OPHIHHAJHH HAVHH PA VK 613:39314.

113
Emuooumpono.ouku npoo.e+u u.c. eo. 3. cc.2 (2008)

Fojan +nxnh


Cnpeuanane saueha:
o koumpo.ucono n.ouocmu
o koucmpvku/e ueumumemo

Ancvpakv: V pay ce aje ocnonna noena xonrpanenrnnnnx
cpecrana npesa rose xo nx xopncrn. na xojn nannn ynxnnonn-
my n xaxo ce ncrpnynpajy. passarpa ce nnxono secro y nonn-
rnnn nnannpana n ynpanana ycxos penpoyxnnjos. re nn-
xono xopnmhene y nsrpann nojennannnx n rpynnnx nenrnre-
ra y oronapajyhns connoxynrypnns xonrexcrnsa.

Knyune peun: xonrpanennnja; nonynannona nonnrnxa; anrpono-
nornja; pymrnenn n xynrypnn xonrexcr; xynrypnn nenrnrer


Kao mro ro je peneno sa penpoyxnnjy. xonrpanennnja jecre cnoj xon-
nenra n npaxce xojn yrnne na opehenn connoxynrypnn xonrexcr n na xojn
opehenn connoxynrypnn xonrexcr yrnne. raxohe (n. +nxnh 2008). Hope
canpesennx xonrpanenrnnnnx rexnnxa. ann n oronapajyher connoxynryp-
nor onoca npesa nnsa. xojn cy saxos n ae pesepnncann sa sanane
xynrype. nannnn. rj. rexnnxe cnpenanana saneha n connoxynrypnn onocn
npesa nnsa. napnpann cy n napnpajy o xynrype o xynrype. nocsarpano
cnnxpono nnn njaxpono. cacnns cnejeno. V ocnonn. rpn cy nnnoa na xo-
jnsa ce ro emana.
Tn nnnon jecy. na npnos secry. casn nojennannn xopncnnnn xonrpa-
nenrnnnnx cpecrana. sarns nnxon sehyconn onoc. rj. onoc nssehy
nnx xao npnnannxa symxor n encxor nona. re nanoxon. onoc xojn ne-
nocpeno oxpyene. najnemhe noponna nnn cponnnxa rpyna. nsa npesa
cnesy rose. Hapanno. axo ro neh nnje jacno ns case opsynannje xonrpa-
nennnje. rj. cnpenanana saneha. ona ce onocn ncxynnno na xerepocexcy-
anne naprnepe. Vnorpea xonosa y symxos xosocexcyannos onocy. na
npnsep. jecre sepa samrnre npornn nonnnx nnn onecrn xoje ce npenoce
nyres xpnn. ann cnpenanane saneha npecrana. no npnpon crnapn. pea-
ronane na soryhy nocnenny xerepocexcyannor onoca. n nonesano je ca
penpoyxnnjos n penpoyxrnnnns spanes (ynop. Guest 2004).

Pesynrar ynemha na npojexry 147035 MH3+C PC.

FOJAH +HKHT

Emuooumpono.ouku npoo.e+u u.c. eo. 3. cc.2 (2008)
12
Hpesa ayropnsa xojn ce onos resarnxos ane xao yos cnennjanno-
mhy. xonrpanennnja oyxnara xopnmhene nexona. xesnjcxnx. sexannnxnx
n xnpypmxnx cpecrana xao n nonamana xoja xonrponnmy eprnnnrer se-
hy cexcyanno axrnnnns xerepocexcyannns ocoasa. V cnaxos cnynajy.
pasnnnnrn seron cnpenanana saneha sory a ce xareropnmy npesa soy-
cy onepncana. rj. npesa nannny na xojes pae. sarns npesa rose a nn nx
rpea csarparn rpannnonannns nnn canpesenns. re npesa rose a nn
pesynrarn nnxone ynorpee sannce o nponsnohana n ncrpnyrepa nnn
o xopncnnxa (Russell and Thompson 2000, Trussell and Kowal 2004).
Ono mro je nasnano "soycos onepncana" noxpnna pasnnxe nssehy
xopsonannnx. sexannnxnx n xnpypmxnx seroa. Xopsonannn xonrpanen-
rnnnn seron jecy nona. nnn oe pehn najnonnja. rexnonornja cnpenana-
na saneha. pasnnjena y pyroj nononnnn naeceror nexa. Hope pasnnnn-
rnx opannnx xonrpanenrnnnnx nnnyna. oyxnarajy cpecrna xoja cy nnjex-
rnnna. rj. ypnsranajy ce n nsnnanrannna. rj. xoja ce ynoce y oprannsas
ne-xnpypmxns nyres. ann xoja cnye xao xopsonannn "ysenn". onocno
nonamajy ce xao sexannnxe apnjepe npn nyneny opehennx xopsona (n.
nnp. Naz 2004, Herndon and Zieman 2005).
Mexannnxa cpecrna yxynyjy ynpano ono mro ce nasnna seronsa a-
pnjepe. nonyr njaparse nnn xonosa. narnnannnx npcrenona nnn rsn.
cynhepa. rj. sespana. Konosn
1
cy onnn na snanajy y nocnene ne e-
nennje noceno. ca cxnaranes a ce pan o jennoj eexrnnnoj samrnrn o
nnpyca xojn nsasnna cnnpos crenenor neocrarxa nsynnrera. ann n o
"opnrnnannnx" nonnnx onecrn. mro snann a npecranajy. neponarno.
najmnpe ynorpeanano xonrpanenrnnno cpecrno y cnery. Xesnjcxa xon-
rpanenrnnna cpecrna. nonyr cnepsnnnnnx xpesa n enea. na npnsep.
xopncre ce neosa necro sajeno ca nexnsa o seroa apnjepe. y nny no-
nehana enxacnocrn onnx npnnx. Hnrpa-yrepnncxa cpecrna ce csarpajy
sexannnxns cpecrnnsa. raxohe. ann ce o seroa apnjepe pasnnxyjy no
rose mro nsncxyjy sennnncxy nnrepnennnjy. a ne xonrpony xopncnnxa.
Xnpypmxn seron yxynyjy nacexrosnjy sa symxapne. re ryanny nnra-
nnjy nnn oxnysnjy sa ene (n. Drake et al. 1999, Cates and Raymond 2004,
F. Stewart 2004, G. Stewart 2004).
Hexn ayropn oajy "nxejnnopanne" seroe soycy onepannje. rj. o-
ronapajyhe nonamane cnpas nonnor nnna xerepocexcyannnx naprnepa. V
nnx yxynyjy jenocranny ancrnnennnjy. rj. yspanane o nonnor nnna.
coitus interrupris nsnnanene nennca ns narnne nenocpeno npe ejaxynann-
je. "pnras" nnn sero xanenapa nenpncrynane nonnos nnny roxos
npernocranenor nnonor nepnoa o xora ce onasn pojanes ana sen-
crypannor nnxnyca. xao n "npnpone seroe peyrnncana nnonocrn". Ono

1
anac ce nponsnoe. nnane. n y "symxoj" n y "encxoj" napnjanrn.
CHPEABAPE 3AETA...

Emuooumpono.ouku npoo.e+u u.c. eo. 3. cc.2 (2008)
13
nocnene onocn ce na yonanane sencrpyannnx opasana y nesn ca ona-
annsa nposene resneparype rena n/nnn crana narnnannor cexpera. a
n ce nponennnn eprnnnn nepnon y xojnsa he ce ancrnnnparn nnn xo-
pncrnrn xonosn (Russell and Thompson 2000, Kowal 2004a. b). 3anesapn-
so nn ro. a je nponesarnnan repsnn "npnponn" y onoj nocnenoj xare-
ropnjn. c osnpos na ro a nsnnnnnpa a cy ocrann xonrpanenrnnnn sero-
n "nenpnponn". a ro cy xareropnje xoje ce sehycono ncxynyjy. sopa
ce pehn a je n caso opehene one xareropnje xao "nxejnnopanne" npo-
nesarnnno. nomro cnn onnnn cnpenanana saneha yxynyjy nexy npcry
nxejnnopanne crparernje. onocno nsnecno nnannpane nonamana o
crpane ocoa xoje nx npnsenyjy.
Hoena xonrpanenrnnnnx seroa na "rpannnonanne" n "canpesene",
yxynyje y npnnnnny. cne o caa napojane rexnnxe cnpenanana saneha. Ta-
xo n "rpannnonannn" seron yxynnnann n ancrnnennnjy n xonryc-nnrep-
pynrnc n "pnras" sero. a nope rora. na npnsep. nenenerparnnnn cexc (rj.
ono mro ce nasnna nernnros) jom. re npne pasnnnnra xepanna. rj. nna
xonrpanenrnnna cpecrna n najpasnonpcnnja. pennso sexannnxa cpecrna.
cnnnna onnsa xoja cy nasnana seronsa apnjepe. a xoja cy nna nosnara y
rorono cnaxoj rpannnonannoj nperexnonomxoj xynrypn (n. Trussell and
Kowal 2004). Ona npcra noene cpecrana sa cnpenanane saneha. nope rex
penarnnne reopnjcxe npenocrn. sanpano. cnyn saronopnnnnsa nornyne
neenxacnocrn rsn. rpannnonannnx cpecrana. xojn npeepnpajy repsnn
"npecxpnnrnnna" ysecro "canpesena" cpecrna. Taj repsnn onocn ce na
cne canpesene xonrpanenrnnne seroe xojn cy ocrynnn xnnnnnxn nnn npe-
xo nncrnrynnja xoje ce ane nnannpanes noponne (Ravindran et al. 1997).
Hoena xonrpanenrnnnnx cpecrana. xoja ronopn o rose na xojn nannn
je nocranena xonrpona rnx cpecrana. pasnnxyje ona nnja ynorpea sann-
cn o xopncnnxa n cpecrna nnja ynorpea je opehena nannnos nponsno-
ne n y ros csncny ce ncrpnynpa. najnemhe nexapcxos npenopyxos
n/nnn nnrepnennnjos. ox y "xopncnnnxy" xareropnjy cnaa nehnna cpe-
crana osnanennx xao "rpannnonanna" nnn "nxejnnopanna", xao n seron
apnjepe n opanne xonrpanenrnnne nnnyne. "nponsnohanxo-ncrpnyrnn-
na" xareropnja oyxnara nnjexrannna. nsnnanrannna n nnrpa-yrepnncxa
cpecrna. re crepnnnsannjy. Hsysnsajyhn opanne xonrpanenrnnne nnnyne.
nehnna nonnx rexnonnrja y onoj onacrn ren xa "nponsnohanxo-ncrpn-
ynrnnoj" xareropnjn. Hajnonnja ncrpannana ycsepena cy xa soryhnocrn
crnapana nnjexrannnor nsynonomxor xonrpanenrnna sa ene. nnn anrn-
eprnnne naxnnne. Hocrojn nnrepec sa crnapane symxor xopsonannor
xonrpanenrnna. ann rpenyrno n neosa cnaa ncrpannanxa axrnnnocr na
ros nnany (n. Russell and Thompson 2000).
Cna nosenyra opehena npecranajy xonrpanennnjy xao "nnnennny",
nnn xao "crnap". a xareropncana cy npesa enncresonomxns cyonnsa o
FOJAH +HKHT

Emuooumpono.ouku npoo.e+u u.c. eo. 3. cc.2 (2008)
14
rose xaxo ra cpecrna enyjy. enenryanno npesa nnxonns nopexnnsa n
ncropnjn xopnmhena. re npesa rose. xo xonrponnme nannn na xojn ce xo-
pncre. Haxo je onnrneno nano pasysern n cxnarnrn ynxnnonncane
onnx rexnonornja na nnnennnnos nnnoy. axne y ros cssncny xo. xaxo.
xaa n re nx xopncrn y npaxcn. rpea nsarn y nny. raxohe. a je xonrpa-
nennnja ncronpeseno connoxynrypnn xoncrpyxr. nnn connoxynrypna xon-
nennnja. ann n nsnnxa nnnennna. rj. nemro mro na nsnecran nannn npo-
nsnasn ns name nonsnnxe arocrn. To snann a xonrpanennnja saxrena
ycxo nocpeonane. re je ro nocpeonane. xaxo je nsnero. soryhe npa-
rnrn na nnnnnyannos nnnoy. na nnnoy xerepocexcyannor napa. re na
nnnoy nnxonor nenocpenor connoxynrypnor oxpyena.
Konrpanenrnnna cpecrna enyjy y rennsa. ann y csncny rora a cy no-
cpeonana nnranns nnsos onoca. nncrnrynnja. snana n neponana. enyjy
n na rena. rj. na nnnnocrn. Hapanno. pasnnnnre xynrype na pasnnnnre na-
nnne cxnarajy nnnnocrn n ycxo nsnnxo reno. ns nera cnen a he. na
npnsep. pasnnnnre xynrype oxpapnnarn nnn osoryhanarn nexe nnone
cnpenanana saneha. a nexe pyre nrnopncarn. a he nexe xynrype y norny-
nocrn nernparn norpey sa xopnmhenes onnx cpecrana ns pennrnjcxnx.
connjannnx nnn nno xojnx pyrnx pasnora re a he ce nojennnn ono-
cnrn npesa cnesy rose nornyno nnocnnxparnnxn y cnns rns xynrypasa.
y xpajnes cnynajy.
Konrpanennnja axne ynxnnonnme n xao nonomxa n xao connoxynryp-
na nojana. a anrpononornja soe a je nparn xao nnran oncer nonamana ne-
pasnojnor o penpoyxrnnnor spana. npecrana o rose n npaxce. Ono.
raxohe. soe a ce npoynana na pasnnnnrns nnnonsa: o apsaneyrcxnx
xosnannja xoje pasnnjajy n npoyxyjy none xonrpanenrnnne rexnonornje.
npexo rnopana n nnanepa crparernja n nonnrnxe xojn one nponsnoe nnxop-
nopnpajy y cnoje npojexre. re ncrpnyrepa xojn "xnnjenrnsa" nye ycnyre
na noxannos nnnoy. o snnnona yn mnpos cnera xojn xopncre cpecrna
npornn saneha. Vnrnsarnnnn nn anrpononomxor ncrpannanxor paa na
onoj nponesarnnn no n yonanane. onncnnane n pasysenane pasnnnnrnx
nncrnrynnonannnx n nannncrnrynnonannnx "cnojena" onnx nnnoa. xpos xoje
xonrpanenrnnne crparernje n npaxce ynxnnonnmy y pasnnnnrns conno-
xynrypnns xonrexcrnsa. Ha raj nannn sorna n a ce onje jacnnja nep-
cnexrnna n o sornnnsa n nocrynnnsa xojn yrnny na ynxnnonncane xon-
rpanennnje xao connoxyxrypne nnnennne na xopncnnnxns nnnonsa.
Hosenyrn nnnon na xojnsa ce nparn ynxnnonncane xonrpanennnje ne
xoersncrnpajy y xapsonnjn. napanno. Ha pasnnnnrns nnnonsa nojanyjy
ce pasnnnnrn nnrepecn n npenocrn. xojn ny. yonmreno. o ee sa npo-
nros o norpea yn mnpos cnera a xopncre cnrypna n eexrnnna
xonrpanenrnnna cpecrna xojn he ns osoryhnrn a xonrponnmy cnoj ep-
rnnnrer. Tpea nsarn y nny ro. napanno. a enenryanna nponrannnocr
CHPEABAPE 3AETA...

Emuooumpono.ouku npoo.e+u u.c. eo. 3. cc.2 (2008)
15
npecrana. necro. ocnonny cnny. ann nexa n orpannnanajyhn axrop. y
pasnnjany n sapxernnry nonnx xonrpanenrnnnnx rexnonornja o crpane
apsaneyrcxnx xosnannja. Hexaa je remxo onojnrn nnrepece n npeno-
crn pasnnnnrnx nnnoa. a necrn cy n xonnnxrn nnrepeca y oxnnpy opehe-
nor nnnoa. sa mra cy npnsep xosnerarnnnn nnrepecn no nnrany nonyna-
nnone xonrpone n xonrpone pahana y arenasa nncrnrynnja n oprannsa-
nnja xoje ce ane sehynaponns spancrnenns pasnojes
2
.
Honynannona xonrpona. oocno rena a ce orpannnn npnpamraj cra-
nonnnmrna jene sese. na npnsep. npe cnera ns exonoscxnx pasnora. nsa
xopene y sanrysnjancxns pnrasa o pyre nononnne npomnor nexa na
onaso y nesn nanone nonynannone xpnse. rj. crpaxa a he cranonnnmrno
nnanere ycxopo yrposnrn nene npnpone pecypce n concrneno exonoscxo
narocrane. a xapnxnpas. saa nnnno sncnns a ro jecre jean yrao nn-
hena ncrnne. pan ce o crpaxy cnnnonnxnx rpaonanennnxa ns ''Anana
dopa''
3
o rora a n nnxon ronmnn npnxo sorao a onane ca snnn-
on n no na snnnon nernpncro eneecr ener xnaa enercro onapa.
sor rora mro n cyancxa ena. pennso. xrena a jey cnaxor ana. V cna-
xos cnynajy. pamnpeno je snmene a cnnnnn nornen na cnercxy nony-
nannony nnasnxy nsajy nese. npe. ca pacncrnnxns n nonnrnnxn xonsep-
narnnnns crpaxonnsa sa crannnocr cnercxor exonoscxor n nonnrnnxor
noperxa. yonmre. nero ca nponesnsa exonornje n pecypca. xoje n exc-
nansnja cnercxe nonynannje. nanono. sorna a nsasone (n. Hodgson and
Cotts Watkins 1997, Robinson 1997, Connelly 2003).
npexrnnja xpnrnxa neonornje nonynannone xonrpone. nnn je xao nncr
pacnsas n nerarnnnn ennrnsas nnn connjannn apnnnnsas. onocno xao na-
cnennxa enernaecronexonnnx n nanncrnnxnx eyrennnxnx reopnja y cnaxos
norney neonomxos. oprannsannonos n nnnnos (Hartmann 1995, Aber-
nethy 2002, Neumayer 2006). V nceyonaynnos csncny. ocnony onaxnnx cra-
nona npecrana rsn. saxon cranonnnmrna enrnecxor exonosncre c xpaja
ocasnaecror n nonerxa enernaecror nexa Tosaca Manryca. xojn je y eny
"Ecej o npnnnnnnsa cranonnnmrna" (1798)
4
rnpno a cy yn ocyhenn na

2
Oncer rora xpehe ce o nnrana xo he ce annrn aros nponesarnxos y o-
pehenoj cpennn. o rora uo ko/u uovuu n opehena nonnrnxa sorna nrn cnpone-
ena. a najpehn cy cnynajenn cynporcranennx nepcnexrnna no nnrany rora umo
rpea panrn. saa nx nsa. n. nnp. World Health Organization 2000, Pati and Cul-
lins 2000, Stewart and Carignan 2004.
3
Ko ne sna o nesy ronopns. nnje nonono 1ecm onume uuqop+ucouocmu. na
sy je ysanyno n nnrane onor rexcra.
4
3annsnno je a je Manryc raj rpaxrar npnonrno ojanno anonnsno (y opn-
rnnany An Essay on the Principle of Population as It Affects the Future Improvement
of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Ot-
her Writers London: J. Johnson). a a ce nojanno no neronns nsenos 1803.
FOJAH +HKHT

Emuooumpono.ouku npoo.e+u u.c. eo. 3. cc.2 (2008)
16
ey n cnposamrno yxonnxo ce ne npeyssy sepe sa orpannnene nopacra cra-
nonnnmrna. nomro cranonnnmrno pacre reoserpnjcxos nporpecnjos. nano-
no. a nnorna cpecrna apnrsernnxos. na yxonnxo saxay npnpone neahe
n paronn. sopaso ce oparnrn sepasa pymrnene npnnye n xonrpone!
Peneno je a cy na npxy nnnoa connjanne oprannsannje xonrpanennnje
synrnnannonanne apsaneyrcxe xosnannje ca nsyserno nennxns ynara-
nnsa. ann n norennnjanno jom nehns nponrnsa. y pasnojy nonnx xonrpa-
nenrnna. Te xosnannje recno capahyjy ca sehynaponns nnannns n ne-
nnannns oprannsannjasa. najnemhe. mro n osoryhana nennxa nonnana
ynarana y ncrpannane nonnx xonrpanenrnnnnx rexnonornja. Cneehn
nnno soe a ce onnme xao ynore xoje y opehenns panasa nsajy nn-
xone nnae n nonnrnxe rnx nnaa. y csncny nenocpennx nocnenna no
pasnoj n npnseny xonrpanenrnna n crparernja y norney penpoyxrnnnor
spana (ynop. Bongaarts and Bruce 1995, Gage 1998). osenn nonnrnxa
xojn ce onoce na eprnnnrer n penpoyxnnjy sory a yy nspasnro npo-
naranncrnnxn. neyrpannnn n anrnnaranncrnnxn. onocno sory a oxpa-
pyjy nnn a ne oxpapyjy pojnann pacr cranonnnmrna jene sese. nnn
a ce yonmre ne ane npnponns npnpamrajes xao crparemxns nnnno-
nes. nnn nnnnones o snanaja sa nonnrnxy re sese.
V npaxcn. emana ce necro a je nonnrnxa nnae nexe sese. no nnrany
eprnnnrera n penpoyxnnje. nponaranncrnnxa sa jean eo nenor cranon-
nnmrna. a anrnnaranncrnnxa sa pyrn. To je y nnmoj Poesnjn anamnes
3nsaney. na npnsep. no cnynaj ca enos n npnos nonynannjos. a y
Hspaeny xpajes naeceror nexa. ca jenpejcxns n nanecrnncxns cranonnn-
mrnos (n. Kaler 2000, 2003, Kanaaneh 2000)
5
. Oarne. ne rpea a nyn ro.
mro cy nopehene rpyne y pymrnnsa y xojnsa cy raxnn connoernnnxn nnn
connopennrnjcxn onocn nocrojann. onexnnane nnnnnjarnne napehennx sa
nposonnjy nnannpana noponne. necro. cysnajyhn a ce ncno rora xpnjy
renonnne nasepe. Lro je najrope. y nexns cnynajennsa xao na npnsep
xasouancxnx nsernnna y Tajnany roxos rpahancxor para y Kasoun. ra-
a Kasnyhnjn. ceasecernx ronna npomnor nexa raxne cysne nncy n-
ne cacnns es ocnona (ynop. Russell and Thompson 2000).
Hnno xojn npexrno nponsnasn ns nnnoa na xose onepnmy panne nna-
e. nncrnrynnje sayene sa ocneno cnponohene nnannnx nnanona n no-
nnrnxe no nnrany eprnnnrera n penpoyxnnje y npaxcn. sajeno ca cncre-
snsa spancrnene n connjanne samrnre xpos xoje ona oneparnna enyje. naj-
nemhe. a mro npecrana. sanpano. nnno npaxrnnne peannsannje reopercxnx
crparernja no onns nnrannsa y cnaxos pymrny. V snorns canpesenns
pymrnnsa. cepnncn sa nnannpane noponne nye ce rpahannsa y nexoj np-

5
Hpernocranas a je jacno na xora ce onocn npo-. a na xora anrn- y onns
cnynajennsa; xose nnje. nexa nnn ycnory 4.
CHPEABAPE 3AETA...

Emuooumpono.ouku npoo.e+u u.c. eo. 3. cc.2 (2008)
17
crn sennnncxe apene. onocno y penarnnnos necarnacjy n xosnerarnnno-
crn. npno. nssehy janne n npnnarne nexapcxe npaxce. a sarns nssehy span-
crna yonmre n connjannnx cnyn n nporpasa. Onaxna cnryannja soe a
ce nonee no nasnn "senxannsannja". nnse ce osnanana nosepane sen-
nnncxor nnrepeca n excneprnse y onacrn nnora xojn cy. y aroj cpennn.
pannje nnn nan sennnncxor osena (Blake 1998, de Bessa 2006).
Hpones ca "senxannsannjos" yonen je n onncan xao jean o "onoca
sohn". rj. xao onoc nssehy ne xareropnje yn. y xojes je jena osn-
nanrna na pyros n ro xopncrn y cnoje cnpxe. Kaa je y nnrany xonrpa-
nennnja. xonxperno. onocno nnannpane noponne. raxnn onocn. sann-
ecrnn n narenrnn. nocroje nssehy nponsnohana/ncrpnyrepa n xopncnn-
xa xonrpanenrnna. onocno canera o nnannpany noponne. osnnanrna je
nepcnexrnna nponsnohana/ncrpnyrepa. napanno. rannnje ro je ono o ne-
sy ce non panyna npn nspan crparernja nonnrnxa xoje ce rnny eprnnn-
rera n penpoyxnnje (Blanc and Ann A. Way 1998). Ha nnany "senxannsa-
nnje". rn onocn sohn ncnoanajy ce. najnemhe. xao cymrnncxo nepasyse-
nane ne sannrepeconane crpane. soa n sor rora mro ns ce nnrepecn
perxo noxnanajy. Kao mro je neh peneno. xopncnnnxn nnrepecn jecy span-
crnena cnrypnocr n enxacnocr xonrpanenrnna. ox cy sennnncxn. npo-
nsnohanxo-ncrpnyrepcxn n nnrepecn nnaa exonoscxn opnjenrncann.
yrnannos. ca nnxonnx nocennx acnexara. pasyse ce (de Bessa 2006).
V casoj npaxcn. pan ce o ncxpenannnjn nssehy sennnncxor n conn-
jannor xonrexcra. najnemhe. rj. o pasnnnn y nepcnexrnnasa ns xojnx ce
rnea na npenncnnane n ncrpnynpane cpecrana sa cnpenanane saneha
ca jene crpane. n nnxonor xopnmhena. ca pyre. Kaxo cy noxasana ncrpa-
nnana. na npnsep. y Vsexncrany. Henany. nnn nanecrnncxos eny
Hspaena. ann n casns Cjennenns Asepnnxns panasa. soh xojy e-
soncrpnpajy xoncynranrn noponnnor nnannpana n nexapn. ornea ce y
pyrnncxns. nonpmnns n axanns npernensa. ornopenos nocsenany
"nesnany" xnnjenara. crannos nocehany xnnjenara na crarycne pasnnxe
nssehy nnx n crpynnaxa
6
. Vs nornyny neynyhenocr y exonoscxy nnn xyn-
rypny crnapnocr cnojnx xnnjenara. nexapn nnn canernnnn nnannpana no-
ponne necro n nnnoamranajy re xonrexcre. a xaxo ncrpannana noxasy-
jy. ro yspoxyje ne nnme caso nnnnnyannn. neh n xonexrnnnn ornop no-
rohennx rpyna npesa nonnrnnn eprnnnrera n penpoyxnnje n npesa op-
rannsonanoj spancrnenoj samrnrn yonmre (n. Barrett and Cynthia Buckley
2007, Chapagain 2005, Kanaaneh 2002, Baill et al. 2003).
Hsnomene onnx noaraxa nnje nrno. ocns xao xpnrnxa pyrnx npoe-
cnja na ocnony pesynrara anrpononomxor repencxor paa. Konrpanenrnnn

6
Tpea nsarn na ysy a ce pan o cranonnnmrny nner connjannor craryca,
nesnarne exonoscxe sohn n cnanjer opasonana.
FOJAH +HKHT

Emuooumpono.ouku npoo.e+u u.c. eo. 3. cc.2 (2008)
18
cy nasenenn xopnmheny y peannos. cnaxonennos nnory n ro xopnmhe-
ne sanpe yoxo y nnnne onoce xerepocexcyannnx napona xojn onynyjy
o ynorpen xonrpanenrnna n/nnn o pojnocrn cnoje noponne. nororono
xaa cy y nnrany rsn. sese y pasnojy. To snann. a n ce pasysenn crano-
nn xoje yn saysnsajy nonoos rora y raxnns cpennasa. neonxono je
nsarn penenanrna casnana o connoxynrypnos xonrexcry y xojes nne.
"Cnooa nsopa". rj. nponarnpane rora a noponna ne sopa a ye
pojna xaxo ro na npnsep nanay rpannnonannn pymrnenn n xynrypnn
onocn. necro nornyno nposamyje noenry: yn je onnanajy xao naser-
nyry. a nnanepn oronapajyhe nonnrnxe ne snajy sor nera je ro raxo. Jena
npcra pasnora rose jecre ro. mro ce saopana a ra cnooa nsopa snann n
oronopajyhe opasonane. oronapajyhn nnno pymrnennx onoca n. mro je
neosa nano. xynrypny npnsennnocr case neje n seroa xojnsa ce
ocrnapyje. Onn pasnosn nponsnase ns one nannje rpyne pasnora. y cymrn-
nn. onocno ns nponesarnxe nnnnnx onoca norennnjannnx xopncnnxa
xonrpanenrnna. Fnno a ce pan o ocnonnos nnnnos nnnoy onoca nexor
xerepoexcyannor napa. nnn o rose xaxo raj onoc "nponncyje" nnxon neno-
cpenn connoxynrypnn xonrexcr. y nnrany je ynex pona onosnnnja sy-
mxo/encxo y aroj sajennnn. Hpoynanane xonrpanennnje y csncny o-
noca npesa noj. nocrojana rpannnonannnx seroa. rora xo onocn onyxe
o xopnmheny n xojnx cpecrana n rose cnnnno. y crnapn. jecre npoynanane
rora xaxo y cnaxonennos nnory ynxnnonnme ra connoxynrypna nsen-
snja nonapnsannje na symxapne n ene (ynop. Rakhshani et al. 2005).
Hope nonsnnxnx nnnnnana. axne. xojn nenocsncneno "nocrana-
jy saarxe" y norney eprnnnrera n penpoyxnnje y sanncnocrn o rora
xos nony ocoa npnnaa. onocno oronapajyhe xonnenryannsannje ror
poa y aroj cpennn. a ncso onnn oronop. pennso. na nnrana sor
nera y nexns enonnsa Mexcnxa nnn y Fanrnaemy ene sopajy a xpnjy
o cnojnx syena a xopncre xonrpanenrnne nnn samro nexa sajennna
excnnnnnrno cynpyry osnoana nsnnxo nacne na cnojos cynpyros
(ann ne n na npnsep na enos). xoncexnenrno rpea a noxymaso a or-
xpnjeso xaxan snanaj xao npecrann. xonnenry. xoncrpyxry xaxo neh xo-
here nexa xynrypa npnaje nnonocrn. sanehy. penpoyxnnjn. nnrannsa
xonrponncana cnoje pojnocrn (ynop. Thompson 2000, Simmons 1996,
Caldwell and Khuda 2000). Cnaxa axnnja y npaxcn a naponnro ona sa xojy
ce rnpn n csarpa a je nasenena cnennnnnns norpeasa opehene rpy-
ne yn rpeano n a ye yreseena. npno. na nnopsannjasa o xo-
jnx ce onasn rsn. xnacnnnns repencxns paos. a ona n na oronapajyhoj
xonrexcryannoj nnrepnperannjn rnx nnopsannja.
Hnanepn nonnrnxe ynpanana penpoyxnnjos. onnno. ne opahajy na-
ny na opacne nonamana xojn ce pymrneno npenoce. na neponana. ycra-
none n orahana xojn nnne nnor cranonnnmrna nnanor raxnos nonnrn-
CHPEABAPE 3AETA...

Emuooumpono.ouku npoo.e+u u.c. eo. 3. cc.2 (2008)
19
xos. onocno na ono mro y anrpononornjn nasnnaso xynrypos. Kaa ro n
nnne. repsnn "xynrypa" nocraje nemro mro jecre cynporcraneno "panno-
nannocrn", "spanos pasysy" nnn "npoecnonannssy". V raxnns ycnonnsa.
raj repsnn nocraje nonnrnsonan. onja xonorannjy nponesa. nenera mro
yxynyje nasanocr nnn rnpornano npnpanane nenpnsepenns rpannn-
jasa. rj. nemro mro ojamnana neycnex oronapajyhe nonnrnxe penpoyx-
rnnnor ynpanana n xonrpone nyres ncrpnynnje xonrpanenrnna. na npn-
sep. pyrns pennsa. nenpnjesnnnocr opehenor nporpasa y nexoj cpennn.
nnxaa nnje pesynrar npncryna. neh xynrype xoja ra nehe. nanono n es
anannsa sor nera ro raxo jecre (n. Ravindran et al. 1997, Thompson 2000).
Jean o najonx npnsepa neopnnocrn rese o raxnoj "npannonan-
nocrn" nnn "nasanocrn" xynrype. rj. xynrype xao npenpexe y "xonrpanen-
rnnnos onncsenanany". npecrana cnynaj ernoncxnx Jenpeja. xojn cy
snrpnpann y Hspaen roxos ocasecernx ronna npomnor nexa. Haxon
nornyne connoexonoscxe n xynrypne nposene nannna nnora xaa cy ce
jenos openn y Hspaeny. ernoncxn Jenpejn onnn cy npncryn canpese-
noj spancrnenoj samrnrn. onocno canpesenns nannnnsa oesehnnana
penpoyxrnnnor spana. npaxrnnno nsnenaa. Hncy ce. sehyrns. npnna-
ronnn nn soeny nspaencxnx cexynapnnx noponna. re ce nnsax eprn-
nnrer csarpa enos opacna canpesenor ypanor nannna nnora. nnrn cy
ocrann na nnme pennrnjcxoj rpannnjn nornynor ocycrna xonrpone cnor
eprnnnrera. Pnxon nsop nnao je nexopnmhene cpecrana sa cnpenana-
ne saneha. necro. ann n onpeennane sa ne ncynnme pojnns noponna-
sa. raxohe (Phillips Davids 2000).
Honamane ernoncxnx Jenpeja. pasyse ce. nnje nno npannonanno. neh je
nno ycnoneno nnxonns xynrypnns onocos npesa eprnnnrery. penpo-
yxnnjn n xonrpanennnjn. Pnxona crparernja nnannpana noponne nna je
raxna. a cy xonrpanenrnnn xopnmhenn ne sa nornyno orpannnanane ep-
rnnnrera n penpoyxnnje. neh sa cnannonnpane ene. onocno sa npanene
noennx npesencxnx passaxa sehy nnsa. Hn xojn cy enenn a nocrnr-
ny n npesa esorpacxoj crarncrnnn n ycnenn y rose no je saxcnsn-
snpane nnornor eprnnnrera. sanpano: onrnsannns npesencxns passa-
xos nssehy ene csarpann cy rpn ronne. mro ns je osoryhanano n ae
nernopo o mecropo ene. y sanncnocrn o nnnnnyannnx oa crynana y
pax. Kao narenrnn nn. noxasano ce a je y nnrany oesehnnane norny-
nor spana rpynnne/nopone n nonopohennan. sa mra cy y nornynocrn
nnn sornnncann rpannnonannns npecranasa o spany n onecrn. o
rsn. spanoj xpnn n rose cnnnno. Ha raj nannn cy ocrann nepnn opehenns
npenocrnsa cnoje rpannnonanne xynrype. ann n ycnojnnn nexe npenocrn
pymrna y xoje cy ce nnxopnopnpann. mro ns je osoryhnno. nssehy ocra-
nor. a sape cnoj ncrnnxrnnnn xynrypnn nenrnrer ernoncxnx Jenpeja y
Hspaeny (n. Phillips Davids 2000, Vail 2004).
FOJAH +HKHT

Emuooumpono.ouku npoo.e+u u.c. eo. 3. cc.2 (2008)
20
Konrpanenrnnn. onocno cpecrna npornn saneha. ne ynxnnonnmy ca-
so xao perynaropn eprnnnrera. axne. neh n xao cnsonn nnn seraope
pyrnx nrnnx xonnenara opehene xynyrpe. a mro snann n xao enesenrn
xoncrpyxnnje nenrnrera. Cxnarane onora osoryhana nnxonns nponsno-
hannsa n ncrpnyrepnsa. sajeno ca nonnrnnxns nnanepnsa. a peannsy-
jy norennnjan xonrpanenrnna y csncny mro neher yrnnaja na esorpacxe
rpenone y nexos pymrny nnn xynrypn. Taxo. y canpesenns xynrypasa
3anaa. na npnsep. re onnrneno ne nocrojn ncxpenannnja nn nssehy
npncryna nonnrnnn ynpanana penpoyxrnnnns nponecnsa n xynrype. a
casns rns nn ronnxn necxna nssehy nnrepeca pasnnnnrx connjannnx nn-
noa na xojnsa ce onnja cne ro. nocrojn nexa npcra connoxynrypnor xon-
censyca cnnx rnx nnnoa ynpano o cnsonnnxoj aconnjannjn nonnx xonrpa-
nenrnnnnx rexnonornja ca nporpecos. pasnojes n soepnomhy (n. Bonga-
arts and Bruce 1995, Russell and Thompson 2000, Free and Ogden 2005).
Vcnocranane raxne snanencxe nese nssehy xonrpanenrnna n nporpeca
n canpesenocrn. ycneno je a ynnnn xonrpanenrnne jenns o enesenara
cnsonnxe soepnor pymrna. xose ce ren ns pasnojne rpahancxo-eso-
xparcxe nepcnexrnne sesaa y pasnojy. nno a ce pan o sesasa nnmer
Conjercxor Canesa. onocno Bapmancxor naxra. nnn o nanenponcxns se-
sasa y xojnsa ce opsnpa cpenn rpahancxn cnoj. xojn noxymana a
ycranonn oronapajyhe opacne sanane xynrype sa cnoje connoxynrypne
nopse n npenocrn onaxo xaxo nx nne. pasyse ce. Taxo ce noneno y je-
nos Vsexncrany. na npnsep. ca onnananes xonrpanenrnna xao cpe-
crana xoja ne cnye caso perynncany nnnnnyannor eprnnnrera. Vs no-
nesnnane oronapajyhe panne nonnrnxe. yonmre. ca nposonnjos xopn-
mhena cpecrana npornn saneha xao ynomena nonnx nnnnnnsannjcxnx
npenocrn y nnore pane n nennx rpahana onnro je a ce nsjenanana-
jy nojsonn ''nnnnnnsannjcxn'' n ''sanann'' noneno je a ce opsnpa janno
snene o rose a perynncanes concrnenor eprnnnrera. rpahann onpn-
noce nonsany yrnea cnoje pane y cnery n nenos crynany y pe canpe-
sennx nannja! To je najnaxme ynnnnrn ynorpeos xonrpanenrnna. pasyse
ce (n. Barbieri et al. 1996, Krengel and Katarina Greifeld 2000).
Ca pyre crpane. y Iannnejn. eny Hspaena ca nanecrnncxns cranonnn-
mrnos npereno. nocrojane nnn nenocrojane rene a ce penpoyxnnja
xonrponnme. nocrano je sepnno nporpeca n canpesenocrn. caso no cen. y
pyroj nononnnn eneecernx ronna npomnor nexa. es narpnorcxnx npe-
rensnja. Hanecrnnnn xojn cy csarpann a nopanajy re xonnenre n onn
xojn cy cee csarpann nocnonnsa rpannnonannnx npenocrn (ncnas-
cxnx. npe cnera). ycnocrannnn cy onoc sehycone enanyannje ynpano na
ocnony nnnnyannnx opehena npesa xonrponn penpoyxnnje. Ono mro
cy jenn csarpann norpemnns xonnennnjasa. neonycrnnns. nax narono-
mxns nonamanes. pyrn cy csarpann ynasenrannns nnornns npe-
CHPEABAPE 3AETA...

Emuooumpono.ouku npoo.e+u u.c. eo. 3. cc.2 (2008)
21
nocrnsa. Cnryannja xoja je osoryhnna ono. nno je mnpene spee janne
spancrnene samrnre na repnropnjasa no nanecrnncxos casoynpanos.
Konrpanenrnnn cy nocrann mnpoxo ocrynnn n ys nocrojane nnnnnyan-
nnx connoxynrypnnx. nonnrnnxo-exonoscxnx n cnnnnnx npeepennn. nn-
rane "cnooe nsopa" axryennsonano je y npaxcn. y ocnonnos csncny
cnor snanena. V sajennnasa nonyr nanecrnncxe. xoje cy noeene y cna-
xonennos nnory n ae nssehy nocnona rsn. rpannnonannnx n rsn. ca-
npesennx connoxynrypnnx nopsn n npenocrn. nnrane onaxnor nsopa je-
cre ynex nexa npcra sana ca ne omrpnne (n. Kanaaneh 2000, 2002).
Taxan nsop nocraje n sannecrannja nnnnnyannor nenrnra n no-
pe rora. xaxo je neh peneno. sepnno enanyannje ocrannx nnanona sajenn-
ne. a ro nnje orpannneno caso na rannnejcxe Hanecrnnne. Pasnor rose je-
cre ro. mro ce na raj nannn oronopnocr sa enenryanno xonrponncane pe-
npoyxnnje n ynpanane nose cnymra na nojennannn nnno. rj. na nnno
crnapnnx yn y nnxonns cnaxonennns nnornsa. xojn cy onrepehenn
xosnnexcnns connoxynrypnns onocnsa n nnxonns nopsasa n cnsonn-
xos nnane. Ha raj nannn nnnnnyannn nenrnrern nocrajy casoopehene
cnpas sepnna n npenocrn xoje sajennna csarpa nsyserno nanns: so-
panno oopanane nnn canxnnonncane ynorpee xonrpanenrnna sanncnhe
o rora xojoj o nosenyrnx crpyja ocoe npnnaajy. Mehyrns. xaxo so-
panne nopse nnxaa ne ocrajy neje nepeannsonane y npaxcn. o oronopa
na nnrane cnooe nsopa sanncnhe secro xoje he opehena ocoa nnn nap
saysern y roj sajennnn. onocno sanncnhe ro. xaxo he ce opasnrn onocn
xoje nponsnase ns nene pymrnene crpyxrype na nnxone cnaxonenne n-
nore (ynop. Hogan and Biratu 2004).
a cysnpas: xonrpanenrnnn jecy najnannjn n najpacnpocrpanennjn na-
nnn noxymaja xonrponncana n ynpanana eprnnnreros n nponecnsa xy-
sane penpoyxnnje. Onn jecy nnme o rexnonornje nnn nonamana no cen.
xao mro je ro cnynaj ca cnns xynrypnns apreaxrnsa. sanpano. Konrpanen-
rnnn xao nojana n nnn xonnenr. ynxnnonnmy xao npecrane n nspasn xyn-
rypa. sopannocrn n esonnja. Axo ysseso ro a y anamne npese npecra-
najy cnson soepnocrn. na npnsep. nnn ynrnsarnnno npenocrn sanane
xynrype xojnsa ce ren. nnehaso a xao raxnn nnajy rpernpann na pasnn-
nnre nannne: nere ce oepynxe npnxnarajy. nere ns ce ecroxo onnpe. ne-
re ce xopncre na nannn n y csncny xojn nsnenahyje nnxone onnnjenne sa-
nane saronopnnxe n nposorepe. ann rorono nnre ne nocrojn neyrpanan o-
noc npesa nnsa yxonnxo nsaso cpenny y xojoj nocrojn jacno ennnca-
na panna nonnrnxa no nnrannsa eprnnnrera n penpoynnje. pasyse ce.
V ros csnny. rj. na ocnony onoca npesa ynpanany penpoyxnnjos n xo-
pnmheny cpecrana sa cnpenanane saneha. soe a ce xae a y opehenns
cpennasa. cnnnno pyrns xynrypnns cnsonnsa. xonrpanenrnnn nocrajy
eo onora mra yn jecy. eo nnxonnx nenrnrera n onoca.
FOJAH +HKHT

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22
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FOJAH +HKHT

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Boj an Zi ki c

Cont racept i on: From f ert i l i t y cont rol t o i dent i t y const ruct i on

Paper features basic classification of contraceptives according to their use, modus
operandi, and distribution. Role of contraceptives in reproduction policies is discus-
sed, alongside with using them as tools of identity construction in particular social
and cultural contexts.

Key words: contraception, reproduction policies, social and cultural context


Boj an Zi ki c

Prveni r l a concept i on: du cont rol e de l a fert i l i t
l a const ruct i on de l i dent i t

Le prsent travail propose une classification de base des moyens contraceptifs en
fonction de leurs utilisateurs, les modes de leur fonctionnement et distribution. Sont
tudis, par ailleurs, la place que les moyens contraceptifs occupent dans la politique
ddie la planification et gestion de la reproduction humaine, ainsi que le rle quils
assument dans la construction des identits, individuelles et de groupe, dans un
contexte socioculturel donn.

Mots-cls: contraception, politique de la population, anthropologie, contexte social
et culturel, identit culturelle