Giaotrinhkythuatxung

LI GII THIU
K thut xung l mn hc c s ca nghnh in in t v c v tr kh quan trng trong ton b chng trnh hc ca sinh vin v hc sinh, nhm cung cp cc kin thc lin quan n cc phng php c bn to tn hiu xung v bin i dng tn hiu xung. Gio trnh K thut xung gm 4 chng, c bin son cho h cao ng nhm gip sinh vin c cc kin thc c bn v tn hiu xung v hiu c cc nguyn l c bn ca cc mch to xung, bin i dng xung vi nhiu linh kin khc nhau. gip sinh vin nm vng l thuyt, c cc v d, bi tp ng dng v bi tp thit k mch ng vi tng phn. Sau khi hon tt mn hc sinh vin c th t thit k mt mch to xung vi cc thng s yu cu cho nhng mch ng dng c th. D c nhiu c gng, gio trnh cng khng th trnh khi thiu st, rt mong s ng gp kin t cc ng nghip v cc sinh vin. Tp, H Ch Minh nm 2006 o Th Thu Thy
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MN HC: K THUT XUNG

1. M mn hc: 2. S n v hc trnh: 2 3. Trnh thuc khi kin thc: Khi chuyn ngnh. 4. Phn b thi gian: L thuyt 80% - bi tp 20% 5. iu kin tin quyt: Khng 6. M t vn tt ni dung mn hc: Mn hc bao gm cc phng php to xung v bin i dng xung: mch RLC, mch xn, mch kp, mch so snh, dao ng a hi. 7. Nhim v ca sinh vin: Tham d hc v tho lun y . Thi v kim tra gia hc k theo qui ch 04/1999/Q-BGD&T. 8. Ti liu hc tp: 9. Ti liu tham kho: [1]. Jacob Millman, PULSE DIGITAL AND SWITCHING WAREFORMS , [2]. Nguyn Vit Hng, K THUT XUNG V S [3]. Nguyn Tn Phc, K THUT XUNG 10. Tiu chun nh gi sinh vin: - Nm c c bn ni dung mn hc. - C tnh ch ng v thi nghim tc trong hc tp. - Kim tra gia mn hc c d thi. - Thi vi hnh thc trc nghim, vit v bi tp 11. Thang im thi: 10/10 12. Mc tiu ca mn hc: Sau khi hon tt mn hc sinh vin cn nm vng cc phng php to xung v bin i dng xung. 13. Ni dung chi tit ca chng trnh: Ni dung S tit L Bi Kim thuyt t p tra Chng 1: Tn hiu xung v mch 6 4 2 RLC Chng 2: Mch bin i dng xung 6 4 2 1 Chng 3: Mch dao ng a hi 12 10 2 dng BJT Chng 4:Cc mch to xung khc 4 4 n tp 2 2 Chng 1: TN HIU XUNG V MCH R L C 1.1. Khi nim v cc dng xung 1.2. Cc thng s ca tn hiu xung 1.3. Mch lc 1.3.1. Mch lc RC 1.3.2. Mch lc RL 1.3.3. Mch lc LC 1.4. Mch tch phn 1.5. Mch vi phn
Bi tp Chng 2: MCH GIAO HON DIODE, OP-AMP, BJT 2.1. Mch xn 2.3.1. Mch xn dng 2.3.1. Mch xn m 2.3.2. Mch xn 2 mc 2.2. Mch ghim 2.4.1. Mch ghim nh trn 2.4.2. Mch ghim nh di 2.3. Mch so snh dng Op-amp Bi tp Chng 3: MCH DAO NG A HI 3.1. Khi nim chung 3.2. Hai trng thi ca Transistor 3.3. Mch lng n 3.4. Mch n n Bi tp 3.5. Mch phi n Bi tp Chng 4: CC MCH TO XUNG KHC 4.1. Mch dao ng a hi dng Op_amp 4.2. Mch dao ng a hi dng vi mch nh thi IC555 4.3. Mch Schmitt Trigger
MC LC Chng 1:Tn hiu xung v mch giao hon RLC. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. Khi nim. Cc thng s c bn ca tn hiu xung. Cc dng hm c bn. Mch RC. Mch RL. 1 2 3 4 16
Chng 2: Mch bin i dng xung 2.1. 2.2 2.3. Mch xn. Mch ghim (Mch kp). Mch so snh. 20 26 28
Chng 3: Mch dao ng a hi dng BJT 1.1 1.2 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. Khi nim chung. Trng thi ngt dn ca Transistor. Mch dao ng a hi lng n dng BJT. Mch dao ng a hi n n. Mch dao ng a hi phi n. 31 31 33 37 43
Chng 4:Cc mch dao ng khc 4.1. 4.2. Mch dao ng a hi dng Op_amp. Mch dao ng a hi dng vi mch nh th IC555. 52 55
Gio Trnh K Thut Xung
Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy
CHNG 1 TN HIU XUNG V MCH GIAO HON RLC.

1.1.
Cc tn hiu in c bin thay i theo thi gian c chia lm hai loi c bn l tn hiu lin tc v tn hiu ri rc. Tn hiu lin tc (cn c gi l tn hiu tuyn tnh hay tng t) l tn hiu c bin bin thin lin tc theo thi gian. Tn hiu ri rc (cn c gi l tn hiu xung hay s) l tn hiu c bin bin thin khng lin tc theo thi gian. Tn hiu xung: l tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian. c im chung: l thi gian tn ti xung rt ngn hay s bin thin bin t thp ln cao hay t cao xung thp xy ra rt nhanh. Bn cht vt l: dng in, in p, nh sng. Hnh dng: vung, tam gic, rng ca, nh?n, hnh thang
KHI NIM
t T a. Xung vung n cc T d. Xung tam gic
t T b. Xung vung lng cc T e. Xung nhn lng cc
t T c. Xung rng ca T f. Xung nc thang
Hnh 1.1 Cc dng tn hiu xung
Trang 1
1.2.
CC THNG S C BN CA TN HIU XUNG
1.2.1. Xung n Khi nim: xung n l ch c mt xung ring bit. v(t) Vm 0.9Vm 0.2 Vm Trong : Vm V tr tP tf ton : Bin xung. : st p nh xung. : rng sn trc. : rng nh xung. : rng sn sau. : rng xung thc t.
tr
tp ton
tf
Hnh 1.2 Xung vung n rng sn trc, rng sn sau l thi gian bin xung tng hay gim trong khong 0,1Vm n 0,9Vm. rng nh xung l thi gian xung c bin nm trong khong t 0,9 Vm n Vm ng vi on nh. rng xung thc t l: ton = tr + tp +tf st p nh xung V l gim bin phn nh xung.
1.2.2. Dy xung Khi nim: dy xung l tn hiu gm nhiu xung n. Dy xung c th tun hon hoc khng tun hon. v(t) Vm t Trong : Vm : Bin xung. ton : rng xung. toff : Thi gian khng c xung. T : Chu k
ton toff T
Hnh 1.3 Dy xung vung tun hon
rng ca xung l thi gian ng vi in p cao gi l ton (hay tx). Thi gian khng c xung ng vi in p thp gi l toff (hay thi gian ngh tng). Chu k xung l: T = ton + toff (s) Xung vung i xng: ton = toff
Trang 2
Tn s l s xung xut hin trong mt n v thi gian, c tnh theo cng thc:
f=
rng ca xung l t s gia chu k T v rng xung ton:
1 T
(Hz)
Q=
t on
Nghch o ca rng Q c gi l h s y xung:
phn tch tn hiu xung cn a v cc dng hm c bn: hm t bin, hm tuyn tnh, hm m gim, hm m tng.
1.3. CC DNG HM C BN
t on T
1.3.1. Hm t bin: v(t) = a.1(t - t0). t bin xy ra ti thi im t = t0 vi bin l a. 1(t t0) : Hm t bin n v. Khi t < t0 : v = 0 Khi t t0 : v = a v a t t0 Hnh 1.4 Hm t bin 1.3.2. Hm tuyn tnh: v(t) = k(t - t0). k : dc ca hm. v v(t) t t0 Hnh 1.5 Hm tuyn tnh. v(t)
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1.3.3. Hm m gim: v( t ) = a.e ( t t 0 ) / v a

v( t ) = a.e ( t t 0 ) /
t to Hnh 1.6 Hm m gim 1.3.4. Hm m tng: v( t ) = a. (1 e ( t t 0 ) / ) v a

v( t ) = a. (1 e ( t t 0 ) / ) t
t0 Hnh 1.6 Hm m tng. phn tch 1 tn hiu xung, phi a v dng tng cc hm c bn. V d: v v(t) t t0 -a a t0 v2(t)
v a
v1(t) t
Suy ra: v(t) = v1(t) + v2(t) = a.1(t) a.1(t t0)

1.4. MCH RC
1.4.1. Phn ng vi hm t bin in p: vi = a.1(t) vi 0 t<0: 0 vR = 0 , vC = 0

Trang 4
a t vi = 0 , i =
t=0: vi = a Mt khc: vi = vC + vR M vC = 0 (in p trn t khng t bin). v a Do : vR = a i = R = R R v vC t > 0 : T C np bng dng in i = i R vC tng dn, i gim dn, vR gim dn. t = : Mch xc lp. T C np y vi vC = vi = a , vR = 0 , i = 0
v R = a.e t /
v C = a. (1 e t / ) = RC : c gi l thi hng.
v a
vC(t)
vR(t )
c trng cho tc din ra qu trnh qu . cng ln, qu trnh qu cng ko di, mch lu xc lp. 1.4.2. Phn ng vi xung vung:
vi
a t 0 tp
a tp 0 -a
v1 t v2
Phn tch vi thnh tng cc hm c bn, ta c: vi = v1 + v2 Vi : v1 = a.1(t) v2 = - a.1(t - tp)
v R = a.e t / a.e
(t tp ) /
(t tp ) /
v C = a. (1 e t / ) a. (1 e
Qu trnh vt l trong mch: t < 0 : vi = 0 , i = 0 , vC = 0 , vR = 0
Trang 5
0 t < tp : vi = a ; t C np in bng dng i =
vC tng dn, i gim dn, vR gim.
vi vC . R
tp t : vi = 0, t C phng in qua R, vi dng i =
vC . R
ip p vR gim dn n 0. vR(t a
t a
vc(t) a
tp
Trang 6
1.4.3. Phn ng vi hm tuyn tnh:
vi k vi = kt t vi = kt Bng cch l lun tng t, ta c: v R = k. (1 e t / )

v C = v i v R = kt k. (1 e t / )
vi v k v R vC t
9 Mch RC ly tn hiu ra trn ti C th c gi l mch thng thp(h thng ). Nu mch h thng c thi hng rt ln th c gi l mch tch phn (Mch lc thng thp). 9 Mch RC ly tn hiu ra trn ti R th c gi l mch thng cao(thng thng ). Nu mch thng thng c thi hng rt nh th c gi l mch vi phn (Mch lc thng cao). 1.4.4. Mch thng thp RC
R v R + v C C Vo Vo Vi
Vi 2
0
Vi
BW fc f
Hnh 1.8a Mch thng thp RC

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Hnh 1.8b p ng tn s
Tn hiu ra ly trn C. Mch thng thp cho cc tn hiu c tn s nh hn tn s ct qua hon ton, tn hiu c tn s cao b suy gim bin . Tn hiu ra tr pha so vi tn hiu vo. Tn s ct
fC = 1 2RC
V0 = Vi 2
Ti tn ct in p ra c bin
a. Mch tch phn RC :
N: Mch tch phn l mch m in p ra V0(t) t l vi tch phn theo thi gian ca in p vo Vi(t) :
V0 (t ) = K Vi(t )dt
Trong K l h s t l. Mch tch phn RC chnh l mch lc thng thp RC khi tn hiu vo c tn s fi rt ln so vi tn s ct fc ca mch. Thit lp cng thc: T hnh 1.8a ta c: Vi (t)= VR(t) + VC (t) (1) T iu kin tn s fi rt ln so vi tn s ct fc ta c:
1 2RC 1 R >> X C = 2fi C
fi >> fC =
VR(t) >> Vc(t) (2) (v dng i(t) qua R v C bng nhau) T (1) v (2) ta c:Vi (t) VR(t) = R. i(t) i( t ) = in p ra V0 (t):
Vi(t ) R
(3)
1 i(t )dt C 1 Vi(t ) dt V0(t) = C R 1 Vi(t )dt V0(t) = RC
V0 (t) = VC (t ) =
Nh vy, in p ra V0(t) t l vi tch phn theo thi gian ca in p vo Vi(t) vi h s t l K l K = iu kin mch tch phn: fi >> fC
1 khi tn s fi rt ln so vi fC . RC
fi >>
1 2RC
Trang 8
RC >> Trong :
1 2fi
>>
T 1 = i 2 2fi
= R.C l hng s thi gian. Ti l chu k ca tn hiu vo.
VD: Trng hp in p voVi(t) l tn hiu hnh sin qua mch tch phn: Vi(t) = Vm.sin(t)
in p ra: V0(t)=
V 1 Vm Sintdt = m cos t RC RC V V0(t) = m sin(t 90 0 ) RC
Nh vy, nu tha mn iu kin ca mch tch phn nh trn th in p ra b tr pha 900 v bin b gim xung vi h s t l l
b. in p vo l tn hiu xung vung :
1 . RC
Khi in p vo l tn hiu xung vung c chu k Ti th c th xt t l hng s thi gian =RC so vi Ti gii thch cc dng sng ra theo hin tng np x ca t. Gi s in p ng vo l tn hiu xung vung i xng c chu k Ti (hnh 1.9a). Nu mch tch phn c hng s thi gian =RC rt nh so vi Ti th t np v x rt nhanh nn in p ng ra V0(t) c dng ging nh dng in p vo Vi(t) (hnh 1.9b). Nu mch tch phn c hng s thi gian =
Ti th t np v x in p theo 5
dng hm s m, bin nh ca in p ra nh hn Vp ( hnh 1.9c) Nu mch tch phn c hng s thi gian rt ln so vi Ti th t C np rt chm nn in p ra c bin rt thp (hnh 1.9d) nhng ng tng gim in p gn nh ng thng. Nh vy, mch tch phn chn trs RC thch hp th c th sa dng xung vung ng vo thnh dng sng tam gic ng ra. Nu xung vung i xng th xung tam gic ra l tam gic cn.
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Vi(t) V
Ti
a) Dng sng ng vo.
Vo(t) V t b) Dng sng ng ra khi <<Ti Vo(t) V t

c) Dng sng ng ra khi =
Vo(t) V
Ti 5
t
d) Dng sng ng ra khi >>Ti
Hnh 1.9: Dng sng vo v ra Vi(t)
Trng hp ng vo l mt chui xung VM vung khng i xng vi ton> toff qua mch tch phn. Trong thi gian ton ng vo c in p cao to nn t C np in. V Trong thi gian toff ng vo c in p 0 Vo(t) nn t x in nhng do thi gian toff nh VM hn ton nn t cha x in ht th li np in tip lm cho in p ca t tng dn (hnh 1.10). Nh vy, tn hiu ra c dng xung nc thang
to
Hnh 1.10 : Chui xung vung vo
Trang 10
1.4.5. Mch thng cao RC
C + vC
Vi
Vo
Vi 2
0
Vi
v R
Vo -
BW
fc
Hnh 1.11b p ng tn s Hnh 1.11a Mch thng cao RC Tn hiu ra ly trn R. Mch thng cao cho cc tn hiu c tn s cao hn tn s ct qua hon ton, tn hiu c tn s thp b suy gim bin . Tn hiu ra sm pha so vi tn hiu vo.
Tn s ct
fC =
1 2RC
V0 = Vi 2
Ti tn ct in p ra c bin
a. Mch vi phn RC :
N: Mch vi phn l mch c in p ng raV0(t) t l vi o hm theo thi gian ca in vo Vi(t).
Ta c:
V0(t) = K
d Vi(t ) dt
Trong K l h s t l. Mch vi phn RC chnh l mch lc thng cao RC khi tn hiu vo c tn s fi rt thp so vi tn s ct fc ca mch. Trong k thut xung, mch vi phn c tc dng thu hp rng xung to ra cc xung nhn kch cc linh kin iu khin hay linh kin cng sut khc nh SCR, Triac Thit lp cng thc: T hnh 1.11a ta c: Vi (t)= VR(t) + VC (t) (1) T iu kin tn s fi rt thp so vi tn s ct fc ta c:
1 2RC 1 R << X C = 2fi C
fi << fC =
VR(t) << Vc(t) (2) (v dng i(t) qua R v C bng nhau) T (1) v (2) ta c:Vi (t) VC(t) i vi t C, in p trn t cn c tnh theo cng thc:
VC (t ) =
Trong q(t) lin tch np vo t. T ta c :

q( t ) C
Trang 11
dVi (t ) dVC (t ) 1 dq(t ) 1 = = = i( t ) dt dt C dt C dVi (t ) Hay l:i(t) = C (3) dt
in p ra V0 (t):
V0(t) = VR(t) = R.i(t) V0(t) = R C

dVi (t ) dt
Nh vy, in p ra V0(t) t l vi vi phn ( o hm) theo thi gian ca in p vo vi h s t l K l K = RC khi tn s fi rt thp so vi fC. iu kin mch vi phn: fi << fC RC << Trong :
1 2fi 1 2RC T 1 = i << 2fi 2
fi <<
= R.C l hng s thi gian. Ti l chu k ca tn hiu vo.
VD: Trng hp in p voVi(t) l tn hiu hnh sin qua mch vi phn: Vi(t) = Vm.sin(t)
in p ra l: V0(t) = R.C
= R.C.Vmcost = R.C.Vm.sin(t + 900) Nh vy, nu tha mn iu kin ca mch vi phn nh trn th in p ra b sm pha 900 v bin nhn vi h s t l lRC.
b. in p vo l tn hiu xung vung: Khi in p vo l tn hiu xung vung c chu k Ti th c th xt t l hng s thi gian =RC so vi Ti gii thch cc dng sng ra theo hin tng np xca t. Gi s in p ng vo l tn hiu xung vung i xng c chu k Ti(hnh1.12a).
d ( Vm.sint ) dt
Nu mch vi phn c hng s thi gian =
Ti 5
th t np v x in to dng
i(t) qua in tr R to ra in p gim theo hm s m. Khi in p ng vo bng 0V th u dng ca t ni mass v t s x in p m trn in tr R. ng ra s c hai xung ngc nhau c bin gim dn (1.12b) Nu mch vi phn c hng s thi gian rt nh so vi Ti th t s np x in rt nhanh nn cho ra hai xung ngc du nhng c rng xung rt hp c gi l xung nhn. Nh vy, nu tha iu kin ca mch vi phn th mch RC s i tn hiu t xung vung n cc ra 2 xung nhn lng cc.
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Vi(t) Vm t Ti Vo(t) Vm
a) Dng sng ng vo.
t Vm Vo(t) Vm t -Vm
c) Dng sng ng ra khi << Ti. Hnh 1.12: Dng sng vo v ra ca mch vi phn nhn xung vung.
b) Dng sng ng ra khi =
Ti . 5
V d 1: Cho mch nh hnh v:

C
R1
vi = 5.1(t) R = 1K C = 470 pF
vi
+ -E
Hy xc nh v v th vC(t), vR(t) cho cc trng hp sau: a. E = 0, R1 = b. E = 1V, R1 = c. E = 1V, R1 = 2K Bi gii

Trang 13
a. E = 0, R1 = Mch tng ng:

C
vi
vi = 5.1(t) vR = 5. e t / vC = 5. (1 e t / ) Vi = RC = 470.10-12.1.103 = 470.10-9 = 0,47 (s) v 5

v C (t) v i (t)
v R (t)
t = 1V, R1 =
b. E Mch tng ng:

C
vi
+ -E
9 Xt tc dng ca ngun E: iE = 0 vE R = i E .R = 0
vE R = i.R = 0 9 Xt tc dng ca ngun vi: vE R = i.R = 0 v iC = 5.(1 e t / ) = RC = 0.47 s 9 Cng tc dng ca 2 ngun, suy ra: v R = 5.e t / v C = 5.(1 e t / ) 1
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v
5 4
v C (t)
v i (t)
v R (t)
c. E = 1V, R1 Mch
-1
C
= 2K tng ng:
R1
vi
+ -E 9 Xt tc dng ca
ngun E:
C
R1
+ -E
E R + R1 R 1 vE = (V) R = i.R = E R + R1 3 2 E vC = vE (V) R 1 = i.R 1 = 3 9 Xt tc dng ca ngun vi :
Ta c: i =
R t = (R1 // R) =
v iR = v Rt
2 (K) 3 = 5.e t /
i vC = 5.(1 e t / ) = Rt.C = 0,313 s 9 Cng tc dng ca 2 ngun:
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v R = 5.e t /
1 3
v C = 5.(1 e t / ) v
5-1/3 5-2/3
2 3 v i (t ) = 5
v C (t)
v R (t)
-1/3 -2/3
1.5.
Mch RL:
L
vi
1.5.1. Phn ng vi hm t bin in p: vi = a.1(t) t < 0 : vi = 0 Suy ra: vR = 0, vL = 0 t = 0 : vi = a Suy ra: i = 0 ( dng qua cun dy khng t bin ). vR = 0 vL = vi vR = a t > 0 : Dng qua cun dy tng dn, vR tng, vL gim. t = : Mch xc lp. vL = 0 vR = a
v R = a. (1 e t / )
v L = a.e t /
Vi = L/R c gi l thi hng. v a vR(t)
vL(t )
Trang 16
1.5.2. Phn ng vi hm tuyn tnh: vi = kt Tng t ta c c: v L = k. (1 e t / )
v R = kt k. (1 e t / ) Vi = L/R. v vi v L vR t
9 Mch RL ly tn hiu ra trn ti R th c gi l mch h thng (thng thp). 9 Mch RL ly tn hiu ra trn ti L th c gi l mch thng thng (thng cao). Nhn xt: Phn ng ca mch RL thng cao ging phn ng ca mch RC thng cao. Phn ng ca mch RL thng thp ging phn ng ca mch RC thng thp.
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BI TP CHNG I Bi 1: Cho mch nh hnh v:

C
R1
vi
+ -E
R = 1K C = 470 pF Hy xc nh v v th vi (t), vC(t), vR(t) cho cc trng hp sau: t0 = 10 s ; R1 = ; a. vi(t) = 5.1(t) 5.1(t t0) ; b. vi(t) = 5.1(t) 5.1(t t0) ; t0 = 10 s ; R1 = 5,6K ; c. vi(t) = 5.1(t) 7.1(t t0) ; t0 = 10 s ; R1 = 5,6K ;
Bi 2: Cho vi nh hnh v:
E=0 E = 2V E = 2V
vi a t
-a T T
a. Phn tch vi(t) thnh dng tng cc hm c bn. b. Khi t vi ng vo ca mch RC thng thng, hy xc nh v v vOUT RC . khi T = 10
Bi 3: Xc nh v v vR , vC ca mch RC khi vi l chui xung vung c tn s l T = 2t0 trong cc trng hp: a. >> t0. b. << t0.
vi a to
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t
Bi 4:
a. Tn hiu vi nh hnh v c a vo mch h thng RC. Hy xc nh v v dng tn hiu ng ra. b. Cho T1 = T2 = RC, Hy xc nh gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca tn hiu ng ra; V dng tn hiu ny.
V T1
Bi 5: Cho mch nh hnh v:
R1 1 K 2
T2
+ -E
R2
Khi t < 0 : K v tr s 2. t = 0 : K sang v tr s 1. t = 30 s : K tr li v tr s 2. Hy xc nh v v iL , vL trong cc trng hp sau: R1 = 1K R2 = 1K L = 1mH a. E = 10 V R1 = 10K R2 = 10K L = 10mH b. E = 10 V
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CHNG 2 MCH BIN I DNG XUNG

2.1. MCH XN Chc nng: Gii hn bin tn hiu. Phn loi theo chc nng c 3 loi: - Mch xn trn (xn dng). - Mch xn di (xn m). - Mch xn hai mc(xn dng v xn m) Phn loi theo cu trc c 2 loi: - Mch xn ni tip: phn t xn mc ni tip vi ti - Mch xn song song: phn t xn mc song song vi ti 2.1.1. Mch xn dng Diode n: l mt dng mch sa dng sng rt ph bin trong thc t. Gi s cc diode l tng: V = 0 : in p bt u dn Is = 0 : dng r khi phn cc nghch rf = 0 : in tr thun rs = : in tr nghch a. Mch xn trn : Xn phn tn hiu ln hn gi tr VN.
R D
+ Vi
Vn
+ Vo -
+ Vi
Vn
+ Vo -
Hnh 2.1a. Mch xn song song
Hnh 2.1b. Mch xn ni tip
Vi > VN : D dn V0 = VN Vi VN : D tt V0 = Vi
Vi VN : D tt V0 = VN Vi < VN : D dn V0 = Vi
c tuyn hm truyn t: Biu din s ph thuc gia tn hiu ng vo v tn hiu ng ra.

vo VN VN vi
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Dng tn hiu ra khi tn hiu vo l tn hiu sin:

v VN vi t vo
b. Mch xn di : Xn phn tn hiu nh hn gi tr VN.

R D
+ Vi
Vn
+ Vo -
+ Vi
Vn
+ Vo -
Hnh 2.2a. Xn di song song Vi VN : D tt V0 = Vi Vi < VN : D dn V0 = VN
Hnh 2.2 b.Xn di ni tip Vi > VN : D dn V0 = Vi Vi VN : D tt V0 = VN
c tuyn hm truyn t: Biu din s ph thuc gia tn hiu ng vo v tn hiu ng ra.

vo VN VN vi
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Dng tn hiu ra khi tn hiu vo l tn hiu sin:

v VN vo t
vi
c. Mch xn 2 mc: Kt hp mch xn trn v xn di. Xn 2 mc ni tip. Xn 2 mc song song. Xn 2 mc ni tip v song song.
R
vi VN1
D1
D2
vo
VN2
VN1 < VN2
Hnh 2.3. Mch song song Vi < VN1 < VN2 : D1 dn, D2 tt VN1 < Vi < VN2 : D1 tt, D2 tt Vi >VN2 >VN1 : D1 tt, D2 dn c tuyn hm truyn t:
vo VN2 VN1 VN1 VN2 vi
V0 = VN1 V0 = Vi V0 = VN2
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Dng tn hiu ng ra khi tn hiu ng vo c dng hnh sin:

v
VN2 VN1
Vo t
Vi
V d: Cho mch xn nh hnh v.

D1
A
R1
D2
vi V1
R2
vo
V2
R1 = 100K R2 = 200K
V1 = 25V V2 = 100V
Cc diode D1 v D2 l diode l tng. in p ng vo vi bin thin t 0V n 150V. Hy xc nh v v hm truyn t. Gii: vi = 0 : D1 off, D2 on Suy ra: vo = VA V V1 i= 2 R 2 + R1 VA = V1 + VR1 = V1 + i.R1 V V1 = V1 + 2 .R 1 R 2 + R1 100 25 .100 = 25 + 100 + 200 = 50 (V).
V2 > vi > VA : D1 on , D2 on vo = VA = vi vi V2 : D1 on Suy ra VA = vi , do D2 off
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Dng iR2 = 0 vo = V2 =100 (V). c tuyn hm truyn t:

vo
100 50 50 100 D1 on D1 on D2 on D2 off
D1 off D2 on
vi
2.1.2. Mch xn 2 mc dng diode zenner: gii hn bin xung ngi ta cn dng diode zener thay cho diode D v ngun chun VR. in p VZ do hiu ng zener s l in p gii hn bin xung. Gi s cc diode zenner l tng: V = 0 : in p bt u dn Is = 0 : dng r khi phn cc nghch rf = 0 : in tr thun Vz : in p n nh c Z khi phn cc nghch a. Gii hn xung dng
R
+
Vi
VZ -
Vo
Hnh 2.4. Mch gii hn xung dng
Vi < 0 : Z phn cc thun, Z dn ging Diode V0 = 0 Vi 0 : Z phn cc nghch + Vi < VZ : Z tt V0 = Vi + Vi > VZ : Z dn n p V0 = VZ b. Gii hn xung m
R
Vi
VZ +
Vo
Hnh 2.5. Mch gii hn xung m

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Vi < 0 Vi > 0
: Z phn cc nghch + Vi > - VZ : Z tt V0 = Vi + Vi <- VZ : Z dn n p V0 = - VZ : Z phn cc thun, Z dn ging Diode V0 = 0
c. Gii hn xung m dng

R
Vi
VZ1 + VZ2 + -
Z1
Vo
Z2
Hnh 2.5. Mch gii hn xung m dng
: Z1 phn cc nghch, Z1 dn n p Z2 phn cc thun, Z2 dn bnh thng V0 = - VZ1 : Z1 phn cc nghch, Z1 tt -VZ1 < Vi < 0 V0 = Vi VZ2 > Vi >0 : Z1 phn cc thun, Z1 dn bnh thng Z2 phn cc nghch, Z2 tt V0 = Vi : Z1 phn cc thun, Z1 dn bnh thng Vi >VZ2 >0 Z2 phn cc nghch, Z2 dn n p V0 = VZ2 c tuyn hm truyn t:
Vi <-VZ1 < 0
vo VZ2 -VZ1 VZ2 -VZ1 vi
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2.2 MCH GHIM (MCH KP) N: Mch ghim l mch c nh nh trn hay nh di ca tn hiu mt gi tr in p nht nh. Mach ghim khng lm thay i bin nh nh ca tn hiu . C hai loi mch ghim nh trn v mch ghim nh di. 2.2.1.Mch ghim nh trn 0 V
C
+ Vi D R >>
+ Vo -
Hnh 2.6. Mch ghim nh trn 0V
VD:
Vi 1,5Vm Vm 0 1 -Vm Vo Vm 0 1 2 3 4 5 -0,5Vm t -1,5Vm 2 3 4 Vm
-2Vm -2,5Vm -3Vm
t = (01): Vi =Vm , D dn Vo = 0 ng thi t C np nhanh Vc = Vm t = (12): Vi =-Vm , D tt t C khng x c Vc = Vm = const in p ra: Vo = Vi - VC = -Vm Vm =- 2Vm t = (23): Vi tng bin , Vi =1,5Vm , D dn Vo = 0 (Mch vn cn kh nng ghim p khi Vi tng) ng thi t C np tip Vc = 1,5Vm
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t = (34): Vi =-1,5 Vm , D tt t C khng x c Vc = 1,5Vm = const in p ra: Vo = Vi - VC = -1,5Vm 1,5Vm =- 3Vm t = (45): Vi gim bin , Vi =Vm , D tt t C khng x c Vc = 1,5Vm = const in p ra: Vo = Vi - VC = Vm 1,5Vm =-0,5Vm (Mch mt kh nng ghim p khi Vi gim) . * Nh vy mch s mt kh nng ghim nh trn mc 0V khi bin in p gim. khc phc tnh trng ny ta mc in tr R rt ln song song vi Diode, t C s x bt in tch qua R sau mt vi chu k mch s hi phc li kh nng ghim * Ch : Khi phn tch mch ghim ta bt u ti bn k m t C np in. 2.2.2. Mch ghim nh trn VN
C
+
D R >>
Vi Vn -
Vo -
Hnh 2.5. Mch ghim nh trn Vn 2.2.3. Mch ghim nh di VN

C
+
D R >>
Vi Vn -
Vo -
Hnh 2.5. Mch ghim nh di Vn
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2.3. MCH SO SNH:

Nguyn l:
vi + So snh VN vo
vi < VN : vo = -Vcc. vi > VN : vo = Vcc. Mch so snh dng khuych i thut ton (op_amp): Khuych i thut ton ch xung tn ti ch yu trng thi bo ha.
+Vcc VV+ + -Vcc VO
V+ > VV+ < V-
: Vo = +Vc c : bo ha dng. : Vo = -Vc c : bo ha m.
2.3.1. Mch so snh khng o in p Vi vo ng khng o V+ VR vo ng o V+Vcc + Vi VN Vo
-Vcc
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c tuyn hm truyn t:
V0 +VCC VN -VCC Vi
Vi < VN (hayV+< V- ) th V0 = -VCC Vi > VN (hayV+ > V- ) th V0 = +VCC.
2.3.2. Mch so snh khng o in p Vi vo ng o VVR vo ng khng o V+

+Vcc
+ Vi VN -Vcc Vo
c tuyn hm truyn t:
V0 +VC C VN VCC Vi
VI < VN (hayV+ > V- ) th V0 = +VCC Vi > VN (hayV+< V- ) th V0 = -VCC * Ch : Nu op-amp c cung cp ngun n th khi bo ho m Vo = 0
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V d:
+Vcc + Vi Vo
-Vcc
v+ = vi v- = 0 Khi vi > 0 V+ > V- vo = +Vcc. Khi vi < 0 V+< V- vo = -Vcc.

v vi
vo +Vcc
t
-Vcc
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CHNG 3 MCH DAO NG A HI DNG BJT

1.1 KHI NIM CHUNG Cc mch to xung c bn nht l cc mch to xung vung c gi chung l mch dao ng a hi. C ba loi mch dao ng a hi l: - Dao ng a hi lng n (bistable multivibrator) ( cn gi l mchFlip-Flop, mch lt hay bp bnh): mch c hai trng thi v hai trng thi u n nh. - Dao ng a hi n n ( Monostable Multivibraor) (cn gi l mch nh th): mch c hai trng thi, trong mt trng thi n nh v mt trng thi khng n nh gi l trng thi to xung - Dao ng a hi phi n (astable Multivibrator): mch c hai trng thi v c hai trng thi u khng n nh cn gi l mch t dao ng. Mch dao ng a hi dng BJT da vo s np in v s x in ca t in kt hp vi c tnh chuyn mch ca Transistor. Ngoi ra mch dao ng a hi c to ra t cc linh kin nh op-amp, IC555, cc cng logic, . 1.2 TRNG THI NGT (TT) DN CA TRANSISTOR. Transistor c 3 trng thi: - Trng thi ngt (tt) - Trng thi dn khuch i - Trng thi dn bo ha Trong k thut xung transistor dng to xung vung nn ch hot ng hai trng thi tt v bo ho. Lc ny transistor lm vic nh mt kha in t ng v ngt mch in. Trng thi ng hay ngt ca mch transistor ty thuc vo mc in p phn cc cho cc B ca n 1.2.1. Trng thi ngt (tt) Trong hnh 3.1 transistor c in p Vi = 0V VB =0V, transistor khng c phn cc nn ngng dn. IB = 0 v IC =0. in p ng ra cc C ca transistor l: V0 = VC =VCC IC.RC V0 = VCC Nh vy ng vo Vi c mc thp, ng ra V0 c mc cao. 1.2.2. Trng thi dn bo ha transistor chuyn t trng thi ngt nh hnh 3.1 sang trng thi bo ha th ng vo phi c cp mt
+VCC
IC RC RB IE VO
Vi =0v
IB
Hnh 3.1: Transistor ngt
+VCC
IC RC RB IE V VO
Vi
IB
Hnh 3.2: Transistor bo ha
Trang 31
in p Vi ln sao cho VB ln hn mt mc ngng transistor c phn cc bo ha. in p ny c gi l VBEsat c tr s ty thuc cht bn dn ch to transistor. Ta c VBEsat = 0,7 V 0,8 V (Transistor cht silicium) VBEsat = 0,3 V (Transistor cht Germanium) Trong mch in hnh 3.2, in tr RC c coi l in tr ti xc nh dng in IC qua transistor. Khi transistor chy trng thi bo ha th in cc C c in p ra: V0 = VC = VCEsat 0,1V 0,2V Nh vy ng vo Vi c mc thp, ng ra V0 c mc cao. Dng in IC c tnh theo cng thc:
IC = VCC VCEsat RC
Khi c dng in ti IC phi tnh dng in cn thit cung cp cho cc B chn tr s in tr RB thch hp. Thng thng ta c:
I IB = C
( : khuch i dng in)
Trng hp cn cho transistor chy bo ha vng (bo ha su) th chn
hay
I C B I I = k. C B I
R
(iu kin bo ha) vi k l h s bo ha su (k 2 5)
in tr RB dc chn theo cng thc:
V V BEsat = i B I B
V d: Mch in hnh 3.2 c cc thng s sau : + VCC =12V, RC =1,2kO , transistor cht Si v c =100, in p vo Vi =1.5V. Tm RB transistor hot ng trng thi bo ha. Trc ht phi tnh dng in ti:
VCC VCEsat 12 V 0,2 V IC = = 10mA RC 1,2 K

IB = IC 10mA = 3. = 0,3mA 100
Chn h s bo ha su K=3 ta c:
in tr RB c chn c gi tr
Chn in tr theo tiu chun lRB = 2,4K
Vi VBEsat 1,5 V 0,8 V RB = = 2,33 K = IB 0,3mA
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3.3. MCH DAO NG A HI LNG N DNG BJT. 3.3.1 Mch o. Mt Transistor c th lm chc nng ca mch o nh hnh 5.1. - Khi Vi mc in p cao th Transistor chy bo ha v dng Ic qua Rc to st p Vo 0,2v (VCESat) ng vi mc in p thp . - Khi Vi mc in p thp th Transistor b phn cc ngc ng vo nn ngng dn, dng Ic =0 nn khng gim p qua RC V0 VCC ng vi mc in p cao ra. Nh vy, in p ra Vo v in p vo Vi ngc +12V pha nhau 3.3.2. Mch lng n (flip-flop) c bn. Mch dao ng a hi lng n c to ra bng cch ghp hai mch o sao cho in p ra ca mch o ny l ng vo ca mch o kia. a. S Mch lng n c Trong s dng 2 ngun +VCC cp dng IB v IC cho Transistor dn bo ha v ngun -VBB phn cc ngc cho cc B ca Transistor ngng dn.
4K
NPN
Vo -
+ Vi
2,2K 2,2K
-12V
Hnh 3.3: Transstor lm mch o
b. Nguyn l hot ng. Mch c 2 trng thi, trong mi trng thi mt trasistor tt v mt transistor bo ho. Gi thit c mch Flip-Flop i xng (T1 v T2 cng tn, cc in tr phn cc cho hai Transistor cng tr s) nhng hai transistor khng th cn bng mt cch tuyt i nn s c mt Transistor dn mnh hn v mt Transistor dn yu hn. Gi thit Transistor T1 dn mnh hn T2 nn dng in IC1 ln hn qua RC1 lm in p VC1 gim. in p VC1 qua in tr R2 phn cc cho T2 s lm VB2 gim v iu ny lm cho T2 chy yu hn. Khi T2 chy yu th dng in IC2 nh hn qua TC2 lm in p VC2 tng ln . in p VC2 qua in tr R1 phn cc cho T1 s lm VB1 tng lm T1 chy mnh mnh hn na v cui cng T1 s tin n trng thi bo ha T2 tin n ngng dn . Nu khng c mt tc ng no khc th mch in s trng thi ny. y l mt trng thi ca mch Flip-Flop. Ngc li , nu gi tit Transistor T2 dn nhanh hn T1 v l lun tng t th cui cng s c T2 tin n trng thi bo ha v T1 tin n ngng dn v mch in cng mi trng thi ny nu khng c mt tc ng no khc. y l trng thi th hai ca Flip Flop. Mch Flip-Flop s mt trong hai trng thi trn nn c gi l mch lng n. Tuy nhin, phi chn cc in tr v ngun in thch hp mi t c nguyn l trn. c. Phn tch mch: thy r hn nguyn l ca mch Flip-Flop ta c th phn tch dng in v in p trong mch Flip-Flop tiu biu nh trong mch in hnh 3.5 vi cc tr s in tr v ngun c th. Theo gi thit , khi T1 bo ha ta c: VC1=VCCSat 0,2 v
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VB1=VBEsat 0,8V Suy ra dng in IC1 v IB1 theo cng thc: ICI = ICI =
VCC VCEsat R CI
12 V 0,2 V 6,5mA 1,8 K
I B1 =
VCC V BEsat V BEsat + V BB 12 V 0 ,8 V 0 ,8 V + 6 V = = 0 ,41 mA R C2 + R 1 R B1 1,8 K + 18 K 47 K
trng thi bo ha Transistor thng c nh, chn = 50. Ta c th nghim li iu kin bo ha ca T1 nh sau: Thng thng IB=
I C 6,5 mA = = 0,13 mA 50
Mch in c :IB1 = 0,41mA (IB1>IB) Nh vy: T1 iu kin bo ha v IB1>
I CI
Xt T2 lc trng thi ngng ta c: VC2 = VCC IC2.RC2 = VCC (IB1+IR)RC2 VC2 = VCC - ( =12V (
VCC VBEsat )R C 2 R C2 + R1
12 V 0,8 V )1,8 K 11V K K 1,8 + 18 R B2 VB2 = (VC1+VBB) VBB R 2 + R B2
= (0,2V+6V)
47 K 6 V 1,5 V 18 K + 47 K
T2 l loi transistor NPN c VB2 = -1,5V (VB2 < 0V) nn T2 phi ngng dn . Nu trng thi ngc li th hai transistor s c dng in v in p cc chn cc ngc li vi phn tch trn. in p ngun m (VBB) c tc dng phn cc cho T2 T2 n nh trng thi ngng trnh tc ng ca nhiu c th lm cho T2 i trng thi. Trng hp khng cn thit chng nhiu th c th khng dng ngun VBB, lc hai in tr RB1 RB2 c ni mass hay c th khng cn dng cng c .
3.3.3. Cc phng php kch i trng thi ca flip-flop . Trng hp T1 ang bo ha, T2 ang ngng dn nh mch hnh 3.6, mun i trng thi ca Flip-Flop th ta c th cho mt xung m vo cc B1 (hoc l cho mt xung dng vo cc B2). Mun i tr li trng thi c th phi cho mt xung dng vo cc B1( hoc l cho mt xung m vo cc B2). gin n ngi ta thng dng mt loi xung.
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a. Mch kch mt bn
Vi + t
+12V
VD
1 8K
1 8K
18K
0,2V
T1 bo ha2
+ C
0,8V D
47K 47K
T2
ngng
R 6V
Vin1
VB1 0,8v + VC1 _ -1,5v +11v 0,2v t t
Hnh 3.5. Mch kch mt bn.
Hnh 3.6. Dng sng cc chn.
S hnh 3.6 l mch Flip- Flop vi mch kch mt bn. Xung kch iu khin l xung vung qua mch vi phn RC i t xung vung ra hai xung nhn (xung nhn dng ng vi cnh ln v xung nhn m ng vi cnh xung). Diod D c tc dng loi b xung nhn dng v ch a xung nhn m vo cc B1 i trng thi T1 t bo ha sang ngng dn. Gi thit mch c trng thi nh hnh 3.6 l T1 ang bo ha v T2 ang ngng dn . Khi ng vo nhn xung vung (Vin) qua mch vi phn RC to in p VI trn in tr R l hai xung nhn. Khi c xung nhn dng th diode D b phn cc ngc nn ngng dn v mch Flip Flop vn gi nguyn trng thi ang c. Khi c xung nhn m th diod D c phn cc thun coi nh ni tt lm in p VB1 gim xung di 0V. Lc T1 ngng dn nn Ib1= 0, Ic1= 0 nn Vc1 tng cao s to phn cc mnh
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cho cc B2 vT2 chy bo ha. Khi T2 bo ha th Vc2 0,2 V nn T1 khng c phn cc s tip tc ngng dn mc du ht xung m. Nh vy, mch Fl ip-Flop chuyn t trng thi T1 bo ha,T2 ngng sang trng thi T1 ngng _T2 bo ha. Khi mch n nh trng thi ny th mch s khng b tc ng i trng thi bi xung kch vo cc B1 na. By gi mun i trng thi ca mch tr li trng thi c th phi cho xung vung tip theo qua mch vi phn v diod D vo cc B2 (v T2 ang trng thi bo ha)
b. Mch kch m: i vi mch kch mt bn th mch Flip-Flop 1,8K 1,8K 18K 18K phi c kch ln lt, lun phin vo cc B1 v B2 thng qua hai mch vi phn v hai Diod. i 0,2V 0,8V trng thi mch Flip- Flop bng mt th xung kch vo mt ng chng ta c th dng mch kch m. 10K D Mch in hnh 3.8 l s mch Flip-Flop c 47K 47K ng kch m nhn xung kch l xung vung. 10K Theo s ny, mch ang trng thi T1 bo -6v ha, T2 ngng dn. Hai in tr 10k thm vo mch ra hai im A vB v hai im ny c in C C p gn ging nh in p ca hai cc C1 v C2. Vin Ta c: VA VC 1= 0,2 V Hnh 3.8:Mch F-F c ng kch m. ( T1 ang bo ha) VB VC 2 =11V ( T2 ang ngng dn) Khi c xung vung ng vo ( Vin ) th qua hai t C1 C2 s c hai xung nhn dng ng vi cnh ln xung ca vung v c 2 xung nhn m ng vi cnh xung ca xung vung ti im A v B. Thi im c xung nhn dng c hai diode D1 D2 u b phn cc ngc nn khng c tc dng vi mch Flip-Flop. Khi c xung nhn m ti hai im A v B th ti hai im ny s c hai mc bin i khc nhau. Do VA 0,2 V nn khi c xung nhn m th xung m s lm gim in p VA v diod V1 c phn cc thun. iu ny s lm i trng thi T1 t bo ha sang ngng dn v i trng thi T2 t ngng dn sang bo ha. Lc do VB =11V rt cao so vi xung m nn khi c xung nhn m th in p VBvn mc dng cao nn D2 vn b phn cc ngc v xung m khng c tc dng vi T2. Khi c xung vung th hai n ng vo th ln ny xung nhn m ch c tc dng i vi T2 l transistor ang bo ha nn mch Flip-Flop li tr v trng thi c. 3.3.4. Cc im cn lu trong thit k . a. Mch vi phn ng vo c chn tr s cao cho tha cc yu cu sau: - Xung m phi c bin cao v rng ln kck i trng thi ca transistor ang bo ha sang ngng . - Nu hng s thi gian =RC s lm gii hn tn s xung kck ( theo iu kin ca mch vi phn trong chng. - Nu hng s thi gian =RC nh hn s lm gim rng xung v c th khng i trng thi ca transistor b. Khi mch FlipFlop lm vic vi cc tn hiu xung kck tn s cao nn chn loi transistor c kt cu Epiplanar c p ng nhanh.
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+12V
c. mch chuyn trng thi tt, tc lm vic nhanh nn chn mc in p ngun thp iu ny cn ph thuc vo yu cu ca ti nu ti l Rc. d. Trong cc mch n gin ngi ta c th khng cn dng m VBB. Tuy nhin, khi khng c ngun m th tnh ngng dn ca transistor khng tt vkh nng chng nhiu ca mch km
3.4. DAO NG A HI N N. 3.4.1. Gii thiu. Mch dao ng a hi n n cng c hai trng thi ( T1bo ha T2 ngng hay T1 ngng T2 bo ha) nhng trong hai trng thi c mt trng thi n nh v mt trng thi khng n nh gi l trng thi to xung. Vi Bnh thng khi khi mch n n c cp ngun s trng thi n nh v mi trng thi ny nu khng c a). tc ng t bn ngoi vo. Khi ng vo nhn c mt xung kch th mch n n s i trng thi to xung a). ng ra v rng xung ra s ty thuc cc thng s RC VB1 thi t k trong mch. Sau thi gian c xung ra mch b). 0,8v n n s tr v trng thi nh ban u . + + Mch dao ng a hi n n cn c gi l mch Cx nh th v thi gian c xung ra c th nh trc nh cc -Vcc thng s trong mch. Mch n n rt thng dng trong lnh vc iu khin t ng trong cc thit b in t v VC in t cng ngip. Vcc c). + Mch n n c th thc hin bng nhiu cch: dng transistor, op-amp vi mch nh th hay cc cng logic. 0,2v Phn ny ch gii thiu v phn tch mch n n dng transistor, cc mch dng khc c gii thiu trong VC chng sau.
d). 0,2v
Vcc t
3.4.2. Mch n n c bn. a. S hai trng thi .

+VCC RC1 RB1 RB2 RC2 RC1
Hnh 3.12. Dng sng vo v ra ca mch n n .

+VCC
RB1 RB2
RC2
T1
C Vi = 0
RB
T2
T1
C VI =
RB
T2
-VBB
-VBB
Hnh 3.10. Mch a hi n n
Hnh 3.11. Mch a hi n n
b. Nguyn l. * Trng thi n nh ca mch n n.(hnh 3.10). Khi m in, t C tc thi np in qua in tr R C2 to dng in ln cp cho cc B1 nn T1 s chy trng thi bo ha. Lc , dng IC1 qua RC1 ln to
Trang 37
st p v VC1 = VCesat 0,2V. Cu phn p RB2 v RB s to ra in p phn cc cho T2 ngng dn v VB2 < 0V. sau khi t np y s c nh hnh v 5.9. in p np trn t c gi tr khong : VC = VCC VBesat VCC. Khi t np y th dng np bn t bng 0 nhng t T1 vn chy trng thi bo ha v vn cn dng IB1 qua RB1 cp phn cc cho cc B1. Hai Transistor s chy n nh trng thi ny nu khng c tc ng g t bn ngoi. * Trng thi to xung ca mch n n (hnh 3.11). Khi ng vo Vi nhn xung kch m qua t C1 s lm in p VB1 gim v T1 ang chy bo ha chuyn sang trng thi ngng dn. Lc IC1 = 0 in p vo VC1 tng cao qua cu phn p RB2 RB s phn cc cho T2 chy bo ha. Khi T2 chy bo ha VC2=VBEsat 0,2V iu ny lm cho t C c chn mang in p dng coi nh ni mass v chn kia c in p m so v mass nn in p m ny s phn cc ngc cho cc B1 lm T1 tip tc ngng mc du ht xung kch. Lc t C x in qua in tr RB1 v transistor T2 t C xung E. Trong thi gian ny T1 ngng dn T2 bo ha nn in p cc chn C v B ca transistor i ngc li chnh l xung in ng ra. Sau khi t x xong lm mt in p m t vo cc B1 vT1 s ht trng thi ngng dn v chuyn sang trng thi bo ha nh lc ban u. Khi T1 tr li trng thi bo ha th VC1 =VCEsat 0,2 V nn T2 mt phn cc s ngng dn nh lc ban u. Thi gian to xung ca mch n n chnh l thi gian x in ca t C qua RB1 Sau thi gian ny mch t tr li trng thi ban u l trng thi n nh. c. Dng sng cc chn. Hnh 3.12 cho thy dng sng cc chn ca mch n n Trong hnh 3.12 a l p ng vo Vi, trc thi im c xung kch l trng thi n nh. Khi c xung nhn m th mch n n bt u chuyn sang trng tha to xung. Hnh 3.12 b l dng in p VB1, khi c xung kch l T1 ngng, t C x in p m nn VB1 c in p m -VCC v t C x in qua RB1 ln in p m gim dn theo hm s m. Thi gian x ca t C chnh l thi gian to xung ng ra. trng thi n nh VC1 =0,2V (bo ha), trng thi to xung VC1 = VCC (ngng dn) nn T1 c xung vung dng ra. Ngc li T2 c xung vung m ra, rng xung l Tx.
d. iu kin v thng s k thut ca mch n n. cho mch n n hot ng ng theo nguyn l phi tha mn iu kin l T1 bo ha vi :
I C1 = I B1 VCC VCEsat VCC (1) (vi VCEsat o,2V) R C1 R C1 V VBEsat VCC = CC (2) (vi VBEsat o,2V) R B1 R B1
I C1 (3) (sat saturation : bo ha) sat I Thng chn: I B1 = K. C1 sat I B1 >
Mun cho T1 bo Haphi c:
Trong : K l h s bo ha su v K = 2 5
Trang 38
*. Cch tnh rng xung: Trong thi gian n nh t C np in qua RC1 vi hng s thi gian np l np = RC1 . C in p np trn t tng theo hm s m bi cng thc :
VC(t) = VCC (1 e ) = VCC - VCC. e in p trn tng t 0V ln VCC. Khi c xung m vo cc B1 th t C x inqua RB1 vi hng s thi gian x l: x = RB1 . C in p trn t khi x gim theo hm s m bi cng thc: VC(t) = VCC. e Do chn dng ca t C coi nh ni mass qua chn C2 khi T2 bo ha nn t x in m (VCC) v in p trn t tng t VCC ln 0V ri sau np tip tc t 0V ln +VCC. Nh vy ng x in v np in ca t s bin thin nh hnh 3.13 c gii hn t -VCC ln +VCC. ng biu din in p trn ts c tnh theo cng thc: VC(t) = VCC - 2VCC. e Khi VC(t) = 0V l ht thi gian x ca t v mch tr li trng thi n nh thi gian ny chnh l thi gian to xung ng ra v cn gi VC l rng xung tx. Ta c : VCC = 2VCC. e
e
t X tX t t t
.
t VC tx
Suy ra
Thay = RB1.C v Ln2 = 0,69 . Suy ra: tx = 0,69 RB1.C Mun thay i rng xung tx ta c th thay i RB1 hay tr s ca t C trong RB1 b gii hn bi iu kin nn thng ngi ta ch thay i t C. * Bin xung ra: trng thi n nh T1 bo ha T2 ngng : VC1 = VCEsat 0,2V ,VC2 VCC trng hi to xung T1 ngng T2 bo ha. VC1 VCC. p)
tx = Ln2 tx = .Ln2.
1 hay e 2
t X
= 2.
+Vcc Np in 0V tx t X in Hnh 3.14: Thi gian hi phc tx Hnh 3.13: ng x v np in trn t C t
-Vcc
R B2 =Vx (do mch phn R C1 + R B2
VC2 = VCEsat 0,2V Nh vy bin xung vung dng cho T1 to ra l: V01 =Vx 0,2V Vx Bin xung vung m do T2 to ra l:
Trang 39
V02 =Vx 0,2V VCC * Thi gian hi phc : Theo s mch n n c bn: trng thi n nh l trng thi T1 bo ha, ngng dn, trng thi to xung l trng thi T1 ngng, T2 bo ha. Sau khi song thi gian to xung tx th T2 s tr li trng thi ngng dn. Trong thc t mch cha tr li trng thi n nh ngay v lc t C li np in qua RC2 lm VC2 tng ln theo hm s m ch khng tng tc thi nh hnh vung. Thi gian ny c gi l thi gian hi phc th Hng s thi gian np ca t l: np = RC2 . C T np y trong thi gian 5 nhng thng ch tnh : Th 4np = 4RC2 .C * Thi gian phn cch: Do c thi gian hi phc th mch n n tr li trng thi n nh nn nu tn hiu xung kch ng vo l nhng tn hiu lin tip nhau c tn s xung kch fi chu k xung kch Ti th chu k Ti phi tha iu kin l: Ti > tx + th iu kin ny c ngha l khong cch ngn nht gia hai xung kch phi ln hn rng v thi gian hi phc th thi gian tx = th gi l thi gian phn cch tf. Ta c: Ti >tf vi tf = tx + th
3.4.3. Cc mch n n ci tin . a. Mch n n dng 1 ngun. Trong cc mch n gin ngi ta c th khng dng ngun VBB v in tr RB c ni mass lc RB c chn li vi tr s khc. Trng hp ny mch c kh nng chng nhiu km S mch n n hnh 3.15, ng vo l mch vi phn Ri-Ci i xung vung ra hai xung nhn v diod D ch nhn xung nhn m a vo cc B1.
+VCC RC1 RB1 RB2 +VCC
RC1
RC2 RB2
RB1
RC2
Ri
C C
T1
RB
T2
RB Vi
Vi
Ci Ri
Hnh 3.16. Mch n n c xung kch vo cc C2.
Hnh 3.15: Mch n n dng 1 ngun
b. Mch n n c xung kch vo cc C2. trng thi n nh T1 bo ha T2 ngng, t np in c in p nh hnh v (hnh 3.16). Khi c xung nhn m lm diod D c phn cc thun th t C c chn np
Trang 40
in p dng ni mass nn chn np in p m s lm phn cc ngc cc B1 v T1 ngng dn. Lc , VC1 tng cao lm T2 tng c phn cc bo ha v VC2 0,2V nn t C tip tc x in qua RB1 v mch s duy tr trng thi T1 ngng, T2 bo ha cho n khi t x xong. Sau thi gian to xung tx t mch li tr v trng thi n nh.
c. Mch n n dng t gia tc . chuyn nhanh trng thi ca T2 t ngng dn sang bo ha khi c xung kch m vo cc B1. Ta c th dng t tc Cj ghp song song RB2. Khi c xung kch m vo cc B1, transistor T1 ang bo ha chuyn sang ngng lm VC1 tng trng thi chuyn tip t Cj coi nh ni tt nn in p VC1 phn cc nhanh cho cc B2 lm T2 bo ha nhanh. iu ny c tc dng lm xung vung ra cc C2 c cnh xung c thng ng, sa li dc trc xung ra (hnh 3.17).
+VCC +VCC
RC1
RB1
RC2
RC1
C
RB2
RB1
C
1
RC2
2 Vi Ri Vi Ri
Hnh 3.17 Dng t gia tc Cj .
Hnh 3.18. Dng diode cch ly D
d. Dng diode cch ly sa dc sau. Trong phn cc thng s ca mch n n c xt n thi gian hi phc th ca xung ra trn cc C2 l do t c np in qua in tr R2 lm in p VC2 tng chm, dc sau ca xung di ra. m bo thi gian hi phc ng ra, lm dc sau c thng ng ngi ta dng thm diode D v in tr RD (hnh 3.18). Khi T2 ngng, in p VC2 lm phn cc ngc diode D v t C ch np in qua RD nn in p VC2 tng nhanh. iu cn lu trong mch ny l khi T2 bo ha, VC2 gim nn diod D c phn cc thun, in tr cc C2 l RC 2 song song RD Thng chn : RC2 = RD = 2.RC1. e. Dng diod cch ly bo v mi ni BE1 . Khi mch vi phn cho ra xung nhn m lm phn cc diod Di a n T1 ngng dn, T2 bo ha. Lc t C s x in v in p ang np trn t a vo cc B1 vi tr s khong VCC, in p ny c th lm h mi ni BE1 v in p nh thng mi ni BE ( BVEBO ) thng c tr s khng cao ( khong vi volt) trnh hin tng trn ngi ta t thn 1 diod gia t C v cc B1nh hnh v. Khi t x in th diode D s chu in p ngc thay cho mi ni BE m in p ngc ca diod thng cao nn diod khng b h (hnh 3.19).
Trang 41

+VCC
+12 RC1 RB2 RB1
RC2 12K 39K 39K
12K
75
C
Vi Ri D
Hnh 3.19. Diode bo v mi ni BE1
Hnh 3.20. Mch thit k.
3.4.4. Bi tp p dng . Thit k mch a hi n n theo cc yu cu v thng s k thut sau: -Ngun VCC = 12V, transistor c = 100, dng ti IC =10mA rng xung tx = 2 giy * Tnh in tr ti RC1 = RC2 : Khi transistor dn bo ha ta c: VCEsat 0,2V
Suy ra:
RC1 = RC2 =
VCC VCEsat 12 V 0,2 V = 1,2K IC 10mA
* Tnh in tr phn cc RB1 = RB2: transistor dn bo ha thng chn h s bo ha su l K = 3.
Ta c :
IB = K
IC 10mA = 3. = 0,3mA 100
in tr RB dc tnh vi mc in p phn cc bo ha l VBEsat = 0,8V . RB1 = RB2 =

VCC VBEsat 12 V 0,8 V = = 37 K 0,3mA IB
Chn tr s tiu chun l: RB = 39K. * Tnh tr s t C : Theo yu cu rng xung l tx =2 giy Ta c : tx = 0,69.RB.C Suy ra : C=
tx 2 = 75F 0,69.R B 0,69.39.10 3
Trong mch ny khng yu cu thit k mch vi phn. Mun tnh tr s R v C ca mch vi phn phi bit tn s hay rng ca xung vung fi. iu kin ca mch vi phn l R.C <<
1 . 2fi
(Xem li chng 1)
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3.5. MCH DAO NG A HI PHI N. 3.5.1 Gii thiu . Mch a hi lng n c hai trng thi n nh, mun i trng thi ca mch t trng thi n nh ny sang trng thi n nh khc th phi c xung kch t bn ngoi. Mch a hi n n c mt trng thi n nh v mt trng thi khng n nh trng thi khng n nh chnh l trng thi to xung. Bnh thng, mch n n s trng thi n nh, mun to xung th phi c xung kch t bn ngoi. Mch a hi phi n khc vi hai mch trn, mch n n s to ra sng vung lin tc m khng cn xung kch bn ngoi. Mch a hi phi n hot ng theo ng nguyn l ca mch dao ng l loi mch t pht sinh tn hiu m khng cn tn hiu iu khin ng vo. 3.5.2. Mch a hi phi n c bn. a.S Thng thng, mch a hi phi n l mch i xng nn hai Transistor c cng tn v cc linh kin in tr, t in c cng tr s. b.Nguyn l hot ng : Tuy l hai Transistor cng tn, cc linh kin cng tr s nhng khng th ging nhau mt cch tuyt i. iu ny s lm cho hai Transistor mch dn in khng bng nhau, khi m in s c mt Transisitor dn in mnh hn v mt Transisitor dn in yu hn. Nh tc dng ca mch hi tip dng t cc C2 v cc B1 v t cc C1 v cc B2 s lm cho Transistor dn mnh hn tin dn n bo ha, Transistor dn in yu hn tin dn n ngng dn. Gi thit T1 dn in mnh hn, t C1 np in qua RC2 lm cho dng IB1 tng cao nn T1 tin n bo ha. Khi T1 bo ha, dng IC1 tng cao v VC 1 VCE sat 0,2V,t C2 x in qua RB2 v qua T1. Khi t C2 x in, in p m trn t C2 a vo cc B2 lm T2 ngng ( hnh 3.21) Thi gian ngng dn ca T2 chnh l thi gian t C2 x in qua RB2. Sau khi t C2 x song, cc B2 li c phn cc nh RB2 nn T2 dn bo ha lm VC2 =VCE sat o,2V. iu iu ny lm t C1 x in qua RB1 v in p m trn t C1 a vo cc B1 lm cho T1 ngng. Lc t C2 li np in qua RC1 lm cho dng IB2 tng cao v T2 bo ha nhanh. Thi gian ngng dn ca T1 chnh l thi gian t CC1 x in qua RB1. Sau khi t C1 x in xong, cc B1li c phn cc nh RB1 nn T1 tr li trng thi dn bo ha nh trng thi ga thit ban u. Hin tng ny c lp li tun hon . c. Dng sng cc chn: Xt cc B1 khi T1 bo ha VB 0,8V. Khi T1 ngng cho t C1 x in lm cc B1 c in p m ( khong- VCC ) v in p m ny gim dn theo hm s m. Xt cc C1 : khi T1 bo ha VC1 0,2V, khi T1 ngng VC1 +VCC . Dng sng ra cc C l dng sng vung. Hnh 3.23. Tng t khi xt cc B2 v cc C2 .Dng sng hai cc ny cng dng vi dng sng cc B1 v C, nhng o pha nhau. Chu k ca tn hiu hnh vung l:
Trang 43
T= t1+t2. Trong : t1 l thigian t C1 x in qua RB1 t in p VCC ln ngun +VCC nn in p tc thi ca t ( ly mc VCC lm gc ) l: VC1(t) = 2VCC. e Thi gian t C1 x qua RB1 t VCC ln 0V cho bi cng thc: VCC = 2VCC. e Suy ra:
e
t1 R B1 .C1 t1 R B1 .C1 t1 R B1 .C1
=2
t1 = Ln2 R B1
t1 = RB1 .C1 Ln2 0,69RB1.C1 Tng t, thi gian t2 t C2 x in qua RB2 t VCC ln 0V l: t2 0,69RB2.C2 Chu k dao ng l: T= t1+t2 = 0,69 ( RB1.C1 + RB2.C2 ) Trong mch a hi phi n i xng ta c : RB1 = RB2= RB VB1 C1 = C2 = C 0,8v Chu k dao ng l: T = 2 x 0,69RB.C = 1,4 RB.C -Vcc Tn s ca xung vung l:
f= 1 1 = T 0,69(R B1 .C1 + R B2 .C 2 )
VC1
t
C1 x
t1
Nu l mch a hi phi n i xng ta c :

1 1 f= = T 1,4R B .C
+Vcc t
d. Thit k mch : VB2 Thit k mch a hi phi n theo cc thng s k thut sau VCC = 12V, dng in ti qua cc l IL = 0,8v t 10mA transistor c =100 tn s dao ng l f = C1 x -Vcc 1000 Hz. Bi gii t2 VC2 Mch a hi phi n l loi i xng c s nh mch a hi c bn ( hnh 3.21 v hnh 3.22) +Vcc -Tnh in tr RC : Khi transistor chy bo ha s c: t VC =VCEsat 0,2V IC = IL = 10mA Hnh 3. 23. Dng sng cc chn. in tr RC c tnh theo cng thc:
RC =
VCC VCEsat 12 V 0,2 V = 1,2 K IC 10mA
-Tnh in tr RB transistor chy bo ha su thng chn h s bo ha su l K = 3.

Trang 44
Ta c : IB = K
IC 10mA = 3. = 0,3mA . 100

VCC VBEsat 12 V 0,8 V = = 37 K. 0,3mA IB
in p phn cc cho transistor chy bo ha l VB = VBEsat = 0,8V. RB1 = RB2 =
Chn tr s tiu chun l: RB = 39K. -Tnh tr s t C: T cng tnh thc tn s ca mch a hi phi n i xng l:
1 1,4R B .C 1 1 Suy ra: C = = = 0,018F 1,4R B .f 1,4.39.10 3.10 3 f=
3.5.3. Mch phi n thay i tn s : a. S mch T cng thc tnh tn s ca mch a hi phi n nh cho thy tn s dao ng c th thay i bng cch thay i tr s in tr RB hay thay gi tr t in C. Thng thng ngi ta dng bin tr VR thay tr s RB nh hnh 3.23. b. Nguyn l hot ng: Bin tr VR l phn in tr phn cc chung cho hai cc B ca hai transistor. iu kin ca mch l khi iu chnh bin tr VR s khng lm thay i nguyn l hot ng ca mch , khi dn in transistor vn phi trng thi bo ha. Khi iu chnh bin tr VR s lm thay i tr s in tr RB1 v RB2 trong khong : RB1max =R1 + VR hay RB2min = R2 + VR RB1min = R1 hay RB2min = R2 Gii hn trn s cho ra khong tn s m mch dao ng c th cho ra c. c. Thit k mch : Gi thit mch a hi phi n c thit k trong phn trn c tn s iu chnh c t fmin = 500Hz n fmax = 1500Hz th phn tnh ton c gii theo trnh t sau: *. u tin ta gi thit mch dao ng a hi phi n c tn s dao ng khng i l tn s trung bnh ca fmin v fmax :
f= fmin + fmax 500Hz + 1500Hz = = 1000Hz 2 2
*. Vi tn s khng i l f = 1000Hz bi ton tr v dng thit k mch a hi phi n c bn nh trn v ta c c kt qu: RC = RC1= RC2 = 1,2K RB = RB1= RB2 = 39K C = C1 = C2 =0,018F *. Sau khi c kt qu trn ta gi tr s t C khng i v thay tr s in tr RB thay i tn s f.
Ta c:
1 1,4R B .C 1 RB = 1,4f .C
f=
Suy ra:
Tr s RB t l nghch vi tn s f nn ta c hai trng hp : Tn s lfmin khi RBmax. Tn s lfmax khi RBmin. Trang 45
* Tnh tr s in tr RB.
R B max =
1 1 = = 80K . 1,4fmin C 1,4.500.0,018.10 6
R B max = R B min
1 1 = = 80K 1,4fmin C 1,4.500.0,018.10 6 1 1 = = = 27K . 1,4fmax C 1,4.1500.0,018.10 6
Trong phn nguyn l ta c: RBmin = R1= R2 = 27k RBmax = R1 + VR = R2 + VR = 80K VR = RBmax - RBmin = 80K - 27k = 53K Chn bin tr VR = 50K theo tiu chun. S mch hnh 5.24 l mch a hi phi n thay i tn s c thit k. * Kim tra iu kin bo ha. iu kin ca mch a hi phi n la khi dn in phi trng thi bo ha. Khi thay i bin tr VR s lm thay i RB vdng in IB nn cn kim tra li trng thi dn ca transistor khi c RBmax. Ta c :
I B max = VCC VBEsat 12 V 0,8 V = = 0,14mA R B max 80K I C 10mA = = 0,1mA 100
Do dng in IC = 10 vi =100 th trng thi khuch i ta c:

IB =
Dng in IBmin = 0,14mA vn ln hn IB =0,1mA nn vn m bo transistor dn in bo ha. Trng hp khng t iu kin ny th phi chn transistor c ln hn hay dng transistor rp kiu Darlington.
3.5.4. Mch thay i chu trnh lm vic. Trong chng 1 khi nim c bn v k thut xung, phn cc thng s ca tn hiu xung c khi nim v chu k T ca tn hiu xung l: T = ton + tof Trong ton l thi gian tn hiu xung c in p cao tof l thi gian xung c in p thp. T khi nim trn ngi ta a ra hai khi nim khc l rng Q v h s y ca xung. rng ca xung c tnh theo cng thc:
Q=
t on T
T t on
Nghch o ca rng xung l h s y c tnh theo cng thc: H s y cn c gi tn bng mt khi nim k thut khc l chu trnh lm vic D (Duty Cycle) Nh vy : D=
t on 100% T
Trang 46
Trong mch dao ng a hi phi n i xng ta c thi gian x ca t C1 bng thi gian x ca t C2 nn: t1 = t2 ton = toff = D=
t on 100% = 50% T
1 T 2
Chu trnh lm vic ca mch a hi i xng l: thay i chu trnh lm vic D ngi ta phi thay i ton hoc toff nhng phi gi nguyn chu k T.
a. S mch thay i chu trnh lm vic : Mch in hnh 5.25 c bin tr VR dng thay i chu trnh lm vic D. VR =R1 + R2. in tr R l phn in tr RB dng chung cho c hai transistor. Ta c : RB1 = R + R1. RB2 = R + R2. Khi iu nchnh bin tr theo hng tng tr s R1 s lm gim tr s R2 v ngc li. iu ny c ngha l khi RB1 tng th gim tr s RB2 v ngc li. Ta vn c thi gian x ca hai t C1 v C2 tnh theo cng thc sau: t1 = 0,69RB1 .C1 = 0,69 (R+ R1) C1 t2 = 0,69RB2 .C2 = 0,69 (R+ R2) C2 Gi thit C1=C2=C ta c chu k T ca tn hiu xung vung l: T = t1 + t2 = 0,69 (R+ R1) C1 + 0,69 (R+ R2) C2 T = 0,69 [(R+ R1) + (R+ R2)] C T = 0,69 [(R+ R1) + (R+ R2)] C T = 0,69 (2R+ R1 + R2) C T = 0,69 (2R+ VR) C Nh vy, khi iu chnh bin tr VR s lm khng thay i chu k T tc l gi nguyn tn s f m ch lm thay i thi gian t1, t2 tc l thi gian ton, toff s lm thay i chu trnh lm vic D. b. Nguyn l thit k: Bin tr VR l phn in tr phn cc chung cho hai cc B ca hai transisto. Khi iu chnh bin tr ng v tr gia in tr phn cc cho hai transistor bng nhau l:
R B1
+VCC
R
RC
1 = R B2 = R + R1 = R +R2 = R + VR 2
RC1
C2
VR
C1
Khi thay i v tr ca bin tr VR sang phi hay sang T1 T2 tri lm tng in tr phn cc RB1, gim in tr phn cc RB2 v ngc li. Khi RB1 cc tiu th RB2 cc i v ngc li Hnh 3.25: Mch thay i chu trnh Ta c : RB1min = RB2min = R RB1max = RB2max = R +VR Gi thit mch a hi phi n c thit k trong phn trn c tn s dao ng l 1000Hz nhng chu trnh lm vic thay i c t 40% n 60% th phn tnh ton c gii theo trnh t sau:
Trang 47
* u tin ta gi thit mch dao ng a hi phi n c tn s l f = 1000Hz v chu trnh lm vic khng i l 50% ( mch phi n i xng). * Vi gi thit bi ton tr v dng thit k mch c bn nh trn v c kt qu: RC = RC1= RC2 = 1,2K R B = RB1= RB2 = 39K ( Tr s RB trung bnh ng vi bin tr VR v tr gia) C = C1 = C2 =0,018F * Sau khi c kt qu trn ta gi tr s t C khng i v thay i tr s in tr RB1, RB2 thay i t1, t2 tc l thay i chu trnh lm vic. Ta ch cn tnh cho t1 s suy ra tng t cho t2 T tn s f = 1000Hz suy ra chu k T l:
T= 1 1 = = 1ms f 1000 40 T = 0,4ms 100
Khi chu trnh lm vic l D = 40% th thi gian t1 l: t1 = Suy ra: RB1min = v t1 = 0,69RB1min .C = 0,4 ms
0,4ms = 32,2K 0,69.0,018.10 6
R = RBmin = 32,2 K (chn R = 33K) Khi chu trnh lm vic l D = 60% th thi gian t1 l: t1 = v
60 T = 0,6ms 100
t1 = 0,69RB1max .C = 0,6 ms
Suy ra: RB1max =
0,6ms = 48,3K . 0,69.0,018.10 6
RB1max = R + VR. Nh vy: VR = RB1max R = 48,3 K 33 K = 15,3 K. Chn bin tr VR = 15 K.

3.5.5. Mch a hi phi n cc dng khc. a. Mch a hi phi n dng diode sa dng sng: Khi transistor trong mch phi n i trng thi t bo ha (VC = VCEsat 0,2V) sang ngng dn (VC VCC ) th in p ra khng tng ln tc thi theo dng sng vung c v lc t C np qua RC lm in p ra tng ln theo hm s m. Thi gian in p ra tng ln theo hm s m gi l thi gian hi phc th. Thi gian ny t thuc hng s thi gian np ca t C v in tr RC, th c tnh theo cng thc: th = 3np = 3RC . C sa cha dng sng ra ngi ta dng hai diod D1-D2 cch ly cc t C1-C2 vi hai cc C1-C2 Khi T2 ngng dn t C1 s khng np in qua RC2 v D2 b phn cc ngc, do n t C= s np in qua RD2 . Nh vy in p VC2 s tng nhanh cho ra dng sng vung. Suy lun tng t cho t C2 v in p VC1 khi T1 ngng dn.
Trang 48
Vcc
V O
Rc1
Rd1
D2
Rb2 C2
Rb1 C1
Rd2
D1
Rc2
th
th
t
T2
Hnh 3. 26. Dng sng vung doT1 thi gian hi phc. Hnh 3.27. Dng Diode sa dng sng.
b. Mch a hi phi n hi tip v cc E : Mch in hnh 5.28 c t hi tip C ni gia hai cc E, trong khi t CB loi t ha c tr s ln s c tc dng lc b thnh phn xoay chiu xung mass. Transistor T1 c rp nh kiu cc B chung nn tn hiu cc E v ra cc C1.
Vcc
VCC
Rb
Rc1
Rc2
Rb1
T1 C
+ +
Rc1 C
+
Rb
Rc2
T2
T2
T1
Re2
Cb
Re1
Rb2
Re
Hnh 3.28. Mch phi n hi tip v cc E.
Hnh 3.29. Mch phi n dng chung Re.
Mch in 3.28 chy theo nguyn l sau. Khi mi m in, t CB np nn VB1 = 0V lm T1 ngng v VC1 tng cao lm cho T2 bo ha, dng IC2 tng ca. Dng IE2 s qua R2 lm VE2 tng, t C np in qua RC2 v RE1. Dng np vo t C lm V1 tng nn transistor T1 cng d ngng dn. Khi t C np y th IE1 0 lm VE2 gim trong khi t CB np y nn VB1 cao lm lm T1 bo ha. Khi T1 bo ha c dng IC1 qua RC1 nn VC1 gim lm VB2 gim v T2 ngng. Khi T1 bo ha, T2 ngng th in p trn t C s ni tip vi in p ngun v t C s x qua RC1 v RE2. Khi t C x in qua RE2 s lm VE2 gim dn n mc nh th T2 li dn in to dng in np vo t C nn VE1 li tng cao lm T1 ngng dn. Mch tr li trng thi ban u. Hin tng trn li tip tc v tun hon.
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Mch in hnh 3.29 c t C ghp gia cc C1 v cc B2, mch hi tip c thc hin nh hai transistor c chung in tr RE . Khi m in t C np nhanh qua RC1T2-RE lm T2 dn v cho ra IE2 qua RE nn VE1 = VE2 tng cao v lm T1 ngng. Khi t C np y lm mt dng IB2 nn T2 ngng dn. IE2 = 0 lm cho T1 dn bo ha nh c cu phn p RB1 v RB2. Lc in p trn t C ni tip vi in p ngun s x qua RB v T1-RE. Sau khi t x xong lm mt in p m t vo cc B2 nn T2 dn in tr li nh trng thi ban u. Trong mch in hnh 3.28 t C np in qua RC2 - RE1 v x in qua RC1- RC2. Ta c : np= ( RC2 + R1 ).C v x = ( RC1+ R2 ) C. Nu mch c thit k c RC1 = RC2 v RE1 = RE2 th xung vung ng ra l tn hiu vung i xng. Trong mch in hnh 3.29 t C np qua RC1-RE,x in qua RB- RE. Ta c : np = (RC1+ RE ) .C v x = ( RB + RE ).C Do in tr RB thng rt ln so vi RC1 nn xung ra l mt tn hiu vung khng i xng . c. Mch a hi phi n dng hai Transistor khc loi: Trong mch in hnh 4.30 dng hai Transisitor khc loi to mch a hi phi n gm T1 loi NPN v T2 loi PNP . Mch c nguyn l lm vic nh sau : Khi m in T1 dn do c phn cc cu phn th RB1- RB2 .Lc dng IC1 lm gim in p VC1 nn cng lm gim VB2. Hin tng ny s lm cho T2 cng c phn cc nn dn in ( v T2 l loi PNP) Khi T2 dn c dng IC2 qua RC2 lm VC2 tng v t C np in qua RE2 T2 v RB2 xung mass. Dng np ny qua RB2 lm VB1 tng v T1 chy bo ha ko T2 bo ha theo. Khi t C np y lm mt dng in qua RB2 nn VB2 gim lm T1 chy yu dn theo T2 chy yu. Lc VC2 gim nh do T2 dn yu lm in p trn t C ghp ni tip vi in p ngun v t C s x in qua RB1 v RC2. Lc in p m trn t C s lm VB1 m, nn T1 ngng ko theo T2 ngng theo. Khi t C x in xong th mch tr li trng thi ban u v hin tng trn c tip din lin tc tun hon. Thi gian np ca t qua RE2 va RB2 c tr s nh nn ngn hn so vi thi gian x ca t RB1 v RC2. Do o, tn hiu xung ra c dng xung vung khng i xng.
d. Mch a hi phi n cho ra tn s thp: Mch a hi phi n c bn c cng thc tnh tn s dao ng l:
f= 1 1,4R B .C
Trong cng nghip c nhng trng hp cn to ra tn hiu xung b c tn s f rt thp (f<<1Hz) th d: f = 0,01Hz Ni cch khc, xung vung c chu k T rt di (T>>1gy). Theo cng thc trn, c f rt thp th tr s RB v t C phi rt ln. Trong thc t tr s t C loi t ha cng c mc gii hn khng th qu ln, in tr RB nu qu ln s khng tha iu kin bo ha su v lc dng IB s nh theo cng thc: IB = K.
IC
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gii quyt cho trng hp trn ta c th dng hai transistor rp kiu Darlington c khuch i dng ln. Trong mch in hnh 4.31, hai transistor T1A-T1B rp kiu Darlington, T2A-T2B rp kiu Darlington to ra mch a hi i xng vi cch rp kiu Darlington th khuch i dng chung cho hai transistor l: chung = A B ( vi ngn vi chc ngn) iu kin bo ha su by gi s l:
IB = K IC A B
Vi chung rt ln th dng in IB s c tr s rt nh v iu ny gip cho vic chn tr s RB c th ln theo cng thc:

RB = VCC 2VBE RB
Vcc
Rc1
C2 +
Rb2
Rb1
C1
Rc2 +
T2 T1
T4 T3
Hnh 3.28. Mch phi n c tn s thp
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CHNG 4 CC MCH DAO NG KHC

4.1. MCH DAO NG A HI DNG OP-AMP Trong phn trc chng ta kho st cc mch to xung dng transistor ri, trong phn ny chng ta s kho st cc ng dng ca OP-AMP trong k thut xung. 4.1.1. Mch lng n (FLIP FLOP) dng OP-AMP: Mch F/F dng OP-AMP nh s hnh 4.1 c hai +VCC OP-AMP lm vic nh hai mch khuch i so snh. Hai OP-AMP s trng thi bo ha dng nu c: 100K Vi+ > Vi V0 = +VCC 3 + 6 Vo1=+VC hay trng thi bo ha m nu c: 2 C V + 10 Vi > Vi V0 = + 0 2 K 1 Gi thuyt mch c trng thi nh hnh v vi V01 = 10 +VCC v V02 = 0V K 1 OP-AMP (1) c hi tip t V02 = 0V v ng In2 1 Vo2=0v qua in tr 10K nn vn c : 3 + + Vi > Vi v V01 = +VCC n nh 100K OP-AMP (2) c hi tip t V01 = +VCC v ng Inqua in tr 10K (10K << 100K) nn vn c: Vi > Vi+ +VCC v V01 = 0V n nh y l trng thi n nh th nht Hnh.4.1: Mch F/F dng OP-AMP ca mch F/F, OP-AMP(1) trng thi bo ha dng kch i trng thi bng xung m v OP-AMP(2) trng thi bo ha m. i trng thi ca F/F, cho cng tc S ni vo ng In- ca OP-AMP(2) ang bo ha m. Lc Vi = 0V v Vi+ > Vi nn OP-AMP(2) chuyn sang bo ha dng, V02 = + VCC qua in tr hi tp 10K s lm i trng thi c OP-AMP(1) t bo dng sang bo ha m v lc OP-AMP(1) c Vi > Vi+ . Lu : in tr hi tip phi c tr s kh nh so vi in tr ni ng In+ ln ngun +VCC Cng tc S c im chung ni masse +VCC xem nh xung m kch iu khin F/F. Cng tc iu khin ln ngun +VCC 100K qua in tr kch i trng thi ca 3 + 6 Vo1=+VCC F/F nh xung dng kch iu khin F/F. 2 Vo1 10K + Trng hp ny xung dng phi c a vo OP-AMP (1) ang bo ha dng. S hnh l hnh 4.3 mch F/F di trng thi Vo2 bng xung dng. 1 2 10K Nh vy, i trng thi bng xung dng. Vo2=0v 3 + - Cho xung m( hay mc in th thp) vo ng 100K In- ca OP-AMP ang bo ha m. - Cho xung dng (hay mc in th cao ) vo +VCC ng In- ca OP-AMP ang bo ha dng. Hnh 4.3: Mch F/F hi tip bng D 4.1.2. Mch flip-flop hi tip bng diode: Mch Flip-Flop hnh 4.3 dng hai diode
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D1-D2 nhn xung kch ng vo v hai diod D3-D4 ly in p hi tip. Gi s mch ang c trng thi n nh nh hnh v, OP-AMP(1) ang boha dng, V01=+VCC; OP-AMP (2) ang bo ho m, V01 =OV. Trng hp ny nu cho xung m vo ng V12 ca OP-AMP ang bo ha m th diode D2 b phn cc ngc nn xung m khng tc ng c vo mchF/F phi cho xung dng vo ngVi 1 ca OP-Amp ang bo ha dng. Lc , diode D1 c phn cc thun s cho xung dng vo mch F/F v lm cho mch i trng thi. Nh vy, khi s dng diode nh hnh 4.3 th 2 mch F/F ch cn mt cch kch i trng thi l cho xung dng (hay mc in th cao) vo ng In- ca OP-AMP (1) ang bo ha dng. R 4.1.3. Mch dao ng tch thot: +VCC a. Nguyn l: 2 Mch in hnh 4.4 l s mch dao ng 1 3 tch thot dng OP-AMP cho ra tn hiu vung. C + S c hai mch hi tip t ng ra v hai ng R1 -VCC vo. C u phn p RC hi tip v ng In- ,cu phn p R1 R2 hi tip v ng In+.
R2
H6-4
Hnh 4.4. Mch phi n hi tip v cc E.
gii thch nguyn l mch ta gi s t C cha np in v OP-AMP ang trng thi bo ha dng. Lc ny cu phn p R1 R2 a in p dng v ng In+ vi mc in p l : V0 = +VCC
+ Vin = + VCC .
Trong khi , ng In- c in p tng dn ln t 0V, in p tng do t C np qua R theo quy lut hm s m vi hng s thi gian l =R.C + Khi t C np c Vin < Vin th OP-AMP vn trng thi bo ha dng. Khi t C np + n mc in p Vin > Vin th OP-AMP i thnh trng thi bo ha m, ng ra c V0 = -VCC. Lc ny cu phn p R1 R2 a in p m v ng In+ vi mc in p l:
+ Vin = VCC .
R2 + = VA ( Vin > 0V) R1 + R 2
Trong khi ng In- vn cn ang mc in p dng vi tr s:

Vin = + VCC .
R2 + = VB ( Vin < 0V ) R1 + R 2 R2 R1 + R 2
do t C ang cn nap in. Nh vy OP-Amp s chuyn sang trng thi bo ha m nhanh cho cnh vng thng ng. T C by gi s x in p dng ang np trn t + vn qua R1 v ti ng ra xung mass. Khi t C x in p dng ang c th Vin mc in p m nn OP-AMP vn trng thi bo ha m. Khi t C x ht in p dng s np in qua R c in p m ang c do ng ra ang trng thi bo ha m chiu np by gi ngc vi chiu dng in np trn hnh v. + < Vin (ng In- nh hn ng In+) th OP-AMP Khi t C np in p m n mc Vin li i thnh trng thi bo ha dng v ng ra c V0 = +VCC.
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Mch tr li trng thi gi thit ban u v hin tng trn c tip din lin tc tun hon . b. Dng sng cc chn: Mc gii hn in p ng ra l: V0max +VCC VinV0min -VCC VA Mc gii hn in p hai ng vo l: VA = + VCC .
R2 R1 + R 2 R2 VB = VCC . R1 + R 2
t
VB
Vin+
Dng in ng vo In- l dng tan gic. Thi gian in p ng vo In- tng t VB ln VA l OP-ANP trng thi bo ha dng, Thi gian in p ng vo In- gim t VA xung VB l OP-ANP trng thi bo ha dng. Dng in p ng In+ v ng ra l trng thi xung vung i xng. Chu k ca tn hiu c tnh theo cng thc
T = 2R.CLn R 1 + 2R 2 R1
VA
t
VB
V0
Vcc
t
-Vcc
Suy ra tn s ca tn hiu xung c tnh theo cng thc

1 f= T
Hnh 4.5. Dng sng cc chn.
Trng hp c bit : R1 = 2R2 T = 2.R.CLn2 (LN2 = 0,69) =2.R.C.0,69 f= R1 = R2

1 1 2.0,69.R.C 1,4.R.C
T = 2.R.CLn3 (LN3 = 1,1) =2.R.C.1,1

f=
1 2,2.R.C
c. Mch i tn s: Theo cng thc tnh chu k v tn s dao ng nh trn ta c th i tn s dao ng bng cc phng php sau: Thay i t s ca cu phn th trong mch hi tip chng ( R1 v R2 ) Thay i tr s in tr R hay t C trong mch hi tip m. Tn s ca mch dao ng tnh thot hnh 6-6 c tnh theo cng thc: T= 2 (R+ VT1) .CLn
R 1 + 2(R 2 + VR 2 ) R1
d. Mch i chu trnh lm vic: Trong s mch dao ng tch thot c bn dng OP-AMP, t C np in v x in u qua in tr R nn hng s thi gian np v x bng nhau. iu ny c ngha l thi gian xung vung c in p cao v thi gian xung vung c in p thp di bng nhau. Xung vung ra l xung khng i xng c chu trnh lm vic l D = 50%.
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thay chu trnh lm vic, mch dao ng tch thot c s nh hnh 4.47, bin tr VR s lm thay i thi gian np v thi gian x ca t theo hai hng ngc nhau,nn tng thi gian np s lm gim thi gian xv ngc li Khi t C np in p dng t ng ra s np qua in tr R, bin tr VR ( phn di ) v qua diode D2. Khi t C x in p dng v sau np in p m s x qua R< bin tr VR ( phn trn ) v qua diode D1. Khi iu chnh bin tr VR ch lm thay i chu trnh lm vic m vn gi nguyn tn s dao ng. 4.1.4 Mch to xung vung v tam gic: Mch dao ng tch thot c bn to xung i xng ng ra. Nu kt hp mch tch phn tch cc dng OP-AMP th mch c th cho ra xung tam gic.
R5 R +VCC R3 2 3 C1 -VCC R2 3 VR1 + R1 2 Vo1 R4 -VCC 3 VR2 Vo1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 + C2 +VCC
Hnh 4.8: Mch to xung vung v tam gic OP-AMP (1) l mch dao ng tch thot to xunh vung theo nguyn l trn. Xung vung c ly trn bin tr VR1 thay i bin ng ra OP-AMP (2) l mch tch phn tch cc nhn xung vung t ng ra ca OP-AMP(1) i thnh dng xung tam gic.Xung tam gic c ly trn bin tr VR2 thay i bin ng ra. 4.2. MCH DAO NG A HI DNG VI MCH 555. Vi mch nh th 555 l mch tch hp Analog Digital nn c nhiu tc gi xp vo mt chng trong gio trnh Mch tng t, c nhiu tc gi li xp vo mt chng trong gio trnh Mch s Vi mch nh th 555 v h ca n c ng dng rt ng ri trong thc t ,c bit trong lnh vc iu khin v nu kt hp vi cc linh kin RC th n c th thc hin nhiu chc nng nh nh th,to xung chun ,to tn hiu kch hay iu khin cc linh kin bn dn cng sut nh Transistor,SCr,Triac Do chng ti xp Vi mch nh th 555 l mt chng trnh K thut xung. 4.2.1. S chn v cu trc: Vi mch 555 c ch to thng dng nht l dng v Plastic nh hnh v 4.9 Chn1: GND (ni t) Chn2: Trigger Input (ng vo xung ny) Chn3: Output ( ng ra) Chn4: Reset (hi phc) Chn5: Control Voltage ( in p iu khin) Chn6: Threshold (Thm ngng) Chn7: Dirchage ( x in)
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8 5
NE555
http://www.ebook.edu.vn H4.9
4 4
Chn8: +VCC ( ngun dng) Bn trong vi mch 555 c hn 20 Transistor v nhiu in tr thc hin chc nng nh trong hnh 4.10 gm c:
8 6
5K
2/3 VCC
+ -
NOT R
F/F
OUT PUT
5
5K
1/3 VCC
3 2
+ -
S
T2
3 7
5K
1
T1 2 1 V r =1,4V 3
Hnh 4.10 Cu trc ca IC 555.
1)-Cu phn p gm 3 in tr 5K ni t ngun =UCC xung mass cho ra 2 p th chun l 1/3 UCC v 2/3 UCC . 2)-OP-AMP (1) l mch khuch i so snh c ng I-n nhn in p chun 2/3 UCC cn ng I+n th ni ra ngoi chn 6. Ty thuc in p ca chn 6 so vi in p chun 2/3 UCC m OP-AMP (1) c in p mc cao hay thp lm tn hiu R (Reset) iu khin Flip-Flop(F/F). 3)-OP-AMP(2) l mch khuch i so snh c ng I+n nhn in p chun 1/3 UCC cn ng I-n th ni ra ngoi chn 2. Ty thuc in p chn 2 so vi in p chun 1/3 UCC m OP-AMP (2) c p th ra mc cao hay thp lm tn hiu S (Set) iu khin Flip Flop (F/F). 4)-Mch Flip-Flop (F/F) l loi mch lng n kch mt bn. Khi chn Set (S) c in p cao th in p ny kch i trng thi ca F/f l ng Q ln mc cao v ng Q ca xung mc thp. Khi ng Set ang mc cao xung thp th mch F/F khng i trng thi. Khi chn Reset c in p cao th in p ny kch i trng thi. Khi chnReset (R ) c in p cao th in p ny kch i trng thi ca F/f lm ng Q ln mc cao v ngQ xung mc thp. Khi ng Reset ang mc cao xung thp th mch F/F khng i trng thi. 5)-Mch OUTPUT l mch khuch i ng ra tng khuch i dng cp cho ti. y l mch khuch i o c ng vo l chn Q ca F/F nn khi Q mc cao th ng ra chn 3 ca IC s c in p thp (0v) v ngc ti khi Q mc thp th ng ra chn 3 ca IC s c in pcao (UCC ) . 6)- Transistor T1 c chn e ni vo 1 in p chun khong 1,4 V v loi Transistor. PNP nn khi cc b ni ra ngoi bi chn 4 c in p cao hn 1,4V th T1 ngng dn nn T1 khng nh hng n hot ng ca mch khi chn 4 c in tr tr s nh thch hp ni mass th T1 dn bo ha ng thi lm mch OUTPUT cng dn bo ha v ng ra xung thp. Chn 4 c gi l chn Reset c ngha l n Reset IC
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555 bt chp tnh trng cc ng vo khc, do chn Reset dng kt thc xung ra sm khi cn. Nu khng dng chc nng Reset th ni chn4 l UCC trnh mch b Reset do nhiu. 7)- Transistor T2 l Transistor c cc C h ni ra chn7 (Discharge =x ). Do cc Bc phn cc bi mc in p ra Q ca F/F nn khi Q mc cao th T2 bo ha v cc C ca T2 coi nh ni mass, lc ng ra chn 3 cng mc thp. Khi
Q
mc thp th T2 ngng dn cc Cca T2 b h, lc ng ra chn 3 c in p cao. Theo nguyn l trn cc C ca T2 ra chn 7c th lm ng ra ph c mc in p ging mc in p ca ng ra chn 4. Hnh 4.10 l s cu trc bn trong ca IC 555 v theo kiu s chc nng. 4.2.2. Cc mch dao ng. +VCC=12V a. Mch phi n c bn. S mch hnh 4.11 l ng dng ca IC 555 l mch a hi phi n to xung vung. R96 Trong mch chn ngng ( Threshoide ) s 6 c Ra 8 4 ni vi chn ny (Trigger) s 2 nn hai chn ny c 7 Rb chung in p l in p trn t C so vi in p 6 555 3 chun 2|3 VCC v 1|3 VCC bi OP- AMP (1) v 2 OP- AMP (2). Chn 5 c t nh, 01 ni mass lc R=1,2K 1 5 nhiu tn s cao c th lm nh hng in p C chun 2/3 VCC. .01 Chn 4 ni ngun + VCC nn khng dng chc nng Reset, chn 7 x in c ni vo gia 2 in tr RA v RB to ng x in cho t. Ng ra chn 3 c in tr gii hn dng 1,2 K v Led biu th Hnh 4.11: M ch a hi phi n mc in p ra ch c th dng trong trng hp tn s dao ng c tr s thp t 20HZ tr xung th tn s cao hn 40HZ trng thi sang + tt ca Led kh c th nhn bit bng mt thng. phn tch nguyn l ca mch cn phi hp mch ng dng hnh 4.51 v s cu trc hnh 4.52 Khi mi ng in t C bt u np t OV ln nn: -OP-AMP (1) c VI+< VI- nn ng ra c V01 = mc thp, ng R= 0 (mc thp) - OP-AMP (2) c VI+ > VI- nn ng ra c V02 = mc cao , ng S=1(mc cao ) Mch F|F c ng S=1 nn Q =1 v Q = 0 . Lc ng ra chn 3 c V0 VCC (Do qua mch o ) lm Led sng . Transistor T2 c VB2 = 0 do Q =0 nn T2 ngng dn t C c np in T C np in qua RA v RB vi hng s thi gian khi np l:
nap = (R A + R B )
Khi in p trnt tng n mc 1/3 VCC th OP-AMP (2) i trng thi, ng ra c V02 = mc thp, ng S = 0 ( mc thp ). Khi S xumg mc thp th F|F khng i trng thi nn in p ng ra vn mc cao, Led vn sng . Khi in p trn t tng n mc 2|3 VCC th OP-AMP (1) di trng thi, ng ra c V01 = mc cao, ng R = 1. Mch F|F c ng R= 1 nn Q= 1.Lc ra chn 3 c V0 0V lm Led tt. Khi ng Q=1.s lm T2 dn bo ha v chn 7 ni mass,lm t C khng np tip in p c
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m phi x in qua RB v Transistor T2 xung mass. T C x in qua RB vi hng s thi gian l: x =RB . C Khi in p trn t tc l in p chn 2 v chn 6- gim xung di 2/3 VCC th OP-AMP(1) i tr li trng thi c l V01 = mc thp, ng R = 0. Khi R xung mc thp th F|F khng i trng thi nn in p ng ra vn mc thp, Led vn tt. Khi in p trn t gim xung n mc 1/3 VCC th OP-AMP(2) li c VI+ > VI- nn ng ra c V02 = mc cao, ng S1 = 1.Mch F|F c ng S=1 v Q = 0 , ng ra chn 3 qua mch o c V0 + VCC lm Led li sng, ng thi lc T2 mt phn cc do Q = 0 nn ngng dn v chm dt giai on x in ca t. Nh vy mch tr lai trng thi ban u v t li np in t mc 1/3 VCC nn n 2/3 VCC , hin tng ny s tip din lin tc v tun hon. Lu : Khi mi m in t C s np in t 0V ln 2|3 VCC ri sau t x in l 2/3 VCC xung 1/2 VCC ch khng x xung 0v. Nhng chu k sau t s np t 1/3VCC ln 2/3 ch khng np t 0v na. Thi gian t np l thi gian V0 + VCC , Led sng. Thi gian t x l thi gian V0 0v , Led tt. Thi gian np v x t c tnh theo cng thc: Thi gian np : tnp =0,69. np : tnp = 0,69 .( RA + RB ) C Thi gian x : tx = 0,69.x .tx = 0,69 . RB . C in p ng ra chn 3 c dng hnh vung vi chu k l: T = tnp +tx T = 0,69 ( RA + 2RB ) C Do thi gian np v thi gian x khng bng nhau ( tnp > tx ) nn tn hiu hnh vung ra khng i xng. Tn s ca tn hiu hnh vung l:
f= 1 1 = T 0,69(R A + 2R B )C
b. Mch phi n i xng : Trong mch phi n c bn , do thi gian np v thi gian x ca t khng bng nhau nn dng in p ng ra khng i xng. Ta c : tnp =0,69 ( RA + RB ) .C .tx = 0,69 RB .C cho dng sng vung ng ra i xng ngi ta c th thc hin bng nhiu cch Cch th 1: Chn in tr RA c tr s rt nh so vi RB th lc sai s gia tnp v tx coi nh khng ng k. iu ny kh thc hin nu lm vic tn s cao. in tr RA c tr s ti thiu khong vi K th RB phi c tr s rt ln khong vi trm K. Vi cc tr s in tr ny th tn s dao ng khng th cao c. Cch th 2 : Dng Diode D ghp song song RB theo chiu hng xung nh hnh v 4.12 khi c Diode D, thi gian t C np lm Diode D c phn cc thun c in tr rt nh nn coi nh ni tt RB. Thi gian np in ca t c tnh theo cng thc : tnp 0,69 RA . C Khi t C x in thi Diode c phn cc ngc nn t vn x in qua RB. Thi gian x in ca t c tnh theo cong thc : tx = 0,69 RB .C Nu chn tr s RA bng RB th mch s to ra tn hiu hnh vung i xng .
Trang 58

+VCC

+VCC
RA
7 6
4
RA
7 6
RB
2 1
555
5
.01
3
RB R
2 1
555
5
.01
3
R
Hnh 4.12a Hnh 4.12b. Tht ra trong mch in hnh 4.12a khi t np dng in phi qua RA v n tr thun ca Diode nn thi gian np vn ln hn thi gian x mt t. cho tn hiu tht i xng th ghp thm Diode ni tip vi in tr RB nh hnh 4.12b, nh vy c hai trng hp np v x u c Diode. iu kin ca hai mch trn l RB phi c tr s kh ln so vi in tr thun ca Diode. c. Mch phi n iu chnh tn s v chu trnh lm vic: Hai yu cu thng c trong thit k ca mch a hi phi n l: Thay i tn s f m vn gi nguyn chu trnh lm vic ( i xng ) Thay i chu trnh lm vic m vn gi nguyn tn s f. c th thay i tn s ca tn hiu hnh vung ra m vn c tn hiu i xng th hai in tr RA v RB phi c iu chnh sao cho cng tng hay gim tr s. Lc rong mch in c thm hai bin tr VRA v VRB ghp ni tip nh trong s hnh 4.46a. thay i chu trnh lm vic tc l thay i t l thi gian tn hiu c in p cao v thi gian tn hiu c in p thp hay l thi gian np v thi gian x ca t nhng vn gi nguyn tn s nghi l chu k T bng hng s, hai in tr RA v RB gim cng mt gi tr thay i. Lc trong mch c thm hai bin tr VRA v VRB ghp ni tip nh s hnh 4.13b nhng hai bin tr c iu chnh ngc hng
+VCC
+VCC
RA
RA 1
8
2 VR1
4
2 VR1
Vo
4 3
V o
7
3
555
7
3
555
6
RB 1
6
RB
2
2
2
2 VRB
VRB .01 3
.01 3
S
C
S
C
Hnh 4.13a
Hnh 4.13b
Trang 59
+Vcc
2. Mch a hi n n dng 555: a. Mch a hi n n c bn:

Rt
c th phn tch nguyn l ca mch n n mt cch r rng, d hiu chng ta s dng s hnh 4.14 . S hnh v mch p dng IC 555 lm mch n n , s hnh 4.48 kt hp vi s cu trc bn trong IC. Trong mch ny chn ngng s 6 v chn x s 7 c ni vo im chung ca mch nh th RTC. Chn nhn xung kch s 2 c ni ln ngun + VCC qua in tr 10K sao cho chn ny c in p ln hn 1/3VCC.
7 6 2
Vo
555
1 5
+Vcc
10 K
01
K K
H Hnh 4.14 c im ca mch n n l khi c xung m hp tc ng tc thi ng vo Trigger chn hai mch s i trng thi v ti ng ra chn 3 s c xung dng ra. rng xung ng ra c thi gian di hay ngn ty thuc mch nh th RTC , sau mch s tr li trng thi ban u . Nguyn l mch n n c gii thch nh sau : Khi m in t C ni chn 6 v 7 xung masse lm OP- AMP (1) c ng In+ nh hn ng In- nn ng ra V01 = 0v, ng R mc thp . Lc OP-AMP (2) c ng In+ cng nh hn ng In- nn ng ra V02 = 0v, ng s cng thp. Mch F|F c hai ng R v S u mc thp v nh cu trc ca mch chi tit n F\F c ng ra Q mc cao , qua mch o ng ra chn 3 s c mc thp gn 0v. khi Q mc cao o phn cc bo ha cho T2 lm T2 dn ni chn 7 xung mass, chn 6 cng b ni mass nn t C khng np in c, mch s n nh trng thi ny nu khng c tc ng khc bn ngoi . Khi ng kha K s c xung m kch vo chn Trigger s 2 lm OP-AMP (2) i trng thi ng S ln mc cao . Mc cao ca ng S iu khin lm F|F i trng thi , lm ng Q xung mc thp, ng ra qua mch o s tng ln mc cao v xung dng ra. Lc Q mc thp nn T2 ngng dn t C np in qua RT . Trong thi gian t C np in mch vn gi trng thi ny nn ng ra tip tc ng cao . in p np trn t c tr s tng theo hm s m v khi in p t ga tr 2|3 VCC th OP-AMP (1) i trng thi,ng R tng ln mc cao . Ng Rc mc cao s iu khin F|F tr li trng thi c , ng Q ln mc cao lm ng ra qua mch o s xung mc thp chm dt xung dng ra . ng thi lc T2 c phn cc bo ha nn chn 7 ni mass lm t C x in , mch s n nh trng thi ny cho n kyi no c xung m khc tc ding vo chn Trigger ( s 2 ) Thi gia xung dng ra tc l thi gian np in t 0v ln 2|3 VCC c tnh theo nh sau :
Trang 60
in p np trn t tng theo hm s m l: VC = VCC ( 1- e ) Trong = RT . C Thi gian t np c in th t 0V ln 2|3 VCC l tx c tnh bi : VC = VCC ( 1 - e Suy ra : ( 1- e
tx t
tx tx
) = 2|3VCC
t
x 1 = e = 3
x 2 2 ) = hay l 1 - = e 3 3 1
tx
e =3 Cui cng ta c hm s ngc ca hm s m l Ln. Nh vy : tx = . Ln3 ( Ln3 = 1,1 ) tx = 1,1 RT . C Bnh thng chn 2 phi c in p ln hn 1|3 VCC, khi c xung m th bin xung phi lm in pchn 2nh hn 1|3 VCC . Khi va c xung m chn 2 th ng ra bt u c xung dng v t C bt u np in Thi gian xung dng ra tx khng ty thuc xung m ng vo m ch ty thuc hng s thi gian ca mch nh th . Nu dng bin tr thay VR thay cho RT ta c th thay i rng xung ra , cch khc l thay i t C bng cc in dung c tr s khc nhau . b. Mch tr hon dng kiu n n . Mch n n c ng dng rt rng ri trong lnh RT D vc t ng iu khin v c bit l mch tr hon. R Trong thc t ngi ta khng cn to xung iu khin cho vo chn s 2 ( Trigger ) m mch t to xung khi 8 4 6 m in ng ra cng bt u c xung ra. Mch in 3 2 hnh 4.49 l s mch t to xung khi m in. 555 5 c Trong s chn s 2 ( Trigger ) c ni n chn 1 0.1 s 6 ( Threshold = thm ) nn s c chung in p gia mch np RT.C so vi hai in p chun trong Hnh 4.15 Mch tr hon kiu n n IC l 1|3 VCC v 2|3 VCC. Khi m in t C bt u np t 0v ln nn OP- AMP (2) c ng In+ Ln hn ng In nn ng ra V02 mc cao, ng S cng mc cao , mch F|F c ng Q mc thp v ng ra ca IC c V0 VCC c ngha l tc thi c xung ra. Lc OP- AMP (1) c ng In+ nh hn In- nn ng ra V01 mc thp, ng R cng mc thp. Khi t np ir65n p n mc 1|3 VCC th OP-AMP(2) i trng thi , ng S xung mc thp nhng mch F/F cng i trng thi, ng Q tng ln mc cao lm ng ra ca IC gim xung mc thp Vo = 0v v chm dt xung ng ra Thi gian c xung ra hay rng xung chnh l thi gian t C np t 0v n 2|3 VCC v cng c tnh theo cng thc: tx = 1,1 RT.C Trong mch ny chn 7 ( Discharge = x in ) trng khng ni vo mch np RT.
Trang 61
tx
C nn t s khng x in v mch s gi mi trng thi ny. Mun c xung ra tip th phi tt in ri m li. Tr s in tr RT v t C c gii hn trong khong : RT = 10 K 14 M C = 100pF 1000 MF Vi cc tr s trn Rt v C, mch n n c th cho ra xung c rng ngn nht vi s n vi gi. Nh vy, khi m in r-le RY khng c in do V0 VCC , sau khi chm dt xung tc l sau thi gian tx th r-le RY c in v V0 0v . khi r-le c in s ng hay m cc tip im iu khin mch khc thng l mch cng sut . Tht ra IC555 v h IC nh th ca n c ng dng rt a dng , trong chng ny ch gii thiu hai ng dng c bn nht ca n l mch da hi phi n v da hi n n c. IC555 giao tip vi cc loi ti: IC555 c th giao tip vi nhiu loi ti khc nhau v ty trng hp mi loi ti u c th mc theo 2 cch - Ti c cp in khi ng ra c in p thp . Lc IC s cp dng in Cho ti theo chiu t ngun qua IC ri ra ti. Dng in ti trng hp ny c gi l I nhn - Ti c cp in khi ng ra c in p cao. Lc IC s cp dng in cho ti theo chiu t ngun qua IC ri ra ti. Dng in ti trng hp ny c gi l I ngun.
Vcc
Vcc
Vcc
T1
TAI
T1
555
3
555
3
T2
TAI
T2
Hnh 4-16a : in p ra mc thp
Hnh 4-17b: in p ra mc cao
Kh nng cung cp dng in v in p ca IC555 nh sau: * in p mc thp : Vi VCC = 15V . in p V0 chnh l U CE khi T2 bo ha
2
IL = 10mA
U0 = 0,1v
Trang 62
IL = 50mA U0 = 0,4v IL = 100mA U0 = 2v IL = 200mA U0 = 2,5 * in p ra mc cao: Vi UCC = 15v .in p U0 chnh l UCC - U CE . Khi T1 bo ha
2
IL = 100mA U0 = 13,3v IL = 200mA U0 = 12,5v
U CE = 1,7v
2
U CE 2 = 2,5v
* Ti l Led Nu ti l Led th phi dng in tr ghp ni tip vi Led gii hn dng qua Led Ty theo cch mc ti m dng in qua Led c cng thc tnh khc nhau
+Vcc
+Vcc
Vcc
T1
T1
555
3
T2
555
3
T2
R3 R
Hnh 4-17a: in p ra mc thp
Hnh 4-17b: in p ra mc cao
Trang 63
* Ti l R-le : IC 555 c th giao tip vi cc loi R-le iu khin . Cc loi R-le ny c dng thng nh di 100mA v in p cng thng mc thp nh 6v 12v-24v .
+Vcc
+Vcc
T1
T1
555
3
T2
RY
555
T2
RY
Trang 64

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LI GII THIU

MN HC: K THUT XUNG

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

CHNG 1 TN HIU XUNG V MCH GIAO HON RLC.

t T a. Xung vung n cc T d. Xung tam gic

t T b. Xung vung lng cc T e. Xung nhn lng cc

t T c. Xung rng ca T f. Xung nc thang

Hnh 1.1 Cc dng tn hiu xung

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

CC THNG S C BN CA TN HIU XUNG

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

rng ca xung l t s gia chu k T v rng xung ton:

Nghch o ca rng Q c gi l h s y xung:

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

1.3.3. Hm m gim: v( t ) = a.e ( t t 0 ) / v a

t to Hnh 1.6 Hm m gim 1.3.4. Hm m tng: v( t ) = a. (1 e ( t t 0 ) / ) v a

Suy ra: v(t) = v1(t) + v2(t) = a.1(t) a.1(t t0)

1.4.1. Phn ng vi hm t bin in p: vi = a.1(t) vi 0 t<0: 0 vR = 0 , vC = 0

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

Phn tch vi thnh tng cc hm c bn, ta c: vi = v1 + v2 Vi : v1 = a.1(t) v2 = - a.1(t - tp)

Qu trnh vt l trong mch: t < 0 : vi = 0 , i = 0 , vC = 0 , vR = 0

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

0 t < tp : vi = a ; t C np in bng dng i =

vC tng dn, i gim dn, vR gim.

tp t : vi = 0, t C phng in qua R, vi dng i =

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

1.4.3. Phn ng vi hm tuyn tnh:

vi k vi = kt t vi = kt Bng cch l lun tng t, ta c: v R = k. (1 e t / )

Hnh 1.8a Mch thng thp RC

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

1 i(t )dt C 1 Vi(t ) dt V0(t) = C R 1 Vi(t )dt V0(t) = RC

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

= R.C l hng s thi gian. Ti l chu k ca tn hiu vo.

V 1 Vm Sintdt = m cos t RC RC V V0(t) = m sin(t 90 0 ) RC

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

a) Dng sng ng vo.

Vo(t) V t b) Dng sng ng ra khi <<Ti Vo(t) V t

Hnh 1.9: Dng sng vo v ra Vi(t)

Hnh 1.10 : Chui xung vung vo

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

1.4.5. Mch thng cao RC

N: Mch vi phn l mch c in p ng raV0(t) t l vi o hm theo thi gian ca in vo Vi(t).

Trong q(t) lin tch np vo t. T ta c :

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

dVi (t ) dVC (t ) 1 dq(t ) 1 = = = i( t ) dt dt C dt C dVi (t ) Hay l:i(t) = C (3) dt

V0(t) = VR(t) = R.i(t) V0(t) = R C

= R.C l hng s thi gian. Ti l chu k ca tn hiu vo.

Nu mch vi phn c hng s thi gian =

Gio Trnh K Thut Xung

Bin Son: o Th Thu Thy

b) Dng sng ng ra khi =