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2. CABLES AND ARCHES

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2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction
Cables carry applied loads & develop mostly tensile stresses - Loads applied
through hangers - Cables near the end supporting structures experience bending
moments and shear forces
Arches carry applied loads and develop mainly in-plane compressive stresses;
three-hinged, two-hinged and fixed arches - Loads applied through ribs - Arch
sections near the rib supports and and arches, other than three-hinged arches,
experience bending moments and shear forces
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2.1 INTRODUCTION
(Contd)
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2.1 INTRODUCTION (Contd)
In cables, the loads applied through hangers is considered to be a
uniformly distributed load - in the same manner, the loads distributed to
the arches through the ribs are considered to be uniformly distributed
Cable type structures - Suspension roof, suspension bridges, cable cars, guy-
lines, transmission lines, etc.
Arch type structures - Arches, domes, shells, vaults
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2.2 ANALYSIS OF CABLE
2.2.1 Assumptions
Cable is flexible and in-extensible; hence does not resist any bending moment or
shear force (this is not always true - e.g., fatigue of cables); self weight of cable
neglected when external loads act on the cable
Since only axial tensile forces are carried by the cable, the force in the cable is
tangential to the cable profile
Since it is in-extensible, the length is always constant; as a consequence of the
cable profile not changing its length and form, it is assumed to be a rigid body
during analysis
Even when a moving load is acting on the cable, the load is assumed to be
uniformly distributed over the cable (since the cable profile is not assumed to
change)
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2.2 ANALYSIS OF CABLE (Contd)
2.2.2 Cables subjected to concentrated loads
When the weight of the cable is neglected in analysis and is subjected to only
concentrated loads, the cable takes the form of several straight line
segments; the shape is called as funicular polygon. Consider for instance the
cable shown in Figure 5.1
u
L
L
2

L
1

L
3
C
B
D
A
y
c

y
D

P
1

P
2

Figure 5.1
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2.2 ANALYSIS OF CABLE (Contd)
2.2.2 Cable under concentrated loads (Contd)
In figure 5.1, the known parameters are L
1
, L
2
, L
3
, P
1
& P
2
- the unknowns are the
four support reactions at A and B, the three cable tensions (in the three
segments) and the two sags (y
C
and y
D
) - 9 unknowns
Eight force equilibrium equations can be written at the four nodes and we need
to have one more condition to solve the problem - This is met by assuming
something about the cable, either its total length, or one of its sags (say y
C
or y
D
)
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2.2 ANALYSIS OF CABLE (Contd)
2.2.2 Cable under concentrated loads (Contd)
Problem 5.1: Determine the tension in each segment of the
cable, shown below, and the total length of the cable
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2.2 ANALYSIS OF CABLE - FOR CONCENTRATED
LOADS (Contd)
- ) 5 ( ; 062 . 8 ) 4 7 (
2 2 2 2
+ = = + = y BC ft AB
- 8683 . 0 ) 062 . 8 /( 7 ) sin( ; 4962 . 0 ) 062 . 8 /( 4 ) cos(
1 1
= = = = u u
-
) 5 (
) sin( ; ) 5 ( / 5 ) cos(
2 2
2
2 2
2
+
= + =
y
y
y u u
- ) sin( ;
] 3 ) 3 [(
3
) cos( ; ] 3 ) 3 [(
3
2 2
3
2 2
u u
+ +
= + + =
y
y CD

3
) 3 (
) tan( ; ] 3 ) 3 [( / ) 3 (
3
2 2 y
y y
+
= + + + = u
- Considering horizontal and vertical equilibrium at
B,

= = 0 ; 0
V H
F F
-
); cos( / ) 4962 . 0 ( 0 . 0 ) cos( ) cos(
2 2 1
u u u = = BA BC BC BA
and
0 ) sin( 5 ) sin(
2 1
= u u BC BA
;
) .......( .......... )]........ tan( 4962 . 0 8683 . 0 /[ 5
2
I BA u =
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2.2 ANALYSIS OF CABLE - FOR CONCENTRATED
LOADS (Contd)
- Considering equilibrium at C,

= = 0 & , 0
V H
F F ;
-
)); /(cos( ) 4962 . 0 ( ; 0 ) cos( ) cos(
3 3 2
u u u = = BA CD CD BC
-
0 10 ) sin( ) sin(
3 2
= + u u CD BC
;
) .........( ))........ tan( 4962 . 0 ) tan( 4962 . 0 /( 10
3 2
II BA u u + =
- Dividing equation (I) by (II),
-
2 / 1 )] tan( ) (tan( 4962 . 0 /[ )] tan( 4962 . 0 8683 . 0 [
3 2 2
= + u u u
- Substituting for
) tan(
2
u
and
) tan(
3
u
in terms of y and solving,
- y = 2.6784 ft
- BA = 8.2988 kips; BC = 4.6714 kips and CD = 8.815 kips;
- Total length of cable = 8.062 + 5.672 + 6.422 = 20.516 ft
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2.3 CABLES SUBJECTED TO UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS
-

= A + A + + = ) .......( 0 ) cos( ) ( ) cos( ; 0 A T T T F

x
u u u
-

= A + A + + A = ) .......( 0 ) sin( ) ( ) sin( ; 0

0
B T T X w T F
y
u u u

= A + A A A = ) ......( 0 ) sin( ) cos( ) 2 / )( ( ; 0

0
C x T y T x x w M
o
u u
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2.3 CABLES SUBJECTED TO UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS
(Contd)
- Equation (A) reduces to : ; 0 ) sin( ) cos( = A A u u u T T
- ; 0 )] cos( [ = u T
dx
d
integrating ) ........( tan ) cos( D F t Cons T
H
= = u
- Equation (B) reduces to:
; 0 ) cos( ) sin(
0
= A A + A x w T T u u u
this equation can be rewritten as ) ....( )] sin( [
0
E w T
dx
d
= u
- Equation (C) reduces to ; 0 ) sin( ) cos( = A + A x T y T u u this equation
reduces to ) .........( )......... tan( F
dx
dy
u =
- From equation (E), one gets
) .......( ) sin(
0
G x w T = u
, using the condition that
at x = 0,
0 = u
- From equation (D) and (G), dividing one by the other (G/D),
one obtains
dx
dy
F x w
H
= = / ) tan(
0
u from Eqn. (F); and integrating further,
. ) 2 /(
2
0
B F x w y
H
+ =
At x = 0, y = 0. This leads to the final form given by
) 2 /(
2
0 H
F x w y =
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2.3 CABLES SUBJECTED TO UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED
LOADS (Contd)
- ) 2 /(
2
0 H
F x w y = ..This is the equation for a parabola.
- Using the condition, at x = L, y = h, one obtains that ) 2 /(
2
0
h L w F
H
= ;
hence
2
) / ( L x h y =
- Considering the point B,
2
0
2
) ( [ L w F T
H mas
+ =
] 1 ) 2 /( [( ) ( ] ) ( )) 2 /( [(
2
0
2
0
2
0
+ = + = h L L w L w h L w
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2.4 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CABLE
SUPPORTED STRUCTURES
Forces on cable bridges: Wind drag and lift forces - Aero-elastic effects should
be considered (vortex-induced oscillations, flutter, torsional divergence or
lateral buckling, galloping and buffeting).
Wind tunnel tests: To examine the aerodynamic behavior
Precaution to be taken against: Torsional divergence or lateral buckling due
to twist in bridge; Aero-elastic stability caused by geometry of deck,
frequencies of vibration and mechanical damping present; Galloping due to
self-excited oscillations; Buffeting due to unsteady loading caused by velocity
fluctuations in the wind flow