(EE 325)

Signal and System review

By
Dr. Eng. Omar Abdel-Gaber M. Aly
omar.aly@aun.edu.eg
Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
College of Engineering - Assiut University
Signal Classification
 Signals in engineering systems are
typically described with five different
mathematical classifications:
 1. Deterministic or Random,
 2. Energy or Power,
 3. Periodic or Aperiodic,
 4. Complex or Real,
 5. Continuous Time or Discrete Time.

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 2

Energy versus Power Signals
 The energy, Ex, of a signal x(t) is:

 x(t) is called an energy signal when Ex < ∞.

 Energy signals are normally associated with
pulsed or finite duration waveforms.
 Signal is called a power signal if it does not have
finite energy.

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 3

Example:
This speech signal is an obvious
energy signal due to it’s finite
time duration.
 A pulse is an energy signal:

 Not all energy signals have finite duration:

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 4

Energy versus Power Signals
 The signal power, Px, is:

 Note that if Ex < ∞ then Px = 0, and

if Px > 0 then Ex = ∞.
 Example:

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 5

Periodic versus Aperiodic
 A periodic signal is one that repeats itself
in time. x(t) is a periodic signal when:

 The signal period is:

 The fundamental frequency is then
 Most periodic signals are power signals.
 An aperiodic signal is defined to be a
signal that is not periodic

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 6

Real versus Complex Signals
 Complex signals arise often in communication
systems analysis and design. The most common
example is in the representation of bandpass
signals.

 The complex conjugate operation is defined as

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 7

Some important formulas for
analyzing complex signals are

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 8

Continuous Time Signals versus
Discrete Time Signals
 A signal, x(t), is defined to be a continuous time
signal if the domain of the function defining the
signal contains intervals of the real line.
 A signal, x(t), is defined to be a discrete time
signal if the domain of the signal is a countable
subset of the real line. Often a discrete signal is
denoted xk where k is an integer and a discrete
signal often arises from (uniform) sampling of a
continuous time signal, e.g., x(k) = x(kTs).

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 9

Continuous Time Signals versus
Discrete Time Signals

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 10

Frequency Domain Characterization of
Signals
 Fourier Series: A periodic signal, x(t), with period T
can be decomposed into a weighted sum of
complex sinusoids with frequencies that are an
integer multiple of the fundamental frequency.
 If x(t) is periodic with period T then x(t) can be
represented as:

 where

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 11

Example
 The waveform shown is an analytical representation
of the transmitted signal in a simple radar or sonar
system. A signal pulse is transmitted for τ seconds
and the receiver then listens T seconds for returns
from airplanes, ships, storm fronts, or other
targets. After T seconds another pulse is
transmitted. The Fourier series for this example is

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 12

Example
 A number of things should be noted about this
example
 1.  and bandwidth of the waveform are inversely
proportional, i.e., a smaller  produces a larger
bandwidth signal,
 2.  and the signal power are directly proportional.
 3. If T/ = integer, some terms will vanish (i.e.,
sin(m) = 0),
 4. To produce a rectangular pulse requires an
infinite number of harmonics.

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 13

Example
 T = 1 ms,  = 0.1 ms
 Bandwidth = 1/ 
  = 0.1 ms
 BW = 10 KHz
 Max. Amp. Of the
Signal Fourier is /T

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 14

Fourier Transform
 If x(t) is an energy signal, then the Fourier
transform is defined as:

 The inverse Fourier transform is

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 15

Properties of the Fourier Transform
1- If x(t) is real then the Fourier transform is Hermitian
symmetric, i.e., X(f) = X∗(−f). This implies

2- Rayleigh’s Energy

3- (Convolution) The convolution of two time functions,

x(t) and h(t), is defined

The Fourier transform of y(t) is given as

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 16

Properties of the Fourier Transform
4- (Duality) If Y(f) = F {y(t)} then
y(f) = F {Y(-t)} , y(-f) = F {Y(t)}
5- Translation and Dilation If y(t) = x(at + b) then

6- Modulation: Multiplying any signal by a sinusoidal

signal results in a frequency translation of the
Fourier transforms, i.e.,

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 17

Definitions
1- The correlation function of a signal x(t) is

2- The energy spectrum of a signal x(t) is

The energy spectral density is the Fourier transform

of the correlation function, i.e., Gx(f) = F {Rx(τ)}.
The energy spectrum is a functional description of
how the energy in the signal x(t) is distributed as a
function of frequency.
The units on an energy
spectrum are Joules/Hz.
Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 18
Fourier Transform Representation
of Periodic Signals
 The Fourier transform for power signals is not rigorously
defined and yet we often want to use frequency
representations of power signals. Typically the power signals
we will be using in this text are periodic signals which have a
Fourier series representation. A Fourier series can be
represented in the frequency domain with the help of the
following result.

 In other words a complex exponential of frequency f1 can be

represented in the frequency domain with an impulse at f1.

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 19

Fourier Transform Representation
of Periodic Signals
 Consequently the Fourier transform of a periodic
signal is represented as

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 20

Utilizing Matlab
 Matlab is an excellent package for visualization and
learning in communications engineering and will be used
liberally throughout this text. Unfortunately Matlab uses
signals which are defined over a discrete time variable,
x(k).
 The simplest way to convert a continuous time signal,
x(t), into a discrete time signal, x(k) is to sample the
continuous time signal, i.e. x(k) = x(kTs).
 where Ts is the time between samples. The sample rate
is denoted fs = 1/Ts.
 The discrete time version of the signal is a faithful
representation of the continuous time signal if the
sampling rate is high enough.
Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 21
Utilizing Matlab
 For a discrete time signal x(k), the discrete time
Fourier transform (DTFT) is

 Commonly Used Functions in Matlab:

 cos - cosine function
 sin - sine function
 sinc - sinc function
 sqrt - square root function
 log10 - log base ten, this is useful for working in dB
 max - maximum of a vector
 sum - sum of the elements of a vector
Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 22
Commonly Used Functions in
Matlab:

Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 23

Home Work No. 1,
Submission deadline is 17/2/2018
 In designing a communication system, bandwidth efficiency is
often a top priority. In analog communications one way to get
bandwidth efficiency is to limit the bandwidth of the message
signal. The big engineering tradeoff is how narrow to make the
bandwidth of the message signal. If the bandwidth is made too
narrow the message will be distorted. If the bandwidth is made
to wide spectrum will be wasted.
 Use Matlabe to record your voice seeing “Bingo” and estimate
how small the bandwidth of a voice signal can be and still
enable high fidelity communications. There is no single or right
answer to the problem but engineering judgment must be
used. How would your answer be different if you were only
concerned with word recognition or if you wanted to maintain
speaker recognition as well. Please detail your reasons for your
solution
Analog Communication , Dr. Omar Aly 24