Punjab University Lahore B A English Explanation of Poems

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Leisure Leisure Leisure Leisure

By

William Davies
Stanza No 1 Stanza No 1 Stanza No 1 Stanza No 1: :: :
What is this life if full of care, What is this life if full of care, What is this life if full of care, What is this life if full of care,
We have no time to stand and stare? We have no time to stand and stare? We have no time to stand and stare? We have no time to stand and stare?
No time to stand beneath the boughs No time to stand beneath the boughs No time to stand beneath the boughs No time to stand beneath the boughs
And stare as long as sheep or cows. And stare as long as sheep or cows. And stare as long as sheep or cows. And stare as long as sheep or cows.
Meanings Meanings Meanings Meanings: :: :
Care---_-'-, , stare---'-+,'-,+', beneath---,-, boughs---',- .
Reference Reference Reference Reference: :: :
These lines have been taken from Leisure Leisure Leisure Leisure written by William Davies William Davies William Davies William Davies .
Context Context Context Context: :: :
In this poem shows his sadness over the busy life of modern man. He says that people are
so much busy in their worldly affairs that they even have no time to enjoy life. They do not have
time to look around and enjoy beautiful objects of nature.
Explanation Explanation Explanation Explanation: :: :
In these lines, the poet says that our life is useless if it is full of worldly worries and
cares. We are so much busy that we have no time to stand and look at the beauty around us. Even we
have no time to stand under a tree and look its beautiful boughs. He criticizes the modern man by
saying that the cows and sheep have time to watch the beauty of trees but unfortunately we have no
time to enjoy this beauty of nature. Actually in these lines the poet warns us on our rushed life and
advises us to spare some time to relax.
Stanza 2 Stanza 2 Stanza 2 Stanza 2: :: :
No time to see, when woods we pass, No time to see, when woods we pass, No time to see, when woods we pass, No time to see, when woods we pass,
Where Where Where Where squirrels hide their nuts in grass. squirrels hide their nuts in grass. squirrels hide their nuts in grass. squirrels hide their nuts in grass.
No time to see, in broad daylight, No time to see, in broad daylight, No time to see, in broad daylight, No time to see, in broad daylight,
Streams full of stars, like skies at night. Streams full of stars, like skies at night. Streams full of stars, like skies at night. Streams full of stars, like skies at night.
Woods---.'-= ',+, squirrels----','', nuts---,,--,' ` '+ -=-.
Reference to the Context: Reference to the Context: Reference to the Context: Reference to the Context:
Same as above.

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In these lines, the poet shows his sadness on the busy life of modern man. He says
that we are in so much hurry that we even not have time to enjoy the ordinary beauties of nature.
While passing through woods we do not watch squirrels playing and hiding there nuts in grass. We
even not enjoy the beauty of running brooks and streams. When the light of sun reflects from the
water it looks like the sky full of stars in night. Here again he shows his sadness by saying that man
has no time to watch this charming scene. In short, in the whole stanza is full of writers woe over
business of modern man.
No time to turn at Bea No time to turn at Bea No time to turn at Bea No time to turn at Beautys glance, utys glance, utys glance, utys glance,
And watch her feet, how they can dance. And watch her feet, how they can dance. And watch her feet, how they can dance. And watch her feet, how they can dance.
No time to wait till her mouth can No time to wait till her mouth can No time to wait till her mouth can No time to wait till her mouth can
Enrich that smile her eye began. Enrich that smile her eye began. Enrich that smile her eye began. Enrich that smile her eye began.
A poor life if, full of care, A poor life if, full of care, A poor life if, full of care, A poor life if, full of care,
We have no time to stand and stare. We have no time to stand and stare. We have no time to stand and stare. We have no time to stand and stare.
Glance---=-''-, enrich--- '-,=
Same as above.
In early lines of the poem, the poet talks about different beauties of nature that we miss
due to our rushed life. But in these lines, the poet refers to the human beauty. He says that apart from
other beauties of nature man also does not enjoy human beauty that is always seen singing and
dancing around him. Here he describes human beauty in the form of a young girl, who wants to
share her smile with us. She wants to show her different dancing gestures. But, man is so much busy
that he even not waits for so little time to see that smile that began from her eyes to reach her mouth.
In the ending lines of the poem, here again the poet shows his disgust over the business of man. He
says that it would be a poor life if it is full of worldly of cares and worries.
2 22 2- -- -Tartary Tartary Tartary Tartary
By

Walter De La Mare
If I were Lord of Tartary. If I were Lord of Tartary. If I were Lord of Tartary. If I were Lord of Tartary.
Myself and me alone, Myself and me alone, Myself and me alone, Myself and me alone,

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My bed should be of ivory, My bed should be of ivory, My bed should be of ivory, My bed should be of ivory,
Of beaten gold my throne; Of beaten gold my throne; Of beaten gold my throne; Of beaten gold my throne;
Meaning of difficult w Meaning of difficult w Meaning of difficult w Meaning of difficult words ords ords ords: :: :
Alone---`,, ivory----- _+-', beaten gold---'-,- ''=, throne----=-.
These lines have been taken from the poem Tartary Tartary Tartary Tartary written by Walter De La Mare Walter De La Mare Walter De La Mare Walter De La Mare . .. .
It is a dream poem in which the poet describes an imaginary land and he calls it Tartary.
It is a romantic place for enjoyment and has all the luxuries of life. Actually, the poet is fed up of
miseries of life so much that he does not want to live in this cruel society which is full of sorrows
and troubles. Thats why he creates an imaginary land though his imagination in which he hopes to
enjoy all the comforts of life.
In these lines, the poet shows his wish of ruling over the land of Tartary. He does not
want to share his kingship with anyone and wants to rule this imaginary land alone. Then he
describes different luxuries of this dream land. He says that for relaxing his bed should be made of
ivory. Apart from that his royal seat should not be an ordinary one rather it should be made of pure
gold. In short, these starting lines gives little glimpse of the luxuries that the poet wishes to enjoy in
this dream land.
And in my court should peacocks flaunt. And in my court should peacocks flaunt. And in my court should peacocks flaunt. And in my court should peacocks flaunt.
And in my forests tigers haunt, And in my forests tigers haunt, And in my forests tigers haunt, And in my forests tigers haunt,
And in my And in my And in my And in my pools great fishes slant pools great fishes slant pools great fishes slant pools great fishes slant
Their fin Their fin Their fin Their fins athwart the sun. s athwart the sun. s athwart the sun. s athwart the sun.
Meanings of the difficult words Meanings of the difficult words Meanings of the difficult words Meanings of the difficult words: :: :
Flaunt---'-++'-'-, Haunt---'-+ ---', Slant---'-, _,, _+=,
Fins--- _'+-, athwart---+-
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet gives a little more detail about his dream land Tartary. He
wishes that his court should be so magnificent that peacocks should dance in it. He would like to see
tigers hunting in his forests. In the pools of his imaginary land big and beautiful fishes should swim.
The fins of these fishes should be so beautiful that it reflects the bright rays of sun. In short, in these
lines, the poet provides a beautiful picture of his beautiful imaginary land.
Stanza 3: Stanza 3: Stanza 3: Stanza 3:
If I were Lord of Tartary, If I were Lord of Tartary, If I were Lord of Tartary, If I were Lord of Tartary,
Trumpete Trumpete Trumpete Trumpeters everyday rs everyday rs everyday rs everyday
To every meal would summon me, To every meal would summon me, To every meal would summon me, To every meal would summon me,
And in my courtyard bray, And in my courtyard bray, And in my courtyard bray, And in my courtyard bray,

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Trumpeters---' -'=- .'-, Summon---'-`-, Bray--- ' _- '--- ,-
Same as above.
In the starting line of this stanza, the poet again shows his desire of ruling over the
land of Tartary. Then in the coming lines he describes different royal features of his court. He
desires that there would be trumpeters in his court who on the time of every meal should call him by
playing their trumpets in a loud voice. In short, in these lines the poet gives a beautiful picture of his
royal life.
And in the evening lamps would shine, And in the evening lamps would shine, And in the evening lamps would shine, And in the evening lamps would shine,
] ]] ] Yellow as honey, red as wine, Yellow as honey, red as wine, Yellow as honey, red as wine, Yellow as honey, red as wine,
While harp, an While harp, an While harp, an While harp, and flute, and mandoline, d flute, and mandoline, d flute, and mandoline, d flute, and mandoline,
Made music sweet and gay. Made music sweet and gay. Made music sweet and gay. Made music sweet and gay.
Harp---'-'=- _'-'- ', ,-, Flute---,--'-, Mandoline---'='- ' = _ _'-'-,
Gay---,=--.
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet gives an evening picture of his dreamy land. He says that in the
evening lamps would shine in his court. The light of these lamps should be as yellow as honey and
as red as wine. He wishes that musical instruments like harp, flute and mandolin should be played by
musicians in court. The combination of these musical instruments would create and sweet and
pleasant effect. In short, in these lines the poet has given a romantic description of nights of
Tartary.
If I were Lord of Ta If I were Lord of Ta If I were Lord of Ta If I were Lord of Tartary. rtary. rtary. rtary.
Id wear a robe of beads, Id wear a robe of beads, Id wear a robe of beads, Id wear a robe of beads,
White and gold, and green theyd be White and gold, and green theyd be White and gold, and green theyd be White and gold, and green theyd be_ __ _
And clustered thick as seeds; And clustered thick as seeds; And clustered thick as seeds; And clustered thick as seeds;
Robe---='-,'-', Beads---_-,-, Clustered---'+'-+=
Same as above.
Exp Exp Exp Explanation lanation lanation lanation: :: :
In the beginning line of this stanza, the poet again shows his desire of ruling over the
land of Tartary. Then, in the proceeding lines, he gives details about his magnificent dress. He
says that he would wear a long gown that will be made up countless green and golden beads. This
shows that not only he wants his land a symbol of beauty but wants beautiful things for himself also.
This shows that he himself wants to be beautiful and charming just like his dream land Tartary.

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A AA And ere should wane the morning_star nd ere should wane the morning_star nd ere should wane the morning_star nd ere should wane the morning_star, ,, ,
Id don my robe and scimitar, Id don my robe and scimitar, Id don my robe and scimitar, Id don my robe and scimitar,
And zebras seven should draw my car And zebras seven should draw my car And zebras seven should draw my car And zebras seven should draw my car
Through Through Through Through Tartarys dark glades. Tartarys dark glades. Tartarys dark glades. Tartarys dark glades.
Ere---' - , Wane---'-, '-+', Don---'-- , Scimitar--- , _ - -
,'-Glades----,- `+ -- .'-=
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet gives some details about what he wants for himself in that
dream land Tartary. He says that before the morning stars starts disappearing he would wear his
grand dress and curved sword and would go out for morning walk on his carriage. That carriage
would be drawn by seven zebra through the open spaces in the thick forests of Tartary. In short,
these lines show the Tartary as well as his own glory.
Lord of fruits of Tartary. Lord of fruits of Tartary. Lord of fruits of Tartary. Lord of fruits of Tartary.
Her rivers silver_pale Her rivers silver_pale Her rivers silver_pale Her rivers silver_pale ! !! !
Lord of the hills of Tartary, Lord of the hills of Tartary, Lord of the hills of Tartary, Lord of the hills of Tartary,
Glen Glen Glen Glen, thicket, wood, and dale , thicket, wood, and dale , thicket, wood, and dale , thicket, wood, and dale! !! !
Glen--- ---, Thicket---','+= '=-', Dale---,
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet describes one by one those things on which he wants to rule in
the land of Tartary. He wants to be the master of different fruit of Tartary. He wants to rule over
the silver pale rivers of it. He shows his desire to rule over almost all the things of his dream land.
He wants unchallenged authority over hills, valleys and small forests etc. In short, here again in
these lines the poet shows his desire of ruling over his imaginary land without any partner.
Her flashing stars, her scented breeze, Her flashing stars, her scented breeze, Her flashing stars, her scented breeze, Her flashing stars, her scented breeze,
Her trembling lakes, like foamless seas, Her trembling lakes, like foamless seas, Her trembling lakes, like foamless seas, Her trembling lakes, like foamless seas,
Her bird Her bird Her bird Her bird- -- -delighting citron trees delighting citron trees delighting citron trees delighting citron trees
In every purple vale ! In every purple vale ! In every purple vale ! In every purple vale !
Meaning Meaning Meaning Meanings of the difficult words s of the difficult words s of the difficult words s of the difficult words: :: :
Trembling lakes---.,+= _--', Citron trees----= -,, Vale---, -.
Same and above.

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These are last lines of this beautiful imaginary poem. In these lines, the poet says that
the sky of his land would be full of bright stars. The breeze would be fragrant. The water of shaking
lakes would present a charming scene. The water of these lakes would be as clear as the water of
foamless seas. There would be citron trees with birds sitting on them. These birds would be singing
delightful songs. Every valley of that beautiful land would be full of purple flowers and leaves. In
short, in these lines the poet gives a beautiful description of his dream land Tartary.
3 33 3- -- -New Year Resolution New Year Resolution New Year Resolution New Year Resolution
By

Elizabeth Sewell
I will drain I will drain I will drain I will drain
Long draughts of quite Long draughts of quite Long draughts of quite Long draughts of quite
As a purgation: As a purgation: As a purgation: As a purgation:
Drain---'- ,-, Draughts----,+', purgation---'-'-- ''='- _,'--
These lines have been taken from the poem New Year Resolution New Year Resolution New Year Resolution New Year Resolution written by Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth
S SS Sewell ewell ewell ewell . .. .
It is small but very impressive poem. In this poem, the poetess describes her intentions in a
delightful manner at the approach of New Year. Usually, people celebrate New Year by drinking
wine or doing other such useless things. But, the poetess doesnt want to waste her time in such
useless things. She wants to celebrate the arrival of New Year in a different style by learning bitter
realities of life and making resolution for her future life.
In these lines the poetess throws light on her New Year resolutions. She wants to drain
her self by long draughts of quite. Now the draining of long draughts is commonly associated with
drinking wine. But, she wants to drink in quite, as a means of purifying herself. Quite is a symbol of
calmness and purity and this is what she wants to achieve.
Remember Remember Remember Remember
Twice daily Twice daily Twice daily Twice daily
Who I am; Who I am; Who I am; Who I am;

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Twice---.
Same as above.
In these lines, the poetess shows her second intention, what she wants to do in New
Year. Actually, she wants to learn form her past shortcomings and defects. In a day, she wants to
remember her reality twice. She doesnt want to forget her reality but wants to know purpose of her
creation. She wants to know her objective in life and her rights and duties towards others. In short,
through these lines the poetess makes us to realize our purpose of reality.
Will lie onights Will lie onights Will lie onights Will lie onights
In the bony arms In the bony arms In the bony arms In the bony arms
Of reality and be comforted. Of reality and be comforted. Of reality and be comforted. Of reality and be comforted.
Same as above.
In the ending lines of this short poem, the poetess gives her third intention on New
Year. The poetess doesnt want to spend her nights in sound sleeps rather she wants to know
realities of life. She has a desire to spend her nights while staying in the bony arms of reality. She
will feel comfortable while knowing the realities of life. Actually, the bony arms of reality refer
towards the bones without flesh that is realities in their true sense. In short, she wants to know the
realities of life though how bitter they are.

4 44 4- -- - Woman Work Woman Work Woman Work Woman Work
By

Maya Angelou
Ive got the children to tend Ive got the children to tend Ive got the children to tend Ive got the children to tend
The clothes to mend The clothes to mend The clothes to mend The clothes to mend
The floor to mop The floor to mop The floor to mop The floor to mop
The food to shop The food to shop The food to shop The food to shop
Meanings of difficult words Meanings of difficult words Meanings of difficult words Meanings of difficult words: :: :

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Tend--- '- '- +,, Mend---'- ---, Mop---'- '-.
These lines have been taken from the poem Women Work Women Work Women Work Women Work by Maya Angelou Maya Angelou Maya Angelou Maya Angelou .
Conte Conte Conte Context xt xt xt: :: :
This poem presents the miserable state of a workingwoman and her wish to live an ideal
life. The poetess has shown different phases of her daily life. Basically, it is poetesss desire to
escape from dull routine of life and having the company of nature.
In these lines, the poetess shows light on some the works a woman has to do in her
daily life. She says that a woman has to do a lot of work in a day. She has to attend the children and
then has to arrange their clothes. Then she has to clean her house to make it look attractive. That is
not enough she goes to bazaar to buy something for cooking. In short, life of a house wife is not an
easy one rather it is full of dull routines.
Then chicken to fry Then chicken to fry Then chicken to fry Then chicken to fry
The baby to dry The baby to dry The baby to dry The baby to dry
I got company to feed I got company to feed I got company to feed I got company to feed
The garden to weed The garden to weed The garden to weed The garden to weed
Weed---',,- ,+=.
Reference to the Context Reference to the Context Reference to the Context Reference to the Context: :: :
Same as above.
In these lines, the poetess shows light on some the works a woman has to do in her daily life.
She says that a woman has to do a lot of work in a day. She has to prepare meal for her family by
frying chicken. She has to dry the baby. But babies are not the only ones to look after she has a
whole family to look after. Then, she has to clean weed her garden to make it look beautiful. In
short, life of a house wife is not an easy one rather it is full of dull routines.
Ive got the shirts to press Ive got the shirts to press Ive got the shirts to press Ive got the shirts to press
The tots to dress The tots to dress The tots to dress The tots to dress
The cane to be cut The cane to be cut The cane to be cut The cane to be cut
I got to clean up this hut. I got to clean up this hut. I got to clean up this hut. I got to clean up this hut.
Tots---- ',+, Cane---'-=_+`.
Same as above.
In these lines, the poetess shows light on some the works a woman has to do in her daily life.
She says that a woman has to do a lot of work in a day. The working woman says that she has iron
the clothes and then dress her small children for school. To add her miseries she has cut the cane and

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to clean her hut to look it beautiful. In short, life of a house wife is not an easy one rather it is full
of dull routines.
Stanza Stanza Stanza Stanza 4 44 4: :: :
Shine on me, sunshine Shine on me, sunshine Shine on me, sunshine Shine on me, sunshine
Rain on me, rain Rain on me, rain Rain on me, rain Rain on me, rain
Fall softly, dewdrops Fall softly, dewdrops Fall softly, dewdrops Fall softly, dewdrops
And cool my brow again. And cool my brow again. And cool my brow again. And cool my brow again.
Same as above.
This poem is written in two parts. The initial part describes the routine works of a house wife,
while the second part is about her desire of being in the company of nature. These lines belong to the
second part of the poem. Here in these lines the poetess shows different desires of a woman. After
spending a tiresome routine life, the woman of this poem desires to have some relief in her life. For
this she wishes for sunshine and rain. She asks dew drops to fall on her and cool her eye brow.
Storm, blow me from here Storm, blow me from here Storm, blow me from here Storm, blow me from here
With your fiercest wind With your fiercest wind With your fiercest wind With your fiercest wind
Let me float across the sky Let me float across the sky Let me float across the sky Let me float across the sky
Till I ca Till I ca Till I ca Till I can rest again. n rest again. n rest again. n rest again.
Blow---'-'' ,, Fiercest---,----, Float---'-,-.
Same as above.
spending a tiresome routine life, the woman of this poem desires to have some relief in her life. She
asks wind storms to float across the sky and take her away from this dull life to a world where she
may get some rest and peace. In fact, she wants to run away from this dull and drab life through her
imagination.
Fall gently, snow flakes Fall gently, snow flakes Fall gently, snow flakes Fall gently, snow flakes
Cover me with white Cover me with white Cover me with white Cover me with white
Cold icy kisses and Cold icy kisses and Cold icy kisses and Cold icy kisses and
Let me rest tonight. Let me rest tonight. Let me rest tonight. Let me rest tonight.
Snow flakes---''' -.

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Same as above.
spending a tiresome routine life, the woman of this poem desires to have some relief in her life. In
these lines, she asks snow flakes to fall on her and cover her all over. She wants to feel the cold of
these flakes. In the last line, she again shows her desire of taking rest. This desire clearly throws
light on her miserable life.
Sun, rain, curving sky Sun, rain, curving sky Sun, rain, curving sky Sun, rain, curving sky
Mountain, oceans, leaf and stone Mountain, oceans, leaf and stone Mountain, oceans, leaf and stone Mountain, oceans, leaf and stone
Star shine, moon glow Star shine, moon glow Star shine, moon glow Star shine, moon glow
Youre all that I can call my own. Youre all that I can call my own. Youre all that I can call my own. Youre all that I can call my own.
Meanings of difficu Meanings of difficu Meanings of difficu Meanings of difficult words lt words lt words lt words: :: :
Moon glow---_---' _ --'.
Same as above.
spending a tiresome routine life, the woman of this poem desires to have some relief in her life. She
wants to call and wants to be among the snowy mountains, glittering sky, vast oceans, sparkling
stars and other objects of nature. She hopes that these objects of nature will bring happiness in her
dismal life.
5 55 5- -- - The Rebel The Rebel The Rebel The Rebel
By

D.J. Enright
When everybody has short hair, When everybody has short hair, When everybody has short hair, When everybody has short hair,
The The The The rebel lets his rebel lets his rebel lets his rebel lets his hair grow long, hair grow long, hair grow long, hair grow long,
When everybody has long hair, When everybody has long hair, When everybody has long hair, When everybody has long hair,
The rebel cuts his hair short. The rebel cuts his hair short. The rebel cuts his hair short. The rebel cuts his hair short.

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These lines have been taken from the poem The Rebel The Rebel The Rebel The Rebel written by D.J. Enright D.J. Enright D.J. Enright D.J. Enright . .. .
In this poem, the poet tells us about the funny behaviour of in a humorous manner. A rebel
tries to be different from others. He acts against the old traditions and customs of the society.
Actually, such persons want to become prominent among the people and for that he adopts funny
ways.
Explanatio Explanatio Explanatio Explanation nn n: :: :
In these lines, the poet describes the strange and funny attitude of a rebel in a delightful manner. He
amuses us by explaining various odd and awkward habits of a rebel. He says that a rebel always go
against the acts of normal people. The poet says that when there is a fashion of short hair, the rebel
likes to have long hair. But, when the people like to have long hair, a rebel prefers to have short hair.
In short, he wants to reject all the words and deeds of normal people to show himself different and
prominent.
When everybody talks during the lesson, When everybody talks during the lesson, When everybody talks during the lesson, When everybody talks during the lesson,
The rebel doesnt say a word. The rebel doesnt say a word. The rebel doesnt say a word. The rebel doesnt say a word.
When nobody talks during the lesson When nobody talks during the lesson When nobody talks during the lesson When nobody talks during the lesson, ,, ,
The rebel creates a disturbance. The rebel creates a disturbance. The rebel creates a disturbance. The rebel creates a disturbance.
Reference to the Reference to the Reference to the Reference to the Context Context Context Context: :: :
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet describes the strange and funny attitude of a rebel in a delightful
manner. He amuses us by explaining various odd and awkward habits of a rebel. He says that a rebel
always go against the acts of normal people. The poet says that he talks during the lesson when
others are quite and remain dumb when others are busy in conversation. In short, he wants to reject
all the words and deeds of normal people to show himself different and prominent.
When everybody wears a unif When everybody wears a unif When everybody wears a unif When everybody wears a uniform, orm, orm, orm,
The rebel dresses in fantastic clothes. The rebel dresses in fantastic clothes. The rebel dresses in fantastic clothes. The rebel dresses in fantastic clothes.
When everybody wears fantastic clothes When everybody wears fantastic clothes When everybody wears fantastic clothes When everybody wears fantastic clothes
The rebel dresses soberly. The rebel dresses soberly. The rebel dresses soberly. The rebel dresses soberly.
Same as above.
always go against the acts of normal people. The poet says that he dresses in colourful clothes when
others wear simple clothes and wears simple clothes on joyful occasion. In short, he wants to reject
all the words and deeds of normal people to show himself different and prominent.

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In the company of dog lovers, In the company of dog lovers, In the company of dog lovers, In the company of dog lovers,
The rebel expresses a preference for cats. The rebel expresses a preference for cats. The rebel expresses a preference for cats. The rebel expresses a preference for cats.
In the company of In the company of In the company of In the company of cat lovers, cat lovers, cat lovers, cat lovers,
The rebel puts a good word for dogs. The rebel puts a good word for dogs. The rebel puts a good word for dogs. The rebel puts a good word for dogs.
Same as above.
always go against the acts of normal people. The poet says that he starts loving cats in the presence
of dog lovers and talks about dogs when people appreciate cats. In short, he wants to reject all the
words and deeds of normal people to show himself different and prominent.
When everybody is praising the sun, When everybody is praising the sun, When everybody is praising the sun, When everybody is praising the sun,
The rebel remarks on the need for rain. The rebel remarks on the need for rain. The rebel remarks on the need for rain. The rebel remarks on the need for rain.
When everybody is greeting the rain, When everybody is greeting the rain, When everybody is greeting the rain, When everybody is greeting the rain,
The rebel regrets the absence of sun. The rebel regrets the absence of sun. The rebel regrets the absence of sun. The rebel regrets the absence of sun.
Reference to Reference to Reference to Reference to the Context the Context the Context the Context: :: :
Same as above.
always go against the acts of normal people. The poet says that when everybody wishes for sun, he
prays for rain, but feels sad at the absence of sun on a rainy day. In short, he wants to reject all the
words and deeds of normal people to show himself different and prominent.
When everybody goes to the meeting When everybody goes to the meeting When everybody goes to the meeting When everybody goes to the meeting
The rebel stays at home and reads a book, The rebel stays at home and reads a book, The rebel stays at home and reads a book, The rebel stays at home and reads a book,
When everybody stays at home and reads a book, When everybody stays at home and reads a book, When everybody stays at home and reads a book, When everybody stays at home and reads a book,
The rebel goes to the meeting. The rebel goes to the meeting. The rebel goes to the meeting. The rebel goes to the meeting.
Same as above.
always go against the acts of normal people. The poet says that when people enjoys meeting, he
prefers to remain at home and reads a book. But leaves home on seeing others staying indoor and
reading books. In short, he wants to reject all the words and deeds of normal people to show himself
different and prominent.
When ev When ev When ev When everybody says, Yes please! erybody says, Yes please! erybody says, Yes please! erybody says, Yes please!

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The rebel says, No thank you. The rebel says, No thank you. The rebel says, No thank you. The rebel says, No thank you.
When everybody says; No thank you, When everybody says; No thank you, When everybody says; No thank you, When everybody says; No thank you,
The rebel says, Yes please! The rebel says, Yes please! The rebel says, Yes please! The rebel says, Yes please!
Same as above.
always go against the acts of normal people. The poet says that when others say Yes, he says No,
but says Yes when others No. In short, he wants to reject all the words and deeds of normal
people to show himself different and prominent.
It is good that we have rebels It is good that we have rebels It is good that we have rebels It is good that we have rebels
You may not find it very good to be one. You may not find it very good to be one. You may not find it very good to be one. You may not find it very good to be one.
Same as above.
always go against the acts of normal people. In these ending lines of the poem the poet says that it is
a good thing that we have rebels in our society because they provide variety in life. But, at the same
time he reminds us that we should not be one of such creature.
Patriot into Traitor Patriot into Traitor Patriot into Traitor Patriot into Traitor
By

Robert Browning
Stan Stan Stan Stanza 1 za 1 za 1 za 1: :: :
It was roses, roses, all the way, It was roses, roses, all the way, It was roses, roses, all the way, It was roses, roses, all the way,
With myrtle mixed in my path like mad With myrtle mixed in my path like mad With myrtle mixed in my path like mad With myrtle mixed in my path like mad
The house The house The house The house- -- -roof seemed to heave and away, roof seemed to heave and away, roof seemed to heave and away, roof seemed to heave and away,
The church The church The church The church- -- -spires flamed, such flags they had, spires flamed, such flags they had, spires flamed, such flags they had, spires flamed, such flags they had,
A year ago this very day. A year ago this very day. A year ago this very day. A year ago this very day.

14
Myrtle---'-=,---, Heave---'-+ , Sway---'-''--,+=,Church-spires--- ' ---'
-= `.
Reference Reference Reference Reference: : : :
These lines have been taken from the poem Patriot into Traitor Patriot into Traitor Patriot into Traitor Patriot into Traitor written by Robert Robert Robert Robert
Browning Browning Browning Browning . .. .
This poem is a fantastic monologue. In this poem, he has tried to show the tragic
circumstances of a great political hero. This hero was once worshiped as demi-god by the people.
But due to some political revolution, he is now considered as a traitor.
In these lines the political hero describes the scene of his welcome a year ago. He says
that when a year ago he entered the city people decorated and filled his path with roses and myrtle.
There was a great crowd of people on the roofs of the houses who want to have a glance of him. The
people were so much in number that it looks as the roofs were breathing and shaking. The people
were carrying colourful flags that were standing tall as church spires. These flags swung like flames.
But, this all happened a year ago and now the time for political hero has changed.
Stanza 2 Stanza 2 Stanza 2 Stanza 2:
The air broke into a mist with bells, The air broke into a mist with bells, The air broke into a mist with bells, The air broke into a mist with bells,
The old walls rocked with the crowd and cries. The old walls rocked with the crowd and cries. The old walls rocked with the crowd and cries. The old walls rocked with the crowd and cries.
Had I said, Good folk, mere noise repels Had I said, Good folk, mere noise repels Had I said, Good folk, mere noise repels Had I said, Good folk, mere noise repels
But give me your sun from yonder But give me your sun from yonder But give me your sun from yonder But give me your sun from yonder skies? skies? skies? skies?
They had ans They had ans They had ans They had answered: And afterward, what else? wered: And afterward, what else? wered: And afterward, what else? wered: And afterward, what else?
Mist-----, Rock---'--,+='-', Folk---,', Repel---'-' , Yonder---' --'-' ''.
Same as above.
In these lines the political hero describes how people welcome him a year ago. He says that
people rang bells in so much that the air broke into mist. It looked as the walls of city were swinging
with the voices and cries of the people. He says that people were ready to do anything for him. If he
had asked to bring son from the sky they would have brought it. This was not enough then they
would have asked him, what more they can do for him. But, this all happened a year ago and now
the time for political hero has changed.
Alack, it was I who leaped at the sun Alack, it was I who leaped at the sun Alack, it was I who leaped at the sun Alack, it was I who leaped at the sun
To give it to my loving friends to keep To give it to my loving friends to keep To give it to my loving friends to keep To give it to my loving friends to keep
Naught man could do, have I felt undone; Naught man could do, have I felt undone; Naught man could do, have I felt undone; Naught man could do, have I felt undone;
And you see my harvest, what I reap And you see my harvest, what I reap And you see my harvest, what I reap And you see my harvest, what I reap
This very day, now a year is run. This very day, now a year is run. This very day, now a year is run. This very day, now a year is run.
Alack---,-, Naught---,- +, Harvest---'-' .-, Undone---'-'=, '--.

15
Same as above.
In these lines, the hero shows his sadness on his miserable plight after one year. He says that
he did great works for the people. He even did such a kind of works that no other could do. But, alas,
he trusted his friends, which was his fault. He is sure that he does not deserve all what is now
happening with him after one year time.
Theres nobody on the house Theres nobody on the house Theres nobody on the house Theres nobody on the house- -- -tops now tops now tops now tops now
Just a palsied few at the windows set; Just a palsied few at the windows set; Just a palsied few at the windows set; Just a palsied few at the windows set;
For the best of the sight is, all allow, For the best of the sight is, all allow, For the best of the sight is, all allow, For the best of the sight is, all allow,
At the shambles Gate At the shambles Gate At the shambles Gate At the shambles Gate-- -- -- --or, better yet, or, better yet, or, better yet, or, better yet,
By the very scaffolds foot, I trow. By the very scaffolds foot, I trow. By the very scaffolds foot, I trow. By the very scaffolds foot, I trow.
Palsied---- - '-,-, Shambles gate---'' '-, Scaffolds foot---'' _--'+, Trow--- '--=
'- ',='-.
Same as above.
In these lines, the hero of the poem describes his bad conditions after passing of one year. He
says that now there are no people on house tops to welcome him. There are only few weak, sick and
tired people, sitting in the windows. But, they are not here to greet him; they are sitting here to
witness his tragic end. He is being taken to scaffolds foot for hanging. So the scene has changed
with in only one year.
In go in the rain, and more than meeds, In go in the rain, and more than meeds, In go in the rain, and more than meeds, In go in the rain, and more than meeds,
A rope cuts both my wrists behind; A rope cuts both my wrists behind; A rope cuts both my wrists behind; A rope cuts both my wrists behind;
And I think, by the feel my fore head bleeds And I think, by the feel my fore head bleeds And I think, by the feel my fore head bleeds And I think, by the feel my fore head bleeds
For they fling, whoever has a mind, For they fling, whoever has a mind, For they fling, whoever has a mind, For they fling, whoever has a mind,
Stones Stones Stones Stones at me for my years misdeeds. at me for my years misdeeds. at me for my years misdeeds. at me for my years misdeeds.
Fling---'--,+ -.
Same as above.
In these lines, the hero of the poem describes his bad condition after passing of one year. He
says that he has been arrested for his so called misdeeds of last year. He is being dragged in rain. His
hands are roped behind and his wrists are bleeding. He feels that his forehead is bleeding, as
everyone is throwing stones at him. In short, the hero is really in a miserable condition with in a
year.

16
Thus I entered, and thus I go Thus I entered, and thus I go Thus I entered, and thus I go Thus I entered, and thus I go
In triumph, people have dropped down dead. In triumph, people have dropped down dead. In triumph, people have dropped down dead. In triumph, people have dropped down dead.
Paid by the world, what dost thou owe Paid by the world, what dost thou owe Paid by the world, what dost thou owe Paid by the world, what dost thou owe
Me? Me? Me? Me?-- -- -- --God might question; now instead, God might question; now instead, God might question; now instead, God might question; now instead,
Tis God shall repay: I am safer so. Tis God shall repay: I am safer so. Tis God shall repay: I am safer so. Tis God shall repay: I am safer so.
Meaning Meaning Meaning Meaning of difficult words of difficult words of difficult words of difficult words: :: :
Triumph---_--,=, What dost thou owe me---, '-- ', ,' ' ,-, Tis---,.
Same as above.
In these lines, the hero of the poem describes his bad condition after passing of one year. He
says that the people often are killed when they are in power. He also wishes that he would also have
killed when he was in power. Then he would not have to bear this insult. However, he shows some
hope. He thought, though he has met a tragic end in this world, he will definitely be rewarded by
God in the next world, for his services during his political career. Therefore, he feels safer after all
the sufferings of his life.
The Huntsman The Huntsman The Huntsman The Huntsman
By

Edward Lowbury
Kagwa hunted the lion. Kagwa hunted the lion. Kagwa hunted the lion. Kagwa hunted the lion.
Through bush and Through bush and Through bush and Through bush and forest went his spear. forest went his spear. forest went his spear. forest went his spear.
One day he found the skull of a man One day he found the skull of a man One day he found the skull of a man One day he found the skull of a man
And said to it, How did you come here? And said to it, How did you come here? And said to it, How did you come here? And said to it, How did you come here?
The skull opened its mouth and said The skull opened its mouth and said The skull opened its mouth and said The skull opened its mouth and said
Talking brought me here Talking brought me here Talking brought me here Talking brought me here. .. .
Meanings of difficult words: Meanings of difficult words: Meanings of difficult words: Meanings of difficult words:
Spear---,-, Skull---,,+.
Reference: Reference: Reference: Reference:
These lines have been taken from the poem The Huntsman The Huntsman The Huntsman The Huntsman written by Edward Edward Edward Edward
Lowbury Lowbury Lowbury Lowbury . .. .
Context: Context: Context: Context:

17
This poem is actually story of a huntsman, who falls a victim of his own foolishness. He
finds a talking skull in the forest and without knowing its reality discloses this fact to the king. In the
result of which, he has to face the most uncertain circumstance of his life.
Explanation: Explanation: Explanation: Explanation:
This poem is a fine example of Kenyan folk lore. Kagwa was a hunter. He used to hunt lions
with his spear in the forest. One day, when he was wandering through bushes and trees, he finds a
talking skull of a man. He asked the skull, how it came here. The skull answered him that talking
brought him here. These are opening lines of the poem and set a tragic background of huntsmans
story.
Kagwa buried home; Kagwa buried home; Kagwa buried home; Kagwa buried home;
Went to the Kings chair and spoke; Went to the Kings chair and spoke; Went to the Kings chair and spoke; Went to the Kings chair and spoke;
In the forest I found a talking skull. In the forest I found a talking skull. In the forest I found a talking skull. In the forest I found a talking skull.
The king was silent. Then he said slowly The king was silent. Then he said slowly The king was silent. Then he said slowly The king was silent. Then he said slowly
Never since I was born of my mother Never since I was born of my mother Never since I was born of my mother Never since I was born of my mother
Have I seen or heard of a skull which spoke. Have I seen or heard of a skull which spoke. Have I seen or heard of a skull which spoke. Have I seen or heard of a skull which spoke.
Same as above.
When Kagwa found a talking skull in the forest, he at once went to the court of the king to
tell him about it. He told the king that he had found a skull in the forest that can speak. On hearing
this, the king first struck silent. Then he spoke slowly that he has never seen or heard about such a
skull since his birth.
The king called out his guards The king called out his guards The king called out his guards The king called out his guards
Two of you go with him Two of you go with him Two of you go with him Two of you go with him
And find the talking skull; And find the talking skull; And find the talking skull; And find the talking skull;
But if his tale is a lie But if his tale is a lie But if his tale is a lie But if his tale is a lie
And the skull speaks no word, And the skull speaks no word, And the skull speaks no word, And the skull speaks no word,
This Kagwa h This Kagwa h This Kagwa h This Kagwa himself must die. imself must die. imself must die. imself must die.
Same as above.
When Kagwa told the king about the talking skull, he decided to know reality. He asked his
two guards to go with Kagwa and find the talking skull. But at the same time the king ordered his
guards to go with Kagwa and find the truth ness of his story. He also said to them that if they did not
find such a skull or the skull did not speak a word, they must kill Kagwa. From here onwards the
real misfortune of Kagwa started.
The The The They rode into the forest; y rode into the forest; y rode into the forest; y rode into the forest;
For days and nights they found nothing For days and nights they found nothing For days and nights they found nothing For days and nights they found nothing

18
At last they saw the skull; Kagwa At last they saw the skull; Kagwa At last they saw the skull; Kagwa At last they saw the skull; Kagwa
Said to it: How did you come here? Said to it: How did you come here? Said to it: How did you come here? Said to it: How did you come here?
The skull said nothing Kagwa implored, The skull said nothing Kagwa implored, The skull said nothing Kagwa implored, The skull said nothing Kagwa implored,
But the skull said nothing. But the skull said nothing. But the skull said nothing. But the skull said nothing.
Implore--- .
Same as above.
When Kagwa tells the king about the skull, he sent two of his guards with Kagwa to know the
reality of his story. They all rode on horses and went to forests. For many days and nights they
wandered in the forest but could not find the desired skull. But, at last, they find the skull. Kagwa
rushed towards the skull and asked the same question to him How did you come to there? But to
the astonishment of Kagwa the skull kept silent and spoke nothing. This made the huntsman
astonished and worried. Hence, he requested the skull to speak again and again, but the skull did not
utter a single word.
Stanza Stanza Stanza Stanza 5 55 5: :: :
The guards said Kneel down The guards said Kneel down The guards said Kneel down The guards said Kneel down
They killed him with sword and spear They killed him with sword and spear They killed him with sword and spear They killed him with sword and spear
Then the skull opened its Then the skull opened its Then the skull opened its Then the skull opened its mouth; mouth; mouth; mouth;
Huntsman, how did you come here? Huntsman, how did you come here? Huntsman, how did you come here? Huntsman, how did you come here?
And the dead man answered: And the dead man answered: And the dead man answered: And the dead man answered:
Talking brought me here. Talking brought me here. Talking brought me here. Talking brought me here.
Meaning of difficult words: Meaning of difficult words: Meaning of difficult words: Meaning of difficult words:
Kneel down--- .
Same as above.
When the skull did not utter a single word after constant request of Kagwa, the guards got
ready to execute the orders of the king. They asked Kagwa to bend down and killed him with their
sword and spear. But, as soon as, Kagwa died the skull started speaking. It asked Kagwa, How did
you come here. Now after being killed Kagwa came to know the reality of these words spoken by
the skull in their first meeting. Kagwa, now, answered, it was talking that brought him here.

19
8 88 8- -- - One Art One Art One Art One Art
By

Elizabeth Bishop
The art of losing is not h The art of losing is not h The art of losing is not h The art of losing is not hard to master; ard to master; ard to master; ard to master;
So many things seen filled with the intent So many things seen filled with the intent So many things seen filled with the intent So many things seen filled with the intent
To be lost that their loss is not disaster To be lost that their loss is not disaster To be lost that their loss is not disaster To be lost that their loss is not disaster
Intent------ ', Disaster--- _'-- -' .

These lines have been taken from the poem One Art One Art One Art One Art written by Elizabeth Bishop. Elizabeth Bishop. Elizabeth Bishop. Elizabeth Bishop.
In this poem the poet gives us a lesson of contentment and patience, which is very essential
for human life. In her views, the modern world is full of sorrows and miseries. As a result man is
living a sorrowful life. In order to live a happy life, he has to become expert in the art of losing.
In these lines the poetess gives us an important message that is directly related with human
life. The message is that a man should not feel sorry or sad over losses of some ordinary things.
Things come and go but the most important thing is human life. The loss of common things does not
bring disaster in human life. To make life happy we should endure their loss and it is not hard to
learn the art of losing.
Lose something everyday. Accept the fluster Lose something everyday. Accept the fluster Lose something everyday. Accept the fluster Lose something everyday. Accept the fluster
Of lost door keys, the hour badly spent. Of lost door keys, the hour badly spent. Of lost door keys, the hour badly spent. Of lost door keys, the hour badly spent.
The art of losing is not hard to master. The art of losing is not hard to master. The art of losing is not hard to master. The art of losing is not hard to master.
Meanings of difficult word Meanings of difficult word Meanings of difficult word Meanings of difficult words: s: s: s:
Fluster---_-'-,.
Same as above.
In these lines the poetess gives us an important message that is directly related with human
life. The message is that a man should not feel sorry or sad over losses of some ordinary things. She
says that one should have the courage to bear the loss of door keys or a badly spent hour. Their loss

20
causes problem for a moment not for whole life. She says to master in the art of losing lose
something everyday and it is not hard to master in the art of losing.
Then practice losing farther, losing faster; Then practice losing farther, losing faster; Then practice losing farther, losing faster; Then practice losing farther, losing faster;
Places and names and where it was you went. Places and names and where it was you went. Places and names and where it was you went. Places and names and where it was you went.
To travel. None of these will bring disaster To travel. None of these will bring disaster To travel. None of these will bring disaster To travel. None of these will bring disaster
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet suggests us the way to become expert in the field of losing. She says
that in order to become master in this field try to lose more and quickly. This will make you able to
bear the loss of anything. Sometimes, we forget the names of some persons or names of some places
we have visited. But, it is a fact that forgetting of these things does not bring any disaster in life.
Hence, the art of losing make us bear the loss of all these things with courage.
I lost my mothers watch. And look; my last, or I lost my mothers watch. And look; my last, or I lost my mothers watch. And look; my last, or I lost my mothers watch. And look; my last, or
Next Next Next Next- -- -to to to to- -- -last last last last, of three loved houses went. , of three loved houses went. , of three loved houses went. , of three loved houses went.
The art of losing isnt hard to master The art of losing isnt hard to master The art of losing isnt hard to master The art of losing isnt hard to master
Same as above.
In these lines, with the help of some examples, the poet tries to tell us that it is not difficult to
be master in the art of losing. She tells us that once she lost her mothers watch. Then, she had three
beautiful houses which were very dear to her. I lost them also. But the life went on and on. It did not
bring any kind of disaster in her life. Hence, if we try it is not hard to become expert in the field of
losing and this will make our life easy.
I lost two cities, lovely ones. And, vaster, I lost two cities, lovely ones. And, vaster, I lost two cities, lovely ones. And, vaster, I lost two cities, lovely ones. And, vaster,
Some realms I owned, two rivers, a continent. Some realms I owned, two rivers, a continent. Some realms I owned, two rivers, a continent. Some realms I owned, two rivers, a continent.
I m I m I m I miss them but i iss them but i iss them but i iss them but it wasnt a disaster. t wasnt a disaster. t wasnt a disaster. t wasnt a disaster.
Same as above.
Ex Ex Ex Explanation: planation: planation: planation:
be master in the art of losing. She says that even the loss of some big things does not bring any kind
of disaster in life. She gives the example of losing her two beautiful cities. Then she says that she
lost some things bigger than that. She lost a realm which was her. Then she lost two rivers and even
a continent. But, the loss of even these things did not bring any kind of disaster in her life. Life goes
on and on.
Even losing (the joking voice, a gesture Even losing (the joking voice, a gesture Even losing (the joking voice, a gesture Even losing (the joking voice, a gesture

21
I love) I shant have lied. Its evident I love) I shant have lied. Its evident I love) I shant have lied. Its evident I love) I shant have lied. Its evident
The art of losings not too hard to master The art of losings not too hard to master The art of losings not too hard to master The art of losings not too hard to master
Though it may look like (Write it) like disaster. Though it may look like (Write it) like disaster. Though it may look like (Write it) like disaster. Though it may look like (Write it) like disaster.
Gesture--- ,+-' ', '= _ -= '- '= ' '- ', ',= _- .
Same as above.
be master in the art of losing. She addresses to her friend and she says that she likes her joking voice
and his gesture. But she is not going to tell a lie. She will even bear his loss also. Actually, with this
example she tries to tell us that though it is hard to bear the loss of some near and dear one. But it is
also a fact that we have to bear this disaster also. It is not hard to master in the art of losing.
9 99 9- -- - The Solitary Reaper The Solitary Reaper The Solitary Reaper The Solitary Reaper
By

William Wordsworth
Behold her, single in the field, Behold her, single in the field, Behold her, single in the field, Behold her, single in the field,
Yon solitary Highland lass; Yon solitary Highland lass; Yon solitary Highland lass; Yon solitary Highland lass;
Reaping and singi Reaping and singi Reaping and singi Reaping and singing by herself; ng by herself; ng by herself; ng by herself;
Stop here, or gently pass. Stop here, or gently pass. Stop here, or gently pass. Stop here, or gently pass.
Behold---,+,, Yon---=-, Highland---,', Lass----- ,'- ,=, Reap---'-' .-
These lines have been taken from the poem The Solitary The Solitary The Solitary The Solitary Reaper Reaper Reaper Reaper written by William William William William
Wordsworth. Wordsworth. Wordsworth. Wordsworth.
Words worth is called the poet of nature. He finds a joy in every object of nature. In this
poem, he describes a very pleasant incident of seeing a beautiful girl, while his visit to Scotland. It
gave him unlimited joy. Actually, the girl of this poem is a part of nature and so she becomes a
source of joy for him.

22
In these lines, the poet tells us about a beautiful girl. She is singing a sweet song, while
working in corn field. He asks the passer-bys to look at that beautiful young girl. She is working
alone in the fields and is singing a song. He asks them to stop for a while or pass by gently without
disturbing her. Actually, the song of that girl was so enchanting that the poet does not anyone to
disturb her.
Alone she cuts and binds the grain,
And sings a melancholy strain;
O listen; for the Vale profound
Is overwhelming with the sound.
Melancholy strain----,' -, Vale---, -,, profound---'.--, overwhelming---
'-'= , ,'= = ,,-= -
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet tells us something more about the working of girl and her song. He
says that the girl was working alone in the field. She was alone cutting and binding the grain. But,
during her work she was singing a sad song. The sound of her song filled the whole valley. It
appeared as if the sound was overflowing the valley.
No ni No ni No ni No nightingale did ever chaunt ghtingale did ever chaunt ghtingale did ever chaunt ghtingale did ever chaunt
More welcome notes to weary bands More welcome notes to weary bands More welcome notes to weary bands More welcome notes to weary bands
Of travel Of travel Of travel Of travell ll lers ers ers ers in some shady haunt in some shady haunt in some shady haunt in some shady haunt
Among Arabian sands; Among Arabian sands; Among Arabian sands; Among Arabian sands;
Nightingale---.-'-, Chaunt----,'--, Notes---' ,+- _-,-,-, Weary---, +-, haunt---
'= ','= '= '= _-,.
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet declared the voice of the girl sweeter than even the voice of a
nightingale. He says that the even no nightingale would have sung so sweetly to welcome a weary
travels in Arabian sands as sweetly the girl was singing. Actually, the mentioning of Arabian deserts
gives a romantic touch to these lines.
A voice so thr A voice so thr A voice so thr A voice so thrilling nevr illing nevr illing nevr illing nevr was heard was heard was heard was heard
In spring In spring In spring In spring time from the Cuckoo time from the Cuckoo time from the Cuckoo time from the Cuckoo- -- -bird, bird, bird, bird,
Breaking the silence of the seas Breaking the silence of the seas Breaking the silence of the seas Breaking the silence of the seas
Among the farthest Hebrides. Among the farthest Hebrides. Among the farthest Hebrides. Among the farthest Hebrides.

23
Thrilling---,= '=,, Cuckoo---.,,, Farthest--- --, Hebrides---' ',=.
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet compares the singing of the girl with the singing of a cuckoo. He says
that the cuckoos singing in spring disturbs pleasantly the silence of far-off islands like Hebrides.
But, he opines that the voice of girl is more thrilling and enchanting even than the voice of cuckoo
bird. In short, the poet wants to say that the girl was singing in a beautifully than the singing birds
like cuckoo and nightingale.
Will no one tell me what she sings? Will no one tell me what she sings? Will no one tell me what she sings? Will no one tell me what she sings?
Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow
For old, unhappy, far For old, unhappy, far For old, unhappy, far For old, unhappy, far- -- -off things, off things, off things, off things,
And battles long ago. And battles long ago. And battles long ago. And battles long ago.
Plaintive---='- =-, Flow---'-, '-, ,'=.
Same as above.
Actually, Wordsworth listen the song of a girl while he was on his visit to Scotland. She was
singing in her native language. Hence, he could not understand what the theme of song is. There was
no one to tell him about the song. So, he himself tried to suppose about its theme. He felt that the
girl was singing sadly. So, her song might be about some tragedies or unhappy incidents or battles of
past. In short, though the poet was not able to understand the real theme of the song, yet he was
mesmerized by the voice of the girl.
Stanza Stanza Stanza Stanza 6: 6: 6: 6:
Or is it more humble lay, Or is it more humble lay, Or is it more humble lay, Or is it more humble lay,
Familiar matter of today? Familiar matter of today? Familiar matter of today? Familiar matter of today?
Some natural sorrow, loss or pain. Some natural sorrow, loss or pain. Some natural sorrow, loss or pain. Some natural sorrow, loss or pain.
That has been, and may be again? That has been, and may be again? That has been, and may be again? That has been, and may be again?
Mea Mea Mea Meanings of difficult words: nings of difficult words: nings of difficult words: nings of difficult words:
Humble----='=, Lay-----'-''.
Same as above.
no one to tell him about the song. So, he himself tried to suppose about its theme. He thought that
her song might about some ordinary matters of everyday life. It might about some common sorrows,
losses or sufferings that she has suffered and that might come again. In short, though the poet was
not able to understand the real theme of the song, yet he was mesmerized by the voice of the girl.

24
Whatever the theme, the Maiden song Whatever the theme, the Maiden song Whatever the theme, the Maiden song Whatever the theme, the Maiden song
As if her so As if her so As if her so As if her song could have no ending; ng could have no ending; ng could have no ending; ng could have no ending;
I saw her singing at her work, I saw her singing at her work, I saw her singing at her work, I saw her singing at her work,
And oer the sickle bending And oer the sickle bending And oer the sickle bending And oer the sickle bending
Theme---,=- ,-,-, Maiden---_' ,,-, Sickle---_--.
Same as above.
no one to tell him about the song. Though, he could not understand the theme of the song, yet the
voice of the girl was so enchanting that he thinks that as if there was no end of the song. He felt that
the girl would remain singing forever and her song would have no end. Then, he observed her
cutting the grain and bending over her sickle. It was her working and singing in natural surroundings
that pleased the poet more.
I listened, motionless and still; I listened, motionless and still; I listened, motionless and still; I listened, motionless and still;
And, as I mounted up the hill, And, as I mounted up the hill, And, as I mounted up the hill, And, as I mounted up the hill,
The music in my heart I bore, The music in my heart I bore, The music in my heart I bore, The music in my heart I bore,
Long after it was beard no more. Long after it was beard no more. Long after it was beard no more. Long after it was beard no more.
Mounted---'- ,', Bore---'-'= +'.
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet says that he was spell bound by the song of the girl. He remained
standing there motionless and still. He listened to the song for a long time. Then he walked up the
hill and left the place. He could hear her voice no more. But, the happy memories of that beautiful
song are still fresh in his mind, despite the lapse of so much time. The recollection of these happy
moments always fills his heart with joy.

25
All the worlds a stage All the worlds a stage All the worlds a stage All the worlds a stage
By

William Shakespeare
Stanza No1: Stanza No1: Stanza No1: Stanza No1:
All the worlds a stage, All the worlds a stage, All the worlds a stage, All the worlds a stage,
And all the men and women merely players: And all the men and women merely players: And all the men and women merely players: And all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits and their entrances; They have their exits and their entrances; They have their exits and their entrances; They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts, And one man in his time plays many parts, And one man in his time plays many parts, And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being His acts being His acts being His acts being seven ages. seven ages. seven ages. seven ages.
These lines have been taken from the poem All the Worlds a Stage All the Worlds a Stage All the Worlds a Stage All the Worlds a Stage written by William William William William
Shakespeare Shakespeare Shakespeare Shakespeare . .. .
In this poem, Shakespeare declares this world a stage and he considers human beings actors.
He has divided human life into seven stages. All the stages have been described with mastery hand.
These are starting lines of the poem. Here, in these lines the poet declares this world a stage.
He asks human beings actors. He says that we come in this world as actors have entries on the stage.
Each of us plays his given part and leaves the world as an actor leaves the stage. According to poet,
a man has to play different roles in his life. They can be divided into seven ages. In short, these are
beginning lines of the poem which set a stage for the seven stages of life.
At first the infant, At first the infant, At first the infant, At first the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurses arms. Mewling and puking in the nurses arms. Mewling and puking in the nurses arms. Mewling and puking in the nurses arms.
And then the whining school And then the whining school And then the whining school And then the whining school- -- -boy, with his satchel, boy, with his satchel, boy, with his satchel, boy, with his satchel,
And shining m And shining m And shining m And shining morning face, creeping like snail orning face, creeping like snail orning face, creeping like snail orning face, creeping like snail
Unwilling to school. Unwilling to school. Unwilling to school. Unwilling to school.
Meanings Meanings Meanings Meanings of difficult words: of difficult words: of difficult words: of difficult words:
Mewling---'- , Puking---'-,' _,'-, Satchel------, Whining---, '- -,'-,
Creeping---, '-'-,, Snail---'-' ,.

26
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet describes first stage of human life. He says that first stage of human
life is that of an infant. He gives a picture of a newly born baby who is in the arms of his nurse. The
baby cries weakly and opens his mouth to have something to eat. This is the stage of life where a
person is quite helpless. The second stage of a mans life is as a school boy. In the morning, with
fresh shining face and having his bag of books on his shoulder, he does not like to go to school. He
walks slowly like a snail.
And then the lover, And then the lover, And then the lover, And then the lover,
Sighing like a furnace, with a woeful ballad Sighing like a furnace, with a woeful ballad Sighing like a furnace, with a woeful ballad Sighing like a furnace, with a woeful ballad
Made to his mistress eyebrow. Made to his mistress eyebrow. Made to his mistress eyebrow. Made to his mistress eyebrow.
Sigh---'-+- ', Woeful---='- ', Ballad----,' _-'--=.
Reference to the Context:
Same as above.
In these lines, third stage of a mans life is described and this is youth. Every man has great
passion of love in his youth. He loves to remain close and win his beloved. He sighs for her and
sound of his sighing resemble with that of the sound that a furnace produces. He likes to remain sad
and even writes some sad verses in praise of her beloveds eyebrows. The feelings of a young man
for his beloved are very naturally described by the poet.
Then a soldier, Then a soldier, Then a soldier, Then a soldier,
Full of strange oaths, and beard like a pard, Full of strange oaths, and beard like a pard, Full of strange oaths, and beard like a pard, Full of strange oaths, and beard like a pard,
Jealous in honour, sudd Jealous in honour, sudd Jealous in honour, sudd Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel, en and quick in quarrel, en and quick in quarrel, en and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation Seeking the bubble reputation Seeking the bubble reputation Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannons mouth. Even in the cannons mouth. Even in the cannons mouth. Even in the cannons mouth.
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet describes fourth stage a mans life. He says that as young and
energetic person, a man likes to show his strength. Hence, he becomes a soldier. As a soldier, he
promises to protect his country. He grows a beard like that of a leopard and adopts serious looks.
He is very anxious and careful to protect and maintain his honour. He wants to become famous.
Though, this reputation is short lived, yet he is even ready to sacrifice his life for the sake of it. He is
even ready to go in the mouths of cannons for getting it.
And then the justice, And then the justice, And then the justice, And then the justice,
In fair round belly with good capon lind, In fair round belly with good capon lind, In fair round belly with good capon lind, In fair round belly with good capon lind,

27
W WW With eyes severe, and beard of formal cut, ith eyes severe, and beard of formal cut, ith eyes severe, and beard of formal cut, ith eyes severe, and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances; Full of wise saws and modern instances; Full of wise saws and modern instances; Full of wise saws and modern instances;
And so he plays his part. And so he plays his part. And so he plays his part. And so he plays his part.
Capon lind---, --,+ -, Severe---= --=-, Saws---,-', Instances---,''`-
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet describes fifth stage of a mans life. Here, the poet says that in the
mature age of his life, a person likes to be on some respectable position like that of a judge. When he
becomes a judge, he like to live a comfortable life and eat rich food. He has a fat belly full of special
cocks. He has serious and harsh looks. Now, he keeps a beard of a formal cut. He knows a lot of
wise sayings and can advise with examples.
The sixth age shifts, The sixth age shifts, The sixth age shifts, The sixth age shifts,
Into the lean and slipperd pantaloon, Into the lean and slipperd pantaloon, Into the lean and slipperd pantaloon, Into the lean and slipperd pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side, With spectacles on nose and pouch on side, With spectacles on nose and pouch on side, With spectacles on nose and pouch on side,
His youthful hose will savd, a world too wide, His youthful hose will savd, a world too wide, His youthful hose will savd, a world too wide, His youthful hose will savd, a world too wide,
For his shrun For his shrun For his shrun For his shrunk shank; and k shank; and k shank; and k shank; and his big manly voice, his big manly voice, his big manly voice, his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes Turning again toward childish treble, pipes Turning again toward childish treble, pipes Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistle in his sound. And whistle in his sound. And whistle in his sound. And whistle in his sound.
Slipperd---, - ,'-, pantaloon----'=','-, pouch---_',+-, hose---,-=, shrunk
shank---','- _'- _'-, childish treble---',- _-,= ,-.
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet sixth stage of a mans life. He says that when he becomes old he
becomes weak and thin. He wears slippers and tight trousers and looks awkward. He wears his
spectacles on his nose and keeps a bag with him to keep his things of daily use. He cannot wear his
well saved youthful stockings perhaps that have become loose for his legs. He is in weak condition
as his legs are thin and without energy. He cannot go out; hence, he remains at home. His voice
becomes sharp and he whistles as he speaks.
Last scene of all, Last scene of all, Last scene of all, Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history, That ends this strange eventful history, That ends this strange eventful history, That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childshness and mere oblivion Is second childshness and mere oblivion Is second childshness and mere oblivion Is second childshness and mere oblivion
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste sans everything. Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste sans everything. Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste sans everything. Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste sans everything.
M MM Meanings of difficult words: eanings of difficult words: eanings of difficult words: eanings of difficult words:

28
Oblivion---_-,-,+-, sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste sans everything--- - =---
'-, - ' = _ -+
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet describes the last stage of a mans life. This is the age of extreme old
age. This is last scene of drama of life. Eventful life of a man comes to an end. Now he becomes a
child for the second time. He is deprived of all the pleasures of life. He loses everything in this age.
His teeth have fallen, his eye sight has gone and he cannot taste things. In short, this is the most
tragic stage of human life.
Departure and Arrival Departure and Arrival Departure and Arrival Departure and Arrival
By

T.S. Elliot
Standing upon the shore of all we know Standing upon the shore of all we know Standing upon the shore of all we know Standing upon the shore of all we know
We linger for a moment doubtfully, We linger for a moment doubtfully, We linger for a moment doubtfully, We linger for a moment doubtfully,
Then with Then with Then with Then with a song upon our lips, sail we a song upon our lips, sail we a song upon our lips, sail we a song upon our lips, sail we
Across the harbor bar Across the harbor bar Across the harbor bar Across the harbor bar no chart to show no chart to show no chart to show no chart to show
No light to warn of rocks which lie below, No light to warn of rocks which lie below, No light to warn of rocks which lie below, No light to warn of rocks which lie below,
But let us yet put forth courageously. But let us yet put forth courageously. But let us yet put forth courageously. But let us yet put forth courageously.
Liger---'- ,, harbor---''---, bar---' .='-.
These lines have been taken from the poem Departure and Arrival Departure and Arrival Departure and Arrival Departure and Arrival written by T.S. Elliot T.S. Elliot T.S. Elliot T.S. Elliot . . . .
This poem was written at the departure of 19
th
century and arrival of 20
th
century. Elliot is
very optimist about the future. He gives us a message of hope and happiness in the poem. He advises
us to struggle continuously for the betterment of humanity and society. He says that only in this way
we can give a better future to our coming generations.
These are starting lines of the poem. In these lines, the poet compares human life with that of
see journey. He says that standing on the shore of the world a man does not know about the dangers

29
he will have to face in his future. He has no map or plane. There is no lighthouse to warn him of
the rocks that might hit his ship. But, the poet advises us not to care about the dangers that will come
in the life. He asks us to forget all the worries and dangers and march forward courageously.
Although the path be tortuous and slow, Although the path be tortuous and slow, Although the path be tortuous and slow, Although the path be tortuous and slow,
Although it b Although it b Although it b Although it bristles with a thousand fears, ristles with a thousand fears, ristles with a thousand fears, ristles with a thousand fears,
To hopeful eye of youth it still appears To hopeful eye of youth it still appears To hopeful eye of youth it still appears To hopeful eye of youth it still appears
A lane by which the rose and hawthorn grow A lane by which the rose and hawthorn grow A lane by which the rose and hawthorn grow A lane by which the rose and hawthorn grow
We hope it may be, would that we might know; We hope it may be, would that we might know; We hope it may be, would that we might know; We hope it may be, would that we might know;
Would we might look into future years. Would we might look into future years. Would we might look into future years. Would we might look into future years.
Tortuous--- '+ .--, , '- , bristle---'-,+-'-,+, hawthorn---,'= _ ,',+.
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet says that the path of life is full of twists and turns. There are many
fears and worries. This path of life is full of thorny bushes. But, a hope full young man also sees
roses and flowers with these thorns. He advises us to look at the future with hope. Definitely, we
shall success if we move ahead courageously.
Great duties call Great duties call Great duties call Great duties call the twentieth century the twentieth century the twentieth century the twentieth century
More grandly dowered that those which came before, More grandly dowered that those which came before, More grandly dowered that those which came before, More grandly dowered that those which came before,
Summons Summons Summons Summons who knows what time may hold in store, who knows what time may hold in store, who knows what time may hold in store, who knows what time may hold in store,
Or what great deed the distant years may see, Or what great deed the distant years may see, Or what great deed the distant years may see, Or what great deed the distant years may see,
What conquest over pain and misery, What conquest over pain and misery, What conquest over pain and misery, What conquest over pain and misery,
What heroes greater than were ever of yore. What heroes greater than were ever of yore. What heroes greater than were ever of yore. What heroes greater than were ever of yore.
Dowered---'-,'==, yore----'- '-.
Same as above.
This poem was written at the departure of 19
th
century and arrival of 20
th
century. In these
lines the poet tells us that the coming time demands some more efforts on our part. He hopes that
this century will have more facilities and comforts than any other century. He is optimistic about the
future. He says that human beings can make full use of available and hidden resources to over come
the pains and miseries. This century will produce greater heroes than the heroes of old time.
But if this century is to be more great But if this century is to be more great But if this century is to be more great But if this century is to be more great
Than those before, her sons must make her so Than those before, her sons must make her so Than those before, her sons must make her so Than those before, her sons must make her so
And we are her sons, we must go And we are her sons, we must go And we are her sons, we must go And we are her sons, we must go

30
With eager hearts to help mould well her fate, With eager hearts to help mould well her fate, With eager hearts to help mould well her fate, With eager hearts to help mould well her fate,
And And And And see that she shall gain such proud estate see that she shall gain such proud estate see that she shall gain such proud estate see that she shall gain such proud estate
A AA And shall on future centuries bestow. nd shall on future centuries bestow. nd shall on future centuries bestow. nd shall on future centuries bestow.
Mould---'-,--'-'--, estate-----',,''=, bestow---'-'==.
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet tells us how we can make our century great. He says that we are sons
of this century and only we can make this century great. We should try our hard to mould the fate of
this century. We should make it better than the previous ones. We should make this century gain a
proud estate. By doing so, we shall set a good example for the coming centuries and coming people.
A legacy of benefits A legacy of benefits A legacy of benefits A legacy of benefits may we may we may we may we
In future for the good until they die, In future for the good until they die, In future for the good until they die, In future for the good until they die,
And ask no other question than to know And ask no other question than to know And ask no other question than to know And ask no other question than to know
That they have helped That they have helped That they have helped That they have helped the cause to victory, the cause to victory, the cause to victory, the cause to victory,
That with their aid the flag is raised on high. That with their aid the flag is raised on high. That with their aid the flag is raised on high. That with their aid the flag is raised on high.
Legacy----`.
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet asks us to do such good deeds that last forever. He asks us to leave
good legacy for the coming generations that can benefit them for a long time. He wants us to work
for the betterment and glory of the humanity so that the coming generations remember us as hard
workers. Then in their turn, they will also work for the benefits of humanity and leave behind sweet
memories.
Sometime in distant years when we are grown Sometime in distant years when we are grown Sometime in distant years when we are grown Sometime in distant years when we are grown
Gray Gray Gray Gray haired and old, whatever be our lot, haired and old, whatever be our lot, haired and old, whatever be our lot, haired and old, whatever be our lot,
We shall desire to see again the spot We shall desire to see again the spot We shall desire to see again the spot We shall desire to see again the spot
Which, whatsoever we have been or done Which, whatsoever we have been or done Which, whatsoever we have been or done Which, whatsoever we have been or done
Or to what distant Or to what distant Or to what distant Or to what distant lands we may have gone, lands we may have gone, lands we may have gone, lands we may have gone,
Through all the years will never have been forgot. Through all the years will never have been forgot. Through all the years will never have been forgot. Through all the years will never have been forgot.
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet says that when we will grow old, we will remember the struggles we
have done for the betterment of human life. We shall desire to visit the places where we worked hard

31
and long. The people of coming generation will never forget our good deeds. In this way, this
world will become a happy place to live.

12 12 12 12- -- -A poison tree A poison tree A poison tree A poison tree
By

William Blake
I I I I was angry with my friend: was angry with my friend: was angry with my friend: was angry with my friend:
I told my wrath, my wrath did end. I told my wrath, my wrath did end. I told my wrath, my wrath did end. I told my wrath, my wrath did end.
I was angry with my foe: I was angry with my foe: I was angry with my foe: I was angry with my foe:
I told it not, my wrath did grow. I told it not, my wrath did grow. I told it not, my wrath did grow. I told it not, my wrath did grow.
Wrath---_'-'--=, foe-----.
These lines have been taken from the poem A poison tree A poison tree A poison tree A poison tree written by William Blake. William Blake. William Blake. William Blake.
In this poem, the poet tells us about the nourishment of hatred and its consequences. He wants
to teach us that we should express our anger before it turns into hatred. If we will not disclose our
anger it will grow in our hearts like a tree. This tree will bear poisonous fruit that will kill everyone
who will eat it.
In these lines, the poet says that once he got angry with his friend. He expressed his anger to
his friend and his anger ended. But, once he got angry with his enemy. He did not tell it to his enemy
about it his anger. The misunderstanding grew stronger and stronger between him and his enemy.
This resulted into a bitter enmity. Actually, through these lines the poet wants to tell us that we
should love every one and should not have concealed hatred for any one.
And I watered it in fears, And I watered it in fears, And I watered it in fears, And I watered it in fears,
Night and morning with tears: Night and morning with tears: Night and morning with tears: Night and morning with tears:
And I sunned it with smiles And I sunned it with smiles And I sunned it with smiles And I sunned it with smiles
And with soft deceitful wiles. And with soft deceitful wiles. And with soft deceitful wiles. And with soft deceitful wiles.
Deceitful---,+- - ,, wiles---',`'.

32
Same as above.
The poet once got angry with his friend. But, he did not disclose his anger. He says that his
anger grew more and more. He had fears of fighting with his enemy that promoted his enmity. He
passed his time in tears and pain. Whenever, he met his enemy he smiled but this smile was deceitful
and was only outwardly. He remained friendly with his enemy just to befool him. In short, in these
lines the poet tells us that when anger is not expressed it develop into minds and hearts in all
possible ways.
And it grew both day and night, And it grew both day and night, And it grew both day and night, And it grew both day and night,
Till it bore apple bright; Till it bore apple bright; Till it bore apple bright; Till it bore apple bright;
And my foe beheld it shine, And my foe beheld it shine, And my foe beheld it shine, And my foe beheld it shine,
And he knew that it was mine, And he knew that it was mine, And he knew that it was mine, And he knew that it was mine,
Same as above.
Exp Exp Exp Explanation: lanation: lanation: lanation:
In these lines, the poet describes the fast growth of feelings for his enemy inside him. He
resembles his hatred with an apple tree. He says that at last a bright apple grows on that tree of
hatred. Although, his enemy knew that it was his apple yet the brightness of apple tempted his
enemy to get it. Actually, in these lines, the poet refers to the scene of temptation in paradise.
And into my garden stole And into my garden stole And into my garden stole And into my garden stole
When the night had veild the pole: When the night had veild the pole: When the night had veild the pole: When the night had veild the pole:
In the morning glad I see In the morning glad I see In the morning glad I see In the morning glad I see
My foe outstr My foe outstr My foe outstr My foe outstretchd beneath the tree. etchd beneath the tree. etchd beneath the tree. etchd beneath the tree.
veild---'-'= '), outstretchd ---'--- >-) --'
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet says that the bright apple of his hatred tempted his enemy and he
secretly went into his garden. Darkness had covered the whole world. He stole that apple and ate it.
His enemy was not aware that it was poisonous. Hence, when the poet entered his garden in the
morning, he was glade to see that his enemy was dead. In short, it can be said that poets concealed
hatred killed his enemy.

33

13 13 13 13- -- - Because I Could Not Stop for Death Because I Could Not Stop for Death Because I Could Not Stop for Death Because I Could Not Stop for Death
By

Emily Dickinson
Because I could not stop for death Because I could not stop for death Because I could not stop for death Because I could not stop for death
He kindly stopped for me He kindly stopped for me He kindly stopped for me He kindly stopped for me
The carriage held but just Ourselves The carriage held but just Ourselves The carriage held but just Ourselves The carriage held but just Ourselves
And immortal And immortal And immortal And immortality. ity. ity. ity.
These lines have been taken form the poem Because I Could Not Stop for Death Because I Could Not Stop for Death Because I Could Not Stop for Death Because I Could Not Stop for Death written by
Emily Dickinson. Emily Dickinson. Emily Dickinson. Emily Dickinson.
In this poem, the poetess has dealt with the death in a different manner. He considers death
his friend, which takes us away from this temporary world to an unknown world that is immortal,
kind and peaceful. In short, this poem describes death from spiritual point of view.
These are beginning lines of the poem, which are very dramatic and surprising. Here, the
poetess says that death is so considerate that it stops for human beings though they have no time for
it. Man is so much busy in his worldly pursuits that he has forgotten fundamental realities of life, of
which death is one. She says that death was driving a carriage and it invited her to sit on. She
accepted its invitation as it was taking her towards immortality.
We slowly drove We slowly drove We slowly drove We slowly drove He knew no haste He knew no haste He knew no haste He knew no haste
And I had put away And I had put away And I had put away And I had put away
My labour and my leisure too, My labour and my leisure too, My labour and my leisure too, My labour and my leisure too,
For his Civility. For his Civility. For his Civility. For his Civility.
Reference to the Con Reference to the Con Reference to the Con Reference to the Context: text: text: text:
Same as above.

34
In these lines, the poetess says that the though man is in hurry but the death was not in
haste. It was driving the carriage very slowly. It was so well behaved and kind that she left all her
works and worldly activities to go with it. Actually, the poetess realized the importance of the
journey, hence, left all her labour and leisure.
We passed the School, where Children strove We passed the School, where Children strove We passed the School, where Children strove We passed the School, where Children strove
At Recess At Recess At Recess At Recess in the Ring, in the Ring, in the Ring, in the Ring,
We passed the Field of Gazing grain We passed the Field of Gazing grain We passed the Field of Gazing grain We passed the Field of Gazing grain
We passed the Setti We passed the Setti We passed the Setti We passed the Setting Sun ng Sun ng Sun ng Sun
Same as above.
In these lines, the poetess describes that as the carriage driven by death moved ahead it took
her through different stages of life. It can also be said that when death takes us away we remember
all our stages of life. The first stage through which she passed was her school going age. Here, the
children were enjoying recess. Then they passed by the fields of ripened fields. She felt as if the
grain was constantly looking towards them. Actually, this denotes the prime time of her age, youth.
As the day progressed, coming towards an end, they witnessed the setting sun, a symbol of old age.
Or rather Or rather Or rather Or rather- -- - He passed Us He passed Us He passed Us He passed Us
The Dews drew quivering and chill The Dews drew quivering and chill The Dews drew quivering and chill The Dews drew quivering and chill
For only Gossamer, my Gown For only Gossamer, my Gown For only Gossamer, my Gown For only Gossamer, my Gown
My Tipp My Tipp My Tipp My Tippet et et et only Tulle only Tulle only Tulle only Tulle
Quivering ---'--', chill---,- _' -, ', gossamer--- ='- -, tippet---
'--', tulle--- , '-- ' -'-
Same as above.
While, passing with death through different stages of life, the poetess describes last scene of
life. She says at last the sun of life disappeared. They reached the last stage of life. With the coming
of darkness the dew drops started falling and it became cold. She started trembling. She felt that her
gown and her shoulder coverings were not thick enough to protect her from that cold. Actually,
through these lines the poetess wants to say that in old age man thinks about his bad deeds that he
committed in his life, which disturbs him.
We passed before a House that seemed We passed before a House that seemed We passed before a House that seemed We passed before a House that seemed
A Swelling of the Ground A Swelling of the Ground A Swelling of the Ground A Swelling of the Ground
The roof was scarcely visible The roof was scarcely visible The roof was scarcely visible The roof was scarcely visible
The Cornice The Cornice The Cornice The Cornice in the Ground in the Ground in the Ground in the Ground

35
Cornice----= , +- ' -.
Same as above.
In these lines, the poetess describes the last stage of her journey with death. She says that
after all the carriage stopped at a house that seemed a swelling of the ground. As it was grave its roof
could not be seen. Only raised part of cornice of the grave could be seen. Here, in these lines,
actually the poetess describes her final resting place grave.
Since then Since then Since then Since then tis Centuries tis Centuries tis Centuries tis Centuries and yet and yet and yet and yet
Feels shorter than the day Feels shorter than the day Feels shorter than the day Feels shorter than the day
I first surmised the Horses heads I first surmised the Horses heads I first surmised the Horses heads I first surmised the Horses heads
Were towards Eternity Were towards Eternity Were towards Eternity Were towards Eternity- -- -
Surmised---'-''' --.
Same as above.
In these lines, the poetess describes the situation after dearth while lying in her grave. She
says that it was her final destination and an entrance towards eternity. As she entered spiritual life,
she realized it was more charming having no end. Here centuries seemed a day. At that moment, she
comprehend that the horses pulled the carriage from physical to spiritual world, from time to
timeless and from mortality to immortality.

14: Li 14: Li 14: Li 14: Light Out ght Out ght Out ght Out
By

Edward Thomas
I have come to the borders of sleep, I have come to the borders of sleep, I have come to the borders of sleep, I have come to the borders of sleep,
The unfathomable deep The unfathomable deep The unfathomable deep The unfathomable deep
Forest where all must lose Forest where all must lose Forest where all must lose Forest where all must lose

36
Their way, however straight Their way, however straight Their way, however straight Their way, however straight
Or winding, soon or late; Or winding, soon or late; Or winding, soon or late; Or winding, soon or late;
They cannot choose. They cannot choose. They cannot choose. They cannot choose.
Unfathomable---,'-, .-''-, wining---,'-'+ .-.
These lines have been taken from the poem Light out Light out Light out Light out written by Edward Thomas. Edward Thomas. Edward Thomas. Edward Thomas.
In this poem, the poet deals with sleep as a great blessing of nature. He says that sleep takes
man away from his tiresome activities. The poet has beautifully described his ideas. In fact, the poet
has tried to compare sleep with death. It takes man to a land of permanent peace.
Explanation:
These are starting lines of the poem. Here in these lines, the poet describes the theme of the
poem. He says that lust of wealth and material has overpowered man. But, even then after a long
busy day, we come to a stage when one desires to have some rest. This is advent of sleep. According
to him, sleep is a vast thick forest which is immeasurable. We lose our way in this forest. We cannot
make choice except to be driven by the wave of forest.
Many a road track Many a road track Many a road track Many a road track
That, since the dawns first crack, That, since the dawns first crack, That, since the dawns first crack, That, since the dawns first crack,
Up to the forest brink, Up to the forest brink, Up to the forest brink, Up to the forest brink,
Deceived the Deceived the Deceived the Deceived the travelers travelers travelers travelers, ,, ,
Suddenly now blurs, Suddenly now blurs, Suddenly now blurs, Suddenly now blurs,
And in they sink. And in they sink. And in they sink. And in they sink.
Brink---'-, blur---'-'= , --`--.
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet says that though life is full of hardships and tiresome struggles, yet
the sleep is there to dominate all. It leads man to a peaceful valley, where there are many paths. Man
walks on these paths till dawn. After the whole days work, man has to succumb to sleep willingly or
unwillingly. It deceives man and slowly overcomes man and takes him into the world of peace.
Here love ends Here love ends Here love ends Here love ends, ,, ,
Despair, ambition ends; Despair, ambition ends; Despair, ambition ends; Despair, ambition ends;
All pleasure and all troubles, All pleasure and all troubles, All pleasure and all troubles, All pleasure and all troubles,
Although most sweet or bitter, Although most sweet or bitter, Although most sweet or bitter, Although most sweet or bitter,
Here ends in sleep that is sweeter Here ends in sleep that is sweeter Here ends in sleep that is sweeter Here ends in sleep that is sweeter
Than tasks most noble. Than tasks most noble. Than tasks most noble. Than tasks most noble.

37
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet describes experience of sleep. According to him, sleep is so
enchanting that all our disappointments, feelings of love, wishes, pleasure and pains vanish in
dreams. For him sleep is very tempting. He says that during day time man remains busy in different
types of works but when he enters in the valley of sleep all his works comes to end. Sleep is sweeter
than all his worldly works.
There is not any book There is not any book There is not any book There is not any book
Or face of dearest look Or face of dearest look Or face of dearest look Or face of dearest look
That I would mot turn from now That I would mot turn from now That I would mot turn from now That I would mot turn from now
To go into the unknown To go into the unknown To go into the unknown To go into the unknown
I must enter, and leave, alone. I must enter, and leave, alone. I must enter, and leave, alone. I must enter, and leave, alone.
I know not how. I know not how. I know not how. I know not how.
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet describes experience of sleep. When man is overshadowed by sleep
neither any book nor any image of a near or dear one can stop him from entering this land of peace
and pleasure. When man comes to this world, he has to enter this unknown world. He has to leave
behind everything to enter the world of sleep. Here, actually the poet has compared sleep with that
of death. He wants to say that when death comes man has to leave everything and nothing can stop
him.
The tall forest towers; The tall forest towers; The tall forest towers; The tall forest towers;
Its cloudy foliage lowers Its cloudy foliage lowers Its cloudy foliage lowers Its cloudy foliage lowers
Ahead, shelf above shelf; Ahead, shelf above shelf; Ahead, shelf above shelf; Ahead, shelf above shelf;
Its silence I hear and obey Its silence I hear and obey Its silence I hear and obey Its silence I hear and obey
That I may lose my way That I may lose my way That I may lose my way That I may lose my way
And myself. And myself. And myself. And myself.
Towers--- --' - -= , foliage------.
Same as above.
Here in these lines, the poet compares sleep with physical forest. A forest has huge trees like
towers with unaccountable leaves. These trees are covered with layers of layers of leaves one upon
another. In the same way, the sleep overcome man layer over layer. When sleep overcomes man,
silence prevails over him. Man has to yield every command of sleep. When a man enters a thick

38
forest he loses his way. In the same way, when man enters into sleep he loses his way and remains
wandering in this forest of sleep till morning.

15 15 15 15- -- - After Apple After Apple After Apple After Apple- -- -Picking Picking Picking Picking
By

Robert Frost
Stanza Stanza Stanza Stanza 1: 1: 1: 1:
My long two My long two My long two My long two- -- -pointed ladders sticking through a tree pointed ladders sticking through a tree pointed ladders sticking through a tree pointed ladders sticking through a tree
Towards heaven still, Towards heaven still, Towards heaven still, Towards heaven still,
And theres barrel that I did And theres barrel that I did And theres barrel that I did And theres barrel that I didnt fill nt fill nt fill nt fill
Beside it, and thee may be two or three Beside it, and thee may be two or three Beside it, and thee may be two or three Beside it, and thee may be two or three
Apples I didnt pick upon some bough Apples I didnt pick upon some bough Apples I didnt pick upon some bough Apples I didnt pick upon some bough
But I am done with apple But I am done with apple But I am done with apple But I am done with apple- -- -picking now. picking now. picking now. picking now.
Barrel----- ,'' ,'.
These lines have been taken form the poem After apple picki After apple picki After apple picki After apple picking ng ng ng written by Robert Frost. Robert Frost. Robert Frost. Robert Frost.
In this poem, the poet compares the process of apple picking with the tiring work of this
world. Perhaps, we all are busy in our works and are trying hard to survive in this world. But, even
then we have to accept the inevitable death. We have no alternative but to leave everything aside for
this reality.
In these lines, the poet introduces himself as an apple picker. He has been working in his
apple orchard for a long time. He is filling barrels after barrels. He has picked a lot of apple but
many are still to be picked. But now he is feeling tired and wants to have some rest. Actually, the
poet wants to say that when man becomes tired then he wants to take some rest, leaving behind all
his works.
Stan Stan Stan Stanza 2: za 2: za 2: za 2:
Essence of winter sleep is on the night, Essence of winter sleep is on the night, Essence of winter sleep is on the night, Essence of winter sleep is on the night,
The scent of apples: I am drowsing off. The scent of apples: I am drowsing off. The scent of apples: I am drowsing off. The scent of apples: I am drowsing off.
I cannot rub the strangeness from my sight I cannot rub the strangeness from my sight I cannot rub the strangeness from my sight I cannot rub the strangeness from my sight
I got from looking through a pane of glass I got from looking through a pane of glass I got from looking through a pane of glass I got from looking through a pane of glass

39
I skimmed this morning from the drinking trough I skimmed this morning from the drinking trough I skimmed this morning from the drinking trough I skimmed this morning from the drinking trough
And I held against the worl And I held against the worl And I held against the worl And I held against the world of hoary grass d of hoary grass d of hoary grass d of hoary grass
It melted, and I let it fall and break. It melted, and I let it fall and break. It melted, and I let it fall and break. It melted, and I let it fall and break.
But I was well But I was well But I was well But I was well
Upon my way to sleep before it fell, Upon my way to sleep before it fell, Upon my way to sleep before it fell, Upon my way to sleep before it fell,
And I could tell And I could tell And I could tell And I could tell
Essence---, ,, _''- -, _-,--,=, drowsing off---'-+'-, pane----,- ' _+, skim--
- '-', trough----- ' _-'+ ' ', -, _-' ,-'=, hoary---_ -- _,--.
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet gives a pictorial description of the garden where he is working. He
says that smell of apples creates such an effect on him that he starts dozing. Although, he has not
completed his work, yet he cannot escape from the captivating smell of apples. There was a long
open box of drinking water for animals in the garden. The water in it had a frozen ice. The poet
removed a sheet of ice from it in the morning and held it before him. Through this sheet of ice he
looked at the white snow covered grass. The poet was sleepy as the sheet of ice was falling form his
hands.
What from my dreaming was about to take What from my dreaming was about to take What from my dreaming was about to take What from my dreaming was about to take
Magnified apples appear and disappear, Magnified apples appear and disappear, Magnified apples appear and disappear, Magnified apples appear and disappear,
Stem end and blossom end, Stem end and blossom end, Stem end and blossom end, Stem end and blossom end,
And every fleck of russet showing clear. And every fleck of russet showing clear. And every fleck of russet showing clear. And every fleck of russet showing clear.
My instep arch My instep arch My instep arch My instep arch not only keeps the arch; not only keeps the arch; not only keeps the arch; not only keeps the arch;
It keeps the pressure of ladder It keeps the pressure of ladder It keeps the pressure of ladder It keeps the pressure of ladder- -- -round round round round
I feel the ladder sway as I feel the ladder sway as I feel the ladder sway as I feel the ladder sway as the boughs bend. the boughs bend. the boughs bend. the boughs bend.
And I keep hearing from the cellar bin And I keep hearing from the cellar bin And I keep hearing from the cellar bin And I keep hearing from the cellar bin
The rumbling sound The rumbling sound The rumbling sound The rumbling sound
Of load on load of apples coming in. Of load on load of apples coming in. Of load on load of apples coming in. Of load on load of apples coming in.
Magnified---, - ,- ,'-, blossom end---, -'' ,+ '= -= ,-=, fleck---
-',+, russet----- - -, instep----= ' -- ' ', sway---'-',+=, cellar--- ,= -
- ,- , ` -, bin---,-, rumbling sound--- ' _ -+' , _-
Same as above.
Here in these lines, the poet describes his dreams while he is half sleep. The apples appear
before him in large size and disappear. The trees, from the roots up to the branches giving flowers of
the fruit, appear. The reddish brown colour of apples becomes clearly visible to the poet. Still
standing on the ladder, his instep is keeping the ladder in balancing. But the branches of the tree

40
have started shaking. The dream of the poet continues and he hears the rolling sound of apples
stored in the cellar, as their huge loads arrive.
For I For I For I For I have had too much have had too much have had too much have had too much
Of apple Of apple Of apple Of apple- -- -picking; I am overtired picking; I am overtired picking; I am overtired picking; I am overtired
Of the great harvest I myself desired. Of the great harvest I myself desired. Of the great harvest I myself desired. Of the great harvest I myself desired.
There were ten thousand thousand fruit to touch, There were ten thousand thousand fruit to touch, There were ten thousand thousand fruit to touch, There were ten thousand thousand fruit to touch,
Cherish Cherish Cherish Cherish in hand, left down and not let fall in hand, left down and not let fall in hand, left down and not let fall in hand, left down and not let fall
For all For all For all For all
That struck the earth That struck the earth That struck the earth That struck the earth
No matter if not bruised or spiked with stubble, No matter if not bruised or spiked with stubble, No matter if not bruised or spiked with stubble, No matter if not bruised or spiked with stubble,
Went surely to the cider Went surely to the cider Went surely to the cider Went surely to the cider- -- -apple heap apple heap apple heap apple heap
As of no worth. As of no worth. As of no worth. As of no worth.
Cherish---,= _ - .-'= ',, bruised--- ` , , spiked---'- , stubble--- ,
'- , cider---,-- _ -''- ,=
Same as above.
In these lines, the poet explains that he has tired from apple picking. Still, there are thousands
of apples on the trees and he wants to pluck all these apples with his own hands. He knows that all
those apples that fell down and hit the ground, will surely become useless for storage. These spoiled
apples will then be crushed for juice in the machine.
One can see One can see One can see One can see what will trouble what will trouble what will trouble what will trouble
This sleep of mine, whatever sleep This sleep of mine, whatever sleep This sleep of mine, whatever sleep This sleep of mine, whatever sleep it it it it is, is, is, is,
Were he no gone, Were he no gone, Were he no gone, Were he no gone,
The woodchuck could say whether its like his The woodchuck could say whether its like his The woodchuck could say whether its like his The woodchuck could say whether its like his
Longs sleep, as I describe Longs sleep, as I describe Longs sleep, as I describe Longs sleep, as I describe- -- -its coming on its coming on its coming on its coming on
Of just some human sleep. Of just some human sleep. Of just some human sleep. Of just some human sleep.
Woodchuck---,-'= -, ' = _ ,''.
Same as above.
These are ending lines of the poem. The poet says that who wants to sleep is well aware what
will disturb his sleep. Apart forms that, he wants to know what kind of sleep he is having. He says
woodchuck could tell it easily about it. But that animal has gone. Now poet does not say surely
whether his sleep will be like that of woodchuck or just a normal sleep for a few hours. He cannot
also say whether it will be ordinary human sleep or the sleep of death. Here, in these lines the poet

41
ends his poem with these thoughts that all our activities ends in sleep. Death is also an sleep that
ends our tiresome journey of life.

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