Analog Digital Modulations

Signals, Fourier Series, Fourier Transform

September 2011 Prepared by Assoc Prof. Thuong Le-Tien

Slides with references from HUT Finland, La Hore uni., Mc. Graw Hill Co., and A.B. Carlsons Communication Systems book
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Review of Signals and Spectra

A generic sinusoidal signal

v(t ) A cos(0t );

0 2f 0

Phasor representation Frequency domain representation

Amplitude

Rotating phasors Frequency plots

A
f0

f0

w 0t +

Phase

Amplitude Phase

f0

f
2

Two sided spectra can be seen from This represents two rotating phasors Amplitude and phase spectrum (two sided)

Periodic Signals

A signal x p( t ) is periodic if there exists T such that x p( t ) = x p(t + T) Smallest such T is called fundamental period T0 Any integer multiple of T0 is also a period

T0
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Average signal and Power

Average signal

For periodic signals Average power

Fourier Series Representation

Projection of periodic signals onto basis functions

Periodic signal is a weighted sum of these basis functions

Exponentials are used as basis functions for writing Fourier series Any periodic signal can be expressed as a sum of infinite number of exponentials (or sinusoids for real signals)
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Fourier Series

DC component:

f0=

1 T0

(fundamental frequency)

Line spectra at frequencies that are integer multiple of fundamental frequency

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Fourier series example:

Fourier Series: Example

Fourier Transform

Back to the Fourier series:

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Three major properties of V(f)

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Rectangular pulse spectrum V() = A sinc Figure 2.2-2

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Signal transmission through linear systems

Input Linear system Output

Deterministic signals: Random signals: Ideal distortion less transmission: All the frequency components of the signal not only arrive with an identical time delay, but also are amplified or attenuated equally.

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Ideal filters:

Low-pass

Non-causal!

Band-pass

High-pass

Realizable filters: RC filters

Butterworth filter

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Bandwidth of signal

Baseband versus bandpass:

Baseband signal Local oscillator Bandpass signal

Bandwidth dilemma:

Bandlimited signals are not realizable! Realizable signals have infinite bandwidth!
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Bandwidth of signal

Different definition of bandwidth:

a) Fractional power containment bandwidth b) Bounded power spectral density c) Absolute bandwidth

a) Half-power bandwidth b) Noise equivalent bandwidth c) Null-to-null bandwidth

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)50dB

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