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CIRCUITS AND

6.002 ELECTRONICS

Superposition, Thévenin and Norton

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 1


Review
Circuit Analysis Methods

z KVL: KCL: VI
∑Vi = 0 ∑ Ii = 0
loop node

z Circuit composition rules


z Node method – the workhorse of 6.002
KCL at nodes using V ’s referenced
from ground
(KVL implicit in “ (ei − e j ) G ”)

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 2


Linearity
Consider R1
e

R2 I

J
V +

Write node equations –


e −V e
+ −I =0
R1 R2

Notice:
linear in e,V , I
No eV ,VI
terms

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 3


Linearity R1
Consider

R2 I

J
V +

Write node equations --


e −V e
+ −I =0 linear in e,V , I
R1 R2
Rearrange --
1 1 V
 R + R e =
R1
+ I
 1 2

conductance node linear sum


matrix voltages of sources
G e = S

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 4


Linearity

Write node equations --


e −V e
+ −I =0 linear in e,V , I
R1 R2
Rearrange --
1 1 V
 R + R e =
R1
+ I
 1 2

conductance node linear sum


matrix voltages of sources
G e = S
R2 RR
or e= V+ 1 2 I
R1 + R2 R1 + R2

e = a1V1 + a2V2 + … + b1 I1 + b2 I 2 + …
Linear!
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 5
Linearity ⇒ Homogeneity
Superposition

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 6


Linearity ⇒ Homogeneity
Superposition

Homogeneity

x1
x2 .
. y
.


αx1
αx2 .. αy
.

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 7


Linearity ⇒ Homogeneity
Superposition

Superposition

x1a x1b
x2 a .
.. ya x2 b .
.. yb


x1a + x1b
x2 a + x2 b .
.. y a + yb

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 8


Linearity ⇒ Homogeneity
Superposition

Specific superposition example:

V1 0
0 y1 V2 y2


V1 + 0
0 + V2 y1 + y2

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 9


Method 4: Superposition method
The output of a circuit is
determined by summing the
responses to each source
acting alone.

u r ce s
e nt so
e p e nd
ind only

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 10


i i
+ +
V =0 +
– v v
- -
short

i i
+ +
I =0 v
J

v
- -
open

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 11


Back to the example
Use superposition method

R1
e

R2 I
V +
– J

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 12


Back to the example
Use superposition method
V acting alone
e
R1
R2
R2 I = 0 eV = V
V + R1 + R2

I acting alone
e
R1
R1 R2
R2 I eI = I
J

V =0 R1 + R2

sum superposition
R2 R1 R2
e = eV + eI = V+ I
R1 + R2 R1 + R2

Voilà !
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 13
Demo

salt
water
constant
+

?
+

output shows
sinusoid superposition

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 14


Yet another method…
Consider
itr a r y network
Arb N
resistors i
Vm +
+ In v i

J

J -

also
By superposition independent
of external
v = ∑ α mVm + ∑ β n I n + Ri excitement &
m n
behaves like
no resistance a resistor
units units
By setting All
∀n I n = 0, ∀mVm = 0, ∀n I n = 0,
i = 0 i = 0 ∀mVm = 0

independent of external
excitation and behaves like a
voltage “ vTH ”

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 15


Or
v = vTH + RTH i

As far as the external world is concerned


(for the purpose of I-V relation),
“Arbitrary network N” is indistinguishable
from:
RTH
N
Thévenin +
equivalent + vTH v i

J

network -

vTH open circuit voltage


at terminal pair (a.k.a. port)
RTH resistance of network seen
from port
( Vm ’s, I n ’s set to 0)

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 16


Method 4:
The Thévenin Method
i
N
J +
+
+ – v E
– -

Thévenin equivalent
RTH i
+
+ vTH
– v E
-

Replace network N with its Thévenin


equivalent, then solve external network E.

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 17


Example:
i1 R1

+
V R2 I

J

i1 R1
RTH
+ VTH + I
V
– –

V − VTH
i1 =
R1 + RTH

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 18


Example:

VTH : +
VTH R2 I

J
VTH = IR2 -

RTH : +
RTH R2
RTH = R2 -

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 19


Graphically, v = vTH + RTH i

1
RTH

v
vTH
“V ”
OC

− I SC

Open circuit v = vTH VOC


(i ≡ 0)
− vTH − I SC
Short circuit i =
(v ≡ 0) RTH

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 20


in recitation,
Method 5: see text

The Norton Method

i
J +
+ IN RTH = RN

J
+ v
– -

Norton
equivalent
VTH
IN =
RTH

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 21


Summary
„Discretize matter
LMD LCA
Physics EE
„ R, I, V Linear networks
„ Analysis methods (linear)
KVL, KCL, I — V
Combination rules
Node method
Superposition
Thévenin
Norton
„ Next
Nonlinear analysis
Discretize voltage

… 101100 …

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3 22

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