. . . . , IV, . 1-2 2005, Tech. Chron. Sci. J.

TCG, IV, No 1-2

51

50
.
...

.
...

,
.
.
.
50 .


1983-1992,
,
,
. 10C 20C,
2C .

1.

.

.


.

/,

,
.

. ,

.
...

, .


, , (.. ,
) ,
,
, 18.3C
. , 18.3C.
[1],
, 18.3C. ,
,


. , ,

, ,
,
,
18.3C.

(Variable base degree-day
method) [2, 3],

18.3C,
.

2.


-

52

. . . . , IV, . 1-2 2005, Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, IV, No 1-2

. ,

(tbal),
(t0),
, , , ,
,
. ,
,
,

.

(Q
gain )
( , ,
[W]), (ti)
( [C]) (H)

[W/K], :

H t i t bal Q
gain

(2.1)

, , :

t bal t i

Q
gain

(2.2)

(, , ) .
()
.
:

H t t
Q
h
bal
o
h

t o < t bal

(2.3)

h
, ( ),
,

.
h H ,
:

Q
t bal t o d
h , mo
h

(2.4)

(+)
.

( ) DDh(tbal) (tbal) .
:

DD h t bal t bal t o d

(2.5)

,
, ,
:

Q h ,mo

H
DD h t bal
h

(2.6)

, :
j

Q h , yr Q h ,mo
mo1

(2.7)

j .

3.

,
, ,

.
30
[4]. ,

1956-1973 (..)
. , 1962-1976.



.

18 (1956-1973) .. ,
13 (1961-1973).
30
2425/86 [5]

.
, -

. . . . , IV, . 1-2 2005, Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, IV, No 1-2

30 [4] [5]
10C, 15C, 18C 25C, .
, ,

[6, 7].

1983
1992 [8, 9]. , ,

[4] [5]
,
2C, , ,
.
, ,

. , ,

. ,
,

.
, .

Erbs et al. [10].

4.

Erbs et al. [10],

( t o, m).
, (yr)

(m), :

1 12
( t o, m t o, yr ) 2
12 n 1

(4.1)

m 1.45 0.0290 t o, m 0.0664 yr

(4.2)

yr

to,yr , [C].

53

H :

ln e e
DD h t bal m N 3 / 2
2
2

(4.3)

a = 1.698,
= ,
= .

:

t bal t o, m
m N

(4.4)

5%
12.5C. ,
10.5%.
14C, [11].
Erbs et al. [10]
48
.

,
[12, 13].

5.

. ,
[8, 9]

1983 1992. ,
,
, [10],

(13 43 , ) [12, 13, 14].
10, 12, 14, 16, 18 20 C.

, .

54

. . . . , IV, . 1-2 2005, Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, IV, No 1-2

, , , ,
,
.


, .
[4] [5] : ()

, ()
[5],
.
[4] [5] ,
5%,
10% 10%.
10C,

. , 1 (%) 10C, 15C 18C
, 1%,
, 7%
,
40%. , ,
.
40

[%]

35
30
25
20
15

10C

15C

18C

10

.
, ,
, Erbs et al.

2425/86,
50%
5%, 35% 10%,
40%.
,
, ,

.

6.



,

& ,

,
. SOL ENERGY
HELLAS A.E. , ,

.

5
0

7.

-5

1: [4,5].
Figure 1:Estimated degree-days deviation from [4,5].

5.

,
10 20C 2C, , ,
2425/86 .

1.
ASHRAE (1985), Fundamentals, American Society of Heating
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, USA.
2.
ASHRAE (1993), Fundamentals, American Society of Heating
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, USA.
3.
K.T. (1999),

, . 6 ,
, , .
4.
., . (1982),
, . ... 9, .
5.
2425/
86 (1987), :
. -.
6.
K.T. (1999),
. , . 6
, , , .

. . . . , IV, . 1-2 2005, Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, IV, No 1-2

7.
Papakostas K., Kyriakis N. (2005), Heating and cooling degreehours for Athens and Thessaloniki, Greece, Renewable Energy, 30, pp.
1873-1880.
8.
Climatological Bulletin (1983-1992), National Observatory
of Athens, Institute of Meteorology and Physics of the Atmospheric
Environment.
9.
, ,
,
, (1983-1992),
.
10. Erbs D., Klein S. and Beckman W. (1983), Estimation of
Degree-Days and Ambient Temperature Bin Data from Monthly-Average
Temperatures, ASHRAE Journal 25(6):60.

55

11.
Papakostas K., Kyriakis N. (2005), Estimation of variable-base
heating and cooling degree-day data from monthly average temperatures.
Validation of the methodology in two Greek cities, Proccedings of the 36th
International HVAC&R Congress, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
12. ....
(1966-1998),

o .
13. .... (1966-1998), ,
, C.
14. ., . (2004),
,
, ,
...

1: 50 .
Table 1: Heating degree-days in 50 Greek cities for various temperature bases.

(1983-1992)
.. 3758
.. 2343
. 107 m

(1960-1999)
.. 3838
.. 2125
. 46 m

(1966-1998)
.. 4051
.. 2552
. 2.5 m

(1955-1997)
.. 3823
.. 2306
. 110 m

(1948-1975)
.. 3809
.. 2125
. 11 m

tbal
(oC)

20
18
16
14
12
10

328
266
204
146
95
54
9.4

299
243
189
137
92
56
9.3

265
206
150
100
60
32
11.5

137
90
50
23
8
2
15.8

53
26
10
3
1
0
19.9

83
47
22
9
2
0
18.3

186
131
84
46
21
7
13.9

306
244
184
128
80
44
10.1

1657
1253
893
592
359
195
17.5

367
306
246
189
136
91
8.2

306
251
198
147
101
63
9.1

263
205
149
101
61
34
11.6

155
105
64
34
17
8
15.1

42
20
8
3
1
1
20.3

86
48
24
11
5
2
18.0

214
159
109
68
38
19
13.0

327
267
208
153
105
65
9.5

1761
1361
1007
707
464
282
17.2

469
407
346
286
228
173
4.9

395
340
285
231
179
131
5.9

364
303
244
187
135
90
8.3

209
154
105
65
36
19
13.2

79
44
22
10
4
2
18.4

148
98
59
32
16
7
15.6

287
229
174
124
81
48
10.5

413
352
292
233
177
127
6.7

2364
1928
1527
1167
856
596
14.9

343
282
224
168
118
76
9.0

337
282
228
176
127
85
8.0

285
226
170
119
76
45
10.9

170
119
75
43
22
11
14.6

52
31
18
10
6
3
21.3

137
90
52
28
13
6
16.0

232
176
125
81
48
26
12.4

340
279
221
165
116
75
9.1

1896
1485
1113
790
526
327
17.3

302
242
185
131
85
50
10.3

262
208
155
108
67
37
10.7

245
187
132
86
50
26
12.2

144
94
55
28
13
6
15.5

75
48
29
17
10
6
19.9

59
30
13
5
2
1
19.2

154
104
62
33
16
7
15.1

254
195
140
92
55
29
11.9

1495
1108
771
500
298
162
18.0

t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

56

. . . . , IV, . 1-2 2005, Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, IV, No 1-2

1 (): 50 .
Table 1 (continued): Heating degree-days in 50 Greek cities for various temperature bases

(1948-1975)
.. 3811
.. 2029
. 5 m

(1961-1995)
.. 3910
.. 2100
. 39 m

(1976-1988)
.. 3922
.. 2257
. 3 m

(1976-1999)
.. 3747
.. 2054
. 6.5 m

(1955-1997)
.. 3520
.. 2511
. 38.5 m

(1983-1992)
.. 4037
.. 2257
. 31 m

tbal
(oC)

20
18
16
14
12
10

266
206
150
100
60
32
11.5

237
183
132
86
50
26
11.6

217
160
108
65
35
17
13.1

145
95
55
28
12
5
15.4

85
55
34
21
12
7
19.3

46
21
9
3
1
0
19.8

137
88
50
24
11
4
15.7

229
171
118
73
40
20
12.7

1362
979
656
400
221
111
18.1

351
291
231
175
123
80
8.7

298
243
190
139
94
57
9.4

254
196
141
93
56
30
11.9

152
102
61
32
16
7
15.2

73
46
28
16
9
5
19.9

79
43
21
9
4
2
18.3

200
145
97
58
31
15
13.5

315
255
197
142
95
58
9.9

1722
1321
966
664
428
254
17.2

370
309
249
192
139
93
8.1

309
254
200
149
103
65
9.0

257
199
144
96
58
32
11.8

155
105
64
34
17
8
15.1

53
27
12
5
2
1
19.6

93
54
27
13
6
2
17.7

231
175
124
79
46
24
12.4

327
267
208
153
105
65
9.5

1797
1390
1029
723
475
290
17.1

290
230
173
121
77
14
10.7

256
202
150
103
63
35
10.9

242
184
130
83
48
25
12.3

157
106
64
34
16
7
15.0

57
28
12
5
2
1
19.3

55
27
12
5
2
1
19.4

154
104
62
33
15
7
15.1

245
187
132
85
49
26
12.2

1457
1068
735
468
273
145
18.0

244
186
131
84
48
24
12.2

212
159
110
68
37
18
12.5

197
141
91
52
26
12
13.8

108
64
33
15
6
2
16.8

63
39
24
14
8
5
20.8

38
17
7
2
1
0
20.3

101
58
29
13
5
2
17.1

194
138
89
50
25
12
13.9

1157
802
514
298
156
75
19.1

430
368
306
245
186
130
6.1

368
312
257
203
152
106
6.9

316
256
198
143
95
57
9.8

169
118
74
39
16
5
14.6

76
43
20
8
2
0
19.0

135
90
53
28
12
4
16.2

274
215
159
108
67
37
10.9

416
354
292
231
171
117
6.6

2184
1756
1359
1005
701
456
15.6

t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

. . . . , IV, . 1-2 2005, Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, IV, No 1-2

57

1 (): 50 .
Table 1 (continued): Heating degree-days in 50 Greek cities for various temperature bases

(1960-1999)
.. 3625
.. 2526
. 208 m

(1956-1997)
.. 3500
.. 2545
. 13 m

(1956-1997)
.. 3940
.. 2051
. 483 m

(1960-1984)
.. 4056
.. 2424
. 62 m

(1956-1997)
.. 3704
.. 2206
. 4.5 m

(1931-1973)
.. 3937
.. 1955
. 2 m

tbal
(oC)

20
18
16
14
12
10

275
215
158
107
65
35
11.2

245
191
139
93
55
29
11.3

235
177
123
77
43
21
12.5

145
95
55
27
12
5
15.4

57
28
12
5
2
1
19.2

55
26
11
4
2
1
19.3

137
88
49
24
11
4
15.7

223
166
113
69
37
18
12.9

1373
986
661
406
226
114
17.8

224
166
113
70
38
19
12.9

193
141
94
55
29
13
13.2

171
117
72
39
19
8
14.7

97
55
27
12
5
2
17.3

62
39
24
14
8
5
21.0

22
9
3
1
0
0
21.6

78
42
19
8
3
1
18.1

174
120
74
40
20
9
14.6

1021
689
426
239
122
57
20.0

475
413
352
292
233
178
4.7

390
334
279
225
173
125
6.1

349
288
229
173
122
79
8.8

232
176
124
80
47
25
12.4

115
76
47
28
16
8
17.4

167
115
71
40
20
9
14.9

311
252
196
143
97
60
9.7

438
376
316
256
199
146
5.9

2477
2030
1614
1237
907
630
14.3

493
432
371
310
251
195
4.1

390
334
279
225
174
126
6.1

352
291
232
176
125
82
8.7

209
154
105
65
36
18
13.2

80
45
22
10
4
2
18.3

159
108
66
36
18
8
15.2

302
244
188
136
91
55
10.0

450
389
328
268
211
157
5.5

2434
1996
1591
1226
909
642
14.4

305
245
187
134
87
51
10.2

264
210
158
110
69
38
10.6

242
184
130
83
48
25
12.3

152
101
60
31
15
6
15.2

77
49
30
18
10
6
19.7

65
33
15
6
2
1
18.9

163
111
68
36
17
8
14.8

260
201
146
97
58
31
11.7

1528
1134
794
515
306
166
17.8

309
248
190
136
90
53
10.1

270
216
163
114
73
41
10.4

248
189
135
88
51
27
12.1

149
99
58
30
14
6
15.3

77
49
30
18
10
6
19.7

69
36
17
7
3
1
18.7

160
109
66
35
17
8
14.9

281
222
165
113
71
40
11.0

1563
1168
824
541
329
182
17.7

t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

58

. . . . , IV, . 1-2 2005, Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, IV, No 1-2

1 (): 50 .
Table 1 (continued): Heating degree-days in 50 Greek cities for various temperature bases.

(1966-1998)
.. 4018
.. 2147
. 625 m

(1938-1973)
... 4107
.. 2524
. 30 m

(1932-1940,
1955-1975)
.. 4030
.. 2045
. 542 m

(1937-1940,
1947-1974)
.. 3756
.. 2257
. 14.5 m

(1955-1997)
.. 3608
.. 2300
.166 m

(1960-1990)
.. 3838
.. 2406
. 221 m

tbal
(oC)

20
18
16
14
12
10

549
487
426
365
305
246
2.3

451
395
340
285
232
180
3.9

404
343
283
225
170
120
7.0

249
193
140
94
57
32
11.8

117
73
41
21
10
4
16.8

216
161
110
69
39
21
13.2

373
314
256
200
148
102
7.6

512
450
389
328
269
212
3.5

2872
2416
1985
1587
1230
918
12.9

456
395
334
274
216
162
5.3

392
337
282
228
176
128
6.0

364
303
244
187
135
90
8.3

203
149
101
62
34
17
13.4

92
59
35
20
11
6
18.6

148
98
59
32
16
7
15.6

272
215
161
112
71
41
11.0

395
334
274
216
161
112
7.3

2322
1890
1490
1131
820
563
15.1

459
398
337
277
219
164
5.2

384
329
274
220
168
120
6.3

349
288
229
173
121
79
8.8

217
162
111
70
39
20
12.9

120
81
51
30
17
9
17.2

150
100
59
31
15
7
15.5

272
215
160
111
69
39
11.0

404
343
282
224
168
118
7.0

2355
1916
1503
1136
816
556
14.6

312
252
194
140
93
56
10.0

262
208
156
108
68
38
10.7

248
190
136
89
52
28
12.1

136
88
51
26
12
5
15.8

64
40
24
14
8
5
20.6

60
30
14
6
2
1
19.2

158
107
65
35
17
8
15.0

260
201
146
98
59
32
11.7

1500
1116
786
516
311
173
18.3

284
224
167
115
72
40
10.9

256
202
150
102
62
34
10.9

254
195
140
91
53
28
11.9

168
115
71
38
18
8
14.6

92
60
38
22
13
7
18.9

60
29
13
5
2
1
19.1

135
86
48
24
11
4
15.8

230
172
119
74
41
20
12.7

1479
1083
746
471
272
142
17.7

376
315
255
197
143
96
7.9

325
270
216
164
116
74
8.4

312
251
193
139
92
55
10

188
134
87
50
26
12
13.9

76
40
19
8
3
1
18.4

119
73
39
19
8
4
16.6

217
161
110
68
37
18
12.9

312
251
193
139
92
55
10.0

1924
1497
1113
784
517
316
15.9

t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

. . . . , IV, . 1-2 2005, Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, IV, No 1-2

59

1 (): 50 .
Table 1 (continued): Heating degree-days in 50 Greek cities for various temperature bases.

tbal
(oC)

20
18
16
14
12
10

385
324
265
207
153
105
7.6

315
260
206
155
108
69
8.8

276
217
161
111
70
40
11.2

137
89
52
27
13
6
15.8

62
38
23
13
7
4
20.6

87
49
25
11
5
2
18.0

194
141
93
56
30
15
13.7

333
273
214
159
110
70
9.3

1789
1391
1039
739
496
311
17.4

459
398
337
277
220
166
5.2

370
315
260
207
157
111
6.8

330
270
212
158
109
70
9.4

192
139
93
56
30
15
13.8

72
45
26
15
8
4
19.7

132
86
50
26
13
6
16.2

279
221
167
117
75
44
10.8

429
367
307
248
192
140
6.2

2263
1841
1452
1104
804
556
15.7

358
297
237
180
128
84
8.5

306
251
198
146
100
62
9.1

296
237
179
127
82
48
10.5

166
114
71
39
19
9
14.7

84
54
33
19
11
6
19.2

92
53
26
12
5
2
17.7

185
132
85
49
25
12
14.0

296
237
179
127
82
48
10.5

1783
1375
1008
699
452
271
16.9

272
212
155
105
63
34
11.3

239
186
134
88
51
26
11.5

223
166
113
69
37
18
12.9

145
95
55
27
12
5
15.4

90
59
37
22
13
7
19.0

46
21
9
3
1
0
19.8

129
81
44
21
9
4
16.0

223
166
113
69
37
18
12.9

1367
986
660
404
223
112
18.0

290
230
173
120
75
43
10.7

259
204
152
104
64
35
10.8

254
195
139
91
53
28
11.9

157
105
63
33
15
7
15.0

82
53
32
19
11
6
19.4

66
33
15
6
2
1
18.8

148
98
57
29
13
6
15.3

238
180
126
80
45
23
12.4

1494
1098
757
482
278
149
17.5

325
265
206
151
102
62
9.6

311
256
202
151
104
65
8.9

286
226
169
117
74
42
10.9

148
98
57
30
14
6
15.4

86
55
34
20
11
6
19.1

89
50
24
11
5
2
17.8

187
133
86
49
25
12
13.9

278
219
162
111
69
39
11.1

1710
1302
940
640
404
234
17.0

(1931-1940,
1956-1973)
.. 3854
.. 2224
. 143 m

(1955-1997)
.. 3908
.. 2225
. 73 m

(1932-1972)
.. 3953
.. 2504
. 12 m

(1955-1997)
.. 3650
.. 2143
. 33 m

(1955-1997)
.. 3645
.. 2427
. 182 m

(1955-1996)
.. 3906
.. 2403
. 3 m

t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

60

. . . . , IV, . 1-2 2005, Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, IV, No 1-2

1 (): 50 .
Table 1 (continued): Heating degree-days in 50 Greek cities for various temperature bases.

(1955-1997)
.. 3706
.. 2523
. 9 m

(1960-1981)
.. 4130
.. 2631
. 43 m

(1955-1997)
.. 3705
.. 2509
. 1 m

(1955-1997)
.. 3815
.. 2144
. 1 m

(1932-1941,
1943-1975)
.. 3767
.. 2243
. 132 m

(1957-1975)
.. 3521
.. 2431
. 16 m

tbal
(oC)

20
18
16
14
12
10

247
188
133
85
48
24
12.1

220
167
116
73
40
19
12.2

211
154
102
60
31
15
13.3

129
80
43
20
9
3
16.0

82
53
33
19
11
6
19.5

50
23
9
4
1
0
19.5

121
74
39
18
7
3
16.3

199
143
92
53
27
12
13.7

1259
882
567
332
174
82
18.2

540
478
417
356
296
238
2.6

412
356
301
247
195
145
5.3

358
297
238
182
131
87
8.5

192
139
93
56
30
15
13.8

67
36
17
8
3
1
19.0

159
109
67
37
19
9
15.2

293
235
180
129
85
52
10.3

456
395
334
275
217
163
5.3

2478
2047
1648
1290
977
711
17.8

271
211
155
103
62
33
11.3

221
167
117
73
40
19
12.2

223
165
112
68
36
17
12.9

128
80
43
20
8
3
16.0

86
56
35
21
12
7
19.2

60
29
12
5
2
1
19.0

116
70
36
16
7
3
16.5

211
153
102
60
31
14
13.3

1316
931
612
366
198
97
17.8

312
251
193
139
92
55
10.0

265
210
158
110
69
39
10.6

236
178
125
79
45
23
12.5

141
92
53
27
12
5
15.6

71
45
27
16
9
5
20.1

63
32
14
6
2
1
19.0

171
119
74
41
20
9
14.5

269
210
154
104
63
35
11.4

1528
1137
798
522
312
172
17.9

296
236
179
126
81
47
10.5

253
199
148
101
62
34
11.0

233
175
122
77
43
22
12.6

136
87
50
25
11
5
15.8

75
48
29
17
10
6
19.9

51
25
11
4
2
1
19.6

146
97
57
29
14
6
15.4

254
195
140
92
54
29
11.9

1444
1062
736
471
277
150
18.2

223
166
113
69
37
18
12.9

196
143
96
56
29
13
13.1

179
124
77
42
20
9
14.4

103
60
30
13
5
2
17.0

65
42
26
15
9
5
20.7

29
12
5
2
1
0
20.9

82
44
20
8
3
1
17.9

165
111
67
35
16
7
14.9

1042
702
434
240
120
55
19.6

t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

. . . . , IV, . 1-2 2005, Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, IV, No 1-2

61

1 (): 50 .
Table 1 (continued): Heating degree-days in 50 Greek cities for various temperature bases.

(1955-1997)
.. 3623
.. 2807
. 35 m

(1978-1997)
.. 3742
.. 2655
. 48.5 m

(1971-1997)
.. 4104
.. 2334
. 32 m

(1935-1943,
1946-1975)
.. 3512
.. 2606
. 25 m

(1932-1971)
.. 3854
.. 2433
. 4 m

(1959-1975)
.. 3550
.. 2410
. 151 m

tbal
(oC)

20
18
16
14
12
10

254
195
140
91
53
28
11.9

223
170
120
76
43
21
12.1

203
147
97
57
30
14
13.6

114
69
36
17
7
3
16.6

67
43
26
15
9
5
20.5

32
14
5
2
1
0
20.8

117
71
38
18
8
3
16.5

209
152
101
60
32
15
13.4

1219
861
563
336
183
89
19.1

303
243
185
132
87
51
10.3

281
227
174
125
82
48
10.0

248
190
136
89
53
28
12.1

134
86
49
25
12
5
15.9

64
40
24
14
8
5
20.6

57
28
13
5
2
1
19.4

172
120
75
42
21
10
14.5

254
196
141
93
56
30
11.9

1513
1130
797
525
321
178
18.4

500
438
377
316
258
201
3.9

387
332
277
223
172
124
6.2

324
265
207
153
105
66
9.6

181
129
84
49
26
13
14.2

73
45
26
14
8
4
19.6

151
102
62
34
17
8
15.5

326
267
211
157
110
70
9.2

466
404
343
284
226
171
5.0

2408
1982
1587
1230
922
657
15.1

226
168
115
71
38
19
12.8

198
146
98
58
30
14
13.0

188
132
84
47
23
10
14.1

101
58
29
13
5
2
17.1

62
39
24
14
8
5
20.9

29
12
5
2
1
0
20.9

84
45
21
9
3
1
17.8

176
122
75
41
20
9
14.5

1064
722
451
255
128
60
19.4

315
254
196
141
93
56
9.9

273
218
165
116
74
42
10.3

269
210
153
103
62
34
11.4

157
106
63
33
16
7
15.0

81
52
32
19
11
6
19.4

73
38
17
7
3
1
18.5

157
106
63
33
16
7
15.0

263
204
148
98
59
32
11.6

1588
1188
837
550
334
185
17.3

287
227
170
118
74
42
10.8

251
196
145
98
59
32
11.1

230
172
119
74
41
20
12.7

138
89
50
25
11
5
15.7

71
45
28
16
9
5
20.1

62
31
14
6
2
1
19.0

132
84
47
23
10
4
15.9

227
169
116
72
40
20
12.8

1398
1013
689
432
246
129
18.1

t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

62

. . . . , IV, . 1-2 2005, Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, IV, No 1-2

1 (): 50 .
Table 1 (continued): Heating degree-days in 50 Greek cities for various temperature bases.

(1989-1999)
.. 4112
.. 2618
. 15 m

(1931-1944,
1963-1971)
.. 3727
.. 2457
. 25 m

(1976-1999)
.. 3933
.. 2146
. 116 m

(1960-1999)
.. 3731
.. 2222
. 661 m

(1961-1979)
.. 3500
.. 2445
. 7 m

(1960-1999)
.. 4047
.. 2124
. 661 m

tbal
(oC)

20
18
16
14
12
10

496
435
374
313
255
198
4.0

409
354
299
244
192
143
5.4

370
310
250
193
141
95
8.1

201
147
99
61
34
17
13.5

71
39
19
9
4
2
18.8

151
102
62
34
17
8
15.5

329
270
213
160
112
72
9.1

450
389
328
269
211
158
5.5

2478
2045
1645
1283
965
693
14.6

266
206
150
100
60
32
11.5

229
175
125
80
46
23
11.9

227
169
116
72
39
19
12.8

130
82
45
22
10
4
16.0

81
52
32
19
11
6
19.6

43
20
8
3
1
0
20.0

119
73
39
18
8
3
16.4

215
158
106
64
34
16
13.2

1310
935
621
378
209
103
18.5

447
386
325
266
208
155
5.6

362
307
252
199
149
104
7.1

300
241
184
132
87
53
10.4

154
105
64
35
18
8
15.2

41
20
9
4
2
1
20.5

125
79
45
23
11
5
16.5

296
238
183
132
88
53
10.2

419
358
298
239
183
132
6.5

2144
1733
1360
1030
746
512
16.1

459
398
337
277
219
164
5.2

390
334
279
225
173
125
6.1

376
315
256
198
144
98
7.9

246
189
137
90
54
29
11.9

108
65
35
17
8
3
17.1

181
127
81
47
24
12
14.4

311
252
196
143
96
59
9.7

419
358
297
238
182
131
6.5

2490
2039
1618
1235
901
621
14.1

257
198
143
94
55
29
11.8

220
167
118
74
42
21
12.2

200
144
94
55
29
14
13.7

114
69
37
17
7
3
16.6

64
41
25
15
8
5
20.7

42
19
8
3
1
0
20.1

117
71
38
18
8
3
16.5

209
152
101
60
32
15
13.4

1223
861
564
336
182
90
19.1

611
549
487
426
365
306
0.3

482
426
371
315
261
209
2.8

407
346
286
228
173
123
6.9

252
196
143
97
60
33
11.7

117
73
41
21
10
5
16.8

231
175
123
79
47
25
12.7

391
332
274
217
164
116
7.0

549
487
426
365
305
247
2.3

3041
2584
2151
1748
1384
1062
12.1

t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

. . . . , IV, . 1-2 2005, Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, IV, No 1-2

63

1 (): 50 .
Table 1 (continued): Heating degree-days in 50 Greek cities for various temperature bases.

tbal
(oC)

20
18
16
14
12
10

342
282
223
167
117
75
9.0

295
240
187
137
92
56
9.5

257
199
144
96
58
32
11.8

129
82
46
23
11
5
16.1

33
15
6
2
1
0
20.9

57
29
13
6
2
1
19.4

169
117
73
41
21
10
14.6

281
222
166
115
73
42
11.0

1564
1186
859
587
374
220
18.1

263
203
148
98
58
31
11.6

231
178
127
82
47
24
11.8

215
157
106
64
34
16
13.2

122
75
40
19
8
3
16.3

72
46
28
17
10
5
20.1

54
26
11
4
2
1
19.4

127
79
43
21
9
4
16.1

218
160
108
66
35
17
13.1

1302
924
611
371
203
101
18.5

324
263
205
150
101
62
9.6

289
235
181
131
87
52
9.7

263
204
149
99
60
33
11.6

155
104
62
33
16
7
15.1

78
50
30
18
10
6
19.6

83
45
22
10
4
2
18.1

197
142
94
55
29
14
13.6

278
219
162
111
69
39
11.1

1667
1262
905
607
376
215
17.3

(1960-1975,
1980-1994)
.. 3828
.. 2336
. 4 m

(1961-1994)
.. 3530
.. 2402
. 62 m

(1955-1997)
.. 3820
.. 2608
. 60 m

t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

20
18
16
14
12
10
t o, m

..., , ..., 487, 541 24
, dinpap@eng.auth.gr.

..., , ..., 487,
541 24 , tsil@eng.auth.gr

..., , ...,
487, 541 24 , nkyr@auth.gr.

64

. . . . , IV, . 1-2 2005, Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, IV, No 1-2

Extended summary

Heating Degree-days for 50 Greek Cities

K. PAPAKOSTAS
Lecturer AUTh

G. TSILINGIRIDIS
Assistant Professor AUTh

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine and present heating
degree-day data, for various base temperatures and for 50 Greek
cities. The degree-day data for Athens and Thessaloniki were
calculated based on hourly dry bulb temperature records from
the meteorological stations of the National Observatory of Athens
and the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Since hourly or daily
temperature data were lacking for the other 48 cities, a reliable
model was adopted for the estimation of their heating degree-days.
The degree-day data were calculated for every month of the heating
period and for base temperatures from 10C to 20C in 2C steps.
The results are presented in tabular form and can be used for the
estimation of the required heating energy of buildings, according to
the variable base degree-day method.

1. INTRODUCTION
Degree-day methods are the simplest procedures for
energy analysis of buildings. They are appropriate in cases
where the building use and the efficiency of the HVAC
equipment can be assumed as relatively constant.
The degree-day methods are able to provide simple and
quick estimations of the heating and cooling requirements,
on a monthly or seasonal base, especially in residential and
light commercial use buildings. Furthermore, degree-days are
useful for quickly studying the optimal design of a building
and comparing energy requirements from one location to
another. Specialized and expensive computer programs
can be used for the same purpose, but require significantly
more detailed data that are usually not available. Degree-day
methods thus continue to be of importance.
The traditional degree-day method is based on a
combination of theory and empirical observations and
assumes that, on a long-term average, solar and internal
gains will offset the heat losses of a building when the mean
daily outdoor temperature is 18.3C. In such a case, the
energy consumption will be proportional to the difference
between the mean daily temperature and 18.3C. However,
experience has indicated that the energy requirements so
calculated were overestimated. This is due to the fact that
the increased use of thermal insulation, the installation of

N. KYRIAKIS
Associate Professor AUTh

well fitted windows and doors, the substantial increase in

the use of electric appliances and lighting and the lower setpoint of room temperature controllers decrease the ambient
temperature below which a building needs heating.
The variable base degree-base method results in more
accurate estimates of the heating energy required.

2. THE VARIABLE BASE DEGREE-DAY

METHOD
This method is a generalization of the traditional degreeday method. The concept remains the same but it counts
degree-days based on the balance-point temperature, which
is defined as the outdoor temperature at which the building
requires neither heating nor cooling. The balance point
temperature is calculated by taking into account the indoor
design air temperature of the building, the total heat gains
(occupants, lights, equipment, sun) and the total heat-loss
coefficient of the building.
For heating purposes the method recognizes that the
total heat gains provide heat down to the balance-point
temperature, which may vary from one building to another
and from one location to another. Below this temperature
the energy consumption for heating is proportional to the
heating degree-days with a base equal to the balance-point
temperature.

3. AVAILABILITY OF DEGREE-DAY DATA

IN GREECE
Heating degree-days for various base temperatures
have been published for 30 Greek cities. They have been
calculated for four base temperatures of 10C, 15C,
18C and 25C. The calculations were based on hourly
temperature data for the cities of Athens (period 1956-1973)
and Larisa (period 1962-1976) and on correlation techniques
for the rest of the towns, due to the lack of hourly data. These

. . . . , IV, . 1-2 2005, Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, IV, No 1-2

values of degree-days have been incorporated in the Greek

technical regulations and they are used by engineers for
energy calculations.
Commenting on the quality of these data, it should be
mentioned that: (a) they are outdated, since they are based
on temperature measurements up to 1976, (b) the base
temperature step is rather large.
The aim of this paper is to provide degree-day data
for 50 cities instead of 30, based on recent temperature
measurements and with a step of 2C.

65

records for the purpose of estimating heating degree-days.

The degree-day data for Athens and Thessaloniki were
calculated based on hourly dry bulb temperature records
from the meteorological stations of the National Observatory
of Athens and of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
(period 1983-1992). These data were also used for the
verification of the reliability of the model and it was found
that the estimation results are of high quality.

5. RESULTS
4. A MODEL FOR ESTIMATING VARIABLE
-BASE DEGREE-DAY DATA
Several researchers have proposed formulas for
estimating degree days relative to an arbitrary base, when
detailed data are missing. Among them Erbs et al. have
developed a model based only on the long-term average
temperature for each month of the year.
In this paper the Erbs methodology was adopted for the
estimation of monthly heating degree-days for 48 Greek
cities. The necessary data were taken from records of
the Hellenic National Meteorological Service, which are
published in the Monthly Statistical Books of the Hellenic
National Statistical Service. These data were averaged over
the years available for each city with 10 or more years of data

Variable-base heating degree-day data for 50 Greek

cities are presented in this paper. The degree-day data were
calculated for every month of the heating period and for
temperature bases from 10C to 20C, using a temperature
step of 2C. The results are presented in tabular form and
serve for the estimation of the required heating energy
of buildings, according to the variable base degree-day
method.
It is hoped that the availability of these data will fill
the gap in information needed by building designers and
engineers for simplified heating energy calculations for
buildings in Greece. The wide range of cities covered in this
analysis will also help in conducting energy analysis and
evaluating different design alternatives for the respective
locations.

Konstantinos Papakostas
Lecturer AUT, Process Equipment Design Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, POB 487, 541 24 Thessaloniki,
dinpap@eng.auth.gr
Georgios Tsilingiridis
Assistant Professor AUTh, Process Equipment Design Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, POB 487, 541 24
Thessaloniki, tsil@auth.gr
Nikolas Kyriakis
Associate Professor AUTh, Process Equipment Design Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, POB 487, 541 24
Thessaloniki, nkyr@auth.gr