Hàm phần nguyên và ứng dụng PDF

B GIO DC V O TO
I HC THI NGUYN
TRNG I HC KHOA HC
NGUYN TH HNG HNH
HM PHN NGUYN
V NG DNG
Chuyn ngnh: Phng php Ton s cp

M s: 60.46.40
LUN VN THC S TON HC
Ngi hng dn khoa hc:

PGS. TS. T Duy Phng
THI NGUYN - 2010

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
MC LC
Trang
Cc k hiu ........................................................................................................2
Li ni u ....................................................................................................3-4
Chng 1 Cc kin thc c bn v hm phn nguyn ...............................5
1 Khi nim v phn nguyn .........................................................................5
2 Cc tnh cht c bn ca phn nguyn .......................................................6
3 Hm phn nguyn v th ca hm phn nguyn ................................. 11
Chng 2 Phn nguyn trong ton s hc v i s .................................16
1 Phn nguyn trong cc bi ton s hc ................................................... 16
2 Tnh gi tr ca mt s hoc mt biu thc cha phn nguyn ................27
3 Chng minh cc h thc cha phn nguyn ..............................................31
4 Phng trnh v h phng trnh cha phn nguyn ...............................32
Chng 3 Phn nguyn trong ton gii tch ..............................................49
1 Mt s tnh cht gii tch ca dy cha phn nguyn ..............................49
2 Tnh tng hu hn ca dy cha phn nguyn .........................................53
3 Tnh gii hn ca dy cha phn d ................................................56
4 Hm s cha phn nguyn ...........................................................62
5 Chui s cha phn nguyn .............................................................67
Kt lun .........................................................................................................77
Ti liu tham kho ........................................................................................78
CC K HIU
Trong cun lun vn ny ta s dng cc k hiu sau:
Tp cc s thc c k hiu l .
Tp cc s thc khng m c k hiu l .
Tp cc s hu t c k hiu l .
Tp cc s nguyn c k hiu l {..., -2, -1, 0,1, 2, ...} .
Tp cc s t nhin c k hiu l {1, 2, 3, ...}.
Tp cc s nguyn dng c k hiu l hoc .
LI NI U
Do tnh c o ca hm phn nguyn, th d, hm phn nguyn va
n gin (l hm hng tng khc) li va phc tp (gin on ti cc im
nguyn nn kh p dng cc cng c ca gii tch), nhiu bi ton hay v
phn nguyn c s dng lm thi hc sinh gii cc cp, trong c rt
nhiu cc thi hc sinh gii quc gia v Olympic quc t. Mt khc, hm
phn nguyn c nhng ng dng quan trng khng ch trong ton hc ph
thng, m cn trong nhiu vn ca ton ng dng v cng ngh thng tin
(lm trn s, tnh gn ng,...). Phn nguyn cng th hin s kt ni gia
tnh lin tc v tnh ri rc, gia ton gii tch v ton ri rc nn kh th v.
L thuyt v bi tp v phn nguyn ri rc c trong cc sch v cc
tp ch, thm ch l nhng chuyn trong mt s sch v s hc (xem [3],
[5], [8]). Tuy nhin, hnh nh cha c mt cun sch no vit phong ph
v tng hp v phn nguyn. chnh l l do tc gi chn ti ny lm
lun vn cao hc.
Lun vn Hm phn nguyn v ng dng c mc ch trnh by cc
kin thc c bn ca hm phn nguyn v ng dng ca n trong gii ton s
cp, c th l trong s hc, i s v gii tch (ton chia ht, gii phng
trnh, tnh cht ca dy, tnh gii hn, tnh tng ca dy, chui,...cha phn
nguyn). ng thi lun vn cng trnh by mi quan h mt thit ca phn
nguyn vi cc dng ton khc (dy truy hi, nh thc Newton, h m,...).
c bit lun vn tp hp mt khi lng ln cc bi ton thi v ch quc
gia v quc t minh ha cho l thuyt v phn nguyn.
Lun vn gm ba chng.
Chng 1 trnh by cc nh ngha v tnh cht c bn ca hm phn
nguyn v th ca hm phn nguyn.
Chng 2 trnh by mt s dng ton cha phn nguyn trong s hc

v i s (ton chia ht; tnh ton v chng minh cc h thc cha phn
nguyn; gii phng trnh v h phng trnh cha phn nguyn;...).
Chng 3 trnh by mt s dng ton cha phn nguyn trong gii tch
(cc tnh cht nh tnh b chn, tnh tun hon ca dy s; tm s hng v tnh
gii hn ca dy s, tnh tng hu hn ca dy s, tnh tng ca chui cha
phn nguyn, ...).
Nhiu v d v bi ton tp hp trong lun vn c a vo bn tho
cun sch ca tc gi lun vn vit chung vi Thy hng dn v Thc s
Nguyn Th Bnh Minh. V hn ch s trang lun vn, trong mi chng,
chng ti c gng trnh by cc vn l thuyt lm c s phn loi v
tng kt cc phng php gii tng dng ton cha phn nguyn. Cc v d
minh ha phng php c la chn mang tnh cht in hnh, s lng ln
bi tp th hin s phong ph mun hnh v ca ng dng hm phn nguyn
trong gii ton v c gii chi tit trong [2] nn khng trnh by li trong
lun vn ny.
Lun vn c hon thnh di s hng dn khoa hc ca PGS TS T
Duy Phng. Xin c t lng cm n chn thnh nht ti Thy.
Tc gi xin chn cm n Trng i hc Khoa hc Thi Nguyn, ni tc
gi hon thnh chng trnh cao hc ngnh ton.
V cui cng, xin cm n gia nh, bn b v ng nghip cm thng,
ng h v gip trong sut thi gian tc gi hc cao hc v vit lun vn.
H Ni, ngy 15 thng 9 nm 2010

Tc gi
Nguyn Th Hng Hnh
Chng 1
CC KIN THC C BN V PHN NGUYN
1 KHI NIM V PHN NGUYN
nh ngha 1.1 Cho mt s thc x . S nguyn ln nht khng vt qu
x c gi l phn nguyn (integer part, integral part) hay sn (floor) ca x .

Ta thng k hiu phn nguyn ca x l x . Nhiu ti liu gi phn nguyn
ca x l sn v k hiu phn nguyn ca x l x , v sn c lin quan mt
thit vi khi nim trn x ca x . Hai khi nim trn v sn thng c
s dng trong tin hc. Trong lun vn ny ta s dng c hai k hiu phn
nguyn (sn) l x v x .
nh ngha 1.2 Cho mt s thc x . S nguyn b nht khng nh hn x
c gi l trn ca x v k hiu l x .
nh ngha 1.1 v nh ngha 1.2 tng ng vi:
z x z 1;
0 x z 1;
z .
z .
x z
v
z 1 x z;
0 z x 1;
x z
z .
z .
Hn na, x x nu x v x x 1 vi mi x .
nh ngha 1.3 Phn d (phn thp phn, phn l, gi tr phn - fractional
part, fractional value) ca mt s thc x , k hiu l x c nh ngha bi
cng thc x x x .
T nh ngha 1.3 ta suy ra ngay, 0 x 1 vi mi x v z 0 khi v

ch khi z l s nguyn.
Ta bit rng, vi mi x th tn ti s nguyn z sao cho z x z 1 .
nh ngha 1.4 Gi tr nh nht gia hai s x z v z 1 x c gi l
khong cch t x n s nguyn gn n nht v c k hiu l x .
Ta c x x z 0,5 vi mi x .
nh ngha 1.5 S nguyn gn mt s thc x nht c k hiu l x v
c gi l s lm trn ca x .
Khi nim lm trn s c s dng rng ri trong my tnh.

xc nh, nu c hai s nguyn cng gn x nht (ngha l khi
x z 0,5 z 1 0,5 th z v z 1 cng c khong cch ti x bng 0,5

( x z z 1 x 0,5 ) th ta qui c chn s ln, tc l nu z x z 0,5 ,
th x z , cn nu z 0,5 x z 1 th x z 1.
2 CC TNH CHT C BN CA PHN NGUYN
T cc nh ngha 1.1 - nh ngha 1.5 ta i n cc tnh cht tuy n gin
nhng rt c bn v hay s dng sau y ca phn nguyn. Cc tnh cht ny
c chng minh chi tit trong [2], v vy di y chng ti ch lit k
m khng chng minh.
Tnh cht 2.1 Vi mi x ta c
a) x x x 1 hay x 1 x x ;
b) x 1 x x hay x x x 1 .
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x l s nguyn.
Tnh cht 2.2 x x x ; 0 x 1 ; x x 0 x 1 .

H qu 2.1 x z z th z v 0 x 1 .
Tnh cht 2.3 x z x z ; x z x vi mi z .
o li, x y th y x z vi z no .
Tnh cht 2.4 Nu x th x x v x 0 .
Ngc li nu x x hoc x 0 th x .
Nu x l s hu t nhng khng phi l s nguyn th x cng l mt s
hu t thuc khong 0;1 .
Nu x l s v t th x cng l mt s v t thuc khong 0;1 .
Tnh cht 2.5 Phn d, sn v trn c tnh cht lu ng (idempotent), tc l
khi hai ln p dng php ton th kt qu khng i:
x x ; x x v x x vi mi x .
Hn na, x x x 0 vi mi x .
Nhng x 0 v x x x vi mi x ;
x 1 , x x x 1 x 1 vi mi x .
Tnh cht 2.6 Cc qui tc i ch (hon v), kt hp ca php ton cng v
php ton nhn; qui tc kt hp gia php ton nhn v php ton cng vn
ng cho phn nguyn v phn d.
Tnh cht 2.7 Php lm trn s x thng thng nh nu trong nh
ngha 1.5 chnh l php ly phn nguyn ca x 0,5 , tc l x x 0,5 .
Tnh cht 2.8 Nu x y th x y 1 hay 1 x y 1 .
Tnh cht 2.9 Nu x y th x y . o li, nu x y th x y .
Tnh cht 2.10

a) C hai s x v y l hai s nguyn khi v ch khi x y 0 .
b) Trong hai s x v y c mt s nguyn v mt s khng phi l s nguyn
th 0 x y 1 .
c) Hai s x v y khng nguyn c tng x y l mt s nguyn khi v ch
khi x y 1 .
Tnh cht 2.11a Vi mi x, y ta c
x y x y x y 1 ; x y x y x y 1 .
Nhn xt 2.1 Tnh cht 2.11a c th c pht biu di dng sau.
x y
khi 0 x y 1;
Tnh cht 2.11b x y
x y 1 khi 1 x y 2.
Tnh cht ny cng c vit di dng sau y.
x y
khi 0 x y 1;
Tnh cht 2.11c x y
x y 1 khi 1 x y 2.
H qu 2.2 2 x 2 x vi mi x .
H qu 2.3 x x v x x 0 nu x ;
x x 1 v x 1 x nu
x.
H qu 2.4 x x vi mi x .
Tnh cht 2.12a Vi mi x v y l cc s thc ta c
2 x 2 y x y x y 2 x y
v
2 x 2 y x y .
Nhn xt 2.2 Tnh cht 2.12a c th c vit di dng sau.

Tnh cht 2.12b a) Nu max x , y
1
th
2
2 x 2 y 0 x y
v
2 x 2 y x y x y 2 x 2 y .
b) Nu min x , y
1
max x , y x y 1 th
2
2 x 2 y 1 x y 1
v
2 x 2 y x y x y 1 2 x 2 y 1 .
c) Nu min x , y
1
max x , y 1 x y th
2
2 x 2 y 1 x y
v
d) Nu
v
2 x 2 y x y x y 2 x 2 y 1 .
1
min x , y th 2 x 2 y 2 x y 1
2
2 x 2 y x y x y 1 2 x 2 y 2 .
Tnh cht 2.13 Vi mi x ta lun c
1
1
2
x
v
x
2 x x .
2
2
n n 1
H qu 2.5 Vi mi s nguyn dng ta lun c
n.
2 2
Tnh cht 2.14a Vi mi x, y ta lun c
x y 0 v x y x y .
Nhn xt 2.5 Tnh cht 2.14a c th pht biu di dng sau y.
x y
khi
Tnh cht 2.14b x y
x y 1 khi
y x;
x y.
x y
khi
Tnh cht 2.14c x y
x y 1 khi
y x;
x y.
10
Tnh cht 2.15 Vi mi s t nhin n v vi mi s thc x ta c
n x nx n x n 1 .
Tnh cht 2.16 Vi mi s thc x khng phi l s nguyn v vi mi s
nguyn n ta lun c x n x n 1 .
Tnh cht 2.17 Vi mi s nguyn dng n v vi mi s thc x ta lun c:
x x
1
n 1
... x
nx .
n
n
x x
Tnh cht 2.18 Vi mi x v n l s t nhin ta lun c .
n n
Tnh cht 2.19 Vi mi s t nhin k 3 v mi s t nhin n ta c
2n n n 2
k k k .
Tnh cht 2.20 Cho k1 , k2 , ..., k n l b n s nguyn dng. Khi y
k k ... kn
k1 k2 ... kn 1 2
n 1 .
n
k k
Tnh cht 2.21 Vi mi s nguyn k ta lun c k .
2 2
Tnh cht 2.22 Cho , l nhng s v t dng sao cho
1 1
1. Tp

an n1 , 2 , 3 , ... v bn n 1 , 2 , 3 , ... to thnh mt phn
hoch ca tp s nguyn dng, tc l an n1 v bn n1 l cc tp khng giao

nhau v hp ca chng bng chnh tp tt c cc s nguyn dng.
Tnh cht di y c s dng nhiu trong tin hc.
Tnh cht 2.23 Cho a v b 2 l cc s t nhin bt k. Khi y log b a 1
chnh l s cc ch s ca mt s a vit trong h m c s b .
11
3 HM PHN NGUYN V TH HM PHN NGUYN

T cc nh ngha phn nguyn (sn), trn, phn d, s lm trn trong 1, ta
c th a ra cc nh ngha sau y.
Hm sn Hm f : , f ( x ) : x cho tng ng mi s x vi phn
nguyn x ca n c gi l hm phn nguyn.
Trong mt s ti liu, hm phn nguyn cn c gi l hm sn (floor
function) v ngoi k hiu f ( x) : x cn c k hiu l f ( x) : x .
th ca hm phn nguyn
Hnh 1
Hm phn nguyn l hm hng s tng khc (nhn gi tr khng i trn tng
na khong z; z 1 vi z ); gin on loi mt ti cc im z vi
lch khng i bng 1 ( lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) 1, tc l hiu gia gii hn
x z
x z
ca hm s khi i s x tin ti n t bn phi v t bn tri bng 1).

Nh vy, hm phn nguyn khng lin tc (gin on loi 1), nhng l na
lin tc trn. Do n l hm hng tng khc nn o hm ca n tn ti v
bng 0 ti mi im khng nguyn v o hm khng tn ti (thm ch hm
s khng lin tc) ti cc im nguyn.
12
Hm trn Hm f : , f ( x ) : x cho tng ng mi s x vi trn
x ca n c gi l hm trn.
th ca hm trn
Hnh 2
Hm trn l hm hng s tng khc (nhn gi tr khng i trn tng na
khong ( z ; z 1] vi z ); gin on loi mt ti cc im x z , z vi
lch khng i bng 1 ( lim f ( x) lim f ( x) 1).
x z
xz
Vy, hm trn khng lin tc, nhng l na lin tc di. Do n l hm hng

tng khc nn o hm ca n tn ti v bng 0 ti mi im khng nguyn
v o hm khng tn ti ti cc im nguyn.
Mt khc, th ca hm trn c th nhn c bng cch tnh tin th
hm f ( x) : x ln trn (theo trc tung) 1 n v trn cc khong z; z 1 ,
z . Tuy nhin, ti cc im nguyn th chng nhn cc gi tr khc.
Hm phn d Hm f : 0;1 t tp s thc vo tp con 0;1 ca tp

s thc , f ( x) : x vi mi x cho tng ng mi s thc x vi phn
d x ca n c gi l hm phn d (hay hm phn phn, hm phn l).
th ca hm phn d f ( x) x x x
13
Hnh 3
Hm phn d ch nhn gi tr trong na khong 0;1 , tng tng khc (tng
trn tng na khong z; z 1 vi z ) v gin on loi mt ti cc im
x z , z vi lim f ( x) lim f ( x ) 1. c bit, hm phn d l hm tun

x z
x z
hon vi chu k 1, ngha l x 1 x vi mi x .

Hm khong cch Hm f : 0;0,5 cho tng ng mi s thc x vi
khong cch ti s nguyn gn n nht c gi l hm khong cch t x ti
s nguyn gn n nht v k hiu l f ( x) : x .
Hm khong cch ch nhn gi tr trong on 0;0,5 , tng tng khc trn
tng on z; z 0,5 v gim tng khc trn z 0,5; z 1 vi z . Hm
khong cch l hm lin tc v tuyn tnh tng khc. c bit, hm khong
cch l hm tun hon vi chu k 1, ngha l x 1 x vi mi x .
Hm lm trn Hm f : t tp s thc vo tp s nguyn ca
tp s thc , cho tng ng mi s thc x vi s nguyn gn n nht c
gi l hm lm trn v k hiu l f ( x) : x .
Nhn xt 3.1 Ta lun c x x 0,5 vi mi x (xem Tnh cht 2.7 2).
th ca hm lm trn f ( x) ( x) x 0,5
th ca hm f ( x) x chnh l th ca hm f x x tnh tin sang
bn tri 0,5 n v (c th thy r iu ny qua so snh hai th).
14
Hnh 4
T Tnh cht 2.3 2 suy ra mt tnh cht th v ca hm phn d sau y.
Tnh cht 3.1 Hm phn d v hm khong cch (t x ti s nguyn gn n
nht) l hm tun hon vi chu k nh nht bng 1.
Ta nhc li rng hm : xc nh trn tp s thc v nhn gi tr
cng trong tp s thc c gi l tun hon nu tn ti mt s dng T
sao cho x T X v ( x T ) ( x) vi mi x .
S T c gi l chu k ca hm tun hon ( x ) .
Hin nhin, nu ( x ) l hm tun hon chu k T th ( x ) cng l hm tun
hon chu k nT vi mi s t nhin n . Tht vy, v ( x) l hm tun hon
chu k T nn vi mi x ta c:
( x nT ) ( x (n 1)T T ) ( x (n 1)T ) ... ( x) .

Chng t ( x) l hm tun hon chu k nT vi mi s t nhin n .
S T0 0 nh nht (nu c) trong s tt c cc chu k c gi l chu k chnh
hay chu k c s ca hm tun hon ( x ) .
ngn gn, khi ni hm ( x ) l tun hon vi chu k T , ngi ta thng
hiu T l chu k chnh T0 (nu c) ca ( x ) .
Th d, v x n x vi mi n nn hm phn d y x c chu k l
T n vi mi n l s t nhin v chu k chnh l T0 1 (xem Hnh 3).
15
Tng t, v x n x vi mi n nn hm y x c chu k l T n
vi mi n l s t nhin v chu k chnh l T0 1 .
Nhn xt 3.2 C nhng hm tun hon khng c chu k chnh.
Th d Hm Dirichlet y ( x) c nh ngha nh sau: y ( x) 1 khi x
l s hu t; y ( x ) 0 khi x l s v t l mt hm tun hon c chu k l
s hu t q bt k. Tuy nhin, v tp cc s hu t khng m khng c s
nh nht (vi mi s hu t q 0 ta c th tm c s
q
nh hn q cng l
2
s hu t) nn hm s y ( x ) khng c chu k chnh, tc l khng tn ti s
T0 0 sao cho T0 q vi mi chu k q (vi mi s hu t q ). Vy y ( x )

l hm tun hon khng c chu k chnh.
nh ngha Hm y f ( x ) xc nh trn tp X c gi l phn tun
hon chu k T 0 nu vi mi x X ta c
x T X v f ( x T ) f ( x ) .
Tnh cht 3.2 Nu y f ( x) l phn tun hon vi chu k T 0 th y f ( x)
l tun hon vi chu k 2T 0 . o li khng ng.
- 16 -
Chng 2
PHN NGUYN TRONG TON S HC V I S
1 PHN NGUYN TRONG TON S HC
1.1 Mt s tnh cht b sung v s nguyn v p dng trong ton s hc
Nhiu bi ton s hc lin quan mt thit vi phn nguyn.
Ngoi cc tnh cht chung cho phn nguyn nu trong 2 Chng 1, ta cn c
mt s tnh cht khc kh th v ring cho cc s nguyn v hay c p dng
trong bi tp sau y. Chng minh cc tnh cht ny c th xem trong [2].
Tnh cht 1.1 Gi s r l phn d khi chia mt s nguyn m cho mt s
m
nguyn dng n , m pn r vi r 0,1,..., n 1 . Khi y r m n .
n
Tnh cht 1.2 Nu p v q l nhng s nguyn dng sao cho
l s nguyn th
p
khng phi
q
p p 1
.
q q q
x
Tnh cht 1.3 Cho q l s t nhin, x l s thc dng bt k. C ng
q
s t nhin khng vt qu x v chia ht cho q .
H qu 1.1 Cho q v n l cc s t nhin bt k. Trong dy cc s 1, 2, ..., n
n
n
n
c ng s chia ht cho q ; 2 s chia ht cho q 2 ; 3 s chia ht
q
q
q
n
cho q 3 ; ...; k s chia ht cho q k .
q
- 17 -
Ta nhc li, mt s t nhin bao gi cng c mt phn tch duy nht ra tha
s nguyn t, tc l n p11 p2 2 ... pk k vi pi l cc s nguyn t khc nhau v
i l cc s t nhin.
Tnh cht 1.4 (Cng thc Polignac) S m cao nht k ca tha s nguyn t
n n n
q trong phn tch n! ra tha s nguyn t bng k 2 3 ... .
q q q
Th d Phn tch 6! ra tha s nguyn t: 6! 2132 53 7 4... pkk .
6 6 6
6 6
Ta c 1 2 3 ... 2 3 1 4 ;
2 2 2
2 2
6 6 6
6 6
2 2 3 ... 2 2 0 2 ;
3 3 3
3 3
6 6 6
6 6
3 2 3 ... 2 1 0 1 ; 4 5 ... 0 .
5 5 5
5 5
Vy 6! 24325 .
Tnh cht 1.5 Nu p l s nguyn t th C
i
pk
pk !
chia ht cho p vi
i! p k i !
mi i tha mn iu kin 1 i p k 1.
Tnh cht 1.6 (Cng thc Legendre) S cc s trong dy 1, 2, 3,..., n khng
chia ht cho mt trong cc s nguyn t p1, p2 ,..., pk c tnh theo cng thc
n n
n
B( n; p1, p2 ,..., pk ) n ...
pk
p1 p2
n n
n n n
...
...

pk 1 pk p1 p2 p3 p1 p2 p4
pk 2 pk 1 pk
p1 p2 p1 p3
n
k
... 1
.
p1 p2 ... pk
- 18 -
Th d 2.1 Trong dy s 1, 2, ..., 32 c 9 s 1, 7,11,13,17,19, 23, 29, 31 khng

chia ht cho mt trong cc s 2, 3, 5 . Ta c
32 32 32 32 32 32 32
B(32;2,3,5) 32
2 3 5 2.3 2.5 3.5 2.3.5

32 16 10 6 5 3 2 1 9.
Cc tnh cht nu trn c s dng trong mt s dng ton s hc di y.
Bi ton 1 Tm ch s tn cng ca mt s t nhin
Phng php S dng cc tnh cht ca phn nguyn
tm ch s tn cng ca mt s ta thng s dng cc tnh cht chung v
phn nguyn trong 2 Chng 1 v cc tnh cht ca phn nguyn nu trn.
c bit, mt s chn chc (c tn cng bng 0) phi chia ht cho 2 v cho 5.
Th d 2.2 (Olympic Moscow, Vng 1, 1940)
Hi 100! c tn cng bng bao nhiu ch s 0.
Gii Theo Tnh cht 1.4, s m cao nht ca 2 v ca 5 trong phn tch 100!
ra tha s nguyn t s l:
100 100 100 100 100 100

2 22 23 24 25 26 50 25 12 6 3 1 97 .
100 100 100
5 25 125 = 20 + 4 + 0 = 24.
Nh vy, 100! 524 297 k (5 2) 24 q 10 24 q .
Trong phn tch s q ra tha s nguyn t khng c s 5 no nn q l s
chn nhng khng phi l s chn chc. Vy 100! c tn cng l 24 ch s 0.
Th d 2.3 (Thi hc sinh gii bang New York, 1985. Cu hi ng i)
C bao nhiu s nguyn dng n sao cho n! c tn cng bi 25 ch s 0.
Gii n! c tn cng bi 25 ch s 0 th n! phi c phn tch ra tha s
nguyn t dng n! 1025 q (5.2) 25 q 525.225.q , trong q khng phi l s
- 19 -
chn chc, ngha l 25 phi l s m cao nht ca 5 trong phn tch ca n! ra

tha s nguyn t.
Theo Tnh cht 1.4, s m cao nht ca 5 trong phn tch ca n! chnh l:
n n
n
Sn 2 ... k 25 .
5 5
5
(*)
105 105
D thy rng vi n 105 th S105
2 25 . Hn na, v
5 5
104 104
S104
2 24 nn n 105 l s nh nht tha mn iu kin ny.
5 5
Bn s tip theo l 106, 107, 108 v 109 cng tha mn iu kin (*). Vi
110 110
2 26 . Vy ch c nm s 105!, 106!, 107!,
n 110 ta c S110
5 5
108! v 109! c tn cng bng ng 25 ch s 0.
Bi ton 2 Ton chia ht
Phng php S dng cc tnh cht ca phn nguyn
Th d 2.4 Chng minh rng n! 1.2.3...n khng chia ht cho 2n .
Gii Theo Tnh cht 1.4, s m cao nht ca 2 trong phn tch n! ra tha s
n n
n
nguyn t l: k 2 ... m vi 2m n 2m1 .
2 2
2
n n n n n n
V x x vi mi x nn ; 2 2 ; m m .
2 2 2 2 2 2
Cng tng v ca m bt ng thc trn ta c:
n n
n
1
1
1 1
2 ... m n 2 ... m n 1 m n .
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
Vy k n v n! 1.2.3...n khng chia ht cho 2n .
- 20 -
Bi tp 2.1 (Olympic 30.4 ln th 14, 2008. thi ngh, THPT chuyn L

Qu n) C bao nhiu s nguyn dng n khng vt qu 2008 tho mn
C2nn khng l bi ca 4. ( Cnk l k hiu t hp chp k ca n phn t)

Bi tp 2.2 Tm lu tha cao nht k ca 7 m 1000! c th chia ht cho 7 k .
Bi tp 2.3 Chng minh rng 1300! chia ht cho 16953 .
Bi tp 2.4 (Thi hc sinh gii cc vng ca M, 1986. Cu hi c nhn;
Olympic 30.4 ln th 10, 2004, lp 10. thi ngh, THPT Sa ec, ng
Thp) Tm s nguyn dng nh nht N sao cho N ! chia ht cho 1212 .
Bi tp 2.5 Chng minh rng nu ( n 1)! chia ht cho n th n khng phi l
s nguyn t.
Bi tp 2.6 Trong cc s t nhin t 1 n 250 c bao nhiu s khng chia
ht cho ng hai trong ba s 2, 5, 7.
Bi tp 2.7 Trong cc s t nhin t 1 n 106 c bao nhiu s ng thi
khng chia ht cho 6, 9,15 .
Bi tp 2.8 (Thi hc sinh gii Quc gia, 1995) Tm s t nhin ln nht k
1995
tha mn iu kin: 1994!
chia ht cho 1995k .
Th d 2.5 (Thi hc sinh gii bang New York, 1986) Khi biu din trong h
m c s 8, N ! c kt thc bi ng 21 ch s 0. Hy tm s nguyn
dng ln nht N c tnh cht ny (tm biu din ca N trong c s 10).
Gii Trc tin ta gii thch i cht v h m c s 8.
Theo thut ton Euclid, bt k mt s t nhin n no cng u phn tch c
ra ly tha ca 8 di dng n ak 8k ak 18k 1 ... a18 a0 , trong
a0 , a1,..., ak 1 , ak nhn mt trong cc gi tr 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 v ak 0 . iu

ny cho php biu din bt k s t nhin n no di dng n ak ak 1...a1a0
vi cc h s l mt trong 8 k t 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 . Biu din ny c gi l
biu din ca n trong h m c s 8.
- 21 -
tm biu din ca mt s trong c s 8 ta phi phn tch s di dng

ly tha ca 8. Th d, 1610 208 ; 6310 778 ; ...
mt s l chn chc trong h m c s 8, s phi c dng a.8k trong
h m c s 10. Th d, 168 2.81 ; 1008 82 64 ; 10008 83 512 ,
By gi ta i gii bi ton.
V khi biu din trong h m c s 8, s N ! c kt thc bi ng 21 ch
s 0 nn N ! phi l bi ca 821 263 , nhng N ! khng l bi ca 822 266 .
Ngha l, trong phn tch ca ra tha s nguyn t th s m cao nht S N ca
2 phi tha mn iu kin 63 S N 66 . Theo Tnh cht 1.4 1 Chng 2, s
m cao nht ca 2 trong phn tch ca N ! ra tha s nguyn t c tnh theo
N N
N
cng thc 63 S N 2 ... k 66 .
2 2
2
S N nh nht tha mn bt ng thc trn l N 64 v
64 64 64 64 64 64
S64 2 3 4 5 6 32 16 8 4 2 1 63 ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
cn
63 63 63 63 63
S63 2 3 4 5 31 15 7 4 1 58 .
2 2 2 2 2
Ta c: 64! 263 q ; 65! 64! 65 263 65q ;
66! 64! 65 66 263 65 66q 263 2 65 33q 264 q1 ,

67! 64! 65 66 67 2 64 q1 67 264 q2 ; vi q, q1 , q2 l s l;
Nhng
68! 64! 65 66 67 68 264 q2 68 2 64 q2 2 4 17 266 q3 .

Vy, 68! c tha s 266 822 trong phn tch ra tha s nguyn t, hay 68!
c 22 ch s 0 trong h c s 8. Do s N ln nht m trong phn tch N !
ra tha s cha 263 821 , hay N ! c 21 ch s 0 trong h c s 8 l N 67 .
- 22 -
Bi tp 2.9 (V ch ton Bungaria, 1968) Chng minh rng Cnk l s l khi

v ch khi s k , n tha mn iu kin: Nu mt hng no ca s k
trong h m c s 2 l ch s 1, th cng hng ca s n trong h m
c s 2 cng l ch s 1.
1.2 Nh thc Newton v ng dng trong ton s hc cha phn nguyn
ng thc 2.1 Vi mi a, b l cc s nguyn; x l s nguyn dng khng
chnh phng; n l s t nhin, ta c th biu din a b x
ab x
An Bn x v a b x
di dng
An Bn x ,
trong An , Bn l cc s nguyn.
Chng minh 1 Vi n 2 ta c: a b x
a 2 2ab x b 2 x A2 B2 x .
Suy ra A2 a 2 b2 x v B2 2 ab , A2 v B2 l nhng s nguyn.
Tng t, a b x
a 2 2ab x b 2 x A2 B2 x .
Theo gi thit qui np ta c:
ab x
n 1
An Bn x a b x aAn bBn x aBn bAn x .
Vy An 1 aAn bBn x v Bn 1 aBn bAn l nhng s nguyn.

V ta cng c:
a b x
n 1
An Bn x a b x aAn bBn x aBn bAn x

An1 Bn1 x .
Vy ng thc 2.1 c chng minh.

ng thc 2.2
a)
x y
2n
An Bn xy v
x y
2n
An Bn xy .
- 23 -
b)
x y
2 n 1
An x Bn y v
x y
2 n 1
An x Bn y .
Chng minh a) Vi n 1 :
x y
x 2 x y y x y 2 xy A1 B1 xy .
Suy ra A1 x y v B1 2 , A1 v B1 l nhng s nguyn.

Tng t,
x y
x 2 x y y x y 2 xy A1 B1 xy .
Theo gi thit quy np ta c:
x y
2( n 1)
x y
2n
x y
A B
n
xy
x y 2
xy
An ( x y ) 2 Bn xy 2 An Bn ( x y ) xy An 1 Bn1 xy ,
An 1 An x y 2 Bn xy v Bn 1 2 An Bn x y l nhng s nguyn.
Tng t,
x y
2( n 1)
x y
2n
x y
A B
n
xy
x y 2 xy
An x y 2 Bn xy 2 An Bn ( x y ) xy An1 Bn 1 xy .
b) Vi n 1 ta c:
x y
y 3 x
y y
x x 3 x y 3 x y y y x 3 y x y 3x y A1 x B1 y .
Suy ra: A1 x 3 y v B1 y 3 x , A1 v B1 l nhng s nguyn.
Tng t,
x y
y 3 x
y y
x x 3x y 3 x y y y x 3 y x y 3x y A1 x B1 y .
Theo gi thit quy np ta c:
- 24 -
x y
2 n 3
x y
2 n 1
x y
x Bn y
x y 2 xy
An x y x 2 An x y Bn x y y 2 Bn y x An1 x Bn1 y ,
trong
An 1 An x y 2 Bn y v Bn 1 2 An x Bn x y
l nhng s nguyn. Tng t,
x y
2 n 3
x y
2 n 1
x y
x Bn y
x y 2 xy
An x y x 2 An x y Bn x y y 2 Bn y x An1 x Bn1 y .
Vy cc cng thc trong ng thc 2.2 c chng minh.
Nh thc Newton (cc ng thc 2.1 v 2.2) c p dng rt hiu qu vo
nhiu bi ton, trong c cc bi ton s hc.
Phng php 2 p dng nh thc Newton
Th d 2.6 Cho a 5 2 6 ; b 5 2 6 . t Sn a n b n .
a) Chng minh: a 2 10a 1; b 2 10b 1 .
b) Chng minh S n 4 v S n l cc s nguyn c cng ch s tn cng.
c) Tm ch s hng n v ca
d) Tm ch s tn cng ca
Gii a) Ta c: a 2 5 2 6
Tng t, b 2 5 2 6
3 2
3 2
250
48
49 20 6 10 5 2 6 1 10a 1 .
50 20 6 1 10 5 2 6 1 10b 1 .
Nhn xt rng, a v b l hai nghim ca phng trnh x 2 10 x 1 0 .

b) Ta c a 2 10a 1 v b 2 10b 1 .
Suy ra a n 2 10a n1 a n v b n2 10bn1 b n .
Vy a n 2 b n 2 10 a n1 10b n 1 a n b n hay Sn 2 10Sn1 Sn .
- 25 -
Thay n bng n 2 ta c S n 4 10 S n3 S n 2 . Suy ra
Sn 4 10Sn3 Sn 2 10Sn3 10Sn1 Sn 10 S n3 Sn1 Sn

hay S n4 S n 10( S n3 S n1 ) chia ht cho 10.
Vy S n4 v S n l hai s nguyn c cng ch s tn cng.
c) Ta c S0 5 6
v
3 2
48
S S 24 5 2 6
5 6
2 24
3 2 5 2 6
24
5 2 6
24
2 ; S1 5 6 5 6 10
24
l s nguyn c ch s tn cng bng ch
s tn cng ca S 0 v
S24 S0 S24 S20 S20 S16 ... S4 S0 .

Mi s hng S 4 n4 S 4 n vi n 0,1, 2, ..., 5 u chia ht cho 10 nn S 24 S 20
chia ht cho 10, m S0 2 nn S 24 c ch s tn cng l 2.
Mt khc, 0 5 2 6 1 . Suy ra 5 2 6
24
S 24 1 5 2 6
Chng t 5 2 6
3 2
d) Ta c
48
24
250
24
24
1 . Vy
1 5 2 6
24
S 24 .
S 1 . V S c ch s tn cng l 2 nn
24
24
5 2 6

3 2
52 6
24
S 1 c ch s tn cng l 1.
24
52 6

125
V 125 1 124 4 31 nn S125 c ch s tn cng l 0 (trng vi ch s tn
cng ca S1 ). Mt khc, 0 5 2 6 1 nn 0 5 2 6
S125 1 5 2 6
125
52 6
125
1 5 2 6
250
125
1 . Vy
S125 .
- 26 -
Chng t 5 2 6
Vy s
3 2
125
250
S 1 . M S c ch s tn cng l 0.
125
125
52 6

125
c s tn cng l 9.
Th d 2.7 (Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr, thng 2, 2005) Tm s nguyn t p

nh nht 3
2n
1 chia ht cho 2 n1 vi mi s t nhin n .
4
Gii Vi p 2 , chn n 2 th 3 2 1 378 khng chia ht cho 23 .
2
Vi p 3 , chn n 1 th 3 3 1 23 khng chia ht cho 22 .
Nh vy, s nguyn t nh nht tha mn u bi ch c th p 5 .
Vi p 5 ta c: x1 3 5
2
3 5 3 5
14 6 5 v x2 3 5
2
28 v 3 5 . 3 5
14 6 5 . Vy
16 hay x1,2 l nghim ca
phng trnh bc hai x 2 28 x 16 0 . t S n x1n x2n ta c:
Sn 2 x1n2 x2n 2 x1n1 x2n 1 x1 x2 x1 x2 x1n x2n 28Sn1 16Sn .

Nh vy,
Sn
nghim
ca phng
S n 2 28S n1 16 S n 0 . Do 0 x2 3 5
trnh
sai
phn
cp
hai
14 6 5 1 nn 0 x2n 1 .
Suy ra S n x1n S n x2n S n 1 hay x1n 1 S n .

Ta c S1 28 chia ht cho 2 2 4 . Gi s S n chia ht cho 2 n1 v S n1 chia
ht cho 2n2 . Khi y x1n2 1 S n2 28S n1 16S n 2 n3 7q1 2q2 chia
ht cho 2n3 hay 3 5
2n
1 x n 1 chia ht cho 2n1 vi mi n .

1
Bi tp 2.10 Tm hai ch s tn cng ca s 29 21
2010
- 27 -
Bi tp 2.11 Chng minh s 8 3 7
c by ch s 9 lin sau du phy.
Bi tp 2.12 (Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr) Chng minh rng trong biu din
thp phn ca s 7 4 3
vi mi s t nhin n 1 , c t nht n ch s 9
ngay sau du phy.

Bi tp 2.13 (Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr) Chng minh rng phn thp phn
ca 5 2 6 , vi mi s t nhin n 1 , bt u bng n ch s ging nhau.

n
Bi tp 2.14 Tm s m cao nht ca 2 trong phn tch 1 3 , n
thnh tch cc tha s nguyn t.

Bi tp 2.15 (Olympic 30.4 ln th 7, 2001, Lp 10. thi ngh, THPT
chuyn Tr Vinh) Tm s k ln nht sao cho 1 3
2001
chia ht cho 2 k .
Bi tp 2.16 (Olympic 30.4 ln th 15, 2009, lp 10. thi ngh, Quc

n
hc Hu) Cho xn 4 15 vi n . Tm s d ca xn khi chia cho 8 .
Bi tp 2.17 (Olympic 30.4 ln th 10, 2004. thi ngh, THPT L T

Trng, Cn Th) Chng minh rng
3 2
2n
khng chia ht cho 5 vi
mi s t nhin n .
2 TNH GI TR CA MT S HOC MT BIU THC
CHA PHN NGUYN
Tnh gi tr ca mt s hoc mt biu thc cha phn nguyn l mt dng
ton c lp, ng thi n lin quan mt thit v c th h tr gii cc
dng ton khc (chng minh h thc cha phn nguyn; gii phng trnh v
h phng trnh cha phn nguyn;...).
- 28 -
tnh mt s hoc mt biu thc cha phn nguyn, ta cn s dng cc tnh

cht ca phn nguyn nu trong 2 Chng 1, kt hp vi cc k thut tnh
ton khc, c bit l:
Phng php kp
nh gi s hng kp s cn tnh phn nguyn gia hai s nguyn lin
tip: a biu thc v dng z A z 1 v kt lun A z ;
Di y l mt s v d minh ha.
Th d 2.8 (Tp ch Ton hc trong nh trng, 1981)
Tm phn nguyn ca an 6 6 6 ... 6 ( n du cn).
Gii Dy an l dy tng v an a1 6 2 vi mi n .
Ta li c: a1 6 2,449489742 3 . Vy a1 2 3 .
Ta c a2 6 6 6 a1 6 3 3 .
Theo quy np ta c 2 an 3 vi mi n . Suy ra an 2 vi mi n .
Th d 2.9 Tm phn nguyn ca s bn 3 6 3 6 ... 3 6 .
Gii Dy bn l dy tng v bn b1 3 6 1,8171205928 1 vi mi n .

Ta c: b1 3 6 1,8171205928 2 ; b2 3 6 3 6 3 6 2 3 8 2 .
Theo quy np ta c bn1 3 6 3 6 ... 3 6 3 6 bn 3 6 2 3 8 2 .
n 1
Vy 1 bn 2 vi mi n hay bn 1 vi mi n .
Th d 2.10 (Tp ch Ton hc trong nh trng, 1986) Tm phn nguyn
ca s cn 6 6 6 ... 6 3 6 3 6 ... 3 6 .
- 29 -
Gii Ta c: 4 cn an bn 3 2 5 vi mi n . Suy ra cn 4 vi mi n .
Th d 2.11 Tm phn nguyn ca An 4n2 16n2 8n 3 .
Gii Ta c: 2n 1 4n2 16n2 8n 3 2 n 1 .
V 2n 1 v 2n 2 l hai s t nhin lin tip nn An 2n 1 vi mi n .
Th d 2.12 (Thi hc sinh gii cc vng ca M, 1987) Bit phng trnh
f ( x) x 4 3x3 6 0 c ng hai nghim thc x1 v x2 . Tnh x1 v x2 .

Gii Ta c 2 x1 1 v 3 x2 4 . Suy ra x1 2 v x2 3 .
Th d 2.13 Tnh phn nguyn ca A n( n 1)(n 2)(n 3) .
Gii Ta c n 2 3n A n 2 3n 1 hay A x n 2 3n .
m n
Th d 2.14 Tnh
, vi m, n l cc s nguyn dng v l s v

t, n .
Gii Do l s v t nn m cng l s v t. Theo nh ngha phn nguyn
ta c m m m , 0 m 1 . Vy
m n ( m m )n
m n mn m n .
mn

Do n 0 nn 1
n
0 v ta c:
0 m 1 1 m 0 n n m 0
Suy ra 1
nm
n
0.
m n
n m
m n
0 hay
1 . Vy
mn 1.
Th d 2.15 (Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr, s 364, 2007) Tnh S vi
2 1 3 3 1 4 4 1
n 1
.
... n
2
3
4
n
- 30 -
Gii Nhn xt rng mi s hng trong tng S u ln hn 1 nn
2 1 3 3 1 4 4 1
n 1
... n
n 1.
2
3
4
n
Mt khc, ta li c bt ng thc 1 kx 1 x hay k 1 kx 1 x vi mi
x 0 . Chn x
1
, ta c
k2
1 kx k 1
1 k k 1
1
1 2 .
k
k
k
p dng bt ng thc trn vi k 2, 3, ..., n v cng li, ta c
S ( n 1)
1
1
1
1
1
... 2 ( n 1)
...
2
2
n
1.2 2.3
(n 1) n
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
n 1 1 ...
( n 1) 1 n n .
n
n
2 2 3
n 1 n
Suy ra n 1 S n . Vy S n 1.
Phng php s dng nh thc Newton
Th d 2.16 (Olympic 30.4 ln th 9, 2003, lp 10. thi nghi, THPT
Trng Vng, thnh ph H Ch Minh)
n
Chng minh rng 2 3 l mt s l vi mi n .
Chng minh Theo ng thc 2.1 tn ti hai s nguyn A, B tho mn
Suy ra 2 3
2 3
A B 3 v 2 3
2 3
A B 3.
2A.
Mt khc, v 0 2 3 1 nn 0 2 3
1 , hay 1 2 3
Cng v vi v hai bt ng thc trn ta c: 2 A 1 2 3
2A.
n
Suy ra 2 3 2 A 1 l mt s l vi mi n .
0.
- 31 -
7
Bi tp 2.18 (Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr) Tnh 4 15
Bi tp 2.19 (Olympic 30.4 ln th 7, 2001, lp 11. thi ngh, THPT

Thoi Ngc Hu, An Giang) Tnh 45 2001
2001
3 CHNG MINH CC H THC CHA PHN NGUYN

Chng minh cc h thc cha phn nguyn thc cht c th coi l chng
minh cc tnh cht ca phn nguyn. chng minh cc h thc cha phn
nguyn ta phi s dng cc tnh cht nu trong 2 Chng 1, kt hp vi
cc k thut tnh ton i s khc s dng c phng php kp. Nhng
bi tp chng minh cc h thc cha phn nguyn cng lin quan cht ch vi
cc bi tp tnh gi tr ca biu thc cha phn nguyn. Di y l cc v d.
Th d 2.17 (Cuc thi mang tn Niels Henrik Abel, 1995-1996, vng chung
kt) Cho n l s t nhin. Chng minh rng: 4n 1 4n 2 .
Chng minh t 4n 2 a ; 4n 1 b . R rng a b .
Do 4n 2 a nn 0 a 4n 2 hay a 2 4n 2 .
Gi s a 2 4n 2 . Khi y a 2 2 (mod 4) . V l v mt s a ch c th c
dng a 4k ; a 4k 1 ; a 4k 2 hoc a 4k 3 , tc l a 2 ch c th chia
ht cho 4 (khi a 4k hoc a 4k 2 ) hoc chia cho 4 d 1 (khi a 4k 1
hoc a 4k 3 ). Suy ra a 2 4n 2 hay a 2 4n 1 , tc l a 4n 1 . Do
a l s nguyn nn a 4n 1 . Vy a b . Do a b .
Bi tp 2.20 (Olympic o, 1974; thi chn i tuyn Hng Kng d thi
Quc t 1988) Chng minh rng: n n 1 4n 2 .
- 32 -
Bi tp 2.21 (Olympic Canada, 1987) Cho n l s t nhin. Chng minh

rng: n n 1 4n 1 4n 2 4n 3 .
Bi tp 2.22 (Tp ch Kvant, M532) Cho an n n 1 v bn 4n 2 ,
n l s t nhin. Chng minh rng: a) an bn ; b) 0 bn an
1
.
16n n
1
3 1
Bi tp 2.23 a) Chng minh rng n n .

2
4 2
1
1
b) Tm x n x n ng vi mi s n nguyn dng.
2
2
4 GII PHNG TRNH V H PHNG TRNH

CHA PHN NGUYN
Phng trnh v h phng trnh cha phn nguyn c mt lng bi ton rt a
dng v phong ph. Gii mi phng trnh thng i hi mt s suy lun c bit.
Tng t nh phng trnh cha tr tuyt i, gii phng trnh cha phn nguyn
thng a v gii h bt phng trnh, nhng kh hn v c thm iu kin
nguyn (n hoc biu thc cha n l s nguyn). Phng trnh cha phn nguyn
cng kh hn phng trnh v t v phng trnh v t thng tng ng vi mt
h phng trnh v bt phng trnh trn tp s thc m khng i hi iu kin
nguyn. Trong ny chng ti trnh by mt s phn loi cc dng phng
trnh v cc phng php gii chung. Cc th d minh ha c chn la

nhm lm sng t phng php. Cc bi tp nu trong chng ny nhm minh
ha s lng phong ph v a dng ca phng trnh cha phn nguyn, li
gii chi tit cc bi tp c trnh by trong [2].
4.1 PHNG TRNH CHA MT DU PHN NGUYN DNG
f ( x) ( x)
Phng php 1 S dng nh ngha
- 33 -
( x) f ( x ) 1 ( x);
( x) .
f ( x) ( x)
Nh vy, gii phng trnh f ( x) ( x) , ta a n v gii h bt
f ( x ) ( x) 0;
phng trnh f ( x ) ( x) 1;
( x ) .
Trong nhng bi ton c th, ta thng ch gii h bt phng trnh
f ( x ) ( x ) 0;
f ( x ) ( x ) 1.
(*)
c nghim, sau kim tra iu kin ( x ) vi cc nghim tm

c. Ngc li, trong mt s bi tp, nhiu khi ta li gii phng trnh
( x ) z vi z l s nguyn c x hoc x (thng l tp hu hn cc

s nguyn), sau th vo h (*) c nghim.
Nhn xt 4.1 Tng t nh phng trnh cha tr tuyt i, nhiu phng
trnh cha phn nguyn c nhiu nghim, thm ch c v s nghim hoc
nghim l c mt on no ca ng thng thc.
Th d 2.18 Gii phng trnh 3 x 2 x 3,6 .
Cch gii 1 Ta c:
2 x 3,6
2 x 3,6
1;
3
2 x 3,6
3
3 x 2 x 3,6 x
3
2 x 3,6 .
3
(1)
(2)
Gii (1): (1) 3,6 x 3 3,6 3,6 x 6,6 .

Do 3,6 x 6,6 nn 3,6
2 x 3,6
2 x 3,6
2 x 3,6
5,6 . V
nn
ch
3
3
3
c th bng 4 hoc 5.
- 34 -
Nu
2 x 3,6
4 th x 4,2 (tha mn iu kin 3,6 x 6,6 );
3
Nu
2 x 3,6
5 th x 5,7 (tha mn iu kin 3,6 x 6,6 );.
3
Cch gii 2 Gii (2):
2 x 3,6
2x
2x
hay
1,2 z vi z l mt s nguyn. Hai s
v
3
3
3
(2)
1,2 khng phi l s nguyn c tng l mt s nguyn nn theo tnh cht 2.10
2x
2x
2 Chng 1 ta c 1,2 1 hay 0,8 .
3
3
Ta c: (1) 3,6 x 3 3,6 3,6 x 6,6 .
V 3,6 x 6,6 nn 2,4 <
sau: 1)
2x
2x
< 4,4. Do 0,8 nn ch c hai kh nng
3
3
2x
2x
2,8 . Suy ra x 4,2 hoc 2)
3,8 . Suy ra x 5,7 .
3
3
p s: x 4,2 hoc x 5,7 .

Th d 2.19 Gii phng trnh x 2 8 x 7 0 .
x2 7
x2 7
8 x 8 1; (1)
x2 7
2
Gii Ta c: x 8 x 7 0 x
2
8
x 7 .
8
x 2 8 x 15 0;
x 5; x 3;
Gii (1): (1) 2
1 x 3 hoc 5 x 7 .
x 8 x 7 0.
1 x 7.
Suy ra:
ch c th bng 1; 2; 5; 6; 7 . T x 2 8 x 7 0 ta suy ra
x 2 8 x 7 . Vy
x2
ch c th bng 1; 9; 33; 41; 49 . Chng t
x 1, 3, 33, 41, 7 , x 3 b loi. Ta i n p s: x 1, 33, 41, 7 .

Bi tp 2.24 Gii cc phng trnh cha mt phn nguyn:
- 35 -
1) x 1 7 ;
2) 2 x 0,3 7,3 ;
3) 7 x 2,5 ;
5
4) x 0,3 7,4 ;
5) 5,75 x 8 ;
6) 2 x 7,5 2 ;
7) x 0 ;
8) 4,7 1,3 x 8,4 ;
9) 5,73 2 x 4 ;
10) 2 x 0,7 x 15 0 ;
2 5x
11)
x ;
4
3x 1
12)
2x 1;
5
7 x 5 16 x 3
13)
;
5
3
5 6 x 15 x 7
14)
; 15) x 2 8 x 7 0 ;
5
8
16) x 2 6 x 5 0 ;
17) 4 x 2 40 x 51 0 .
Bi tp 2.25 Mt ngi i b vi vn tc 5 km/h. C sau 4km ngi y li

ngh, mi ln ngh, tr ln th t l 10 pht. Ln ngh th t l 1 gi. Hi
ngi y i c bao nhiu km bit rng ngi y khi hnh lc 4 gi
sng v n ch vo lc 12 gi tra.
Bi tp 2.26 Gii v bin lun phng trnh ax m vi a l s thc bt k,
cn m l s nguyn.
chuyn Nguyn Du, k Lk) Gii phng trnh x2 x 1 2004 .
Phng php 2 (t n ph) t n ph cha phn nguyn a v
phng trnh i s. Gii phng trnh i s v sau thay n ph gii
phng trnh cha phn nguyn. Ch ti cc iu kin nguyn (th d, phn
nguyn ca mt s phi l s nguyn).
2
Th d 2.20 Gii phng trnh 3 x 5 x 2 .

Gii t x y, y . Phng trnh tr thnh 3 y 2 5 y 2 0 .
Suy ra y 2 hoc y
1
1
( y loi do y ).
3
3
Vy x y 2 . Suy ra 2 x 1 . p s: 2 x 1 .
- 36 -
Bi tp 2.28 Gii a) x 2 x 3 0 ;
b) x x 2 0 .
Phng php 3 (Chia khong) Chia trc s thnh mt s khong. Gii

phng trnh trong tng khong bng cch nh gi gi tr ca biu thc,
chuyn phng trnh cha phn nguyn v h bt phng trnh khng cha
phn nguyn.
Th d 2.21 Gii phng trnh x3 x 3 .
Cch gii 1 (Chia khong) Ta c:
x3 x 3 0;
x3 x 3 x x3 3 0 x ( x3 3) 1 3
x x 2 0.
(1)
Vi x 1 th x2 1 hay x2 1 0 . Khi y x 3 x x( x 2 1) 0 . Do bt
ng thc x3 x 2 0 khng tha mn hay x 1 khng l nghim ca (1).
Vi 1 x 0 th 1 x 3 0 v 0 x 1 . Suy ra x 3 x 2 1 . Do bt
ng thc x3 x 2 0 khng tha mn hay 1 x 0 cng khng phi l
nghim ca (1).
Vi 0 x 1 th x3 x x 3 1. Suy ra x 3 x 2 x 3 2 1 . Do bt
ng thc x3 x 2 0 khng tha mn hay 0 x 1 cng khng phi l
nghim ca (1).
Vi x 2 th x3 x x ( x 2 1) 2.(22 1) 6 . Suy ra x 3 x 3 3 . Do
bt ng thc x3 x 3 0 khng tha mn hay x 2 cng khng phi l
nghim ca (1).
Chng t nu x l nghim ca x 3 x 3 th 1 x 2 . Vi 1 x 2 th
phng trnh x3 x 3 tr thnh x 3 1 3 hay x3 4 . Suy ra x 3 4 .
Cch gii 2 Ta c: x 3 x 3 x3 x x 3 x 3 x 3 x .
- 37 -
3
x x 2 0;
V 0 x 1 nn 2 3 x 3 . Suy ra 2 x x 3 hay 3
x x 3 0.
3
Gii tng t nh cch 1 ta i n p s: x 3 4 .

L Qu n, Qung Tr) Tm tt c cc nghim khng nguyn ca phng
trnh x
96
96
x
.
x
x
Bi tp 2.30 Gii phng trnh x 4 3x 2 x 0 .

4.2 PHNG TRNH CHA HAI DU PHN NGUYN
f ( x) ( x) ( x)
Dng ton 1
f ( x) ( x) .
Phng php 1 S dng tnh cht 2.8 ca 2 Chng 1:

Tnh cht
f (x) (x) 1 f (x) (x) 1 .
Khi p dng tnh cht ny th ta c h bt phng trnh khng tng ng

vi phng trnh ban u. V vy sau khi tm c gi tr ca x ta thng
a phng trnh cha hai du phn nguyn v phng trnh cha mt du
phn nguyn kim tra nghim.
Phng php 2 a v phng trnh cha mt du phn nguyn bng cch
t mt phn nguyn l tham s. Gii v bin lun phng trnh cha mt
phn nguyn v cha tham s.
t f ( x) m, m . Khi y phng trnh f ( x) ( x) c tch thnh
h hai phng trnh cha mt du phn nguyn:
f ( x ) m;
f ( x) ( x)
( x ) m.
- 38 -
0 f ( x) m 1;
f ( x) m;
S dng nh ngha ta c:
0 ( x) m 1;
(
x
)
m
.
m .
0 f ( x) m 1;
a ( m) x b1 (m);
Gii h bt phng trnh ta i n: 0 ( x) m 1; 1

a2 (m) x b2 ( m).
m .
Gii hai bt phng trnh ny theo tham s m , kt hp vi iu kin m l

mt s nguyn ta tm c cc gi tr nguyn ca m . Thay vo phng trnh
f ( x) m
v ( x) m (hay vo cc bt phng trnh 0 f ( x) m 1 v
0 ( x) m 1 ) ta tm c cc gi tr ca x v i n p s.
a (m) x b1 ( m);
V gii h phng trnh cha tham s 1
l phc tp, nn
a2 ( m) x b2 (m ).
gii n, ta thng tm iu kin h v nghim, tc l:
Hoc khong a1 (m); b1 (m) phi nm hn v bn tri khong a2 (m); b2 ( m) ,
tc l b1 (m ) a2 ( m) ;
Hoc khong a1 (m); b1 (m) phi nm hn v bn phi khong a2 (m); b2 (m) ,
tc l b2 ( m) a1 ( m) .
T suy ra cc gi tr ca m h c nghim.
Th d 2.22 Gii phng trnh x 2,3 4 x .
Gii T Tnh cht 2.8 2 Chng 1 ta suy ra
x 2,3 4 x 1 x 2,3 4 x 1
1 2 x 6,3 1 2,65 x 3,65.
Suy ra 0,35 x 2,3 1,35 . Do x 2,3 0 hoc x 2,3 1.
V 2,65 x 3,65 nn 0,35 4 x 1,35 . Suy ra 4 x 0 hoc 4 x 1 .
Trng hp 1. x 2,3 4 x 0 .
- 39 -
Ta c: 4 x 0 0 4 x 1 3 x 4 ;
x 2,3 0 0 x 2,3 1 hay 2,3 x 3,3 .

Kt hp hai iu kin ta c: 3 x 3,3 .
Trng hp 2. x 2,3 4 x 1 .
Ta c: x 2,3 1 1 x 2,3 2 3,3 x 4,3 ;
4 x 1 1 4 x 2
2 x 3.
Khng c x no tha mn c hai iu kin trn nn ta c p s: 3 x 3,3 .

Bi tp 2.31 Gii cc phng trnh
x 2
1) 2 x 1,5 x 2,7 ; 2) x 1
; 3) x 2,3 4 x ;
2
2 x 1 x 1
4)
;
3 2
Dng ton 2
5) x2 3x x .
2
f ( x) ( x) ( x)
Phng php 1 S dng cc tnh cht 2.11c v 2.14c ca 2 Chng 1.

Khi p dng cc tnh cht ny vo phng trnh th ta c h cc bt phng
trnh khng tng ng vi phng trnh ban u v n ch tng ng khi
iu kin nu trong Tnh cht 2.11c, 2.14c c tha mn. Gii cc iu kin
ny tng i phc tp. V vy sau khi tm c gi tr ca x ta thng a
phng trnh cha hai du phn nguyn v phng trnh cha mt du phn
nguyn kim tra nghim.
Phng php 2 (t n ph) t
f ( x) ( x) ( x)
f ( x) m, m . Khi y phng trnh
c tch thnh h hai phng trnh cha mt du
f ( x ) m;
phn nguyn: f ( x ) ( x )
( x ) ( x ) m.
- 40 -
0 f ( x ) m 1;
f ( x) m;
S dng nh ngha ta c:
0 ( x) m ( x ) 1;
(
x
)
(
x
).
m ( x ) .
Gii h bt phng trnh ta i n h:
0 f ( x) m 1;
a1 (m) x b1 ( m);
0 ( x) m ( x) 1;
a2 ( m) x b2 ( m).
m .
Gii hai bt phng trnh ny theo tham s m , kt hp vi iu kin m l

mt s nguyn, ta tm c cc gi tr nguyn ca m . Thay vo phng trnh
f ( x) m
( x) ( x) m
(hay
cc bt phng trnh
vo
0 f ( x) m 1 v 0 ( x) m ( x ) 1 ) ta tm c cc gi tr ca x .
a (m) x b1 (m);
V gii h phng trnh cha tham s 1
l phc tp, nn
a2 ( m) x b2 (m).
gii n, ta thng tm iu kin h v nghim, tc l:
Hoc khong a1 (m); b1 ( m) phi nm hn v bn tri khong a2 ( m); b2 ( m) ,
tc l b1 (m) a2 (m) ;
Hoc khong a1 (m); b1 ( m) phi nm hn v bn phi khong a2 ( m); b2 ( m) ,
tc l b2 (m) a1 ( m) .
T suy ra cc gi tr ca m h c nghim ri th li.
Th d 2.23 Gii phng trnh x 1 x 2 .
Cch gii 1 p dng Tnh cht 2.14c 2 Chng 1 ta c:
Hoc x 1 x ( x 1) ( x) 2 x 1
hoc x 1 x ( x 1) ( x) 1 2 x 1 1 .
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh: 2 x 1 2 hoc 2 x 1 1 2 .
Vy theo nh ngha, phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
- 41 -
1
2 x 1 2
2 x 0
0 2 x 1 ( 2) 1
1 x 0 .
2
x
3)
1
1
2
x
1 x
2
Th li: D thy x 1 khng l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Vi mi 1 x 0 ta c: 2 x 1 1 v 0 x 1 . Vy x 1 2 v
x 0 . Chng t mi gi tr 1 x 0 tha mn phng trnh cho.

Cch gii 2 t x 1 x 2 m , m . Ta c:
x 1 m;
0 x 1 m 1;
m 1 x m 2;
x 2 m. 0 x ( m 2) 1 m 3 x m 2.
h ny v nghim th
hoc m 1 m 2 m
3
5
hoc m 2 m 3 m .
2
2
5
3
Vy h c nghim th m . Do m nguyn nn m ch c th l
2
2
m 2 . Vi m 2 ta c:
x 1 2;
0 x 1 (2) 1; 1 x 0;
1 x 0.
1 x 0.
x 2 2. 0 x 1.
p s: 1 x 0 .
x x
Th d 2.24 Gii phng trnh x .
2 3
Cch gii 1 Theo Tnh cht 2.11c 2 Chng 1 ta c
x x x x 5x
x x x x
5x
2 3 2 3 6 hoc 2 3 2 3 1 6 1 .
x x
5x
Vy nu x l nghim ca phng trnh x th x hoc
2 3
6
- 42 -
5x
6 1 x , tc l
5x
5x
x 1;
( x 1) 1;
0
0
hoc
6
6
x .
x .
hay 6 x 0 hoc 12 x 6 . Vy 12 x 0 .
Do x nguyn nn x ch c th l 11; 10; 9; 8; 7; 6; 5; 4; 3; 2; 1; 0 .
Thay vo phng trnh v th li, ta c x 7; 5; 4; 3; 2; 0 .
x
Cch gii 2 t m , m l s nguyn. Khi y
2
x
m 1;
x
2m x 2( m 1);
2
2 m;
x
3

(
x
m
)
1;
(m 1) x m;
3
2
x x m.
2
3
x .
x .
(*)
V 2m x 2( m 1) v x nn x ch c th l: x 2m hoc x 2m 1.
Vi x 2m th
3
3
3
3
(m 1) x m tr thnh
(m 1) 2m m hay
2
2
2
2
3 m 0 . V m l s nguyn nn m ch c th l: m 3; 2; 1; 0 .
Vi x 2m 1 th
3
3
3
3
(m 1) x m tr thnh ( m 1) 2m 1 m hay
2
2
2
2
5 m 2 . V m l s nguyn nn m ch c th l: 4; 3; 2 .
8 x 6;
15
15
x 6;
Vi m 4 : H (*) tr thnh x 6; 2
2
x .
x .
H c duy nht nghim x 7 .
6 x 4;
6 x 4,5;
Vi m 3 : H (*) tr thnh 6 x 4,5;

x .
x .
- 43 -
4 x 2;
4 x 3;
Vi m 2 : H (*) tr thnh 4,5 x 3;

x .
x .
2 x 0;
3
2 x ;
Vi m 1 : H (*) tr thnh 3 x ;
2
2
x .
x .
0 x 2;
3
x 0;
Vi m 0 : H (*) tr thnh x 0;
x .
2
x .
x x
Cch gii 3 T phng trnh x suy ra x . V x nn chia
2 3
x cho 6 ta c: x 6a r ( a , r 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ). Khi y
x x
6a r 6 a r
2 3
2 3 6a r
r r
r r
5a 6a r a r .
2 3
2 3
Cho r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ta c p s tng ng trong bng sau:
r
a
x
0
0
0
1
-1
-5
2
-1
-4
3
-1
-3
4
-1
-2
5
-2
-7
p s: x 7; 5; 4; 3; 2; 0 .
Bi tp 2.32 Tm nghim nguyn ca cc phng trnh
- 44 -
x x
3 4
1) 17 ; 2) 5 ; 3) x 2 2 x 1 x 5,3 ;
2 3
x x
1
1 x x 1 3 x
5 6 x 15 x 7
4)
;
5)
;
6)
3
x
.
8

8
5
2
2 2
Bi tp 2.33 (Olympic 30-4 ln th 14, 2008, lp 10. thi ngh, THPT
8 x 1 4 x 1 16 x 7
chuyn Bn Tre) Gii phng trnh
.
9
6 3
4.3 PHNG TRNH CHA NHIU DU PHN NGUYN
Phng php Dng nh ngha hoc t n ph a v phng trnh c t

phn nguyn hn.
x x x
Th d 2.25 Gii phng trnh x .
2 3 4
x x
Cch gii 1 t m , m . Khi y phng trnh tr thnh:
3 4
x
2 x m
0 ( x m) 1; 2(m 1) x 2m;
x
x .
(*)
V x nguyn v 2m 2 x 2m nn x ch c th l: x 2m 1 hoc
x 2m .
Thay
x 2m
vo
phng
trnh
x x
3 4 m
ta
c:
2m 2m
2 m 2m 7 m
2m 2 m 7 m
3 4 m . V 3 4 6 hoc 3 4 6 1
2m 2m
nn phng trnh
m tng ng vi
3 4
7m
7m
6 m hoc 6 1 m
0
7m
7m
m 1 hoc 0
( m 1) 1
6
6
- 45 -
0 m 6 hoc 6 m 12 0 m 12 .
V m nguyn nn m ch c th l: m 0;1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9;10;11.
Vi m 0;1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9;10;11 th
x 2m 0; 2; 4; 6; 8;10;12;14;16;18; 20; 22 .
x x x
Th vo phng trnh x ta c: x 0; 4; 6; 8;10;14.
2 3 4
x x
2m 1 2m 1
Thay x 2m 1 vo m ta c:
m.
3 4
3 4
2m 1 2m 1 2m 1 2m 1 14m 7
Nhng
4 12
3 4 3
2m 1 2m 1 2m 1 2m 1
14m 7
hoc
12 1
4
3 4 3
2m 1 2m 1
nn phng trnh
m tng ng vi
3 4
14m 7
14m 7
hoc
m
12
12 1 m
0
14m 7
14m 7
m 1 hoc 0
( m 1) 1
12
12
7
19
19
31
7
31
m
hoc
m
m .
2
2
2
2
2
2
V m nguyn nn m ch c th l: m 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9;10;11;12;13;14;15 .
Vi m 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9;10;11;12;13;14;15 th
x 2m 1 7; 9;11;13;15;17;19; 21; 23; 25; 27; 29 .

x x x
Thay vo phng trnh x ta c x 9;13;15;17;19; 23 .
2 3 4
Ta i n p s: x 0; 4; 6; 8;10;14 ; 9;13;15;17;19; 23 .
x x x
Cch gii 2 T phng trnh x suy ra x .
2 3 4
- 46 -
V x nn chia x cho 12 ta c: x 12a r ( a , r l mt trong cc

s 0, 1, 2,..., 10, 11). Khi y
x x x
12a r 12a r 12a r
2 3 4 x 2 3 4 12a r
r r r
r r r
6a 4a 3a 12a r a r .
2 3 4
2 3 4
Cho r = 0, 1, 2,, 10, 11 ta c p s tng ng trong bng sau:
r
a
x
0
0
0
1
1
13
2
1
14
3
1
15
4
0
4
5
1
17
6
0
6
7
1
19
8
0
8
9
0
9
10
0
10
11
1
23
Bi tp 2.34 (Olympic Canada, 1998)
x x x
Xc nh s tt c cc nghim x ca phng trnh x .
2 3 5
Bi tp 2.35 (Olympic Canada, 1981) Chng minh rng phng trnh
x 2 x 4 x 8 x 16 x 32 x 12345 khng c nghim.

Bi tp 2.36 Tm nghim nguyn ca cc phng trnh
x x x
a) 224 ;
1! 2! 3!
x x x
x
b) ... 1001 .
1! 2! 3!
10!
Bi tp 2.37 (Olympic 30.4 ln th 15, 2009, lp 10. THPT chuyn L T

Trng, Cn Th) Gii phng trnh
x x
1
2
9
x ... x x 1 .
10 10
10
4.4 PHNG TRNH DNG HN HP
C nhng phng trnh cha c phn nguyn v phn d, hoc phn nguyn
vi cc php ton khc (ly tha, cn thc,...), ta xp chng vo dng phng
trnh hn hp. Gii chng ni chung l kh, cn kt hp nhiu suy lun v k
thut khc nhau, nh dng nh ngha, chia khong, s dng tnh cht s
- 47 -
nguyn ca x hoc tnh cht 0 x 1 , cc tnh cht x nguyn khi v ch

khi x 0 hoc x x , cc phng php ca i s nh t n ph, bin
i tng ng h phng trnh,... Di y l nhng v d.
2
Th d 2.26 Gii phng trnh trn tp s dng x 2 x .

Gii Xt n x n 1 , hay x n , trong n l mt s t nhin (c th
bng 0). Ta c n2 x 2 n 2 2n 1. Do x 2 ch c th nhn cc gi tr
n2 ; n2 1; n 2 2 ; ...; n2 2n .
2
Nhng x n 2 nn phng trnh cho ng khi v ch khi
n 2 x 2 n 2 1;
2
x 2 x n 2 , tc l
hay n x n2 1 . V x 0 nn ta

n x n 1.
c p s: 0 x 1 hoc n x n 2 1 , n 1,2,... .
Th d 2.27 Gii phng trnh x 2 x x 2 .
Gii T gi thit ta suy ra x x 2 x 2 . V phi l mt s nguyn, m
v tri 0 x 1 nn x 0 . Vy x l mt s nguyn. Do x 2 cng l
mt s nguyn. Suy ra x 2 x 2 v x x . Phng trnh cho tr thnh
x2 x 2 0 . Phng trnh ny c nghim x 2 hoc x 1 .

Th d 2.28 Gii bt phng trnh x x x 1 .
Gii Bt phng trnh x x x 1 tng ng vi x x x x 1
hay x ( x 1) x 1 x 1 x 1 0 .
Do x 1 0 nn x 1 hay x 2 . p s: x 2 .
2
Phan Chu Trinh, Nng) Gii phng trnh x 2 2 x 2 x x .
- 48 -
Bi tp 2.39 (V ch Thy in, 1982) Vi mi n , hy xc nh xem

2
phng trnh x 2 x 2 x c bao nhiu nghim trn on 1;n .

Bi tp 2.40 (Olympic 30.4 ln th 13, 2007, lp 11. thi ngh Trng
THPT chuyn L Qu n, Qung Tr) Tm tt c cc s thc x 0 sao cho
ba s x, x , x , theo th t y, lp thnh cp s nhn.
Bi tp 2.41 (Thi hc sinh gii ton PTTH ton quc ln th 17, 1979) Tm
tt c nhng s
sao cho phng trnh
x2 2 x x x 0
c hai nghim s phn bit khng m.

Bi tp 2.42 (M429, Kvant, No10, 1977)
a) Phng trnh x 1977 x 1978 c bao nhiu nghim?
b) Chng minh rng vi mi s q v mi s p 0 phng trnh
x p x q
c hoc l p hoc l p 1 nghim.
Bi tp 2.43 (Olympic Czech and Slovak, 1998)

Tm tt c cc s thc x sao cho x x x x 88 .
Bi tp 2.44 (Olympic Belarus, 1999). Chng t rng phng trnh
x y z c v s nghim nguyn.
3
Bi tp 2.45 (V ch Australia, 1999) Gii h phng trnh
x y z 200,0;
x y z 190,1;
x y z 178,8.
- 49 -
Chng 3
HM PHN NGUYN TRONG TON GII TCH
1 MT S TNH CHT CA DY S CHA PHN NGUYN
1.1 Tnh s hng ca dy s cha phn nguyn
tnh s hng ca dy cha phn nguyn ta thng phi s dng cc suy
lun c th cho phn nguyn v k thut tnh biu thc cha phn nguyn.
Th d 3.1 Cho dy s
an n1 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, ... .
Chng minh rng s hng tng qut ca dy s l an 2n .

2
Gii Dy s trn c to thnh t cc nhm s c cng gi tr, nhm s th
m c gi tr l m v gm m s hng an c ch s n t
m(m 1)
1 n
2
m( m 1)
. Nh vy, s hng an ca dy s c gi tr l m th
2
an m
m( m 1)
m( m 1)
n
m 2 m 2n m 2 m
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
m m 2 n m 2 m m 2n m
4
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2n m m 2n m 2n m .
2
2
2
2
2
Chng t an 2n .
2
1.2 Tnh tun hon ca dy s

Th d 3.2 (V ch Nht Bn, 1996) Cho x 1 l mt s thc, nhng khng
- 50 -
phi l s nguyn. Xt dy s un xc nh bi un x n1 x x n , n .
Chng minh rng dy s un khng l dy tun hon.
Gii Gi s phn chng, dy s un c tnh cht tun hon, ngha l tn ti
s nguyn p 0 sao cho un p un , n .
V x 1 nn lim x n , do ta cng c lim x n . Theo nh ngha
n
n
gii hn, tn ti s n0 x n p x n 0 vi n n0 .
Vi n n0 , tnh tun hon ca dy u n ta suy ra
un p x n p 1 x x n p un x n1 x x n .
x n p 1 x n1
Do x n p n . Vy x l s hu t v khng phi l s nguyn.
x x

t y x p v
p 1
bm x
k 0
p 1
p k 1
ump k x pk 1 x mp k 1 x x mp k
k 0
x mp p x p x mp y m 1 y y m .
Do dy un tun hon chu k p nn ta c u m1 p k ump k . Vy

p 1
p 1
p 1
bm1 x p k 1u m1 p k x p k 1u mp p k x p k 1ump k bm .
k 0
k 0
k 0
Do x 1 l s hu t v khng phi l s nguyn nn y x p cng l s hu t

v khng phi l s nguyn.
t cm y m1 y m th cm l s nguyn vi mi m .
T bm 1 bm v theo cch t bm trn ta c
bm2 bm1 y m2 y y m1 y m1 y y m
- 51 -
y m 2 y m 1 y y m 1 y m cm1 ycm .
T suy ra cm1 y mc1 . Do y l s hu t v khng phi l s nguyn nn
khi m ln th y mc1 khng th l s nguyn. iu ny mu thun vi cm l
s nguyn vi mi m . Chng t dy s un khng phi l dy tun hon.
1.3 Mt s tnh cht khc ca dy s cha phn nguyn, phn d
Th d 3.3 (V ch Nam T, 1983; Olympic 30.4 ln th 8, 2002. THPT L
Khit, Qung Ngi) Cho dy s xn c xc nh bi cng thc x1 2 ;
3
xn 1 xn . Chng minh dy s c v hn cc s chn v v hn cc s l.
2
Gii Gi s dy xn ch c hu hn s chn, ngha l tn ti s k sao cho xk
l s l vi mi k n . V xn l s l nn n c th biu din c di dng
xn 2tn un 1 , trong tn 1 v u n l s l. Suy ra

3
xn 1 2tn un 1
2
32 2
tn
1
un 1 3.2tn 1 un 1 .
2
V xn 1 3.2tn 1 un 1 cng l s l v un l s l nn tn 1 1.
3
Suy ra xn 2 3.2tn 1 un 1
2
3 2
2 tn 2
1
un 1 32.2tn 2 un 1 .
2
V xn 2 32.2tn 2 un 1 cng l s l v u n l s l nn tn 2 1 .
3
Tng t, ta c xn i 3i 1.2tn i1 un 1
2
3 .2
i
t n i
un 1 .
Theo gi thit xk l nhng s l vi mi k n nn xn i 3i.2tn i un 1 vi mi
i 1, 2, ..., tn 1 l nhng s l. Nhng khi y
- 52 -
3
xn tn xntn 1 1
2
tn
1
un 1 3tn un 1
2
l mt s chn. V l.
2) Gi s dy xn ch c hu hn s l, ngha l tn ti s n sao cho xk l s
chn vi mi k n . V xn l s chn nn n c th biu din c di dng
xn 2tn un , trong tn 1 v u n l s l. Suy ra
3
3
xn 1 2tn un 2tn un 3.2tn 1un .

2
2
V xn 1 3.2tn 1un l s chn v u n l s l nn tn 1 1 . Suy ra
xn 2
2
3
3 tn 2 2 tn 2
tn 1
3.2 un 2 un 3 .2 un .
2
2
V xn 2 32.2tn 2 un l s chn v un l s l nn tn 2 1 .
Tng t ta c cng thc xn i 3i 1.2tn i1 un 3i.2tn i un .

2
Tip tc qu trnh ny ta i n: xntn 3tn un l mt s l. V l.
3
Vy c v s s chn v v s s l trong dy xn 1 xn .
2
Th d 3.4 (Olympic Quc t. d tuyn, Thy in ngh) Chng minh
rng tt c cc s dng 10n 2 , n l i mt khc nhau.

Gii V
2 l s v t nn 10n 2 cng l s v t. Do 10 n 2 cng l s
v t. Biu din ca
2 trong c s 10 c dng
2 1, k1k2 ...kn ... Khi
k
k
k
k
10n 2 10n 1 1 ... nn nn11 ... 10n 10n 1 k1 ... k n nn11 ... .
10 10
10
10
- 53 -
Do 10 n 2 0, kn1k n2 ...
Gi s tn ti hai s nguyn dng i , j ( i j ) sao cho xi x j , tc l
10 2 10 2 . Do tnh duy nht ca biu din mt s v t trong h m

i
c s 10 ta c ki p k j p vi mi p . iu ny chng t dng thp phn

ca
2 c tnh tun hon vi chu k l i j , mu thun vi tnh cht v t
ca
2 . Vy 10i 2 10 j 2 vi mi i j .
2 TNH TNG HU HN CA DY S CHA PHN NGUYN

Bi ton tnh tng hu hn ca dy vi cng thc tng qut no ni chung
l mt bi ton hay. N lin quan nhiu n cc dng ton khc nh phng
trnh sai phn, cng thc truy hi,... v cc k thut tnh ton nh nhm hoc
s hng, nh gi, bin i tng ng. tnh tng vi s hng cha phn
nguyn, ngoi nhng k thut tnh tng thng thng, ta cn phi s dng
nhng k thut v tnh cht c th ca phn nguyn. Tnh tng cn lin quan
n cc dng ton khc (gii phng trnh, hm s cha phn nguyn,...).
Th d 3.5 a) Tnh tng A5 1 2 3 ... 24 .
b) (Chn i tuyn Hng Kng d thi Olympic Quc t, 1988)
Tnh An 1 2 3 ... n 2 1 .
Gii a) Ta chia thnh cc nhm: 1 2 3 (3 s hng);
4 5 6 7 8 2 (5 s hng);

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 3 (7 s hng);

- 54 -
16 17 ... 23 24 4 (9 s hng);
Vy A 1 3 2 5 3 7 4 9 70 .
b) Ta c
n k k n k 1 k 2 n (k 1) 2 k 2 n (k 1) 2 1 .

Cc s hng trong tng c nhm thnh cc nhm sao cho s hng th nht
ca nhm nm di du cn l bnh phng ca mt s k no , cn s
hng cui cng ca nhm nm di du cn l (k 1) 2 1 , tc l
S 1 2 3 ... n 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 ... 8 ...
... (n 1) 2 ( n 1) 2 1 ... n2 1 .
Nh vy, c ( n 1) nhm, trong mi nhm gi tr cc s hng bng nhau v

bng s hng u tin ca nhm. T k 2 n (k 1) 2 1 c tt c
(k 1)
1 k 2 1 2k 1 s hng. Do nhm th k gm c 2k 1 s
hng v c tng l k 2 k 2 1 ... (k 1) 2 1 2 k 1 k . Suy ra
n 1
n 1
n 1
S (2k 1)k 2 k 2 k 2
k 1
k 1
k 1
(n 1)n(2n 1) (n 1)n n(n 1)(4n 1)
.
6
2
6
Th d 3.6 Cho cc s nguyn a, b, m c a v m l hai s t nhin nguyn t

m 1
ai b
cng nhau. Tnh tng S
.
i 0 m
Gii Vi i , chia ai b cho m ta c ai b mqi ri , trong
0 ri m 1 , tc l
ai b
r
ai b ri
qi i hay
.
m
m
m m
- 55 -
Gi s c hai s m 1 i1 i2 0 sao cho ri1 ri2 . Khi y
a i1 i2 ai1 b ai2 b mqi1 ri1 mqi2 ri2
qi1 qi2
m
m
m
m
m
l s nguyn. Nhng a v m l hai s nguyn t cng nhau nn
a(i1 i2 )
m
ai b ri
khng th l s nguyn. V l. Vy
nhn ng m gi tr khc
m m
nhau l
0 1 2
m 1
; ; ;...;
. Suy ra
m m m
m
m 1
m 1 1 2 ... ( m 1) m( m 1) m 1
ai b 0 1
S
.
...
m m
m
m
2m
2
i 0 m
Bi tp 3.1 (Olympic 30.4 ln th 13, 2007, thi ngh, THPT chuyn
Thng Long, Lt) Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh
1 2 ... x 2 x2 1 x 2 2 5190 .

Bi tp 3.2 (Olympic Anh, 1975) Tm s t nhin x tha mn phng trnh:
3 1 3 2 ... 3 x3 1 400 .

chuyn L Qu n, Bnh nh) Tm s nguyn dng n tho mn
3 1 3 2 3 3 ... 3 n 3 1 85n 2 .

Bi tp 3.4 Tm cc s nguyn t x, y tha mn phng trnh
3 1 3 2 3 3 ... 3 x3 1 y.

Bi tp 3.5 (Olympic 30.4 ln th 9, 2003, lp 10. THPT Bn tre) Tm s n
nguyn dng sao cho 3 1 3 2 ... 3 n3 2n 4 7225 .
- 56 -
3 GII HN CA DY S CHA PHN D

Do tnh c th ca phn nguyn, dn ti vic tnh ton kh khn, bi ton
tnh gii hn ca dy s cha phn nguyn rt hay gp trong cc k thi
Olympic. Di y l mt s v d minh ha.
Th d 3.7 (Kvant, s 2, 1980)
Chng minh rng dy s
2 3
hi t v tm gii hn ca n.
n
Gii Theo ng thc 2.1 2 Chng 2, tn ti hai s nguyn An , Bn sao cho
2 3
An Bn 3 v 2 3
Vy 2 3 + 2 3
1, ta c
An Bn 3 .
2 An l s nguyn. Theo tnh cht 2.10 2 Chng
2 3 1 2 3 .
n
Nhng 0 2 3 1 nn lim 2 3
n
Suy ra lim 2 3
n
lim 2 3
1 lim 2 3
n
0.
1.
Th d 3.8 (Bi T7/285, Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr, thng 7, 2001)

Cho dy s xn xc nh bi cng thc truy hi
2
x1 a, a 1 ; xn 1
xn2 2 xn
2
xn
vi mi n .
Chng minh rng dy s c gii hn v tm gii hn .

Gii Trng hp 1. Nu a l s t nhin. Khi y x1 a x1 v x1 0 .
Suy ra x2 x3 ... 1 .
- 57 -
Vy xn l dy hng, xn 1 vi mi n 2 , do lim xn 1 .
n
Trng hp 2. Nu a khng phi l s t nhin. Khi y
x2
a a
2a
a 2
a
2 1
.
a
V 0 a 1 v a 1 do a 1 nn 0
a 1. Suy ra 1 x 2 .
2
a
Gi s 1 xn 2 vi mi n 2 . Khi y xn 1 v
2
xn 1
xn2 2 xn
xn xn 2 xn 1 2 xn xn 2 1 xn 2
xn
v xn 1 1 2 xn xn 1 2 xn xn 1 xn 1 .
Do 1 xn 2 vi mi n 2 . Suy ra xn 1 v xn xn xn xn 1 .
2
Vy xn 1
xn2 2 xn
xn
xn2 2( xn 1) 2 xn2 4 xn 2
2
hay 2 xn1 xn2 4 xn 4 2 xn . Do

2
2 xn 1 2 xn 2 xn1
2 2
... 2 x2
2n 1
V 1 x2 2 nn 0 2 x2 1 . Chng t lim xn 2 . p s: lim xn 1 khi

n
a l s t nhin; lim xn 2 khi a 1 khng phi l s t nhin.

n
Th d 3.9 (Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr, s 340, 2006) Cho f ( x) l mt a

thc bc ba vi cc h s nguyn v h s ng vi s m cao nht bng 1.
Bit f (0) f (1) f (1) khng chia ht cho 3. Tm lim
f ( n) .
Gii Gi s f ( x) x3 ax 2 bx c vi a, b, c . Theo gi thit
- 58 -
f (0) f (1) f (1) 2a 3c khng chia ht cho 3 nn a cng khng chia

ht cho 3. t a 3k r , r 1, 2 . Khi
f (n ) n3 3k r n 2 bn c ( n k ) 3 rn 2 (b 3k 2 ) n c k 3 .
Khi n ln th rn 2 (b 3k 2 ) c k 3 0 , do f (n) (n k )3 . Ta li c
f (n) (n k 1)3 (r 3)n 2 (b 3(k 1)2 )n c (k 1)3 . Khi n ln th

( r 3) n 2 (b 3( k 1) 2 )n c ( k 1) 3 0 , do f (n ) ( n k 1)3 . Vy
(n k )3 f ( n) (n k 1) 3 . Suy ra 3 f (n) n k khi n ln. Do

lim
f ( n) lim
f ( n) ( n k ) lim
f (n) (n k )3
f (n)
(n k ) f (n) (n k )
3
.
2
Thay f (n) n3 (3k r ) n 2 bn c vo biu thc trn ta c
lim
f ( n)
n
lim
n
lim
p s: lim
n
lim
n
(3k r ) n2 bn c ( n k )3
f ( n)
( n k ) 3 f (n ) ( n k ) 2
(3k r ) n2 bn c ( n k )3
f ( n)
( n k ) 3 f ( n) ( n k ) 2
rn 2 bn c 3nk 2 k 3
f ( n)
( n k ) 3 f ( n) ( n k ) 2
r a
.
3 3
a
f ( n) .
3
Th d 3.10 (Olympic 30.4 ln th 13, 2008. Quc hc Hu) Vi x 1 , t
f ( x)
x x
x
. Cho x0 1 , xt dy s
xn
xc nh bi cng thc
xn f ( xn1 ) , 1 n . Chng minh rng dy s xn c gii hn hu hn.

Gii t x k , k 1 , x r , 0 r 1. Khi y x k r v ta c
- 59 -
k r
k r 2 kr
2 kr
2
, suy ra f ( x)
1
1.
x
x
x
f ( x)
Mt khc
kr
2 kr
k r x
2
nn f ( x) 1
2 . Vy 1 f ( x) 2 .
2
2
x
Nhn xt rng vi mi x0 1 ta c 1 xn 2 vi mi 1 n .
Nu x1 1 th xn 1 vi mi 1 n , suy ra lim xn 1 .
n
Xt trng hp 1 x 2 , khi v x 1 nn f ( x)
1 x 1
.
x
V f ( x) lin tc khi x 1 nn nu dy xn c gii hn l a th do
xn f ( xn1 ) nn ly gii hn hai v ta c a f ( a ) . Ta li c
f ( x )
1 x 1
0 vi mi x 1; 2 nn f ( x) ng bin trn 1; 2 .
2 x x( x 1)
Xt ( x) : f ( x) x . Ta c (1, 2) f (1,2) 1,2
v ( 2) f ( 2) 2
2 1
1 0,2
1, 2 0,006 0
1,2
2 0,32 0 nn phng trnh
( x) 0 hay phng trnh a f (a) c nghim duy nht trong khong
1; 2 . Suy ra
f ( x) x nu 1 x a v f ( x) x nu a x 2 .
Nu x1 a th x2 f ( x1 ) f ( a ) a . Vy xn a . Suy ra lim xn a .
n
Nu 1 x1 a th dy xn tng v b chn trn bi a , suy ra lim xn a .

n
Nu a x1 2 th dy xn gim v b chn di bi a , suy ra lim xn a .

n
Th d 3.11 Cho a, b l hai s nguyn dng cho trc, vi mi s nguyn

dng cho trc n , t xn a 2 n2 bn . Tm lim
x .
n
- 60 -
Gii Ly b chia cho 2a ta c b 2am r vi m, r l s khng m v
0 r 2a 1. Xt hai trng hp:

Trng hp 1. Nu r 0 . Khi y b 2am v
xn a 2 n2 2amn (an m) 2 m 2 (an m) 2 .

Ta chng t rng, vi n ln th ( an m 1) 2 xn ( an m) 2 m 2 .
Tht vy, bt ng thc ny tng ng vi
(an m 1)2 (an m) 2 m2 2( an m) 1 m2

2an m2 2m 1 ( m 1) 2
ng vi n ln v a, b l hai s nguyn dng cho trc nn m c nh.
T cc bt ng thc trn ta suy ra
(an m 1)2 xn (an m) 2 hay xn an m 1 .

Do
xn xn (an m) 2 m 2 (an m 1)
2an ( m 1) 2
(an m) 2 m 2 (an m 1)
Suy ra lim
x 1.
n
Trng hp 2. Nu r 0 , tc l 1 r 2a 1 . Khi y b 2am r v
xn a 2 n2 (2am r )n (an m) 2 rn m2 (an m) 2

vi n ln. ng thi ta cng c xn a 2 n2 (2am r )n (an m 1) 2 ,
v bt ng thc ny tng ng vi
rn m 2 2( an m ) 1 0 (2 a r ) n (m 1) 2
ng vi mi n v m do 1 r 2a 1 .
T cc kt qu trn suy ra, vi n ln, ta c
- 61 -
(an m)2 xn (an m 1) 2 hay xn an m .

Do
x
n
rn m 2
Vy lim
xn xn (an m) 2 rn m2 (an m)
(an m) 2 rn m 2 ( an m)
x 2ra . p s: lim x 1 khi b 2am ; lim x 2ra khi

n
b 2am r , 0 r 2a .
Chu Vn An, Ninh Thun) Cho dy s
xn 4n2 38n vi n . Tm lim
xn
xc nh bi cng thc
x .
n
Bi tp 3.7 (Olympic USA ln th 26, 1997) Cho p1, p2 , ... l cc s nguyn

t c vit theo th t tng dn v cho 0 x0 1 . Vi mi k nguyn dng,
khi xk 1 0
0
ta nh ngha xk pk
x khi xk 1 0.
k 1
Tm tt c cc x0 tha mn 0 x0 1 sao cho dy xk tin n 0.
Bi tp 3.8 (Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr, s 364, 2007)
Tnh lim 7 4 3
n
vi mi s t nhin n 1 .
n
Bi tp 3.9 (Chn i tuyn Quc gia, 2008) Cho dy s {xn } xc nh bi
n xi
xn2
cng thc truy hi x1 1 , xn1 xn
. Tnh lim
.
n
2008
i 1 xi1
- 62 -
4 HM S CHA PHN NGUYN

Nh thy trong 3 Chng 1, hm phn nguyn c nhiu tnh cht c th,
th d, l hm hng tng khc, do d tnh ton, nhng li gin on, do
kh p dng cng c gii tch. Mt s hm (phn d, khong cch) c tnh
tun hon. Cc tnh cht c th ny dn ti nhiu tnh cht v bi tp hay v
hm phn nguyn. Rt nhiu dng bi ton v hm s cha phn nguyn: tnh
tun hon, tnh chn l, tnh b chn, gii hn,.... Di y l mt s v d.
Th d 3.12 (Olympic 30-4 ln th VII, 2001, Lp 11)
x
Cho hm s y f ( x) x n vi n 0 cho trc. Chng minh rng:
n
1) f l hm s tun hon. Tm chu k. 2) 0 f ( x ) n vi mi x .
Gii 1) Vi mi x ta c
x n
x
x
f ( x n) x n n
x n n n x n f ( x) .
n
n
n
Chng t f l hm s tun hon vi chu k T n .
Gi s 0 T n . Khi y chn x0 n T n . Ta c
n T
T
f ( x0 ) n T n
T n T n 0
n
n
n
v f ( x0 T ) f ( n) n n 0 f ( x0 ) .
n
Chng t T n l chu k nh nht ca hm f .
x x x
2) Ta c 1
n n n
x
x
n x n n
n
n
x
0 x n n 0 f ( x) n vi mi x .
n
- 63 -
x
Nhn xt rng hm y f ( x) x n x trn 0;n tng trn 0;n , tun
n
hon vi chu k chnh l n , gin on ti x kn , ( lim f ( x) n ; f (kn) 0 ).
xkn 0
Th d 3.13 (Olympic Canada, 1996) Cho cc s hu t dng r1 , r2 , ..., rm c

m
tng bng 1. Ta nh ngha hm s f : nh sau: f (n) n nrk .

k 1
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca f ( n) .
m
Gii Do
rk 1 theo gi thit v nrk nrk
nn ta c:
k 1
m
nrk nrk n rk n . Do
k 1
k 1
f (n) n nrk 0 vi mi n .
k 1
k 1
Vy gi tr nh nht ca f (n ) 0 t c khi n 0 .
Mt khc, ta c nrk 1 nrk nrk nrk 1 . V vy
m
k 1
k 1
k 1
k 1
k 1
k 1
f (n) n nrk n rk nrk nrk nrk nrk nrk m .

m
V f (n) n nrk l s nguyn nn f (n) m 1.

k 1
Vy gi tr ln nht ca f (n) m 1 t c khi n t 1 trong t l mu

s chung nh nht ca cc mu s ca rk , vi k 1, m .
Th d 3.14 (Olympic chu -Thi Bnh Dng, 1993) Tm tt c cc gi tr
5
nguyn khc nhau ca hm s f ( x) x 2 x x 3x 4 x khi x
3
nhn gi tr l cc s thc trong khong 0 x 100 .
5x
Gii t h( x) x 2 x 3x 4 x . Khi y f ( x) h( x) .
3
- 64 -
V h( x 1) h( x) 10 nn ch cn xt h( x) trn na khong 0;1 . Trn na

khong 0;1 hm h( x ) l mt hm bc thang, n iu tng v c cc bc
1 1 1 2 3
nhy (thay i gi tr) ti su im x 0; ; ; ; ; .
4 3 2 3 4
V f ( x 3) 35 f ( x ) nn ch cn xt f ( x ) trn na khong 0;3 . Trn
na khong 0;3 hm f ( x) l mt hm bc thang, n iu tng, c cc
3 6 9 11
bc nhy ti cc im sinh ra do hm h( x) v ti bn im x ; ; ;
5 5 5 5
5x
sinh ra do hm g ( x) . Nh vy, trn on 0;3 0;1 1;2 2;3 ,
3
hm f ( x) nhn tt c 3 6 4 22 gi tr khc nhau.
Trn na khong 0;99 hm f ( x) nhn tt c 22 33 726 gi tr khc
nhau. Ngoi ra, trn on 99;100 hm f ( x) cn nhn thm 6 1 1 8 gi
1
1
1
3
2
3
tr khc nhau na ti cc im 99; 99 ; 99 ; 99 ; 99 ; 99 ; 99 ;100 .
4
3
2
5
3
4
Vy f ( x) nhn tt c 726 8 734 gi tr (nguyn) khc nhau.
Th d 3.15 (Olympic cc nc Flanders, 1993-1994, vng 1) Cho
f : 0,2 , f ( x) 3sin x . Hi th ca f c bao nhiu im tch

bit (chn mt trong nm p s): (A): 3; (B): 2; (C): 3; (D): 2 3 ; (E): 4.
Gii Hm f ( x) 3sin x u s thay i gi tr khi u 3sin x nhn cc gi
tr nguyn. V khi x thay i trn on 0,2 th hm lin tc u 3sin x
nhn cc gi tr v lp y on 3;3 nn f ( x) u ch nhn by gi tr
3; 2 ; 1;0 ;1;2 ;3 . Trong by gi tr ny ch c hai im x1
v
2
- 65 -
x2
l hai im tch bit v f ( ) 3sin 3 f ( x) vi mi

2
2
2
0 x 2 , x
. Tng t, f ( ) 3sin 3 f ( x) vi mi
2
2
2
0 x 2 , x
. Vy ta c p s: Hai im. p n (B) l p n ng.

2
Th d 3.16 Tn ti hay khng cc hm s f : v g : , trong
g l hm tun hon v tha mn x 3 f
x g ( x) vi mi x .
Gii Gi s cc hm s f v g tha mn iu kin bi. K hiu T 0 l
x g ( x) vi mi x nn
( x T )3 f x T g ( x T ) ( x T )3 f x T g ( x) .
Suy ra f x T f x T 3 3T 2 x 3Tx 2 .
chu k ca g . V x 3 f
(*)
Vi 0 x T 1 T 1 T 1 th x 0 v T T x T T 1 nn
x T T
v f
x T f x f T f (0) : c
l hng s. Vy (*)
l mt a thc bc hai 3Tx 2 3T 2 x T 3 c 0 vi mi 0 x 1 T , do
T 0 . V l v T 0 . Vy khng tn ti hm s f v g tha mn bi.

Bi tp 3.10 (Olympic 30-4 ln th 7, 2001, lp 11. thi ngh, THPT
chuyn Tr Vinh) C tn ti hay khng hai hm s f : v g :
tha mn x 2001 f
x g ( x )
vi mi x , trong g ( x) c th ( C )
tha mn iu kin:
1) Nhn im A x0 , y0 lm tm i xng;
2) Nhn ng thng x b lm trc i xng ( x0 b ).
- 66 -
Th d 3.17 (Olympic 30.4 ln th 13, 2007, lp 11. THPT chuyn Trn i

Ngha, TP H Ch Minh) Cho phng trnh 2007 x x log
e 0 .
1 2007 n
Vi gi tr nguyn dng no ca n th phng trnh c nghim x (1;2) .
ln e
1
Gii Ta c log
e
n
12007
1 ln(2007 n 1) ln 2007 n
ln 1
2007 n
Hm f ( x ) ln x c f ( x )
1
vi mi x 0 . Theo nh l Lagrange, tn ti
x
mt s c a, b : 2007n , 2007 n 1 sao cho f (c)
f (b) f ( a)
, tc l
ba
1 ln(2007n 1) ln 2007n
1
f (c)
ln(2007n 1) ln 2007 n . V f ( x )
n
n
c
(2007 1) 2007
x
l hm nghch bin nn
Vy 2007 n
1
1
f (c) ln(2007n 1) ln 2007n
.
n
2007 1
2007n
1
n
2007n 1 hay log

n e 2007 .
n
2007
ln(2007 1) ln 2007
n
Phng trnh tr thnh 2007 x x 2007 n 0 .

Hm s g ( x) 2007 x x 2007 n lin tc v ng bin trn . Do
phng trnh g ( x) 0 c nghim x0 (1; 2) khi v ch khi g (1) 0 v
g (2) 0 ,
ngha
2007 1 2007 n 0 20072 2 2007 n
hay
2007 1 2007 n 2007 2 2 . iu ny ch xy ra khi n 2 . p s: n 2 .
Bi tp 3.11 Vi n l s nguyn dng cho trc, hm s f : c
n
cho bi cng thc f (k ) k 2 2 vi k . Xc nh tt c cc gi tr
k
nguyn dng m n c th nhn sao cho min f (k ) 200 .
k
- 67 -
5 CHUI S CHA PHN NGUYN

5.1 Nhc li mt s nh ngha v du hiu hi t ca chui s
Chui s l biu thc dng a1 a2 ... an ... an .
(1)
n 1
Cc s an c gi l cc s hng ca chui v an c gi l s hng th n

hay s hng tng qut ca chui (1).
n
Ta gi dy tng ring ca chui (1) l Sn a1 a2 ... an ak , n .

k 1
Nu tn ti gii hn hu hn ca dy tng ring, lim

Sn S , th chui (1)
n
c gi l chui hi t v c tng bng S . Nu lim
Sn hoc khng tn
n
ti th chui (1) c gi l chui phn k.
Nu an 0 th chui (1) c gi l chui s dng, cn nu an 0 th chui
(1) c gi l chui s dng thc s.
Phn d sau s hng th n (phn d th n ) ca chui s (1) l
rn
an 1 an 2 ...
k n 1
chui (1) hi t, iu kin cn l lim

an 0 .
n
Tiu chun Cauchy iu kin cn v (1) hi t l vi mi 0 tn ti
s t nhin N sao cho vi mi n N v vi mi s t nhin p ta c
Sn p Sn an 1 an 2 ... an p .
Chui iu ha Chui s
c gi l chui iu ha tng qut.
n 1
Chui
hi t khi p 1 v phn k khi p 1 .
n 1
Khi p 1 th chui ny c gi l chui iu ha.
- 68 -
Chui tri Nu an cn vi an 0 th chui s
c gi l chui tri
n 1
ca chui (1).
T s hi t ca chui tri
suy ra s hi t ca chui (1) v t s phn
n 1
k ca chui (1) suy ra s phn k ca chui tri bt k ca n.
Du hiu so snh chung Nu chui (1) l chui s dng v chui
n 1
an
c vi c 0 , c const th:
n
bn
chui s dng thc s v tn ti lim
1) Nu 0 c th chui (1) v chui
ng thi hi t hoc phn k.
n 1
2) Nu c 0 th t s hi t ca chui
suy ra s hi t ca chui (1).
n 1
3) Nu c th t s phn k ca (1) suy ra s phn k ca chui
n 1
1
Du hiu so snh vi ly tha Nu khi n ta c an O * p th vi
n
p 1 chui (1) hi t, vi p 1 chui (1) phn k.

Du hiu DAlembert Nu chui (1) l chui s dng thc s v
lim
n
an1
L th vi L 1 chui hi t v vi L 1 th chui phn k.
an
Vi L 1 th s hi t ca chui (1) cha xc nh c, bi v c nhng

chui hi t hoc nhng chui phn k khi L 1 .
Du hiu Cauchy Nu (1) l chui s dng v lim n an q th vi q 1
n
chui hi t v vi q 1 chui phn k. Vi q 1 th s hi t ca
chui (1) cha xc nh.
- 69 -
Du hiu Raabe Nu (1) l chui s dng thc s v lim n n 1 p , th

n
an 1
vi p 1 chui hi t v vi p 1 chui phn k. Vi p 1 th s hi
t ca chui (1) cha xc nh c.
Du hiu Gauss Nu (1) l chui s dng thc s v an
,
n n1
trong 0, n c , th vi 1 chui hi t v vi 1 chui

phn k. Vi 1 th chui (1) hi t khi 1 v phn k khi 1 .
Du hiu Gauss l tng hp du hiu DAlembert v Raabe.
Du hiu tch phn Cauchy Nu hm f ( x) 0 khi x 0 v khng tng th
chui
f (n) hi t hay phn k ng thi vi tch phn suy rng

n 1
f ( x) dx .
Chui (1) hi t tuyt i nu chui
hi t. Nu (1) hi t cn chui
n 1
phn k th ta ni (1) hi t c iu kin (bn hi t).
n 1
Nu chui hi t tuyt i th cc s hng ca chui c th i ch cho nhau

theo th t bt k v tng ca chui vn gi nguyn.
Nu chui hi t c iu kin th nh i ch thch hp cc s hng ca n ta
nhn c chui c tng bng mt s cho trc bt k (c th bng ).
Du hiu Leibnitz Nu an (1)n bn , vi bn 0 v dy bn bt u t mt ch
s n0 no n iu tin n 0 th chui (1) hi t.
i vi phn d ca chui ta c c lng Rn ( 1)n nbn1 , 0 n 1 .
Du hiu Abel Chui s
a b
n n
hi t nu chui
n 1
hi t v dy bn n
n 1
iu v gii ni.
- 70 -
a b
Du hiu Dirichlet Chui
n n
hi t nu dy bn bt u t mt ch s n0
n 1
no n iu tin ti 0 v dy tng ring ca chui
b chn.
n 1
Cc s hng ca chui hi t c th nhm li vi nhau mt cch ty , khi y

tng ca chui khng thay i.
Cng cc chui Nu cc chui
an v
n 1
( a
n 1
hi t th ta c
n 1
bn ) an bn , trong , l cc s ty .
n 1
n 1
Tch cc chui (Quy tc Cauchy) Tch cc chui
n 1
l mt chui
n 1
th ba m s hng tng qut ca n c dng cn a1bn a2bn1 ... anb1 .
Ni chung
cn an bn . Tuy nhin, nu mt trong hai chui hi t, cn

n 1
n 1
n 1
chui kia hi t tuyt i th ta lun c
c a b .
n
n 1
n 1
n 1
Cng thc ny c tha mn trong trng hp ba chui u hi t.

Hi t u ca dy hm Dy hm f n ( x) c gi l hi t u v hm f ( x)
trn mt khong X , nu vi mi 0 tn ti N N ( ) (ph thuc vo v
khng ph thuc vo
x ) sao cho vi mi
n N ( )
tha mn
fn ( x) f ( x) , vi mi x X .
Trong trng hp ny ta vit fn ( x) f ( x) , x X .
n
Hi t ca chui hm Chui hm
u (x) u ( x) u ( x) ... u (x) ... c

k
k 1
gi l hi t ti hm S ( x) trn khong X nu dy tng ring ca n

n
Sn ( x) uk ( x) , n 1, 2, ... hi t, ng thi lim

S (x) S (x) .
n n
k 1
- 71 -
Hi t u ca chui hm Chui hm
u (x) u ( x) u ( x) ... u (x) ...

k
k 1
c gi l hi t u ti tng S ( x) ca n trn khong X nu dy tng ring
Sn ( x) ca chui hi t u ti hm S ( x) trn X .
Du hiu Abel Chui hm
u (x)v ( x)
k
hi t u trn khong X nu chui
k 1
v ( x) hi t u trn
k
X , cn cc hm uk ( x) , k 1, 2, ... u gii ni v vi
k 1
mi x lp thnh mt dy n iu.
Chui ly tha l biu thc
a ( x a)
n
, trong an l h s ca chui
n 0
(khng ph thuc vo x ), a l im c nh trn trc s.

Min hi t ca chui ly tha lun l khong x a R , trong R l bn
knh hi t ca chui ( R 0 ). Bn knh hi t ca chui c th c xc nh
theo cng thc Cauchy-Adama (a)
1
an
n a , hoc (b) R lim
lim
, nu
n
n
R
an1
cc gii hn ny tn ti. Trong trng hp gii hn (a) bng 0 hoc gii hn

(b) bng th chui ly tha hi t trn ton trc s.
tm dng iu ca chui ly tha ti cc im mt ca khong hi t cn
s dng cc du hiu hi t ca chui s.
Nu hm f ( x) c th khai trin trn khong (a R; a R) thnh chui ly
tha th chui ny c gi l chui Taylor i vi hm f ( x) .
iu kin cn v hm f ( x) c th khai trin thnh chui Taylor trn
khong (a R; a R) l hm f ( x) kh vi v hn v phn d trong cng thc
Taylor i vi hm ny tin ti 0 khi n trn khong .
Khai trin c dng f ( x)

k 0
f ( k ) (a)
( x a)k .
k!
(2)
- 72 -
Hm gii tch Hm f ( x) khai trin c thnh chui Taylor c gi l hm

gii tch v khai trin (2) ca n l duy nht.
Trong thc hnh, cc trng hp quan trng l cc trng hp biu din phn
d ca khai trin (2) (hay phn d ca chui (2)) di dng Lagrange
n
Rn ( x) f ( x)
k 0
f (k ) (a)
f ( n1) (a ( x a))
( x a)k
( x a)n 1 ,
k!
(n 1)!
v di dng Cauchy
f ( n1) (a 1(x a))

Rn (x)
(1 1)n ( x a)n1 , trong 0 1; 0 1 1.
n!
5.2 Mt s kt qu b tr
Mnh 5.1 Chui s
hi t nu tha mn cc iu kin sau:
n 1
i) S hng tng qut an 0 khi n .
ii) Chui
nhn c bng cch nhm cc s hng ca chui cho theo
n 1
th t t nhin ca n, hi t.
pn 1 1
iii) S phn t ai c mt trong tng An
ai , 1 p1 p2 ... l hu hn.
i pn
Chng minh Gi s SnkA l dy tng ring ca chui
An . Khi
n 1
SnkA a1 a2 ... a p2 1 a p2 a p2 1 ... a p3 1 ...
a pn a pn 1 ... ak ak 1 ... a pn 11 Sk ak 1 ... a pn11 ,
vi pn k pn1 1, trong Sk l dy tng ring ca chui
an .
n 1
V an 0 v cc s hng ca dy ak 1 ... a pn 1 1 Ck theo iu kin l hu

hn nn Ck 0 khi k . Do lim S nkA lim Sk .
n
- 73 -
Mnh 5.2 Chui s a1 a2 ... a p2 1 a p2 ... a p3 1 a p3 ...
(3)
hi t hay phn k ng thi vi chui
(1)
n 1
n 1
pn11
ai , trong ai 0 , 1 p1 p2 ... .
i pn
(4)
Chng minh Gi s chui (3) hi t. Khi dy con ty ca dy tng ring
(1)
ca n cng hi t, trong s c dy
n 1
n 1
pn11
ai , tc l dy tng
i pn
ring ca chui (4) hi t. Do chui (4) cng hi t.

pn 1 1
By gi, gi s chui (4) hi t, khi
ai 0 khi n . iu ny c
i pn
ngha l, do ai dng nn tng ak 1 ... a pn11 cng tin ti 0 v

lim S nkA lim Sk , tc l chui (3) hi t.
5.3 Mt s bi tp v chui s cha phn nguyn

n
(1)
Th d 3.18 Xt s hi t ca chui sau
n
n 1
Gii Ta c n k k n k 1 k 2 n (k 1)2 .
Xt chui nhn c do vic nhm cc s hng cng du ca chui cho
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1 ... ... ...
8 9 10
15
2 3 4
1
1
1
( 1)k 2 2
...
...
2
( k 1) 1
k k 1
Bi v Ak
1
1
1
2k 1
...
2 0 khi k , v
2
2
2
k k 1
(k 1) 1
k
- 74 -
1
1
1
2
2
2
k 4k 2 k 4k 3
m 0 (k m)((k 1) m)
2k
Ak Ak 1 (2k 1)
(2k 1)2
1
1
2
2
0
2
2
(k 2k )(k 4k 1) k 4k 2 k 4k 3
vi k k0 nn chui
(1)
Ak hi t theo du hiu Leibnitz.
Do chui cho cng hi t.

n
(1)
Th d 3.19 Xt s hi t, hi t c iu kin hay phn k ca
.
np
n 1
Gii Hin nhin khi p 1 chui hi t tuyt i v phn k nu p 0 . Ta s

ch ra rng nu 0 p 1 th chui hi t c iu kin. Ta thy rng, s hng
u tin ca chui l s m, nm s hng tip theo l s dng, tm
min hi t c iu kin, ta xt chui an du
(1)
An , trong
n 1
( n 1)2 1
An
k n2
1
1
1
1
nhn c bng cch nhm
p
2 p
2
p ...
2
k
(n ) (n 1)
(n 2n) p
cc s hng cng du ca chui cho.

2
1 ( n1) 1
1
1
Hn na, vi a 1 th An 2 p p dt 2 p
((n 1)22 p n2 2 p ) .
n
t
n
1 p
n
2
Do
1
p 1 nn
2
1 p
1
1
0 (n 1) n n 1 1 n p 1 1 1 p 0 khi n .
n n
n
V vy, lim
An 0 nu
n
Vi p 1 ta c
1
p 1.
2
2
2n 1
1
An 2 , v v vy lim
A
0
vi
p 1.
n
n
n 1
n
2
Ta s ch ra rng vi
1
p 1 th dy An n iu gim. Tht vy,
2
- 75 -
( n 1)2 1
An An 1
k n2
( n 1)2 1
k n2
1 ( n 2) 1 1 ( n1) 1 1 ( n1) 1
1
p
p
p
p
k k ( n1) k
k
k n
k ' n (k ' 2n 1)
2
1
1
1
1
k p (k ' 2n 1) p ((n 2)2 2) p ((n 2)2 1) p
2n
1
1
1
1
2
p
2
p
2
p
((n 1) k ) ((n 2) 2) ((n 2)2 1) p
k 0 (n k )
1
, trong bt ng thc cui cng suy ra t tnh n
((n 2)2 1) p
iu ca hm g ( x)
1
1
trn 0;2n . Vi n ln, ta c
p
(n x) ((n 1)2 x) p
2
1
1
1
1
An An 1 (2n 1) 2
p
2
p
2
p
2
p
(n 2n) (n 4n 1) (n 4n 2) (n 4n 3)
1
1
2
(2n 1) 2
p
2
p
2p
(n 2n) (n 4n 1) (n 1)
p
p
2 p
2
1
1
4 1 1 2 p
2 p n n 1 2 1 n (2 p 1) 0 ,
n
2
2
n n n
p( p 1) x2
(v (1 x) 1 px v (1 x) 1 px
, p, x 0 , hai bt ng
2
p
thc ny c th chng minh bng o hm).
V vy, theo du hiu Leibnitz th chui
(1)
n 1
chui cho hi t khi v ch khi

c xc nh bi
Mt khc, An
(1)
n 1
An hi t vi
1
p 1. Do
2
1
p 1. Min hi t ca chui cho
2
1
p 1.
2
1
(2n 1)
khng tin ti 0 vi 0 p . V vy chui
2
p
(n 2n)
2
1
An phn k nu 0 p .
2
- 76 -
Th d 3.20 Tnh tng ca chui
n
2
n 1
, vi xy 1.
n 0
Gii Do chui
( xy)
hi t, ta c th nhm cc s hng nh sau
n 0
n
2
n 1
2
1 y xy xy2 x2 y 2 x 2 y 3 ...
n 0
n 0
n 0
n 0
( xy)n y ( xy)n (1 y) ( xy)n
1 y
.
1 xy
(1)ln n
.
n
n 1
Bi tp 3.12 Xt s hi t ca chui
Bi tp 3.13 Tnh
ln n
n n ln n .
n 1
Bi tp 3.14 Cho an xc nh bi cng thc: a0 2 , an1 an
Tnh
1
n 0
n 1
2
3 (1)n
.
2
1
.
a 1
2
n
xn
Bi tp 3.15 Xt s hi t ca chui
n 1
!
n
2
Bi tp 3.16 Xt s hi t u ca chui
n 1
, vi x a , trong a 0 .
n
n(n x)
, vi 0 x .
Bi tp 3.17 (chui Prinxgay) Xc nh bn knh, khong hi t v nghin

n
( 1) x n
cu dng iu ti cc im bin ca khong hi t ca chui
.
n 1
n
(1)
n
n 1
Bi tp 3.18 Xt s hi t, hi t tuyt i ca chui
n
3
- 77 -
KT LUN
Lun vn trnh by tng i y v hm phn nguyn v cc
dng ton c tham gia phn nguyn trong s hc, i s v gii tch. Nhiu
vn l thuyt ca phn nguyn lin quan n tnh chia ht, nh thc
Newton, phng trnh sai phn v h m. Theo chng ti, phn nguyn l
mt chuyn tt gip hc sinh, sinh vin thnh tho cc k thut thao tc vi
phn nguyn, m cn gip nng cao kin thc v trnh ton ni chung. Bi
tp v phn nguyn nhiu khi i hi li gii c th v c o. Trong lun
vn ny chng ti c gng tp hp, phn loi cc dng bi tp v cc phng
php gii chng. S lng kh ln cc v d minh ha, bi tp v bi thi
(c gii chi tit trong [2]) chng t hm phn nguyn c nhiu tc gi ra
thi Olympic quc gia v quc t, nhiu tp ch ton ph thng quan tm.
Chng ti hi vng lun vn ny cng vi [2] c cc gio vin v cc
hc sinh ph thng, sinh vin i hc quan tm.
- 78 -
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. X. V. Cnhiagin, G. A. Tnian, I. F. Sarghin Cc thi v ch ton ca
cc nc (Nguyn , Nguyn Khnh Nguyn dch t ting Nga), Nh xut
bn Hi Phng, 1993.
2. Nguyn Th Hng Hnh, Nguyn Th Bnh Minh, T Duy Phng, Hm
phn nguyn trong ton s cp (Bn tho, 256 trang), 2010.
3. Phan Huy Khi, Cc bi ton v hm s hc (Trong b sch: Cc chuyn
s hc bi dng hc sinh gii ton trung hc), Nh xut bn Gio dc,
2006.
4. Y. Y. Liask, A. C. Biatruc, Ia. G. Gai, G. P. Glvac, Gii tch ton hc,
Cc v d v cc bi ton, Phn I, Tp II, Nh xut bn i hc v Trung hc
chuyn nghip, H Ni, 1979.
5. Nguyn V Lng (Ch bin), Nguyn Lu Sn, Nguyn Ngc Thng,
Phm Vn Hng, Cc bi ging v s hc (Tp II), Nh xut bn i hc
Quc Gia H Ni, 2006.
6. Nguyn Sinh Nguyn, Nguyn Vn Nho, L Honh Ph, Tuyn tp cc bi
d tuyn Olympic ton hc Quc t, Nh xut bn Gio dc, 2003.
7. Nguyn Vn Nho, Tuyn tp cc bi ton t nhng cuc thi ti Trung
Quc, Nh xut bn Gio dc, 2003.
8. Nguyn Vn Nho, Chuyn S hc, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia
thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2005.
9. V Dng Thy, Nguyn Vn Nho, Tuyn tp cc bi ton t nhng cuc
thi ti M v Canaa, Nh xut bn Gio dc, 2002.
- 79 -
10. Tuyn tp thi Olympic 30-4, Nh xut bn Gio dc, Cc nm xut bn:
2001 n 2010.
11. Titu Andreescu, Dorin Andrica, and Zuming Feng, 104 Number Theory
Problems from the Training of the USA IMO Team, Birkhauser, 2007, 204 p.,
Softcover, ISBN: 978-0-8176-4527-4.
12. P. Vandendriessche, Hojoo Lee, Problems in Elementary Number Theory,
2007. http://www.problem-solving.be/pen/
13. Cc Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr; Kvant; Ton hc trong nh trng;
CRUX, Mathematical Excalibur,...
14. Cc trang WEB ton (ting Vit v ting Anh).

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B GIO DC V O TO

NGUYN TH HNG HNH

Chuyn ngnh: Phng php Ton s cp

Ngi hng dn khoa hc:

THI NGUYN - 2010

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

Chng 2 trnh by mt s dng ton cha phn nguyn trong s hc

H Ni, ngy 15 thng 9 nm 2010

Nguyn Th Hng Hnh

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

x c gi l phn nguyn (integer part, integral part) hay sn (floor) ca x .

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

T nh ngha 1.3 ta suy ra ngay, 0 x 1 vi mi x v z 0 khi v

Khi nim lm trn s c s dng rng ri trong my tnh.

x z 0,5 z 1 0,5 th z v z 1 cng c khong cch ti x bng 0,5

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

Tnh cht 2.2 x x x ; 0 x 1 ; x x 0 x 1 .

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

Tnh cht 2.10

Nhn xt 2.2 Tnh cht 2.12a c th c vit di dng sau.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

Tnh cht 2.13 Vi mi x ta lun c

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

Tnh cht 2.15 Vi mi s t nhin n v vi mi s thc x ta c

an n1 , 2 , 3 , ... v bn n 1 , 2 , 3 , ... to thnh mt phn

hoch ca tp s nguyn dng, tc l an n1 v bn n1 l cc tp khng giao

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

3 HM PHN NGUYN V TH HM PHN NGUYN

ca hm s khi i s x tin ti n t bn phi v t bn tri bng 1).

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

Hm trn Hm f : , f ( x ) : x cho tng ng mi s x vi trn

Vy, hm trn khng lin tc, nhng l na lin tc di. Do n l hm hng

Hm phn d Hm f : 0;1 t tp s thc vo tp con 0;1 ca tp

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

x z , z vi lim f ( x) lim f ( x ) 1. c bit, hm phn d l hm tun

hon vi chu k 1, ngha l x 1 x vi mi x .

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

( x nT ) ( x (n 1)T T ) ( x (n 1)T ) ... ( x) .

T n vi mi n l s t nhin v chu k chnh l T0 1 (xem Hnh 3).

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

s hu t) nn hm s y ( x ) khng c chu k chnh, tc l khng tn ti s

T0 0 sao cho T0 q vi mi chu k q (vi mi s hu t q ). Vy y ( x )

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

Th d 2.1 Trong dy s 1, 2, ..., 32 c 9 s 1, 7,11,13,17,19, 23, 29, 31 khng

2 3 5 2.3 2.5 3.5 2.3.5

100 100 100 100 100 100

chn chc, ngha l 25 phi l s m cao nht ca 5 trong phn tch ca n! ra

Vy k n v n! 1.2.3...n khng chia ht cho 2n .

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

Bi tp 2.1 (Olympic 30.4 ln th 14, 2008. thi ngh, THPT chuyn L

C2nn khng l bi ca 4. ( Cnk l k hiu t hp chp k ca n phn t)

tha mn iu kin: 1994!

chia ht cho 1995k .

a0 , a1,..., ak 1 , ak nhn mt trong cc gi tr 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 v ak 0 . iu

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

tm biu din ca mt s trong c s 8 ta phi phn tch s di dng

66! 64! 65 66 263 65 66q 263 2 65 33q 264 q1 ,

68! 64! 65 66 67 68 264 q2 68 2 64 q2 2 4 17 266 q3 .

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn