Handout 6 - Unsymmetric Bending Example

Michael Raulli

Problem Statement

This is an example for beam bending about multiple axes with an unsymmetric cross-section. This is the most complicated class of elastic beam problem that we will do in this class. See gure 1 for the example problem. A cross section of the beam is given in the right side of gure 2. Assume that the hole in the bracket, attached to the pulley wire, is centered over the z-centroid of the cross-section. Clearly, it is not in line with the y-centroid, therefore, a torque of Pz e, where e is the oset from the centroid, causes shear stresses in the beam. We will consider only the bending stresses herein. Problem goal: Determine maximum and minimum stresses in beam and plot in 3-d All calculations and plots can be found in the Matlab le unsym beam.m

10 kip 60 in 60
O

60 in

Figure 1: Unsymmetric bending example

0.5 in

y 9 in
2

0.5 in z C X (y,z)
1

9 in

Figure 2: Beam cross-section We have bending about two axes, therefore, if the beam cross-section was symmetric about either exis, we could use the equation: x = Mz y My z Iy Iz (1)

However, this is not the case, since Iyz = 0, therefore, the normal stress is computed as follows: y (Mz Iy + My Iy z ) + z (My Iz + Mz Iy z ) (2) x = 2 Iy Iz Iy z

Geometry

Keep in mind that the axes are labeled with primes because they are not the principal centroidal axes and that (y , z ) = (0, 0) at the centroid. The centroid has coordinates (y, z ), which are measured oset from the lower left corner of the cross-section. In order to evaluate equation (2), the moments and product of inertia must be evaluated. First, compute the centroid location, dividing the cross section into the two parts (separated by the dotted line) labeled in gure 2: z= y= Ai z i Ai Ai y i Ai = = 4.5(0.25) + 4.25(4.75) = 2.44 in 4.5(4.25) 4.5(4.5) + 4.25(0.25) = 2.44 in 4.5(4.25) (3) (4)

The moment of inertia about the z -axis (Iz ) is computed as follows: Iz Iz Iz

(1)

= Iz + Iz = = =

(1)

(2)

(5) 1 y 2 dy = 9 y 3 3 y 2 dy = 11 y 23
y +0.5

y 2 dA1 = 9 y 2 dA2 = 69.94 in4 1 2

= 21.59 in4
y 9y 3 y +0.5

(6) (7) (8)

(2)

= 48.35 in4

Iz

If you do not like using integrals for the moment of inertia, then remember the parallel axis theorem for computing the moment of inertia about an axis that is not the centroid: Iz Iz
(1)

= =

(2)

1 1 2 b1 h3 (9)(0.53 ) + (9 0.5)(y 0.25)2 = 21.59 in4 1 + A1 d 1 = 12 12 1 1 2 b2 h3 (0.5)(8.53 ) + (8.5 0.5)(4.75 y )2 = 48.35 in4 2 + A2 d 2 = 12 12

(9) (10)

The moment of inertia about the y -axis (Iy ) is equal to Iz , I will leave this for you to verify on your own. (11) Iy = 69.94 in4 Next is the calculation of the product of inertia (Iy z ): Iy z Iy z Iy z Iy z
(1)

= Iy z + Iy z = = =

(1)

(2)

(12) 1 2 y 2 1 2 y 2
y +0.5 y 9y

y z dA1 = y z dA2 = 41.80 in4

1 2 z 2

= 20.3037 in4
9+z z

(13) (14) (15)

(2)

1 2 z y +0.5 2

= 21.4981 in4
z 0.5

You should note that it is possible for Iy z to be negative. If this cross-section were mirrored over the y axis, then Iy z would be negative.

Statics and Stresses

Lets look at the statics of the beam. Since we chose the standard yz axis as our y z axis, the statics do not change from what we are used to, though they would for a dierent set of axes. The thing we need to be careful of is that there are forces in the y and z directions. Also, in the x z plane, the conventions for shear and moment seem opposite. They are not actually, here are the rules that are always true: 1. A positive moment is determined by the right hand rule about a given axis. 2. A positive shear is one which requires a positive moment resisting it. In the standard xy coordinate frame, this results in positive shear pointing in the negative-y direction. In the standard xz frame, a positive shear actually points in the positive-z direction. However, in the following shear and moment diagrams (gure 3), the fact the the positive z axes points opposite of the positive y axis, the shear and moment diagrams are drawn in a similar fashion. From statics, the maximum moments can be determined: My Mz
max

= 150.0 kip in = 259.8 kip in

(16) (17)

max

The maximum moments and the moments of inertia can be plugged into equation (2) in order to get a simplied stress formula: x = y (24, 441.99) + z (21, 351.87) 3144.634 3 (18)

10sin60 = 8.66 kip

10cos60 = 5.0 kip

z 4.33 4.33 kip 4.33 2.5 2.5 kip 2.5

1111111111 0000000000 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 Vy 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 00000000004.33 kip 1111111111 0000000000 0000000000 1111111111 Mz 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 259.8 kipin 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111

1111111111 0000000000 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 Vz 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111 0000000000 1111111111
2.5 kip My

11111111111 00000000000 0000000000 1111111111 00000000000 11111111111 0000000000 1111111111 00000000000 11111111111 0000000000 1111111111 00000000000 11111111111 0000000000 1111111111
150.0 kipin

Figure 3: Shear and moment diagrams It is necessary to determine the neutral axis in order to nd the points of maximum stress. tan = = My Iz + Mz Iy z y 21, 351.87 = = 0.87357 = z Mz Iy + My Iy z 24, 441.99 tan1 (0.87357) = 41.13o (19) (20)

The neutral axis is drawn on the cross-section in gure 4. It can be seen that points A and B will be the points of maximum stress amplitude. By logic, point A should correspond to maximum tensile stress and point B should be maximum compressive stress. The coordinates of A and B in the y z coordinate systems are: A B = = (6.56, 1.94) (2.44, 2.44) (21) (22)

The maximum stresses are evaluated at these points: x x

A

37.88 ksi

(23) (24)

= 35.47 ksi

The location of tension and compression matches with the logical guess. A useful visualization of the stresses is given in gure 5. Locations of the stresses (in blue) that are tensile are above the green cross-section, and vice versa for compression. Notice how the stresses corkscrew slightly, due to the variation across the small thickness.

Figure 4: Cross-section and neutral-axis

Figure 5: Stresses versus location on cross-section