M U

T khi nn vn minh nhn loi ra i, con ngi ch n cc nhu cu n, mc, , vn l cc nhu cu thit yu m trc kia cuc sng by n, con ngi khng cu k, kn chn. H rt ch n trang phc, lun tm cch thit k trang phc ngy cng p hn. Mt trong nhng cch lm cho trang phc p hn l nhum mu cho chng. T cch y hn 4000 nm, ngi Ai Cp tm ra mt s cht mu thin nhin. H bit dng nhng hp cht ny nhum vi. Cuc sng con ngi tr nn ti mi, mun mu mun v, phn ln cng nh mu sc. V sau, s nghin cu v mu sc v cc hp cht mu pht trin mnh cng vi nhng tin b khoa hc k thut. Cui th k XIX, cc pht minh tng hp cc hp cht mu nhn to ra i, nh du mc quan trng trong lch s ngnh ha hc thuc nhum. Tip theo thnh cng ny, hng lot cc pht minh, sng ch tm ra cc loi thuc nhum mi c cng nhn. Thuc nhum arylmetan l mt trong nhng loi thuc nhum c tng hp t thi k u ca lch s ngnh ha hc thuc nhum. Nhc n arylmetan, ngi ta nh ngay n tn cc loi thuc nhum ni ting nh Auramine O, Basic fuchsin, Metyl tm, Malachite xanh, y l loi thuc nhum c nhiu ng dng quan trng, khng ch trong ngnh dt may m c trong y hc, sinh hc, nui trng thy sn

NI DUNG
1. Lch s pht trin
Ct mc lch s quan trng u tin l s ra i ca phm nhum nhn to u tin, nh du mt bc ngoc ln ca ngnh ha hc thuc nhum. Phm nhum nhn to u tin c pht hin mt cch tnh c vo nm 1856. Nh ha hc ngi Anh August Wilhelm von Hofmann (1818 - 1892) cng vi ngi tr l l William Henry Perkin (1838 - 1907) d nh tng hp quinin, mt cht dng trong vic iu tr bnh st rt, thay th cho loi thuc phi nhp t cc nc nhit i xa xi. H nghin cu m mm t cc hp cht thu t nha v than . Perkin c thy ng vin, khng ngh l phc sinh, tranh th nghin cu trong phng th nghim nh ca ring mnh. tng ca ng l tng hp Quinine bng cch bin i allytoluidine (amin) t hc n than . Trong n lc u tin ng s dng mui sunfat ca
1: William Henry Perkin (1838 -1907)

allytoludine v kali icromat t phn ng ny ng thu c cht bn c hi nu . Trong ln th hai ng dng mui ca anilin sau oxi ha ngng t, ng thu c cht bn c mu en. Vo th k XIX cc nh ha hu c ch quan tm n cc mu sc ti sng, h vt b cc mu ti thu c trong cc phn ng ha hc. Nhng khi Perkin kim tra li khi cht bn mu en m ng va vt vo etanol ng pht hin ra mt mu sc tm. ng tng hp ra phm nhum nhn to u tin v t tn l Mauvine. Khi Perkin pht hin ra thuc nhum mu tm hoa c vo nm 1856 th hu ht cc thuc nhum thng mi u l cc sn phm thin nhin. Chng u rt t tin nht l nhng loi chit xut t ng vt nn khi Perkin pht hin ra thuc nhum ny th thuc nhum ny tr nn r hn nhiu v rt c u chung. ng c xem nh ng t ca ngnh nhum.[1]

C th ni rng, pht hin tnh c ca Perkin v tng hp thuc nhum mu tm dn n s sn xut i tr loi thuc nhum ny v gp phn lm thay i th gii v t sinh ra ngnh sn xut thuc nhum tng hp, cc cuc cch mng v thi trang v khi dy mi quan tm rt ln ca x hi i vi nhng kh nng ng dng thng mi ca ha hc hu c m trc ngnh sn xut ha hu c ch tp trung vo sn xut x phng t m v du. K t khi Mauvie tng hp thnh cng, cc nh ha hc bt u ch n vic nghin cu anilin v cc dn xut ca n da trn cc phn ng sunfo ha tng hp cc phm mu khc m c bit l s ra i cc hp cht thuc nhm arylmetan. S tng hp thnh cng hng lot phm mu thuc nhm arylmetan c xem nh s bng n v mu sc lc by gi. Nhm arylmetan c th k n hai thnh phn tiu biu l iarylmetan v triarylmetan. Thuc nhum triarylmetan c th c chia thnh hai nhm chnh, rosaniline (l mt trong nhng thnh phn chnh ca fuchsine) v hng lot malachite.[2] S bt u ca nhm u tin l s tng hp thnh cng thuc nhum th hai c ngun gc t anilin gi l funchsine c mu ti sau khi mauve ra i. Fuchsine ln u tin c iu ch bi August Wilhelm Von Hofmann t anilin v carbon tetrachloride trong nm 1858. Franois-Emmanuel Verguin cng pht hin ra cht ny c lp vi Hofmann cng nm v c cp bng sng ch. S ra i ca funchsine l mt bc tin v nhn t trung gian quan trng cho s ra i ca hng lot cc sc t khc trong cng nhm ny. Trong nm 1859, hai nh ha hc ngi Anh, Chambers Nicolson v Georges Maule, lm vic ti phng th nghim ca nh sn xut sn, George Simpson, nm Walworth, pha nam London, to ra mt thuc nhum anilin vi mt mu tm tng t, h bt u sn xut vo nm 1860 di ci tn "roseine". Vo nm 1860 h thay i tn ca phm mu ny thnh"magenta". Sau ny magenta cng c bit n nh l mt trong nhng thnh phn chnh ca funchsine.[3] Thuc nhum bt ngun anilin th ba c pht hin
2: Wihemlm von Hofmann (1818-1892)

vo nm 1860 bi Charles Girard v Georges de Laire gi l lyons blue (anilin mu xanh). Do s xut trong vic tng hp fuchsine cho anilin d tha dn n vic pht hin ra anilin mu xanh, mt loi thuc nhum mi y ha hn tuy n kh ha tan trong nc. Vo u nhng nm 1860, s lng cc cht trong nhm gia tng, c bit l cc thuc nhum mu tm. C th k n nh mu tm Regina (1860), Metyl violet(1861) bi Lauth v Hofmann violet (1863). Hofman l ngi c nhiu nghin cu v anilin v cc dn xut ca anilin. Vo nm 1862 ng cho thy thuc nhum magenta, l mui ca mt baz m ng gi l rosaniline. T cc cng thc phn t ca cc thuc nhum, Hofmann thy rng anilin mu xanh l fuchsine vi hn ba nhm phenyl (- C6H5), nhng cc cu trc ha hc vn cn khng r. Trong mt nghin cu cn thn, nh ha hc ngi Anh Edward Chambers Nicholson pht hin aniline tinh khit khng sn xut c thuc nhum. Hofmann cho rng toluidine (CH3C6H4NH2) phi c mt sn xut cc thuc nhum v tt c cc thuc nhum, bao gm mu hoa c, c tng hp t anilin c cha mt lng khng r ca toluidine. Hn na, tt c cc thuc nhum c tm thy l hn hp ca hai thnh phn chnh trn. Cc cu trc triphenylmetan c thnh lp vo nm 1878 bi nh ha hc ngi c Emil Fischer, ngi cho rng metyl carbon - toluidine tr thnh carbon trung tm lin kt vi ba nhm aryl.[4]Trong nm 1863, Hofmann pht hin mu xanh lyons ca Girard v de Laire l mt dn xut triphenyl ca rosaniline v kt qu ca vic ny dn n vic nghin cu cc phn ng th cc nhm alkyl trn rosaniline ca ng sau ny. T ng pht hin ra rng nhm alkyl khc nhau c th c a vo cc phn t rosaniline sn xut thuc nhum khc nhau c mu sc tm, kt qu l s ra i tip theo ca thuc nhum Hofman violet. Khc vi cc phm mu c pht hin thng qua phng php thc nghim trong phng th nghim , mu tm ca Hofmann l mt h qu ca l thuyt da nghin cu khoa hc. Cc nghin cu sau ny ca Hofmann v thuc nhum t anilin
3: Mu vi nhum phm mu Nicholson blue

chng minh rng aniline (fuchsine, roseine) khng phi l mt sn phm t mt mnh anilin m l t mt hn hp ca toluen v anilin.[5] Nm 1862, Nicholson trong qu trnh nghin cu thuc nhum anilin mu xanh (Lyon blue) (1861), khi x l bng axit sulfuric m c, c chuyn i thnh cc axit ha tan to nn thuc nhum mu xanh kim (Nicholson blue). Qu trnh ny, trong mt nhm axit sulfonic (- SO3 H) c thm vo mt vng aryl, c tm thy c th p dng trn nhiu thuc nhum v tr thnh mt phng php tiu chun tng ha tan vo nc. Pht hin ny dn n vic tng hp mt s thuc nhum axit mu xanh t qu trnh sunfo ha, chng hn nh Metyl blue, Water blue, Cotton blue, Navy blue v Soluble. Sau , vo cui nhng nm 1870, hng lot Malachite c pht hin. Cc thnh vin c ca nhm ny l Malachite green (1877) (cn gi l triphenylmethane) mt phm nhum quan trng l hp cht trung gian ca nhiu phm nhum khc c tm ra bi Dobner v Fisher. Ngoi ra cn c Brilliant xanh (1879) v Victoria xanh 3B (1883). S sunfo ha cc hp cht ny dn n s ra i ca hng lot cc hp cht mi mu xanh l nh Helvetia green (1878), Light green (1879), Guinea green B (1883)v nm 1888 l Patent blues.
5:Trang phc nhum Malachite green

Mt giai on mi bt u vo nm 1883 crystal violet (tinh th tm hay pha l tm) chnh ln u tin c tng hp bi

Alfred Kern (1850-1893). Kern s dng photgen tng hp thuc nhum mu tm ny. Qu trnh ny rt phc tp v cha hon ton ch ng, l l do ti sao Kern hp tc vi nh ha hc ngi c Heinrich Caro ti cng ty BASF. Kern cng nhn thy rng bng cch bt u vi ietylanilin hn l imethylaniline ng c th tng hp cc thuc nhum mu tm c mu bn hn. Cc cng ty Thy S gia nhp lc lng vi BASF. S hp tc ny thnh cng n ni trong cng nm mu tm nh Etyl violet v xanh nh Victoria mu xanh (Victoria blue) v Night blue c pht hin. Sau qu trnh sunfo ha nhiu axit tm v kim tm
4: Trang phc nhum ethyl violet

c pht minh t nm 1884 n nm 1891. S hp tc ny cng dn n vic pht hin ra mt lp thuc nhum mi: thuc nhum diarylmetan, thng gp l Auramines[6].

2. Phn loi
Thuc nhum arylmetan l dn xut ca metan m trong nguyn t cacbon trung tm s tham gia vo mch ca h mang mu: Ar C Ar

R Nhm arylmetan c th k n hai loi cht tiu biu l iarylmetan v triarylmetan.

2.1. iarylmetan
Nu R l nguyn t hyro hoc gc hyrocacbon mch thng th s c thuc nhum iarylmetan. iarylmetan c cng thc chung:

iarylmetan (hoc iphenylmetan) thuc nhum c hai vng aryl. Trong Auramine O c s dng ph bin nht. Trong cng thc ca Auramine O cc nhm alkylamin thuc vng aryl. Nhm mang mu l cacbon lin kt i vi nit.[8]

Tn IUPAC: bis [4 - (dimetylamino) phenyl] metaniminium clorua Tn khc:Mu vng c bn 2,Pyocatanium aureum, Aizen auramine, Pyoktanin vng, Vng hong yn, Pyoktanin, CI 41000 Cng thc phn t:C17H22ClN3 Khi lng phn t:303,83 g.mol -1 Nhit nng chy:267 C Nhit si: 265 C Bc sng ti a: 430 nm[9]

Auramine O l mt iarylmetan thuc loi thuc nhum baz. dng nguyn cht, Auramine O l tinh th vng kim. N l rt d tan trong nc v ha tan trong etanol. 6

Hnh 6: Auramine O rn

Hnh 7: Aurimine O trong dung dch

2.2. Triarylmetan
Nu R l Ar th s c thuc nhum triarylmetan. Triarylmetan c cng thc chung:

nh hng ca nhm th vo mu sc ca thuc nhum triarylmetan c th hin trong Bng 1.[10] Bng 1 . nh hng ca nhm th vo mu sc ca thuc nhum triarylmethane R H CH3 CH3 R H H H R NH2 NHCH3 H Mu Tm Xanh

2.2.1. Thuc nhum Basic fuchsin Khi R, R l nguyn t hyro v R l nhm amin th cho thuc nhum c tn l Basic fuchsin. Thnh phn chnh ca thuc nhum gm pararosanilin v rosanilin, Magenta II v new fuchsin.[11]

Pararosanilin -

Tn khc Cng thc phn t Khi lng phn t Rosanilin

:Magenta 0 : C19H18N3Cl : 323.8 g.mol-1

Tn khc

: Magenta I, Basic fuchsin

Cng thc phn t: C20H20N3Cl Khi lng phn t: 337.9[12]

Magenta II Cng thc phn t Khi lng phn t : C21H22N3Cl : 351,9[13]

New Fuchsin -

Tn khc

: Magenta III

Cng thc phn t : C22H24N3Cl Khi lng phn t: 365,9.[14]

2.2.2. Thuc nhum Metyl tm[15] Khi R l CH3, R l nguyn t hyro v R l nhm NHCH3 th cho thuc nhum c tn l Metyl tm. Metyl tm l mt thuc nhum triarylmetan, ty thuc vo s lng nhm metyl m mu sc ca thuc nhum khc nhau. Thuc nhum ny ch yu dng nhum mu tm trong dt may, trong sn v mc in. Metyl tm bao gm ba hp cht khc nhau v s lng cc nhm metyl thay th nguyn t hyro trong nhm amin. Tt c u ha tan trong nc, etanol, ietylenglycol v ipropylen glycol. Khi trong phn t c gn bn metyl c gi l metyl tm 2B Khi trong phn t c gn nm nhm metyl c gi l metyl tm 6B v trng thi rn c mu xanh m hn 2B.

Khi trong phn t gn su nhm metyl c gi l metyl tm 10B, hoc c th nh pha l tm hay Gentian tm, c mu sm hn nhiu so vi 2B v 6B.

Tn

Metyl tm 2B

Metyl tm 6B

Metyl tm 10B

Cu trc

Cng thc C23H26N3Cl Metyl tm 2B:

C24H28N3Cl

C25H30N3Cl

Metyl tm 2B khan l mt loi bt mu xanh l cy, ha tan trong nc v etanol, nhng khng tan trong xylen. Khi b ha tan n c mu vng trong dung dch pH thp (~ 0,15) v thay i thnh mu tm khi pH tng ti 3.2.

CTCT Metyl tm 2B

Hnh 8: Metyl tm 2B dng bt

Tn IUPAC

: N (4 - (bis (4 - (dimetylamino) phenyl) metylen)

cyclohexa - 2,5 -dien - 1 - yliden) metanaminium clorua). Tn khc : Gentian Violet B Cng thc phn t : C24H28N3Cl

Metyl tm 10B nhng khong pH nht nh Metyl tm 10B c mu khc nhau. pH : 0 1,6, Metyl tm 10B c mu vng, pH > 1,6 chuyn sang mu xanh tm.

Hnh 9: Metyl tm 10B

CTCT Metyl tm 10B Tn IUPAC Tn khc : Tris (4 - (dimetylamino) phenyl) metylium chloride. :Tm Gentian, tinh th mu

tm,Tmanilin,Tmbase3,TmBaszol57L,BrilliantViolet58,Hexametylp rosanilinechloride,Methylrosanilidechloride,MethylViolet10B,MethylViole t10BNS, Pyoktanin. -

Cng thc phn t Phn t gam Nhit nng chy

: C25H30N3Cl : 407,979 g.mol-1 : 205 C, 478 K, 401F

2.2.3. Malachite green[16]

Khi R l nhm CH3,R, R l nguyn t hyro th cho thuc nhum c tn l Malachite green. Malachite green cn gi l Malachite xanh c tn khoa hc l triphenylmetan. Malachite green (MG-C23H25N2Cl) l mt ha cht thng dng bt m, tinh th mu xanh lc thm, tan trong nc.

Hnh 10: Malachite green

Tn IUPAC

: 4 - {[4 - (dimetylamino) phenyl] (phenyl) metylidene} : Anilin xanh, mu xanh l cy c bn 4, kim cng xanh 10

N, N dimetylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium clorua Tn khc

B, Victoria xanh B.

Cng thc phn t

: C23H25ClN2

Khi lng phn t : 364,911 g/mol

3. Tng hp phm mu arylmetan

3.1.
3.1.1.

Quy trnh tng hp chung

Phm mu iarylmetan[17]

Nhm phm mu iarylmetan c iu ch t cc dn xut ca benzophenone. Auramin O l cht mu iarylmetan c tng hp t imetylanilin c aryl ha nh photzen c mt ZnCl2 ri un nng sn phm vi NH4Cl v ZnCl2.
(H3C)2N

COCl2
- 2HCl

(H3C)2N

C O

N(CH3)2

+NH4Cl (ZnCl2)
- H2O

(H3C)2N

C NH2

N(CH3)2

(H3C)2N

C NH2

N(CH3)2

(H3C)2N

C NH2

N(CH3)2Cl

3.1.2. Phm mu triarylmetan [18] Nhm phm mu triarylmetan c iu ch bng 2 phng php: Phng php benzandehit: phn ng ngng t benzandehit vi amin thm bc hai hoc bc ba (c cht ht nc). Phng php iu ch da trn c s l to ra trong phm mu nhng nhm axit (sunfonic, carbonyl) t nht phi c t 2 nhm ny v trong mt nhm phi lm nhim v trung ha nhm amin mang in tch dng cn nhng nhm khc to tnh axit cho phm mu. Phng php n gin nht l sunfo ha cc sn phm mu baz tng ng.

11

CH3 H2N H2N

SO3H

NH2Cl C

NH2

Oleum

CH3 NH2 NH2

SO3H

Tuy nhin phng php sunfo ha trc tip ny b hn ch i vi mt s loi phm mu nn phi tin hnh iu ch chng t cc hp cht amin c cha sn nhm sunfonic ri mi ngng t vi benzandehit. 3.1.3. Nhm phm mu xanten [19] Nhm phm mu xanten c iu ch bng phng php ngng t anhidrit phtalic vi cc hp cht amin thm.

3.2.

Gii thiu mt s quy trnh c th

3.2.1 Tng hp phm mu xanh malachite [20] Quy trnh tng hp gm 3 giai on 12

Giai on 1: To leuco baz Ngng t imetylanilin vi benzandehit c mt xc tc axit m c ht nc:

OHC N(CH3)2 (H3C)2N

HCldd
- H2O

H C

N(CH3)2

Leuco bazo

C th: Cho hn hp gm 36,3g (0,3 mol) imetylanilin, 24g (0,2 mol) axit HCl 30% v 10,6g (0.1 mol) benzandehit vo thit b hi lu c cung cp nhit trong thi gian 12h. Cui thit b ngng t c t bng thy tinh hoc bng thm nc hn ch qu trnh oxy ha ca andehit. Kt thc qu trnh (sau 12h), benzandehit hu nh khng cn, thm vo 12g Na2CO3 trung ha axit, lng d imetylanilin c tch ra v c th d dng thu hi li. Leuco baz c tch ra sau khi lm lnh, ra ln na. Sn phm sy kh thu c khong 24g. Giai o 2: Oxi a Leuco baz Khi oxi ha Leuco baz bng PbO2 trong mi trng axit ri un ln s cho mu xanh malechite.
OH (H3C)2N H C N(CH3)2 (H3C)2N N(CH3)2 C

O PbO2

HCl. to - H2O

C6H5

N(CH3)2Cl

N(CH3)2

13

C th: Hn hp gm 0,05 mol leuco baz tinh khit, PbO2 (to ra t 0,05 mol ch nitrat) c cho vo trong 300ml nc ct v 20g HCl c, lm lnh hn hp 0oC. Sau 2h, thm vo hn hp 25g tinh th Na2SO4 lc, tch kt ta PbSO4 ra khi hn hp, sn phm nhum to ra di dng nh hc n, sy kh cn nng c 16g (gn 100% theo tnh ton l thuyt). Giai on3: s kt tinh li ca phm mu xanh malechite S kt tinh li ca phm mu khng d thc hin trong phng th nghim, cn mt lng ln mi mang li kt qu tt. Ha tan 120g sn phm mu th vo dung dch c 72g tinh th oxalic axit v 300g nc ct. Khi dung dch si, cc tp cht di dng kt ta c lc b. Phn nc lc c thm vo 7g amoni oxalat, yn, khng khuy trn, lm lnh chm (t0700C), tinh th c hnh thnh. y l phm mu malachite xanh thng mi, cc oxalate malachite xanh c cng thc 2C23H24N23.3H2C2O4. Lu : Qu trnh ngng t ch thc hin vi axit v c m c nh HCl, H2SO4. Qu trnh xy ra nhanh vi HCl nhng i hi vic s dng cc thit b trng men. Malachite xanh l mt sn phm quan trng cho nhum trong la, len, v giy, c th trn vi thuc nhum khc. Gi thnh rt r nhng bn va phi, khng p ng nhu cu hin i, v vy vic s dng thuc nhum ny ang gim dn. 3.2.1. Tng hp wool green S [21] Gm 2 giai on Giai on 1: to hp cht leuco
N(CH3)2 N(CH3)2 HO SO3Na HO HOCH HC SO3Na

+
SO3Na N(CH3)2 SO3Na N(CH3)2

Ly 0,05 mol (13,5g) tetrametyl iaminobenzohidron cho vo 120g H2SO4 66% (nhit 400C).

14

Khi cht rn c ha tan hon ton, lm lnh dung dch ti 5oC, thm vo 21,8g mui k thut (0,0625mol) 2naphtol-3,6-inatrisunfonat tinh khit, gi 510oC. Khuy hn hp trong phng gia nhit khong 2h, lm m n 60 oC trong gi tip theo. Sau , pha long vi nc v x l vi CH3COONa, mu xanh nht ch xut hin nu khng tng nhit . Hn hp sau phn ng c rt vo 700ml nc lnh thc hin qu trnh kt tinh. Tip tc khuy trong vi gi vn hp qua v yn qua m. Kt ta mn, c lc, ra vi nc lnh cho n khi khng cn axit, c mu Congo. Sau ra vi 2 ln ancol, 2 ln ete v cui cng c sy trong t sy chn khng. Sn phm c mu trng xm, cn nng 24g (t 86% so vi l thuyt). Giai on 2: Oxi ha hp cht leuco
N(CH3)2 HO HC SO3Na N(CH3)2 HO HO SO3Na N(CH3)2 N(CH3)2 C SO3Na

Pb02

SO3Na

Hp cht leuco c ha tan trong 480ml nc lnh c cha 15g Na2CO3 v dung dch c lm lnh bng cch thm 160g nc . Khuy mnh vi PbO2 (t 14,3g ch nitrat). Hn hp ngay lp tc c mu xanh. Khuy tip trong 30 pht ti phng gia nhit, sau tng ln 80oC trong khong 1h, loi b ch cacbonat bng cch lc v ra vi nc nng. Phn nc lc c lm lnh v axit ha vi 20ml dung dch HCl v thm 200g mui. Thuc nhum di dng tinh th c lc sau khi yn qua m, ra vi dung dch mui v sy kh (tt nht 5060 oC). Sn phm c cha t mui t 24g.

15

4. ng dng ca thuc nhum arylmetan

Cc loi thuc nhum thuc nhm arylmetan phn ln c s dng nhum cc loi vi, si, da, giy. Dng lm mc in, cht ch th mu pH, cht st trng dit khun. C th c th k mt s ng dng ca cc cht tiu biu sau:

4.1 Malachite Green

Malachite green (MG) l mt loi ha cht m loi ngi s dng rt ph bin t nhiu nm qua, em li hiu qu cao trong rt nhiu ngnh c bit l nui trng thy sn. Trong cng nghip v phng xt nghim y hc: MG hay dng nhum cc nguyn vt liu nh da, t, vi, si v giy. Ngoi ra MG cng c dng trong phng th nghim lm dung dch nhum vi khun v bo t ca n, lm ch th mu pH, chuyn mu vng (axit), xanh lc (kim). Trong thu sn: MG c gii nui trng thy sn trn th gii s dng mt cch rng ri t lu v c dng rt ph bin trn th gii x l nc v dit nm
12: ng dng trong thy sn
11 : ng dng trong trang sc

(loi Saprolegnia sp) cng nh dit k sinh trng nhm n bo (protozoa ) v bnh nm

k sinh trn trng c, c v cc loi s hn (nhuyn th) nh phng tr cc bnh nm thy mi, bnh trng qu da. l mt loi thuc tr nm rt c hiu lc v thng c dng ty trng trong cc h c ging v trong cc ni nui trng thy sn. V l ha cht c hiu qu trong vic iu tr bnh c v li r tin nn Malachite green c cc h nui thy sn s dng rt nhiu v rt ph dng, dn n vic mt s loi nhuyn th vn cn tn lu ha cht trong c th. Khng ch cha bnh cho cc loi c nui bnh thng MG cn dng cha bnh cho cc loi c cnh t tin.

16

Trong lnh vc trang sc: do MG c bn cht l cc tinh th carbonate ng lu nm, mu p v trong, c cc th kim hon mt n v cho ra cc b su tp trang sc (mt , vng, dy chuyn, khoen eo tai,...c trng by nhiu cc ca hiu, nht l ti Anh). Trong lnh vc trang tr ni tht, cht malachite cng gp phn vo cc khng gian
13: ng dng trong y hc

xanh trong ngi nh, c bit kit tc

"The Tazza", l mt trong nhng khi malachite ln nht bc M v mn qu t Tsar Nicholas II, gi n gian phng trung tm ca th vin Linda Hall Library. MG cn c dng trong phng th nghim hay xt nghim lm dung dch nhum vi khun, k sinh trng v bo t vi khun ca n, lm cht ch th mu pH (chuyn mu vng l axit, xanh lc l kim). Ngoi ra, malachite green cn dng nng cao hiu qu khi xt nghim Cryptosporidium oocysts trong phn.[21]

4.2. Meltyl violet 2B, 6B, 10B

Metyl violet l tn c t cho mt nhm cc hp cht hu c tetrametyl pentametyl v hexametyl c s dng ph bin lm thuc nhum vi, len si, mu cho mc in, nh gi ch s pH, cht kh trng trung bnh trong y t. Tn ti ba dng c bn: Metyl violet 2B, y l cht rn mu xanh l cy. N c s dng lm cht ch th pH, vi mt phm vi t 0 v 1,6 (Trong mi trng axit n c th chuyn sang mu vng). Metyl violet 6B, c mu xanh m (n su mu hn so vi 2B). N c s dng nh mt loi thuc nhum dt nhum giy, dng lm mc in, mc vit. Ngoi ra n cn c kh nng thay i mu sc ca cc sn phm nh phn bn, cht ty ra, v o vt da . Crystal violet ( metyl violet 10B), n c mu tm c trng v thng c gi l pha l tm. Metyl violet 10B cho mu su hn nhiu so vi 2B, v thng tt hn 6B.

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Trong 3 loi metyl tm trn th Crystal violet c ng dng mnh m nht, metyl tm 10B l thnh phn trong phng php nhum Gram. Mu tm tinh th c s dng phn bit gia cc vi khun gram m v gram dng , met yl tm 10B cn ng dng trong lnh vc y t c bit trong nha khoa v c tnh khng khun, khng nm v giun. N cn c dng i vi cc bnh nhim trng ngoi da, bnh nm da, bnh chc l, lot ming, cha tr cho nhng ngi b d ng vi penicillin. Trong php y metyl violet 10B c s dng pht hin cc du vn tay hay cn c s dng nh mt cht nhum mu m t bo nhn bit cc m t bo khi soi bng knh hin vi.[22], [23]

14 : Nhum mu vi khun ca Metyl 10B

15: ng dng lm cht ch th pH

5. Thuc nhum vi sc khe con ngi:

Bn cnh nhng mt tch cc m cc loi thuc nhum mang li cho cuc sng chng ta th n cn tn ti nhiu mt tiu cc nh hng xu n sc khe ca con ngi nu khng c s dng ng cch. Mt v d tiu biu v nh hng ca thuc nhum nhm arylmetan l malachite green Nhng nghin cu gn y cho thy khi i vo c th sinh vt Malachite green b phn hu thnh cht chuyn ho l Leucomalachite green (LMG) thy gy nh hng ti sc khe ca con ngi trong mt phm vi s dng nht nh.

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Vi con ngi: cc nghin cu cho thy MG v LMG lm tn thng n chc nng gan, lm thay i chc nng tuyn gip, thiu mu, gim bch cu, t bin gen v c th l cht gy ung th trn m hnh thc nghim ng vt, c th l loi chut. Mt nghin cu khc v c tnh ca Malachite green v Leucomalachite green c tin hnh trong thi gian 2 nm ca Trung tm Nghin cu c t Quc gia Hoa K cho thy c biu hin gy ung th ca Leucomalachite green trn chut nht ci. Ngoi ra, Leucomalachite green cn l cht gy t bin trong c th ca cc loi ng vt. Cc nh khoa hc a ra kt lun rng MG v LMG l 2 cht nguy hi c tim nng gy ung th cho ngi. Hin nay, cht MG l mt ha cht c th gy bnh ung th, nh hng n sc kho con ngi b cm s dng v c kim tra nghim ngt v d lng c trong thc phm nhiu nc trn th gii. Thit hi v kinh t: Trong lnh vc thy sn, trc y Malachite Green c s dng x l nc, phng tr cc bnh nm thy mi, bnh trng qu da , trong cc m hnh nui trng thy sn. V l mt ha cht c hiu qu trong vic iu tr bnh c v li r tin nn Malachite Green c cc h nui thy sn s dng nhiu dn n vic ha cht ny b pht hin cn tn lu bn trong c th ca mt s loi thy sn. Thu sn Vit Nam hin nay ang l ngnh xut khu mi nhn mang li nhiu ngun li cho chng ta, c bit l cc loi c da trn. Tuy nhin, nu nh trong cc sn phm thu sn xut khu c cha cc lng tn d cht c hi v b cm s dng nh MG th ton b l hng s b tr v v c th s b nc s ti kin, dn n nhng thit hi v kinh t l khng nh. Nm 2002, Canada cng nh nhiu quc gia khc trong c Vit Nam nhn thy cht Malachite Green c th l 1 mi e da cho sc khe nn bt u ra nhng chng trnh th nghim MG cc loi c tm nui by bn th trng. Cc quc gia trong khi Lin hip chu u v chu c n nh ngch s ti a ca MG v LMG trong thy sn l phi mc 2 phn t (ppb), tc l khng c vt qu 0,002mg/kg. M v Canada th cho p dng nguyn tc zero tolerance, ngha l khng chp nhn s hin din ca bt k 1 d lng no d l rt thp ca MG v LMG.

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KT LUN
Cc hp cht mu arylmetan khi nhum th mu rt p, rt sng, cng mu ln nhng li km bn khi git gi, v vy phi s dng km thuc cm mu. Vic s dng thuc cm mu dn n lm xn mu loi thuc nhum ny. V vy, cn c nhng ti nghin cu lm sao s dng thuc nhum arylmetan nhm hn ch nhc im, nng cao u im ca n. Mt s thuc nhum thuc loi arylmetan c nguy c tim n kh nng gy bnh ung th cho con ngi, nguy hi cho sinh vt v mi trng nn cn hn ch dn dn v thay th n bng mt loi thuc nhum khc. Cn gim thiu nguy c gy nhim mi trng bng cch ch trng khu phn loi v x l nc thi, hn ch nhng kh nng gy nguy hi ca thuc nhum thp nht khi thi ra mi trng. Khi s dng ha cht ni chung v thuc nhum ni ring, chng ta cn cn nhc n tc hi ca chng i vi mi trng, s dng mt cch tht hiu qu v tit kim, nn theo pht trin cc hng nghin cu xanh, an ton v thn thin vi mi trng. Mi ngi cn chung tay gp sc cuc sng chng ta ngy cng pht trin, hin i nhng cng cn ch dn gi gn v bo v mi trng.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] http://violet.vn/thcs-giaoyen-namdinh/present/show/entry_id/8609291 [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magenta#Fuchsine_and_magenta_dye_.281860.29 [3] http://www.chriscooksey.demon.co.uk/dha/Abstracts_2.doc [4] http://escola.britannica.com.br/article/108379/dye [5] http://www.colorantshistory.org/HistoryInternationalDyeIndustry.html [6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_violet#cite_note-15 [7] http://stainsfile.info/StainsFile/dyes/class/clsarylm.htm [8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auramine_O [9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye [10] http://www.colorantshistory.org/HistoryInternationalDyeIndustry.html [11] http://stainsfile.info/StainsFile/dyes/basfuch.htm [12] http://stainsfile.info/StainsFile/dyes/42510.htm [13] http://stainsfile.info/StainsFile/dyes/magenta2.htm [14] http://stainsfile.info/StainsFile/dyes/42520.htm [15] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_violet [16] (http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADm_tinh_th%E1%BB%83) [17] nh Rng, ha hu c 3 [18] o Hng Cng, gio trnh Hp cht mu hu c [19] http://chestofbooks.com/science/chemistry/Processes-Dye-Chemistry/7Triphenylmethane-Dyes.html [20]http://www.sciencemadness.org/library/books/fundamental_processes_of_dye_che mistry.pdf [21] http://www.impeqn.org.vn/impeqn/vn/portal/InfoDetail.jsp?area=58&cat=1134&ID=2 730 [22]http://www.abbeycolor.com/crystal-violet.php [23] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_violet

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