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6.002 ELECTRONICS
z KVL: KCL: VI
∑Vi = 0 ∑ Ii = 0
loop node
R2 I
J
V +
–
Notice:
linear in e,V , I
No eV ,VI
terms
R2 I
J
V +
–
e = a1V1 + a2V2 + … + b1 I1 + b2 I 2 + …
Linear!
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 5
Linearity ⇒ Homogeneity
Superposition
Homogeneity
x1
x2 .
. y
.
⇓
αx1
αx2 .. αy
.
Superposition
x1a x1b
x2 a .
.. ya x2 b .
.. yb
⇓
x1a + x1b
x2 a + x2 b .
.. y a + yb
V1 0
0 y1 V2 y2
⇓
V1 + 0
0 + V2 y1 + y2
u r ce s
e nt so
e p e nd
ind only
i i
+ +
I =0 v
J
v
- -
open
R1
e
R2 I
V +
– J
I acting alone
e
R1
R1 R2
R2 I eI = I
J
V =0 R1 + R2
sum superposition
R2 R1 R2
e = eV + eI = V+ I
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Voilà !
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 13
Demo
salt
water
constant
+
–
?
+
–
output shows
sinusoid superposition
J
–
J -
also
By superposition independent
of external
v = ∑ α mVm + ∑ β n I n + Ri excitement &
m n
behaves like
no resistance a resistor
units units
By setting All
∀n I n = 0, ∀mVm = 0, ∀n I n = 0,
i = 0 i = 0 ∀mVm = 0
independent of external
excitation and behaves like a
voltage “ vTH ”
J
–
network -
Thévenin equivalent
RTH i
+
+ vTH
– v E
-
+
V R2 I
J
–
i1 R1
RTH
+ VTH + I
V
– –
V − VTH
i1 =
R1 + RTH
VTH : +
VTH R2 I
J
VTH = IR2 -
RTH : +
RTH R2
RTH = R2 -
1
RTH
v
vTH
“V ”
OC
− I SC
i
J +
+ IN RTH = RN
–
J
+ v
– -
Norton
equivalent
VTH
IN =
RTH
… 101100 …