Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 28. Magnetic Field
Chapter 28. Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field
28.1. What is Physics? 28.2. What Produces a Magnetic Field? 28.3. The Definition of Magnetic Field 28.4. Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron 28.5. Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect 28.6. A Circulating Charged Particle 28.7. Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 28.8. Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire 28.9. Torque on a Current Loop 28.10. The Magnetic Dipole Moment
What is Physics?
Permanent magnets
A magnet has two poles, a north pole and a south pole No Magnetic monopole available in nature.
A magnetic field exists in the region around a magnet. The magnetic field is a vector that has both magnitude and direction. The direction of the magnetic field at any point in
space is the direction indicated by the north pole of a small compass needle placed at that point.
The lines originate from the north pole and end on the south pole; they do not start or stop in midspace. The magnetic field at any point is tangent to the magnetic field line at that point. The strength of the field is proportional to the number of lines per unit area that passes through a surface oriented perpendicular to the lines. The magnetic field lines will never come to cross each other.
Moving electrically charged particles, such as a current, produce a magnetic field Permanent magnet. Elementary particles such as electrons have an intrinsic magnetic field around them. The magnetic fields of the electrons in certain materials add together to give a net magnetic field around the material. Such addition is the reason why a permanent magnet has a permanent magnetic field. In other materials, the magnetic fields of the electrons cancel out, giving no net magnetic field surrounding the material
Right-Hand Rule
The force acting on a charged particle moving with velocity through a magnetic field is always perpendicular to and .
The electric force can do work on the particle. The magnetic force cannot do work and change the kinetic energy of the charged particle.
1. Set and to zero and note the position of the spot on screen S due to the undeflected beam. 2. Turn on and measure the resulting beam deflection y. 3. Maintaining , now turn on and adjust its value until the beam returns to the undeflected position. (With the forces in opposition, they can be made to cancel.)
Can the drifting conduction electrons in a copper wire also be deflected by a magnetic field?
the magnitude of that potential difference is
A ld
V i B d neld
Figure 28-9 shows a solid metal cube, of edge length d=1.5cm, moving in the positive y direction at a constant velocity of magnitude 4.0 m/s. The cube moves through a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.050 T in the positive z direction. (a) Which cube face is at a lower electric potential and which is at a higher electric potential because of the motion through the field? (b) What is the potential difference between the faces of higher and lower electric potential?
Sample Problem 28
Check Your Understanding Three particles have identical charges and masses. They enter a constant magnetic field and follow the paths shown in the drawing. Rank the speeds of the particles, largest to smallest.
Helical Paths
If the velocity of a charged particle has a component parallel to the (uniform) magnetic field , the particle will move in a helical path about the direction of the field vector.
The Auroral
The Cyclotron
Proton Synchrotron
Sample Problem 28
A straight, horizontal length of copper wire has a current i=28 A through it. What are the magnitude and direction of the minimum magnetic field needed to suspend the wirethat is, to balance the gravitational force on it? The linear density (mass per unit length) of the wire is 46.6 g/m.
Fnet 0
the vector , which is normal to the plane of the coil with direction determined by right hand rule shown in fig. (b).
iAB sin
A is area of loop
When a current-carrying loop is placed in a magnetic field, the loop tends to rotate such that its normal becomes aligned with the magnetic field
The magnitude of
is given by
N is the number of turns in the coil, i is the current through the coil, and A is the area enclosed by each turn of the coil.
If an applied torque to rotates a magnetic dipole from an initial orientation to another orientation , then work Wa is done on the dipole by the applied torque is
A DC electric motor
Conceptual Questions
1. A charged particle, passing through a certain region of space, has a velocity whose magnitude and direction remain constant. (a) If it is known that the external magnetic field is zero everywhere in this region, can you conclude that the external electric field is also zero? Explain. (b) If it is known that the external electric field is zero everywhere, can you conclude that the external magnetic field is also zero? Explain. 2. Suppose that the positive charge in Figure 21.10a were launched from the negative plate toward the positive plate, in a direction opposite to the electric field. A sufficiently strong electric field would prevent the charge from striking the positive plate. Suppose the positive charge in Figure 21.10b were launched from the south pole toward the north pole, in a direction opposite to the magnetic field. Would a sufficiently strong magnetic field prevent the charge from reaching the north pole? Account for your answer.
3. Three particles move through a constant magnetic field and follow the paths shown in the drawing. Determine whether each particle is positively charged, negatively charged, or neutral. Give a reason for each answer.
4. When one end of a bar magnet is placed near a TV screen, the picture becomes distorted. Why?
5.
A positive charge moves along a circular path under the influence of a magnetic field. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the circle, as in Figure 21.12. If the velocity of the particle is reversed at some point along the path, will the particle retrace its path? If not, draw the new path. Explain.