Aerodynamics B

Formula Overview
Navier-Stokes Equations
Continuity equation

t
+ (V) = 0 (1)
Momentum equation

p
x
= (uV) (2)

p
y
= (vV) (3)

p
z
= (wV) (4)
Energy equation

_
e +
V
2
2
_
V
_
= (pV) (5)
Substantial derivative
Dx
Dt
=
x
t
+ ( V) x (6)
Divergence of velocity
V =
1

D
Dt
(7)
Lines and Equations
Two-Dimensional streamline condition
v dx = udy (8)
Vorticity
= V (9)
Circulation
=
_
C
V ds (10)
Stream function
u =

y
, v =

x
(11)
u =

y
, v =

x
(12)
V
r
=
1
r
d
d
, V

=
d
dr
(13)
Velocity potential
u =

x
, v =

y
, w =

z
(14)
V
r
=
d
dr
, V

=
1
r
d
d
(15)
Elementary Flows
Uniform ow
u = V

, v = 0 (16)
= V

x, = V

y (17)
Source/Sink
V
r
=

2r
, V

= 0 (18)
=

2
lnr, =

2
(19)
Doublet
V
r
=

2
cos
r
2
, V

=

2
sin
r
2
(20)
=

2
cos
r
, =

2
sin
r
(21)
Vortex
V
r
= 0, V

=

2r
(22)
=

2
, =

2
lnr (23)
1
Elementary Flow Applications
Nonlifting ow over a cylinder
R =
_

2V

(24)
= V

r sin
_
1
R
2
r
2
_
(25)
V
r
= V

cos
_
1
R
2
r
2
_
(26)
V

= V

sin
_
1 +
R
2
r
2
_
(27)
Lifting ow over a cylinder
= (V

r sin)
_
1
R
2
r
2
_
+

2
ln
r
R
(28)
V
r
= V

cos
_
1
R
2
r
2
_
(29)
V

= V

sin
_
1 +
R
2
r
2
_

2r
(30)
Two-Dimensional Airfoils
Vortex Sheets
=
_
b
a
ds (31)
L

(32)
Thin airfoil theory
1
2
_
c
0
() d
x
= V

_

dz
dx
_
(33)
Symmetric airfoils
() = 2V

1 + cos
sin
(34)
c
l
= 2, c
m,c/4
= 0 (35)
Cambered airfoils
() = 2V

_
A
0
1 + cos
sin
+

n=1
A
n
sinn
_
(36)
A
0
=
1

_

0
dz
dx
d
0
(37)
A
n
=
2

_

0
dz
dx
cos n
0
d
0
(38)
c
l
= (2A
0
+A
1
), c
m,c/4
=

4
(A
2
A
1
) (39)
Camber line design
dz
dx
= A
0
+

n=1
A
n
cos n
0
(40)

opt
=
1

_

0
dz
dx

0
(41)
(c
l
)
design
= A
1
= 2
_

0
dz
dx
cos
0
d
0
(42)
Three-Dimensional Wings
Vortex laments
dV =

4
dl r
|r|
3
(43)
Angles of attack
=
eff
+
i
(44)

i
(y
0
) =
1
4V

_ b
2

b
2
_
d
dy
_
dy
(y
0
y)
(45)

eff
(y
0
) =
(y
0
)
V

c(y
0
)
+
L=0
(46)
Aspect ratio
A =
b
2
S
(47)
Lift coecient
C
L
= A
1
A (48)
Induced drag
D

i
(y) = L

i
=

i
(49)
C
D,i
=
C
2
L
Ae
(50)
e = A
2
1
_
N

1
nA
2
n
_
1
(51)
2