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7.1
INTRODUCTION
As per Greek philosopher Thales, Water is the source of every creation. In day to day life one cannot live without water. Therefore water needs to be stored for daily use. Over head water tank and underground water reservoir is the most effective storing facilities used for domestic or even industrial purpose. Depending upon the location of the tank the tanks can be named as overhead, on ground or underground. The tanks can be made in different shapes usually circular and rectangular shapes are mostly used. The tanks can be made of RCC or even of steel. The overhead tanks are usually elevated from the roof top through column. In the other hand the underground tanks are rested on the foundation. Different types of tanks and their design procedure is discussed in subsequent portion if this chapter. The water tanks in this chapter are designed on the basis of no crack theory. The concrete used are made impervious.
7.2
Basing on the location of the tank in a building s tanks can be classified into three categories. Those are: Underground tanks Tank resting on grounds Overhead tanks
In most cases the underground and on ground tanks are circular or rectangular is shape but the shape of the overhead tanks are influenced by the aesthetical view of the surroundings and as well as the design of the construction. Steel tanks are also used specially in railway yards. Basing on the shape the tanks can be circular, rectangular, square, polygonal, spherical and conical. A special type of tank named Intze tank is used for storing large amount of water for an area. The overhead tanks are supported by the column which acts as stages. This column can be braced for increasing strength and as well as to improve the aesthetic views.
WATER TANK
7.3
BASIS OF DESIGN
One of the vital considerations for design of tanks is that the structure has adequate resistance to cracking and has adequate strength. For achieving these following assumptions are made: Concrete is capable of resisting limited tensile stresses the full section of concrete including cover and reinforcement is taken into account in this assumption. To guard against structural failure in strength calculation the tensile strength of concrete is ignored. Reduced values of permissible stresses in steel are adopted in steel are adopted in design.
7.4
CIRCULAR TANK
The simplest from of water tank is circular tank for the same amount of storage the circular tank requires lesser amount of material. More over for its circular shape it has no corner and can be made water tight easily. It is very economical for smaller storage of water up to 20000000 liters and with diameter in the range of 5 to 8 m. The depth of the storage is between 3 to 4 m. The side walls are designed for hoop tension and bending moments.
7.4.2
The stress in steel must not be allowed to exceed the following values under different positions to prevent cracking of concrete. When steel is placed near the face of the members in contact with liquid 115 N/ sq mm for ms Bars and 150 N/ sq mm for HYSD bars. When steel is placed on face away from liquid for members less then 225 mm in thickness same as earlier. When steel is placed on the face away from the liquid for members 225 mm or more in thickness: 125 N/ sq mm for M.S. bars and 190 N/sq mm for HYSD bars.
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Table 7.1 Permissible Stresses In Concrete (For calculations relating to resistance to concrete)
Permissible Stresses Grade of Concrete Direct Tension st (N/mm2) M 15 M 20 M 25 M 30 M 35 M 40 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 Tension Due to bending cbt (N/mm2) 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.7 Shear = a/bd (N/mm2)
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7.4.4.1
For a tank of given dimensions the following expressions are used: Maximum cantilever B.M= FwH 3 Position of maximum hoop tension = K H above base 1 Maximum Hoop tension (T)= wHD(1 k ) 2 (7-1)
(7-2)
The value of coefficient k and f depend upon H/D and H/t ratio, which is tabulated in Table 7.2.
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Dimensions
Dimension of the tank. Basing on the amount of water that needs to be stored the dimensions of the tanks are calculated. D2 H (7-3) Total volume of water= 4 Where, D= Diameter of the tank
H= Height of the liquid Thickness of the wall. Depending upon the depth of liquid (H) the thickness of the wall is assumed from the empirical formula
t = (30 H + 50 ) mm
(7-4)
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Factor H/t 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 10 0.075 0.046 0.032 0.024 0.020 0.012 0.006 0.004 20 0.047 0.028 0.019 0.014 0.012 0.006 0.003 0.002
Step 3:
By using the values of coefficients F and k the following dimensions are calculated Maximum bending moment at the base = FwH 3 1 Maximum circumferential or hoop tension T = wHD(1 k ) 2 Position of maximum circumferential tension h = kH
Step 4:
The thickness provided for the wall from maximum bending moment consideration should be checked. Sufficient area of steel must be provided at the height h to resist maximum tension.
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Above height h the area of reinforcement can be uniformly decreased and below this the area of steel is maintained constant.
7.4.4.2
Approximate Method
In this method it is assumed that the cantilever effect of the wall will be present for a height of approximately one fourth of the height of wall that is H/4 or 1 m whichever is more. The hydrostatic pressure distribution on the wall is shown in Figure 6.1 (a) the pressure varies from zero at A to maximum value at B. This is represented by ordinate BC of the pressure triangle ABC. Draw a horizontal line intersecting the pressure diagram at P at a height of H/4 or 1m whichever is more. Thus the cantilever action will be effective up to the height (h) =BP and hoop tension will be predominant from P to A having its maximum value at P.
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The bottom height of the wall i.e. h = BP will be designed as a cantilever fixed at B and subjected to a triangular load given by area PBC of pressure triangle. The load from cantilever action thus varies from zero at P to wH at B.
Reinforcement for hoop tension may be provided near both faces. The spacing of hoop reinforcement (rings) is kept uniform from P to B. At heights above P, the spacing of rings can be increased.
or, t = 150 mm whichever is greater. Then the value of t is converted into meters. H2 Ratio is determined and respective co-efficient values for tension, bending Dt moments and shears are found out from tables. Hoop tension
Hoop tension is determined from the following formula 1 T= w H D (coefficient determined from table 7.3) in kN/m 2 Where, w = wt of water in kN/ m 3
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Table 7.3 Coefficient for bending moment in cylindrical tank wall (Fixed at base and free at top)
H2/Dt Coefficient at point 0.1H 0.2H 0.3H 0.4 1.0005 0.0014 0.0021 0.8 0.0011 0.0037 0.0063 1.2 0.0012 0.0042 0.0077 1.6 0.0011 0.0041 0.0075 2.0 0.0010 0.0035 0.0068 3.0 0.0006 0.0024 0.0047 4.0 0.0003 0.0015 0.0028 5.0 0.0002 0.0008 0.0016 6.0 0.0001 0.0003 0.0008 8.0 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 10.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 12.0 0.0000 -0.0001 0.0001 14.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 16.0 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001
0.4H 0.0007 0.0800 0.0103 0.0107 0.0099 0.0071 0.0047 0.0029 0.0019 0.0008 0.0004 0.0002 0.0000 -0.0001
0.5H -0.0042 -0.0079 0.0112 0.0121 0.0120 0.0090 0.0066 0.0046 0.0032 0.0016 0.0007 0.0003 0.0001 -0.0001
0.6H -0.0150 0.0023 0.0090 0.0111 0.0115 0.0097 0.0077 0.0059 0.0046 0.0028 0.0019 0.0013 0.0008 0.0004
0.7H -0.0302 -0.0068 0.0022 0.0058 0.0075 0.0077 0.0069 0.0059 0.0051 0.0038 0.0029 0.0023 0.0019 0.0013
0.8H -0.0529 -0.0024 -0.0108 -0.0051 -0.0021 0.0012 0.0023 0.0028 0.0029 0.0029 0.0028 0.0026 0.0023 0.0019
0.9H -0.0816 -0.0465 -0.0311 -0.0232 -0.0185 -0.0119 -0.0080 -0.0058 -0.0041 -0.0022 -0.0012 -0.0005 -0.0001 -0.0001
1.0H -0.1205 -0.0795 -0.0602 -0.0505 -0.0436 -0.0333 -0.0268 -0.0222 -0.0187 -0.0146 -0.0122 -0.0104 -0.0090 -0.0079
Bending Moment
Maximum bending moment is determined from the following Formula : M= (coefficient from table 7.4) wH 3 kN/m
(7-6)
Table 7.4 Coefficient for tension in cylindrical tank wall (Fixed at base and free at top)
H2/Dt 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0
Coefficient at point 0.0H 0.1H 0.2H 0.149 0.134 0.120 0.263 0.239 0.215 0.283 0.271 0.254 0.265 0.268 0.268 0.234 0.251 0.273 0.134 0.203 0.267 0.067 0.164 0.256 0.025 0.137 0.245 0.018 0.119 0.234 -0.011 0.104 0.218 -0.001 0.098 0.208 -0.005 0.097 0.202 -0.002 0.098 0.200 0.000 0.099 0.199
0.3H 0.101 0.109 0.234 0.266 0.285 0.322 0.339 0.346 0.344 0.335 0.323 0.312 0.306 0.304
0.4H 0.082 0.160 0.209 0.250 0.285 0.357 0.403 0.428 0.441 0.443 0.437 0.429 0.420 0.431
0.5H 0.066 0.130 0.180 0.226 0.274 0.362 0.429 0.477 0.504 0.534 0.542 0.543 0.539 0.531
0.6H 0.049 0.096 0.142 0.185 0.232 0.330 0.409 0.469 0.514 0.575 0.608 0.628 0.639 0.641
0.7H 0.029 0.063 0.099 0.134 0.172 0.262 0.334 0.398 0.447 0.530 0.589 0.633 0.666 0.687
0.8H 0.014 0.034 0.054 0.075 0.104 0.157 0.210 0.259 0.301 0.381 0.410 0.494 0.541 0.582
0.9H 0.004 0.030 0.016 0.023 0.031 0.052 0.073 0.092 0.112 0.151 0.179 0.211 0.241 0.265
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Design shear force is found out from the following formula T = (coefficient from table 7.5) wH 3 kN/m
7.5
RECTANGULAR TANKS
In case of small amount of water storage rectangular tanks are more economical then circular because the construction of circular tanks requires complicated and costly formwork. Moreover compartmentation in a rectangular tank is much easier then the circular tanks. Moreover uses of rectangular tanks make the full use of the space available. The main components of a rectangular tank are side wall, base slab and roof slab.
WATER TANK
Tank wall having ratio of L/B less then 2. Tank wall having ratio of L/B greater than 2.
Maximum pressure (p) for design of wall for horizontal bending per unit height at level of P = w (H-h) per m (7-7)
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1 pB 2 (producing tension on water force) 12 1 B.M at the center of span = pB 2 (producing tension on outer force) 16 B.M at the end of the span = Direct tension or pull in long walls
The water pressures on short walls are transformed into tension to the long walls. Pressure due to water P = w(H h ) 1 B Direct tension or pull transformed to each long wall 1 T = w(H h )B 2
(7-8)
(7-9)
Direct tension or pull on short walls Direct tension or pull on short walls 1 TB = w(H h )L 2
(7-10)
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1 H 1 Maximum bending moment in long walls = w H H = wH 3 2 3 6 For short walls the maximum bending moment at level P may be taken as follows: B.M at ends of span 1 1 pB 2 = w(H h )B 2 12 12
(7-13)
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B.M at center of span 1 1 pB 2 = w(H h )B 2 16 16 Pull in long wall and short walls
(7-14)
Direct tension or pull transformed to each long wall 1 TL = w(H h )B 2 Direct tension or pull on short walls TB = w(H h ) 1
(7-15)
(7-16)
Since the short wall as well as long walls are subjected to bending moment and direct tension or pull (acting at center of wall) it will be necessary to design the wall section for combined effect of these two.
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Reinforcement:
Long wall
Long wall which act as cantilever fixed to the base reinforcement for moment is vertical and for the direct tension or pull it is horizontal. Short wall In case of short wall above (h) from base the wall bends horizontally and hence the reinforcement for the B.M as well as tension are provided in horizontal directions. For lower portion of the short walls for height (h) the main reinforcement is vertical whereas for the tension reinforcement is horizontal.
Analysis of Tank Wall Section Subjected To Combined Effect Of Bending And Direct Tension
WATER TANK
Let assume that two equal and opposite force of magnitude equal to T act on the main reinforcement the wall section can thus be considered to be subjected to a net BM=M-Tx and a pull T. Area of reinforcement is separately calculated for the bending moment and tension or pull and then added together to get the total reinforcement.
Step 1:
Ast1 =
Notes: Safe stress in steel in bending or st is taken =115 N/ mm 2 if it is placed on the water face or within a distance of 225 m from the water face. If steel is placed at a distance of 225 mm away from water face value of st = 125 N/ mm 2
Ast2 =
sc
(7-18)
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B B H
(b)
The bending moment at the mid span of base slab will comprise of the following:
Sagging moment due to weight of water. Sagging moment due to weight of slab. Hogging moment due to water pressure on the long walls.
Let wd =weight of base slab per sqm And h =depth of water in the tank
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Net Moment at mid span 1 1 1 M c = whB 2 + wd B 2 wh 3 8 8 6 The value of M c will be maximum when d (M c ) =0 d ( h) 1 1 wB 2 wh 2 = 0 8 6 1 h2 = B2 4 B h= 2
(7-20)
Therefore the maximum positive B.M at mid span occurs when the depth of water in the tank =1/2*the width of the tank. wB 2 B wd B 2 1 B + w Mc = 8 2 8 6 2 wB 3 wd B 2 = + 24 8 The direct tension on the slab = Here, h =
3
1 2 wh 2
(7-21)
(7-22)
If height of tank itself is less then B/2 then the actual height of water in the tank shall be considered for finding out the values for B.M and tension. In case of large height of tank the B.M at mid span may be negative. In such condition tank mid span section is designed by considering the tank full of water.
WATER TANK
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Considering 1m run in the tank wall 1 ph 2 33.5 1 M max (Tension away from water face) = ph 2 15 M max (Tension near water face)= Thickness of wall is determined from the cracking consideration
6M D= b ct
(7-24) (7-25)
(7-26)
WATER TANK
Horizontal reinforcement are provided at 3% of gross area up to 100mm thick section. It can be reduced to 0.2% up to 450 mm thick section. For 225 mm thickness provide two layers of reinforcement.
(7-28)
Horizontal bars are determined as long wall. And vertical bars are provided with half spacing of horizontal bars.
Design of slab
1 The maximum moment at mid section = wL2 3 Distributing steel is provided usually 0.003 bt mm 2 /width. Where, t = thickness of the slab b = unit width (7-29)
Minimum reinforcement
The percentage of reinforcement in base or floor slab resting on ground must not be less then 0.15% of the gross section. Minimum cover to all reinforcement should be 25 mm or the diameter of the main bar which ever is greater.
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7.6
Design Data:
Six storied building with 2 flat in each story.
Step 1:
Water requirement: Water consumption rate = 40 gpcd. Number of persons= no of flats X 6 =12 X 6 =72 persons (considering six persons per flat) Total water requirement=72 X 40=288 gal/day
Step 2:
Tank dimension:
462 = 4.4 ft 15 7
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15 ft
6.5 in
7 ft
10 ft
18 ft
Step 3:
Maximum bending Moment:
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Approximate Analysis:
Part 1
Part 2
H-H/4) or (H-1) m to be considered. For L/B>2 We have, h = H/4=5/4=1.25 ft 0.381 m <1m h =1 m =3.28 ft
Step 4:
Design for long wall: Moment M = wH 3 6 Here, w= 9.81 kN/ m 3 10 kN/ m 3 H=5ft=1.524 m
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10 1.524 3 = = 5.9 kN-M 6 5.9 1000 = = 4351.35 lb-ft 4.448 0.3043 = 4.351 k-ft =52.22 k-in
Check for 1 f c kjbd 2 2 52.22 1000 d2 = 0.5 1350 0.378 0.874 12 d = 4.41inch M max = Overall depth=4.41+1+1.5X4/8=6.16 inch (considering # 4 bars) Here, f c = 0.45 f c' = 0.45 3000 = 1350 psi f y = 40ksi f s = 0.5 f y = 20ksi Es 29 10 6 = 9 E c 57500 3000 f 20 r= s = = 14.8 f c 1.35 n= k= 9 n = = 0.378 n + r 9 + 14.81 k j = 1 = 0.874 3
Let us take overall thickness of wall=6.5 inch So effective depth =6.5-1-1.5 X4/8=4.75 inch Then,
As =
52.22 1000 M = = 0.63in 2 / ft f s jd 20000 0.874 4.75 (of cross sectional area)
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B 2
2.1336 2
As (min) = 0.234in 2 / ft
So # 3 bar @ 5.5 inch c/c to be provided Since steel is provided on both faces therefore steel to be provided on both faces as # 3 bar @ 11 inch c/c.
Step 5:
Design for short wall:
Force P=w (H-h)=10 x (1.524-1)= 5.24 kN/ m 2 =359.07 lb/ft (per m run) Effective span in horizontally spaced slab = 7+6.5/12=7.54ft =2.3 m Pl 2 w( H h) B 2 Bending moment at end, M = = 12 12 2 5.24 2.3 M = = 2.31 kN-m (per m run) 12 =1703.83 lb-ft = 20.45 k in (per ft run) Reduction in moment due to tensile steel = Tx =383.06 x 1.5/12=47.88 lb-ft=0.575 k-in
WATER TANK
Steel requirement
As = M Tx 19.875 = = 0.24in 2 / ft f s jd 20 0.874 4.75
As (min) = 0.234in 2 / ft As = 0.24in 2 / ft We will use # 3 bar @ 5.5 inch c/c. At mid section
PL2 1 PL2 = = 10.23kin 24 2 12 10.23 As = = 0.123in 2 / ft < As (min) 20 0.874 4.75 M =
Step 6:
Cantilever effect on short column: M max Maximum moment 10 1.524 12 wHh 2 = kN .m = = 2.54kN .m 6 6 = 1873.50 lb-ft = 22.482 k-in Steel requirement
As =
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Step 7:
Design of base slab L/B>2, so we will design for one way slab Minimum thickness of base slab For 60-grade steel, t= L 7 12 = = 4.2 inch 20 20
Let thickness = 6inch Total weight of base slab= 6 4.5 7 15 62.5 = 0.36 ksf 150 + 12 7 1.5 1000
6 = 7.5 ft 12 2 7.5 2 Moments, M max = 0.36 = 2.53 kft=30.375 k-in 8 30.375 Depth d = =3.37 inch (OK) 0.9 1.35 0.874 0.378 12 Effective width, B= 7 + 2 As = d 30.373 = 0.41in 2 / ft 20 0.874 4.25 4 = 6 1 1.5 = 4.25inch 8
Use # 4 bar @ 5inch c/c. So # 4 bar @ 10 inch c/c should be used at each face.
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Step 8: Detailing
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# 4 bar @ 4 in c/c
# 4 bar @ 5 in c/c
Section A-A
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7.7
General data:
Volume to be stored= 2 462 = 924 cft (For two days store daily requirement 462 cft) Angle of repose dry = 30 o , wet = 6 o Unit weight of soil=w=125 pcf=20 kN/ m 2 Most critical condition: Empty water tank and wet soil.
..h=9.5
P = wh
1 sin 1 + sin
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ph 2 46.96 2.896 2 = = 11.76 kN-m 33.5 33.5 11.76 1000 12 = 4.448 0.3048 1000 =104.05 k-in (Per inch run)
So, tension near water face/ ft run=104.05 x 0.3048 = 31.72 kip inch Tension away from water face M max = ph 2 46.96 2.896 2 = = 26.26 kN/m 15 15 =232.40 k-in (per inch run) =70.84 kin (per ft run)
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From cracking consideration the thickness of wall is determined. Let, D = Total thickness
Fct bD 2 6 6M 6 70.80 D2 = = = 86.18in 2 f et b 0.411 12 M =
So use# 4 bar @ 4.5 inch c/c (inner force) Steel requirements for M=31.72 kip in
31.72 = 0.227in 2 / ft < As (min) 20 0.874 8 As = 0.342in 2 / ft As = So, use # 4 bar @ 7 inch c/c (Outer force)
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In FPS system, PL2 0.963 7.79 2 M = = 12 = 58.44 k-in (per ft length) 12 12 Now,
M max = d = fc kjbd 2 2
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Step 9: Detailing
7 ft 7 ft 15 ft
..h=9.5
9.5 in 10ft
18 ft
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# 4 Bar @ 4 in c/c
Section A-A
# 4 Bar @ 7 in c/c
# 4 Bar @8 in c/c
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300