VIBRATION ANALYSIS

Definition of vibration Vibration is simply the motion of a machine/machine part moving back & forth from its position of rest.

CAUSES OF VIBRATION
The cause of vibration is a force which is changing either its direction or the amount or both. The manner in which these forces are generated determine the vibration characteristics.

NATURE OF FORCES
Unbalance
Misalignment Bent shaft Gear worn out, eccentric Bad drive belts

 Torque variations Electromagnetic forces Aerodynamic forces

Hydraulic forces
Looseness Rubbing

Resonance

CHARECTERISTICS OF VIBRATION
Displacement-------microns Velocity-------------mm/sec Acceleration---------g Frequency------------cycles/sec,Rpm Phase-------------------angle

SIGNIFICANCE OF VIBRATION CHARECTERISTICS

D,v,A----They tell about the severity of vibration. F,Ph------They tell about the nature of forces &which part is vibrating.

CHOOSING THE MEASUREMENT

Displacement It is used when the machine is subjected to. dynamic stress. Example: Mine Hoist F=50 cpm, D=1000microns pk, V=5mm/sec

 Velocity V=F(D,f) It is normally used Speed range---600 cpm to 60000 cpm

 Accelration Large forces occur at high frquency but the d &v are normal. D=25 microns,V=7.5 mm/s,A=0.5g,f=6000 D=25 microns,V=7.5 mm/s,A=50g,f=60000 A is recommended for >60000cpm

IMPORTANCE OF PHASE
Phase To compare one motion with other Example 1.Machine & foundation problem 2.Pully & belt&between belts 3.for balancing

CHARACTERISTICS OF UNBALANCE
Amplitude is largest in radial dirctions. F=1xrpm Phase Mark-----single ref mark For overhung motors amplitude is largest in axial direction.

Characteristics of Misalignment
Amplitude largest in axial direction F=1xrpm,2xrpm,3xrpm Phase--------1/2/3 reference marks

SLEEVE BEARING & SHAFT MISALIGNMENT

There will not be any vibration if there is misalgnment alone present.But there will be vibration if unbalance is present along with misalignment. If the machine is balanced vibraion will be reduced.

ANTIFICTION BEARING &SHAFT MISALIGNMENT

Even if the rotor is balanced, there will be vibration due to misalignment But the shaft will show high axial vibration.

TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MISALIGNMENT & BENT SHAFT

Take four axial readings around bearing housing at all possible planes. If the readings are same throughout then there is no problem. If there is any change, depending upon location we can differentiate between bent shaft &misalignment.

VIBRATION DUE TO ECCENTRICITY

Amplitude--------Not large Frequency---------1xrpm Phase-------------Single reference mark

VIBRATION DUE TO ANTIFRICTION BEARING

AmplitudeUnsteady ,high in radial direction. Frequency------Very high frquency(not harmonically related) Phase----------erratic

VIBRATION DUE TO SLEEVE BEARING

Amplitude--------High in radial direction Frquency--------5 to 8% less than rpm Phase------------unsteady/steady

VIBRATION DUE TO OIL WHIRL/OILWHIP

Amplitude--------high in radial direction Frq-------------------5 to 8 % less than 1/2rpm Phase------------------steady/unsteady

VIBRATION DUE TO MECHANICAL LOOSENESS

Amplitude---------high in radial direction Frq-----------------2xrpm Phase---------------2 ref marks slightly erratic Reasons---------loosning of bolts,/excessive bearing clearance,crack in structures,beraing pedastal. Looseness as such will not give vibration unless there is some exciting force such as unbalance,misalignment.

VIBRATION DUE TO ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS

Amplitude----Disappears when power is turned off. Frq------------1xrpm,1x/2x syn frq Phase-----------single/double rotating mark Causes rotor not round rotor & stator misalignment open/shorted windings

VIBRATION DUE TO RESONANCE

Amplitude high in radial direction Frq-----------1xrpm Phase---------single reference mark

Amp------------high in radial/axial directions Frq--------------1xrpm/no of bladesxrpm,/no of vanesxrpm Phase----------------Normally aero.dynamic/hydraulic vibrations are rarely troublesome unless they excite some machine part/piping etc

VIBRATION DUE TO AERODYNAMIC /HYD.FORCES