Chuyn :

K THUT CHN IM RI TRONG BI TON CC TR

I. BI TON M U
Bi ton 1. Cho
, 0
1
a b
a b
>
'
+

, tm GTNN ca
2 2
1 1
2
P
ab a b
+
+
Gii
Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 4 4
4
2 2 ( ) ab a b a ab b a b
+
+ + + +
Du = xy ra
1
1
2
Min 4 khi
1 1 2
2
a
a b
P x y
a b
b

' '
+

Bi ton 2. Cho
, 0
1
a b
a b
>
'
+

, tm GTNN ca
2 2
1 1
2 1
P
ab a b
+
+ +
Gii
Li gii 1. Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 4 4 4
2
2 2 1 2 1 ( ) 1
P
ab a b a ab b a b
+
+ + + + + + +
Du = xy ra
2 2 2
1 2 ( ) 1 0
1 1
a b ab a b
a b a b

+ + +

' '
+ +


. V nghim
Vy khng tn ti Min ...?..? P
Li gii 2. Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 4 1 4 1
6 3 3 3 1 6 1 ( ) 1 4
P
ab ab ab ab a b a ab b a b ab
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + +
Mt khc
2
1
2 4
a b
ab
+ _


,
. Vy
2 2
4 1 8
3
2 6
2 2
P
a b a b
+
+ + _ _
+

, ,
Du = xy ra
2 2
1 3
1
2
1
a b ab
a b a b
a b

+ +

'

.
Li bnh: Bi ton 1 v bi ton 2 gn nh tng t nhau, cng p dng bt ng thc
1 1 4
a b a b
+
+
. Li gii 1 ti sao sai? Li gii 2 ti sao li tch
1 1 1
2 6 3 ab ab ab
+ ?..? Lm sao
nhn bit c iu ?... chnh l k thut chn im ri trong bt ng thc. V qua
chuyn ny chng ta s hiu su hn v k thut chn im ri trong vic gii cc bi
ton cc tr
II. L DO CHN TI
Trang 1
C th ni tng bi ton bt ng thc ni chung v bi ton tm GTNN, GTLN ni ring l mt
trong nhng bi ton c quan tm n nhiu cc k thi Hc sinh gii, tuyn sinh i hc,
v c bit hn na l vi xu hc ra chung ca B GD T. Trong k thi tuyn sinh i
hc th bi ton bt ng thc l bi ton kh nht trong thi mc d ch cn s dng mt s
bt ng thc c bn trong Sch gio khoa nhng hc sinh vn gp nhiu kh khn do mt s
sai lm do thi quen nh li gii 1 trong bi ton m u l mt v d. gip hc sinh hiu
su hn v bi ton cc tr c bit l cc trng hp du ng thc xy ra, ti vit chuyn
Chn im ri trong gii ton bt ng thc.
III. NI DUNG
1. B tc kin thc v bt ng thc
a) Tnh cht c bn ca bt ng thc
nh ngha: 0 a b a b

a b
a c
b c


'

a b a c b c + +

a b
a c b d
c d

+ +
'

1 1
0 a b
a b
>
b) Mt s bt ng thc c bn
Bt ng thc Cauchy
Cho
n
s thc khng m
1 2
, ,..., ( 2)
n
a a a n
ta lun c
1 2
1 2
...
n
n
n
a a a
a a a
n
+ + +

L
. Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
1 2 n
a a a L
.
Mt vi h qu quan trng:
+
2
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
( ) vi 0, 1,
n i
n
a a a n a i n
a a a
_
+ + + + + + >

,
L L
+
2
1 2 1 2
1 1 1
vi 0, 1,
i
n n
n
a i n
a a a a a a
+ + + >
+ + +
L
L
+ Cho 2n s dng (
, 2 n Z n
):
1 2 1 2
, ,..., , , ,...,
n n
a a a b b b
ta c:

1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( )( )...( ) ... ...
n n n
n n n n
a b a b a b a a a b b b + + + +
Bt ng thc BCS
Cho 2n s dng (
, 2 n Z n
):
1 2 1 2
, ,..., , , ,...,
n n
a a a b b b
ta c:

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( )( )
n n n n
a b a b a b a a a b b b + + + + + + + + + L L L
Du = xy ra
1 2
1 2
(quy c neu 0 0)
n
i i
n
a a a
b a
b b b
L
H qu(Bt ng thc Svc-x)
Cho hai dy s
1 2 1 2
, ,..., va , ,..., vi 0 1,
n n i
a a a b b b b i n > ta lun c:
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
( )
n n
n n
a a a a a a
b b b b b b
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
L
L
L
Trang 2
Du = xy ra
1 2
1 2
n
n
a a a
b b b
L
2. Gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht
Cho
1 2
( , ,..., )
n
f x x x
l mt hm
n
bin thc trn : :
n n
D f D

1 2 1 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 2
( , ,..., ) ( , ,..., )
Max
( , ,..., ) : ( , ,..., )
n n
D
n n
f x x x M x x x D
f M
x x x D f x x x M

'

1 2 1 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 2
( , ,..., ) ( , ,..., )
Min
( , ,..., ) : ( , ,..., )
n n
D
n n
f x x x m x x x D
f m
x x x D f x x x M

'

3. Phng php chn im ri

Nhn xt: Cc bt ng thc trong cc thi i hc thng thng l i xng vi cc bin, v
ta d on du bng xy ta khi cc bin bng nhau v xy ra ti bin.
a) K thut chn im ri trong bt ng thc Cauchy
S dng h qu (1) v (2)
Bi 1. Cho
, 0
1
a b
a b
>
'
+

, tm GTNN ca biu thc

2 2
1 1
4 P ab
ab a b
+ +
+
.
Sai lm thng gp:
Sai lm 1: Ta c :
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 4 1 4 1
4 4 4
2 2 2 2 2 ( )
P ab ab ab
ab ab ab ab a b a b ab a b
_
+ + + + + + +

+ + + + ,
.
Mt khc
1 1
4 2 .4 2 2
2 2
ab ab
ab ab
+ . Vy 4 2 2 P + nn 2(2 2) MinP +
Sai lm 2:
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1
4 2 4 . 4 2 6
4 4 2 4 4 4 ( )
P ab ab
ab ab ab ab ab ab ab a b a b
_
+ + + + + + + +

+ + ,
Du bng xy ra
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
16 2
1
a b ab
a b a b
a b

'

. Thay
1
2
a b vo ta c 7 P
7 MinP khi
1
2
a b .
Nguyn nhn sai lm:
Trang 3
Sai lm 1: Hc sinh cha c khi nim im ri, vic tch
1 1 1
2 2 ab ab ab
+ l do thi quen
lm xut hin
2 2 2
2 ( ) a b ab a b + + + .
1
4 2 2 4
2
1
a b
MinP ab VN
ab
a b

+
'

. Du = bt
ng thc khng xy ra

khng kt lun c 4 2 2 MinP +

Sai lm 2: Hc sinh c khi nim im ri, d on c du bng khi
1
2
a b nn tch
cc s hng v 7 MinP khi
1
2
a b l ng, nhng bc cui hc sinh lm sai v d nh
2
(1 ) x x x + , du bng xy ra khi 1 x
2
( 1) 1?? Min x x
1
+
]
.
Li gii ng: Do P l biu thc i xng vi , a b , ta d on MinP t ti
1
2
a b , ta c:
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 4 1 1
4 2 4 . 7
2 4 4 2 ( )
4
2
P ab ab
ab ab ab ab a b a b
a b
_
+ + + + + +

+ + , + _

,
Du bng xy ra
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
16 2
1
a b ab
a b a b
a b

'

.
Bi 2. Cho
, 0
1
a b
a b
>
'
+

, tm GTNN ca biu thc

3 3 2 2
1 1 1
S
a b a b ab
+ +
+
.
Sai lm thng gp:
Ta c:
3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 9 2 1 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
S
a b a b ab a b ab a b a b ab a b ab
_
+ + + + + +

+ + + + ,
3 2
9 2 1 1 1 2 4 59
. 9 .
3 3 ( )
3.
2
ab a b a b a b
a b
1
+ + +
1
+ + ] + _

,
59
3
MinS
Nguyn nhn sai lm:
3 3 2
3
59
( )
3
1
a b a b
MinS a b vn
a b

'

Li gii ng
Trang 4
Ta d on du bng xy ra khi
1
2
a b , v ta thy
3 3 2 2 3
3 3 ( ) a b a b ab a b + + + + v th ta
mun xut hin
3
( ) a b + ; ta p dng bt ng thc
3 3 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 a b a b ab
+ +
+
v nu vy:
3 3 2 2 3
1 1 1 9
2 2 ( ) ( ) a b a b ab a b ab a b
+ +
+ + +
, ta khng nh gi tip c cho nn ta phi p
dng bt ng thc cho 5 s:
3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3
3
1 1 1 1 1 25 25
20
2 2 2 2 ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
4
S
a b a b ab a b ab a b ab a b a b
a b
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ +
Du bng xy ra khi
1
2
a b .
Bi 3. Cho
, , 0
1 1 1
4
x y z
x y z
>

'
+ +

. Tm GTLN ca
1 1 1
2 2 2
P
x y z x y z x y z
+ +
+ + + + + +
.
Sai lm thng gp:
Sai lm 1: Ta c
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 10
9 2 9 2 9 2 18 9
P
x y z x y z x y z x y z
_ _ _ _
+ + + + + + + + + +

, , , ,
10
9
MaxP
Sai lm 2:
3 3 3
1 1 1 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 10
33 2 33 2 33 2 9 3 2 3 .2 3 2
P
x y z x y z x y z xyz x yz xy z
_ _ _
+ + + + + + + + + +

, , ,
Nguyn nhn sai lm: C hai li gii trn u bit hng ch song cha bit chn im
ri.
2
2
10
( ) 2
9
1 1 1
4
x y z
y x z
MaxP vn z x y
x y z

'

+ +

, tc l khng tn ti
10
( , , ) :
9
x y z D P
Li gii ng: T hai li gii trn vi d on MaxP t c ti
4
3
x y z nn tch cc s
2x x x + ra cho du bng xy ra.
Cch 1: Ta c
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 16 x y z x x y z x x y z
_
+ + +

+ + + + +
,
, tng t v ta c:
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
1
16
P
x y z x y z x y z
1
_ _ _
+ + + + + + + +
1
, , , ]
, vy 1 MaxP khi
4
3
x y z .
Cch 2: Ta c
4
2
4
1 1
2 4 . . .
2
4
x y z x x y z x x y z
x y z
x yz
+ + + + +
+ +
, mt khc:
Trang 5
4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
. . .
4 2 16 x x y z x x y z x y z x y z
_ _
+ + + + +

+ +
, ,
, tng t ta c:
1 1 1 1
.4 1
16
P
x y z
_
+ +

,
. Du = xy ra khi
1
4
x y z , suy ra:
1 MaxP khi
1
4
x y z .
Nhn xt: Ta c th m rng bi 3:
Cho
, , 0
1 1 1
4
x y z
x y z
>

'
+ +

. Tm GTLN ca
1 1 1
P
x y z x y z x y z
+ +
+ + + + + +
.
Vi , , N

: Cch lm tng t nh bi 3, ta tch
so
,... x x x x

+ + L
1 442 4 43
. Nu , , R
+
,
th bi ton c cn gii quyt c khng? Cu tr li dnh cho c gi trong phn sau K
thut chn im ri trong BCS
Bi 4. Cho
, , 0
3
a b c
a b c
>
'
+ +

. Chng minh rng:

3 3 3 3
2 2 2 3 3 a b b c c a + + + + + .
Sai lm thng gp:
Ta c:
3
1 1 ( 2 ) 2 2
1.1( 2 )
3 3
a b a b
a b
+ + + + +
+ , tng t ta c:
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 5
3 3 3
a b b c c a
a b b c c a
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + ,
m
3
5 3 3 era sai...?...? >
Nguyn nhn sai lm:
2 1
2 1
5. =5 ( )
2 1
3
a b
b c
P VT MaxP vn
c a
a b c
+

'
+

+ +

, vy 5 P <
Li gii ng: Ta d on du = trong bt ng thc xy ra khi 1 a b c . Vy ta p dng
Cauchy cho ba s 2 ,3,3 a b + ta c:
3
3
3 3 3
1 1 3 3 ( 2 ) 6 2
2 3.3( 2 ) .
3 9 9 3 9
a b a b
a b a b
+ + + + +
+ +
, tng t ta c:
3
3 3 3
6 2 6 2 6 2
3 3
3 9 3 9 3 9
a b b c c a
P
+ + + + + +
+ +
, du bng xy ra khi 1 a b c
Bi 5. Cho
, , 0
1
x y z
xyz
>
'

, chng minh rng:

2 2 2
3
1 1 1 2
x y z
y z x
+ +
+ + +
Sai lm thng gp:
Sai lm 1: P
2 2 2 2
3
( )
3
1 1 1 (1 )(1 )(1 )
x y z xyz
y z x y z x
+ +
+ + + + + +
, mt khc
1 2
1 2
1 2
y y
z z
x x

+
'

, suy ra:
Trang 6
(1 )(1 )(1 ) 8 8 y z x xyz + + + . Vy
3
2
P , du = xy ra khi
1 x y z
Sai lm 2: ta c:
2
2
2
(1 ) 2
1
(1 ) 2 2( ) ( ) 3 3
1
(1 ) 2
1
x
y x
y
y
z y P x y z x y z x y z
z
z
x z
x

+ +

+ + + + + + + +
'
+

+ +

,
mt khc
3
3 3 0 x y z xyz P + +
Nguyn nhn sai lm:
sai lm 1: Hc sinh qun tnh cht c bn ca bt ng thc:
1 1
0 a b
a b
>
sai lm 2: Du = xy ra
2 2 2
1 , 1 , 1 ( )
1 1 1
1
x y z
x y z
y z x vn
y z x
xyz

+ + +
'
+ + +

Li gii ng: Ta d on du = xy ra khi

1 x y z
. V vy khi p dng Cauchy cho
2
1
x
y +
v
1 y

+
:
2
1 1 2
4
1 2
x y
y


+

+
Ta c:
2
2
2
1
1 4
1 1 3 3 3 3
( ) ( ) ( )
1 4 4 4 4 4 2
1
1 4
x y
x
y
y z
y P x y z x y z x y z
z
z x
z
x

+
+

+
+ + + + + + +
'
+

+
+

Du = xy ra khi
1 x y z
.
Bi tp tng t(trch dn trong cc thi i hc)
Bi 1. Cho
, , 0
1
x y z
xyz
>
'

, chng minh rng

3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3
m x y m y z m z x
xy yz zx
+ + + + + +
+ +
,
vi
m N

. Nu m = 1 l thi i hc Khi D nm 2005

Bi 2. Cho
, , x y z
l 3 s tha
0 x y z + +
, chng minh rng:
3 4 3 4 3 4 6
x y z
+ + + + +
( tham kho 2005)
Bi 3. Cho 2, 3, 4 a b c , tm GTLN:
4 2 3 ab c bc a ca b
P
abc
+ +

Bi 4. Cho , , a b c l cc s dng tha mn

3
4
a b c + + .
Chng minh rng:
3 3 3
3 2 3 3 a b b c c a + + + + + (TK 2005)
Trang 7
Bi 5. Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c
>
'
+ +

, tm GTNN ca cc biu thc sau:

2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
P
ab bc ca a b c
S
ab bc ca a b b c c a
Q
ab bc ca a bc b ca c ab
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + +
Bi 6. Cho
2 2
1 u v +
, chng minh rng:
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1 25
2
u v
u v
_ _
+ + +

, ,
.
Bi 7. Cho , , a b c l cc s dng. Tm GTNN ca:
3 3 3
3 3 3
a b c
b c a
Q
a b c
b c a
+ +

+ +
(HQGHN 2001-2002)
Bi 8. Cho , , a b c dng tha 1 abc , tm GTNN ca biu thc:
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
bc ca ab
Q
a b c b c a c a b
+ +
+ + +
(H 2000 2001)
Bi 9. Cho
, , 0
1
x y z
x y
>
'
+

, tm GTNN ca
1 1
x y
P
x y
+

(HNT 2001 2002)
Bi 10. Cho
, , x y z
l ba s dng v
1 x y z + +
, chng minh rng:
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
82 x y z
x y z
+ + + + +
(H 2003)
b) K thut chn im ri trong bt ng thc BCS.
Bi 1. Cho
, , x y z
l ba s dng v
1 x y z + +
, chng minh rng:
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
82 x y z
x y z
+ + + + +
Nhn xt: chng ta c th dng bt ng thc Cauchy nh phn 1
Sai lm :
( )
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
2
x x x x x
x x x x x
_ _ _
+ + + + + +

, , ,
Tng t ta c:
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
( ) ( ) 3 2
2 2
P x y z x y z
x y z x y z
1
_ _
+ + + + + + + + +
1
, , ]
Vy 3 2....? P
Nguyn nhn sai lm:
1 1 1
, ,
1 1 1 3 2 ( )
1
x y z
x y z P vn
x y z

'

+ +

Trang 8
Li gii ng: Ta d on du ng thc xy ra khi
1
3
x y z ; v biu thc trong cn gi
cho tam s dng BCS:
( )
2
2 2 2
2
1
x x
y x


_
_
+ + +

,
,
vi
,
l nhng s tha mn:
2
1
1 1
9
x
x
x
x



, chn
1, 9
Ta c
( )
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 9 1 1 9
1 9
82
x x x x
x x x x
_ _ _
+ + + + +

, , ,
, tng t ta c:
1 1 1 1
9 ) 9
82
P x y z
x y z
1
_
+ + + + +
1
, ]
, do
1 1 1
1; 9 x y z
x y z
+ + + +
nn ta tch:
1 1 1 1 80 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 80 9
( ) ( ) 82
9 9 3 9
x y z x y z
x y z x y z x y z x y z
_ _ _
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ +
, , ,
Vy 82 P , du = xy ra khi
1
3
x y z .
Bi 2. Cho
, , .0
1 1 1
1
x y z
x y z

'
+ +

, tm GTLN ca
1 1 1
2 2 2
P
x y z x y z x y z
+ +
+ + + + + +
Gii
p dng h qua (1) ta c:
2 2
1 1 ( )
2 2
z
y z x x y z
+
+ +
+ +
, ta chn

sao cho
3 x y z
v
1 1
1 2
2 2 y z x


Vy ta c:
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2 1 1 (2 2)
2 2
2 2
1 1 1 (2 2) 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 (2 2)
2 2
y z x x y z
P
x z x y z y x y z
x y z x y z

+
+ +

+ +

+
1 +
+ + + +
'
1
+ + +
]
+

+ +
+ +

Du bng xy ra khi
1
3 khi 3
2 2
x y z MaxP x y z
+
Bi tp p dng
Bi 1. Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
abc
>
'

,chng minh rng

3 3 3
1 1 1 3
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) a b c b c a c a b
+ +
+ + +
Bi 2. Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
abc
>
'

, tm GTNN ca
3 3 3
(1 )(1 ) (1 )(1 ) (1 )(1 )
a b c
P
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + + + + +
Trang 9
Bi 3. Cho , , , 0 a b c d > , tm GTNN ca

2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
a b c d
P
b c d c d a d a b a b c
+ + +
+ + + + + + + +
Bi 4. Cho
1
0, 1,
1
i
n
i
i
x i n
x

>

'

, tm GTNN ca
1 2
1 1 1
n
P x x x + + + L
Bi 5. Cho , , 0 a b c > , chng minh rng:
2 2 2
1
8 8 8
a b c
a bc b ca c ab
+ +
+ + +
IV. THAY CHO LI KT
lm r vai tr quan trng ca vic chn im ri trong vic nh hng gii quyt bi ton
v cng l kt li phn chuyn ny, ti xin nu mt phng php mi gii bi ton sau:
Bi ton: Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ABC ta lun c
3 3
sin sin sin
2
A B C + +
Phn tch i n li gii: Ta d on du ng thc xy ra khi tam gic ABC l tam gic u
3
A B C

.
V A B C + + ta gim bt s bin bng sin sin cos sin cos C A B B A +
sin sin sin sin sin sin cos sin cos P A B C A B A B B A + + + + + , ta ngh n:
2 2
2 2
sin cos 1
sin cos 1
A A
B B

'
+

;
, A B
khng cn quan h rng buc, lm th no xut hin
2 2
sin ,cos A A
, ta ngh ngay n bt ng thc
2 2
2
a b
ab
+
,
3 1
sin sin ,cos cos
2 2
A B A B , Ta p dng Cauchy:
2 2
2 2
sin sin 3 sin sin
cos cos 3 cos cos
2 3 3 3 3
A B A B
B A B A
1
_ _
1
+ + + +
1
1
]
1
, , ]
Ta c:
2 2
1 3 3
sin sin sin sin
4 4 3
A B A B
1 _ _
+ + + +
1
, ,
]
. Vy:
2 2
2 2 2 2
3 sin sin 1 3 3 3 3
cos cos sin sin
2 3 3 4 4 2 3
A B
VT B A A B
1
_ _
1 _ _
+ + + + + + +
1
1
, ,
] 1
, , ]
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