4: The Human Body

Cognitive Objectives
1-4.1 Identify and locate on the body the following topographic terms: medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, midline, right and left, midclavicular, bilateral, and midaxillary. 1-4.2 Describe anatomy and functions of the following major body systems: respiratory, circulatory, musculoskeletal, nervous, and endocrine. There are no affective or psychomotor objectives for this chapter.

The Planes of the Body

Anterior Posterior Midline Midclavicular line Midaxillary

Directional Terms
Right and left Superior and inferior Lateral and medial Proximal and distal Superficial and deep Ventral and dorsal Palmer and planter Apices and bilateral

Movement Terms

Anatomic Positions (1 of 2)
Prone

Supine

Anatomic Positions (2 of 2)
Shock position Trendelenburgs position Fowlers position

The Skeletal System

Gives form to the body Protects vital organs Consists of 206 bones Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles

Designed to permit motion of the body

The Skull

The Neck

The Spinal Column

The Thorax

The Abdomen (1 of 2)
The abdomen is the second major body cavity. It contains the major organs of digestion and excretion.

The Abdomen (2 of 2)

The Pelvis

The Lower Extremity

Hip Thigh Knee Leg Ankle Foot

The Upper Extremity

Shoulder girdle Arm Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand

Joints

Functions of the Musculoskeletal System

Gives the body shape Protects internal organs Provides for movement

Consists of more than 600 muscles

Types of Muscle (1 of 2)
Skeletal (voluntary) muscle Attached to the bones of the body Smooth (involuntary) muscle Carries out the automatic muscular functions of the body

Types of Muscle (2 of 2)
Cardiac muscle Involuntary muscle Has own blood supply and electrical system Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods

The Respiratory System

Diaphragm
Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles

Dome-shaped muscle
Divides thorax from abdomen Contracts during inhalation Relaxes during exhalation

Breathing Process: Inhalation

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. Pressure in the lungs decreases. Air travels to the lungs.

Breathing Process: Exhalation

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease. Pressure in the lungs increases. Air flows out of the lungs.

Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration. Oxygen diffuses into the blood. The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen.

Control of Breathing
Brain stem controls breathing. Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too high Hypoxic drive is a backup system. Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing

Normal Breathing Characteristics

Normal rate and depth Regular rhythm Good breath sounds in both lungs Regular rise and fall movements in the chest Easy, not labored

Normal Breathing Rates

Adults 12 to 20 breaths/min

Children
Infants

15 to 30 breaths/min
25 to 50 breaths/min

Recognizing Inadequate Breathing

Irregular rhythm Labored breathing Muscle retractions Pale or blue skin Cool, clammy skin Faster respiratory rate

Infant and Child Anatomy

Structures less rigid Airway smaller Tongue proportionally larger Dependent on diaphragm for breathing

The Circulatory System

The Heart

Blood Flow Through the Heart

Electrical Conduction System

SA node AV node Purkinje fibers

Normal Heart Rates

Adults Children Infants 60 to 100 beats/min 70 to 150 beats/min 100 to 160 beats/min

Major Arteries and Veins

Aorta Pulmonary Carotid Femoral Radial Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Pulmonary

Brachial

Components of Blood
Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets

Physiology of the Circulatory System (1 of 2)

Pulse
The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the left ventricle contracts Can be felt where an artery passes near the skin surface and over a bone

Physiology of the Circulatory System (2 of 2)

Blood pressure Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries Systole: Left ventricle contracts Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes Perfusion Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue If inadequate, the patient goes into shock.

The Nervous System

The nervous system controls the bodys voluntary and involuntary actions.

Somatic nervous system

Regulates voluntary actions Autonomic nervous system Controls involuntary body functions

Central Nervous System (1 of 2)

Central Nervous System (2 of 2)

Peripheral Nervous System

Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system. Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system. Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.

The Skin (1 of 2)
Protects the body from the environment Regulates body temperature Transmits information from environment to the brain

The Skin (2 of 2)

Endocrine System
Complex message and control system Made up of seven glands Glands produce and release hormones.

Endocrine Glands
Adrenal Ovary Pancreas Parathyroid Pituitary Testes Thyroid

Digestive System
Mouth Salivary glands Oropharynx Esophagus Liver Bile ducts Small intestine Large intestine

Stomach
Pancreas

Appendix
Rectum

Urinary System

Male Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System