdG
q
.ee e e e WJh NGO e fc dG
TCG k U c cJ Y jQS EG NdG
VQG IS e HdG dGR CG d eh ,VG
j hCG YdG e .jOhG
HG e Y
q
dj dG jPcCG M ,kT QdG jdG FGR
e ,M jQ j e M YEG H
.dGh dG M j
.M jQ G b YJ jb EG fG
o
IY S e Gk QGK aJ dG Oj jdG g e
M
f g gTCG e CH bG H .IH
q
,FdG HGdG :zIQG H{ QdG d

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

QhZ FK
U
d

40


M QfG Sh S fq GC e q e W
dGh ,J
q AGHH SGa ,QfG e jQd
.jdG jf eCG iJ SdG CG S fCH
G-jQS Cq G g ,QcG eR H ,Lda
j Y W qc Cq Gh ,adG id eh jb
,NBG dG KGH e jQS S fCG e e
j ,NBG fh G H dG Gg d
Y ,M
k gf aj H ,a ISCG e
!SdG ffdG jLGdG
,YRG GWCG H hSC dH Gg bCG
H hCG J IGOCGh be jLGda
Gg bCG h .JGH e M dh ,dG
o
ZQ ,HT e hCG b
q CGh IQdG GMCG ge OMC
WH qH H .Qd VGh S e be Cq G
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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

43

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

42

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

45

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

44

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

46

AGYCG jdG AeCGh j GQheh

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

49

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

48

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

51

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

50

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

53

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

55

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

56

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dG bG e Gk AL J OJ G QEG
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gfih G IcGdG e M Jh Ieh
.zWdG G{ J jJ hCG

,JdG ,fG ,jdG Ie ,IQG ,dG H

CG c ,dN S eL ,jG S ,QMCG c
eCG eG ,M b ,G b ,jeR
q QGO ,Qfq dG
fq Cch ...Gc Gh Gc G .ddG HZ ,M
dG ,dG Oh ,jQdG gOOj d Gfe
e IO dG gHh dG ASCG J .INCG
.zATCG{ Hc H QL SCH ,NBG AT CG
fOCG G ,J ASCG ,aVEG QNd LM
j .dG Y Y IcGdG d G
dq eo fCch dG eCH YQe hjh dG
Y hDhdG j .z!dG h G ,dG h G{
,dG JTQCG EG Lj ,fCG Y WCG
IcGd NQDG fhdG bGG OJQG e hjh
.GZJdG jdG CGH e jQS Qdh ,G
k e j QdG dG Cch ,dG Y HM
Jh b dBG g .GdG Y j M Gj J e
dh .Gh fdG Gf Gg ,Y H
.kY j a df ,SHdG Gg V ,eh
LQCG j fCch V HM eY f Y j
,jQdG CG k e j .afCG jh fY jh jjCGh
S ,jhQO Ofi J M ,jHCG AbUCG
,IQG Mh ceC dG g hj M Gk c
IFGdG G d ,IHDe IQG CG bj Gfc
.VQCG g Y HGK CG jL e qJ

Qe Ff
,eL IPSG
jQS ,eO

RG aj IdG
Me ,Id QdG fgP
jQS IdG
q
IM S dj eY .RGh jed jd
a dG HUCG f
q hCG YdG d f hCG G

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

59

hG M f j eRdG FSdG
d dG YdG eYh ,LEG Gg Y
,jOCGh LCGh OdG e Y jEG J e
.G e ed Ic
k S d
ZG dG ,SG U fGOdG TdG
gG Wf Y d k HY GOdG eCG LQ
,zab{ TG YdG dG Y V ,d
J gh .ASG g h ,SCc U d
iJ d .U k gf d Za ,cJ eY
c H J
q ,g e J ,dG f
Jh ,HZG SCG J .HCG LK e bS
LGS ,HdG ZQ ,gV OS
dG g fCG
q
,dG EG LJ CH CGJ g gh ,HG dH
,HfPh QGSCG e f g ,dHh .JH
.FY eRCG hCG LQ T b , b h
q T fd Jo fEG VH d b d
dGz`a ,zYT{ fq Ch ,zFGM{ U Y
b d .zYdG dG eY g UG
dh ,IFdG adG Y LhN EG VH d
ZG d j S g ,a dG V
,LQ Cq G ,LdG CG ,zgS{
g e d ,kHY
q
.HH a dG GP a dh
,HZG b INCG dG H ,dP eh
,ANGh ,d LGd Ik YO JQNG gh .d

k S Q S jNCG Afh .dGh ,jhdGh

,d g VJ
q dG HdG e ed Ije
j g .fWhCG hCG LGhRCGh gDhHBG hCG gDhTCG
.g ,MGhQCGh gOLCG

?iNCG MG
GQdGh JBG LCG eCG zG dG{ Sj
ZG RCe e hd HSG dBG ,MdG
gL dAe e
k H ,JG c jhJ :AdG
e e
k Hh ,YLGh SdG JOh dG
m
ZG jd ,kaN dh Uh
,kGU dh mQhO
Y d
,fCG
q
q bCG Y hCG ,gFe Od
QfH Zdc ,WdG e H e JLM
.cP H Gk O dG b KG hCG d
fj e ZG dG adG ,d
dK d qM J dG f g ,FdG cP
GfG ,NBG Lh hCG) GhdG hCG dG gh ,d
gGdG HdG SdG GG j a .(gdG S
. dH ?dMh G J dA feEG
dG c ,dG e jj dG UGdG eR a
````````````` ``````````````````````dG a````````````````dG
`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````ZG
````````````````````````cP ``e ```````````j ````e
`````````J dG `````````````````f g ,````````FdG
,d `````````````````````d``K ``````d q``````````````M
Gh```dG hCG `````````````````````````````````````````dG ```gh
Le
CH dG
Y SdG j
,dG gf
m
q
q
,IFdG ad k Xfi GMG jT a .HK
g jH ZQ Y Gk J d GQdG OJo h
Gd G GNCG{ :jW Y ,Jh adG
.zTdG SEG H qa ,SEG
,LEG Gg Y ICGeG J eY fCG Z
,QdG gGdG e jeO bCG j d UY H
,Y Gk OQ k jCG ZG h ,GOdG gh
J CG QJ gGa ,IG g ,g HY Ve
G j j ,J eYh .HZG Y
zg{ hCG dG FGL za{ Z ,NBG ieh ,NBG
ICGd k HY ZG j eY .CG IQcP
H dJ g ,edG hCG Fd dh
ICWh QfG Hh ,kGS ZEG aCG AHEG
dG jdG Y dG QGSGh ,ZG
.kHY ZH Y JCGh d ICGG JQNG
eYh ,LEG Y hG Y ICGG iJ eY

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

58

J G CG g dP e gCG dh ,Q .dG
fEG .gdG M VQCG e dG g fEG
,Je eh FGR Z ,H G CG j g
GdCG .a FGdG VGG J FdG jdG CGh
?eO Y jhQO e G Gg SCG Ie c gOoCG
fe e k bGh X Y jdG j ,eO ...{
UGj ;eO ;H hCG ;MCG EG j
q ;HCG jS
e KGh fZ EG ;jeCG dTCG QG a
.z...dG Gg S ;jHCG h f ;eCG dG
j d
e Hj QGe gj e gOoCG
q
d e Gg e jh ,ke Jch L d
k ej Lj ,Y ,b gg a ,e eL
.Ld k Lh gGd Y eCG ajh
dP a dh ,jQdG G c e ,kGPEG ,M
.IQG AGOS dG je ,zOdG IQG CG{ g
fCGh Jo fCH gCG Yb jj OSCG dRdG
g ,iNCG UN M .jQdG AH bH
dL ,VGSG hOh J hO eOh IN je
.AdG WJ deh fe fPBe ,d Gk Qa j
f ,2011 f YdG IQ U
JJ Y e dh e gjS e zf{
IdG
q OhJ Xh ,e e NBG M Jh dG
IM eJh IOYEG jJ fCch ,TCG GW a SH
```````````````````````d ````````G G``````````````dG
b```````````dG g `````````````````d ``````````dH
W`````````````````````dGh ```XdG ``````````KdG
dGh `````````````````````````Gh ``````````````dG H
`````````b```````````````````Y e S```````dG q``````
```````````````````````h ````````````````````We e
h```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````j
A````````````````dH `````````````````````dG LQ````d
zGQ`````````````````````ZCG{ hCG ````````````````````````````dG
Aa CH J fc .UG Fa JH je
M IS f .dH eJ Qj G
FdG KQGG JcGP ,jG jRGLH EG J
b fEG dH dP Y J ,M Y a
Z e fEG J fc jGdG .M QN J
.M e ,M J CG d dH G

Gh dG eReh M
dd ,bGh J jQdG e c Reh GQL
jQdG e .GWCG hQe fCH hj g
Hh .kje hCG k aM GWCG hQe eEG dG g
H j f eRe e G j dG
q
fCG jh HH jh
k jQT j ,dG
UTCG S
,dg IQGH jh ,kGOLe Gj
q
.G H k bdG cCG
dhGJ dG G dG ,dh HCG M g
GRe ,gQNCGh JQU YLG UGdG bGe
e QdG de aT Y MdG Jb j
e ZdG Y ,M jG M GQG
HCG .gCG e jG Gah dG M QM
jG GMCH aQdG UG Uh H ,dh

k c j CG EG bCG OY T ,gCGh
MU ,dG eRCG YLG jG M
UdG Y j e HCGh jdG aCG d cO
e j CG j dh .WdGh ddG
b gh dho g ,a hO zH HG{ g ,IQG
j LhN CG e Lj Q hCG k e jh Y
IQGH jh zjG{ j .G hCG G
.SCGQ FGLCG cJ j ,dg
dG jG ?dG Mh jG aJ g
Qh ,jQdG G e dG e QJ M
.IedGh G M jQdG Y IOe fCH ,bG
jh SGdG jj GSEG ,GSEH OLe jQdG
LGh LH k SG k FM j ,ke ,SdG
Y S Y hCVjh AG Tj
q hCG ,c
j b .GcG hO j Qh dG e
bh ,fQc IYCG a e dfi a
.jKCG QfdG CG H zdG{ Le J
a IOh dG M ,AGjdG a T
H Y ehQ U Qe db ,jQJ e
dG UdG .fehdG AdG e e QeCG
.fe e g jQG RdGh CGh QdG H
HG H Hh bT H e b QeCG H Y
RGdG M Ho eO LGh J b ,kHZ
zfg{ .jQdG jhdG jQWGed QG
.dG Y dG e dG EG IMS
hQH G g :FdG j gEG Y

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

dG Gg a Y FdG jDhQ Y EGh

d hO dG TG dH Eq G Y a dG
dBG d Y zdG{ dj dG HQGe hOh
be{ jS Sd de .Uh eYEG
FGdG ,qJ EG TdG{ GH ,zjQG
ad de e JdG j zke jQS
edG M ij
q CH Vh Hh k Y dJ jQS
dGh gQEd IQDH fC ,VQCH bPdG HG
e bYh fEG .YLG dGh dGh
dP cGG jQJh fe Hh G
dG zOGaCG{ Cch .d OLh GdG e AG
,bY zd{ d UT O QdG
eQh dGSGh j G G dG
.dG ah ,jdG
Y j ,G IcGdG Y T c
NGO ,AMCG { :Thdg jQe LG
Je ,HK Ve ,G NGO Qhdh
,jG
o
hCG g e ,QdGh QTCG JQG VQCH
fGdG YG Y dj fCG UG .S
QGdG e CG W ,J fCH fG CG
e dG g d fCG Wh ,JGP g j HCGh
Gk QGSG cCG J CG YLG dG
ZdG Y ,G S a .jQGSGh k feCGh
ehQh jQH hJ ,eRCGh GQdGh hG e
IG jQGSG J CG hO hdG JRLG je
j CG WdG d .IMGh d a
,QdG EG WGG j .kY dG cCG ja
J bJo iNCG YH j ,QNCG CGj
j ,OhG f Gcj CG dG Y ,QNCG
j dG e b ,dG FGdG aJo CG
dG SS f Ia ggh ,NBG b V
j GVGh YG Gg c dh .c
gCG .GMCG j KCj fCG hj ,dCe QWEG
GVG Hh IQG jPf Y H bdG dP
H fCH j e g ,SdG d j dG
bGh GJ RGh GQG CG W ,kFV AT
.1z?
dG QWEG j .dG H j e dH Gg
OdG gH Aj LQd
k flh Gk e SdG I
.z?Ic KCG dCG{

61

Ia b eO fG dG FdG e
) dhdG hCG dG e Cq G ,IQdG AH e b
TdG OL SQe g
q hj Gfc (Gc f
Gg .fe V CGe AfEGh eO jdG
a IQc L d SQGh !WH H
edh jQdG d G IcGdG dh
e dG e J e ,UG Lh Y
k fGQa Th ,Hh SG b jQS SS
GdG JLJ H dG H k SS
g gSQeh
.jQS H e dG dG WGdG
q
HdGh dG jQdG bQdG edG e
.jdG dG jQS

jQ``````````````````````````````S I```````````````````dG
,I`````````````d Q````````````````````````dG ````````qfgP
.R````Gh je````````d ````jd M````````````e
`````````````S d````````````````````````j e````````Y
``````````d ```````f hCG ``````G I````````````M
``````````H``````````UCG ```f
q
hCG Y`````````````````dG
`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````dG
k a``````M `````````eCG ``````````````````j ````````a

Y Sj ,e dOe g ,iNCG Ie
e jdG JLCG eh QT e dG
H dOG J .jQdG IM Me c j
k je
k K qj M Gd
k jW G J
hCG QKBG a d g GdGh .G IcGdG
hCG M eCG eG hCG M c ,MG
,jQdG QEG .HZh fi e dG QEG
fhCG deh H dGh Y G G e
H ILG hCG dG fEG QEG V LGQOEH
d .LG J e M eJ hCG k jOeh k je
bdG k jCG g d dH d G GdG
e dGh Gh dG H WdGh XdG KdG
h We e bY e SdG q CG fCT
.zGQZCG{ hCG dG AdH dG LQd hj
Lh QGSG g EG dG j dG Gd
dOG d Va e HCG .e H bDe
M zdG H aW{ eCG Y a e
GGh GAfEH GdG e dG j
q
.dG e gh dGh eG d dG

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

Halbawachs, M.
La Mmoire Collective,
Paris, Albin Michel,
1997. p.197.

60

Y jQOb SdG d eCG Ibh FQdG adG

,dH IjL e AHh feh FMCGh dRe eJ
a ,d Hb IQG fc GPEG d ;NBG h
eb dG FTdGh bdG jJ j ddG H

k jW ffEG YL J M .SdGh IQG H

H ,a cM J ,JGOY e bCJ Ve
gJ dG jOG QdG bJ ah dc gQaCG
k FL GjRCG ,GjRCG ,BG .LQG VGGh ATCG
J ,e ,T ,G gG GdY
q hCG
RG V a GhZ
hC
G
QGdG
J
,RG
q
d .ehJ d OGGh IQG .H EG f
EG ,S ,ehh hS ffEG YG
...HdG aUGh Ja f IQH j
hO fd YJ Gk a cCG dG a M
J eY Mh ,FGY a OhOQ hO ,ehe
. 5zgAGQh JGP e Gk AL k M J fEa
dG
HQCG hP ,eSCG HCG j :2012 U ,ehO
,TCG e eG f qcO EG d de e k eY fdGh
.Id BG S TCG S N Je RhJ .j
e ,Y GdG Y Gk e GRe fCG EG
fK f G b .dG dG e HGdG
Jh BGdG N ,GS dG Y .keY Sh
.dG Nd k U ,dGh H ,UCGh G
Jh jdGh fGdG dG GQJ c Y
j ,AdG Y QGUEHh .j jObG IcGdG
ObG jG QGS SQG ,SQG QhO
OdGh QSCG IcGd ,jd G IcGdh
,UUQh FGb e fcO NG e ZQ g g .ehO
.QGSG SG hCG QGSG Sj
LJ dG IQdG Y J M S KQc
dh fGY KQdG .a SdG hdG EG
,jObG M aM g dG .jQe a
iMG dGh jQd jObG UdG M
G UCG CG hQo .jdG d G
edG
q
,Gj
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IY e J fi d FdG jOG IQG a
e jY FY cJ G g ,FY
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200 U ,JGP QG ,Thdg .5

k hCG fEH j GJ fC ,H e Z OG
.GMCG H TdG dOG QN fEGh
J CG Eq G dGh ,dG bQGh
G G CG g ,dG eR jQS UN
S ) HdG PdG EG bCG iDhQ ah
edG FGG e ce eY GAah HW
jSh e k Yf FW NGh dEG ,adG cGGh
dG f J CG EG bCG YLG jObG
hCG J dG g (Lh Hf ce :SdG
g C jH eCG CG Gk HCG j Gg .INCe QK
WSEG j
q h dG e Ieh MJe AMCG
Y .dG EG jUGdGh dG H j c
,hFK k UN HTh AMCG g OGaCa ,dG
QNh FMCG QN H ej QdG a d
.bhCG e dG ,adG gcGe
j eYh ej
q eY S
IG g dh .dG dOe LH if iNCG Ie
zke{ j g .j M H ej eY d
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WGGh SdG jG dG C IeN dh
e QL dGh ,IOLe Z G QN G
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eR h .aJ fC e YG dG Jh
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k e IgJ e j CH dH
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h HQe `` gZh FW ,YLG
Gk V Gk HCG dG j gY .jdG IQdG Y
j a GMCG H ,VQCH AHdG jJ
.b hO a dGh
S .YH j h j SdG CG EG
eJ e QM Y jG Gg GhUCG HdG
H Gd GeJ ,AfG Mh .aGH JH
e k T Ve IM Y edGh GQTEG
c g .ce d FGdG .JjcP
.LC ,ce IM J V jH
RG H bdG CG d{ :Thdg G OYCG
bdG Y J YLG YGh QGdGh

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

e jQdG e dG hNh dG H Y
f GQPJ CG ch edG FGG EG FMCG
fih G JcGP e N dG dH J
UJ Gah AGG M edG EG SG
Thdg jQe JCG .FdGh dG IcGdG
e dG dGh WdG G cP Y k jCG g
fc ZhCG Mj { :b .G e SdG Ga
c e e c AL h
k hCG j dG RGdG CG
J hCG J k ej H f dG jOG ATCG
.3zQGSGh edG IQU d Jh H H
FGY
f J FGdG CG jS Sj cj
J CGh ,jQS LEG dG e %50
gL ,YLG f MJh ,FGdG g
gcCGh jQS Y IFdG WG cCG e
dG dG Gg .dG b e G d k VJ
Z
fdG dG g eJ j
q
p jh
dBG
o fl SSh jObGh YLG IjY
gh .dG fd ge YH jdGh ffdG
AMCG g H J dG INCG SGG EG Of
jT JJ H ,IjL fGY fl d
dOe e fEG .zH fh
IOT
q
q H f{
GdG Eq G bCG M k e bCG e Ggh ,dG
edG SG ,IQG ,dG g eG g X
dG .SCG a SdG AGG AG fGNh
h dG AH Aj e j , qdG Y YCG
M ,dG Y d IGOCGh dGe H EG ej
ed H Lj dG ZG
c Y fG d
q
.MdG e H iNCG FGY
fl dhdG id CG T ,GS IY b
FL edG a G QT j J
j c hG CG hj .NG Sh HdG
IQdG bQ dG e M MS J EG
GeCG ShDhQ GQSH MS Be ebEGh
Y G H CG Mh .jQS jG
dG M fc ,VG Y HdGh VGYG
!e HGhCG hCG Gk QKBG G CG M eGdG
G IcGdGh ObG YLG dG e
Z Gda .dG gP d e G dP
4

QG ,Thdg 5
200 U ,JGP

63

J CG EG VG TCG IY OU Hh jdG
,hY HH QM H ,eO EG Jh M
dG Y bJ gh Fe .2012 T jf
.Y Y k SCGQ HGh IOG J qY f Y
GhVG jdG UG c e J gh M eh
dM ,AGdG e fCG CG je IQOe EG
.ihL hO ,JdG dM J CG h ,Rh GfG
Jo CG f Oc ,ed dUh jCG hCG
QGdH SdG j CG c J .fH
OJQG c ,M e WdH QT fOCG hO
gG c ?Iee jeh gGh YG
jQSh N{ de Y bU AVEG
j CG Wd c H J ?c ?zH
aGLh eR L dc c zc{
V GMh SdG CG QJ UCG Ia H .fl
Gk L UG d
q cCG J IMh c CGh cCG L
.dOG dGh WdG f hO ee dG
jh G hQ e j
q JGP H eCG Gg dh
.IjG G fGd j
eO jQ jdG dG YJ e
c ,eO je ce SQGe EG BG hfh
e j KZEG edG TdG H
YL Y CG Y eGbEG Yh jaGdG J
hf e dc GTG .SQG NGO eeh e
dhDH SMEG hO OQGG Qg EG LdG
eHG J H fc dG J ,jNBG
g .UG fe e G
M T k dhfi ,jM
q
aj ,jG AdG EG AfG k jQT aj
EG Oj CG bdG f eCGh IQGG e dH
jNBG Y G e dG e aj fMCGh ,QGO
.H eCG Ghj jdGh KZEH edG
jG fdG zjcG{ f
jQdG Ld dG VhCG Y k VG
ZCG CG HG f W cP e H e .d
a d Ie cG k fMCGh IT dM LdG
fC h ,MCG fGa H OGM dNO H
h ,WGe jM hCG eCG AZ CG hO ae
G ,fC H ,G H dYG H
q c dG dG QWEG Gha ,hCG
.JM j
2
SY M c ze M{ GH de

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

,SY M
q 2
M{
,dG ,ze
2012/9/7
QG ,Thdg 3
193 U ,JGP
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:qJ EG TdG{
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k jQS
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IQdG SGQd
jJ ,jQdG
2012 hCG

62

U dG iS Y e ,Yc gMJ
.IMGh Ie IdG ebE eG
hCG k jJ ZQa a dG J , JCJ{
M e HGHCG J ,iNCG h k e ZQa
.Ie YG J M .OGh GQG EG AT
gYj AT .fc c Jh SJ dh
T Y ,OLdG Y bJ hCG J fCG OYd
jQOb ,G bdG dP N ,geDe j CG
Gj CGh H e ghj CG ,dG eCG QhG Y
SWh JYLG IQU J CGh SGLCG
hCG IVM G dP ghM dG JMGh
c dh .Ik Te FYSG e k FGO Gj CG
GdGRe fCG ,J jdG gYe CH S
VG e VG gY CG fCGh Gfc c
.9z?dP eCG eO d J EG
,UG edG JjJ jOH NBa ,fCG eCG
e ,AG Y j CGH dG dG a e ,ffCG H
hCG GG e ceCd Yd c ,dG e
eRe e AdG jh GG j c
q
M FSCG QSH eGG YSCG .Gh dG
fEGh ,G Y ,a jQdG EGh g fEG bCG
fdG JQH fCGh fCG dG :f d
,jdG JQUh MdG IG ,GfG eR e
,dG dG ,jS ,VG dG hCG jK LhQS
SdG ,jGh TH Meh HQG IQMh hdG
,jdG dG eCG ,dG ,cG eGh
H ,jQRdGh fMh eJ H ,dG ,jdG
fGdGh fGG IQdG ,dG H ,eCG ,bT
dG KCGh ,a G QT ,NG ,bQ Sh
...fdG eGd H dG

a jcdG o EGh .bGdG QhJ H

Ch ,VQCG a e dGRe fC da YG
d h ,Y k LQN k jOe Ie VQCG IQU
.7zVQCH WMEG OhJ CG INCG

q j CGh ceCG SdG j CG j{

EG .Sh gGbh JGQbh jdG JGOGSG
M J UTCG e Y hCG k T CG
dG J e k bfG EG AT hCG VQCG Y G
J Hh H e HGQ OLh H j dG
H HK HGdG dP CG hCG AdG dP hCG VQCG
j YLG UG eCG f g .f AdG
CGe CG .e H hj OGaCG CG ,bGdG
e b CG j G M SCd Mf
S
o c .J d G IcGdG NJ
CG hCG VQCG e AG Gg T e hCG c EG
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http://whc.unesco.
org/ar/list/1348#top
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Archeologie.
syrienne
http://www.
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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

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http://www.dgam.
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21

php?d=288&id=973

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ar/node/599026
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com/2012/09/12/
syrias-lootedpast-how-ancientartifacts-arebeing-traded-forguns/#disqus_
thread

73

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72

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e VQJ G IGhG CG Y Y Vj Q
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e
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HGhQ L dGh OdG e j h ,WGd
dG CG j Y a .bGdG e Z ,adG
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jQdG WdG Oj e gh .Oc hCG HY dG a
c hj GOQH aGJ e jh ,WdG IQGM e
H Gg .e d dM hCG dG VhCG S
dG Y Y de aGdG adG HGhdG J
.aCG bGh jH f d .OQdG dG
jQS IGhG Y Fb Y aGd
d j CG ,L hCG L jh ,WGO
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Y j e hCG .QdG dG H zIOG

.G Gg dG Y Ye KEGh jO SS
Gg Gk L dGO Y eh YGdG jdG bGe
jOdG eG If gCG Y J h .dG
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G e Gk ah fjdG LQG IQGRh SG
dc .QH M FQ IOH QdG OdG WdG
zJ{h
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e jQS SdG jcedG jOdG dG
bG SdG JdG Y e c Ggh .SCG H
QdG d fG dG Qf QJ H GdG
j
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qn
.jQJcdG JMW Y dG
dG Gg Fj zbCG e Y dG{ dG
dG jCG e Y OG H e M ,gG e
H jQdG QG GdG ,e jH ,OSG
G cJ b Y EGh .e Th e Z
,SEd jOG adG YdGh HhQhCG OdG
fa G M) dG IYU fc bh
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k e GjS PBGh
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j CG dP CT eh ,KGG b Y HdG adG
a .dG T Fe j dG jT Gk QhO
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j SS J Y JGdG IQGOEG Ia Jh
IQb U fc e cCG V HM de e
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fe cCG SS `` ja GQJ OGWH a Jh
j zJGdG IQGOEG{ QT UCG ,d
k e cCGh
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Y ,OdG WdG Gh d QdG dG
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N dG JJ ,bEG iG Yh
Yh GRQdG Oe eYR H Oc Oc fG
zfGRQdG G{ V M h .LhCG dG
jh) QdG d OG bEG ddG
(d QGPBG 14 ibh ,cJh bh jOdG
bEG ddG zfLhCG G{ V

k c ,hG QdG dG EG ,j dG OG
dG dG Mh bGdG dG idGh GjEG e
.SOdG dG Mh
cdG VQG CG Mf f cJ NGO h
,jQdG IQdG e be ,J edGh jQdG
LhCG M Yjh .QdG dG EG bCG be
.jQdG IQdG S zcJ QdG ib IMh{ EG
aUG bGG g AGQh CH jj e eCG
e e b jdG j .ge HGbh
M IOb Jh ,cdG Qd YLG IYdG
EG aVEG ,jdG e k e Gk OY SOdG dG
b .cJ Oc f Qj e ge g jdG CG
b e S d ,Ge eY Mh Gg j
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eL WGOh fl eR
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fCH H aUG HdG dG GQK H
m SG GQK
IQdG Y UH j Ggh) K
dSG EG YdG OdG G Hh (jQdG
cS bCG jQJcO fCG dG id .hCG
zJL{ e k jf J d ,LCG MG EG
JL e fCG OdG id d HG .edG
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dG H ,Od eb e CG WSEG j
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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

dG T
GdR J hM QdG dG CG g UG
j e AGS ,H M EG bEG Y dG
bCG LQHh ,OdH j e hCG ,jdGh dH
e J dG GdGh) dh jQS G
j bh .(GH jQdG IQdG fG b e
j CG `` dG S NCJ c `` fCT e e Gg
dG{ FGN SQ IOYEG jQS dG idG Y
edGh jdG bCG e{`d
k M zShCG

79

a QR JQG Y jY T Jh ,jG
ceCG EG IASEG hCG ,Afh WCG a S S H
.dG H UG IOdG
cJ dGh dGdG M OU YGJ
IQdG Y OdG dG e EG K
dG M j dG jOLdG eRCG e WJ
ZQ eh ,VG dG GdG SOdG
eR IOSG jdG jOdG SdG cG
da .2004 VfG HEG Ja dG IQOG
IQhG Me bV SOdG dG
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IOY Y FdGh ,G ddG dG Ga
Qe G dP e NO ,H M EG YdG OdG
fGh efG a Ka ,ac H QGfG
n M
qn eH ,e M EG jdGh LdG OQGe
.e k bfGh jQS dG QdG dG Y
dGh dGdG M OU T iNCG Mf e
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OdGh jOdG dG LGh b ,dG hCG cQJJCG
dG f fc dG G jdG dH OdG
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Id dG jf jOdG d dG G
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d
k e
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OdG f dSG HH a ,jOdG
G dd HfG Jj gh ,kjJ
Y LhCG MdG aG j dG cG
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Y eg cJh (G) zdG dhdG{ Gch
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c IG eG g FM S
dG zJGdG IQGOEG{ U IQdG jQSh cJ e
fh ,cJ d SS aCc LhCG MW
GP WG CG zHdG SOc{ d He
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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

78

hCG g bh GMC VY f dh ICa J

iJ jH Y JM IQhS f fEG .g
,dhO bJG AGL e d VJ fCG fOCG G
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dG zdhO Ie SOc{ MhWCH zH
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q
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HH MC Gg be IjH Va
c
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dG jQdG OhG J 1920 S
jQd WQN b G jQJ j h ,IOLe
dG jOdG OdG j e S h OhG H
OH ahe ,OhG Me Kfi dhO EG Vo
HH a J dG dG jQS hCG dG
h d L h M J gQYH b cJ h
a dG Y H jOQe h H QjO h UG
bdG OhM J fc ,jOdG zT Gjh{ jTH
SQo dhdG g OhM CG dPh .jdG Y Lh
HT Y Ie e cCG dq Yh
o q Lo bJH
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?``````f`````````g `````````````gG```````````````````HEG ````g
eMh fdG GfG IQGOEG H K AGHG
AG H
k
jQWGeEG KQh dG edG QJJG c e
Cg jJ e ehdG VfCG OhH fdG
S bJG VfCG Y 1923 d GRd bJ
Y SOc c b M dG ,1920 d
jh a NJ SOc J dG OdG e AL
dG Qb S N e YL ,dG UG
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H a Y ,J h GAdG H HJ
ibh FH ,dG e e b h VQCGh
k cJ UCG dG dT H ,Geh QGeh QfCGh

z[...] WdG dG g IOb Y g [...] [zHdG

zO j H{ WGdG OG M g OG
.[b e g e jdG]
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a ,jQdG jdG VQG SGh J
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HdG VQG Hh H bdh ,QdG OdG
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G :Fe Y e Z LEG e V
J
l
CG fMCG Y j dG SdGh adG jOdG
ch .Th VQCG jQS IMhh ,G jJ M
Gg j e g UJ VGh eCG VJ
.[g e jdG] zb Y d ,Fb LEG
cQe EG SGQdG J .iNG Me e H h
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H zdG g{ zO j H{
q
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fc G GNEG cM CG bCG d ,fMG
d VQe dCG b IQdG e dG dG jd
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:

zSS f JGdG dSG eh ,J
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eh bh ,1988 Y [...] M He dhCG
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G jOdG ehG YJ fKh .[...] GdG
c dG SOdG dG M IOH cJ
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dG MdG SdG dG QWEG fch ,Geh
IdG J N d [...] .jQS GOch HY L
UJh KJ [hCG] .jNCG ejO J fc
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eNh bGdG jOdG GOdGh [QdG] dG
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je bGe QJ ,2003h 2002 eY h
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q
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jQJ d ee
gAH JdG hj dG SdG jDhdG Y
jj e jDhQ G c a ,J e SSCG Y
gJ dG dG Lhh gQaCG EG bCG fCG
CG HY jQS fcCG AGS) QdG WdG dG
q EG
MC`S ,(jQJ aKh jOh KEG fe jQS
ICGG eG Y FdG G dCd be
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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

81

eh a Qh SG LCG e OdG Gg JCj

ad jQdG fG
f H M QJh
u
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M cGT SCG ASQEG H ,jOc HY d
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J a
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J dTEa .SdG jDhQ IgL
j hd WN e IgL Ff OSG
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JdG j M dG hdG S h ,jQhdG
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jQS OdG edG YdG qJ d
jQS UN Oc J hCG SCJ{ dH
J HdG edG G fc bh ,1957 Y
Y b HH Hh dP b .gGQP YCG e IMGh
Y SS J jQS jOdG dG X bCG
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dG GG f Yh
s
e IH aQ{ (zY{) HGK K j EG
LQO eh ,[QdG] OdG JGdG YdG ie

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

80

.(1840 ` 1830) fdG dhdG SEG LCG e

SdG fCG GY ZG hG f Rj h
YTE GOeYh eOh M JT dG adGh
JGdh JGH aKh jH OdG Yh Jh
b ,(Heh a Zh OGfh jeh aU)
Fb SS Ic QdG YdG G NO
,jdG hCG eQCG hCG OdG hCG dG Y JGH
Lh ,ke BG jfh jT LdjjG H H
Afh FGh eh k YbG) OdG H GQfG d
.edG OdG T e gZ H c (T
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aCG .kGQGe fdG GfGh IQGOEG aQ
IQK Fb ?fg gGHEG g jQdG jgG T
bMCGh H KCG L Y bCG dG jhGdG L
k KKCG jQCG { IQG L
k Fb IQdG jGH e
e T jQdG IjG CG f
eo H
n
n h .z
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Y GOeY GQKh 1923 Y zQhfH{ c Yo
M ,QbdG ZBG S IOH 1937 Yh 1925
FGG a TCG L d jQh jG VJ
G (f) IOb T d .GJh HGN Sh
WdG dG dG fe jQS OdG
IjG MG fa G f G hO ,e dHh
.edG hH e fdG eGb H jQdG
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e J EG ee Z FfH SGQdG gJ
,jQdG dhdG qJ AH Y S S INCe
SOc h GdG SOc KM LQNh
zM{ IQ) jdG dG fK cJ
IQdG IOb Ah GdG zfCG{ eh
dP b OdG Cch (eO EG cJ Od G
jQL iMEG hCG GjS j Gfc
.VdG JadG G

dhdG EG OH eQo Gg .k jQS GZ dG HLh

GOc L H e ao e AG Gg jQdG
G jQh M GSCG dd ddG JGOGeGh
G eSG AHGh .(dGh jdG) dhCG OGd
e HGL e HY Fb cJ jG
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Y dG EG G H JdG gj
EG ITe ,jQdG dhdH OdG EG e S 37
Oc SS M hCG J jQJ ,1957 S
Oc SS Yh J e QYH
zHdG edG G{ e VQdH jQS
1947 S CG Se zgGQP YCG e IMGh{
,(dG) HY eb M hCG SCJ jQJ g
CGh ,GS H edG dG Y SCJ H
fCGh ej J b j jUd edG OG
jFY GMCG G MG g b g J
Gh WdG dG) edG e TCG Jh
Gh G GNEGh YLG edG QdG
OdG RJ dG WGe QGZ Yh .(YdG
.Jhe H c dG g Y jQdG
hCG j ,bUh dU G ,JdG CG hj
SOc SS J hCG CG G IQTEG j
SOc) edG je SCJ (zjN{ e)
Yh OdG LdG e 1927 S (HdG
Gd SCdG LG QTh .H Qhb G
G FGTh f fl GY 32 dG
eh GjEGh GdGh cJh jQS e SOdG
J M (M ,M ,eO) QdG NGdG
dG Gg Vh
.We dL dG e e
q
fSOdG jDhdG Vd eQCG AYCG SOdG
IQd dG Gg Nh .OdG Z eGbCG dTh
cJ SOc) ZBG L IQG jOdG
CH dG Mj e ,MGh 1930 S (dM
KG jQS Od G SOdG YdG
bh .jQdG jOdG dG QN e eGY f g
OdG OH CG SSCG jQJ M JdG a
IQeEG ,zWH{ IjL Aa g dM jQdG IjG
jdG MdG e GQJ cCG INCG fSOdG
H fdG Y b dG ,jdG Mf eh
TH gGHEG M e KdG dd HhQhCG YdG

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

dG QH
zdG
q eM{

83

dhdGh dG ILCG Qc X OdG VGQCG

LdG e Jflh SCG ISCG e OGaCGh
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jfK OdG dG j :eg Xe
G dG J f (HdG SOc) IjG
,L SC ,kSGQO be OdG dGh .H
a j GPEG ,dG CT fCT ,OdG C H
J dP eh .F XH hCG L SGQO H j
.G IY Y S ie Y XG OdG f
,kjOc IMGh FGHG SQe je CG Qj c
.JGQGOEGh dhdG FGhO FS G Y fc c
M IH hCG fCG hCG H bY e dd a
?SCG f id SOdG dG
NGO eGY 2004 VfG
OdG VfG Y GdG Qhe SGQO JdG
jG GQdG e gQYH 2004 S
2002 eY dGh OdG TdG bGe H
EG bJ e ,a .GdG hZ e 2003h
e bJ H (Gg) zjOc LMG{ Sq e
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G GSGh ceCG EG YdG e fH
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q H (M dG G H
G SCc H W dG IdG c ,GNEG
Gd dG HdG ceCG hdG EG .jL Y
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jS MG Gg J S e cCh
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YR
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f Y QGjO Y e ,Gec 350 OGeG Y
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k
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o We EG
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o
p oCGh .dhdG QGe IC fc dG YGQdG
GS
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b e SdG Yd Vfi SGQdG SJ
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b Y jJ ddG MG h .zfb{
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SdGh SGdGh Yh ajh IZh Mh SdGh
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````````````````````````````````````````````dG j``````````dG
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H````````dG Zh ,```````Y ```WG```````G ````a
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.``````jO```````````c c GPEG ``S h ```````fG
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jQdG d AGS jOc ASCG GSG e OdG
ZCG eh ;LCG ASCG gQYH dGd hCG
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jOdG dH H e dG OdG Y Mh
G hCG XdG e dG FW SQGGh FGhdG
e H FdG ed dG e eG hCG
EG LdG OdG Gg Ad h .dhdG eCG
SQGh dG fGdGh adG eGhCG GY
e GQdG e Gg .fdG f QN

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

85

OdG e BG e IM CG SGQdG J
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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

95

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

94


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AU Z fi Vb ALa eY 2008 dG dG GUdG jhJ dM dG g
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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

jQG g
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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

96

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,bGh SdGh ObGh YLG iG

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n jo CG Cf fC 2011 dG e hCG jJ
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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

.VZ NCG LhRh ,e eCG .dG Uh

:RH dG j gNCGh
S ?BG LhS e .qW LhR .Y dYh IjH
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99

m Gh jQZR
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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

98

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

101

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

100

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

103

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

102

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104

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

De{ Ob CG d S) b CG IQKEG Y N e
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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

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hdG gCG MCG c G G NGO dG Cq G

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

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119

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

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*?Nancy Kanwisher et al, 2009, Reigniting Violence: How Do Ceaseres End

http://www.hungtonpost.com/nancy-kanwisher/reigniting-violence-how-d_b_155611.html

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fb Y Fb fa WGO YTh ,QCdG fb
jhS IG fjdG G eh !JjJ e Hf
je SG `` dZ SG G G ,dG L
q
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d{ LG ,e Gj IOS G j c GPG
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G d LM ?AT CH G f
g
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e ,IN e cG e c H dG e j dh
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q ,KG
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d c ,fK L e d .L e Gg .dG zb{
G bj G Va d S .j G Qj e

.JGP FdG fG IOYEG Y U CH G N

g IOS jRL Y QU dG dG Ea g e
Qb Yh ,SDe g FdH fG Ib Qb Y
g f fG IOYEGh FY fG IOYG Y Y
.ehbh Th FdG J SCGQ
jW Y H TCG IOS jGhQ G eG M
IOS jRa .Se jf dh ,jZG SBG
acG d .jOhCG e e L Y ij
q
b acG d ,Jj dG OJ dG LG
. .jOhCG M c ,JdG g fG M h ,dh
IOS jRL dG Uj dG LdG cG G
JdG dG IOS j .jOhCG cG Y g
JSCe IhQP LdG j ,HG aO Y .dG g fG
Ggh .zSEG j M d j d{ fG Qj PEG
a jdGh ehbh T
NCG bh ,Fda
o
!ehb b b ,dG Gg Y
QcP e OH fG GL Md bd
IOS jR G dP .QcdG gOGaG g FdG :Fd
fG G .zje FGdG JU{ j
dG J ,HG
q
da .G dG NJ ,G
q j
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HGh dEG n HG HG{ G G J G .jQP G
!jdG G fYh fQOh fM f gh ?zjd Hp

DhdG g Y HLG e f d
,NBG e ec dG G aj QG G M
fdG IdG ze{ Y QSG Gh ,zdg{
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p
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fdG gG EG dH IOS jRL EG j
dG HG e e ,VGaG Fc iS d
H JDj dG FdG J e g hG ,Ohdg aG
dG e jd ,ddG dG GH e ,H e
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q
.zNBG{ Y g H JGP
IOS ihQ ,V fCJ G hG f IQOH jG hO
g .dG gGhQ c TdG Y daCGh JM
j c g ?HfP Y IQc aGYG H OG
?GdG H ,edG G ?d jNBG J G a
Jp b fG IOS Vh jdG ,GMG c
g jG eG d j d dh FGH e
AfG a .GL aj c e Gg .cd Fb
c Y dG dG fb 1991 S QU ,G
fGh .IQdG jdG G J JG FGG
LQ hG SS M FGG ASG g dP e
M FGL{ fG QYG Y dG e jO AYh
b SG b LJ ,dG Gd !zdhdG eG
dJ c ,dG IOhOe b .IOS jRL
.IdG MG hG eG aGe
G d j c GPG IOS S ,eG e j e
Oj ,dH FGG J PEG fG LG .FGL cj
.dG HG icP Y a qcjh ,iNG QaG c
,GSG H TG fCH jOdG Mj b ,HGd
g zG{ .G Yb e e dG c fG G
jQdG zfGb{`dG aj fCH zJb{ qcj
G SH dG e hQJ
d{ :zg{ G
q
.dP e cG K H .G GUb j ,zGj
aj S G j FGH G zG{ Ga
jh
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GQe ,OdG Gg Te GDS Y GOQ b ,za
e YG S{ dG VGh Hc UG db b e
,d .zIN cG ,cG H dh ,a

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

fdG jdG Y e G
q
M ,ze M{
g
,eG
jf

,IOS
jRLh
q
YCG jdG gOGaG Y dG J dG dG
G{ Gg YO ,fa Hc QhU Y .QCdG YCG
jj dG zhS>BG{ efH cQG EG zG
Y .M adG eGdG TG gh ,> QfH
nY HJ fdG fdG IdG jSG e
Y
q .dGh Gh fdGh d eeh
CG cQG JQG GP :qG SH > IS
?FGH YEG b e f efdG Ghj
G ?CGdGh dG eGMG dP Ga g
Ghe dG JdG G
q gh ?edG b e g
Yj S c e c aGYG MU
H eY dG JGP GMH ejh efdG G
eG G j Gfc cQG G G ?G zeR{
?jJ zQX{ T d O

191

zdG OSG{
dhG JG Ve f> G j ,GQdG H
zdG OSCG{ jQb YSG j
jdG
q
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dG Y zdG IOSG{ Kh dG zK{ j
eRe KdG o dGh
.dGh edGh ,OG
q
UJ Oj ,zQG f{ jGhQ .M G
OJ N QCd SdG ObG Gg UY
ddGh GOdG SGQd GAL jY H jOMG
:fdG jdG GWG dG
fG{ ,jO Qc zOG dG ,GoG dG{ .zae Y fG d c QeG g Y J
z```````````````f`````````````````````````````````````````````````dG{
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Y Q``````````````````````````````````````SG ````````T
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G ````````````````````````````````````````````````dG q`````````
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:r Hp HE
n G
J d ,H ,e ,G jf { j zfdG{ .aG dG Gc Y
T QjdG Gg AGQh dG j e dZh ...OhH
,fY (...) ObG dG Y QSG
.zNBG AT c e e ,S G dG
q
Gg d j jQb Cc .fY S dG
gdG/e G{ jG qe dOe QGG
.zdG dG g Wj dG
p
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G G d
hG jdG SG e jFY ISCG zX{ d d
Y aGJ IhY d .jG jdG QdG GP
Gh G G Cj Gd .h J hG d Jh
G j KdG fbG g G Z .FdG Gh G
dG KdG fbG G OJ
q J fG ,FdG fi
gh `` zFdG ,WdG ,dG{ :FdG IdG Y J
.zjM{ J G jJ dG Yd cG bdG
dG c fi g FdG jJ G eG M
b HG e G dP .aTG zS{`d LdG

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

190

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dG fG ,KG je e .QGh e
.dGh PdG Ze ,c G d
a GY IQdGh) zIdG hG{ qM
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d j !(M G e Gk n cp K G VGaG
c ,bR c ,M c .b L h Ge
Ge JGP Y fG FY c ,jH
fG Vj dG IMdG G Uh b Lh
k f ,f fG OdG M .JGP OdG :CGJ
Jj AGYG ING QU .NBG f Jj
dG dG IhQP ,e MGh c U
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194

199

210

203

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hHHg jQG
hHHg jQG

cd GRhQ

fh ,G VG zeG{ H ,zG{
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l ,Y Y fC ,Ye f Y Y
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r
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J G Y dhDG ;VQCG Y zjNBG M{
g EG Gh ,zAHdG{ Yh zeG QHdG{ Y
fdG H JdG G dP .zLQG IeGDG{ f G
!fdG ddGh GOdG Y jZ fq C ,e eG
,S IhQP H b FGdG CG hj ea dP eh
,IMdG e Qb cG M b fG hJ eY
dGh dG NCJ GdH dG J
dGh jdG YdG GMdG e d OY Ic
G QfG Ggh .HQG WGh FdGh
gdG f g PEG ,JGP FGdG G Rhe d
X FdG MJ eH gdG :JdG hOG
UY GNG feH gdGh L e IMGh IOb
,OJ H QJ e a e Y ,eh FdG
J Va EG eG VG d M ,IMGh fGMh G
,G g f J a .dG SGH fGMdG
e FdG Y dG Va Z ,GMG MG
.cG NGO
HH jJ J G e ING gna Gg
zfZ{ IdG jQGL gG d SH
dG e FYCGh QGq G ee J M
.NBG Y gMGh a ,FYGh
dh ...G SH HH e ee hO d
gGcP Sh ,G Ga MCG N .L
:dOG g ICa L eQ ,1986 SdG
IFGdG CG Gg .ze MGh c NGO hdG QU{
.jQdG G HgdG
o jeBdG jDhdG g bfG
,b b JdG QU .zNBG{ SG d
.U U

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

192

cM b eSEG HdG jQdG e gGX

g Cq G hHHg ijh .(gZh dG IQKh ,eGdG
Ma hCG jQ UCG Y e Cf e AGS ,cG
,YdG bh jG b e MGG RH hCG
e QCd NU fEG .dGh dG Y k Y k LMG
H eZ Mh ,Gh IhdG UCG eh IdG
gjNh FNCG dGREGh ,HfCG GfGh gQXCG
.jOdG AdG SdG V
jZ ,gL ,cG g W ch
jL Y SdG j CG gh ,WdG
fEGh dG hQ OJ Y H ,ee
cG g CG EG .IGhG b Y SdG a ejh
hM e fGL e ,W M e ,HJ dG
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jY EG J L fc ,jG HdG
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j HGe Jh ,IdGh jdG eGGh GgCG
LQOh a AYCG dhDe Ojh cG GWCG
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n
de
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m
G Ie Y IRQH GTD
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g CG c dP e gCGh .dG jQdG GQe
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GdG f LdG RJ IKDe aGhQ eCG NBG
e S jG jQdG J dG idG
GQdG eh ,dG SG GQdGh G
.ShdG Gk NCGh ,ceCGh ,fdGh ,YdG
db e Cq G ,dG Gg ,hHHg jQEG jh
cG Y eGZ ffCG QdG jEG G
dG e jdG djEG L MdG
Y YG e c Y j ,Y SdG
dM { ,f ,MdG gL fc d .UG

eL - cH d k FQ hHHg Y
eG jc e OY Gk FGR Gk PSCGh ,d
CG EG aVEHh .jSBGh ceCGh HhQhCG
G dG cCG EG LJ b SSCG JdDe
e Ea ,(VG dG GdG HdG a )
dG e Od fJEG g dG KCJ SCG
djEGh ,fCGh ,fdGh ,jfEG :gRHCGh
jdGh OcCG JegG EG aVEGh .fSEGh
dh ,RG S ge RY fEa ,SdGh
Y NBGh ,G Gg e ch SGQO
.MGh ehGh RG H HGdG

Md VGh .dH SGQO Hdh ,JdGh e
jRdG YdG XJ KEG ,1933 Y fjH EG
e iNCG Weh ,djEGh ,dGh ,fCG TdGh
ah TdG OU
JU ch .SdG HhQhCG
n
jQdG SdG FGQBG jJ c KCG dGdG
KCG HdG g Cq G c .cQG e HGbGh
dG gGXh jdG V dG JegG
.KEGh jdGh bdG
Y Mh eG JSGQO cCG ,d h
eL zdc c{ e jQdG GQcdG
cH c -d eL Gk Vfi Yh ,jc
Y YLG ObG jQd Gk PSCG UCGh .1978 Y fjdG OcCG
k eRh ,1970

U Y g jQCdG
jdG eG cCdG Y hHHg jQEG QO
,ZU j h ,jQdG Oj fCG Y dYCG d
IL J c KGMCG j hCG Fbd QDj h
c ,fEG .AGdG Y Kfih eGbo e zNQDG{
cdG MdGh bGGh QdG EG Lj EG ,j
SSCG jQdG gGX SQa ,a G
G SdG IM IKDG idG GMCGh
Zh ITG Ffh HSCG jh ,jdG
,ee f Y H H Hjh ,ITG
adGh ,YLGh ,jObGh ,SdG G
Hf IQU FdG G J H ,ASG hO
Y J ,e Me dG bGd IH
.MGe e j eh j e e L f
dG dG G dG QWEG S h
IdG{ G JdDe hCG SG ,hHHg a
,1959 Y QG ,(Primitive Rebels) zFGdG
eC
q G g KG dG NQDG Cq G YCG d
.AGS M Y VGh VG SGQd dEG LG
Z KM dG YLG cG CG ij a
bh ,jdGh Y SdG fdG HLh HhQhCG
gQO LG Yh ,fSEG dfCG Ma H
Fbh J ,U aG Mh ,fjH
gHh b dG n e
q k KGMCG hCG ,H dG
cCG aO M EG gdG e d fCG c .dMh
m
k VY GQa
gQYG hCG J EG NQDG
m
e ,Jh) TdG FdG OdG e Ik HY Mh
dG NQDG ZCG H bf dG HQG g ,iQCG

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

``````fG````bCG ````c `````````````````j `````````````d

j``````dG ```cQ`````````````````````````````````````G e
````````LdjjBG k U```f JH```c q`````j
Ig``````X hCG `````````````````bGh Y d`````````````d
.``````````````e ````````````jQ``````````````````````````````````J
GhOCG ``````````````````````````j ```c ``````````H
Q```````````````````WEG ````cQ`````G g``````Gh
A`````````cPh fh`eh `d````````````H ````````dG
fjH dG Sh ubo ,1998 dG h
dG e k YT c fCG e ZdG Yh .dedGh
Y jQd JadG hdH Of fCG EG ,1936
EG jdG YdG G Y Yh ,1956
Qe Y k afi Xh ,jEG YdG G
.dG JSQh jdG JLJ jdG cQG

195

Y jUG SQGdG ShCG LEG j e K

(2012 `` 1917) hHHg H L jQEG QYG
;HhQhCGh fjH jUG NQDG TCG e Gk MGh
RHCG QYG EG Yj jQdG MdG Eq G H
NQDe aCG hCG ,LCG dG jCG g NQDe
,L EG k L ,Vh EG hNBG h .jdG dG
`` 1902) jOhH fa MGdG fdG QDG e
,dG hHHg IQGL Y hCG dG qcJ .(1985
SGQO OHCG OG edG dG YVG fh
iNCG S fdG dG J H ,jG jQdG
Qe H e ,dG e dG dG e
,jQdG gGdG G OG cQG
SdG UG dG bGh e jdG eGdGh
OG dG e dG dG FGhG M YLGh
dG SGhG gh M ,QGSGh ,jdGh
GMCG AGREG jG FGQBGh bGe Y dG ,Y e
!zHdG HdG{ a ,YdG
fG EG ,kYT c hHHg G e ZdG Yh
cQe c d .bdG dP Ydc j
jQdG HdG Y fl SGQO fCG d ,G
cQG e fGbCG c j a ;GfBG adCG
Y dd LdjjBG k Uf JHc j
q jdG
j c hHHg EG H .e jQJ IgX hCG bGh
dH dG QWEG cQG gGh GhOCG
.bdG Y QdG Y KCJ j ,AcPh fheh

dG
ja
q
Yh YT
Le .LG
jQG YG
hGHg
.HdG G
OQG ,Y

d ,a ,jQSG
jH C ,1917 Y jQSEG hHHg dh
d dGh Iah H a EG fGh ,j CGh

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

194

jc
jJh GMG Ve X jQdG Hc
r
.ac dG ShCG
fdG geh ad AadG
fY ,dG RE jdGh GMG Gg Heh
S a ;SdG FGQBG H dG hHHg
dG M PSCG JQ EG OcCG bJ NCJ ,G
ebh UdG dG LfEG e ZdG Y ,1970
.jY e cCG ee eL j jQdH
dG e T k aU LGj hHHg Xh
QJ ,dG feCG hCG OcCG gGdH d CT
eh ,NCG dG SS GQYGh SC
fCG EG gdG VQe
Ghj b jQe
r
g hCG QG .Mf e cCG jh Wj
NCJ dG dGdGh dG jdG ShCG H
``````````````````````````dh .O````````````````j ```````fEG
CG `````Y
CG ```````````````````````````j ``````````dP
q
k ```````````f````````````````````````````U ```````````````cCG
``````J dG S``````````d kGjD```````````e h
...``FG````````SEG
e``````````M
BG
EG OD```S ````````S`````````S ``````````````````fEG
``````````e VG
m QCG b``dG `````````````````dG
aQh ,HT e Yd bYG hHHg Y
bGd T ZQ YdG G e fG
ShG J Y NCJh .Ie e cCG JadG
dS FH zjdG a { Oj fCG dc
Jh . VG dG e HQCGh KdG
dG cG CH GOfG g V hHHg M
QMfG EG ,hCG G ,OCG dG g dEG fG
,j fCG jh .HhQhCG jRdGh TdG
V j CG ,fEGh dG jdG Y
Gbh fCH GV
q baQ e Gk c C ,dG
b S `` k fMCG baQ jCG Yh `` f
VY j CG j gh ,Y o eh
o jT
H IdG JG bh .J e Geb
q FG
G fo QfG H OdG e jdG Ggh hHHg
VQe jGJh ,HhQhCG SGhCGh ShQ YdG
.dhdG MdG ceCG dGh Sd

Y{ QGUEH ,dG g hHHg SG

-1914 LdG jdG dG jQJ :adG
hCG dG G e dG jQJ Y ,z1991
bdG dG fCGh JadG OG QfG M
bh .dhdG MdG Y ceCG dG Jh
q ,HhQhCG
ee zYHdG{ d HdG Ld hHHg Vh
HhQhCG jQdG SfG a j jW UN
HdG dG Y VG fdG N JYGJh
zadG Y{ LJ EG VCG fEG H .eSEGh
QfG e dG GQdG RHCG Y aVEG a HdG
.2010 Y M JadG OG
Je k gCGh k b ,if e ,hHHg dDh
,HdG TdGh SQGdGh MdGh QdG id
Y dDG UM hCG j .bCG Y d
dG H Y MGfG dG YGdGh QKBG VY
,eSEGh HdG G Y UHh ,iNCG
Mh ,YdG IQdGh ,fdG IQdG AGL
jGHh ,HhQhCG QSG SdGh ,Hf
dG Hh jG SdGh dGh dG YdG
.gGdG G djeEG dGh HhQhCGh
hHHg Y cDj e a ,dG dG eCG
HdG Ld d k N Vh dG eG
jQdG Y Vh dG HQCG QSCG d
Yh ,Od HdG dG a .UGh jG
dG e HhQhCG gj zIGdG{ c ,Y dCG ie
QdG OdG CG e ZdG Yh .dG e
IG dG CG EG ,adG H
k Ue c
b YdGh fdG JQdG fG e HhQhCG
ObG HhQhCG SJ a .hdG G Y
eSEG dG ALQCG YJ ,dGh
Jh
,LCG hd ehG hQ
cJo GYO
l
n
q
UEG Y h ,WdG QdG cH
.ke BG jdGh NGdG
Gh jdG JH hHHg jQEG J
Gk c k eSEG SCGh ,jG jQdG Y Y
JGREG M bh .baBG SJh dSCG jJ
,MJ
q HhQhCG OcCG AGLCG G Gg
LGJ H ,jG e deCH ,IQhdH
.iNCG MCG AGdG j H ,kfMCG hdH
YVGh G jdG Y ,hHHg CG EG

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

SdG dG hHHg e JJ
L M YSe ae IYb Y YLG
IdG dG e Ic Hh HhQhCG IG Me
dG eh Y HdG dG jGH H IG
,SdGh ,ObG jdGh OG
g QDG e CG ij gh .dGh ,adGh
M e dG dM dG dBGh CG cG{
cG Y ,jCGQ ,G g J h .zM EG
p G Kn eh ,J EG dP RhJ H{ ,VG
OjE
s
m
.zVG EG J HGQ
,UdG OdG Tj dG QWEG Gg h
,jQdG c YLG dG Y cjh
e hHHg q ,zYCd SCG e{ CG
nnr G SGQdG e S Vh e OY
fL EGh .HhQhC QG jQdG
cQe Qc Wfl f ,SGQdG g
zdSCGdG b e YLG dG{

Formen, die der kapitalistischen Produktion vorhergehen

ee d Vh CG H ,jfEG EG Le (1964)
.dSCGdG b fEG CG Y Se h jf
Ie Yf aVEG KdG Jh eG g fch
YLG YG d cQG HOCG EG
fc fCG c .YLG dG Y gKCG Jh dG
dM dG JadG cQG QWEG Y k LhN
n G Ie IeL P EG
IOG G fEG C
,YbEG dGh ,IdGh dG h ,FGdG YG)
:OG eG dG M b ,SCGdG dGh
.(YdGh cGTG
H e e SGQO dDG g J bh
IQdG Y (1964) zjQWGeEGh YdG{
e HhQhCG zedGh CG{h ,fjH YdG
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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

Akinsolo Akiwowo,
The Sociology of
Nigerian Tribalism,
Phylon, vol. 251,
no. 2, 1964, pp. 155-63.

215

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

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Elizabeth Colson,
Contemporary
Tribes and the
Development of
Nationalism, in
June Helm, ed.,
Essays on the
Problem of Tribe,
1967, p. 205

214

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

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Rodolfo

11

Stavenhagen,

Estratificacion
social y estructuras
de clases (un essayo
de interpretacion),
Ciencias politicas y
sociales, 1962, vol. 8,
no. 27, pp. 73-102,
p. 99-101.

217

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

Elliott Skinner,
Strangers in West

African Societies,
Africa, vol.23, no. 4,
1963, pp. 307 - 20,
p. 173.
Morton Fried, On
the concept of

Tribe and Tribal

society. in June
Helm ed., Essays on
the Problem of Tribe,
1967 pp. 3 - 20, p.15

,JGP QG ,a 8
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Jeanne Favret, Le

10

traditionalisme par
excs de modernit,

Archives Europennes
de sociologie, 1967
vol. 8, no.1, pp.71-93,
p. 73.

216

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Paris, Maspero, 1969.

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2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

Rodolfo

12

Stavenhagen,
Clases,

colonialismo y
aculturacion:
ensayo sobre
un sistema
de relaciones
innteretnicas en
Mesoamerica,
America Latina,
1963, vol. 6, no.4, pp.
73-102, p.94
Peter Carstens,

13

Problems of

Peasantry and
Social Class in
Southern Africa,
paper presented
at the Seventh
World Congress of
Sociology, Varna,
Bulgaria (13-19
September 1970)
V. L. Allen, The

14

Meaning nad
Differentiaion of
the Working Class
in Tropical Africa,
paper presented

at the Seventh
world Congress of
Sociology, Varna,
Bulgaria (13-19
September 1970).

218

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Y d zY{ H j H .aj fq Ea
GdG Cq G d eG .Ufl Y YLG JJ
e f Y j g hG k M YGf d GOdG
e ,Gf d .dc fG .YLG JGG HJ N
jdG dGh OdG H Gd k He hj fG
,jaCG L HhQhGh jaCG H hG ,IG
SdG NG jh .kSS Y fl q d
dG Gg e Y AHh dG dG NGO e
.dG
GP IMdG JG g ,jG dG ,dG G
QhdG dP d dG ,jdG fi M d .dG dG
Gg dGh .bG Y ,Oe edG dG e
JG jdG Oj e g ,dG dh ,dG
IdG{ cM Y OGjJ f b Ggh .YLG
,OdG e eH fe eM V Le ,zAGOdG
djeEd M UH J eG g Cq
dG dfG j ,Ggh .ddG ceG
.ddG ceCG zdG fdG{ SG fG Y
IdG H k HY J b jaCG eda ,dc
hP e) H jaG aJ d ,jaG T e
fq G c .jaG L S e (HhQhG UCG
edG GDe G (HdG) aSZjh Ub IYO
FGSG OSG j d JdG ceCGh jaGh SB
,YLG JGG iMEG UH ,dGh .Y HdGh
CG a g ,Y W d e YL l
p O dH g jdGh .jQdhdG
G a
GJ dh ,dG dG YLG cdG Y
JgX fq CG j Ggh .dG d GjL
dG J jdG CG VGdG a .e
hO e ,ce ch ,dG fSJ e Ac
e jdG a J dG bGG g Ic d .T
e Lj fG Qh .d TG H hO
G .G QfG j b dP Cq G ZQ ,jY hO
je Y aG EG gG g Cq G if CG
a G jdG a :YLG dG e fl
NGO aG G dG j a ,dG dG NGO
.kf VG f Y YLG J

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

220

e BG gdG FdG NGdG dGh .G

ZG 45 G .GjdG e Gg J eCG .eCG
e aJ BG .GVM c HCG ,LQ Y KG ,ShdG
p
ac ,e eY H
c .dS jg ,eJ e
TdG j .cQhO M BG .UN zFdG{
.fdG eCG c G ,G e IdG .fd
.FG G O g dchQ
.zgdG OQG e j eOBG e e
.(LCG G G j)

jQdG SHc
d ,G G H Me de jh
: LGNG Me h c
z!OSCG dG g ,aQ j ,OSCG{
.dG J e JdG GH bY CGH
CG M a dG SHdG G dP e
.Jd q d jQdG
G QOj CG CG f j c aQ dG de
OGQCG fC G jGH gCG e HdG fCG
fCG S ,G cGTG AH cQG
QfG G gOS hCG LhR e bdG
H Gc GOU S .dG jf
dG h (SH fH) dG Qc jOG jdG
G U h .ZQc Ofeh f SJe (bh)
fdG h dG Y TGh e jJ
e h hOQL JZ f e Lfl e
LGNG jh HhQ fCG KGMHG K
.TCG f zTe eg{`d fdG e
jGH zefG ddG{ je de hS
h .fCG IMhh QfG H dG
e Ic Y fCG CG H dG e
HCH ,SQ dG HGh FdGh MG
M gQYH YdG ISCe ,Meh HOCG J
.VG dG GW dG jdG
?HdG dG Y de Z GP
eSG GY e) HdG dG Y de Z CG XCG
bGdG LGh d jGh dGh edG
Y G OcCdh SSCG H Xc dU
a e bdH Ic dO hP Z g (M OdG

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

JQg L
fe Ja

223

j H fh jW NO ICa
M f e Y T bh j IjH k
.Ae gh MG
dG jdG G c .VCG CGHh eCJ
IY H) ODj dG GP : Ie jCGQ GPG J dG
QjG a G RdG HdG QhO (iNCG QGhOCG
.dG fedG eh zG{ S
edEa YfH G G a Gc V
dP aYCG T jCGQ C GS c .dG
.dG G
e dG aCG .VdG gT AG
,bdG adGh jQdG YLQH YG gG
.. G OGdS G cJQdG IQK G Za e
Sf h dGS h fi Y Y hj ch) ...G
H Qb e GPG jQd e QH aQ
dG YdG Gd dG jdG UdGh HdG
a Lh c GPe id) LhR b f Ie TG
(...JJQG dG bCG N
jdG G GP bh MG jf d
j L h IQdH e f G W Y
: dWCGh ShQ HV LhR L eCG
.QffGH e ,gdG OQG fCG .BG aJ{
dP h .fCG e j MCG h .dG q J Gg
.e c GPG G MCG e CG fC
J N...j MCG ...FGdG d j BG
HCGh IBGG eCG FdG NGdG dG fCGh e
G .Zd eCG c d .e fG j
FGQ TCG .QGG J SCG eY e GhS
W MC gPCS GZ h OQG j dG dG

c gCG (1995- 1929 ) de jg j

HSCG JGRG .jH dJH H CG G
IKDe dGR e d jdG SdG jDhQ h
h JhGV OJ fCG d c jCG hJ h IVMh
.Sh bh G J
YdGh jRdG Y dG MG YdG Gg
jG G hj IjG dGdG HhQhCGh QfG h
VY Y Y N .M Y c fCG KCG
H{ `H a j fd L Lh j
.zAG dG
LdG d jdG dG S Y ZQCG
Y e H MG JQU Y CG CG IdG
: G dG jGH h VG dG jf

Z eSCG
,QS Me
.1975 dGe
jdG{ d
Fd zNCG
(2009) H
dP M{h
a ad zGZ
(2010) Jhc

TdG Y G dG
fa VY 1997 S hCG IQdG
IQG INCG M JQe GNG e
.zfG-G TCG 3 :feL{ 1996 S
IdG G aM Y L fCG ej cPCG
U g c .jQdG WdG ddG
H .AH dG G Y aQ e Rf
gh H cG zfGG{ Y HQj
dG QG dG eY fCG L . Mj
GH .a hO G dG dP H bfi
SGQdG S fc .dG jT h Nh Gc T
iS JdG Gg Y YCG cCG h fa hCG
hCG hQJQBG OU g Y zjH{ M LGNG
fdG JQBG Ib Y JgT dG G Z
.a hOh c YH fCG

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

222

Gh LdjjH OCG bdh dG d

fGYh de Me gCG iMG .UG jQdH
G S fe 1979 zG{
zedG{ U Y H jdG dG
.Xc dU PSG QGUG h Hh
JgT Me VY NBG e g fdG IQdG
.jQH SGQO GS S H de Uf M
je{`d Sa JfCG ShdG GNG dP c
.jQO da FGdG fdG G e zjJe
CG b TT Y ec dG Sa VY
c a jOLh HS d jQO jODJ
j dG de c IOOe jdG h GAfG
.zLGhRCG f dG G L{ Y Ib
H Y QfG a J e G iJ
: J CG b HG Wfl jZG ISCG
jg G ?BG J CG g{
j e fS
Wh Yj e N cJ
HdG Yj e fAGQh JCSh
zH aSEG d Wh HdG J c
(Xc dU LJ)
T SH cP Y j ja Hh
: b CG b AH A
fCG SdG SCGh b G jdG eCS{
.zIGeEG h LQ d
LH .jdG Ye .jQY G H gHh
.HCG e b .c c W J
Y .Yh dG U eCG H edG QG
MGb-Seh HK b h S dG AG VQCG
.YdG ch SH
QMG .dH G J VdG AfG Y
d g ?dG UGj g ?j g .dG
:zjfeCG{ e dG edG MCG
MGh e H GPG AGOCG OhJ CG G d b-{
z...AGOCG UGhh gMCG H j GP fCGh ...ddG
.fl dG N ,j gh dG N
eY INdG aH jJH PSG c cJh
o
VdG QYH VdG Gg gTCS fG d b
YGOh S{ :J SGQdG GS NCG
z...HhQhC

JQg L
zdGY{
fe Ja
JQg L
zjMh O{
q
fe Ja

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

225

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

224

JJ d Me JQdG Jg H
dG dG Gd dGh edG MG
H .d j CG j GRe dG MGh
dG jGH ShQ GNG G dG
`dG L FG MG dGh jdGhMGdG
RcQSh INCG GT GS fdG 68
H SH G WdG dH de GH ,hCG
.BG OdG Gh YG IQdG
fGh .dG a j dG MG fG
: UhCd Gh IOG jQdG S eCG FG
,jHhO j c dG L j dG dP
.Dhj dG YdG gh .zG{ Me H
S GQUjO eCG WdH G YdG
Qch ]cd] GRhQ cj fH jhdG LGhh
.dG QS e MhQ jh ]d]
zG L{ UGe Y G
dG GJ hG
q
?aQ j ,zdG OGS{ ZQ

.aGG GUCG hj S dG Y .UUQ

GHJ K Nd gMGh Ghfh GSN ,NO eY
b JQCG b Ld Lh UUdG OL Gq U .dG
GP .HG G MO Oe H Sj
j :NBG gMGh Oj .aGG GUCG hj ,bdG
.FG bQCG HV c H QH Njh ,GL
c GG MCG a ,jdG .iM b IFG
.VQCG Y GO cCH L c .OL e jd e
h AbUCG ,bdG OG .G Oj c Gg
QdG e Y c GhSG ,LdG e e AGYCG
,QdG hd gGP Gfc .GG f .iG
j j fG b ,eeCG hj gh ,G b
e db b fc eCG . HCG C e Gj CG d
G
q e j fG jCG db d h .eG Gfc
Y KG H ,dP GaY .bad bCG Gd .J
,M GL b e QdG G GSQCG eY ,S
QG , M ae jQH YQ
.deh Jb ,fdG dG d dG idG
PG Y eCG M ,HCG YG Y S H -3
jG jdG e .YG e JQjd
P ,e jdG JJ .INCG G G
adG e .WdG G FGQ e J Ie
G .G jW ,WhG G b Y
HGdG eCG fG fLh K .jdG W Y QH
Y GXf .HCG Ghj CG QfH ,G jdG
.H G G Y eOb jCGQ dG
dG He .cM CHG gdG Gfc cCG GHbCG c
.HGdG Gj .GL GU GH fCG LQd Y Sh

G G g AHBG aCG c Q
.ke dp h Cl G g aCG H
OhG a dG j FGO
dG bG j
jL e
OhG a dG j S jL eh
fc e KdG h MGdG .MU HGdG -1
G XG ,HCG YEG ,1933 dG
.jS gh ,CG WGdG cGTG
,V ,AGOS IadG AdG .SG
o
.VQCG Y c GeQ e jb .N ,GUCG
.jdG GUCG e MVh cCG HCG U S
p Y .dG U EGh jdG e df
dG
,JQCG c .Lh Y HCG j LQ jCGQ
Ga eY jdG ,bP G Ohe dGh
,edG jW ,AHdG N ,HCG ,dG .aZ H
dG HCG ,gMCG .KK Gfc .Me
H
q
q R
SCG ,HCG X N AdG c .H Me
LCG ,SG eH Oj S .Lh jDhQ
.dG ZCG .Ff fG :HCG b gH .GM H Hh
PG IdG eCG GN S K fhNCj S
.gMh OY
GYCG ,U jH Xe AHCG ,FbUCG -2
.e Gj CG d Me j fCG HCG YG H
jdG M e dG ,U GP dP c
,GG aZ baQ b .J IOQdG jdGh
e OH j .QTCG b Y dL ,MdG

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

JQg L
zjdG dG J {
fe Ja

227

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

226

e jg d eb ,G SQe G H .gCG aZ
S dG GDS Y HGLh .cdG hCG FdG
e H iS e{ :ZCG Y jdG aGH
IU IAfG fGh .zAJ e{ : HLCG z?jL
fCG J fc e eCG fG fG iMCGh ,eeCG
.SdG HCG e
,GH dP H jHG MGdG G HG NG
Te aO G H zOH{ IU je
.dG b eGQCh dG d YdG
jG VGeCG L Ie NBG jCGQ -10
G QdG NCG .JdQT e
QTCG hLh WCG jPMh df .JdQT
Ae Y hOb ,G .jY YQTh
O .jG VGeCG LLdG dG G jW
QTG ,LLdG LGdG N V X ,SG
da ,HCG He W eY ,eU H SCGH
K .INCG dG e IMGh NGh jdG G
cCG G eH V hj c .HCG AL
H ,g c .VQCG Y j q N .Se e
.NBH fMGh f ,LLdG LGdG
ad je ch .MT dG Lh c
JCG ,M
.VG iOfh G dG g .JGUG
r
Y
q G f ,YGQP N .gPh SCGH IQTH
j W S .dG dEGh LLdG LGdG
N jCGQ ,QOZ eY .VG Z iMG
GRY hj c .H j
q ,bGh ,LLdG dG
.G jf IdG IadG Y bG AdG
TQhh k VfCG Rj ,YH QdG c
.JGP UUdG hCG jJ AV ,QG .AH

d{ :b .dG G Y
eY HC Gg b
o
:YS H OQ d z.IFL Y d Ge
c ,bG eCG bGh c .zO J CG j{
c ,GNCG h ,OOJ H fK c K ,IG a H
.j jW eCJ G H ddG
bh cCG .b ,zIL Lh jd S Gg{
j g C S fCG J CG j{ :HCG
G H cCdH Y HCG S Gg .GOGSJhG
LdG H z.J CG j e Gg .Y H jW H
.dC gP K .AfG Ve Hc YS

ICGG Y jdG a GH ,VQCG Y jCG Vh

QdG Y .a j dG H T .IeG
.jG HGH HG G b CJ .AeO g fc G
.jb dG H Gf CG T HCG GS GWCG -5
G Y c ,AdG h .1934 dG AT dP c
IG jdG Y ,jdG e YS Ie Y f
a ,YGQP eCG fc .jdG b dH
b h G iJQG ,eCG b
q ,b
q ,M .e
e KCG G G d c ,dG e ,dG GFY

q .fH Mfh ,jdG Y c .M j CG

.OQdG AGdG dG
.S N Y c

We ce f c ,eY Y KK H -8
eQCG g dhW G dG fhQdG .G
g dhOBG Z TdG dhG H YCG GL
XG ,HCG e J fc .1944 jG 20
G SCJ YCG dG WGdG-cGTG G
.YGQdG UEG fb V gYj
.gYj CH gYh

c .WN
q eCG Y ,Y H c HCG CG -6
d c dG jdG e e YS H Y G
.HCG gCG H qYh aZ a
.QNOG H G ,jG G e eCG UEG Ie
LdG HEG .Ic NGO cQe KH aO
LQ G hZ G bh ,YCG e ,IdG dG
Y SG JQCG .adG aO eCG YCG K .jK
Mj LQ Hb jCGQ ,fQOZ eY .hCG dG
fc .JS L dG GQhCG e K eRQ
.QNOG aO jQCG eY bG eCG G JL
eQh ,db cQe KK .V h G Cr Gb
.bG Y IG Vh K .IG Ic IHR b
b .J g h IHdG G f h ,b ,LCG
VQe HCG C .eQh hG e UCG IHR b
WH M dhJ .jLQG cBG CG j c ,d
gdG SCGh Ze FGhO b ,We e
q .j dG
.H eCG c dG adG aO J
c .zIHR j gh - db jZQe cCJ d{
,ddG GS UCG KdG .AHCG N d
eY e c .dGh hdG LCG e g M
.J S .Iah H hCG Uh

GdG Y GH j c ,1951 Y -9
MS GHY jeCG dG G HG fG ,dG
GMh H .dH G eCG aGQ .dH GJH
bj G .Fb CGbCG G eCG dL ,dG
GjdG Vh .CGbCG fCG JU SG c .QG
dG H ZCG ,eh JS jJQG ,fL
.jG e NBG fG G G eh H
.H e dG S .bQ dH fn Lh
.MGSG GYCG bdG dU H G Uh eY
hdG e IMGh Y .dG dU NO
Ae{ Wh Hb L .G ,IMh ,ICGeG
CG c IG Ae e SCc HGQ H .HT .zIG
J fc h .L gT G d bCGh gQU
.IG Ae e jG W
:bdG dU ,SG OY e dH
dGh ,YJ fcdGh ,YJ dG
K .ICGG a Y Th SCH VCG fGh .J
G G d QdG G LNh G aO
.GOQH GQf j AdG HCG dG .bJ b
IeL eHG ICGG Lh Y .H jdG b
dG jdG eCG M H HK N eY

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

Y c ,GOGSJhG g T eY -7
AfG VGe f CG fCG SQGG IeJ f
fc fG dP e aCGh .dG hG Gg Y
.bd FGL

229

QVG .dG dG Y j j CG Qj
dG Lh jDhQ SC HGdH cCH dd
HCG N .b e qcJCG .dG jT c .ec
.dG gdG QhG
q LH G SQG j c
Tb S c HCG CG d TCG
M OU HQCG be
(MdG J d eO h)
ejJd SG QRCG M
eCG
l
1871 jQH e
VY b Gd .LhR fC Y eCG -4
WGdG cGTG G GY c YU
Y cBG CG Me c .1932 dG M
HGdG Y JCG c ,IX c ,Gg .GX dhW
M jdG QdG UCG ,G H eCG jjG
,HCG SG QR Y GOOe VCG ,hCG HdG
M AH IQRh Ia b e ddG G ObCGh
,IdG dhdG G YdG LhR
Wfi .f MGJ Hch Qj GZ QJ Md
.Y aQCG CG hO cBG c ,FdG dG eH
ej
q ,HCG QNCG Y j ,e d Gfc
S c .c YG j h cdG
QVEG a IMGh Ie .jc FGQ e J h
OLh c V M eY ,G cBG CG
M jjG HGdG G SG eY .YS
AdG fc Ie NB ,Ue Y IQU fG
.G QdG JQCG fGh G QfG S .
Gc g fc .d QOZ .dhdG Y hdG j
G fCG fGh cG .G a h Y e WH
IOdG Y cT e WH Ic NBG S
.G
r
.G f h dP LhdG M
.f G fEGh
r
, K ,IQS V jdG Y S ,JGP dG
gJ LhdG jCGQ .NU h ea U ,dG eCG
.IadG G cQ .adG QN J K Iaf G
eCG j YdG c ,IQdG e jb ,jdG Y
G ddG e YG c ah .gO dG ICGG
,VQCG Y fj h fj eY c ,NG
K .dG e j G dG .Lh jDhQ SG
.M QWh fGQCG e ,dG qZ e NBG eY NO

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

228

Y dG d .g Jh .dG DdG
.dG c .G
2 KdG e
.QG e If e .YLG c IdG J
q
d d jc
jGc
Ic
iJ
G
QN
o
.jQd HY d qc .dG M dH
c hCG J gQSCG ,c eCd .ke p r a
d J M ,cQG GjQO e fl
.dG S iS AT g .dOJh dSG
.e RGJ Kh .Kc Wj aGN Nh
ObG Uh
.fRGH dG e e Uf
p
m
p
c H GY ,LfG GZd IQq c
o IQdGh .IQdG
.GfG We LdjjCG jObG KhCG LCG e
!?g Y e g .OBG e dG bQh S
Mh dG fc dG c G j
e Gk M YG eG IN f .c G
jQdG (Ye) Id G YGdG ,YGdG
adG e hCG .TdG YT e HGQ c
p ,JGP Y Wb b Fc
YG Lf
n We
.AdG c G dG j .S
!?j c JGdj .JGd AdH H Tcd DH
eh HdG dH aGG JaOGe Hh Ia
.OLdG c a c .Iq G Jb V
.f dG HdG dHh Iq G IdG fc AdG
g Seb CG q J .IG IdG Y dH
.IG Y Gc jQY
.e W FH dGh .dG jh
j .Yd G .YdG YG d da
Y e Y IdG
n p :fG bGc j GDS
dGh .OGe H jj dGh ?IH qcJCG !?WCG
.QeO Y QeO .jj e j G
jdG dG h .dG d QGe
eSG
,dG e
r
q jCGh .jCG eh .c
QJ gh aG FGdG H aG d
KdG g H .SHh hc dG dG
CG .CGj CG .Qbh c
.GJCH ,GaCH VG
m
.gc IdG J CG .NBG c
n .dG CGj
.gKCH G j CG .Ghc CS gc
q
e H G j
CG .SH ,MH

.Ld j bdGh d UQ SQdGh

c LOh Fd .NGdG dG f
G j .aG T M e LGhO
jd d e .M c H GY CGc
.Y IQhc jQdG a .aGG JjGd
eM gh WCG c .AT ch AT CG Y
.gH H dj Kc .AdG SfG f Ad
dG Y H jQdG Y Y .e dEc Hg
.fOj e .dj e .LddG dG W

1 KdG e
TCG H c j H k T jQdG j
dG .d !?ke d SCG CG e gh .Ghe
q
!?GP .e cSG jH dCG Jh j
OU e GN jHh ?GdG bh dp CG
GRQ qcj !LQG fGH qcj .dSCGdG
DWGH AedGh dG Ig .jd .Gh IG
YG dCG CG e .dG e IZ e YLG
g jdG h fG d .fG d g
!g QG g gh g .G g .dG
H a dG YU eCG .fe jH
YO{ V fMCGh .fdG V ,Lf YL
dG j .jQdG fhOn en c ,z YO j
.f IG J .cQe GdG j .jjha
fdG CG e .IQNh Hd SdG fdG j
M HY VJ .dG fc g dSCGdG
,dNOH dG J CG WH g .gdG dG
.edH G fdGh dG V Ggh .H
gG TJ fgP dH d eG VH
dCG Gd .H HdG gdG a gdG dJ
GP e H HY dCG d .HCG .fdG
dc H cG .G GOH G G
dGh H dG fH .fb H fgP
fJ e H Afc G a j
G d jhdGh fdG fGdGh jdG
HJ fgP dc dG fGh .JeG
dG gH OLCG fG e WdG gH
.dG d c dCG dJ .g cc
G SCGdG dG e gdG J
dH bQdG ATCH H ,GdG bhCH UN

2013 AT /2012 jN | 4- 3 GOdG

jGH

H de b Fa J fo EG QGSCH
Jh .dG Sd x gh . G
.gH KCH KhCG SW .KhCG Sc jQJ
.jQc TQCG f gGPh
bc d CG NQC .jQd PCG .TCG d
Oj TQCGh .jQJ J TQDe IQhO .IQhc
.dG fCGh dG e j dGh .NQCG j
H .GH H a dG dG M hCG GHCG
jQJ H jQdGh .jJ j e j LM
GJ a .OBG .HCG .eO QG UG
YCG ,QJjdG W MCG Ie ec IdGh
Y c jHh SG IdG f IdG
J FGH MCGh .QT Y QT .QTdG
J f V IdG c .oo G
b dBc G dG dG G .fCG Jbh
.G jc G G jdG
.T d J H jg H HdG e
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