ANNA UNIVERSITY PRESCRIBED SYLLABUS

EC2307 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY LIST OF EXPERIMENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. #. %. ). ,. .. 1/. 11. 12. 13. 14. Radiation pattern of Half wave dipole Antenna Radiation pattern of Yagi Antenna Radiation pattern of loop Antenna Characteristics of AM receiver (Selectivit ! Sensitivit " Characteristics of $M receiver (Selectivit ! Sensitivit " Sa&pling ! ti&e division &'ltiple(ing *'lse A&plit'de Mod'lation+ *AM *'lse -idth Mod'lation+ *-M *'lse *osition Mod'lation +**M *'lse Code &od'lation+*CM 0ine coding ! decoding 1elta &od'lation 2 1ifferential p'lse code &od'lation $re3'enc Shift 4e ing &od'lation. *hase Shift 5e ing &od'lation.

0 0 3 100

CYCLE-I 1. 2. 3. 4. #. %. ).
Sa&pling ! ti&e division &'ltiple(ing. *'lse A&plit'de Mod'lation+ *AM. *'lse -idth Mod'lation+ *-M. *'lse *osition Mod'lation 6**M. 0ine coding ! decoding. $re3'enc Shift 4e ing &od'lation. *hase Shift 5e ing &od'lation.

CYCLE-II 1. 2. 3. 4. #. %. ).
Characteristics of AM receiver (Selectivit ! Sensitivit " Characteristics of $M receiver (Selectivit ! Sensitivit " 1elta &od'lation. Radiation pattern of Half wave dipole Antenna Radiation pattern of Yagi Antenna Radiation pattern of loop Antenna.

*'lse Code &od'lation+*CM

C789:89S
S.NO 1 2 3 4 5 " ) + / 10 11 12 13 14 ,ha$a!te$isti!s o' AM $e!eive$ -Sele!tivit& & Sensitivit&. ,ha$a!te$isti!s o' #M $e!eive$ -Sele!tivit& & Sensitivit&. 0elta modulation. 1adiation patte$n o' 2al' 3ave dipole Antenna 1adiation patte$n o' 4agi Antenna 1adiation patte$n o' loop Antenna. Pulse ,ode modulation-P,M EXPERIMENTS BEYOND SYLLABUS 15 1" Amplitude Modulation and 0ete!tion "3 #$e%uen!& Modulation "/ Pulse Width Modulation- PWM. Pulse Position Modulation -PPM. ine !oding & de!oding. #$e%uen!& Shi't (e&ing modulation. Phase Shi't *e&ing modulation LIST OF EXPERIMENTS Sampling & time division multiplexing. Pulse Amplitude Modulation- PAM. PAGE NO 5 10 15 20 23 30 33 3" 40 45 50 53 5) "0

TABULAR COLUMN: Amplitude -5olts. ,hannels 6ime pe$iod -se!.

7nput

0e-multiplexed

7nput

0e-multiplexed

,20

CH1

CH2

CH3

1. SAMPLING AND TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AIM: 6o stud& the p$o!ess o' sampling and time division multiplexing o' 'ou$ signals using pulse amplitude modulation and 0e-modulation and to $e!onst$u!t the signals at the $e!eive$ using 'ilte$s. APPARATUS REQUIRED8 1.,ommuni!ation t$aine$ (it8 0, -002 2.Multi 9utput Po3e$ Suppl&. 3.Pat!h !o$ds. 4.,19-"0M2:. THEORY: Sampling is the p$o!ess o' !onve$ting a !ontinuous-valued; !ontinuoustime signal into a !ontinuous-valued; dis!$ete-time signal. #ou$ input signals; all <and limited to # S <& the input 'ilte$s; a$e se%uentiall& sampled at the t$ansmitte$ <& a $ota$& s3it!h o$ !ommutato$. 6he s3it!h ma(es #S $evolutions pe$ se!ond and ext$a!ts one sample '$om ea!h input du$ing ea!h $evolution.6he output at the s3it!h is a PAM 3ave'o$m !ontaining samples o' the input signals pe$iodi!all& inte$la!ed in time. 6he samples '$om ad=a!ent input message !hannels a$e sepa$ated <& 6 S>M; 3he$e M is the num<e$ o' input !hannels. A set o' M pulses !onsisting o' one sample '$om ea!h o' the M-input !hannels is !alled a '$ame. 7n 60M; <& inte$leaving samples o' seve$al sou$!e 3ave'o$ms in time; it is possi<le to t$ansmit enough in'o$mation to a $e!eive$; via onl& one !hannel to $e!ove$ all message 3ave'o$ms. 6he !on!eptual implementation o' the time multiplexing o' ? simila$ messages 'n-t. 3he$e n@ 1;2;3;A..? is illust$ated in 'ig 1. the time allo!ated to one sample o' one message is !alled time slot. 6he time inte$vals ove$ 3hi!h all message signals a$e sampled atleast on!e is !alled a #$ame. 6he po$tion o' the time slot not used <& the s&stem ma& <e allo!ated to othe$ 'un!tions li(e signaling; monito$ing; s&n!h$oni:ation; et!. 6he 'ou$ !hannels ,20; ,21; ,22; and ,23 a$e multiplexed on a single line 6B0 3ith the aid o' a ele!t$oni! s3it!h ,0 401". 6he ,0 401" lat!hes one o' the 'ou$ inputs 70-73 depending on the !ont$ol inputs ,0; ,1; ,2; ,3 3hi!h a$e gene$ated <& a 28 4 line de!ode$. 6he de!ode$; depending on the A0 and A1; 3hi!h sta$t '$om 00 to 11; gene$ates 0000 to 0011 on the output lines 40; 41; 42 and 43. 9n $e!eiving the !ont$ol signals; the ,0401" lat!hes the 'i$st in'o$mation signal 70 on the 'i$st !ount 0000. 7n the next !lo!(; the !ont$ol inputs !hange thei$ state to 0001 and the input 77 is lat!hed to the output on the same line. Simila$l&; all the in'o$mation signals a$e multiplexed 3ithout an& inte$'e$en!e on the line

FIGURE: 1 CHANNEL MULTIPLEXING LOGIC Cnit& Dain Eu''e$ ,0 401" S3it!h ,20 70 91 ,21 71 ,22 ,23 72 73 ,0 ,1 92 6B0 93 94 ,2 ,3

6B,20

40 41 42 43 ,P 74LS128 A0 A1 6B, 9,*

)4 S)4 0ela& 'lip -'lops )4 S)4 32*2: ,P 0 F F ,P 0 F F

$;<=R:> 2 CHA88:0 1:M=09;*0:?;8< 07<;C ,0 401" S3it!h 70 91 71 1B0 72 73 93 94 92

1B,20 1B,21 1B,22 1B,23

1B,20 1B,21 1B,22 1B,23

40 41 42 43 ,P A0 A1

1B, * 32*2: ,P

,P

0 M1 F

0 M1 F R?CH/

9?1. 9he 9?CH/ acts as the channel identification infor&ation at the receiver and the 9?C07C5 provides for s nchroni@ation. 6he time division multiplexed PAM signals a$e !onve&ed ove$ a single line. At the $e!eive$; the multiplexed signals a$e to <e de-multiplexed to &ield in signals. Su!!essive lo3 pass 'ilte$s out the high '$e%uen!& !omponents to $e!ove$ the o$iginal signals. 6he 'igu$e-2 sho3s the de-multiplexing logi! implemented. 6he 0e- multiplexe$ at the $e!eive$ again emplo&s the ,0401" s3it!h 'o$ 0e-multiplexing the multiplexed signal 1B0. 6he s3it!h ext$a!ts the individual signals depending upon the !ont$ol signals; 3hi!h a$e again gene$ated <& the 284 line de!ode$s. #o$ a!hieving the s&n!h$oni:ation <et3een the t$ansmitte$ and the $e!eive$; the !lo!(s 'o$ all the devi!es have sta$t at the same time. 2en!e; the 6B, * is sent along 3ith the data on anothe$ line. #o$ '$ame s&n!h$oni:ation pu$poses; the !hannel identi'i!ation in'o$mation in the 'o$m o' one o' the !hannels 1B,21 is sent on anothe$ line; 3hi!h ma$(s the sta$ting o' the '$ame and sta$ts the 'lip-'lops at the <eginning o' the '$ame. 6his method !alls 'o$ an additional t3o lines; 3hi!h is ve$& imp$a!ti!al and une!onomi!al 'o$ longe$ distan!e !ommuni!ations. 2en!e othe$ methods o' de$iving the !lo!( and the identi'i!ation in'o$mation '$om the data itsel' a$e $eali:ed. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE8 1. ,onne!t the 4 !hannel inputs o' 2502:; 5002:; 1 *2:; 2 *2: to the Multiplexe$ inputs ,20; ,21; ,22; ,23 $espe!tivel&. 2. 9<se$ve the time division multiplexed PAM 3ave'o$m at the output o' the Multiplexe$. 3. 9<se$ve the 'ou$ di''e$ent signals pla!ed in thei$ $espe!tive time slots. 4. 5a$& ea!h o' the amplitude o' ea!h !hannel and see the e''e!t on the 60M 3ave'o$m. 5. Also o<se$ve the demultiplexed signals. OBSERVATION: #$om the a<ove set up; 3e !an o<se$ve that the 'ou$ di''e$ent signals a$e inte$leaved in thei$ $espe!tive time slots 3ithout ove$lapping ea!h othe$. 6hei$ positions and identi'i!ation !an <e highlighted <& $edu!ing the othe$ signal amplitudes to :e$o and then g$aduall& in!$easing them to o<se$ve them o!!up&ing thei$ positions. INFERENCE: #$om the a<ove o<se$vations; 3e !an in'e$ that it is possi<le to !onve& di''e$ent signals in di''e$ent time slots using a single !hannel. RESULT: 6hus the 'ou$ !ontinuous-time signals a$e sampled and samples a$e multiplexed then t$ansmitted at t$ansmitte$ <& !hannel multiplexing logi!; then signals a$e $e!onst$u!ted '$om the samples at the $e!eive$ <& !hannel de-multiplexing logi!.

TABULAR COLUMN:

Signals

Amplitude -5olts.

6ime pe$iod -se!.

5max @ Message 5min @ 9n ,a$$ie$ 9''

5max @ PAM

5min @

2. PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATOR AIM: 6o design and test a PAM gene$ato$ !i$!uit. APPARATUS REQUIRED8 ?P? 6$ansisto$ -E,10). 1esisto$ -100 *G; 4.) *G; 1 *G. ,apa!ito$ -0.001#. A#9 3ith d! shi't -0-1M2:. ,19 -0-20M2:. 1PS -0-30v. E$ead Eoa$d & ,onne!ting Wi$es SPECIFICATIONS: E,10)- 505; 1A; 3W; 300M2: All $esisto$s a$e 1>43att !a$<on 'ilm $esisto$s. ,apa!ito$ 80.001H#-!e$ami! !apa!ito$. THEORY: PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM): Pulse amplitude modulation is de'ined as an analog modulation te!hni%ue in 3hi!h the signal is sampled at $egula$ inte$vals su!h that ea!h sample is p$opo$tional to the amplitude o' the signal; at the instant o' sampling. -2?os -2;2;1 ?o -2?os -1?o -1?o -1 ?o

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM8

5!!

125d!

4.)(

11 1

100( ,1

13 2 1

12 100( ,2 2 0.001u

14 4.)(
9C6PC6 -,19.

0.001u

F1 E,10) 15 -25pp;d!. 1( Message Signal

F2 E,10)

MODEL GRAPH: CARRIER SIGNAL Amplitude -5.

1/

T(ms !) MESSAGE SIGNAL Amplitude -5.

T(ms !) A&plit'de (A" PAM SIGNAL A&asdffgf

T(ms !)

PROCEDURE: 1.6he !i$!uit !onne!tions a$e made as sho3n in 'igu$e.

11

2.6he '$ee $unning '$e%uen!& o' the asta<le multivi<$ato$ is measu$ed using ,19. 3.6he input sine 3ave -d!. is given '$om the A#9. 4.6he PAM 3ave'o$m is noted '$om the ,19 and plotted. RESULT: 6hus PAM is designed and studied.

TABULAR COLUMN:

12

Signals

Amplitude -5olts.

6ime pe$iod -se!.

5max @ Message 5min @ 9n ,a$$ie$ 9''

PWM

". PULSE #IDTH MODULATOR AIM: 6o design and test a PWM gene$ato$ !i$!uit. 13

APPARATUS REQUIRED8 7, 555 -1?o 1esisto$ -5.5*G. -1?o ,apa!ito$ -0.01H#. -1?o A#9 3ith d! shi't -0-1M2:. -1?o 0S9-0igital Sto$age 9s!illos!ope.-1?o 1PS -0-30v. -1 ?o 6$igge$ sou$!e -1 ?o ,onne!ting 3i$es and <$ead<oa$d DESIGN FOR MONOSTABLE8 6 @1.11, 0.0"ms @ 1.1 x 1 x 0.1H# 1 @ 0.0" ms
IIIIIIIIIIII @

0.0" x 1000
IIIIIIIIIIII

1.1 x 0.01 H# @ 5.45 *G @5.5*G SPECIFICATIONS: 7, 5558 4 to 1+5; -55 to 125 , All $esisto$s a$e 1>43att !a$<on 'ilm $esisto$s. ,apa!ito$8 0.01H#-!e$ami! !apa!ito$. THEORY: PULSE #IDTH MODULATION (P#M):

0.011

Pulse 3idth modulation is de'ined as an analog modulation te!hni%ue in 3hi!h the 3idth o' ea!h pulse is made p$opo$tional to the instantaneous amplitude o' the signal at the sampling instant. Pulse Width modulato$ !i$!uit sho3n is <asi!all& a monosta<le multivi<$ato$ 3ith a modulating input signal applied at pin-5. E& the appli!ation o' !ontinuous t$igge$ at pin-2; a se$ies o' output pulses a$e o<tained; the du$ation o' 3hi!h depends on the modulating 5!! input at pin-5. 6he modulating signal applied at pin-5 gets supe$imposed upon the al$ead& existing voltage -2>3. 5!! at the inve$ting input te$minal o' C,. 6his in tu$n !hanges the th$eshold level o' the C, 5v pla!e. 6he modulating signal and and the output pulse 3idth modulation ta(es the output 3ave'o$m a$e d$a3n in 'ig. 7t ma& <e noted '$om the output 3ave'o$m that the pulse du$ation; that is; the dut& !&!le onl& va$ies; (eeping the '$e%uen!& 11 5."( same as that o' the !ontinuous input pulse t$ain t$igge$. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM8 0.01u 1 14 A#9 5m -2002:;d!;25pp. ,1

6$igge$ sou$!e 2 0.0+ms 0.02ms 7,555 9C6PC6 3 5 1 IC PIN DIAGRAM: + 4 " )

D$ound

+ 5!!

6$igge$ 9utput 1eset 4

2 555 3

) 0is!ha$ge " 6h$eshold 5 ,ont$ol voltage

PROCEDURE: 1.6he !i$!uit !onne!tions a$e made as sho3n in 'igu$e. 2.6he 6on and 6o'' o' the monosta<le multivi<$ato$ is measu$ed using ,19.

1#

3.6he input sine 3ave -d!. is given '$om the A#9. 4.6he PWM 3ave'o$m is noted '$om the ,19 and plotted DESIGN FOR ASTABLE (TRIGGER SOURCE): 6 @0.1ms 69? @0.0+msJ 69## @0.02ms 6 9W @0."/1E, 0.02ms@0."/ x 1E x 0.01H# 1E @ 0.02 ms
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

0."/ x 0.01 H# @ 2.+/+ *G K 3*G 627D2 @ 0."/ - 1AL1E., 0.0+ms @ 0."/ x 0.01H#- 1AL1E. -1AL1E. @ 0.0+ms
IIIIIIIIIIII

1A

0."/ x 0.01H# @ 11.5/*G-3*G @ +.5/*G

RESULT: 6hus the PWM !i$!uit is designed and studied.

1%

MODEL GRAPH:

M ss$% s&%'$(
Amplitude -5.

C$))& ) s&%'$(

T(ms !)

P#M

T(ms !)

T(ms !)

TABULAR COLUMN:

1)

Signals

Amplitude -5olts.

6ime pe$iod -se!.

5max @ Message 5min @ 9n ,a$$ie$ 9''

PPM

*. PULSE POSITION MODULATOR AIM: 1,

6o design and test a PPM gene$ato$ !i$!uit. APPARATUS REQUIRED8 7, 555 1esisto$ -3/*; 3./(. ,apa!ito$ -0.01H#. A#9 3ith d! shi't -0-1M2:. 0S9-0igital Sto$age 9s!illos!ope ,onne!ting 3i$es and <$ead<oa$d DESIGN FOR ASTABLE: 6 @ 0.5"5ms 69? @ 69## @ 0.2+25 ms 6 9W @0."/1E, 0.2+25ms @0."/ x 1E x 0.01H# 1E @ 0.2+25 ms
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

-1?o -Ma!h 1?o -1?o -1?o -1?o

0."/ x 0.01 H# 3/ *G 627D2 @ 0."/ - 1AL1E., 0.2+25 ms @ 0."/ x 0.01H#- 1AL1E. -1AL1E. @ 0.2+25 ms 1E @
IIIIIIIIIIII

1A

0.00"/ x 10H# 3./ *G

THEORY: PULSE POSITION MODULATION (PPM): Pulse position modulation is de'ined as an analog modulation te!hni%ue in 3hi!h the signal is sampled at $egula$ inte$vals su!h that the shi't in position o' ea!h sample is p$opo$tional to the instantaneous value o' the signal at the sampling instant. 4 3 PULSE+POSITION MODULATOR: 9he *'lse+position &od'lation can Be constr'cted B appl ing a &od'lating signal to pin # of a ### ti&er connected for astaBle operation as shown in fig. 9he o'tp't p'lse position varies with the &od'lating signalC since the threshold voltage and hence the ti&e dela is varied. ;t &a )Be noted fro& ### CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: D#Acc

# % 2 1. 1

9utput -,19. 3./*

3/* A#9-25pp;d!;2002:. 0.01#

MODEL GRAPH: Amplitude -5. M ss$% s&%'$(

C$))& ) s&%'$(

T(ms !)

T(ms !) PPM T(ms !) the output 3ave'o$m that the '$e%uen!& is va$&ing leading to pulse position modulation. 6he t&pi!al p$a!ti!al !omponent values ma& <e noted as 1A@3./*; 1E@3/*; ,@0.01H# 5!!@55 -an& value <et3een 55 to 1+ 5 ma& <e !hosen.

2/

SPECIFICATIONS: 7, 5558 4 to 1+5; -55 to 125 , All $esisto$s a$e 1>43att !a$<on 'ilm $esisto$s. ,apa!ito$8 0.01H#-!e$ami! !apa!ito$. PROCEDURE: 1.6he !i$!uit !onne!tions a$e made as sho3n in 'igu$e. 2.6he 6on and 6o'' o' the asta<le multivi<$ato$ is measu$ed using ,19. 3.6he input sine 3ave -d!. is given '$om the A#9. 4.6he PPM 3ave'o$m is noted '$om the ,19 and plotted. RESULT8 6hus the pulse position !i$!uit is designed and studied.

,. LINE CODING TECHNIQUES AIM :

21

6o stud& di''e$ent line !oding te!hni%ues. APPARATUS REQUIRED8 1.,ommuni!ation t$aine$ (it8 0, -005 2.Multi 9utput Po3e$ Suppl&. 3.Pat!h !o$ds. 4.0S9-0igital Sto$age 9s!illos!ope. THEORY: We need to $ep$esent P,M <ina$& digits <& ele!t$i!al pulses in o$de$ to t$ansmit them th$ough a <ase <and !hannel. 6he most !ommonl& used P,M popula$ data 'o$mats a$e <eing $eali:ed he$e. 1. NON RETURN TO -ERO SIGNALS: 6hese a$e easiest data 'o$mats that !an <e gene$ated. 6he& a$e !alled N?on-$etu$n to :e$o <e!ause the signals do not $etu$n to :e$o 3ith the !lo!(. 6he '$e%uen!& !omponents asso!iated 3ith these signals a$e hal' o' the !lo!( '$e%uen!&. 6he 'ollo3ing data 'o$mats !ome unde$ this !atego$&. a. ?on-$etu$n to :e$o O M5M ?1P O <. ?on-$etu$n to :e$o O MA1* ?1P O M ,. ?on-$etu$n to :e$o O SPA,M ?1P O S $. N.'+) /0)' /. 1 ). 2 LEVEL !.3&'% (NR- 2 L) 6his is the most extensivel& used 3ave'o$m in digital logi!s. 6he data 'o$mat is ve$& smple 3he$e all 1Qs a$e $ep$esented <& high and all 0Qs a$e $ep$esented <& lo3s. 6he data 'o$mat is di$e!tl& got at the output o' all digital data gene$ation logi!s and hen!e ve$& eas& to gene$ate. 2e$e all the t$ansisto$s ta(e pla!e at the $ising edge o' the !lo!(. 4. N.'+) /0)' /. 1 ). 2MAR5 !.3&'% (NR- 2 M) 6his 3ave'o$m is extensivel& used in magneti! tape $e!o$ding. 7n this data 'o$mat; all oneQs a$e ma$(ed <& !hange in levels and all :e$oQs <& no t$ansitions.; and the t$ansitions ta(e pla!e at the $ising edge o' the !lo!(. )4 S0+ ?1P O !lo!( A?0 gate 1 ?1P-M ,P 0 F F

0ela& 'lip'lop

22

1 0 1 Lv -v

0 0 1 1

0 1 ?1P -

Lv -v

?1P -M

!. N.'+) /0)' /. 1 ). 2 SPACE !.3&'% (NR-+S ): 6his t&pe o' 3ave'o$m is ma$(ed <& !hange in levels 'o$ R:e$osQ and no t$ansition o' 'o$ RonesQ and the t$ansition ta(e pla!e at the $ising edge o' the !lo!(. 6his 'o$mat is also used in magneti! tape $e!o$ding

?1P-

?1P- S

)4 S 0+ ?1P- S ,p ,lo!( And gate 0 1

)4 S )4 F F 0ela& 'lip 'lop ?1P-S

1 Lv -v

0 1 1 0

0 1 1 0 1 ?1P -

Lv -v . 2) RETURN TO -ERO SIGNALS:

?1P -S

23

6hese signals a$e !alled N1etu$n to :e$o signalsT; sin!e the& $etu$n to R:e$oQ 3ith the !lo!(. 7n this !atego$&; onl& one data 'o$mat; i.e.; the unipola$ $etu$n to :e$o -C1P. signal is dis!ussed in N0, -005T and N0, -00"T. $. U'&6.($) R /0)' /. 1 ). !.3&'% (UR-) : With the C1P; a RoneQ is $ep$esented <& a hal' <it 3ide pulse and a R:e$oQ is $ep$esented <& the a<sen!e o' a pulse. ?1P,lo!( C1P

1 Lv -v Lv

0 1

1 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 ?1P -

C1P 0v ") BIPHASE SIGNALS (PHASE ENCODED SIGNALS) : a. EiPhase O M5M -Man!heste$ ,oding. <. Eiphase O MA1* and !. Eiphase O Spa!e Signals 6hese s!hemes a$e used in magneti! $e!o$ding; opti!al !ommuni!ations and in satellite telemet$& lin(s. 6his phase en!oded signals a$e spe!ial in the sense that the& a$e !omposed o' <oth the in phase and out-o'-phase !omponents o' the !lo!(. $. M$'!7 s/ ) C.3&'% (B&67$s 2L): With the Eiphase O ; a RoneQ is $ep$esented <& a hal' <it 3ide pulse positioned du$ing the 'i$st hal' o' the <it inte$val and a R:e$o; is $ep$esented <& a hal' <it 3ide pulse positioned du$ing the se!ond hal' o' the <it inte$val. B-91 7nve$te$ ?1P Eiphase,lo!( 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 Lv -v ?1P -

24

Lv -v

Ei-phase -

4. B&67$s M$)8 C.3&'% (B&67$s 2M): With the Eiphase O M; a t$ansition o!!u$s at the <eginning o' eve$& <it inte$val. A RoneQ is $ep$esented <& a se!ond t$ansition; one hal' <it late$ 3he$eas a :e$o has no se!ond t$ansition.

)4 S 0+ ?1P ,lo!( 1 ,lo!(S 0 F 0ela& 'lip-'lop )4 S 3/3 ,p F ,l(>2

2 EiPhase- M

,lo!(S

2F0

,l(>2

Lv 1 0 1 -v Lv

1 0

Eina$& $ipple !ounte$ 0 0 1 1 0 1 ?1P -

Ei-phase - M -v !. B&+P7$s S6$! !.3&'% (B&67$s 2S): With a Eiphase O S also a t$ansition o!!u$s at the <eginning o' eve$& <it inte$val. A R:e$oQ is ma$(ed <& a se!ond t$ansition; one hal' <it late$; 3he$e as a RoneQ has no se!ond t$ansition.

2#

)4 S 0+ ?1P ,p ,lo!( ,l(>2 And gate 1 0 F 0ela& 'lip 'lop F Ei phase- S

,lo!(S

,p2 2F0

,l(>2

Lv 1 0 1 1 -v Lv

0 0 1

1 0 1 ?1P -

Ei-phase - S -v * MULTI LEVEL SIGNALS: Multilevel signals use th$ee o$ mo$e levels o' voltages to $ep$esent the <ina$& digits; RonesQ and R:e$osQ O instead o' the no$mal RhighsQ and Rlo3sQ. 1etu$n to :e$o O Alte$nate Ma$( 7nve$sion -1P-AM7. is the most !ommonl& used multilevel signal and unde$ the !atego$& o' multilevel signal .

R /0)' /. 1 ). 2 A(/ )'$/ M$)8 I'9 )s&.' C.3&'% (R-+AMI): 6his !oding s!heme is most o'ten used in telemet$& s&stems. 6his s!heme !omes unde$ <oth the !atego$& o' $etu$n to :e$o s!heme and multilevel s!heme.

2%

6he oneQs a$e $ep$esented <& pulse 3idth o' hal' the <it du$ation existing in the alte$nate di$e!tion 3he$eas :e$oQs a$e $ep$esented <& a<sen!e o' the pulse. )4 S 0+ ?1P ,lo!( And gate 0 F 0ela& 'lip 'lop 9C6-1 9C6-3 9C6-4 9C6-2 ,0 4051-Analog MCB. A1 A0 -55 A2 9C6-3 9C6-4 PROCEDURE: 1.Dive the !onne!tions as pe$ the expe$imental set up. 2.9<se$ve the !lo!( signal & the data and measu$e them. 3.9<se$ve the standa$d data & the !oded data 'o$mats and ve$i'& 3ith the (no3n 'o$mats. RESULT: 6hus di''e$ent !oding te!hni%ues a$e studied. A M S2 )4 S )4 9C6-1 ,p F 9C6-2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

2)

L55

4 "00 : 1s 1502: d! signal -s%ua$e 3ave. 1! -50*. 1E 4.)* 1A-50*. F1 -E,55). ) 3 ### -10)0-12)0 2P.

0.01H#

% 2 1

0.01H# ,) #

FIG: FS5 GENERATOR

;. FS5 MODULATOR 2,

AIM: 6o design and test a #S* gene$ato$ !i$!uit. APPARATUS REQUIRED8 7, 555 -1?o P?P 6$ansisto$ -E, 55). -1?o 1esisto$ -4.)*G; "00G. -1?o Potentiomete$ -50*G. -2?os ,apa!ito$ -0.01H#. -2?os A#9 3ith d! shi't -0-1M2:. -1?o 0S9 -1?o 1PS -0-30v. -1?o ,onne!ting 3i$es and <$ead<oa$d SPECIFICATIONS: 7,555- 4 to 1+5; -55 to 125, P?P 6$ansisto$- 505; 1A; 5W; and 150M2: All $esisto$s a$e !a$<on 'ilm U 3att $esisto$s. ,apa!ito$s 8-0. 01H#-!e$ami! !apa!ito$. THEORY: #$e%uen!& Shi't *e&ing -#S*.8 #$e%uen!& shi't (e&ing is de'ined as a signaling te!hni%ue in 3hi!h the amplitude o' the !a$$ie$ signal is (e&ed o$ s3it!hed <ased on the in!oming data o$ signal. 7n digital data !ommuni!ation; shi'ting a !a$$ie$ '$e%uen!& <et3een t3o p$eset '$e%uen!ies t$ansmits <ina$& !ode. 6his t&pe o' t$ansmission is !alled '$e%uen!& shi't (e&ing -#S*. te!hni%ue. A 555 time$ in asta<le mode !an <e used to gene$ate #S* signal. 6he standa$d digital data input '$e%uen!& is 1502:.3hen input is 27D2; the t$ansisto$ F is o'' and 555 time$ 3o$(s in the no$mal asta<le mode o' ope$ation .6he '$e%uen!& o' the output 3ave'o$m is given <& '0 @ 1.45 -1AL21E., 7n a tele-t&pe3$ite$ using a modulato$ Odemodulato$ -M90MM.; a '$e%uen!& <et3een 10)02: to 12)02: is used as one o' the standa$d #S* Signals. 6he !omponents 1A and 1E and the !apa!ito$ , !an <e sele!ted so that 'o is 10)02:. PIN DIAGRAM(TOP VIE#):+

2.

D$ound 6$igge$ 9utput

1 2 555 3

+ 5!! ) 0is!ha$ge " 6h$eshold 5 ,ont$ol voltage

1eset

MODEL GRAPH: MESSAGE SIGNAL A&plit'de (A"

T( !"#$ CARRIER SIGNAL A&plt'de (A"

T( !"#$ FS% SIGNAL Amplitude -5.

T( !"#$ When the input is 9W; F goes on & !onne!ts the $esistan!e 1! a!$oss 1 A. 6he output '$e%uen!& is no3 given <& 1.45 3/

4 '0 @ -1A 1,.L21E ) 3 6he $esistan!e 1! !an <e ad=usted to get an output '$e%uen!& 12)02:. ###

PROCEDURE: 1.6he !i$!uit !onne!tions a$e made as sho3n in 'igu$e. 2.6he '$ee $unning '$e%uen!& o' the asta<le multivi<$ato$ is measu$ed using ,19. % the A#9. 3.6he input s%ua$e 3ave -digital data. is given '$om 4.6he #S* 3ave'o$m is noted '$om the ,19 and plotted. 2 RESULT: 1 #

6hus the #S* gene$ato$ is designed and studied.

7. PHASE SHIFT %EYING MODULATION & DEMODULATION AIM: 6o stud& the p$in!iples o' phase shi't (e&ing and the essentials o' PS* 0emodulation te!hni%ues.

31

Appa$atus 1e%ui$ed8 1.,ommuni!ation t$aine$ (its 0, -005&0, 00" 2.Multi 9utput Po3e$ Suppl&. 3.Pat!h !o$ds. 4.0S9-0igital Sto$age 9s!illos!ope. THEORY: 7n the PS* modulation o$ Phase Shi't *e&ing; 'o$ all RoneQ to R:e$oQ t$ansitions o' the modulating data; the modulated output s3it!hes <et3een the in phase and out-o'-phase !omponents o' the modulating '$e%uen!&. 6he '$e%uen!& and phase !omponents !hosen 'o$ EPS* modulation a$e as 'ollo3s8 1.0.5M2: - 0 deg$ees . sine 3ave !a$$ie$ 'o$ $ep$esenting 1. 2.1 M2: -1+0 deg$ees . sine 3ave !a$$ie$ 'o$ $ep$esenting 0. 6he PS* modulato$ also utili:es a 2 to 1 Multiplexe$ 'o$ s3it!hing '$om inphase to out o' phase !omponents 'o$ all RoneQ to R:e$oQ t$ansitions o!!u$$ing in the t$ansmitted data st$eam. ?o3 the in phase $e'e$en!e !a$$ie$ !an <e $e!ove$ed <& dividing the '$e%uen!& o' the s%ua$ed modulated !a$$ie$ <& t3o. 9n!e the !a$$ie$ is $e!ove$ed; the data !an <e dete!ted <& !ompa$ing the phase o' the $e!eived modulated !a$$ie$ 3ith the phase o' the $e'e$en!e !a$$ie$. 6he l/ogi! 'o$ the a<ove is <uilt a$ound 'lip-'lops 3he$e a P is used 'o$ s%ua$ing the modulated !a$$ie$; 3hi!h is illust$ated <elo3. 6he phase 0ete!to$ 3o$(s on the p$in!iple o' s%ua$ing loops. 6he <iphasi! splitte$ <asi!all& dou<les the '$e%uen!& !omponent o' the modulated data and also ensu$es that the out o' phase !omponent o' the modulating does not $ea!h the P . 6he P $e!ove$s the !a$$ie$ '$om the '$e%uen!& the output o' phase splitte$; <ut the '$e%uen!& o' the $e!ove$ed !a$$ie$ is t3i!e that o' the t$ansmitted !a$$ie$. So a divide <& 2 !ounte$s is used to divide the '$e%uen!& o' the P output <& 2; thus $e!ove$ing the $e'e$en!e !a$$ie$. 6he dela& 'lip-'lop is used to !ompa$e the phase o' the in!oming data and the $e'e$en!e !a$$ie$ the$e<& $e!ove$ing the data. 2:1 Analog MCB S7? 1-0.5 M2:. 7>P 1 PS* 3ave S7? 2 -0.5 M2:. 7>P2 ,ont$ol 7>P PROCEDURE: Maintain the setup as 'o$ the othe$ (e&ing expe$iments

32

,onne!t S7?2 to 7?PC6-1 o' the modulato$. 6he amplitude o' S7?2 !an <e ad=usted <& means o' the potentiomete$ P2. ,onne!t S7?2S to the 7?PC6-2 o' the Modulato$. 6he amplitude o' the sine 3ave !an <e ad=usted <& means o' the potentiomete$ P3. ,onne!t the s!ope to the !ont$ol 7nput o' the modulato$ and the Modulated 9utput. OBSERVATIONS: 9<se$ve the PS* Modulated output 3ith $espe!t to the !ont$ol input. 9<se$ve the phase shi'ts in the '$e%uen!& du$ing ea!h t$ansition in the data.

9ut-1 PS* modulated Wave , 5v S!hmittt$igge$

F Modulated data-0 Monoshot -1 F

PS* modulated data Monoshot -2

P Modulated data Phase 0ete!to$ P#

out F ,P 0 F

5,9

1-,a$$ie$-0

,p

1e!ove$ed data

33

PS* modulated 3ave

RESULT: 6hus PS* modulation and dete!tion is pe$'o$med and the $esults a$e plotted.

'.AM RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS AIM:

34

9o trans&it a &od'lating signal after a&plit'de &od'lation 'sing AC9+/, and receive the signal Bac4 after de&od'lating 'sing AC9+/.. APPARATUS RE(UIRED> 1. 2. 3. 4. AC9+/, trainer 4it AC9+/. trainer 4it CR7 *atch cards

THEORY: AMPLITUDE MODULATION: A&plit'de Mod'lation is a process B which a&plit'de of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneo's val'e of the &od'lating signalC B't fre3'enc and phase of carrier wave re&ains constant. 9he &od'lating and carrier signal are given B A&(t" E A& sin&t AC(t" E AC sinCt 9he &od'lation inde( is given B C &a E A& 2 AC. A& E A&a( 6 A&in and AC E A&a( D A&in 9he a&plit'de of the &od'lated signal is given B C AAM(t" E AC (1D&a sin&t" sinCt -here A& E &a(i&'& a&plit'de of &od'lating signal AC E &a(i&'& a&plit'de of carrier signal A&a( E &a(i&'& variation of AM signal A&in E &ini&'& variation of AM signal

AM TRANSMITTER

3#

Sine wave <enerator

Message signal

Antenna

AM Mod'lator

AM Signal Carrier signal

Carrier generator

AM RECEIVER

Antenna

R$ A&plifier

AM 1etector

7'tp't Signal

3%

TABULATION:

-avefor&

A&plit'de (A"

9i&e *eriod (&sec"

$re3'enc

Mod'lating Signal

1e&od'lated signal

PROCEDURE: 1. 9he circ'it wiring is done as shown in diagra& 2. A &od'lating signal inp't given to the A&plit'de &od'lator can also Be given fro& a e(ternal f'nction generator or an A$7

3)

3. ;f an e(ternal signal so'rce with ever low voltage level is 'sed then this signal can Be a&plified 'sing the a'dio a&plifier Before connecting to the inp't of the AM &od'lator 4. 8ow increase the a&plit'de of the &od'lated signal to the re3'ired level. #. 9he a&plit'de and the ti&e d'ration of the &od'lating signal are oBserved 'sing CR7. %. $inall the a&plit'de &od'lated o'tp't is oBserved fro& the o'tp't of a&plit'de &od'lator stage and the a&plit'de and ti&e d'ration of the AM wave are noted down. ). Calc'late the &od'lation inde( B 'sing the for&'la and verif the&. ,. 9he final de&od'lated signal is viewed 'sing an CR7 at the o'tp't of a'dio power a&plifier stage. Also the a&plit'de and ti&e d'ration of the de&od'lated wave are noted down. RESULT: 9he &od'lating signal is trans&itted after a&plit'de &od'lation 'sing AC9+/, and the signal is received Bac4 after de&od'lation 'sing AC9+/.

).CHARACTERISTICS OF FM RECEIVER AIM:

3,

9o trans&it a &od'lating signal after fre3'enc &od'lation 'sing AC9+12 and receive the signal Bac4 after de&od'lating 'sing AC9+13 APPARATUS RE(UIRED> #. %. ). ,. AC9+12 trainer 4it AC9+13 trainer 4it CR7 *atch cards

HARD*ARE DESCRIPTION OF FM TRANSMITTER TRAINER VCT-12: 9he $M trans&itter trainer 4it AC9+12 has the following section> 1. 7n+Board sine wave generator 2. M;C pre a&plifier with a soc4et for e(ternal d na&ic M;C 3. A'dio a&plifier for a&plification of low level e(ternal inp't signal 4. $re3'enc &od'lation #. 9elescopic whip antenna SINE *AVE GENERATOR: A sine wave generator acts as an on Board &od'lating signal so'rce and generates an a'dio fre3'enc sine wave .9he a&plit'de of this sine wave generator varies fro& /+# A. However the o'tp't voltage fro& this so'rce is controlled 'sing a 9ri& pot to get an o'tp't signal in the range of /+3A.9he fre3'enc of the signal varies for& 3//H@ to 1#5H@.Since the a&plit'de of the so'rce is large eno'gh to &od'late the carrier it need not Be a&plified Cinstead it can Be directl connected to the inp't of the a&plit'de &od'lator . MIC PRE AMPLIFIER: 9he M;C pre a&plifier is capaBle of acc'ratel a&plif ing even a ver low level signalC pic4ed 'p B the M;C to the re3'ired level to &od'late the carrier. 9his section has a :* soc4et at its inp't stage whereC in an e(ternal d na&ic M;C can Be pl'gged in the gain of the stage can Be controlled B the 'ser B adF'sting the potentio&eter *ot4.9he &a(i&'& gain of this stage can Be achieved in this is 2//.9he &a(i&'& level of the inp't signal to this a&plifierC so as to prod'ce an a&plified o'tp't witho't sat'ration is %/&A. AUDIO AMPLIFIER: 9he a'dio a&plifier stage has a GH9 co&&on e&itter config'ration. 9his a'dio a&plifier can Be 'sed to a&plif an lower level e(ternal &od'lating signal whose voltage level is Below 1//&A.9he gain of this stage can also Be controlled B the 'ser B var ing the pot &eter *79+#.9he &a(i&'& gain of this a'dio a&plifier is 1/. FRE(UENCY MODULATION: 9he fre3'enc &od'lator circ'it is constr'cted aro'nd a G$4.#C high fre3'enc s&all signal GH9. 9he collector circ'it of the transistor consists of a tan4 circ'it for&ed B a ind'ctor and capacitor. 9his tan4 circ'it together with the transistor acts as an

3.

oscillator and prod'ces the carrier fre3'enc .9he transistor circ'it appears to the oscillator as a variaBle capacitance. 9his capacitance adds to the capacitance of the oscillator+t'ned circ'it. 9he si@e of this capacitance depends on the change in the collector c'rrent which occ'rs for a given change in Base voltage and this is deter&ined B the 9rans cond'ctance of the transistor .9he transistor transcond'ctance depends on the Bias voltage applied to the transistor Base. 9he larger the Bias voltageC the larger the val'e of g& and the larger the val'e of g& and the larger capacitance which is added to the capacitance of the oscillator t'ned circ'it conse3'entl the transistor circ'it Behaves as a voltage variaBle capacitance .9he Bias voltage applied to the transistor Base deter&ines the overall capacitance seen B the oscillator and hence the fre3'enc of the carrier. 9his res'lting in $M signal TELSCOPIC *HIP ANTENNA: A telescopic whip antenna is 'sed to radiate the AM signal generated B the a&plit'de &od'lator. HARD*ARE DESCRIPTION OF FM RECEVIER TRAINER 9he $& receiver trainer AC9+13 has the following sections 1.$M s'per heterod ne receiver 2.G'ffer and filter 3.A'dio power a&plifier FM SUPER HETERODYNE RECEIVER: 9he $M receiver is B'ilt with the dedicated $M receiver ;C+C?A1%1.;C consists of the following sections na&el R$ a&plifier CMi(er and oscillator C ;$ a&plifier and 3'adrat're detector .9he circ'it details and the description of ;C+C?A1%1.;C are given in appendi( BUFFER AND FILTER: A B'ffer is 'sed to prevent an loading to the previo's stage .9he filter section A'dio of a G*$ with a *ass Band to 2/5HI 61#MHI.A notch filter is also incl'ded to consists 7scillator eli&inate the #/H@ power s'ppl noise

$M Mod'lator FM TRANSMITTER

7'tp't A&plifier

Message signal
Carrier generator 4/

Antenna

$M Signal Carrier signal

FM RECEIVER Antenna

R$ A&plifier

Mi(er

;$ a&plifier

Carrier Signal spea4er

0ocal 7scillator 1iscri&inator A$ A&plifier

TABULATION:

41

-avefor& Mod'lating Signal

A&plit'de (A"

9i&e *eriod (&sec"

$re3'enc

1e&od'lated signal

AUDIO PO*ER AMPLIFIER: 9he A'dio power a&plifier is constr'cted 'sing ;C9GA,1/ to increase the power level of the de&od'lated &essage signal to the re3'ired level. 9he gain of this a&plifier can Be adF'sted B the 'ser B var ing the pot &eter *79+1.the &a(i&'& gain

42

of this a'dio a&plifier is 2#. 9he a&plified signal can Be given to a lo'd signal which can Be e(tre&el pl'gged into the AC9+13 trainer PROCEDURE: 1.9he circ'it wiring is done as shown in diagra& 2.A &od'lating signal inp't given to the $re3'enc &od'lator can also Be given fro& a e(ternal f'nction generator or an A$7 3.;f an e(ternal signal so'rce with ever low voltage level is 'sed then this signal can Be a&plified 'sing the a'dio a&plifier Before connecting to the inp't of the $M &od'lator 4.8ow increase the a&plit'de of the &od'lated signal to the re3'ired level. #.9he a&plit'de and the ti&e d'ration of the &od'lating signal are oBserved 'sing CR7. %.9he a&plit'de and ti&e d'ration of the &od'lated signal are oBserved 'sing a CR7 and taB'lated. ).9he final de&od'lated signal is viewed 'sing a CR7 Also the a&plit'de and ti&e d'ration of the de&od'lated wave are noted down RESULT: 9he &od'lating signal is trans&itted after fre3'enc &od'lation 'sing AC9+12 and the signal is received Bac4 after de&od'lation 'sing AC9+13

10.DELTA MODULATION AIM: 9o st'd the encoding process of a linear delta &od'lator. PREPARATORY INFORMATION: 1elta &od'lation is an encoding process where the logic levels of the trans&itted p'lses indicate whether the decoded o'tp't sho'ld rise or fall at each p'lse.

43

9he fig're Below shows the linear delta &od'lation process.

;ntelligence signal 1M digital signal 1igital sa&pler

Cloc4

;ntegrator $eedBac4 signal

9he delta encoding process sa&plesC 3'antises and encodes the intelligence signal into a digital signal. 9he instantaneo's voltage of an intelligence signal is co&pared to the feedBac4 signal. 9he res'lt of the co&parision is 3'antised and encoded and appears as a logic 1 or logic /C depending on which sa&ple voltage is greater. 9he encoded logic levels &a4e 'p the digital signal. 1elta &od'lation re3'ires si&ple hardware for encoding an intelligence signal. 9he encoding process consists of a digital sa&pler and an integrater as shown in fig're. 9he digital sa&pler consists of a co&parator and a 1+ t pr flipflop. 9he intelligence signal drives the non+inverting inp't of the co&paartor. 9he feedBac4 signal fro& the integrator drives the inverting inp't of the co&parator. 1'ring each cloc4 signal the co&parator co&pares the present sa&ple voltage of the intelligence signal with the feedBac4 signal. 9he feedBac4 signal is an appro(i&ate voltage of the previo's intelligence signal sa&ple. ;f the intelligence signal is greater than the feedBac4 signalC the co&parator o'tp'ts a logic 1 to the 1 inp't of the 1+t pe flip+flop. ;f the intelligence signal is less than the feedBac4 signal the co&parator o'tp'ts an negative signal to the 1+t pe flip flop. 9he J o'tp't of the 1+t pe flip+flop is /v on the leading edge of the ne(t cloc4 p'lse. 9he J o'tp't of the 1 t pe flip+flop is the digital signal. 9he digital signal contains the infor&ation needed B an integrator to generate the appro(i&ate intelligence signal (feedBac4 signal". 9his is shown is fig're Below. 44

Aolts 1igital signal t

;ntegrator o'tp't

9he integrator o'tp'ts an 'pward sloping ra&p as the feedBac4 signal when the digial signal is at logic 1. when the digital signal is at logic/C the integrator o'tp'ts a downward sloping ra&p as the feedBac4 signal. 9he digital signal is the difference Between the intelligence and feedBac4 signals :?*:R;M:89A0 *R7C:1=R:> 1. Connect *0A1 to *0AA 2. Connect channel &1 to CR7 to 9*A129*AAK adF'st AR1 to &ini&'& to get @ero level signals.

4#

3. Connect channel 1 to 9*1 to channel 2 to 9*G1 and adF'st AR2 to oBtain s3'are wave half the fre3'enc of the cloc4 rate selected (o'tp't at 9*1". 4. Connect channel 1 to 9*2 and set voltage 2div of channel 1 to &A range and oBserve a triangle wavefor&C which is o'tp't of integrator. ;t can Be oBserved that s the cloc4 rate is increasedC a&plit'de of triangle wavefor& decreases. 9his si &ini&'& step si@e.(cloc4 rate can Be changed B depressing S-1 switch". #. Connect channel 1 to 9*A1C 9*AAK adF'st AR1 in order to oBtain a 15H@ sinewave of #// &App appro(i&atel . %. Signal appro(i&ating 15H@ is availaBle at the integrator o'tp't(9*2"K this signal is oBtained B integrating the digital o'tp't res'lting fro& delta &od'lation. ). Connect channel 1 to 9*2 and channel 2 to 9*G1K it can Be oBserved that the digital high &a4es the integrator o'tp't to go 'pwards and digital low &a4es the integrator o'tp't to go downwards. ,. -ith an oscilloscope displa ing three tracesC it is possiBle to si&'ltaneo'sl oBserve the inp't signal of the &od'lationC the digital o'tp't of the &od'lator and the signal oBtained B the integration fro& the &od'lator digital o'tp't. 8otice thatC when the o'tp't (feedBac4 signal" is lower that the analog inp't the digital o'tp't is highC whenever it is low when the analog inp't is lower that the integrated o'tp't. .. ;ncrease the a&plit'de of 15H@ sine wave B rotating AR1 to App and oBserve that the integrator o'tp't follows the inp't signal. 1/. ;ncrease the a&plit'de of 15H@ sine wave f'rther highC and oBserve that the integrator o'tp't cannot follow the inp't signal. 11. Repeat the aBove+&entioned proced'res with different signal so'rces and selecting different cloc4 rates and oBserve the response of the linear delta &od'lator.

RESULT: 6hus the en!oding p$o!ess o' linea$ delta modulato$ is studied.

D&6.( A'/ ''$

H$(<+#$9 D&6.( A'/ ''$

61A?SM766M1 1# 9C6

1M,M75M1 1# 7? 4%

S6MPPM1 M9691 ,9?619 M1

SETUP FOR HALF #AVE DIPOLE ANTENNA

OBSERVATION: Angle -0eg$ees. 2al'3ave 0ipole dEv dEm di''

4)

0 20 40 "0 +0 100 120 140 1"0 1+0 200 220 240 2"0 2+0 300 320 340 3"0

11. RADIATION PATTERN OF HALF #AVE DIPOLE ANTENNA

AIM:

4,

6o plot the $adiation patte$n o' 2al' 3ave dipole antenna on pola$ plot and to measu$e the 3 dE <eam 3idth. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1V Antenna t$ansmitte$; $e!eive$ and steppe$ moto$ !ont$olle$ 2V 0ipole & 2al' 3ave 0ipole antenna 3V Antenna 6$ipod and steppe$ pod 3ith !onne!ting !a<les; Pola$i:ation 4 ,onne!to$ THEORY: 2al' 3ave dipole o$ >2 dipole antenna is one o' the simplest antenna and is '$e%uentl& emplo&ed as an element o' a mo$e !omplex di$e!tional s&stem. 7t is the 'undamental $adio antenna o' metal $od; 3hi!h has a ph&si!al length o' hal' 3avelength in '$ee spa!e at the '$e%uen!& o' ope$ation. 7t is also (no3n as 2e$t: antenna o$ hal' 3ave dou<let. A dipole antenna is a s&mmet$i!al antenna in 3hi!h the t3o ends a$e at e%ual potential $elative to mid point. 6he $adiation patte$n is doughnut shape. PROCEDURE: 1. ,onne!t the 0ipole Antenna to the t$ipod and set the t$ansmitte$ '$e%uen!& to "00 M2: and attenuato$ do3n3a$ds to avoid $e!eive$ satu$ation. Set the length o' the antenna to 24!m end to end. *eep the antenna in ho$i:ontal di$e!tion. 2. ?o3 !onne!t the hal' 3ave dipole antenna to the steppe$ pod and set the $e!eive$ to "00 M2:. Set the attenuato$ up3a$ds 'o$ maximum sensitivit&. 3. Set the distan!e <et3een the antennas to <e a$ound 1m. 4. ?o3 $otate the 2al' 3ave dipole antenna a$ound its axis in steps o' 20 deg$ees using steppe$ moto$ !ont$olle$. 6a(e the level $eadings o' $e!eive$ at ea!h step and note do3n. 5. ?ote the maximum $eading out o' the 3hole set o' $eadings. 6his 3ill 'o$m the 0dE $e'e$en!e $eading. ?o3 su<t$a!t all the $eadings '$om this $e'e$en!e $eadings and note do3n. ?o3 use this ne3 set o' $eadings 'o$ d$a3ing a plot. ". Plot the $eadings on a pola$ plot. ). 6he -3dE o$ hal' po3e$ <eam 3idth is de'ined as the angula$ 3idth in deg$ees at the points on eithe$ sides o' the main <eam 3he$e the $adiated level is 3dE lo3e$ than the maximum lo<e value. +. #$om the pola$ plot measu$e the angle 3he$e the 0dE $e'e$en!e is the$e. 6his shall also <e the di$e!tion o' main lo<e o$ <o$e-sight di$e!tion. /. Measu$e the angle 3hen this $eading is O3dE on its eithe$ side. 10. 6he di''e$en!e <et3een the angula$ positions o' the O3dE points is the 3 dE <eam 3idth o' the 2al' 3ave dipole antenna. RESULT :

4.

11. Antenna 6est #$e%uen!& -'. @ WWWWWWWWWWWWM2: 2 32. Antenna 6est Wavelength -X.@WWWWWWWWWWWWm 13. 0istan!e <et3een t3o antennas @ WWWWWWWWWWWWm 2 14. Eeam-3idth -3 dE. o' the antenna @WWWWWWWWWWWWWWdeg$ees 1 2

9RA8SM;99:R R$ 7=9

D&6.(

R:C:;A:R R$ ;8

Y$%& * (

S9:**:R M797R C789R700:R

#/

A'/ ''$

A'/ ''$

SETUP FOR YAGI ANTENNA 1

2 YAGI (* () DIMENSIONS AT ;== MH-

12. RADIATION PATTERN OF YAGI (* () ANTENNA

#1

AIM: 6o plot the $adiation patte$n o' 4agi antenna on a pola$ plot and to measu$e the 3 dE <eam 3idth. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1V Antenna t$ansmitte$; $e!eive$ and steppe$ moto$ !ont$olle$ 2V 0ipole antenna; 4agi -4el. antenna. 3V Antenna 6$ipod and steppe$ pod 3ith !onne!ting !a<les; Pola$i:ation ,onne!to$. THEORY: 4agi-uda antennas a$e the most high gain antennas. 7t is an a$$a& o' a d$iven element o$ a!tive element 3he$e the po3e$ '$om the t$ansmitte$ is 'ed and one o$ mo$e pa$asiti! elements o$ passive elements 3hi!h a$e not !onne!ted di$e!tl& to the t$ansmission line <ut ele!t$i!all& !oupled. 6he d$iven element is a $esonant hal'-3ave dipole usuall& o' metalli! $od at the '$e%uen!& o' ope$ation. 6he passive elements o' !ontinuous metalli! $ods a$e a$$anged pa$allel to the d$iven element. 6he pa$asiti! element in '$ont -3hose length is lesse$ than >2. o' d$iven element is (no3n as di$e!to$ 3he$e as the element at the <a!( 3ith a length g$eate$ than >2 is (no3n as $e'le!to$. 6he d$iven element $adiates signals; 3hi!h a$e $e'le!ted <& the $e'le!to$ and di$e!ted <& the di$e!to$s. PROCEDURE: 1. ,onne!t the dipole antenna to the t$ipod and set the t$ansmitte$ '$e%uen!& to "00 M2: and attenuato$ do3n3a$ds to avoid $e!eive$ satu$ation. 2. ?o3 !onne!t a 4agi antenna to the steppe$ t$ipod and set the $e!eive$ to "00 M2:. Set the attenuato$ up3a$ds 'o$ maximum sensitivit&. Set the length o' the antenna a!!o$ding to 'igu$es sho3n. *eep the antenna in ho$i:ontal di$e!tion. 3.Set the distan!e <et3een the antennas to <e a$ound 1m. 4.?o3 $otate the 4agi antenna a$ound its axis in steps o' 20 deg$ees using steppe$ moto$ !ont$olle$. 6a(e the level $eadings o' $e!eive$ at ea!h step and note do3n. ?ote the maximum $eading out o' the 3hole set o' $eadings. 6his 3ill 'o$m the 0dE $e'e$en!e $eading. ?o3 su<t$a!t all the $eadings '$om this $e'e$en!e $eadings and note do3n. ?o3 use this ne3 set o' $eadings 'o$ d$a3ing a plot. 5.Plot the $eadings on a pola$ plot. ".6he -3dE o$ hal' po3e$ <eam-3idth is de'ined as the angula$ 3idth in deg$ees at the points on eithe$ sides o' the main <eam 3he$e the $adiated level is 3dE lo3e$ than the maximum lo<e value. ).#$om the pola$ plot measu$e the angle 3he$e the 0dE $e'e$en!e is the$e. 6his shall also <e the di$e!tion o' main lo<e o$ <o$e sight di$e!tion. Measu$e the angle 3hen this $eading is O3dE on its eithe$ side.

#2

+. 6he di''e$en!e <et3een the angula$ positions o' the O3dE points is the 3 dE <eam-3idth o' the 4agi antenna. RESULT : 41. Antenna 6est #$e%uen!& -'. @ WWWWWWWWWWWWM2: 5 "2. Antenna 6est Wavelength -X.@WWWWWWWWWWWWm ) 33. 0istan!e <et3een t3o antennas -d. @ WWWWWWWWWWWWm 4 24.3-dE Eeam-3idth o' the antenna@WWWWWWWWWWWWWWdeg$ees

OBSERVATION: 4agi -4el. antenna

#3

Angle -0eg$ees. dEv di'' 0 20 40 "0 +0 100 120 140 1"0 1+0 200 220 240 2"0 2+0 300 320 340 3"0
9RA8SM;99:R R$ 7=9 R:C:;A:R R$ ;8 S9:**:R M797R C789R700:R

dEm

#4

1ipole Antenna

0oop Antenna

d SETUP FOR LOOP ANTENNA

1".RADIATION PATTERN OF LOOP ANTENNA

##

AIM: 6o plot the $adiation patte$n o' oop antenna and to measu$e the <eam 3idth -3dE.. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1V Antenna t$ansmitte$; $e!eive$ and steppe$ moto$ !ont$olle$ 2V 0ipole antenna; oop antenna L Antenna 9ripod and stepper pod with connecting caBlesC *olari@ation connector THEORY: A loop antenna is a $adiating !oil o' an& !$oss se!tion o' one o$ mo$e tu$ns !a$$&ing $adio '$e%uen!& !u$$ent. 7t ma& assume an& shape -$e!tangula$; s%ua$e; !i$!ula$ o$ t$iangula$.. Sin!e its dimensions a$e nea$l& al3a&s mu!h smalle$ than a 3avelength. 6he& 'ind 3ide appli!ation in $adio $e!eive$s; ai$!$a't $e!eive$s; di$e!tion 'inding and C2# t$ansmitte$s.

PROCEDURE: 1 21. ,onne!t the dipole Antenna to the t$ipod and set the t$ansmitte$ '$e%uen!& to "00 M2:. 32. ?o3 !onne!t loop antenna to the steppe$ t$ipod and set the $e!eive$ to "00 M2:. 43. Set the distan!e <et3een the antennas to <e a$ound 1m. 54. ?o3 $otate the loop antenna a$ound its axis in steps o' 20 deg$ees using steppe$ moto$ !ont$olle$. 6a(e the level $eadings o' $e!eive$ at ea!h step and note do3n. "5. Plot the $eadings on a pola$ plot. )%. #$om the pola$ plot measu$e the angle 3he$e the 0dE $e'e$en!e is the$e. 6his shall also <e the di$e!tion o' main lo<e o$ <o$e-sight di$e!tion . 1). Measu$e the angle 3hen this $eading is O3dE on its eithe$ side. 2,. 9he difference Between the ang'lar positions of the 63dG points is the Bea& width of the antenna.

OBSERVATION: oop antenna

#%

Angle -0eg$ees. dEv di'' 0 20 40 "0 +0 100 120 140 1"0 1+0 200 220 240 2"0 2+0 300 320 340 3"0 RESULT : dEm

#)

+1. Antenna 6est #$e%uen!& -'. @ WWWWWWWWWWWWM2: / 102. Antenna 6est Wavelength -X.@WWWWWWWWWWWWm 53. 0istan!e <et3een t3o antennas-d. @ WWWWWWWWWWWWm " 34. 3 dE Eeam-3idth o' the antenna @WWWWWWWWWWWWWWdeg$ees

1+.PULSE CODE MODULATION

#,

AIM: 9o st'd the operation of the analog+to+digital converter PREPARATORY INFORMATION: 9he analog to digital converter converts the sa&ples to digital Bits. 9he device perfor&s Both the 3'anti@ing and encoding operations. 9he analog to digital converter ;CCA1 %)3 for&s the heart of this logic . (UANTI,ING AND ENCODING: 9he signal level of the inp't signal is ass'&ed to var fro& / to 4... volts. 9he entire level is divided to 4..%212, E 4/ &v. 9he 3'anti@ing level is chosen to Be &idwa of the steps. ;f the signal level falls Below the 3'anti@ing level then the signal is ro'nded off to the lower level. ;f the signal falls aBove the 3'anti@ing levelC then the signal is ro'nded off to the ne(t 3'anti@ed level. 9his t pe of 3'anti@ing is called 'nifor& 3'anti@ingC where the step levels are assigned to the / to 4..%A. 9h's the anal.og to digital converter assigns the code words for allo sa&ples. $or f'rther 'nderstanding of the analog to digital conversion principles. Refer the data sheet of A1 %)3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the 1C signal 1C1 to the CH/ and 1C2 to CH1. AdF'st their a&plit'de to Be the sa&e.( for this CH/ and CH1C connect an one of the 1c signals to the channel". 2. Set the speed selection switch to the slow &ode. 3. Aar the a&plit'de level fro& / to 4..% volts and ta4e at least 1/ readings. 4. 7Bserve the a&plit'de level of the analog to digital converter inp't at 9* 2/ 'sing the oscilloscope. #. St'd the A1C o'tp't at the 0:1S. (note that the 0:1S will Be 78 for logic M/N".

A1C inp'ts &(in volts"

1igital data(theoretical"

1igital data(*ractical"

#.

11111111

//////1/ ///////1 //////// 4/ INFERENCE: 12/ 2// OOOOOO 4.%/OO

%/

As the a&plit'de of the analog to digital converter inp't varies fro& / to 4.. voltsC the o'tp't data varies fro& /////// to 1111111K 1raw a graph Between the A21 inp't voltage and the A1C o'tp't data Based on the taB'lationsC fro& the staircase wavefor& derivedC deter&ine the 3'antising stepC which is aBo't 4/&v for A1 %)3. RESULT: 6hus the ope$ation o' analog-to-digital !onve$te$ is studied.

1,.AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DETECTION

%1

AIM: 6o stud& and unde$stand amplitude modulation !i$!uit and !al!ulate modulation index 'o$ va$ious modulating voltages & 6o design and test the AM dete!to$ using the diode 9A)/. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 6$ansisto$ E,10) diode 9A)/ 1esisto$s -"1(;4.)(;10(;1(. ,apa!ito$ -0.01#;4)#; 100#. ,19 -0 O 20M2:. Audio #$e%uen!& 9s!illato$s 1adio #$e%uen!& 9s!illato$s E$ead Eoa$d & ,onne!ting Wi$es CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: - 1 ?o - 1 ?o - ea!h 1 ?os - 1; 2; 1 ?os - 1 ?o - 1 ?o - 1 ?o

-0 O 1 M2:.

5!!

10v

1! 11 22( ,1 1 0.1u 1.2( 10(2: 35pp 15pp 5! 1.2( 12 5m 1(2: 1.2( 1e 1 2 F1 E,10) 10( 1 0.01u ,2 2

AM DETECTOR:

%2

1?4001 1 2

,1 2 10u , 1 1 15./(

AM SIGNAL

0.01u

OUTPUT

TABULAR COLUMN: 5m -p O p. 5olts M max 5olts M min 5olts P$a!ti!al M@ M max O M min M max L M min Y 6heo$eti!al M@ A max O A min A max L A min Y

MODULATING #AVE 5m

%3

6-ms. Amplitude-5. CARRIER #AVE 5!

MODULATED #AVE 5max

L5min -5min 6-mse!.

-5max

%4

DEMODULATED #AVE Amplitude -5.

6 mse!

BIAS DESIGN: Sin!e voltage ampli'i!ation is done in the t$ansisto$ ampli'ie$ !i$!uit; 3e assume e%ual d$ops a!$oss 5,M and load $esistan!e 1,. 6he %uies!ent !u$$ent o' 1 mA is assumed; 3e assume a standa$d suppl& o' 12 5. 0$op a!$oss 1M is assumed to <e 1 5. 6he d$op a!$oss 5,M 3ith a suppl& o' 12 5 is given <& 12 O 1 @ 11 5. 7t is e%ual to 11 > 2 @ 5.5 5 ?o3 the voltage a!$oss the $esistan!e 1M is 5.5 5 5,M @ 5.55 5! @ 5.55 7! @ 1 mA 1! @ 5.55> 1B 10-3 @ 5.5 * 7nstead o' using 5.5 *; 3e !an use a standa$d value o' 4.)* 7t is assumed that 1EE -d! L 1. 1M > 10 2en!e 1EE > -EE L 1. is negle!ted 3hen !ompa$ed to 1M. 2en!e 5EE @ 7M1M L 5EM 2en!e 5EM is negle!ted 3hen !ompa$ed to 7M1M 2en!e 7M @ 5EE> 1M 0esign o' 11 & 12 5oltage 0$op a!$oss 1M @ 51M @ 15 0$op a!$oss 5EM @ 0.) 5 0$op a!$oss the $esistan!e 12 @ 5EM L 51M @ 512 512 @ 1.) 5 12 is assumed to <e 10* 5,,12 > -11L12. @ 512 1.) 5 @ 10B12B103>11L 10 B103 %#

11 @ "0.5 * 11 is $ounded to "1 * AMPLIFIER DESIGN: 6he ampli'ie$ is designed '$om the <ias !i$!uit point o' vie3. #o$ this design the F point o' the ampli'ie$ does not va$& 3ith va$iation o' the t$ansisto$. 6he ampli'ie$ is not designed <& the voltage gain !onside$ation ; this is <e!ause additional ampli'ie$ stages !an <e !as!aded i' the single stage is lo3 voltage gain. -h'e 1 6he theo$eti!al value o' the voltage gain @ hie hie Ee!ause hi< @ 1 L h'e *6 3he$e hi< @ % 7M - 1, @ hii<

7M 0, emitte$ !u$$ent unde$ F !onditions the ampli'ie$ is designed 3ith F !u$$ent o' 1 mA. hi< @ 2" m5 > 1 mA @ 2" 2en!e the theo$eti!al values o' voltage gain -1, @ hi< 2" -4.) * @ -1+0.))

0esign 'o$ demodulato$ 6he !ut o'' '$e%uen!& o' the P# is given <& ' @ 1>2 1, et , @ 0.01#. the modulating signal '$e%uen!& is 1*2:. 6he$e'o$e 1 @ 1>2', @ 15./* PROCEDURE: (m.30($/.)) 1. 6he !onne!tions a$e made as pe$ the !i$!uit diag$am -'ig 1.. 2. 6he po3e$ suppl& is given to the !olle!to$ o' t$ansisto$. 3. 6he !a$$ie$ signal 5, at 1M2: and 2 5pp is given to the <ase o' the ampli'ie$. 6he !a$$ie$ signal gets ampli'ied. 4. 6he modulating signal 5m at 1*2: &0.5 5pp is given to the emitte$ o' the t$ansisto$. 5. 6he amplitude modulated output is ta(en at the !olle!to$ o' the !i$!uit.

%%

". E& va$&ing the amplitude o' modulating signal !o$$esponding M max and Mmin a$e noted and ta<ulated. ). 6he p$a!ti!al modulation index is !al!ulated using the 'ollo3ing 'o$mula. PROCEDURE: (3 m.30($/.)) 1. 6he ,onne!tions a$e made 3ith 9A)/ as sho3n in !i$!uit diag$am-#7D 2.. 2. 6he amplitude modulated signal '$om the AM gene$ato$ is 'ed into the !i$!uit. 3. 6he demodulated output is measu$ed th$ough the ,19. 4. #o$ va$ious values o' AM signal '$e%uen!&; !o$$esponding demodulated 5ge and '$e%uen!ies a$e noted and $eadings a$e ta<ulated. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS: 7,F @ 0./3mA 1 -a!. @ 1, 1 @ 10* 1.5* @ 1.3* A! emitte$ $esistan!e $eQ@ 25m5 7,F Dain -Ao. @ 1 -a!. > $eQ At an& instant; A @ Ao -1L m sin mt. A max @ Ao -1Lm. A min @ Ao -1-m. m @ -Amax - Amin . > -Amax - Amin . m @ 5 m > 5! +. 6he theo$eti!al modulation index 3as !al!ulated <& using the 'ollo3ing $elation. m @ -5max - 5min . > -5max L 5min . /. 6he p$a!ti!al and theo$eti!al values o' modulation index 3e$e !ompa$ed and ve$i'ied. RESULT: 6he amplitude modulation !i$!uit 3as designed and its modulation index 3as !al!ulated 'o$ va$ious modulating voltages and 3as !ompa$ed 3ith theo$eti!al values. An AM dete!to$ using 9A)/ 3as designed and demodulated output 3as measu$ed 'o$ va$ious values o' modulating signals.

%)

1-.FRE(UENCY MODULATION AIM 6o gene$ate a '$e%uen!& modulated 3ave using 7,5"" . APPARATUS REQUIRED: Po3e$ Suppl&-0-15v. 7, ?M 5"" Audio #$e%uen!& 9s!illato$ - -0 O 1M2:. 1esisto$s -5." *; 2.5*; 3/*. ,apa!ito$ -0.01#. E$ead Eoa$d 0igital Sto$age 9s!illos!ope & p$o<es CIRCUIT ANALYSIS: 'o @ 2 -5,, - 5,. 5,, 11 ,1 et 5,, @ 125; ,1 @ 0.01#; 5, @ )>+ 5,, 'o @ 0.25>11,1 let 'o @ 10 *2:J ,1 @ 0.01# 11 @ 0.25>-10 x 103 x 0.01 x 10-". 11 @ 2.5* 5, @ 5,, x 13 > -12L13. )>+ x 5,, @ 5,, x 13 > -12L13. et 13@3/* then 12 @ 5."* - 1?o - 1?o - 1?o - ea!h 1?os - 2 ?os - 1 ?o - 1 ?o

%,

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: L12v 11 2.5*

12 5."* 6$iangula$ o>p 0.01# 7, 5"" , S%ua$e o>p 13 3/* 1*2: 25

,1 0.01#

THEORY: 5oltage ,ont$olled 9s!illato$8 %.

6he 7, ?M5"" is a gene$al-pu$pose voltage !ont$olled os!illato$ -5,9. designed 'o$ linea$ '$e%uen!& modulation. 6his p$ovides t$iangula$ and s%ua$e 3ave outputs simultaneousl& at '$e%uen!ies up to 1M2:. Sinusoidal 3ave'o$m !an <e o<tained <& shaping the t$iangula$ 3ave'o$m using exte$nal !i$!uit. #ig 2 sho3s the 'un!tional <lo!( diag$am o' ?M5"". L5 1 " 5 5! ,ont$ol 5oltage 7 +

SCHM;99 9R;<<:R

F2

F1 7=9*=9 S9A<:

3 F3 7=9*=9 S9A<: 4 ) , 1

)/

Monolithi! ,hip F&%.2: F0!/&.'$( B(.!8 D&$%)$m .< NE ,;;.

An exte$nal !apa!ito$ , is !onne!ted <et3een pin ) and g$ound. 1; is an exte$nal $esisto$ !onne!ted <et3een te$minal " and suppl& voltage 5 ,,. 5, is exte$nal !ont$ol voltage applied at pin 5. the !u$$ent sou$!e 7 !ha$ge and dis!ha$ges the !apa!ito$ ,. the value o' !u$$ent sou$!e is dete$mined <& 7 @ -5,, O 5,. > 1 6&pi!all& the value o' 5, lies <et3een 35,,>4; 5,, and that o' 1 lies <et3een 2*. 6he ope$ation o' the !i$!uit is as 'ollo3s87nitiall& t$ansisto$ F3 is o'' and the !u$$ent 7 !ha$ges , th$ough diode 02. When the voltage a!$oss , $ea!hes the uppe$ t$ip point o' S!hmitt t$igge$; its state is !hanged and F3 <e!omes on. 6his g$ounds the emitte$s o' 6$ansisto$s F1 & F2 and !u$$ent 7 no3 'lo3s th$ough 0 1; F2 & F3 to g$ound. Eut the <ase emitte$ voltage o' F1 & F2 a$e the same and thus an e%ual amount o' !u$$ent 'lo3s th$ough t$ansisto$ F1. 6his !u$$ent is used up in dis!ha$ging !apa!ito$ , -sin!e 02 is $eve$se <iased.. 6he !apa!ito$ dis!ha$ges until the lo3e$ t$ip point o' the S!hmitt t$igge$ is $ea!hed at 3hi!h the !&!le $epeats. Same amount o' !u$$ent 'lo3s th$ough the !apa!ito$ du$ing !ha$ging and dis!ha$ging. 6he$e'o$e the !ha$ging and dis!ha$ging $ates a$e same. 6he !ha$ge and dis!ha$ge inte$vals a$e given <&. 6 @ 52 , > 7 se!onds Whe$e 52 is the voltage di''e$en!e <et3een the uppe$ and lo3e$ t$ip point o' S!hmitt t$igge$. 7n the design o' S!hmitt t$igge$; 5 2 is sele!ted ve$& nea$l& 1>5th o' the suppl& voltage 5,,. Su<stituting the value o' 7 in 6 and putting 5 2 @ 5,, > 5; 6 @ 5,, , 1 5 -5,, O 5,. 2en!e the '$e%uen!& o' ope$ation is 'o @ 1 > 26 @ 5-5,, O 5,. > 2 5,, 1, Whe$e 6 is assumed hal' o' the time pe$iod. 7n p$a!ti!e the value o' !ont$ol voltage 5, is 'ixed <& means o' a voltage divide$ !onne!ted <et3een the suppl& voltage te$minal and g$ound. E& su!h !onne!ted 5 , <e!omes a 'ixed '$a!tion o' suppl& voltage and thus the '$e%uen!& o' os!illation ' o <e!omes ve$& mu!h independent o' suppl& voltage. E& ad=usting 5 , -'o$ !onstant 1, p$odu!t. 3ithin allo3a<le $ange; the '$e%uen!& !an <e s3ept ove$ 1081 $ange. Simila$l&; 'o$ a 'ixed 5, and !onstant ,; the '$e%uen!& 'o !an <e va$ied ove$ a 1081 $ange <& the !hoi!e o' 1 <et3een 2* & 20.

)1

7n the 'ig.2; <oth the output 3ave'o$ms a$e <u''e$ed using output stage; so that the output impedan!e o' ea!h is 50 . 6he t&pi!al amplitude o' t$iangula$ 3ave is 2.4 5PP and that o' s%ua$e 3ave is 5.4 5PP. #ig.3 Sho3s t&pi!al !onne!tion diag$am 'o$ 5"" devi!e. 7n this a$$angement; the 1, !om<ination dete$mines the '$ee $unning '$e%uen!&; and the !ont$ol voltage 5, at te$minal is set <& the voltage divide$ 11 O 12. 6he modulating signal is a! !oupled 3ith the !apa!ito$ , 1 and must <e less than 3 5PP. 6he 'o !an <e va$ied ove$ a 1081 $ange as des!$i<ed a<ove. 6he maximum output '$e%uen!& is 1M2:. A small !apa!ito$ , 2 o' 0.001# is !onne!ted <et3een pin 5 & " to eliminate possi<le os!illation in the !ont$ol !u$$ent sou$!e.

PIN DIAGRAM:D?0 1 ?, 2 SFCA1M WA5M 9C6PC6 617A?DCA 1 WA5M 9C6PC6 F) >0 '!? 3 9&$/&.': ' @ Z '9 O 2 [5!! O -5! L 5m.\> 11,15!! 3 4 IC ,;; + ) " 5 5!! ,1 11 M90C A679? 7?PC6

PROCEDURE: (m.30($/&.') 1. 6he !i$!uit 3as !onne!ted as sho3n in the !i$!uit diag$am in 'ig 1. 2. 6he '$ee $unning '$e%uen!& 'o is measu$ed at pin 3. 3. 6he modulating input is given to pin 5 th$ough a !oupling !apa!ito$ and the !o$$esponding !hanges in digital sto$age os!illos!ope is noted. 4. #o$ va$ious amplitudes and the modulating signal; !o$$esponding 0S9 $eadings 3e$e noted. 5. #$e%uen!& deviation and modulation index 3e$e !al!ulated. ". #$e%uen!& modulated output 3as d$a3n on a g$aph sheet.

TABULAR COLUMN(M.30($/&.'): 5m -p-p. 5olts 'max -*2:. 'min -*2:.

Modulation index P$a!ti!al 6heo$eti!al

)2

MODEL GRAPH: C$))& ) s&%'$( Amplitude-5.

)3

6-ms. Amplitude-5. M ss$% s&%'$(

Amplitude-5. FM @$9

6-ms.

6-ms. MODEL CALCULATION: 5m @ 0.255J 5! @ +.)55J 'm @ 1*2:

THEORETICAL: ' @ '9 - 2[5!! O -5!L5m.\ > -11,15,M @ 10* O 2[10 O -+.)5L0.25.\>10x2.)x103x0.01x10-" @ 2*2: 6h @ ' > 'm @ 2*>1* @ 2. PRACTICAL: ' @ 'max O'min > 2 @ 13.32* O+.++* > 2 @2.22* P$ @ ' > 'm @ 2.22* > 1* @ 2.22. RESULT: #$e%uen!& modulated 3ave 3as gene$ated and its output g$aph 3as d$a3n.

)4