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BG dienTuSoHieu
BG dienTuSoHieu
BI GING MN
IN T S
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
Ni dung
Chng 1: H m Chng 2: i s Boole v cc phng php biu din hm Chng 3: Cng logic Chng 4: Mch logic t hp Chng 5: Mch logic tun t Chng 6: Mch pht xung v to dng xung Chng 7: B nh bn dn
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
H m
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
Ni dung
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
S k hiu
0, 1 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
C s (r)
2 8 10 16
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
Trong mt s trng hp, ta phi thm ch s trnh nhm ln gia biu din ca cc h. V d: 3610 , 368 , 3616
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
= di 10i
n 1
Trong :
N10 : biu din bt k theo h 10, d : cc h s nhn (k hiu bt k ca h), n : s ch s phn nguyn, m : s ch s phn phn s.
Gi tr biu din ca mt s trong h thp phn s bng tng cc tch ca k hiu (c trong biu din) vi trng s tng ng V d: 1265.34 l biu din s trong h thp phn:
Nhc im:
Do c nhiu k hiu nn vic th hin bng thit b k thut s kh khn v phc tp.
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
H nh phn (1)
Biu din tng qut:
N 2 = b n 1 2n 1 + ... + b1 21 + b 0 20 + b 1 21 + ... + b m 2 m = b i 2i
n 1 m
H nh phn (Binary number system) cn gi l h c s hai, gm ch hai k hiu 0 v 1, c s ca h l 2, trng s ca h l 2n. V d: 1010.012 l biu din s trong h nh phn.
1010.012 = 1 23 + 0 22 + 1 21 + 0 00 + 0 21 + 1 22
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KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT 10
H nh phn (2)
u im:
Ch c hai k hiu nn rt d th hin bng cc thit b c, in. H nh phn c xem l ngn ng ca cc mch logic, cc thit b tnh ton hin i - ngn ng my.
Nhc im:
Biu din di, mt nhiu thi gian vit, c.
Cc php tnh:
Php cng: 0 + 0 = 0, 1 + 0 = 1, 1 + 1 = 10 Php tr: 0 - 0 = 0 ; 1 - 1 = 0 ; 1 - 0 = 1 ; 10 - 1 = 1 (mn 1) Php nhn: (thc hin ging h thp phn) 0x0=0 , 0x1=0 ,1x0=0 ,1x1=1 Ch : Php nhn c th thay bng php dch v cng lin tip. Php chia: Tng t php chia 2 s thp phn
Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
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11
H bt phn (1)
Biu din tng qut:
N8 = O n 1 8n 1 + ... + O0 80 + O 1 81 + ... + O m 8 m = Oi 8i
m n 1
Trong :
N 8 : biu din bt k theo h 8, O : cc h s nhn (k hiu bt k ca h), n : s ch s phn nguyn, m : s ch s phn phn s.
H ny gm 8 k hiu : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 v 7. C s ca h l 8. Vic la chn c s 8 l xut pht t ch 8 = 23. Do , mi ch s bt phn c th thay th cho 3 bit nh phn. V d: 1265.348 l biu din s trong bt phn.
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
12
H bt phn (2)
Php cng
Php cng trong h bt phn c thc hin tng t nh trong h thp phn. Tuy nhin, khi kt qu ca vic cng hai hoc nhiu ch s cng trng s ln hn hoc bng 8 phi nh ln ch s c trng s ln hn k tip.
+ 253 126 401 don vi : 3 + 6 = 9 = 1 + 8(viet 1 nho1len hang chuc) chuc : 5 + 1 + 2 = 8 = 0 + 8 (viet 0 nho1len hang tram) tram : 2 + 1 + 1 = 4 (1la nho tu hang chuc)
Php tr
Php tr cng c tin hnh nh trong h thp phn. Ch rng khi mn 1 ch s c trng s ln hn th ch cn cng thm 8 ch khng phi cng thm 10.
253 126 125 don vi : 3 < 6 8 + 3 6 = 5(no 1 hang chuc) chuc : 5 1 2 = 2 (1la cho hang don vi vay )
N16
Trong :
N16 : biu din bt k theo h 16, d : cc h s nhn (k hiu bt k ca h), n : s ch s phn nguyn, m : s ch s phn phn s.
1 6 9 + 2 5 8 3 C 1 2 5 8 1 6 9 0 E F
Php tr
Khi tr mt s b hn cho mt s ln hn ta cng mn 1 ct k tip bn tri, ngha l cng thm 16 ri mi tr.
Php nhn
Mun thc hin php nhn trong h 16 ta phi i cc s trong mi tha s v thp phn, nhn hai s vi nhau. Sau , i kt qu v h 16.
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
15
Ni dung
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
16
i vi phn phn s:
Nhn lin tip phn phn s ca s thp phn vi c s ca h cn chuyn n, phn nguyn thu c sau mi ln nhn, vit tun t l kt qu cn tm. Php nhn dng li khi phn phn s trit tiu.
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
17
1 2 3 4 5
11 5 2 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
LSB
1 2 3 4
0.25 0.5 1 0
0 0 1 0
MSB
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
41 20 10 5 2 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 1
LSB
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
MSB
7 8
N10
= a n 1 r n 1 + a n 2 r n 2 .... + a 0 r 0 + a 1 r 1 + .... + a m r m
Thc hin ly tng v phi s c kt qu cn tm. Trong biu thc trn, ai v r l h s v c s h c biu din.
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
20
i cc s t h nh phn sang h c s 8, 16
Quy tc:
V 8 = 23 v 16 = 24 nn ta ch cn dng mt s nh phn 3 bit l ghi 8 k hiu ca h c s 8 v t nh phn 4 bit cho h c s 16. Do , mun i mt s nh phn sang h c s 8 v 16 ta chia s nh phn cn i, k t du phn s sang tri v phi thnh tng nhm 3 bit hoc 4 bit. Sau thay cc nhm bit phn bng k hiu tng ng ca h cn i ti.
V d: Chuyn 1101110.102 sang h c s 8 v 16 Tnh t du phn s, chia s cho thnh cc nhm 3 bit Tnh t du phn s, chia s cho thnh cc nhm 4 bit
001
101
110
100
0110
1110
1000
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
21
Ni dung
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
22
S dng php b 1.
Gi nguyn bit du v ly b 1 cc bit tr s (b 1 bng o ca cc bit cn c ly b). V d: s 4: 00000100, s -4: 111111011.
S dng php b 2
L phng php ph bin nht. S dng th hin bng s nh phn khng b (bit du bng 0), cn s m c biu din qua b 2 (bit du bng 1). B 2 bng b 1 cng 1. C th biu din s m theo phng php b 2 xen k: bt u t bit LSB, dch v bn tri, gi nguyn cc bit cho n gp bit 1 u tin v ly b cc bit cn li. Bit du gi nguyn. V d: s 4: 00000100, s -4: 111111100.
Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
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23
Php tr.
Nu lu rng, - (-) = + th trnh t thc hin php tr trong trng hp ny cng ging php cng.
V d:
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
24
Php tr
thc hin php tr, ta ly b 1 ca s tr, sau thc hin cc bc nh php cng.
V d :
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
25
Hai s m: biu din chng dng b 1 v cng nh cng nh phn, k c bit du. Bit trn cng vo kt qu. Ch , kt qu c vit di dng b 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 02 + 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 02 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 02 Bt trn + 1 (-12)
26
(-510) (-710)
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 12
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
Php tr
Php tr hai s c du l cc trng hp ring ca php cng. V d, khi ly +9 tr i +6 l tng ng vi +9 cng vi -6.
V d :
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
28
(-1110) (-710)
Bt trn b i (-1810)
29
Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
(+1110) (-710)
Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
Ni dung
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
31
E v M c th c biu din dng b 2. Gi tr ca chng c hiu chnh m bo mi quan h trn y c gi l chun ha.
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
32
( M x .M y ) = 2E
Mz
w
W = X/Y = 2
E x E y
( M x / M y ) = 2E
Mw
Tch: Thng: Mun ly tng v hiu, cn a cc s hng v cng s m, sau s m ca tng v hiu s ly s m chung, cn nh tr ca tng v hiu s bng tng v hiu cc nh tr.
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
33
Cu hi
i s nh phn sau sang dng bt phn: 0101 1111 0100 1110
A) 57514 B) 57515 C) 57516 D) 57517
Thc hin php tnh hai s thp lc phn sau: 132,4416 + 215,0216.
A) 347,46 B) 357,46 C) 347,56 D) 357,67
Thc hin php cng hai s c du sau theo phng php b 1: 0000 11012 + 1000 10112
A) 0000 0101 B) 0000 0100 C) 0000 0011 D) 0000 0010
Thc hin php cng hai s c du sau theo phng php b 2: 0000 11012 1001 10002
A) 1000 1110 B) 1000 1011 C) 1000 1100 D) 1000 1110
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
34
Ni dung
Chng 1: H m Chng 2: i s Boole v cc phng php biu din hm Chng 3: Cng logic Chng 4: Mch logic t hp Chng 5: Mch logic tun t Chng 6: Mch pht xung v to dng xung Chng 7: B nh bn dn
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
35
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
36
Ni dung
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
37
i s Boole
Cc nh l c bn:
Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tn gi ng nht Phn t 0, 1 B Bt bin Hp th Ph nh p nh l DeMorgan Dng tch X.1 = X X.0 = 0 Dng tng X+0=X X+1=1
X.X = 0
X.X = X X + X.Y = X
X + X =1
X+X=X X.(X + Y) = X
X Y
1 Z
X=X
Cc nh lut c bn:
Hon v: Kt hp: X.Y = Y.X, X + Y = Y + X X.(Y.Z) = (X.Y).Z, X + (Y + Z) = (X + Y) + Z
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38
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
39
m m0 m1 m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7
A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
C 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
40
BC A
0 1
00
01
11
10
CD AB
00 01 11 10
00
01
11
10
41
Phng php i s
C 2 dng biu din l dng tuyn (tng cc tch) v dng hi (tch cc tng).
Dng tuyn: Mi s hng l mt hng tch hay mintex, thng k hiu bng ch "mi". Dng hi: Mi tha s l hng tng hay maxtex, thng c k hiu bng ch "Mi".
Nu trong tt c mi hng tch hay hng tng c mt cc bin, th dng tng cc tch hay tch cc tng tng ng c gi l dng chun. Dng chun l duy nht. Tng qut, hm logic n bin c th biu din ch bng mt dng tng cc tch: n
f ( X n 1,..., X 0 ) =
2 1 i =0
a i mi
( a i + Mi )
42
Cc phng php rt gn hm
C 3 phng php rt gn hm: Phng php i s Phng php bng Karnough Phng php Quine Mc. Cluskey
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
43
Phng php i s
Da vo cc nh l hc a biu thc v dng ti gin. V d: Hy a hm logic v dng ti gin:
f = AB + AC + BC
p dng nh l A + A = 1 , X + XY = X , ta c:
f = AB + AC + BC ( A + A ) = AB + ABC + AC + ABC = AB + AC
Vy nu trong tng cc tch, xut hin mt bin v o ca bin trong hai s hng khc nhau, cc tha s cn li trong hai s hng to thnh tha s ca mt s hng th ba th s hng th ba l tha v c th b i.
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
44
p dng nh l A + A = 1 , X + XY = X , ta c:
f = AB + BCD(A + A) + AC + BC = (AB + ABCD) + (ABCD + AC) + BC = AB + AC + BC = AB + AB.C = AB(1 + C) + AB.C = AB + C
45
00
01
11 1 1
10 1 1 1 1
1 1 f2 = C
f1 = AB
Bi ging in t s
f 3 ( A, B, C , D ) = (0,1,2,3,5,7,8,9,10,13)
46
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
47
Ta nhn thy rng 4 ct c duy nht mt du "x" ng vi hai hng 11-v 1-1-. Do , biu thc ti gin l:
f ( A, B, C, D ) = AB + AC
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
48
Ni dung
Chng 1: H m Chng 2: i s Boole v cc phng php biu din hm Chng 3: Cng logic Chng 4: Mch logic t hp Chng 5: Mch logic tun t Chng 6: Mch pht xung v to dng xung Chng 7: B nh bn dn
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
49
Cng logic
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
50
Ni dung
Cc cng logic v cc tham s chnh Cc h cng logic Giao tip gia cc cng logic c bn
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
51
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
52
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
53
Cng AND
Hm ra ca cng AND 2 v nhiu bin vo nh sau:
f = f (A, B) = AB; f = f (A, B, C, D,...) = A.B.C.D...
A 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Li vo B 0 t Li vo A
B 0 1 0 1
f 0 0 0 1
A L L H H
B L H L H
f L L L H
0 0 0
&
0
Chun ANSI
0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Chun IEEE
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Theo gi tr logic
Li ra f
Theo mc logic
1 1
t0
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
t8
t9
t10
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54
Cng OR
Hm ra ca cng OR 2 v nhiu bin vo nh sau:
f = f (A, B) = A + B; f = f (A, B, C, D,...) = A + B + C + D + ...
K hiu cng OR
A B A B C f A B A B C
0
A 0 0
B 0 1 0 1
f 0 1 1 1
A L L H H
B L H L H
f L H H H
0 0 0
>=1
0
1 1
Chun ANSI
0 0 0 t0
Chun IEEE
1 0 1 t1 t2 1 1 1 t3 0 1 1 t4 0 1 1 t5 0 0 0 t6 1 0 1 t7 1 1 1 t8
Theo gi tr logic
1 0 1 t9 0 0 0 t10 t A f
Theo mc logic
55
Cng NOT
Hm ra ca cng NOT:
f =A
K hiu cng NOT
A f A f
Theo gi tr logic
Theo mc logic
Chun ANSI
Chun IEEE
Dng xung ra
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56
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57
Cng NAND
Ghp ni tip mt cng AND vi mt cng NOT ta c cng NAND.
A 0 0
B 0 1 0 1
f 1 1 1 0
A L L H H
B L H L H
f H H H L
0 0 0
&
0
1 1
Chun ANSI
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Chun IEEE
Theo gi tr logic
Theo mc logic
Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
58
Cng NOR
Ghp ni tip mt cng OR vi mt cng NOT ta c cng NOR.
A 0 0
B 0 1 0 1
f 1 0 0 0
A L L H H
B L H L H
f H L L L
0 0 0
>=1
0
1 1
Chun ANSI
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Chun IEEE
Theo gi tr logic
Theo mc logic
Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
59
Cng NAND
Ghp ni tip mt cng AND vi mt cng NOT ta c cng NAND.
A 0 0
B 0 1 0 1
f 1 1 1 0
A L L H H
B L H L H
f H H H L
0 0 0
&
0
1 1
Chun ANSI
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Chun IEEE
Theo gi tr logic
Theo mc logic
Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
60
Cng NOR
Ghp ni tip mt cng OR vi mt cng NOT ta c cng NOR.
A 0 0
B 0 1 0 1
f 1 0 0 0
A L L H H
B L H L H
f H L L L
0 0 0
>=1
0
1 1
Chun ANSI
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Chun IEEE
Theo gi tr logic
Theo mc logic
Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
61
f = AB + AB
K hiu cng XOR
A B A B C f A B A B C
0
hay
f = AB
Bng trng thi cng XOR 2 li vo A 0 0 B 0 1 0 1 f 0 1 1 0 A L L H H B L H L H f L H H L
=1
0
0 0 0
=1
0
1 1
Chun ANSI
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Chun IEEE
Theo gi tr logic
Theo mc logic
Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
62
A 0 0
B 0 1 0 1
f 1 0 0 1
A L L H H
B L H L H
f H L L H
0 0 0
=
0
1 1
Chun ANSI
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Chun IEEE
Theo gi tr logic
Theo mc logic
Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
63
0 0
0 t
t 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
64
Cc tham s chnh
Mc logic chng nhiu H s ghp ti K Cng sut tiu th Tr truyn lan
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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
65
Mc logic
5v 4v VVHmin 3v NH 2,4v VRHmin VVLmax 1v 0v 0,8v VVLmax NL 1,5v NL 0,1v 3,5v VVHmax VRHmax VVHmax NH VRHmax 4,9v VRHmin
2v
VVHmin
0,4v
VRLmax
VRLmax
H TTL
H CMOS
Mc logic l mc in th trn u vo v u ra ca cng tng ng vi logic "1" v logic "0", n ph thuc in th ngun nui ca cng (VCC i vi h TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic) v VDD i vi h MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor)). Lu : mc logic vo vt qu in th ngun nui c th gy h hng cho cng.
Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
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66
chng nhiu
chng nhiu (hay phng v nhiu) l mc nhiu ln nht tc ng ti li vo hoc li ra ca cng m cha lm thay i trng thi vn c ca n.
VNH VVL TTL VRH VVH TTL Cng II VVH TTL VRL Cng I VNL VVL TTL Cng II VRH
Cng I
VNL 2V 2, 4V = 0, 4V
Vi cng CMOS: VNL 3,5V 4,9V = 1, 4V
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Bi ging in t s
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67
H s ghp ti K
Cho bit kh nng ni c bao nhiu li vo ti u ra ca 1 cng cho. H s ghp ti ph thuc dng ra (hay dng phun) ca cng chu ti v dng vo (hay dng ht) ca cc cng ti c hai trng thi H, L.
Cng chu ti A B IRH H Cc cng ti Cng chu ti L A B IRL Cc cng ti
a) Mc ra ca cng chu ti l H
b) Mc ra ca cng chu ti l L
Kt =
I RL max I RL
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Bi ging in t s
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68
Hai trng thi tiu th dng ca cng logic ICCH - L dng tiu th khi u ra ly mc H, ICCL - L dng tiu th khi u ra ly mc L. Theo thng k, tn hiu s c t l bit H / bit L khong 50%. Do , dng tiu th trung bnh ICC c tnh theo cng thc: ICC = (ICCH + ICCL)/ 2 Cng sut tiu th trung bnh ca mi cng s l: P0 = ICC . VCC
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69
Tr truyn lan
Tn hiu i qua mt cng phi mt mt khong thi gian, c gi l tr truyn lan.
Vo Vo Ra Ra tTLH
tTHL
Tr truyn lan xy ra ti c hai sn ca xung ra. Nu k hiu tr truyn lan ng vi sn trc l tTHL v sn sau l tTLH th tr truyn lan trung bnh l: tTbtb = (t THL + tTLH)/2 Thi gian tr truyn lan hn ch tn s cng tc ca cng. Tr cng ln th tn s cng tc cc i cng thp.
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70
Cc h cng logic
H DDL H DTL H RTL H TTL H MOS FET
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KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
71
H DDL
DDL (Diode Diode Logic) l h cng logic do cc diode bn dn to thnh. Cng AND, OR 2 li vo h DDL:
+5V R1 f
a) Cng AND
AND
A B f
OR f(V) 0,7 0,7 0,7 4,7 A(V) B(V) 0 0 5 5 0 5 0 5 f(V) 0 4,3 4,3 4,3
A B
D1 D2
A(V) B(V) 0 0 3 0 3
A B
D1 D2 R1
A B
0
f
3 3
b) Cng OR
Theo mc in p vo/ra
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72
H DDL (2)
u im ca h DDL:
Mch in n gin, d to ra cc cng AND, OR nhiu li vo. u im ny cho php xy dng cc ma trn diode vi nhiu ng dng khc nhau; Tn s cng tc c th t cao bng cch chn cc diode chuyn mch nhanh; Cng sut tiu th nh.
Nhc im ca h DDL:
phng v nhiu thp (VRL ln) ; H s ghp ti nh.
ci thin phng v nhiu ta c th ghp ni tip mch ra mt diode. Tuy nhin, khi VRH cng b st i 0,6V.
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73
H DTL
thc hin chc nng o, ta c th u ni tip vi cc cng DDL mt transistor cng tc ch kho. Mch cng nh th c gi l h DTL (Diode Transistor Logic). V d cc cng NOT, NAND thuc h DTL
+5V +5V 2k f Q1 A D4 B b) 5k D1 +5V +5V 2k f Q1
4k D1 A 5k a) D2 D3
4k D2 D3
Bng cch tng t, ta c th thit lp cng NOR hoc cc cng lin hp phc tp hn.
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74
H DTL (2)
u im ca h DTL:
Trong hai trng hp trn, nh cc diode D2, D3 chng nhiu trn li vo ca Q1 c ci thin. Mc logic thp ti li ra f gim xung khong 0,2 V ( bng th bo ho UCE ca Q1). Do IRHmax v IRLmax ca bn dn c th ln hn nhiu so vi diode nn h s ghp ti ca cng cng tng ln.
Nhc im ca h DTL:
V ti ca cc cng l in tr nn h s ghp ti (c bit i vi NH) cn b hn ch, Tr truyn lan ca h cng ny cn ln.
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75
H RTL
H RTL (Resistor Transistor Logic) l cc cng logic c cu to bi cc in tr v transistor. Cng NOT h RTL Cng NOR 2 li vo h RTL
f(V) 5,7 0 0 0
H TTL
Thay cc it u vo h DTL thnh transistor a lp tip gip BE ta c h TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic). Mt s mch TTL
Mch cng NAND Mch cng OR Mch cng collector h Mch cng TTL 3 trng thi H TTL c diode Schottky ( TTL + S )
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Khi bt k mt li vo mc thp th Q1 u tr thnh thng bo ho, do Q2 v Q4 ng, cn Q3 thng nn u ra ca mch s mc cao. Li ra s ch xung mc thp khi tt c cc li vo u mc logic cao v lm transistor Q1 cm. Diode D3 c s dng nh mch dch mc in p, n c tc dng lm cho Q3 cm hon ton khi Q2 v Q4 thng. Diode ny nhiu khi cn c mc vo mch gia collector Q2 v base ca Q3. Bi ging in t s
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78
A B
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Hnh trn l s ca mt cng TTL o collector h tiu chun. Mun a cng vo hot ng, cn u thm tr gnh ngoi, t cc collector n +Vcc. Mt nhc im ca cng logic collector h l tn s hot ng ca mch s gim xung do phi s dng in tr gnh ngoi.
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80
+Vcc R5
A B E
Q1
Q4 Li ra Z cao
Q5
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H MOS FET
Bn dn trng (MOS FET) cng c dng rt ph bin xy dng mch in cc loi cng logic. c im chung v ni bt ca h ny l:
Mch in ch bao gm cc MOS FET m khng c in tr Di in th cng tc rng, c th t +3 n +15 V tr thi gian ln, nhng cng sut tiu th rt b
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PMOS
Mch in ca h cng ny ch dng MOSFET c knh dn loi P. Cng ngh PMOS cho php sn xut cc mch tch hp vi mt cao nht. Hnh di l s cng NOT v cng NOR loi PMOS. y MOSFET Q2, Q5 ng chc nng cc in tr.
VDD A G D S G D G VSS D VSS a) Cng NOT b) Cng NOR Q2 S Q1 f=A B G D S Q5 A G D S Q4 f= A+B VDD S Q3
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NMOS
Mch in ca h cng ny ch dng MOSFET c knh dn loi N. Hnh di l s cng NAND v cng NOR loi NMOS. y MOSFET Q1 ng vai tr in tr.
VDD VDD
Q1 f Q3
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CMOS
CMOS Complementary MOS. Mch in ca h cng logic ny s dng c hai loi MOS FET knh dn P v knh dn N. Bi vy c hin tng b dng in trong mch. Chnh v th m cng sut tiu th ca h cng, c bit trong trng thi tnh l rt b.
VDD VDD S G A G S B Q4 D D Q2 Q1 f A G D G S S Q1 G D D Q3 Q2 f
a) Cng NOT
b) Cng NAND
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Cng truyn dn
Da trn cng ngh CMOS, ngi ta sn xut loi cng c th cho qua c tn hiu s ln tn hiu tng t. Bi vy cng c gi l cng truyn dn
G Q1 S Vo/Ra D D +5V S Q2 G a) Mch in b) K hiu iu khin Ra/Vo Vo/Ra Ra/Vo
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H ECL
ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic) l h cng logic c cc E ca mt s bn dn ni chung vi nhau. H mch ny cng s dng cng ngh TTL, nhng cu trc mch c nhng im khc hn vi h TTL.
+Vcc D Li vo C B A Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q6 -1,29 V D1 D2 - 1,75 V -Vcc = - 5V a) Mch in nguyn l - 1,4 V - 1,2 V Vo Q7 R5 R6 R8 Q8 Li ra OR Li ra NOR Ra - 0,9 V
R1
R2
R3
R4
RE
R7
R9
b) th mc vo/ra
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Cu hi
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Ni dung
Chng 1: H m Chng 2: i s Boole v cc phng php biu din hm Chng 3: Cng logic TTL v CMOS Chng 4: Mch logic t hp Chng 5: Mch logic tun t Chng 6: Mch pht xung v to dng xung Chng 7: B nh bn dn
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Mch logic t hp
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Ni dung
Khi nim chung Phn tch mch logic t hp Thit k mch logic t hp Mch m ha v gii m B hp knh v phn knh Mch s hc Mch to v kim tra chn l n v s hc v logic (ALU) Hazzards
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Y0 Y1 Ym-1
c im ni bt ca mch logic t hp l hm ra ch ph thuc cc bin vo m khng ph thuc vo trng thi ca mch. Cng chnh v th, trng thi ra ch tn ti trong thi gian c tc ng vo. Th loi ca mch logic t hp rt phong ph. Phm vi ng dng ca chng cng rt rng.
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94
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V d
A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 F=AB 0 1 1 0 Hnh 4-4. S logic th hin hm f
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Cc bc thit k mch t hp
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B 0 0
S logic th hin hm f A B
A 0 f 0 1 1
B 0 1 0 1
99
f 0 1 1 0
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Mch m ha
M ho l dng vn t, k hiu hay m biu th mt i tng xc nh. B m ho l mch in thao tc m ho, c nhiu b m ho khc nhau, b m ho nh phn, b m ho nh - thp phn, b m ho u tin v.v. M nh phn n bit c 2n trng thi, c th biu th 2n tn hiu. Vy tin hnh m ho N tn hiu, cn s dng n bit sao cho 2n N. Mt s loi m thng dng
M BCD v m d 3 M Gray M chn, l
Mch m ho
Mch m ho t thp phn sang BCD 8421 Mch m ho u tin
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Mch gii m
Gii m l mt qu trnh phin dch hm c gn bng mt t m. Mch in thc hin gii m gi l b gii m. B gii m bin i t m thnh tn hiu u ra. Mch gii m
Mch gii m 7 on Mch gii m nh phn
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M BCD v m d 3
M BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)
Cu to: dng t nh phn 4 bit m ha 10 k hiu thp phn, nhng cch biu din vn theo thp phn. V d i vi m NBCD, cc ch s thp phn c nh phn ho theo trng s nh nhau 23, 22, 21, 20 nn c 6 t hp d, ng vi cc s thp phn 10,11,12,13,14 v 15. ng dng: Do trng s nh phn ca mi v tr biu din thp phn l t nhin nn my c th thc hin trc tip cc php tnh cng, tr, nhn, chia theo m NBCD. Nhc im chnh ca m l tn ti t hp ton Zero, gy kh khn trong vic ng b khi truyn dn tn hiu. Thp BCD M phn 8421 D 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100
M D-3
Cu to: c hnh thnh t m NBCD bng cch cng thm 3 vo mi t hp m. Nh vy, m khng bao gm t hp ton Zero. ng dng truyn dn tn hiu m khng dng cho vic tnh ton trc tip.
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M Gray
M Gray cn c gi l m cch 1, l loi m m cc t hp m k nhau ch khc nhau duy nht 1 bit. Loi m ny khng c tnh trng s. Do , gi tr thp phn c m ha ch c gii m thng qua bng m m khng th tnh theo tng trng s nh i vi m BCD. M Gray c th c t chc theo nhiu bit. Bi vy, c th m theo m Gray. Cng tng t nh m BCD, ngoi m Gray chnh cn c m Gray d-3.
Thp phn 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Gray 0000 0001 0011 0010 0110 0111 0101 0100 1100 1101 1111 1110 1010 1011 1001 1000 Gray D 3 0010 0110 0111 0101 0100 1100 1101 1111 1110 1010 1011 1001 1000 0000 0001 0011
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M chn, l
M chn v m l l hai loi m c kh nng pht hin li hay dng nht. thit lp loi m ny ta ch cn thm mt bit chn/ l (bit parity) vo t hp m cho, nu tng s bit 1 trong t m (bit tin tc + bit chn/l) l chn th ta c m chn v ngc li ta c m l.
BCD 8421 BCD 8421chn BCD 8421 l PC 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 0000 0 0001 1 0010 1 0011 0 0100 1 0101 0 0110 0 0111 1 1000 1 1001 0 PL 0000 1 0001 0 0010 0 0011 1 0100 0 0101 1 0110 1 0111 0 1000 0 1001 1
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Vo Thp phn
Vo thp phn 1
2
3
4 5 6 7 8 9
Ra BCD 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
105
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
107
Mch m ha u tin
Trong b m ho va xt trn, tn hiu vo tn ti c lp, (khng c trng hp c 2 t hp tr ln ng thi tc ng). gii quyt trng hp c nhiu u vo tc ng ng thi ta c B m ho u tin. Trong cc trng hp ny th b m ho u tin ch tin hnh m ho tn hiu vo no c cp u tin cao nht thi im xt. Vic xc nh cp u tin cho mi tn hiu vo l do ngi thit k mch. Xt nguyn tc hot ng v qu trnh thit k ca b m ho u tin 9 li vo, 4 li ra.
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Vo thp phn
Ra BCD
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X X 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 X X X 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 X X X X 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 X X X X X 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 X X X X X X 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 X X X X X X X 1 0 1 0 0 0 X X X X X X X X 1 1 0 0 1
109
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Mch gii m 7 on
Dng c 7 on
hin th ch s ca mt h m phn bt k, ta c th dng dng c 7 on. Cu to ca n nh ch hnh 4-15. Cc on c hnh thnh bng nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau, nhng phi c kh nng hin th c trong cc iu kin nh sng khc nhau v tc chuyn mch phi ln. Trong k thut s, cc on thng c dng l LED hoc tinh th lng (LCD). i vi LED, mi on l mt Diode pht quang v khi c dng in i qua ln (5 n 30 mA) th on tng ng s sng. Ngoi 7 on sng chnh, mi LED cng c thm Diode hin th du phn s khi cn thit. LED c hai loi chnh: LED Ant chung v Ktt chung. Do , logic ca tn hiu iu khin hai loi ny l ngc nhau.
a f e g d Cu to dng c 7 on sng b c
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Mch gii m 7 on
Mch gii m 7 on
Nhim v ca ta l phi thit k mt mch logic lin hp vi 4 li vo v 7 li ra chuyn m NBCD thnh m 7 on. S khi tng qut ca b gii m nh hnh b). T hnh a) d nhn thy rng, on a s sng khi hin th ch s : 0 hoc 2, hoc 3, hoc 5, hoc 7, hoc 8, hoc 9. Do , ta c th vit:
a = (0,2,3,5,6,7,8,9).
a f e g d a) Cu to dng c 7 on sng Mch 1 gii m 2 7 on 4 8 a b c d e f g b c
Tng t, ta c:
b = (0,1,2,3,4,7,8,9), c = (0,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9), d = (0,2,3,5,6,8,9), e = (0,2,6,8), f = (0,4,5,6,8,9), g = (2,3,4,5,6,8,9).
D C B A
IC 7447, 74247 (Ant chung), 7448 (K chung ), 4511 (CMOS) l cc IC gii m t NBCD sang thp phn theo phng php hin th 7 on.
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A0 A1 An-1
B gii m nh phn
D0 D1
D2n- 1
112
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B hp knh (MUX-Multiplexer)
Phng trnh tn hiu ra ca MUX 2n 1: Y = X 0 (A n 1 A n 2 ...A i ...A 0 ) + X1 (A n 1 A n 2 ...A i ...A 0 ) + ... + X 2n 1 (A n 1A n 2 ...A i ...A1A 0 )
En X0 X1 Xj X2
n -1
MUX 2n 1
Y- Li ra
X0 X1 Xj X2n-1
A0 A1 A2
74151
Vo iu khin Vo d liu
B hp knh MUX 2n 1
Thc cht, MUX l chuyn mch in t dng cc tn hiu iu khin (An-1An-2A0) iu khin s ni mch ca li ra vi 1 trong s 2n li vo. MUX c dng nh 1 phn t vn nng xy dng nhng mch t hp khc. IC 74151 l b MUX 8 li vo d liu - 1 li ra.
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MUX 2n 1
X Li vo
A0 A1 A2
B phn knh cn c gi l b gii m 1 trong 2n. Ti mt thi im ch c 1 trong s 2n li ra mc tch cc. IC 74138 l b DEMUX 1 li vo d liu - 8 li ra.
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Vo cho php
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115
Ci = ai bi Ci 1 + ai bi Ci 1 + ai bi Ci 1 Ci = ai bi + ( ai bi ) Ci 1
Ci-1 ai bi
Si
Ci
b) K hiu
116
CRi
CVi
CR2
CV1 CR0
bi
b0
a0
gim bt mc phc tp ca mch, trong thc t ngi ta thng sn xut b tng 4 bit. Mun cng nhiu bit, c th hp ni tip mt vi b tng mt bit theo phng php nu trn. Mt trong nhng b cng thng dng hin nay l 7483. IC ny c sn xut theo hai loi: 7483 v 7483A vi logic vo, ra khc nhau.
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Mch so snh
Trong cc h thng s, c bit l trong my tnh, thng thc hin vic so snh hai s. Hai s cn so snh c th l cc s nh phn, c th l cc k t m ho nh phn. Mch so snh c th hot ng theo kiu ni tip hoc theo kiu song song. Trong phn ny ta s nghin cu b so snh theo kiu song song.
B so snh bng nhau
B so snh bng nhau 1 bit B so snh bng nhau 4 bit
B so snh
B so snh 1 bit B so snh 4 bit (So snh ln hn)
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118
ai bi
gi
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B so snh 1 bit
Bng trng thi ca mch so snh
ai 0 0 1 1 bi 0 1 0 1 f< 0 1 0 0 f= 1 0 0 1 f> 0 0 1 0
f < = a i . bi f = = a i bi f > = a i . bi
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T ta c biu thc hm ra l:
f > = a3 .b3 + a3 b3 .a2 .b2 + a3 b3 .a2 b2 .a1.b1 + a3 b3 .a2 b2 .a1 b1.a0 .b0
a3 b3
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Xt trng hp 3 bit d liu d1, d2, d3 Gi Xe, X0 l 2 bit chn, l thm vo d liu. T bng trng thi ta thy
X o = Xe hay Xe = Xo
V biu thc ca X0 v Xe l
Xe = d1 d 2 d 3 Xo = X e = d1 d 2 d3
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Xo 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
Vo
d1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 d2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 d3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
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Ra
Fo 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 Fe 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Hai hm kim tra chn/l lun l ph nh ca nhau. Mt khc do tnh cht ca hm cng XOR, ta c:
Fo = d1 d2 d3 X Fe = Fo
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74LS180
8 9 10 11 12 13 1 2
I0 I1 I2 4 3 OI
I3
I4 I5
I6
I7
54/74180 EI
5 VCC = 14 GND = 7
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n v s hc v logic (ALU)
4 Thanh ghi A 4 ALU 4 Thanh ghi B 4 Cin M (Mode) F0 Chn chc nng F1 (Php tnh) 4 Ghi trng thi
n v s hc v logic (Arithmetic Logic Unit) l mt thnh phn c bn khng th thiu c trong cc my tnh. N bao gm 2 khi chnh l khi logic v khi s hc v mt khi ghp knh.
Khi logic: Thc hin cc php tnh logic nh l AND, OR, NOT, XOR. Khi s hc: Thc hin cc php tnh s hc nh l: cng, tr, tng 1, gim 1.
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Hazzards/Glitch
Hazard cn c gi l s "sai nhm", hot ng lc c lc khng ca mch logic. S "sai nhm" ny c th xy ra trong mt mch in hon ton khng b hng linh kin lm cho mch hot ng khng c s tin cy. Hin tng ca Hazard trong mch t hp c th gp l:
- Hazard ch xut hin mt ln v khng bao gi gp li na. - Hazard c th xut hin nhiu ln (theo mt chu k no hoc khng theo mt chu k no). - Hazard c th do chnh chc nng ca mch in gy ra. y l trng hp kh gii quyt nht khi thit k.
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Hazzards
Bn cht ca hazzards
Do s chy ua gia cc tn hiu VD: demo trn Logicworks
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Ni dung
Chng 1: H m Chng 2: i s Boole v cc phng php biu din hm Chng 3: Cng logic TTL v CMOS Chng 4: Mch logic t hp Chng 5: Mch logic tun t Chng 6: Mch pht xung v to dng xung Chng 7: B nh bn dn
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Ni dung
Khi nim chung Phn t nh trong mch tun t Phng php m t mch tun t Phn tch v thit k mch tun t Mch tun t ng b Mch tun t khng ng b Hin tng chu k v chy ua trong mch khng ng b Mt s mch tun t thng dng
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x2 xi Q1 Ql
Mch nh Mch t hp
z2 zj W1 Wk
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Phn loi:
Theo chc nng lm vic ca ca cc li vo iu khin:
Trig 1 li vo nh trig D, T; Trig 2 li vo nh trig RS, trig JK.
TRIG D
TRIG T
TRIG RS
TRIG JK
KHNG NG B
NG B
LOI THNG
CHNH - PH
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Trig RS (1)
Trig RS l loi c hai li vo iu khin S, R. Chn S gi l li vo "lp" (SET) v R c gi l li vo "xo" (RESET).
R Q S Q
S khi:
S
R S C R
Q
S Q S nguyn l ca trig RS v RS ng b
Bng TT ca trig RS
S 0 0 1 1 R 0 1 0 1 Qk Q 0 1 X Mod hot ng Nh Xa Lp Cm
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Trig RS (2)
Tri g RS khng ng b Bng trng thi Q 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 R 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 S 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Qk 0 1 0 X 1 1 0 X Q
0 1
Bng Cc n RS
R
00 0 1
01 1 1
11 X X
10 0 0
S
Biu thc
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135
Trig RS (3)
Tri g RS khng ng b
R Q
th dng xung
S R Q t1 t2 t3 t4
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136
Trig RS (4)
Tri g RS ng b Bng trng thi
th dng xung
CS=1 (lp)
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CR=1 (xa)
Trig D
Trig D l loi trig c mt li vo iu khin D. Biu thc: Qk = D, mi khi xut hin xung nhp C. S khi:
138
Trig T
Trig T l loi trig c mt li vo iu khin T. Mi khi c xung ti li vo T th li ra Q s thay i trng thi. Biu thc: S khi:
Q K = TQ+ TQ = T Q
Q 0 1 0 1
Qk 0 1 1 0
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139
Trig JK (1)
Trig JK l loi trig c hai li vo iu khin J, K. u im hn trig RS l khng cn tn ti t hp cm bng cc ng hi tip t Q v chn R v t Q v S. Trig JK cn c thm u vo ng b C. Trig c th lp hay xo trong khong thi gian ng vi sn m hoc sn dng ca xung ng b C. Ta ni, trig JK thuc loi ng b.
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Trig JK (2)
Bng TT y
J 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
J
K 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
U5
Q 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Qk 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
Bng TT rt gn
J 0 0 1 1 K 0 1 0 1 Qk Q 0 1 Q
U1
U3
Q
NAND_2 NAND_2
U2
K
U4
Q_
NAND_2 NAND_2
Bng TT ca trig JK ng b
U7
Q
NAND_3 NAND_2
C 0 1
U6
K
U8
Q_
NAND_2 NAND_3
J X 0 0 1 1
K X 0 1 0 1
Qk Q Q 0 1 Q
141
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Qk
0 1 0 1
S
0 1 0 X
R
X 0 1 0
J
0 1 X X
K
X X 1 0
T
0 1 1 0
D
0 1 0 1
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142
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Li vo khng ng b ca Trig
Cc li vo d liu thng thng ca trig nh D, S, R, J hoc K l nhng li vo ng b Cc trig cn c thm 2 u vo khng ng b, cc li ny tc ng trc tip ln cc li ra m khng ph thuc vo xung Clock Cc li vo ny thng c k hiu l: PRE (lp) v CLR (R -xa) hoc
PRE v CLR (R)
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Q2
Q1
Q2
Q1
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th dng xung
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V1
V2
Vn
Tn hiu vo V S S1 S2 : : Sn
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V1
V2
Vn
Tn hiu ra
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D 0 1 0 1
Qk 0 1 0 1
Xc nh hm ra
Tm hm kch thch
Pt chuyn i TT
V hnh trng thi di dng nh phn hoc dng rt gn V th dng xung gm:
Xung ng h, Xung ca mi bin trng thi, Xung ra.
th dng xung
Cc bc phn tch mch tun t
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Z = C Q1 Q0
J0 = Q1; K0 = 1 J1 = Q0 ; K1 =
X Q0 = X + Q0
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00 01
1
S S
2
11 10
3
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0 011
1 011
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Bi ging in t s
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Bi ton ban u
Hnh thc ho
M ho trng thi:
M ho tn hiu vo ra, trng thi trong nhn c m nh phn (hoc c th l cc loi m khc) c tp tn hiu vo l X, tp tn hiu ra l Y, tp cc trng thi trong l Q.
M ho trng thi
H hm ca mch:
Xc nh h phng trnh logic ca mch v ti thiu ho cc phng trnh ny. Nu mch tun t khi thit k cn dng cc trig v mch t hp th tu theo yu cu m ta vit h phng trnh cho cc li vo kch cho tng loi trig .
H hm ca mch
Xy dng s :
T h phng trnh ca mch vit c ta xy dng mch in thc hin. www.ptit.edu.vn Bi ging in t s
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S
Cc bc thit k mch tun t
155
Xy dng hm
T bng s tht, rt gn v xy dng hm
Xy dng s mch
Xy dng s mch t cc phng trnh i s logic.
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156
Mch tun t ng b
Bc 1: Xc nh bi ton, gn hm v bin, tm hiu mi quan h gia chng. Bc 2: Xy dng hnh trng thi, bng chuyn i trng thi v hm ra. Bc 3: Rt gn trng thi (ti thiu ho trng thi). Bc 4: M ho trng thi. Nu s lng trng thi trong l N, s bin nh phn cn dng l n th n phi tho mn iu kin: n log2N. Bc 5: Xc nh h phng trnh ca mch. C hai cch xc nh: + Lp bng chuyn i trng thi v tn hiu ra, t xc nh cc phng trnh kch cho cc trig. + Da trc tip vo hnh trng thi, vit h phng trnh Ton, Toff ca cc trig v phng trnh hm ra. Bc 6: V s thc hin.
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158
Cc bc thit k
M ho tn hiu vo V, tn hiu ra R, trng thi trong S chuyn thnh mch dng nh phn c cc tp tn hiu vo X, tn hiu ra Y, trng thi trong Q. Xc nh h phng trnh tn hiu ra: Yi = fi (X, Q). Phng trnh ny c xc nh trn cc cung vi m hnh kiu Mealy, trn cc nh vi m hnh kiu Moore. Ti thiu cc hm ny. Xc nh h phng trnh hm kch cho cc trig v ti thiu ho n. Sau y gii thiu thut ton xc nh phng trnh li vo kch cho cc trig t hnh trng thi. i vi trig Qi bt k s thay i trng thi t Qi n Qki ch c th c 4 kh nng.
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cc cung biu din s thay i t n c k hiu nh sau: 0 0 l (0) 1 1 (l 1) 0 1 l (2) 1 0 l (3). Thut ton xc nh phng trnh li vo kch Qin +1 = Di cho trig Qi loi D.
Di = Qin+1
= tuyn tt c cc cung i ti nh c Qi = 1. = cc cung loi (2), k c khuyn ti nh tc l cung loi 1 = (1) v (2)
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V d
Thit k b m ng b c M = 5
' Q1
' Q'2Q1
' 1
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V d dng trig D
Nhn vo hnh trng thi ta thy: Q3 = 1 ti nh (4), Q2 = 1 ti nh (2), (3), Q2 = 1 ti nh (1), (3). D3 = Cc cung i n nh (4) = (3) = Q3 Q2 Q1 D2 = Cc cung i n nh (2), (3) = (1) + (2) = D1 = Cc cung i n nh (1), (3) = (0) + (2) =
Q3 Q2 Q1 + Q3 Q2 Q1
Q3 Q2 Q1 + Q3 Q2 Q1
T ta lp bng Cc n ti thiu ha hm Di
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V d trig D
Q 2Q1 Q3 00 0 1 0 0 01 0 x 11 1 x 10 0 x Q 2 Q1 Q3 00 0 1 0 0 01 1 x 11 0 x 10 1 x
D 3 = Q2Q1
D 2 = Q 2 .Q1 + Q 2 .Q1 = Q1 Q 2
10 1 x
Q 2Q 1 Q3 00 0 1 1 0
01 0 x
11 0 x
D1 = Q1 .Q 3
D3 = Q2Q3 D2 = Q2 Q3 + Q2 Q3 = Q2 Q3 D1 = Q1 Q3
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X+ X
X+ X
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B m
nh ngha : B m l mt mch tun t tun hon c mt li vo m v mt li ra, mch c s trng thi trong bng chnh h s m (k hiu l Md). Di tc dng ca tn hiu vo m, mch s chuyn t trng thi trong ny n mt trng thi trong khc theo mt th t nht nh. C sau Md tn hiu vo m mch li tr v trng thi xut pht ban u. B m c dng rt nhiu trong cc dng c o lng ch th s, cc my tnh in t. Bt k h thng s hin i no u s dng cc b m.
X d/0 X d/0 X d/0 X d/0 X d/0
X d/0
X d/0
X d/0
X d/0
X d/1
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Phn loi b m
Theo s chuyn i trng thi:
B m ng b (Synchronous): Cc trig u chu tc dng iu khin ca mt xung ng h duy nht B m khng ng b (Asynchronous): c trig chu tc dng iu khin trc tip ca xung m u vo, nhng cng c trig chu tc dng iu khin ca xung u ra ca trig khc .
Theo h s m
B m nh phn B m thp phn B m N phn
Theo xung m
B m thun (Up counter) hay cn gi l b m tin B m nghch (Down counter) hay cn gi l b m li B m thun nghch
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Mt s IC m
Tn IC M t c tnh
Gm 4 trig JK mc thnh hai b m khng ng b mod 2 v mod 6 c lp. Gm 4 trig JK mc thnh hai b m khng ng b mod 2 v mod 8 c lp. B m thun nghch (UP/DOWN) thp phn B m thun nghch (UP/DOWN) nh phn 4 bit B m thun nghch (UP/DOWN) thp phn B m thun nghch (UP/DOWN) nh phn 4 bit Gm hai khi ging ht nhau, mi khi gm 4 trig JK mc thnh hai b m khng ng b mod 2 v mod 5 c lp
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Preset ng b v khng Clear Preset ng b v khng Clear Preset ng b v Clear Preset ng b v Clear
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IC 74192, 74193
Trong cc b m ny, khi thc hin m thun th xung Clock c ni vi CLK-UP, cn chn CLK-DOWN c ni vi logic 1; khi m nghch th ngc li. Cc chn CARRY (nh) v BORROW (mn) c logic 1 v n s chuyn mc thp khi trn mc hoc di mc. Chn LOAD = 0 c th np d liu vo b m.
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IC 7490, 74390
N bao gm 4 trig cung cp b m gm hai Mod m: Mod 2 v Mod 5. Cc b m Mod 2 v Mod 5 c th c s dng mt cch c lp. Trig A thc hin m Mod 2, Trig B, C, D thc hin m Mod 5. IC 74390 l bn kp (dual) ca 7490
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B ghi dch
C kh nng ghi (nh) s liu v dch thng tin (sang phi hoc sang tri). c cu to t mt dy phn t nh c mc lin tip vi nhau v mt s cc cng logic c bn h tr. Mun ghi v truyn mt t nh phn n bit cn n phn t nh (n trigger)
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Phn loi:
Phn theo cch a tn hiu vo v ly tn hiu ra: Vo ni tip, ra song song SIPO (Serial Input, Parallel Output) Vo song song, ra song song PIPO (Parallel Input, Parallel Output) Vo ni tip, ra ni tip SISO (Serial Input, Serial Output) Vo song song, ra ni tip PISO (Parallel Input, Serial Output): Phn theo hng dch: Dch phi, dch tri, dch hai hng, dch vng Phn theo u vo: u vo n: u vo i: Phn theo u ra: u ra n: u ra i:
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Bi ging in t s
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Bi ging in t s
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Bi ging in t s
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B m vng
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Bi ging in t s
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D1 = Qn
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On H L Z
Dn H L X X
LE H H L X
OE L L L H
On H L Q0 Z
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Ni dung
Chng 1: H m Chng 2: i s Boole v cc phng php biu din hm Chng 3: Cng logic TTL v CMOS Chng 4: Mch logic t hp Chng 5: Mch logic tun t Chng 6: Mch pht xung v to dng xung Chng 7: B nh bn dn
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Ni dung
Mch pht xung
Mch dao ng a hi c bn cng NAND TTL Mch dao ng a hi vng RC Mch dao ng a hi thch anh Mch dao ng a hi CMOS
IC nh thi
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186
Gi s do tc ng ca nhiu lm cho Vi1 tng mt cht, lp tc xut hin qu trnh phn hi dng (hnh 6.2a). Cng I nhanh chng tr thnh thng bo ho, cng II nhanh chng ngt, mch bc vo trng thi tm n nh. Lc ny, C1 np in v C2 phng in. C1 np n khi Vi2 tng n ngng thng VT, trong mch xut hin qu trnh phn hi dng (hnh 6.2b). Cng I nhanh chng ngt cn cng II thng bo ho, mch in bc vo trang thi tm n nh mi. Lc ny C2 np in cn C1 phng cho n khi Vi1 bng ngng thng VT lm xut hin qu trnh phn hi dng a mch v trng thi n nh ban u. Mch khng ngng dao ng.
Hnh 6.1
Hnh 6.2a
Hnh 6.2b
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187
C1 np n khi Vi2 tng n ngng thng VT, trong mch xut hin qu trnh phn hi dng (hnh 6.2b). Cng I nhanh chng ngt cn cng II thng bo ho, mch in bc vo trang thi tm n nh mi. Lc ny C2 np in cn C1 phng cho n khi Vi1 bng ngng thng VT lm xut hin qu trnh phn hi dng a mch v trng thi n nh ban u.
Hnh 6.2b
Hnh 6.3
188
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Trig Schmit
Xem gio trnh
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Mch a hi i
Xem gio trnh
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IC nh thi (1)
8 4 R
Chn 1 2 3 4
Chn 5 6 7 8
6 R
2
+ R
+ -
3 S
7 R
Q1
R1
Mch in IC 555.
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192
To mch n n
Khi chn 2 nhn kch thch (ni t), ta thy S~ s lp Q ln 1 v xung s xut hin li ra 3. Lc ny, Q~ = 0 nn Q1 kha. T C np in. Khi in th trn t (chn 6) vt qu 2/3Vcc th R~ = 0, do Q~ = 1. Xung li ra kt thc, Q1 thng v t C phng rt nhanh qua Q1. Trng thi ny gi nguyn cho ti xung kch thch sau (nn chn R1 ln khng nng transistor Q1) rng xung ra c tnh theo cng thc: T = 1,1RC T C1 thng chn bng 0,1uF v c chc nng l t lc hn ch nhiu do ngun nui gy ra.
+Vcc R 6 7 8 555 5 C1 4 2/3Vcc 3 Ra
1 8 R
5
6 R
2
+ -
R 3 S R1
+ R
Q1
Vo
+ C
2 1
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193
To mch dao ng a hi
Chn 2, 6 v t C c ni vi nhau, nn in th trn t s iu khin ng thi c hai b so p. Nu in th ny vt qu mc ngng 2/3Vcc, th xung trn u ra ca TG s b xo. Ngc li, khi t phng xung di mc 1/3 Vcc th xung ra li c lp. Qu trnh ny s tip din v cho mt chui xung li ra. Chu k ca dao ng s l:
1 8 R
5
6 R
2
+ -
R 3 S R1
+ R
Q1
T = TN + TP
TN l thi gian np v c tnh theo cng thc:
+Vcc
Ra
0 Xung ra
in th trn t C
2 1 +
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6 R
2
+ -
R 3 S R1
+ R
Q1
+Vcc R1
D1
1, 4 f = C ( R1 + 2 R2 )
Vi R1 = R2 = R th (c Diod):
8 7 6 555
4 3 5 C1 Ra
R2
D2
2 1 + C
0, 7 f = CR
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Hnh 6.
195
Cu hi
Thit k mch to xung dng 555 cho cc tn s 1Hz, 10Hz, 100Hz, 1KHz
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Ni dung
Chng 1: H m Chng 2: i s Boole v cc phng php biu din hm Chng 3: Cng logic TTL v CMOS Chng 4: Mch logic t hp Chng 5: Mch logic tun t Chng 6: Mch pht xung v to dng xung Chng 7: B nh bn dn
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B nh bn dn
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Ni dung
Khi nim chung DRAM SRAM B nh c nh ROM B nh bn c nh M rng dung lng b nh
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B nh bn c nh EPROM EEPROM
Da trn thi gian vit v cch vit, c th chia thnh: b nh c nh, b nh bn c nh v b nh c/vit c. B nh c nh ROM (Read Only Memory): c ni dung c vit sn mt ln.
MROM: l loi ROM sau khi c vit (bng mt n-mask) t nh my th khng vit li c na. PROM l mt dng khc, cc bit c th c vit bng thit b ghi ca ngi s dng trong mt ln (Programmable ROM).
202
B nh bn c nh EPROM EEPROM
Gia ROM v RAM c mt lp cc b nh c gi l EPROM (Erasable PROM), d liu trong c th xo c bng tia cc tm v ghi li c, EEPROM (Electric EPROM) c th xo c bng dng in. Cc loi ny cn c gi l b nh bn c nh. Cc b nh DRAM thng tho mn nhng yu cu khi cn b nh c dung lng ln; trong khi khi cn c tc truy xut ln th phi dng cc b nh SRAM c gi thnh t hn. Nhng c hai loi ny u c nhc im l thuc loi bay hi (volatile), thng tin s b mt i khi ngun nui b ngt. Do vy cc chng trnh dng cho vic khi ng PC nh BIOS thng phi np trn cc b nh ROM.
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Cu trc c bn ca b nh ROM
ROM bao gm 4 khi c bn: + B nh cha cc nh v trong cc nh l cc t nh. + Mch iu khin tip nhn cc tn hiu vo t knh iu khin. + B gii m a ch dng nh v nh. + Mch ra dng a ni dung nh ti cc thit b c lin quan cn tip nhn ni dung ny. ROM
Knh a ch A9 A0
B gii m a ch
Khi nh
nh c nh v
B iu khin
Mch ra
D7 Knh d liu
D0
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B nh
Mi nh nh phn c chc nng lu gi mt trong hai trng thi 0 hoc 1. M rng b nh
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B gii m a ch
B gii m a ch l giao din gia knh a ch v khi nh. N c kh nng truyn rt nhiu a ch trn mt s t ng truyn. a ch nh phn phi c gii m trc khi tc ng ti mng nh.
33 32 31 30
23
22
21
20
13
12
11
10
03
02
01
00
A3 A2 Cho php c A1 A0 0 1
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VD
CS
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Mch ra ca b nh
Mch ra c nhim v kt ni d liu chn vi knh d liu vo lc thch hp.
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Mch iu khin
Mch iu khin trong ROM c chc nng kh n gin.
ROM Knh a ch A9 A0
B gii m a ch
Khi nh
nh c nh v
B iu khin
Mch ra
D7 Knh d liu
D0
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B nh c nh MROM
Cc chip RAM khng thch hp cho cc chng trnh khi ng do cc thng tin trn b mt khi tt ngun. Do vy phi dng n ROM, trong cc s liu cn lu tr c vit mt ln theo cch khng bay hi nhm gi c mi.
1 0
+V
+5V
R4
R3
R2
R1
Cc dy hng (i hng)
Cc dy bit (j ct)
c ch to trn mt phin silic theo mt s bc x l nh quang khc v khch tn to ra nhng tip gip bn dn c tnh dn in theo mt chiu (nh diode, transistor trng). Ngi thit k nh r chng trnh mun ghi vo ROM, thng tin ny c s dng iu khin qu trnh lm mt n. Hnh 7-6 l mt v d n gin v s MROM dng diode. Ch giao nhau gia cc dy t (hng) v cc dy bit (ct) to nn mt phn t nh ( nh). Mt diode c t ti (hnh v) s cho php lu tr s liu 0. Ngc li nhng v tr khng c diode th s cho php lu tr s liu 1. Khi c mt t s liu th i ca ROM, b gii m s t dy t xung mc logic thp, cc dy cn li mc cao. Do vy ch nhng diode ni vi dy ny c phn cc thun, do n s dn lm cho in th li ra trn cc dy bit tng ng mc logic thp, cc dy bit cn li s gi mc cao.
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B nh c nh PROM
PROM cng gm c cc diode nh MROM nhng chng c mt y to cc v tr giao nhau gia dy t v dy bit. Mi diode c ni vi mt cu ch. Bnh thng khi cha lp trnh, cc cu ch cn nguyn vn, ni dung ca PROM s ton l 0. Khi nh v n mt bit bng cch t mt xung in li ra tng ng, cu ch s b t v bit ny s bng 1. Bng cch ta c th lp trnh ton b cc bit trong PROM. Nh vy, vic lp trnh c th c thc hin bi ngi s dng ch mt ln duy nht, khng th sa i c.
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PROM
Hnh 7-11. PROM dng diode
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v0
v1
vGS
214
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- - Lp xit n- Mng ng hm xt
- - - - -
bn dn loi p
216
RAM
RAM c kh nng cho php ghi lu tr d liu thng tin tam thi trong mt thi gian, sau li c thng tin tip tc x l khi cn thit nn n c tn l b nh c/vit. Mt c tnh quan trng khc ca RAM l cc d liu trong RAM ch c tnh cht tm thi, d b xa khi mt ngun nng lng cp
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Cu trc RAM
Cu trc 4 khi ca mt RAM c 8 bit d liu v 8 bit a ch
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Mch vo ra
Bus d liu
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Mch iu khin
+ Khi ch c, xung R/W mc logic 1. ng thi cc tn hiu cho php chn CE1, CE2 c kch hot mc 1 nn lc ny RE = 1, tc l ch c c thit lp. Khi tn hiu = 0 nn tn hiu cho php ghi WE = 0 (cm ghi). + Khi ch ghi, xung R/W mc logic 0, = 1, ng thi cc tn hiu cho php chn CE1, CE2 c kch hot mc 1 nn lc ny WE = 1, tc l n ch ghi. Khi tn hiu R/W = 0 nn tn hiu cho php c RE = 0 (cm c). + Tn hiu tch cc ng thi CE1 = CE2 = 1 c hai ch c v ghi phi c chuyn cng lc ti mng nh nhm thng bo vic xut (khi c) hay vic nhp (khi ghi) d liu ti a ch nh c mch gii m chn. + Khi tn hiu CE1 . CE2 = 0 (c t nht mt tn hiu CE trng thi khng tch cc) th mch iu khin hnh 7-19 s chuyn b nh sang ch ch (Standby) bt chp tn hiu R/W c tch cc hay khng, lc ny RE = 0 v WE = 0.
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DRAM
Cc nh c xp xp theo hng v ct trong mt ma trn nh. a ch nh c chia thnh hai phn: a ch hng v ct. Hai a ch ny c c vo b m mt cch ln lt. X l kiu ny c gi l hp knh, l do l gim kch thc b gii m, tc l gim kch thc v gi thnh vi mch. Qu trnh dn knh a ch ny c iu khin bi cc tn hiu RAS (Row Access Strobe) v CAS (Column Access Strobe). Nu RAS mc tch cc thp th DRAM nhn c a ch t vo n v s dng nh a ch hng. Nu CAS mc tch cc thp th DRAM nhn c a ch t vo n v s dng nh a ch ct.
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DRAM
Mt nh ca DRAM gm c mt transistor trng MOS c tr li vo rt ln v mt t in C l linh kin lu tr mt bit thng tin tng ng vi hai trng thi c hoc khng c in tch trn t. Transistor hot ng nh mt cng tc, cho php np hay phng in tch ca t khi thc hin php c hay vit. Cc ca (Gate) ca transistor c ni vi dy hng (cn gi l dy t-WL-Word Line) v cc mng (Drain) c ni vi dy ct (cn c gi l dy bit BL-Bit Line), cc ngun (Source) c ni vi t in. in p np trn t tng i nh, v th cn s dng khuch i nhy trong mch nh. Do dng r ca transistor nn nh cn c np li trc khi in p trn t thp hn mt ngng no . Qu trnh ny c thc hin nh mt chu k lm ti (refresh), khi in p trn t c xc nh ( trng thi 0 hay 1) v mc in p logic ny c vit li vo nh.
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SRAM
VCC
Tra Tra
Tra C
WL
BL
Trs Trs
WL
BL
BL
BL
Mt nh ca SRAM gi thng tin bi trng thi ca mch trig. Thut ng tnh ch ra rng khi ngun nui cha b ct th thng tin ca nh vn c gi nguyn. Khc vi nh DRAM, y nh trig cung cp mt tn hiu s mnh hn nhiu v c cc transistor trong cc nh, chng c kh nng khuch i tn hiu v do c th cp trc tip cho cc ng bit. Trong DRAM, s khuch i tn hiu trong cc b khuch i cn nhiu thi gian v do thi gian truy nhp di hn. Khi nh a ch trong cc trig SRAM, cc transistor b sung cho cc trig, cc b gii m a chcng c i hi nh DRAM.
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SRAM
Nh trong DRAM, cc ca ca transistor c ni vi ng t v cc mng ni vi cp ng bit. Nu s liu c c t nh, khi b gii m hng kch hot ng dy t WL tng ng. Hai transistor T dn v ni trig nh vi cp dy bit. Nh vy hai li ra Q v Q_ c ni vi cc ng bit v cc tn hiu c truyn ti b khuch i cui ng dy ny. V in th chnh lch ln nn x l khuch i nh vy s nhanh hn trong DRAM (c 10 ns hoc ngn hn), do chip SRAM cn a ch ct sm hn nu thi gian truy nhp khng c gim. Nh vy SRAM khng cn thc hin phn knh cc a ch hng v ct. Sau khi s liu n nh, b gii m ct chn ct ph hp v cho ra tn hiu s liu ti b m s liu ra v ti mch ra.
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SRAM
Vit s liu c thc hin theo cch ngc li. Qua b m vo v b gii m ct, s liu vit c t vo b khuch i ph hp. Cng lc b gii m hng kch hot ng dy t v lm transistor T dn. Trig a s liu c lu tr vo cp dy bit. Tuy vy, b khuch i nhy hn cc transistor nn n s cp cho cc ng bit mt tn hiu ph hp vi s liu vit. Do , trig s chuyn trng thi ph hp vi s liu mi hoc gi gi tr c lu tr ph thuc vo vic s liu vit trng vi s liu lu tr hay khng.
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B nh bn c nh - B nh FLASH
Trong nhng nm gn y, mt loi b nh khng bay hi mi xut hin trn th trng, thng c s dng thay th cho cc a mm v cng trong nhng my tnh. l b nh flash. Cu trc ca chng c bn nh EEPROM, ch c lp knh xit cc nh mng hn. Do vy ch cn in th c 12 V l c th cho php thc hin 10 000 chu trnh xo v lp trnh. B nh flash c th hot ng gn mm do nh DRAM v SRAM nhng li khng b mt s liu khi b ct in. Hnh 7- 9 ch ra s khi ca n. Phn chnh l mng nh bao gm cc nh FAMOST nh c m t mc trn. Ging nh SRAM, b nh flash khng dn phn knh a ch. Cc b gii m hng v ct chn mt ng t v mt hoc nhiu cp ng bit. S liu c c a ra ngoi b m s liu I/O hoc c vit vo nh c nh a ch bi b m ny qua cng I/O. X l c c thc hin vi in th MOS thng thng l 5V. lp trnh mt nh, n v iu khin flash t mt xung in th ngn c 10 s v 12 V gy nn mt s chc thng thc l vo transistor nh np vo ca ni. Mt chip nh flash 1 Mb c th c lp trnh trong khong 2 sec, nhng khc vi EEPROM vic xo c thc hin tng chip mt. Thi gian xo cho ton b b nh flash khong 1 sec. X l c, lp trnh v xo c iu khin bi cc lnh c di 2 byte c b x l vit vo cc thanh ghi lnh ca mch iu khin flash.
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B nh bn c nh - B nh FLASH
Mc ch s dng chnh ca b nh flash l thay th cho cc a mm v a cng dung lng nh. Do n l mch tch hp nn c u im l kch thc nh v tiu th nng lng thp, khng b nh hng ca va p. Cc a cng cht rn da trn c s cc b nh flash c li th v cng sut tiu th cng nh gi thnh c dung lng ti vi Mbyte. Cc card nh loi ny c u im l khng gp phi vn mt thng tin nh trng hp RAM CMOS khi pin Ni-Cd b hng. Thi gian lu tr thng tin trong b nh flash t nht l 10 nm, thng thng l 100 nm, vi khong thi gian ny th cc a mm v cng b hng ri. Nhc im ca b nh flash l ch c th xo theo kiu ln lt tng chip hoc ln lt tng trang.
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VPP
WE CE
OE
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B nh bn c nh - B nh CACHE
Gia CPU v b nh chnh bng DRAM, ngi ta xen vo mt b nh SRAM nhanh c dung lng nh bng 1/10 hoc 1/100 ln b nh chnh gi l cache; di s iu khin ca mch iu khin cache, b nh ny s lu tr tm thi cc s liu thng c gi v cung cp n cho CPU trong thi gian ngn. Cache cha cc thng tin mi va c CPU s dng gn y nht. Khi CPU c s liu n s a ra mt a ch ti b iu khin cache. Sau mt trong hai qu trnh sau s xy ra: Cache hit: nu a ch c sn trong RAM cache. Cache miss: ngc li, nu a ch khng c sn trong RAM cache.
SRAM Cache
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M rng di t
Trn mt chp nh, c th c c 1 n mt s hu hn li ra, thng l 4 hoc 8 bit. Mun c di t ln hn, chng hn t 4 ln 8 hoc 16 bit, ta tin hnh ghp nhiu chp nh nh ch hnh 7-10 i vi RAM. i vi ROM cch lm cng tng t, ch khc trong trng hp ny, c th khng c li vo R/W.
A0 An-1 BUS a ch
RAM I
RAM II
D0 BUS d liu
Dn-1
BUS d liu
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A0 IC 2 A11 2k
A0 IC 3 A11 2k
A0 IC 4 A11 2k
A12 A13
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IC m IC I IC II IC III IC IV
A0 IC 2 A11 2k
A12 A13
B gii m vo 2 ra 4
Hnh 7-11. Phng php m rng dung lng.
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