Damping in ANSYS/LS D ANSYS/LS-Dyna

Prepared by: S Steven Hale, l M.S.M.E S Senior Engineering Manager

Damping
z

ANSYS/LS-Dyna allows Rayleigh damping constants and only. only

What is damping? z The energy dissipation mechanism that causes vibrations to diminish over time and eventually stop. z Amount of damping mainly depends on the material, velocity of motion, and frequency of vibration. z Can be classified as:

Viscous damping
Damping ratio Rayleigh R l i h mass-weighted i ht d d damping i constant t t

Hysteresis or solid damping

Rayleigh stiffness-weighted damping constant

Damping
z

Most damping in an ANSYS dynamics analysis is approximated as some form of viscous damping:

& F = Cx
z z

The proportionality constant c is called the damping constant. The amount of damping is usually described using a quantity called the damping ratio (ratio of damping constant c to critical damping constant cc*). Critical damping is defined as the threshold between oscillatory and non-oscillatory behavior, where damping ratio = 1.0.

*For a single-DOF spring mass system of mass m and frequency , cc = 2m

Damping
z

Rayleigh damping constants and

Used as multipliers of [M] and [K] to calculate [C]:

[C] = [M] + [K] /2 + /2 = Where is the frequency, and is the damping ratio.

z z

Needed in situations where damping ratio cannot be specified. Alpha is the viscous damping component, and Beta is the hysteresis or solid or stiffness damping component.

Damping
Alpha p Damping p g z Also known as mass damping. z Good for damping out low-frequency system-level oscillations (typically high amplitude). z If beta damping is ignored, can be calculated from a known value of (damping ratio) and a known frequency : = 2

Only one value of alpha is allowed, so pick the most dominant response frequency to calculate .

Dampi ing Ratio

Frequency

Damping
Beta Damping z Also known as structural or stiffness damping. z Good for damping out high-frequency component-level oscillations (typically ( yp y low amplitude). p ) z Inherent property of most materials. z If alpha damping is ignored, can be calculated from a known value of (damping ratio) and a known frequency : = 2/

Pick the most dominant response frequency to calculate .

Damping Ra atio

Frequency

Damping
To specify both and damping: z Use the relation /2 + /2 =
z

Since there are two unknowns, assume that the sum of alpha and beta damping gives a constant damping ratio over the frequency range 1 to 2. This g gives two simultaneous equations q from which y you can solve for and . = /21 + 1/2 = /22 + 2/2
Dam mping Ratio

Frequency

Damping
z

The damping ratio, ratio , can be obtained from test data as follows

Calculate the logarithmic decrement, , as follows:

= ln(x1/x2)
z

X1 and X2 are two consecutive displacements, displacements one cycle apart. apart
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Damping

(2 ) +
2 2

Damping Example
z

Cantilever beam with an impulse load applied to the tip

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Damping Example
z

Tip deflection: = 76.9 76 9 cycles/s = 483 rad/s

z z z

= ln(0.061/0.033) = 0.614 = 0.097 = 2 = 93.7 s-1 or = 2/ = 0.0004 s

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Damping Example
z

Alpha damping

Same alpha damping applied to all parts

Preprocessor > Material Props > Damping Set the part number to All parts and do not specify a curve ID

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Damping Example
z

Alpha damping

Time-varying alpha damping applied to a specific part

Create a curve ID for alpha damping vs. time and identify it in the damping input p window. Utility Menu > Parameters > Array Parameters > Define/Edit Dimension and fill the time and alpha vectors

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Damping Example

Generate a curve that relates the alpha to time

Preprocessor > LS-Dyna Options > Loading Options > Curve Options > Add Curve

Assign the curve to the appropriate part

Preprocessor P > Material M t i lP Props > D Damping i

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Damping Example
z

Beta damping

Constant beta damping applied to a specific part

Preprocessor > Material Props > Damping Use a specific part number and do not specify a curve ID

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