VIBRATION ANALYSIS

• Definition of vibration

• Vibration is simply the motion of a

machine/machine part moving
back & forth from its position of
rest.
 CAUSES OF VIBRATION
• The cause of vibration is a force which is
changing either its direction or the amount
or both.
• The manner in which these forces are
generated determine the vibration
characteristics.
 NATURE OF FORCES
• Unbalance

• Misalignment

• Bent shaft

• Gear worn out, eccentric

• Bad drive belts

• Torque variations

• Electromagnetic forces

• Aerodynamic forces

• Hydraulic forces

• Looseness

• Rubbing

• Resonance
 CHARECTERISTICS OF
VIBRATION
• Displacement-------microns
• Velocity-------------mm/sec
• Acceleration---------g
• Frequency------------cycles/sec,Rpm
• Phase-------------------angle
 SIGNIFICANCE OF VIBRATION
CHARECTERISTICS
• D,v,A----They tell about the severity of
vibration.
• F,Ph------They tell about the nature of
forces &which part is vibrating.
 CHOOSING THE
MEASUREMENT
Displacement
It is used when the machine is subjected to.
dynamic stress.
Example: Mine Hoist
F=50 cpm, D=1000microns pk, V=5mm/sec
• Velocity
V=F(D,f)
• It is normally used
• Speed range---600 cpm to 60000 cpm
• Accelration
Large forces occur at high frquency but the
d &v are normal.
D=25 microns,V=7.5 mm/s,A=0.5g,f=6000
D=25 microns,V=7.5
mm/s,A=50g,f=60000
• A is recommended for >60000cpm
 IMPORTANCE OF PHASE
• Phase
To compare one motion with other
Example
1.Machine & foundation problem
2.Pully & belt&between belts
3.for balancing
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
UNBALANCE
• Amplitude is largest in radial dirctions.
• F=1xrpm
• Phase Mark-----single ref mark
• For overhung motors amplitude is largest
in axial direction.
 Characteristics of Misalignment
• Amplitude largest in axial direction
• F=1xrpm,2xrpm,3xrpm
• Phase--------1/2/3 reference marks
 SLEEVE BEARING & SHAFT
MISALIGNMENT
• There will not be any vibration if there is
misalgnment alone present.But there will be
vibration if unbalance is present along with
misalignment.
• If the machine is balanced vibraion will be
reduced.
 ANTIFICTION BEARING
&SHAFT MISALIGNMENT
• Even if the rotor is balanced, there will be
vibration due to misalignment
But the shaft will show high axial vibration.
 TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN
MISALIGNMENT & BENT SHAFT
• Take four axial readings around bearing
housing at all possible planes.
If the readings are same throughout then
there is no problem.
If there is any change, depending upon
location we can differentiate between bent
shaft &misalignment.
 VIBRATION DUE TO
ECCENTRICITY
• Amplitude--------Not large
• Frequency---------1xrpm
• Phase-------------Single reference mark
 VIBRATION DUE TO
ANTIFRICTION BEARING
• Amplitude—Unsteady ,high in radial
direction.
• Frequency------Very high frquency(not
harmonically related)
• Phase----------erratic
VIBRATION DUE TO SLEEVE
BEARING
• Amplitude--------High in radial direction
• Frquency--------5 to 8% less than ½ rpm
• Phase------------unsteady/steady
 VIBRATION DUE TO OIL
WHIRL/OILWHIP
Amplitude--------high in radial direction
Frq-------------------5 to 8 % less than 1/2rpm
Phase------------------steady/unsteady
 VIBRATION DUE TO
MECHANICAL LOOSENESS
• Amplitude---------high in radial direction
• Frq-----------------2xrpm
• Phase---------------2 ref marks slightly erratic
• Reasons---------loosning of bolts,/excessive
bearing clearance,crack in structures,beraing
pedastal.
• Looseness as such will not give vibration unless
there is some exciting force such as
unbalance,misalignment.
 VIBRATION DUE TO
ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS
• Amplitude----Disappears when power is
turned off.
• Frq------------1xrpm,1x/2x syn frq
• Phase-----------single/double rotating mark
• Causes
rotor not round
rotor & stator misalignment
open/shorted windings
 VIBRATION DUE TO
RESONANCE
• Amplitude –high in radial direction
• Frq-----------1xrpm
• Phase---------single reference mark
 VIBRATION DUE TO
AERODYNAMIC
/HYD.FORCES
Amp------------high in radial/axial directions
Frq--------------1xrpm/no of bladesxrpm,/no of
vanesxrpm
Phase-------------- ----
Normally aero.dynamic/hydraulic vibrations
are rarely troublesome unless they excite
some machine part/piping etc