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f ( x ), if f ( x ) 0 f ( x)
f ( x), if f ( x ) < 0
y = f ( x ) , then f 1 ( y ) = x
Remember: Object = the value of x Image = the value of y or f(x) f(x) map onto itself means f(x) = x
02 Quadratic Equations
General Form Quadratic Formula
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
where a, b, and c are constants and a 0. *Note that the highest power of an unknown of a quadratic equation is 2. Forming Quadratic Equation From its Roots: If and are the roots of a quadratic equation
b b 2 4 ac x= 2a
When the equation can not be factorized. Nature of Roots
+ =
b a
c a
x 2 ( + ) x + = 0
or x ( SoR ) x + ( PoR ) = 0 SoR = Sum of Roots PoR = Product of Roots
2
b 2 4 ac b 2 4 ac b 2 4 ac b 2 4 ac
>0 =0 <0 0
two real and different roots two real and equal roots no real roots the roots are real
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03 Quadratic Functions
General Form Completing the square:
f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c where a, b, and c are constants and a 0. *Note that the highest power of an unknown of a quadratic function is 2. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
f ( x) = a ( x + p)2 + q the value of x, x = p min./max. value = q min./max. point = ( p, q) equation of axis of symmetry, x = p
Alternative method:
a > 0 minimum (smiling face)
a < 0 maximum (sad face)
b 2a b ) 2a b 2a
(ii) (iii)
Quadratic Inequalities
a > 0 and f ( x) > 0 a > 0 and f ( x) < 0
min./max. value = f (
Nature of Roots
a
a< x<b
intersects two different points at x-axis 2 b 4ac = 0 touch one point at x-axis b 2 4ac < 0 does not meet x-axis
b 2 4ac > 0
x < a or x > b
04 Simultaneous Equations
To find the intersection point solves simultaneous equation. Remember: substitute linear equation into non- linear equation.
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05 Indices and Logarithm
Fundamental if Indices Laws of Indices
a0 = 1
a m a n = a m+n a m a n = a mn
( a m ) n = a m n ( ab) n = a n b n
m
a 1 =
1 a
a b ( ) 1 = b a Fractional Index
1 an
= a
n
m an
= a
n
a n an ( ) = n b b
Law of Logarithm
Fundamental of Logarithm
log a y = x a x = y
log a a = 1
log a
log a a x = x
log a 1 = 0
m = log a m log a n n
log a mn = n log a m
Changing the Base
log a b =
log c b log c a
log a b =
1 logb a
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06 Coordinate Geometry
Distance and Gradient
Distance Between Point A and C =
(x1 x2 )2 + (x1 x2 )2
Gradient of line AC, m = Or
y int ercept Gradient of a line, m = x int ercept y2 y1 x2 x1
Parallel Lines
Perpendicular Lines
m1 = m2 .
Midpoint
Midpoint, M =
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 , 2 2
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Area of triangle:
Area of Triangle
1 2
1 ( x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 ) ( x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3 ) 2
A=
Gradient form
y = mx + c
Intercept form
m = gradient c = y-intercept
x y + =1 a b a = x-intercept b = y-intercept m= b a
Equation of Straight Line Gradient (m) and 1 point (x1, y1) 2 points, (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) given given y y1 y2 y1 y y1 = m( x x1 ) = x x1 x2 x1
same length AB = BC = CD = AD parallel lines mAB = mCD or mAD = mBC diagonals (perpendicular) mAC mBD = 1 share same midpoint midpoint AC = midpoint BD any point solve the simultaneous equations
(v)
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Remember:
y-intercept x = 0 cut y-axis x = 0 x-intercept y = 0 cut x-axis y = 0 **point lies on the line satisfy the equation substitute the value of x and of y of the point into the equation.
Equation of Locus ( use the formula of distance) The equation of the locus of a moving point P ( x, y ) which is always at a constant distance (r) from a fixed point A ( x1 , y1 ) is
The equation of the locus of a moving point P ( x, y ) which is always at a constant distance from two fixed points A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y 2 ) with a ratio m : n is PA m = PB n
The equation of the locus of a moving point P ( x, y ) which is always equidistant from two fixed points A and B is the perpendicular bisector of the straight line AB. PA = PB ( x x1 ) + ( y y1 ) 2 = ( x x2 ) 2 + ( y y2 ) 2
2
PA = r
( x x1 ) 2 + ( y y1 ) 2 = r 2
( x x1 ) 2 + ( y y1 ) 2 m 2 = ( x x2 ) + ( y y 2 ) 2 n 2
More Formulae and Equation List: SPM Form 4 Physics - Formulae List SPM Form 5 Physics - Formulae List SPM Form 4 Chemistry - List of Chemical Reactions SPM Form 5 Chemistry - List of Chemical Reactions
All at One-School.net
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07 Statistics
Measure of Central Tendency Ungrouped Data Mean
x= x N
Median
m = TN +1
2
m = TN +1
2
1 2 N F m = L+ f C m
m = median L = Lower boundary of median class N = Number of data F = Total frequency before median class fm = Total frequency in median class c = Size class = (Upper boundary lower boundary)
TN + TN m=
2 2
+1
TN + T N m=
2 2
+1
Measure of Dispersion Ungrouped Data Grouped Data Without Class Interval With Class Interval
variance
x2 =
2
fx 2 = f
2
fx 2 = f
2
= variance
Standard Deviation
(x x ) = N
2
= variance
= =
(x x ) N x 2 x2 N
2
= variance
f (x x) = f
2
x 2 x2 N
fx 2 x2 f
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The variance is a measure of the mean for the square of the deviations from the mean. The standard deviation refers to the square root for the variance.
Effects of data changes on Measures of Central Tendency and Measures of dispersion Data are changed uniformly with +k k k k +k k k k
Measures of Mean, median, mode Central Tendency Range , Interquartile Range Measures of Standard Deviation dispersion Variance
k k k2
k k k2
08 Circular Measures
Terminology
radians
180
degrees
xo = ( x
180
Remember: