Combined bending of unsymmetrical beams

Internal forces and moments are defined positive as shown

z y Mz

My Mx =T Vz

Vy

Looking down the negative y -axis

Vz
My
O

Vz +

dVz dx dx
My + dM y dx dx

dx +

=0

dM y M y + Vz dx M y + dx = 0 dx

dM y dx

= Vz

Looking down the z -axis

Vy
Mz
O

Vy +

dVy dx

dx
Mz + dM z dx dx

dx +

=0

dM z M z + Vy dx + M z + dx = 0 dx

dM z = Vy dx

Assume that plane sections remain plane but that is bending induced about both the y and z axes even if the moment might only be about one axis

ux = z

dw dv y dx dx

w is the displacement of the neutral axis in the z-direction v is the displacement of the neutral axis in the y-direction Thus, the axial strain developed is

u x d 2w d 2v exx = = z 2 y 2 dx dx x
curvatures of the neutral axis If xx is the only major stress

d 2w d 2v xx = Eexx = E z 2 y 2 dx dx

Note that there are also strains

d 2w d 2v eyy = ezz = exx = z 2 + y 2 dx dx

Relationship between the flexural stress and the internal moments z Mz y z

xx

My y

dA = 0 y dA = M z dA = M
xx xx xx y

(1)
z

(2) (3)

From (1)

d 2w d 2v E 2 zdA E 2 ydA = 0 dx dx

zdA = ydA = 0
From (2)

i.e. neutral axis is at the centroid of the cross section

d 2w d 2v 2 E 2 yzdA + E 2 y dA = M z dx dx d 2w d 2v E 2 I yz + E 2 I zz = M z dx dx

From (3)

d 2w 2 d 2v E 2 z dA E 2 yzdA = M y dx dx d 2w d 2v E 2 I yy E 2 I yz = M y dx dx

d 2w d 2v M z = EI yz 2 + EI zz 2 dx dx d 2w d 2v M y = EI yy 2 EI yz 2 dx dx
solving these two equations for the curvatures

d 2 v ( M z I yy + M y I yz ) = 2 2 dx E ( I yy I zz I yz ) d 2 w ( M y I zz + M z I yz ) = 2 dx 2 E ( I yy I zz I yz )
and placing these curvature into the flexural stress relation gives

xx

M ( =

y zz

I + M z I yz ) z ( M z I yy + M y I yz ) y

(I

yy zz

2 I I yz )

 xx

M ( =

y zz

I + M z I yz ) z ( M z I yy + M y I yz ) y

(I

yy zz

2 I I yz )

Note: If either the y or z axis is a plane of symmetry then Iyz =0 and we find

xx =

Myz I yy

Mz y I zz
z = tan y

The neutral surface is located where xx = 0 z neutral surface where

tan =
y

M z I yy + M y I yz M y I zz + M z I yz

M ( =

I zz + ( M z / M y ) I yz

/ M y ) I yy + I yz

Although the bending moments may individually be functions of x, if the ratio Mz / My is independent of x (called single plane of loading), then the angle of the neutral axis will be a constant in the beam. Otherwise, the angle will vary with x.

single plane of loading q

general loading q

/2

Flexure Stress Expressions

(1)

xx

M ( =

y zz

I + M z I yz ) z ( M z I yy + M y I yz ) y

(I

yy zz

2 I I yz )

(2) can use

M ( tan =

I zz + ( M z / M y ) I yz

/ M y ) I yy + I yz

to eliminate explicit dependency

on Mz in equation (1) and obtain

xx =

M y ( z tan y ) I yy I yz tan
Note: Mz is still in here

(3) can use principal axes of the cross section z Y Z

Y = z sin + y cos Z = z cos y sin

y

MY Z M ZY xx = IYY I ZZ

z z

transformation relations for area moments

I yy = I zz = I yz = I yy + I zz 2 I yy + I zz 2 I yy I zz 2 + I yy I zz 2 I yy I zz 2 cos ( 2 ) I yz sin ( 2 ) cos ( 2 ) + I yz sin ( 2 )

sin ( 2 ) + I yz cos ( 2 )

parallel axis theorem z yG

z G is the centroid of A y

G zG y

2 I zz = y 2 dA = ( yG + y ) dA = ( I zz )G + AyG 2

similarly
2 I yy = ( I yy ) + AzG G

I yz = ( I yz ) + AyG zG
G

principal area moments and principal directions

tan ( 2 p ) = I p1, p 2 =

2 I yz I yy I zz I yy I zz 2 + I yz 2
2

I yy + I zz 2

(4) can use neutral surface coordinates (zeta)

(eta)

can write

xx =

M y I zz + M z I yz I yy I zz I
2 yz

( z tan y )

but so

z tan y =

z cos y sin = cos cos

xx =

M y I zz + M z I yz
2 I yy I zz I yz

cos

displacements of the neutral axis we must integrate

d 2 v ( M z I yy + M y I yz ) = 2 dx 2 E ( I yy I zz I yz ) d 2 w ( M y I zz + M z I yz ) = 2 2 dx E ( I yy I zz I yz )

twice to obtain the displacements, using boundary conditions on both v and w

d 2v dx 2 = ( M z I yy + M y I yz ) = tan d 2w M y I zz + M z I yz ) ( dx 2 d 2v d 2w = tan 2 2 dx dx
If is a constant and we let

d 2w = F ( x) dx 2

we find, on integration

w = F ( x ) dxdx + C1 x + C2 v = F ( x ) dxdx + C3 x + C4 tan

If the boundary conditions on v, w are the same so that

C1 = C3 , C2 = C4
w 1 = v tan
-v w or

then

tan =
z

v w

= total displacement Thus, in this case the total displacement y

= w2 + u 2

is perpendicular to the

neutral surface.

Example 1

3m 140 mm

60o P = 12 kN (through the shear center)

E = 72 GPa 200 mm Determine: 1. The maximum tensile and compressive stresses and their location 2. The total deflection at the load P

20 mm all around

z 140 mm
zc = z1 A1 + z2 A2 + z3 A3 A1 + A2 + A3

2 (100 )( 4000 ) + (10 )( 2000 ) = 10000 = 82 mm

1 zc 2

200 mm

20 mm all around

I yz = 0
3 2 3 1 1 I zz = 2 ( 200 )( 20 ) + ( 200 )( 20 )( 70 10 ) + ( 20 )(100 ) 12 12 = 30.73 106 mm 4 3 2 1 I yy = 2 ( 20 )( 200 ) + ( 200 )( 20 )(100 82 ) 12 3 2 1 + (100 )( 20 ) + (100 )( 20 )( 82 10 ) 12

= 39.69 106 mm 4

Maximum bending moments are at the wall z y

P cos 60o P sin 60o

M y = 300 P sin 60o = 31.17 106 N mm M z = 3000 P cos 60o = 18 106 N mm

Mz = cot 60o = 0.577 My
z

M ( tan =

I zz + ( M z / M y ) I yz

/ M y ) I yy + I yz

39.69 = ( 0.577 ) = 0.746 30.73

= 0.640 rad
= 36.7o

36.7o

N-mm

mm A mm4
36.7o

xx =
=

M y ( z tan y ) I yy I yz tan

31.17 ( z + 0.746 y ) 39.69 = 0.785 z 0.585 y

At point A:

B N/mm2 = MPa

z = 200 82 = 118 mm y = 70 mm

( xx ) A = ( 0.785)(118) ( 0.585)( 70 )
= 133.6 MPa
At point B:

z = 82 mm y = 70 mm

( xx ) B = ( 0.785)( 82 ) ( 0.585)( 70 )
= 105.3 MPa

alternately, with principal values

xx =

Myz I yy

Mz y I zz

31.17 18 z y = 39.69 30.73 = 0.785 z 0.585 y

which is same as before

Now, compute deflection at the load z y

P cos 60o P sin 60o

d 2 w M y = 2 dx EI yy

PL3 w= 3EI
L
3

P sin 60 ) L ( w=
o

3EI yy

12, 000sin 60 ) ( 3000 ) ( = 3 ( 72 10 )( 39.69 10 )

o 3 3 6

= 32.72 mm

v = tan w = 0.745w = 24.38 mm

= w2 + v 2 = 40.8 mm

Example 2

z y

q = 1000 N/m

1.5 m 1.5 m

P = 500 N

Determine the angle that the neutral surface makes with respect to the y-axis as a function of x. Use the cross section properties of example 1.

First, we need the reactions at the wall

500 N 1125 N-m

1500 N 1500 N-m

0.75 m 1500 N 3.0 m P = 500 N

For 0 < x < 1.5

500 N 1125 N-m

1500 N 1500 n-m Mz My

1000 N/m x

zo

=0

yo

=0

M z + 1500 x 1000 x 2 / 2 1125 = 0 M z = 500 x 2 1500 x + 1125 N m

M y 550 x + 1500 = 0 M y = 1500 + 500 x N m

For 1.5 < x < 3 500 N 1125 N-m 1500 N 1500 n-m Mz My 0.75 m 1500 N x o

zo

=0

M z + 1500 x 1500( x 0.75) 1125 = 0 Mz = 0

yo

=0

M y + 1500 500 x = 0 M y = 500 x 1500 N m

I yy M z 39.69 M z M tan = = = 1.29 z I zz M y 30.73 M y My 0 < x < 1.5

500 x 2 1500 x + 1125 tan = 1.29 500 x 1500

1.5 < x < 3

0 tan = 1.29 =0 500 x 1500 =0

% script neutral_axis x=linspace(0,1.5,200); num=1.29.*(500*x.^2-1500.*x+1125); denom = 500.*x-1500; ang=atan(num./denom); ang = ang*180/pi; % change angle to degrees x_plot=linspace(0,3,400); ang_plot=[ang zeros(size(x))]; plot(x_plot, ang_plot) xlabel('x-distance') 0 ylabel('angle, degrees')
-5 -10 -15 angle, degrees -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -45 0

0.5

1.5 x-distance

2.5