Tc Gi: L Vn t

Chng 1: KHI NIM V QU TRNH QU IN T

I. KHI NIM CHUNG
Ch ca h thng in thay i t ngt s lm pht sinh qu trnh qu in t, trong qu trnh pht sinh do ngn mch l nguy him nht. tnh chn cc thit b in v bo v rle cn phi xt n qu trnh qu khi: - ngn mch. - ngn mch km theo t dy. - ct ngn mch bng my ct in. Khi xy ra ngn mch, tng tr ca h thng in gim, lm dng in tng ln, in p gim xung. Nu khng nhanh chng c lp im ngn mch th h thng s chuyn sang ch ngn mch duy tr (xc lp). T lc xy ra ngn mch cho n khi ct n ra, trong h thng in xy ra qu trnh qu lm thay i dng v p. Dng trong qu trnh qu thng gm 2 thnh phn: chu k v khng chu k. Trng hp h thng c ng dy truyn ti in p t 330 KV tr ln th trong dng ngn mch ngoi thnh phn tn s c bn cn cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao. Nu ng dy c t b dc s c thm thnh phn sng hi bc thp. Nhim v ca mn hc ngn mch l nghin cu din tin ca qu trnh ngn mch trong h thng in, ng thi xt n cc phng php thc dng tnh ton ngn mch.

II. CC NH NGHA C BN
Ngn mch: l mt loi s c xy ra trong h thng in do hin tng chm chp gia cc pha khng thuc ch lm vic bnh thng. - Trong h thng c trung tnh ni t (hay 4 dy) chm chp mt pha hay nhiu pha vi t (hay vi dy trung tnh) cng c gi l ngn mch. - Trong h thng c trung tnh cch in hay ni t qua thit b b, hin tng chm chp mt pha vi t c gi l chm t. Dng chm t ch yu l do in dung cc pha vi t. Ngn mch gin tip: l ngn mch qua mt in tr trung gian, gm in tr do h quang in v in tr ca cc phn t khc trn ng i ca dng in t pha ny n pha khc hoc t pha n t. in tr h quang in thay i theo thi gian, thng rt phc tp v kh xc nh chnh xc. Theo thc nghim:

trong : I - dng ngn mch [A] Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t l - chiu di h quang in [m] Ngn mch trc tip: l ngn mch qua mt in tr trung gian rt b, c th b qua (cn c gi l ngn mch kim loi). Ngn mch i xng: l dng ngn mch vn duy tr c h thng dng, p 3 pha tnh trng i xng. Ngn mch khng i xng: l dng ngn mch lm cho h thng dng, p 3 pha mt i xng. - Khng i xng ngang: khi s c xy ra ti mt im, m tng tr cc pha ti im nh nhau. - Khng i xng dc: khi s c xy ra m tng tr cc pha ti mt im khng nh nhau. S c phc tp: l hin tng xut hin nhiu dng ngn mch khng i xng ngang, dc trong h thng in. V d: t dy km theo chm t, chm t hai pha ti hai im khc nhau trong h thng c trung tnh cch t.

Bng 1.1: K hiu v xc xut xy ra cc dng ngn mch

DNG NGN MCH HNH V QUY C K HIU XC SUT XY RA %

3 pha

(3)

2 pha 2 pha-t

N N

(2)

10 20

(1,1)

1 pha

(1)

65

III. NGUYN NHN V HU QU CA NGN MCH

III.1. Nguyn nhn:
- Cch in ca cc thit b gi ci, h hng. - Qu in p. - Cc ngu nhin khc, thao tc nhm hoc do c d tnh trc...

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t

III.2. Hu qu:
- Pht nng: dng ngn mch rt ln so vi dng nh mc lm cho cc phn t c
dng ngn mch i qua nng qu mc cho php d vi mt thi gian rt ngn. - Tng lc in ng: ng lc in t gia cc dy dn c gi tr ln thi gian u ca ngn mch c th ph hng thit b. - in p gim v mt i xng: lm nh hng n ph ti, in p gim 30 n 40% trong vng mt giy lm ng c in c th ngng quay, sn xut nh tr, c th lm hng sn phm.

- Gy nhiu i vi ng dy thng tin gn do dng th t khng sinh ra khi ngn mch chm t. - Gy mt n nh: khi khng cch ly kp thi phn t b ngn mch, h thng c th mt n nh v tan r, y l hu qu trm trng nht.

IV. MC CH TNH TON NGN MCH V YU CU I VI CHNG:

Khi thit k v vn hnh cc h thng in, nhm gii quyt nhiu vn k thut yu cu tin hnh hng lot cc tnh ton s b, trong c tnh ton ngn mch. Tnh ton ngn mch thng l nhng tnh ton dng, p lc xy ra ngn mch ti mt s im hay mt s nhnh ca s ang xt. Ty thuc mc ch tnh ton m cc i lng trn c th c tnh mt thi im no hay din bin ca chng trong sut c qu trnh qu . Nhng tnh ton nh vy cn thit gii quyt cc vn sau: - So snh, nh gi, chn la s ni in. - Chn cc kh c, dy dn, thit b in. - Thit k v chnh nh cc loi bo v. - Nghin cu ph ti, phn tch s c, xc nh phn b dng... Trong h thng in phc tp, vic tnh ton ngn mch mt cch chnh xc rt kh khn. Do vy ty thuc yu cu tnh ton m trong thc t thng dng cc phng php thc nghim, gn ng vi cc iu kin u khc nhau tnh ton ngn mch. Chng hn tnh chn my ct in, theo iu kin lm vic ca n khi ngn mch cn phi xc nh dng ngn mch ln nht c th c. Mun vy, ngi ta gi thit rng ngn mch xy ra lc h thng in c s lng my pht lm vic nhiu nht, dng ngn mch gy nn dng ln nht, ngn mch l trc tip, ngn mch xy ra ngay ti u cc my ct ... gii quyt cc vn lin quan n vic chn la v chnh nh thit b bo v rle thng phi tm dng ngn mch nh nht. Lc y tt nhin cn phi s dng nhng iu kin tnh ton hon ton khc vi nhng iu kin nu trn.

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t

CHNG 2:CC CH DN KHI TNH TON NGN MCH

I. Nhng gi thit c bn:
Khi xy ra ngn mch s cn bng cng sut t in, c in b ph hoi, trong h thng in ng thi xy ra nhiu yu t lm cc thng s bin thin mnh v nh hng tng h nhau. Nu k n tt c nhng yu t nh hng, th vic tnh ton ngn mch s rt kh khn. Do , trong thc t ngi ta a ra nhng gi thit nhm n gin ha vn c th tnh ton. Mi phng php tnh ton ngn mch u c nhng gi thit ring ca n. y ta ch nu ra cc gi thit c bn chung cho vic tnh ton ngn mch. 1. Mch t khng bo ha: gi thit ny s lm cho phng php phn tch v tnh ton ngn mch n gin rt nhiu, v mch in tr thnh tuyn tnh v c th dng nguyn l xp chng phn tch qu trnh. 2. B qua dng in t ha ca my bin p: ngoi tr trng hp my bin p 3 pha 3 tr ni Yo/Yo. 3. H thng in 3 pha l i xng: s mt i xng ch xy ra i vi tng phn t ring bit khi n b h hng hoc do c c d tnh. 4. B qua dung dn ca ng dy: gi thit ny khng gy sai s ln, ngoi tr trng hp tnh ton ng dy cao p ti in i cc xa th mi xt n dung dn ca ng dy. 5. B qua in tr tc dng: ngha l s tnh ton c tnh cht thun khng. Gi thit ny dng c khi ngn mch xy ra cc b phn in p cao, ngoi tr khi bt buc phi xt n in tr ca h quang in ti ch ngn mch hoc khi tnh ton ngn mch trn ng dy cp di hay ng dy trn khng tit din b. Ngoi ra lc tnh hng s thi gian tt dn ca dng in khng chu k cng cn phi tnh n in tr tc dng. 6. Xt n ph ti mt cch gn ng: ty thuc giai on cn xt trong qu trnh qu c th xem gn ng tt c ph ti nh l mt tng tr khng i tp trung ti mt nt chung. 7. Cc my pht in ng b khng c dao ng cng sut: ngha l gc lch pha gia sc in ng ca cc my pht in gi nguyn khng i trong qu trnh ngn mch. Nu gc lch pha gia sc in ng ca cc my pht in tng ln th dng trong nhnh s c gim xung, s dng gi thit ny s lm cho vic tnh ton n gin hn v tr s dng in ti ch ngn mch l ln nht. Gi thit ny khng gy sai s ln, nht l khi tnh ton trong giai on u ca qu trnh qu (0,1 0,2 sec).

II. H n v tng i:
Bt k mt i lng vt l no cng c th biu din trong h n v c tn hoc trong h n v tng i. Tr s trong n v tng i ca mt i lng vt l no l t s gia n vi mt i lng vt l khc cng th nguyn c chn lm n v o lng. i lng vt l chn lm n v o lng c gi i lng c bn. Nh vy, mun biu din cc i lng trong n v tng i trc ht cn chn cc i Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t lng c bn. Khi tnh ton i vi h thng in 3 pha ngi ta dng cc i lng c bn sau: S : cng sut c bn 3 pha. U : in p dy c bn. I t
cb cb

Z : tng tr pha c bn.

cb

cb

: dng in c bn. : thi gian c bn.

: tc gc c bn. Xt v ngha vt l, cc i lng c bn ny c lin h vi nhau qua cc biu thc sau: S =

cb cb

cb

U .I
cb

cb

(2.1)

(2.2) (2.3) Do ta ch c th chn ty mt s i lng c bn, cc i lng c bn cn li c tnh t cc biu thc trn. Thng thng chn trc S , U v . Khi chn cc i lng c bn th cc i lng trong n v tng i c tnh t cc i lng thc nh sau:
cb cb cb

c bn l U ). Sau ny khi ngha r rng v s dng quen thuc th c th b du (*) v (cb). MT S TNH CHT CA H N V TNG I: 1) Cc i lng c bn dng lm n v o lng cho cc i lng ton phn cng ng thi dng cho cc thnh phn ca chng. V d: S dng lm n v o lng chung cho S, P, Q; Z - cho Z, R, X. 2) Trong n v tng i in p pha v in p dy bng nhau, cng sut 3 pha v cng sut 1 pha cng bng nhau. 3) Mt i lng thc c th c gi tr trong n v tng i khc nhau ty thuc vo lng c bn v ngc li cng mt gi tr trong n v tng i c th tng ng vi nhiu i lng thc khc nhau. 4) Thng tham s ca cc thit b c cho trong n v tng i vi lng c bn l
cb cb cb

*(cb)

c l E tng i c bn (tc l sc in ng E trong h n v tng i vi lng

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t nh mc ca chng (S , U , I ). Lc :
m m m

5) i lng trong n v tng i c th c biu din theo phn trm, v d nh khng in, my bin p...

TNH I I LNG TRONG H N V TNG I: Mt i lng trong n v tng i l A vi lng c bn l A thnh A A =A

t *(cb2)

tng ng vi lng c bn l A * A
cb1

*(cb1)

V d, cho E

*(cb1)

=A ,Z

*(cb2)

* A

cb2

theo biu thc sau:

cb1

c th tnh i

n v tng i ng vi cc lng c bn (S , U , I ):
cb2 cb2 cb2

*(cb1)

*(cb1)

ng vi cc lng c bn (S , U , I ) cn tnh i sang h

cb1 cb1 cb1

cb2

Nu tnh i cc tham s ng vi lng nh mc (S , U , I ) thnh gi tr ng vi lng c bn (S , U , I ) th:

cb cb cb m m m

Khi chn U = U
cb

ta c cc biu thc n gin sau:

CHN CC I LNG C BN: Thc t tr s nh mc ca cc thit b cng mt cp in p cng khng ging nhau. Tuy nhin, s khc nhau khng nhiu (trong khong 10%), v d in p nh mc ca my pht in l 11KV, my bin p - 10,5KV, khng in - 10KV. Do trong tnh ton gn ng ta c th xem in p nh mc U ca cc thit b cng mt cp in p l nh nhau v bng gi tr trung bnh U ca cp in p . Theo qui c c cc U sau [KV]:
tb tb m

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t 500; 330; 230; 154; 115; 37; 20; 15,75; 13,8; 10,5; 6,3; 3,15; 0,525 Khi tnh ton gn ng ngi ta chn U = U = U , ring i vi khng in nn tnh chnh xc vi lng nh mc ca n v gi tr in khng ca khng in chim phn ln trong in khng tng ca s , nht l i vi nhng trng hp khng in lm vic in p khc vi cp in p nh mc ca n (v d, khng in 10KV lm vic cp 6KV). Ni chung cc i lng c bn nn chn sao cho vic tnh ton tr nn n gin, tin li. i vi S nn chn nhng s trn (chng hn nh 100, 200, 1000MVA,...) hoc i khi chn bng tng cng sut nh mc ca s . Trong h n v tng i, mt i lng vt l ny cng c th biu din bng mt i lng vt l khc c cng tr s tng i. V d nu chn lm lng c bn th khi
*(b) cb cb m tb

= 1 ta c:

III. Cch thnh lp s thay th:

S thay th l s cho php th cc mch lin h nhau bi t trng bng mt mch in tng ng bng cch qui i tham s ca cc phn t cc cp in p khc nhau v mt cp c chn lm c s. Cc tham s ca s thay th c th xc nh trong h n v c tn hoc h n v tng i, ng thi c th tnh gn ng hoc tnh chnh xc.

III.1. Qui i chnh xc trong h n v c tn:

Hnh 2.1 : S mng in c nhiu cp in p Xt mng in c nhiu cp in p khc nhau (hnh 2.1) c ni vi nhau bng n my bin p c t s bin p k , k , ...... k . Chn mt on ty lm on c s, v d on u tin. Tham s ca tt c cc on cn li s c tnh qui i v on c s. Sc in ng, in p, dng in v tng tr ca on th n c qui i v on c s theo cc biu thc sau:
1 2 n

Cc t s bin p k trong nhng biu thc trn ly bng t s bin p lc khng ti. Cc Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t thnh phn trong tch cc t s bin p k ch ly ca nhng my bin p nm gia on xt v on c s, chiu ca t s bin p k ly t on c s n on cn xt.

Trong nhng biu thc qui i trn, nu cc i lng cho trc trong n v tng i th phi tnh i v n v c tn. V d, cho Z th:
*(m)

(2.4)

III.2. Qui i gn ng trong h n v c tn:

Vic qui i gn ng c thc hin da trn gi thit l xem in p nh mc ca cc phn t trn cng mt cp in p l nh nhau v bng tr s in p trung bnh ca cp . Tc l: Nh vy:

Do ta s c cc biu thc qui i n gin hn:

Tng t: Nu cc phn t c tng tr cho trc trong n v tng i, th tnh i gn ng v n v c tn theo biu thc (2.4) trong thay U = U .
m tb

III.3. Qui i chnh xc trong h n v tng i:

Tng ng vi php qui i chnh xc trong h n v c tn ta cng c th dng trong h n v tng i bng cch sau khi qui i v on c s trong n v c tn, chn cc lng c bn ca on c s v tnh i v n v tng i. Tuy nhin phng php ny t c s dng, ngi ta thc hin ph bin hn trnh t qui i nh sau: Chn on c s v cc lng c bn S , U ca on c s. Tnh lng c bn ca cc on khc thng qua cc t s bin p k , k , ...... k . Cng sut c bn S chn l khng i i vi tt c cc on. Cc lng c bn U on th n c tnh nh sau:
cb 1 2 n cbn cb cbcs

v I

cbn

ca

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

Tnh i tham s ca cc phn t mi on sang n v tng i vi lng c bn ca on : Nu tham s cho trong n v c tn th dng cc biu thc tnh i t h n v c tn sang h n v tng i. V d:

Nu tham s cho trong n v tng i vi lng c bn l nh mc hay mt lng c bn no th dng cc biu thc tnh i h n v tng i. V d:

III.4. Qui i gn ng trong h n v tng i:

Tng t nh qui i gn ng trong h n v c tn, ta xem k l t s bin p trung bnh, do vy vic tnh ton s n gin hn. Trnh t qui i nh sau: Chn cng sut c bn S chung cho tt c cc on. Trn mi on ly U Tnh i tham s ca cc phn t mi on sang n v tng i theo cc biu thc gn ng.
m

= U ca cp in p tng ng.
tb

cb

III.5. Mt s im cn lu :
- chnh xc ca kt qu tnh ton khng ph thuc vo h n v s dng m ch ph thuc vo phng php tnh chnh xc hay gn ng. - Khi tnh ton trong h n v c tn th kt qu tnh c l gi tr ng vi on c s chn. Mun tm gi tr thc on cn xt phi qui i ngc li. V d: Dng tm c on c s l I = I . Dng thc on th n l: I = (k . k ...... k ) I
n 1 2 n cs n q

- Khi tnh ton trong h n v tng i th kt qu tnh c l trong n v tng i, mun tm gi tr thc mt on no ch cn nhn kt qu tnh c vi lng c bn ca on . V d: Dng tnh c l I . Dng thc on th n l:
*n

n q

Bng 2.1: Tm tt mt s biu thc tnh ton tham s ca cc phn t THIT B S THAY TH THAM S TRA C TNH TRONG N V C TN TNH CHNH XC TRONG VT TNH GN NG TRONG VT My pht

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

x , S ,U
d m

My bin p (2 cun dy) u %, k, S

N

Khng in X%, I , U
m

ng dy X [/Km] X .l
1 1

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Tc Gi: L Vn t Ch : i vi my bin p 3 cun dy th cc tham s tra c l in p ngn mch gia cc cun dy: u %,u %,u % , ta phi tnh u % ca tng cun dy v sau tnh in khng ca tng cun dy theo cc biu thc trong bng 2.1 i vi my bin p 2 cun dy. in p ngn mch u % ca tng cun dy c tnh nh sau: u % = 0,5 (u u
NI N I-II N I-III N II-III N N

N II

% = u %= u

N I-II

% -u % %-u %
NI NI

N I-II

%+u

N I-III

%-u

N II-III

%)

N III

N I-III

IV. Bin i s thay th

Cc php bin i s thay th c s dng trong tnh ton ngn mch nhm mc ch bin i nhng s thay th phc tp ca h thng in thnh mt s n gin nht tin li cho vic tnh ton, cn gi l s ti gin. S ti gin c th bao gm mt hoc mt s nhnh ni trc tip t ngun sc in ng ng tr E n im ngn mch thng qua mt in khng ng tr X.

IV.1. Nhnh ng tr:

Php bin i ny c dng ghp song song cc nhnh c ngun hoc khng ngun thnh mt nhnh tng ng. Xt s thay th (hnh 2.2a) gm c n nhnh ni chung vo mt im M, mi nhnh gm c 1 ngun sc in ng E ni vi 1 in khng X , ta c th bin i n thnh s ti gin (hnh 2.2b) bng cc biu thc sau:
k k

trong : Y = 1/ X l in dn ca nhnh th k. Khi s ch c 2 nhnh th:

k k

Khi E = E = .............. = E = E th E
1 2 n

= E.

Hnh 2.2 : Php bin i dng nhnh ng tr

IV.2. Bin i Y - :
Bin i s thay th c dng hnh sao gm 3 nhnh (hnh 2.3a) thnh tam gic (hnh 2.3b) Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t theo cc biu thc sau:

Ngc li, bin i s c dng hnh tam gic sao thnh hnh sao dng cc biu thc sau:

Hnh 2.3 : Bin i Y - Bin i Y - cng c th p dng c khi cc nt c ngun, lc c th ng dng tnh cht ng th tch ra hay nhp chung cc nt c ngun (v d nh trn hnh 2.4).

Hnh 2.4 : Tch / nhp cc nt c ngun

IV.3. Bin i sao - li:

S thay th hnh sao (hnh 2.5a) c th bin i thnh li (hnh 2.5b). in khng gia 2 nh m v n ca li c tnh nh sau: X = X . X .Y trong : X , X l in khng ca nhnh th m v n trong hnh sao. Y l tng in dn ca tt c cc nhnh hnh sao. Ngun: Http://bkeps.com
m n mn m n

Tc Gi: L Vn t

Hnh 2.5 : Bin i sao - li Php bin i ny s dng tin li trong tnh ton ngn mch khi c mt nt l im ngn mch v tt c cc nt cn li l cc nt ngun. Nu cc ngun l ng th th in khng tng h gia cc ngun c th b qua, lc s s tr nn rt n gin. V d, t s li hnh 2.5b khi cc nt 1, 2, 3, 4 c ngun ng th v nt 5 l im ngn mch ta c th n gin thnh s trn hnh 2.6.

Hnh 2.6 : Ap dng bin i sao-li IV.4. Tch ring cc nhnh ti im ngn mch: Nu ngn mch trc tip 3 pha ti im nt c ni mt s nhnh (v d, hnh 2.7) , th c th tch ring cc nhnh ny ra khi vn gi u mi nhnh cng ngn mch nh vy. S nhn c lc ny khng c mch vng s d dng bin i. Tnh dng trong mi nhnh khi cho ngn mch ch trn mt nhnh, cc nhnh ngn mch khc xem nh ph ti c sc in ng bng khng. Dng qua im ngn mch l tng cc dng tnh cc nhnh ngn mch ring r. Phng php ny thng dng khi cn tnh dng trong mt nhnh ngn mch no .

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t

Hnh 2.7 : Tch ring cc nhnh ti im ngn mch

IV.5. Li dng tnh cht i xng ca s :

Li dng tnh cht i xng ca s ta c th ghp chung cc nhnh mt cch n gin hn hoc c th b bt mt s nhnh m dng ngn mch khng i qua (hnh 2.8).

Hnh 2.8 : Li dng tnh cht i xng ca s

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t

IV.6. S dng h s phn b dng:

H s phn b dng l h s c trng cho phn tham gia ca mi ngun vo dng ngn mch vi gi thit l cc ngun c sc in ng bng nhau v khng c ph ti. Dng h s phn b dng tnh tng tr tng h gia cc ngun v im ngn mch, a s v dng rt n gin gm cc ngun ni vi im ngn mch qua tng tr tng h:

trong : Z - tng tr ng tr ca ton s i vi im ngn mch. C - h s phn b dng ca nhnh th k. H s phn b dng c th tm c bng m hnh, thc nghim hoc gii tch. Phng php gii tch c thc hin bng cch cho dng qua im ngn mch bng n v v coi rng cc sc in ng bng nhau. Dng tm c trong cc nhnh s l tr s ca cc h s phn b dng C , C , ..... , C tng ng vi cc nhnh .
1 2 k k

Hnh 2.9 : S xc nh h s phn b dng V d, cho s trn hnh 2.9a trong cc sc in ng bng nhau, khng c ph ti v cho dng ngn mch I = 1. Sau khi bin i s v t iu kin cn bng th ta c: I .X
N t

=C .X =C .X =C .X
1 1 2 2 3

v:

I . X = C . X
N 1

1N

=C .X
2

2N

=C .X
3

3N

V. Cng sut ngn mch

Cng sut ngn mch S vo thi im t l i lng qui c c tnh theo dng ngn
Nt

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Tc Gi: L Vn t mch I vo thi im t trong qu trnh qu v in p trung bnh U ca on tnh dng ngn mch: S
Nt Nt tb

I .U
Nt

Cng sut ngn mch dng chn hay kim tra my ct, lc t l thi im m cc tip im chnh ca my ct m ra. Cng sut ny phi b hn cng sut c trng cho kh nng ct ca my ct hay cn gi l cng sut ct nh mc ca my ct: S Ngoi ra, khi bit cng sut ngn mch S
Nt

tb

< S

C m

C m

.U

cung cp cho im ngn mch c th tnh c in khng ca h thng i vi im ngn mch:

NH

(hoc dng ngn mch I ) do h thng

NH

khi tnh ton trong h n v tng i vi cc lng c bn S v U

cb

cb

= U th:
tb

Chng 3:QU TRNH QU TRONG MCH IN N GIN

I. NGN MCH 3 PHA TRONG MCH IN N GIN:
Xt mch in 3 pha i xng n gin (hnh 3.1) bao gm in tr, in cm tp trung v khng c my bin p. Qui c mch in c cung cp t ngun cng sut v cng ln (ngha l in p u cc ngun in khng i v bin v tn s).

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

Hnh 3.1 : S mch in 3 pha n gin Lc xy ra ngn mch 3 pha, mch in tch thnh 2 phn c lp: mch pha khng ngun v mch pha c ngun.

I.1. Mch pha khng ngun:

V mch i xng, ta c th tch ra mt pha kho st. Phng trnh vi phn vit cho mt pha l:

Gii ra ta c: T iu kin u (t=0):

i =i ,
0 0+

ta c: C = i

Nh vy: Dng in trong mch pha khng ngun s tt dn cho n lc nng lng tch ly trong in cm L tiu tn ht trn r.

I.2. Mch pha c ngun:

Gi thit in p pha A ca ngun l: u = u = U sin(t+) Dng trong mch in trc ngn mch l:
A m

Lc xy ra ngn mch 3 pha, ta c phng trnh vi phn vit cho mt pha:

Gii phng trnh i vi pha A ta c:

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

Dng ngn mch gm 2 thnh phn: thnh phn th 1 l dng chu k cng bc c bin khng i:

Thnh phn th 2 l dng t do phi chu k tt dn vi hng s thi gian:

T iu kin u: C=i

i =i
0 td0+

0+ 0

=i

ck0+

+i
m

=i -i

ck0+

= I sin( - ) - I

td0+

ta c:
ckm

sin( - )
N

Hnh 3.2 : th vct dng v p vo thi im u ngn mch Trn hnh 3.2 l th vct dng v p vo thi im u ngn mch trong U , U , U , I , I , I l p v dng trc khi xy ra ngn mch, cn I
B C A B C A

k cng bc sau khi xy ra ngn mch. T th, ta c nhng nhn xt sau: i

td0+

ckA

,I

ckB

,I

ckC

l dng chu

bng hnh chiu ca vct ln trc thi gian t. ph thuc vo tnh trng mch in trc ngn mch; i
td0+

ty thuc vo m i i
td0+

c th cc i hoc bng 0.
td0+

t gi tr ln nht

lc mch in trc ngn mch c tnh in dung, ri n mch in trc ngn mch l Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t khng ti v i b nht lc mch in trc ngn mch c tnh in cm.

td0+

Thc t him khi mch in trc ngn mch c tnh in dung v ng thi thng c 90 , do vy trong tnh ton iu kin c tnh trng ngn mch nguy him nht l:
N o

a) mch in trc ngn mch l khng ti.

b) p tc thi lc ngn mch bng 0 ( = 0 hoc 180 ).

II. Tr hiu dng ca dng ngn mch ton phnv cc thnh phn ca n:
II.1. Thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch:
- Nu ngun c cng sut v cng ln hoc ngn mch xa my pht (U = const.), th:
m

Trong trng hp ny, bin dng chu k khng thay i theo thi gian v bng dng ngn mch duy tr (xc lp). - Nu ngn mch gn, trong my pht cng xy ra qu trnh qu in t, sc in ng v c in khng ca my pht cng thay i, do bin ca dng chu k thay i gim dn theo thi gian n tr s xc lp (hnh 3.3). Tr hiu dng ca dng chu k thi im t l:

trong : E

- sc in ng hiu dng ca my pht thi im t

N

- tng tr ngn mch (trong mng in p cao c th coi Z

x )
N

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

Hnh 3.3 : th bin thin dng in trong qu trnh qu Tr hiu dng ca dng chu k trong chu k u tin sau khi xy ra ngn mch gi l dng siu qu ban u:

trong : E - sc in ng siu qu ban u ca my pht. x - in khng siu qu ca my pht. x - in khng bn ngoi t u cc my pht n im ngn mch.
ng d

II.2. Thnh phn t do ca dng ngn mch:

Thnh phn t do ca dng ngn mch cn gi l thnh phn phi chu k, tt dn theo hng s thi gian T ca mch:
a

vi:

i
Khi tnh ton vi iu kin nguy him nht, ta c: a) mch in trc ngn mch l khng ti: I sin( - ) = 0
m

b) p tc thi lc ngn mch bng 0 ( = 0) v 90 .

N

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

th:

i Tr hiu dng ca dng t do thi im t c ly bng tr s tc thi ca n ti thi im : I = i

tdt tdt

II.3. Dng ngn mch xung kch:

Dng ngn mch xung kch i l tr s tc thi ca dng ngn mch trong qu trnh qu . ng vi iu kin nguy him nht, dng ngn mch xung kch xut hin vo khong 1/2 chu k sau khi ngn mch, tc l vo thi im t = T/2 = 0,01sec (i vi mng in c tn s f = 50Hz). i = i + i
xk ck0,01 td0,01 xk

trong :

ck0,01

ckm0+

Vy: vi k : h s xung kch ca dng ngn mch, ty thuc vo T m k c gi tr khc nhau

xk

trong khong 1 k 2.
xk

xk

Tr hiu dng ca dng ngn mch ton phn thi im t c tnh nh sau:

Tng ng, tr hiu dng ca dng ngn mch xung kch l:

vi:

Vy: hay :

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

III. NGN MCH 3 PHA TRONG MCH c my bin p:

Hnh 3.4 : S mch in c my bin p Gi thit in p ngun khng i pht (U = const.) v mch t ca my bin p khng bo ha. Khi xy ra ngn mch 3 pha, ta lp phng trnh vi phn cho mt pha nh sau (tt c cc tham s ca my bin p c qui i v cng mt pha):
m

Pha s cp:

Pha th cp: Khi b qua dng t ha ca my bin p (i = 0) th i = i . Cng 2 phng trnh trn ta c:
1 2

trong : R = R + R : l in tr ca my bin p. L = L + L - 2M = (L - M) + (L - M) : l in cm ca my bin p. Phng trnh trn ging nh phng trnh ca mch in n gin kho st mc I trc y. Do vy trong qu trnh qu khi b qua dng t ha, my bin p c th c
B 1 2 1 2 B 1 2

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Tc Gi: L Vn t thay th bng in tr v in cm tnh ton nh mch in thng thng.

Chng 5: QU TRNH QU TRONG MY IN

I. Khi nim chung:
Qu trnh qu trong my in xy ra phc tp hn trong my bin p hay cc thit b tnh khc do tnh cht chuyn ng ca n. Do vy nu k n tt c cc yu t nh hng th vic nghin cu s v cng kh khn v phc tp. n gin ngi ta a ra nhiu gi thit gn cho my in mt s tnh cht l tng ha. D nhin kt qu s c sai s, nhng so snh vi cc s liu thc nghim thng sai s nm trong phm vi cho php. Vic nghin cu vo thi im u ca qu trnh qu da trn nguyn l t thng mc vng khng i v n gin ch xt trn mt pha ca my in, cc cun dy stato v rto xem nh ch c mt vng dy, lc t thng trong mch t cng chnh l t thng mc vng . Qui c chn h trc ta trong my in nh sau (hnh 5.1):

Hnh 5.1 Cc trc ta d, q gi theo dc trc v ngang trc ca rto. Thnh phn dc trc ca dng stato dng khi sc t ng do n to nn cng chiu vi sc t ng ca cun kch t. Thnh phn ngang trc ca dng stato dng khi sc t ng do n to nn chm 90 so vi sc t ng ca cun kch t.
o

II. Cc loi t thng trong my in:

T thng ton phn ca cun kch t: trong : X - in khng ca cun kch t.
f

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

- T thng hu ch: trong : X - in khng h cm gia cc cun dy stato v rto, c gi l in khng phn ng phn ng dc trc. - T thng tn: trong : Xf - in khng tn ca cun kch t. Nh vy:
ad

H s tn ca cun kch t: T thng phn ng: - T thng phn ng phn ng: dctrc: ngang trc: - T thng tn: dc trc: ngang trc: ton phn: trong : T thng tng hp mc vng vi cun kch t: (ch c theo trc dc) T thng tng hp mc vng vi cun stato: - dc trc: - ngang trc: T thng k h khng kh dc trc: T thng cun cn: - Cun cn dc: t thng chnh:

Hnh 5.2

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

t thng tn: - Cun cn ngang: t thng chnh: t thng tn:

III. Sc in ng v in khng qu :
Sc in ng v in khng qu l nhng tham s c trng cho my pht in khng c cun cn vo thi im u ca qu trnh ngn mch. Khi ngn mch, t thng tng t ngt mt lng (hnh 5.3). Theo nh lut Lenx, tng mc vng l khng i.
ado+

s lm cho tng ln mt lng

f

ad

ado+ fo+

sao cho tng t thng

Do tng nn f cng tng mt lng t l v:

f

v t thng k h khng kh cng gim xung v: iu ny chng t , d v sc in ng E , E tng ng ca my pht thay i t bin vo thi im u ca ngn mch nn khng th s dng cc tham s ny thay th cho my pht vo thi im u ca ngn mch.
d q

Hnh 5.3 c trng cho my pht trong tnh ton ta s dng t thng khng t bin lc ngn mch l , trong phn xem nh mc vng vi cun dy stato l:
f

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

c gi l t thng qu dc trc.
d

T thng mc vng ny ng vi sc in ng E c gi l sc in ng qu :
q

x c gi l in khng qu dc trc.
d

i vi my pht khng c cun cn ngang trc, t thng phn ng phn ng ngang trc trong qu trnh qu c th t bin. S t bin ca t thng ny c th xem nh l in p ri do dng I trn in khng x , ngha l:
q q aq

E =0 ; x =x
d q

Tm li, nu my in khng c cun cn th thi im u ngn mch c th thay th bng E v x .

d q

Dng qu thi im u ngn mch ch c thnh phn dc trc: Hnh 5.4

trong : x - in khng t u cc my in n im ngn mch.

ng

IV. Sc in ng v in khng siu qu :

Sc in ng v in khng siu qu l nhng tham s c trng cho my pht in c cun cn vo thi im u ca qu trnh ngn mch. Xt mt my in c cc cun cn dc trc v ngang trc, gi thit cun kch t v cun cn dc trc l nh nhau nn c 2 u lin h vi cun dy stato bi t thng h cm chung c xc nh bi X .
ad ad

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Tc Gi: L Vn t Khi c mt lng tng t ngt t thng , rto s c thay i tng ng t thng ca cun kch t v ca cun cn dc trc sao cho tng t thng mc vng khng i, do vy:
f 1d ad

- i vi cun kch t:

(5.1)

- i vi cun cn dc: (5.2) T (5.1) v (5.2) ta c: (5.3) T (5.3) thy rng lng tng I to ra 2 cun kch t v cun cn dc cc dng in tng cng chiu nhng ln t l nghch in khng tn ca chng. Thay th phn ng ca 2 cun dy rto ti thi im u ca ngn mch bng phn ng ca mt cun dy tng ng dc trc c dng bng: v in khng tn Xrd vi iu kin vn tha mn nguyn l t thng mc vng khng i, tc l:
d

Gii cc phng trnh (5.2), (5.3) v (5.4) ta c:

Nh vy in khng tn ca cun dy tng ng vi cun kch t v cun cn dc bng in khng tn ca 2 cun dy ny ghp song song. tm in khng c trng cho my in theo trc dc thi im u ca ngn mch, ta thc hin tnh ton tng t nh mc III (i vi my in khng c cun cn) trong thay cun kch t c Xf bng cun dy tng ng c Xrd v ta cng tm c:

x c gi l in khng siu qu dc trc.

d

Tng t cho trc ngang, ta cng c in khng siu qu ngang trc:

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Tc Gi: L Vn t Cc sc in ng tng ng vi cc in khng trn c gi l sc in ng siu qu ngang trc E v dc trc E , chng c gi tr khng t bin vo thi im u ngn mch.
d q

trong : U ,U ,I ,I
qo do qo

do

- p v dng trc ngn mch. - sc in ng siu qu

ton phn. Hnh 5.5 Vy my pht thi im u ngn mch c th c trng bng sc in ng siu qu v in khng siu qu . Gi tr dng siu qu dc trc v ngang trc tng ng l:

V dng siu qu ton phn l: Trong tnh ton thc dng gn ng xem x = x ta c:
d q

V. ngha vt l ca cc in khng:
T cc biu thc tnh ton in khng ta thy: x < x < x
d d

V mt vt l iu c gii thch nh sau: Trong ch bnh thng t thng to bi dng stato gm mt phn mc vng theo ng tn t, cn phn chnh i ngang k h khng kh khp vng qua cc cc v thn rto. V t tr ch yu l k h khng kh c t dn nh (hnh 5.6a), t cm ln; do vy tng ng vi in khng x . Khi t thng stato thay i t ngt, trong cun kch t s c dng cm ng to nn t thng ngc hng vi t thng stato, v vy c th xem nh mt phn t thng stato b y ra ngoi i theo ng tn t ca cun kch t c t dn f (hnh 5.6b). Nh vy t
ad d

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Tc Gi: L Vn t thng stato phi i qua mt tng t dn ln, t cm s nh hn v s c: x <x

d

Hnh 5.6 Rto cng c nhiu mch vng kn, t thng stato cng kh xm nhp vo rto. Trng hp gii hn, khi t thng hon ton khng th i vo rto, ngha l ch i theo ng tn t ca cun dy stato c t dn , in khng ca stato lc chnh l in khng tn X, tng ng vi trng hp x nh nht c th c. i vi cc my in khng c cun cn, bn thn rto cng c tc dng nh cun cn nn c th xem: x = (0,750,9) x
d d d

VI. Qua trnh qu trong my in khng cun cn:

n gin trc tin ta kho st cc my in khng c thit b TK. Gi thit ngn mch ti u cc ca my in, mch in xem nh thun khng, dng ngn mch ch c theo trc dc. Khi xy ra ngn mch, thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch s thay i t bin. tng l:

trong : I - dng lm vic trc ngn mch. I

do

t thng mc vng khng i, dng kch t I cn phi tng mt lng:

f

do+

- dng qu ti thi im u ngn mch.

Do cun kch t c in tr r nn tr s ny s suy gim theo hng s thi gian T ca cun kch t v I chnh l tr s ban u ca thnh phn t do khng chu k i ca dng kch t (hnh 5.7):
f ftd f d

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

Dng i to nn sc in ng E trong cun dy stato v lm xut hin thnh phn t do chu k i trong dng stato vi tr hiu dng ban u l:
ck ftd q

dng kch t cng bc I = I to ra.

fo f ck ftd

=I

: dng ngn mch xc lp ng vi sc in ng ng b ngang trc E

do

Nh vy, thnh phn chu k c bn ca dng ngn mch gm 2 thnh phn: t do chu k i do dng t do ca cun kch t i sinh ra v do cng tt dn theo hng s thi gian T .
d

chu k cng bc i do dng kch t cng bc I = I to ra. i = i + i

ck ck

Do dng chu k tng so vi trc khi ngn mch nn trong cun dy stato xut hin thnh phn t do khng chu k i sao cho dng ngn mch ton phn thi im u ngn mch l khng t bin. Dng ny tt dn theo hng s thi gian T ca mch stato:
a td

ck

gi l dng ngn mch qu v c tr hiu dng ban u l I

ck

fo

do+

Dng i to t thng ng yn i vi stato, do s cm ng sang rto thnh phn t do chu k i

fcko+ ftdo+ td

bin nn tr s ban u ca cc thnh phn trong dng kch t phi tha mn: i = -i = -I Dng i hng s thi gian T .
a fck

fck

trong dng kch t. V dng kch t i thi im u ngn mch khng t

f f

tt dn theo hng s thi gian T v dng i stato sinh ra n tt dn theo

a td

Dng i

ngc chiu nhau: - T trng quay ngc chiu vi rto (-) s ng yn so vi stato nn khng cm ng sang stato.

fck

Hnh 5.7 sinh ra t trng p mch rto nn c th phn ra thnh 2 t trng quay

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Tc Gi: L Vn t - T trng quay cng chiu vi rto (+) s quay vi tc 2 so vi stato v cm c tn s 2. Dng ny tt dn theo hng s ng sang stato to nn dng t do chu k i thi gian T .
a ck(2)

Tm li: Dng trong cun dy stato l: i = i + i - i - i

N ck ck td f fo

Dng trong cun dy kch t l: i =I +i -i

ftd

ck(2)

= i - i - i
ck td fck

ck(2)

VII. Qu trnh qu trong my in c cun cn:

Khi t thng phn ng phn ng thay i, trong cun cn cng cm ng nn mt dng t do khng chu k tng t nh trong cun kch t. Dng ny li tc dng ln cun dy stato v cun cn trong qu trnh qu .

VII.1. Dng trong cun dy stato:

Ngoi cc thnh phn dng in ging nh my in khng cun cn, trong cun dy stato ca my in c cun cn cn bao gm: Thnh phn siu qu t do dc trc i do dng t do trong cun cn dc trc sinh ra, do n tt dn theo hng s thi gian T ca cun cn dc trc. Nh vy thnh phn chu k dc trc gm: i = i + i + i = i + i
ck ck ck ck ck ck d ck ck

i gi l dng ngn mch siu qu dc trc, c tr hiu dng ban u l:

Do T b nn dng trong cun cn v dng i tt nhanh hn dng i do cun kch t sinh ra. Thnh phn siu qu t do ngang trc i do dng t do trong cun cn ngang trc sinh ra, do n tt dn theo hng s thi gian T ca cun cn ngang trc v c tr hiu dng ban u l:
q q d ck ck

Vy dng ngn mch ton phn ca my in c cun cn: i = i + i + i + i - i - i Tr hiu dng ca dng siu qu ban u l:
N ck ck ck q td

ck(2)

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

Trong tnh ton gn ng, khi coi x = x th:

d q

VII.2. Dng trong cun kch t:

Vn gm cc thnh phn nh my in khng cun cn nhng thnh phn t do khng chu k c khc do nh hng ca cun cn. i =i - i i i
ftd(KCC) f

: thnh phn t do khng chu k xut hin trong my in khng cun cn. gian T .
d

ftd

ftd(KCC)

: thnh phn t do khng chu k do nh hng ca cun cn, tt theo hng s thi

VII.3. Dng trong cun cn:

Trong ch lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch duy tr, qua cun cn khng c dng in. Trong qu trnh qu , cun cn dc trc xut hin dng t do khng chu k tt dn theo 2 hng s thi gian T v T . ng thi di tc dng ca dng t do trong cun dy stato, cun cn s c thnh phn chu k i T sao cho dng trong cun cn khng t bin.
a d d 1dck

tt dn theo hng s thi gian

i =i
1d

Trong cun cn ngang trc cng xut hin cc thnh phn dng tng t. i vi my pht turbine hi khng c cun cn, li thp cng c xem nh c tc dng tng t cun cn. Do vy trong qa trnh qu , din bin dng trong cun dy stato v rto c dng ging nh i vi cc my in c cun cn. V trong tnh ton vn dng nhng tham s siu qu thay th ti thi im u ngn mch.

1dtd

+ i

1dck

VIII. Cc hng s thi gian tt dn:

Do trong mch c in tr tc dng nn cc thnh phn dng t do s tt dn vi hng s thi gian T = L/r. Trong h n v tng i th:

VIII.1. Hng s thi gian ca cun dy stato:

trong : X - in khng th t nghch ca my in Nu ngn mch cch my in mt on c tng tr Z = r + jx th:
2

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

VIII.2. Hng s thi gian ca cun kch t:

Khi my pht khng ti: Khi ngn mch ngay ti u cc my pht:

C th chng minh c rng: trong : X - in khng ca cun kch t khi ni tt cun dy stato. Nu ngn mch cch my pht mt on c in khng bng x th:
f

VIII.3. Hng s thi gian ca cun cn:

Hng s thi gian ca cun cn dc T v cun cn ngang T cng ph thuc vo khong cch n im ngn mch. C th ly cc tr s trung bnh nh sau: - My pht turbine hi: T T 0,1 sec. - My pht turbine nc: T T 0,05 sec.
d q d q d q

IX. nh hng ca TK v ph ti n qu trnh ngn mch: IX.1. Anh hng ca TK:

Ti thi im u ca ngn mch, v t thng mc vng vi cc cun dy l khng i nn thit b TK khng c nh hng. iu cho php tnh ton cc tham s thi im u ca ngn mch (chng hn nh I , E , i ) ging nh i vi cc my in khng c TK. Trong khong thi gian tip theo ca qu trnh qu , TK lm tng dng kch t v do lm tng cc thnh phn dng trong cun dy stato v cun cn dc. Qu trnh ny din ra chm, do vy thc t n ch lm thay i sc in ng quay ca stato v thnh phn chu k ca dng stato. Thnh phn khng chu k v sng iu ha bc 2 stato vn ging nh khi khng c TK. i vi cun cn dc, dng sinh ra trong n l do sc in ng bin p, sc in ng ny nh v dng kch t i thay i chm. Do vy dng t do c b gim xung nhng khng ng k.
f o o xk

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t

IX.2. Anh hng ca ph ti:

Anh hng ca ph ti thi im u ca ngn mch ph thuc vo in p d ti im ni ph ti, tc ph thuc vo in khng x t ph ti cho n im ngn mch. Khi x < 0,4: ph ti xem nh ngun cung cp lm tng dng ngn mch. Khi x > 0,4: ph ti tiu th dng in lm gim dng ngn mch. Khi x = 0 th dng ph ti chim khong 25% dng ngn mch. Trong tnh ton thc t, cc ph ti c gp chung thnh ph ti tng hp mt im ca h thng in v c thay th gn ng bng: X = 0,35 v E = 0,8 Ch k n mt cch ring r cc ng c c ln v c thay th nh sau: - Cc ng c ng b c cu to ging nh my pht. thi im u ca ngn mch, ng c ang quay theo qun tnh xem nh vn cn tc ng b nn c th thay th bng cc tham s ging nh i vi my pht l E v x .
o d PT PT N N N N

- Cc ng c khng ng b vi h s trt b xem nh l ng c ng b khng c cun kch t, cng c thay th bng sc in ng v in khng siu qu :

trong : I
o

U , I , - tham s ca ng c trc khi xy ra ngn mch.

o o

*mm

- dng m my ca ng c.

Chng 6: CC PHNG PHP TNH TON NGN MCH

I. Khi nim chung:
Phng php tnh dng ngn mch bng cch gii h phng trnh vi phn i hi nhiu cng sc, mc d chnh xc nhng ngay c tnh mt s n gin khi lng

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t tnh ton cng kh cng knh, bc phng trnh tng nhanh theo s my in c trong s . Ngoi ra cn c nhng vn lm phc tp thm qu trnh tnh ton nh: dao ng cng sut, dng t do trong cc my in nh hng nhau, tc dng ca thit b t ng iu chnh kch t (TK), tham s d trc v ngang trc khc nhau.... Do , trong thc t thng dng cc phng php thc dng cho php tnh ton n gin hn. Ngoi cc gi thit c bn nu trc y, cn c thm nhng gi thit sau: Qui lut bin thin thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch trong s c mt my pht tng t nh trong s c nhiu my pht. Vic xt n thnh phn khng chu k ca dng ngn mch trong tt c cc trng hp c th tin hnh mt cch gn ng. Rto ca cc my in ng b l i xng do khng cn phn bit sc in ng, in p, dng in theo cc trc v c th b qua thnh phn chu k 2. Ty mc ch tnh ton c th s dng cc phng php khc nhau vi sai s khng c vt qu phm vi cho php 5% i vi tr s ban u v 1015% cc thi im khc.

II. Phng php giI tch: II.1. Tnh dng siu qu ban u:
Trnh t tnh ton nh sau: a) Lp s thay th, tnh ton qui i tham s ca cc phn t trong h n v c tn hay n v tng i: - My pht: thay th bng E v X = x = x , i vi my pht khng c cun cn xem rto nh cun cn t nhin, tc l cng dng cc thng s siu qa tnh ton vi x = (0,750,9) x . Sc in ng E c tnh theo cng thc gn ng vi gi thit my pht lm vic ch nh mc trc khi ngn mch: Nu my pht lm vic ch khng ti trc khi ngn mch th E = U . - ng c v my b ng b c tnh nh my pht. - ng c khng ng b v ph ti tng hp thay th bng:
o F o d d o d q

v: trong : X I
*N

E U - I Xsin
o o o

- in khng ngn mch (lc ng c b hm). - dng m my ca ng c.

o o

U , I , sin - c ly tnh trng trc ngn mch. Khi khng c s liu cn thit c th tra bng sau:
THIT B X Eo
o

*mm

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t My pht turbine hi My pht turbine nc c cun cn My pht turbine nc khng cun cn ng c ng b My b ng b ng c khng ng b Ph ti tng hp 0,125 0,2 0,27 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,35 1,08 1,13 1,18 1,1 1,2 0,9 0,8

b) Tnh ton: Bin i s thnh dng n gin gm mt hay nhiu nhnh ni trc tip t ngun n im ngn mch (hnh 6.1), t tnh c dng siu qu ban u theo biu thc sau:

c) Ch : Trong thc t, vic tnh ton dng siu qu ban u thng ch xt n nhng ph ti ni trc tip vo im ngn mch.
Hnh 6.1

II.2. Tnh dng ngn mch i vi ngun cng sut v cng ln:
Trong tnh ton n gin s b hay trong mng c ngun cng sut v cng ln th thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch l khng i v c tnh nh sau:

trong : U - in p trung bnh ca on c im ngn mch. X - in khng gia ngun v im ngn mch qui v on c im ngn mch. Trong h n v tng i vi lng c bn l S v U = U th:
cb cb tb tb

vi: Trong tnh ton thc dng, vic xt n cc h thng thng l gn ng. Nu bit tr s dng siu qa ban u I hoc cng sut S khi ngn mch 3 pha ti mt nt bt k trong h thng (hnh 6.2), th c th xc nh in khng X ca h thng i vi im nt ny:
H o N

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t

hay (6.1) Nu khng bit dng hay cng sut ngn mch, c th xc nh in khng X gn ng t cng sut ct nh mc ca my ct dng ct cng sut ngn mch (hnh 6.3), tc l trong cc biu thc (6.1) trn dng I v S thay cho I v S .
C m C m o N H

Hnh 6.2

Hnh 6.3

Nu ti nt ang xt cn c nh my in a phng (hnh 6.3) th phi gim bt lng I , S do nh my in ny cung cp, tc l trong cc biu thc (6.1) trn dng (I Trng hp c mt s h thng lin lc vi nhau qua mt s im nt, nu bit dng hay cng sut ngn mch mi im nt, cng c th xc nh c in khng X ca h thng. V d, trn hnh 6.4 ta c:
H C m

- I ) v (S
F

C m

- S ) thay cho I v S .
F o N

t , khi bit I , I v X
M N

MN

c th tnh c X

H1

v X .
H2

Hnh 6.4 Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t

II.3. Tnh dng xung kch:

a) i vi mng c cng sut v cng ln:
I = I = I
o ck

lc :

b) i vi mng c cng sut hu hn:

trong cc biu thc trn, k l h s xung kch, ph thuc vo hng s thi gian T =L/r. Khi xt ring nh hng ca cc ng c v ph ti tng hp th: vi: I k - dng siu qu ban u do ng c hay ph ti cung cp. - h s xung kch ca ng c hay ph ti tng hp.
xk a

Trung bnh c th ly gi tr nh sau: Ngn mch ti thanh gp in p my pht hoc u cao p ca my bin p tng: k = 1,9 Ngn mch cc thit b cao p xa my pht:
xk

xk

k = 1,8
xk xk

Ngn mch pha th cp ca cc trm h p (S<1000KVA): k = 1,3 i vi ng c khng ng b, suy gim ca cc thnh phn dng chu k v t do do n cung cp cho im ngn mch l gn nh nhau, c th ly: ng c c ln : k = 1,8 - ng c c 100200KW:
xk

- ng c c b v ph ti tng hp: k

xk

= 1,51,6 =1

xk

II.4. Tnh dng ngn mch duy tr:

Cc phn t c thay th bi cc tham s ging nh ch lm vic bnh thng ca h thng in.

a) i vi h thng in bao gm cc my pht khng c TK:

- My pht c thay bng E v x vi E = I . Nu cha bit dng kch t I th c th tnh E t ch lm vic ca my pht trc khi xy ra ngn mch:
q q d q* f* f

- Ph ti tp trung ti cc nt c thay bng:

PT

= 1,2 v E

PT

=0

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t - Lp s thay th v bin i tm dng ngn mch:

b) i vi h thng in bao gm cc my pht c TK:

Trng hp mch n gin ch c mt my pht th tnh trng lm vic ca my pht khi ngn mch duy tr c th c xc nh bng cch so snh in khng ngn mch X vi X :
th N

hay khi U = U
cb

Nu X > X th my pht lm vic trng thi nh mc v c thay bng E x vi:

d N th

th: E =I
qgh

Nu X < X th my pht lm vic trng thi kch t gii hn v c thay bng v X = 0.

F N th

qgh*

fgh*

Trng hp mch phc tp c nhiu ngun lin kt nh hng nhau thng khng th s dng ch tiu nu trn xc nh tnh trng lm vic ca cc my pht. Do phi dng phng php gn ng nh sau: - Ty thuc vo v tr ca my pht i vi im ngn mch, gi thit trc tnh trng lm vic ca my pht. - Lp s thay th v tin hnh tnh ton dng ngn mch I . - Kim tra li gi thit bng cch tnh ngc li tm dng I do mi my pht cung cp cho im ngn mch v so snh vi I ca tng my pht.
th F N

Nu I > I th my pht lm vic trng thi kch t gii hn. Nu I < I th my pht lm vic trng thi nh mc.
F th F th

i vi nhng my pht gi thit lm vic trng thi kch t gii hn cng c th kim tra theo in p u cc my pht (U < U ) Nu gi thit ng xem nh bi ton gii xong. Nu gi thit sai mt my pht no cn phi thay i trng thi ca n v tnh ton li. - Nhng im cn lu : Ph ti lm tng tng dn so vi im ngn mch, v vy nu b qua nh hng ca ph ti th kt qu tnh ton c th c sai s ln, ch b qua nh hng ca ph ti khi xt n ngn mch ngay u cc my pht. Ph ti cng c th nh hng n tnh trng lm vic ca my pht trong iu kin ngn mch, do vy cn phi xt n chng khi gi thit. Ngun: Http://bkeps.com
F m

Tc Gi: L Vn t Nu trong h thng c my pht khng c TK th thay th n bng E v x .

q d

II.5. Tnh dng ngn mch ton phn:

my ct lm vic m bo cn chn S t ta c: S
C m

>S

Do cn xc nh tr hiu dng ca dng ngn mch ton phn vo thi im t: trong , I

tdt

Nt

C m

>I

C m

v I

C m

ca n sao cho vo thi im ct

Nt

I c tnh bng biu thc sau:

ckt

tnh ton bng gii tch rt phc tp, thng tra theo ng cong tnh ton, cn

Thc t n gin dng cng thc gn ng sau: I = .I : h s tnh ton, gi tr trung bnh ca n c th ly nh sau:
t Nt t o

khi t = 0,05sec: = 1,1 khi t = 0,1 sec: = 1 khi t 0,2 sec: c th xem I I
Nt t ckt t

v hu nh thnh phn t do tt ht.

III. Phng php ng cong tnh ton:

III.1. ng cong tnh ton:
ng cong tnh ton l ng cong biu din tr s tng i ca thnh phn chu k trong dng ngn mch ti nhng thi im ty ca qu trnh qu ph thuc vo mt in khng - in khng tnh ton x = x + x .
*tt

*ckt

= f(x , t)
*tt

Hnh 6.5

ng cong c xy dng theo s n gin nh hnh 6.5, trong coi rng trc ngn mch my pht lm vic vi ph ti nh mc v ph ti khng i trong sut qu trnh ngn mch, nhnh b ngn mch 3 pha ti im N c in khng x khng mang ti
N

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t trc khi xy ra ngn mch. Cho x cc gi tr khc nhau, theo cc biu thc bit hoc bng m hnh tnh I ti im ngn mch cc thi im khc nhau. T kt qu tnh c, xy dng h ng cong I = f(x , t). Cc tham s u tnh trong n v tng i vi lng c bn l nh mc ca my pht: U = U v S = S
cb tb cb *ckt *tt mF N ck

ng cong tnh ton

Hnh 6.6 Thc t c 2 loi ng cong tnh ton khc nhau cho 2 loi my pht: turbine hi v turbine nc (hnh 6.6). Cc c im ca ng cong tnh ton nh sau: Khi x cng ln (ngn mch cng xa) th s bin thin ca bin dng in chu k theo thi gian cng t. Khi x > 3 c th xem I
tt tt tt

Khi x cng tng ln th s khc bit v dng gia 2 loi my pht cng nh v khi x

ckt

= I .
o tt

> 1 th ng cong tnh ton ca 2 loi my pht hu nh trng nhau. ng cong tnh ton tng ng vi cc thi im khc nhau c th ct nhau. iu ny l do tc dng ca thit b TK lm tng dng ngn mch sau khi qua mt tr s cc tiu no . Cc ng cong tnh ton b gii hn bi ng cong I = 1/x do phi tha mn iu kin I Nu hng s thi gian T ca my pht khc vi T hiu chnh thi gian t ng cong tnh ton thnh:
fo ckt

U /x .
m N fotc

*ck

*N

ca my pht tiu chun th cn

i vi my pht turbine hi: T

ng cong tnh ton c v vi my pht c ph ti nh mc, do trng hp my pht khng c ph ti u cc th tr s dng in tm c I phi hiu chnh thnh:
*ck

fotc

= 7sec, my pht turbine nc: T

fotc

= 5sec.

III.2. Phng php tnh ton:

III.2.1. Tnh ton theo mt bin i:

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t Tnh ton theo mt bin i cn gi l tnh ton theo bin i chung. Phng php ny s dng khi khong cch gia cc my pht n im ngn mch gn nh nhau, lc s tt dn ca thnh phn chu k trong dng ngn mch ca cc my pht l gn nh nhau, cho nn c th nhp chung tt c cc my pht thnh mt my pht ng tr c cng sut tng tnh ton. Trnh t tnh ton nh sau: Lp s thay th trong n v tng i theo php qui i gn ng (vi cc lng c bn S , U = U ):
cb

- in khng ca my pht ly bng x .

d

cb

tb

- khng cn t bt k sc in ng no trong s . - ph ti c th b i, tr trng hp nhng ng c c ln ni trc tip vo im ngn mch th tnh ton nh my pht c cng cng sut. Bin i s thay th, a n v dng n gin nht tnh in khng ng tr x ca s i vi im ngn mch. Tnh i v in khng tnh ton:

trong : S

T in khng tnh ton x v thi im t cn xt, tra ng cong tnh ton (hnh 6.6) s tm c I U :
tb *ckt

- tng cng sut nh mc ca cc my pht. . Tnh i v n v c tn (nu cn) vi lng c bn lc ny l S

*tt

Mt s im cn lu : - Khi x > 3 th dng chu k khng thay i v bng: I

*tt

- Nu cc my pht khc loi th dng ng cong tnh ton ca my pht c cng sut ln, gn im ngn mch. - Nu r < x/3 th khng th b qua in tr tc dng v phi tnh ton Z, sau dng Z thay v x .
tt tt

*ck

= 1/x .
*tt

III.2.2. Tnh ton theo nhiu bin i:

Tnh ton theo nhiu bin i cn gi l tnh ton theo nhng bin i ring bit. Phng php ny s dng khi trong s khong cch t cc my pht n im ngn mch khc nhau nhiu, nht l khi c ngun cng sut v cng ln, lc phi k n s thay i dng in ring r ca tng my pht hay tng nhm my pht. Trnh t tnh ton nh sau:

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t

Lp s thay th, tham s ca cc phn t c tnh ton gn ng trong h n v tng i (vi cc lng c bn S , U = U ). Da vo s xc nh nhm cc my pht c th nhp chung, h thng cng sut v cng ln phi tch ring ra. Dng cc php bin i a s v dng tng nhnh c lp ni vi im ngn mch. Tnh ton vi tng nhnh ring r theo phng php bin i chung. Cng sut c bn tnh x l tng cng sut cc my pht trn mi nhnh.
*tt cb cb tb

Tra theo ng cong tnh ton ti thi im ang xt tm ra dng I ring bit. Tnh dng tng trong h n v c tn: I = I
ckt

*ckti

trn mi nhnh

Nhnh c h thng cng sut v cng tch ring ra v tnh trc tip dng ngn mch do n cung cp:

*ckti mi

.I

trong : x

v tng i vi cc lng c bn S , U = U . Thng thng trong tnh ton s dng 2 n 3 nhnh bin i c lp.
cb cb tb

*NH(cb)

- in khng tng h gia h thng v im ngn mch tnh trong h n

Chng 7:NGN MCH KHNG I XNG

I. Khi nim chung:
Ngoi ngn mch 3 pha i xng, trong h thng in cn c th xy ra ngn mch khng i xng bao gm cc dng ngn mch 1 pha, ngn mch 2 pha, ngn mch 2 pha chm t. Khi h thng vct dng, p 3 pha khng cn i xng na.

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t i vi my pht, khi trong cun dy stato c dng khng i xng s xut hin t trng p mch, t sinh ra mt lot sng hi bc cao cm ng gia rto v stato: sng bc l stato s cm ng sang rto sng bc chn v ngc li. Bin cc sng ny ph thuc vo s i xng ca rto, rto cng i xng th bin cc sng cng b. Do thc t i vi my pht turbine hi v turbine nc c cc cun cn dc trc v ngang trc, cc sng hi bc cao c bin rt nh, c th b qua v trong tnh ton ngn mch ta ch xt n sng tn s c bn. Tnh ton ngn mch khng i xng mt cch trc tip bng cc h phng trnh vi phn da trn nhng nh lut Kirchoff v Ohm rt phc tp, do ngi ta thng dng phng php thnh phn i xng. Ni dung ca phng php ny l chuyn mt ngn mch khng i xng thnh ngn mch 3 pha i xng gi tng ri dng cc phng php bit gii n.

II. Phng php thnh phn i xng:

Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc Fortesene - Stokvis. Mt h thng 3 vct khng i xng bt k (hnh 7.1) c th phn tch thnh 3 h thng vct i xng:

- H thng vct th t thun : - H thng vct th t nghch: - H thng vct th t khng : Theo iu kin phn tch ta c:

Hnh 7.1 Dng ton t pha ta c:

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t

v ngc li:

Khi th h thng 3 vct l cn bng. H s khng cn bng: b = F /F H s khng i xng: b = F /F

2 2 0 0

H thng vct th t thun v th th nghch l i xng v cn bng, h thng vct th t khng l i xng v khng cn bng.
Mt vi tnh cht ca cc thnh phn i xng trong h thng in 3 pha:

Trong mch 3 pha - 3 dy, h thng dng in dy l cn bng. Dng i trong t (hay trong dy trung tnh) bng tng hnh hc dng cc pha, do bng 3 ln dng th t khng. H thng in p dy khng c thnh phn th t khng. Gia in p dy v in p pha ca cc thnh phn th t thun v th th nghch cng c quan h C th lc c cc thnh phn th t.

III. Cc phng trnh c bn ca thnh phn i xng:

Quan h gia cc i lng dng, p, tng tr ca cc thnh phn i xng cng tun theo nh lut Ohm:

trong : X , X , X - in khng th t thun, nghch v khng ca mch. Khi ngn mch khng i xng ta xem tnh trng mch nh l xp chng ca cc mch tng ng vi cc thnh phn i xng tun theo nhng phng trnh c bn sau: Ngun: Http://bkeps.com
1 2 0

Tc Gi: L Vn t

trong : U , U , U , I , I , I
N1 N2 N0 N1 N2

mch. Nhim v tnh ton ngn mch khng i xng l tnh c cc thnh phn i xng t cc phng trnh c bn v iu kin ngn mch, t tm ra cc i lng ton phn.

N0

- cc thnh phn th t ca dng v p ti im ngn

IV. Cc tham s thnh phn th t ca cc phn t:

Tham s ca cc phn t l c trng cho phn ng khi c dng, p qua chng. Do tham s thnh phn th t ca cc phn t l phn ng khi c h thng dng, p th t thun, nghch v khng tc dng ln chng. - Tham s th t thun ca cc phn t l cc tham s trong ch i xng bnh thng bit. - i vi nhng phn t c ngu hp t ng yn nh my bin p, ng dy ... th in khng khng ph thuc vo th t pha, tc l in khng th t thun v th t nghch ging nhau (X = X ). i vi nhng phn t c ngu hp t quay th X X . in khng th t khng th ni chung l X X , X , tr trng hp mch khng c ngu hp t th X =X =X .
0 2 1 0 2 1 2 1 2 1

IV.1. My in ng b:
- in khng th t nghch X l phn ng ca my in do dng th t nghch to t trng quay ngc vi vn tc 2 so vi rto. Tr s ca X ty thuc i xng ca my in, thng ghi trong l lch my. Trong tnh ton gn ng c th ly: My in khng cun cn: X = 1,45x

2 2 d 2

My in c cun cn:
o

X = 1,22x
2

- in khng th t khng X c trng cho t thng tn ca dng th t khng: X = (0,15 0,6)x

o 1

X thay i trong qu trnh ngn mch nhng X v X nu khng xt n bo ha th

2 o

c th xem l khng i. Tnh ton gn ng c th ly gi tr trung bnh trong bng 7.1. Bng 7.1:
LOI MY IN X
2

My pht turbine hi < 200MW My pht turbine hi 200MW My pht turbine nc c cun cn My pht turbine nc khng cun cn

0,15 0,22 0,25 0,45

0,05 0,05 0,07 0,07

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t My b v ng c ng b c ln 0,24 0,08

IV.2. Ph ti tng hp:

Ph ti tng hp ch yu l ng c khng ng b nn c th ly mt ng c khng ng b ng tr thay th cho ton b ph ti tnh ton. - in khng th t nghch X ng vi t thng th t nghch c trt (2-s), lc s=1 (tc ng c b hm) th X b nht, l trng hp nguy him nht c tnh ton trong thc t:
N 2 2

X =X
2

trong : X - in khng ngn mch ca ng c vi X Tnh ton gn ng ly: X = X = 0,35

2 o

2(s=1)

=X

*N

= 1/I

*mm

- Hu ht cc ng c c trung tnh cch in vi t nn khng c dng th t khng i qua chng. Do vy khng cn tm X ca cc ng c (tc X ).
o

IV.3. Khng in:

Khng in l phn t ng yn, lin lc v t yu nn: X X =X
o 1 2

IV.4. My bin p:
My bin p c X = X , cn X ph thuc vo t ni dy. T ni dy ch c th cho dng th th khng chy qun trong cun dy m khng ra ngoi li in. T ni dy Y cho dng th th khng i qua cun dy ch khi trung tnh ni t. Ni Y / :(hnh 7.2)
o 1 2 o

xo >> x
o I

X = x + x =X
II

II

Hnh 7.2

Ni Y / Y :(hnh 7.3) X ty thuc vo ch lm vic ca im trung tnh li in.

o o o

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t

Hnh 7.3 Ni Y / Y :(hnh 7.4)

o

X = x + xo
o I

Hnh 7.4 i vi my bin p 2 cun dy gm 3 my bin p 1 pha hoc i vi my bin p 3 pha 4 tr hay 5 tr th xo = , i vi my bin p 3 pha 3 tr th xo = 0,3 1. i vi my bin p 3 cun dy thng c 1 cun dy ni v vy c th b qua xo Ni Y / /Y :(hnh 7.5)
o

X =x +x
o I

II

Hnh 7.5 Ni Y / /Y :(hnh 7.6) X ty thuc vo ch lm vic ca im trung tnh li in.

o o o

Hnh 7.6

Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

Tc Gi: L Vn t

Ni Y / / :(hnh 7.7)
o

X = x + (x // x )
o I II III

Hnh 7.7

IV.5. ng dy:
IV.5.1. ng dy trn khng:
X =X
2 o

X ph thuc ng i ca dng th th khng, ngha l ph thuc vo s phn b ca chng trong t, trong dy trung tnh, trong nhng mch ni t song song (dy chng st). H cm gia cc pha lm gim X , X nhng lm tng X . - i vi ng dy n 3 pha (1 l):
o 1 2 o

X >X
o

- i vi ng dy kp 3 pha (2 l), X ca mt l ln hn in khng th t khng X ca ng dy n 3 pha do c h cm gia 2 mch song song:

o

X = X + X
o o I-IIo

trong : X

- in khng th t khng h cm gia 2 l.

o o o I-IIo

I-IIo

in khng tng ng ca 1 pha ng dy kp l: X = X /2 = (X + X )/2 - Anh hng ca dy chng st: Dy chng st thng c ni t mi ct to thnh nhng mch vng kn cho dng cm ng i qua khi c dng th t khng trong cc pha (i vi dng th t thun v dng th t nghch khng c cm ng v tng t thng mc vng do chng to nn bng khng). Chnh h cm gia dy chng st v cc pha lm gim X ca ng dy, h cm ny ph thuc vo vt liu, s lng v s b tr ca dy chng st. Trong tnh ton gn ng c th ly tr s trung bnh trong bng 7.2. Bng 7.2:
TNH CHT NG DY T S X /X
o 1

ng dy n khng c dy chng st ng dy n c dy chng st bng thp Ngun: Http://bkeps.com

3,5 3

Tc Gi: L Vn t ng dy n c dy chng st dn in tt ng dy kp khng c dy chng st ng dy kp c dy chng st bng thp ng dy kp c dy chng st dn in tt 2 5,5 4,7 3

IV.5.1. ng dy cp:
V cp thng c ni t 2 u v nhiu im trung gian (hp ni cp), do to thnh ng i i vi dng th t khng, v cp c nh hng tng t nh dy chng st ca ng dy trn khng. Gi tr r , X ca dy cp thay i trong phm vi rng. Trong tnh ton gn ng, vi cp 3 li c th xem: r 10r
o o o o 1

X (3,5 4,6)X

V. S Cc thnh phn th t:
V.1. S th t thun v th t nghch:
S th t thun l s dng tnh ton ch i xng. Ty thuc vo phng php v thi im tnh ton, cc my pht v cc phn t khc c thay th bng sc in ng v in khng tng ng. S th t nghch v s th t thun c cu trc tng t nhau v ng i ca dng th t nghch v dng th t thun l nh nhau. im khc bit ca s th t nghch so vi s th t thun l: - cc ngun sc in ng bng khng. - cc in khng th t nghch khng thay i, khng ph thuc vo dng ngn mch v thi im tnh ton. Ta gi: im u ca s th t thun v th t nghch l im ni tt c cc trung tnh my pht v ph ti, l im c th in bng khng. im cui ca s th t thun v th t nghch l im s c. in p gia im cui v im u ca s th t thun v th t nghch tng ng l in p ngn mch th t thun v th t nghch.

V.2. S th t khng:
ng i ca dng th t khng rt khc vi dng th t thun v th t nghch. S th t khng ph thuc rt nhiu vo cch ni dy ca my bin p v ch ni t im trung tnh ca h thng in. Mun thnh lp s th t khng cn bt u t im ngn mch, coi rng c 3 pha

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Tc Gi: L Vn t ti im nhp chung v c in p l U . S th t khng ch bao gm cc phn t m dng th t khng c th i qua. Tng tr ni t cc im trung tnh cn nhn 3, v s th t khng c lp cho 1 pha trong khi qua tng tr ni t c dng th t khng ca c 3 pha.
No

VI. Tnh ton cc dng ngn mch c bn:

Qui c: - Coi pha A l pha c bit ( trong iu kin khc 2 pha cn li). - Xt ngn mch ngay ti u nhnh r ca phn t v chiu dng ca dng in l t cc pha n im ngn mch. Theo iu kin phn tch h thng vct khng i xng, ta c:

v v cc phng trnh c bn: (7.1) (7.2) (7.3)

VI.1. Ngn mch 2 pha:

Xt ngn mch gia 2 pha B, C (hnh 7.8). iu kin ngn mch l:

Thay vo cc phng trnh th t:

Hnh 7.8

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

Gii cc phng trnh t (7.1) n (7.9) ta c: Nh vy:

Hnh 7.9

VI.2. Ngn mch 1 pha:

Xt ngn mch 1 pha pha A (hnh 7.10). iu kin ngn mch l:

Thay vo phng trnh th t dng:

Hnh 7.10

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

T phng trnh th t p ta c: V t cc phng trnh c bn (7.1) (7.3) ta c:

Nh vy:

Dng ti ch ngn mch, cng l dng i qua t I :

Ap ti ch ngn mch:

Hnh 7.11

VI.3. Ngn mch 2 pha chm t:

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Tc Gi: L Vn t Xt ngn mch 2 pha B, C chm t (hnh 7.12). iu kin ngn mch l:

Thay vo phng trnh th t p:

Hnh 7.12

T (7.14) ta c: II V t cc phng trnh c bn (7.1) (7.3) ta c: Nh vy:

T cc phng trnh c bn v (7.17) ta c:

Do : Dng ti ch ngn mch:

Dng i qua t I l:

p ti im ngn mch:

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

Hnh 7.13 Bng 7.3: TM TT BIU THC I VI CC DNG NGN MCH

D ng NM Dng p

(2)

(1)

(1,

1)

VII. Qui tc ng tr th t thun:

Qua bng 7.3 thy rng cc thnh phn i xng ca dng v p t l vi dng th t thun ch ngn mch, do vy nhim v tnh ton mt dng ngn mch khng i xng bt k trc ht l tm dng th t thun ch ngn mch. tnh ton ngi ta a ra qui tc ng tr th t thun nh sau: Dng th t thun ca mt dng ngn mch khng i xng bt k c tnh nh l dng ngn mch 3 pha mt im xa hn im ngn mch thc s mt in khng ph X . Tr s ca X khng ph thuc vo tham s ca s th t thun m ch ph thuc Ngun: Http://bkeps.com
(n) (n)

Tc Gi: L Vn t vo X v X .
2 o

trong , m , X

(n)

(n)

ty thuc vo dng ngn mch c tnh theo bng 7.4. Bng 7.4:

Dng NM

(n)

(n)

3 pha 2 pha 1 pha

(3) (2) (1)

0 X
2

(n)

1 3

2 o

X +X

2 pha - t (1,1)

Nh vy cc phng php tnh ton, cng thc s dng cho ngn mch 3 pha i xng u c th dng tnh ton thnh phn th t thun ca mt dng ngn mch khng i xng bt k.

VIII. S thay th phc hp:

S thay th phc hp l s trong bao gm cc s th t ni vi nhau tha mn iu kin quan h gia cc thnh phn dng in v in p ti im ngn mch. Dng th t ti im ngn mch hay trong mt phn t no l dng trong s th t tng ng. Ap th t l hiu th gia im ang xt v im u ca s th t tng ng. Ngn mch 2 pha:

Hnh 7.14

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

Hnh 7.15

Hnh 7.16

Ngn mch 1 pha:

Ngn mch 2 pha - t:

S phc hp rt thun tin khi cn nghin cu cc thnh phn dng v p ti mt phn t hoc mt nhnh no , nht l khi dng m hnh tnh ton, v n cho php o trc tip kt qu ngay trn m hnh.

IX. S dng phng php ng cong tnh ton:

Bng qui tc ng tr th t thun ta c th s dng ng cong tnh ton tm dng th t thun ca mt dng ngn mch bt k v t tnh c dng ngn mch.

IX.1. Dng mt bin i:

Lp cc s th t thun, th t nghch, th t khng; tnh X , X , X ca s i vi im ngn mch tnh ton trong n v tng i vi cc lng c bn S , U =
cb cb 1 2 o

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Tc Gi: L Vn t U .
tb

Tnh in khng ph X tnh ton X :

*tt

(n)

ty theo dng ngn mch v t tm c in khng

trong : S

Tra ng cong tnh ton ti thi im t cn xt tng ng vi in khng tnh ton X c dng th t thun I
*tt (n)

- tng cng sut nh mc ca tt c cc my pht c trong s . .

Tnh dng ngn mch ton phn trong n v c tn: - dng nh mc tng tng ng vi cp in p cn tnh dng ngn mch.

*N1t

trong : I

IX.2. Dng nhiu bin i:

Lp cc s th t nghch, th t khng tnh X , X
2

ngn mch trong n v tng i vi cc lng c bn S , U = U . Tnh in khng ph X

(n) cb cb tb

ca s i vi im

ty theo dng ngn mch.

(n)

Lp s th t thun v t thm in khng ph X vo im ngn mch, xem nh ngn mch 3 pha sau in khng ny. Dng cc php bin i, tch ring tng nhnh i vi im ngn mch gi tng tnh in khng Xi ca tng nhnh. Tnh in khng tnh ton ca tng nhnh:

trong : S X

Tra ng cong tnh ton ti thi im t cn xt tng ng vi in khng tnh ton

*tti

mi

- tng cng sut nh mc ca cc my pht ghp chung trong nhnh th i.

(n)

c dng th t thun I

Tnh dng ngn mch ton phn trong n v c tn:

*N1ti

ca nhnh th i.

trong : k - s nhnh tch ring ca s thay th. I - dng nh mc tng ca nhnh th i tng ng vi cp in p cn tnh
mi

dng ngn mch.

MT S IM LU :
- Nu c h thng cng sut v cng ln th phi tch n thnh mt nhnh ring, sau khi thm X
(n)

dng cc php bin i tnh in khng tng h gia h thng v im

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Tc Gi: L Vn t ngn mch X v tnh ring dng do h thng cung cp:

*HN

- V phng php ng cong tnh ton s dng cch tnh gn ng nn c th xem X X m khng cn lp s th t nghch.
2 1

- Do cch im ngn mch gi tng thm mt in khng ph X nn s khc bit gia cc ngun t hn. V vy thng dng 1 hoc 2 bin i chung l m bo chnh xc yu cu, ch tch ring nhng nhnh cn thit.

(n)

X. S bin i ca dng v p qua my bin p:

Qua my bin p, dng v p thay i c v tr s ln gc pha. Thng t ni dy ca my bin p c gi theo ch s ca kim ng h: trong : N - ch s ca kim ng h. Nh vy c th s dng h s bin i phc:

vi

l t s bin p khng ti. k chnh l h s bin i ca in p th t thun v n c xc nh trong ch

1

bnh thng, i xng.

T ta c biu thc bin i dng th t thun da vo quan h:

Dng v p th t thun bin i qua my bin p vi cng mt gc pha nh nhau (hnh 7.17).

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

Hnh 7.17

Hnh 7.18 Tng t, dng v p th t nghch bin i qua my bin p cng vi cng mt gc pha (hnh 7.18) ca h s bin i phc k lin hip vi k .
2 1

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Tc Gi: L Vn t

Dng v p th t khng bin i qua my bin p (nu c th c) hoc cng pha hoc lch pha nhau 180 . Xt mt s trng hp sau: - Trng hp my bin p ni Y/Y-12 hay /-12 (tc N=12), cc vct dng v p 2 pha trng pha nhau, ngha l h thng vct xem nh khng lch pha khi bin i qua my bin p. Khi N=6, h thng vct 2 pha ca my bin p s lch nhau 180 . i vi my bin p ni Y /Y cn tnh n s bin i ca thnh phn dng v p th t khng. - Trng hp thng dng nht my bin p ni Y/-11, khi bin i t pha Y qua pha th h thng vct th t thun s quay mt gc 30 ngc chiu kim ng h. Mt s lu : - Dng trong cun dy ni ca my bin p c th c thnh phn th t khng, nhng dng dy v p dy khng c thnh phn ny. - Trong h n v tng i th t s bin p k = 1, do h thng vct 2 pha ca my bin p c ln bng nhau, ch khc nhau v gc pha.
o o o o o

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