Engineering Mechanics Notes

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GCHAPTER 1
MECHANICS:
Introduction /Basic concept
Mechanics can be defined as the branch of physics concerned with the state of rest or motion of bodies that subjected to the action of forces. OR t may be defined as the study of forces actin! on body when it is at rest or in motion is ca""ed mechanics. Classification of Mechanics The en!ineerin! mechanics are c"assified as shown En!ineerin! Mechanics
Mechanics of Ri!id bodies
Mechanics of #eformed bodies
Mechanics of f"uid
$tatics
#ynamics
$tatics
#ynamics
BRANCHES OF MECHANICS: Mechanics can be di%ided into two branches. 1. $tatic. &. #ynamics. a) Statics t is the branch of mechanics that dea"s with the study of forces actin! on a body in e'ui"ibrium. Either the body at rest or in uniform motion is ca""ed statics b( !na"ics) t is the branch of mechanics that dea"s with the study of forces on body in motion is ca""ed dynamics. t is further di%ided into two branches. i( *inetics ii( +inematics. i( #inetics t is the branch of the dynamics which dea"s the study of body in motion under the inf"uence of force i.e. is the re"ationship between force and motion are considered or the effect of the force are studied ii( #ine"atics) t is the branch of the dynamics that dea"s with the study of body in motion with out considerin! the force. Funda"ental concept The fo""owin! are the fundamenta" concept used in the en!ineerin! mechanics $% Force n !enera" force is a Push or Pu"", which creates motion or tends to create motion, destroy or tends to destroys motion. n en!ineerin! mechanics force is the action of one body on another. A force tends to mo%e a body in the direction of its action, A force is characteri-ed by its point of app"ication, ma!nitude, and direction, i.e. a force is a %ector 'uantity.
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&nits of force The fo""owin! force units are fre'uent"y used. A% Ne'ton The $. unit of force is /ewton and denoted by /. which may be defined as 1/ 0 1 +!. 1 m1s& B% !nes #yne is the C.G.$ unit of force. 1 #yne 0 1 !. 1 cm1s& 2ne /ewton force 0 13 dyne C% (ounds The 4P$ unit of force is pound. 1 "bf 0 1 "bm. 1ft1s& 2ne pound force 0 5.556 / 2ne dyne force 0 &.&56 7 1386 "bs )% Space $pace is the !eometrica" re!ion occupied by bodies whose positions are described by "inear and an!u"ar measurement re"ati%e to coordinate systems. 4or three dimensiona" prob"ems there are three independent coordinates are needed. 4or two dimensiona" prob"ems on"y two coordinates are re'uired. *% (article A partic"e may be defined as a body 9object( has mass but no si-e 9ne!"ected(, such body cannot e7ists theoretica""y, but when dea"in! with prob"ems in%o"%in! distance considerab"y "ar!er when compared to the si-e of the body. 4or e7amp"e a bomber aerop"ane is a partic"e for a !unner operatin! from !round. n the mathematica" sense, a partic"e is a body whose dimensions are considered to be near -ero so that it ana"y-e as a mass concentrated at a point. A body may tread as a partic"e when its dimensions are irre"e%ant to describe its position or the action of forces app"ied to it. 4or e7amp"e the si-e of earth is insi!nificant compared to the si-e of its orbits and therefore the earth can be mode"ed as a partic"e when studyin! its orbita" motion. :hen a body is idea"i-ed as a partic"e, the princip"es of mechanics reduce to rather simp"ified form since the !eometry of the body wi"" not be in%o"%ed in the ana"ysis of the prob"em. +% Ri,id Bod! A ri!id body may be defined a body in which the re"ati%e positions of any two partic"es do not chan!e under the action of forces means the distance between two points1partic"es remain same before and after app"yin! e7terna" forces. As a resu"t the materia" properties of any body that is assumed to be ri!id wi"" not ha%e to be considered whi"e ana"y-in! the forces actin! on the body. n most cases the actua" deformations occurrin! in the structures, machines, mechanisms etc are re"ati%e"y sma"" and therefore the ri!id body assumption is suitab"e for ana"ysis Basic -uantities n en!ineerin! mechanics "en!th, mass, time and force are basic 'uantities $% .en,th n en!ineerin! mechanics "en!th is needed to "ocate the position of a partic"e and to describe the si-e of physica" system. $ome important "en!th con%ersions factors 1cm 0 13 mm 1 m 0 133 cm 1 m 0 1333 mm .&. www.jntuworld.com
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1 m 0 ;.&636< 9feet( 1 m 0 ;=.;> nch 1 Mi"e 0 1.?3= +m )% Mass Mass is the property of matter by which we can compare the action of one body with that of another. This property manifests itse"f as !ra%itationa" attraction between two bodies and pro%ides a 'uantitati%e measure of the resistance of matter to a chan!e in %e"ocity. $ome important mass con%ersion factors are !i%en be"ow 1 *! 0 &.&35 "bm *% /i"e Time is the measure of the succession of e%ents and is a basis 'uantity in dynamic. Time is not direct"y in%o"%ed in the ana"ysis of statics prob"ems but it has importance in dynamics. S!ste"s of units n en!ineerin! mechanics "en!th, mass, time and force are the basic units used therefore@ the fo""owin! are the units systems are adopted in the en!ineerin! mechanics $% International S!ste" of &nits 0SI): n $ system of units the basic units are "en!th, time, and mass which are arbitrari"y defined as the meter 9m(, second 9s(, and +i"o!ram 9+!(. 4orce is the deri%ed unit. 1/ 0 1 +!. 1 m1s& )% C1S s!ste"s of units n CG$ system of units, the basic units are "en!th, time, and mass which are arbitrari"y defined as the centimeter 9cm(, second 9s(, and !ram 9!(. 4orce is the deri%ed units 1 #yne 0 1 !. 1 cm1s& *% British s!ste"s of units n CG$ system of units, the basic units are "en!th, time, and mass which are arbitrari"y defined as the centimeter 9cm(, second 9s(, and !ram 9!(. 4orce is the deri%ed units 1 "b 0 1"b!. 1ft1s& +% &%S% Custo"ar! &nits The basic units are "en!th, time, and force which are arbitrari"y defined as the foot 9ft(, second 9s(, and pound 9"b(. Mass is the deri%ed unit, /ri,ono"etr! The measurement of the trian!"e sides and an!"es is ca""ed tri!onometry. Aet us consider ri!ht.an!"ed trian!"e ABC as shown in fi!ure C C 2 3 a 3 a
2 A c B A c B Than the fo""owin! ratio can be considered for both the trian!"es $in C 0 per1hyp 0 a1b $in C 0 per1hyp 0 c1b Cos C 0 base1hyp 0 c1b Cos C 0 base1hyp 0a1b .;. www.jntuworld.com
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Tan C 0 per1base 0 a1c Tan C 0 per1base 0 c1a The any side of the ri!ht an!"ed trian!"e may be ca"cu"ated by b& 0 a& D b& $imi"ar"y consider the fo""owin! Trian!"e C 4 3 5 a 6
A c B The any side of the trian!"e can be ca"cu"ated by usin! the cosine "aw, "et suppose we ha%e to ca"cu"ate the side EACF that is EbF then b 0 a& D c& G 9&bc(cos 6 $imi"ar"y, to ca"cu"ate sides EABF that is EcF and EACF that is EaF then by usin! the cosine "ay as be"ow c 0 a& D b& G &abcos 4 And a 0 c& D b& G &cbcos 5
The sides of the trian!"e ABC can be ca"cu"ated by usin! the sin "aw a b c $in 5 $in 6 $in H (rinciple of trans"issi3ilit! of forces The state of rest of motion of a ri!id body is una"tered if a force actin! in the body is rep"aced by another force of the same ma!nitude and direction but actin! anywhere on the body a"on! the "ine of action of the rep"aced force. 4or e7amp"e the force 4 actin! on a ri!id body at point A. Accordin! to the princip"e of transmissibi"ity of forces, this force has the same effect on the body as a force 4 app"ied at point B.
The fo""owin! two points shou"d be considered whi"e usin! this princip"e. 1. n en!ineerin! mechanics we dea" with on"y ri!id bodies. f deformation of the body is to be considered in a prob"em. The "aw of transmissibi"ity of forces wi"" not ho"d !ood. &. By transmission of the force on"y the state of the body is una"tered, but not the interna" stresses which may de%e"op in the body
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Therefore this "aw can be app"ied on"y to prob"ems in which ri!id bodies are in%o"%ed SCA.AR AN 7EC/OR 8&AN/I/9 Scalar -uantit! $ca"ar 'uantity is that 'uantity which has on"y ma!nitude 9numerica" %a"ue with suitab"e unit( or $ca"ars 'uantities are those 'uantities, which are comp"ete"y specified by their ma!nitude usin! suitab"e units are ca""ed sca"ars 'uantities. 4or e7amp"e mass, time, %o"ume density, temperature, "en!th, a!e and area etc The sca"ars 'uantities can be added or subtracted by a"!ebraic ru"e e.!. >+! D 6+! 0 1I +! su!ar 2r 5 sec D I sec 0 = sec 7ector -uantit! Jector 'uantity is that 'uantity, which has ma!nitude unit of ma!nitude as we"" as direction, is ca""ed %ector 'uantity. Or Jector 'uantities are those 'uantities, which are comp"ete"y specified by their ma!nitude usin! suitab"e units as we"" directions are ca""ed %ector 'uantities. 4or e7amp"e %e"ocity, acce"eration, force, wei!ht, disp"acement, momentum and tor'ue etc are a"" %ector 'uantities. Jector 'uantity can be added, subtracted, mu"tip"ied and di%ided by particu"ar !eometrica" or !raphica" methods. 7EC/OR RE(RESEN/A/ION A %ector 'uantity is represented !raphica""y by a strai!ht "ine the "en!th of "ine !i%es the ma!nitude of the %ector and arrowhead indicates the direction. 4or e7amp"e we consider a disp"acement 9d( of ma!nitude 13 +m in the direction of east. Hence we cannot represent 13 +m on the paper therefore we se"ect a suitab"e sca"e shown in fi!. $ca"e 1 cm 0 & +m $o we draw a "ine of "en!th I cm which show the ma!nitude of %ector 'uantity that is 13 +m whi"e the arrow indicates the direction form ori!in to east ward as shown in fi!. A B
: c"
Point A is ca""ed tai" that shows the ori!in. Point B is ca""ed head, which shows the direction of %ector 'uantity. The "en!th of "ine is the ma!nitude of the %ector 'uantity. REC/AN1&.AR CO;OR INA/E S9S/EM Two "ines at ri!ht an!"e to each other are +nown as co.ordinate a7es and their point of intersection is ca""ed ori!in. The hori-onta" "ine is ca""ed 7.a7is whi"e %ertica" "ine is ca""ed y.a7is. Two co ordinate systems are used to show the direction of a %ector is a p"ane. The an!"e which the representati%e "ine of !i%en %ector ma+es with D %e 7 a7is in anti c"oc+ wise direction 9 <= <
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9= n space the direction of %ector re'uires the ; rd a7is that is K.a7is. The direction of the %ector in space is specified by three an!"es named H, L, and M with N, O K a7es respecti%e"y as show >
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E<ERCIS $
Sho' the follo'in, ?ectors ,raphicall! fro" $ to @ $% )% *% +% :% @% 4orce #isp"acement Je"ocity Je"ocity 4orce #isp"acement 1I +/ >I +m ?3 +mQh I +mQh &3 +/ 53 + m 5I3 ;3P =3P 5IP 1;IP with 7.a7es. north of east with 7.a7es. with hori-onta" a7es with 7.a7es. north.east.
A% A crow f"ies northward from po"e A to po"e B and co%ers distance of 6 +m. t then f"ies eastward to po"e C and co%ers ? +m. find the net disp"acement and direction of its f"i!ht. Ans: $B C" :*D north of east 6. A tra%e"er tra%e"s 13 +m east &3 +m north 1I +m west and 6 +m south. 4ind the disp"acement of the tra%e"er from the startin! point. Ans: $* C" )*D north 'est Free 3od! dia,ra" A dia!ram or s+etch of the body in which the body under consideration is freed from the contact surface 9surroundin!( and a"" the forces actin! on it 9inc"udin! reactions at contact surface( are drawn is ca""ed free body dia!ram. 4ree body dia!ram for few cases are shown in be"ow w w R
R ?3 R1 ?33 / w
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R& (rocedure of dra'in, Free Bod! ia,ra" To construct a free.body dia!ram, the fo""owin! steps are necessary) ra' Outline Shape ma!ine that the partic"e is cut free from its surroundin!s or iso"ated by drawin! the out"ine shape of the partic"e on"y Sho' All Forces $how on this s+etch a"" the forces actin! on the partic"e. There are two c"asses of forces that act on the partic"e. They can be acti%e forces, which tend to set the partic"e in motion, or they can be reacti%e forces which are the resu"ts of the constraints or supports that tend to pre%ent motion. Identif! Each Force The forces that are +nown shou"d be "abe"ed comp"ete with their ma!nitudes and directions. Aetters are used to represent the ma!nitudes and directions of forces that are not +nown. Method of (ro3le" Solution (ro3le" State"ent nc"udes !i%en data, specification of what is to be determined, and a fi!ure showin! a"" 'uantities in%o"%ed. Free;Bod! ia,ra"s Create separate dia!rams for each of the bodies in%o"%ed with a c"ear indication of a"" forces actin! on each body. Funda"ental (rinciples The si7 fundamenta" princip"es are app"ied to e7press the conditions of rest or motion of each body. The ru"es of a"!ebra are app"ied to so"%e the e'uations for the un+nown 'uantities. Solution ChecC: 1. Test for errors in reasonin! by %erifyin! that the units of the computed resu"ts are correct &. Test for errors in computation by substitutin! !i%en data and computed resu"ts into pre%ious"y unused e'uations based on the si7 princip"es. ;. A"ways app"y e7perience and physica" intuition to assess whether resu"ts seem Ereasonab"eF Nu"erical Accurac! The accuracy of a so"ution depends on 1. Accuracy of the !i%en data. &. Accuracy of the computations performed. The so"ution cannot be more accurate than the "ess accurate of these two. ;. The use of hand ca"cu"ators and computers !enera""y ma+es the accuracy of the computations much !reater than the accuracy of the data. Hence, the so"ution accuracy is usua""y "imited by the data accuracy.
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CHAPTER &.
Force
S9S/EM OF FORCES:
n !enera" force is a Push or Pu"", which creates motion or tends to create motion, destroy or tends to destroys motion. n en!ineerin! mechanics force is the action of one body on another. A force tends to mo%e a body in the direction of its action, A force is characteri-ed by its point of app"ication, ma!nitude, and direction, i.e. a force is a %ector 'uantity. 4orce e7erted on body has fo""owin! two effects 1. The eEternal effect, which is tendency to chan!e the motion of the body or to de%e"op resistin! forces in the body &. The internal effect, which is the tendency to deform the body. f the force system actin! on a body produces no e7terna" effect, the forces are said to be in 3alance and the body e7perience no chan!e in motion is said to be in e-uili3riu". &nits of force The fo""owin! force units are fre'uent"y used. A% Ne'ton The $. unit of force is /ewton and denoted by /. which may be defined as 1/ 0 1 +!. 1 m1s& B% !nes #yne is the C.G.$ unit of force. 1 #yne 0 1 !. 1 cm1s& 2ne /ewton force 0 13 dyne C% (ounds The 4P$ unit of force is pound. 1 "bf 0 1 "bm. 1ft1s& 2ne pound force 0 5.556 / 2ne dyne force 0 &.&56 7 1386 "bs S!ste"s of forces :hen numbers of forces actin! on the body then it is said to be system of forces /!pes of s!ste" of forces $% Collinear forces: n this system, "ine of action of forces act a"on! the same "ine is ca""ed co""inear forces. 4or e7amp"e consider a rope is bein! pu""ed by two p"ayers as shown in fi!ure 41 4&
)% Coplanar forces :hen a"" forces actin! on the body are in the same p"ane the forces are cop"anar
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*% Coplanar Concurrent force s!ste" A concurrent force system contains forces whose "ines.of action meet at same one point. 4orces may be tensile 0pullin,) or 4orces may be compressive (pushing)
+% Non Concurrent Co;(lanar Forces A system of forces actin! on the same p"ane but whose "ine of action does not pass throu!h the same point is +nown as non concurrent cop"anar forces or system for e7amp"e a "adder restin! a!ainst a wa"" and a man is standin! on the run! but not on the center of !ra%ity. :% Coplanar parallel forces :hen the forces actin! on the body are in the same p"ane but their "ine of actions are para""e" to each other +nown as cop"anar para""e" forces for e7amp"e forces actin! on the beams and two boys are sittin! on the sea saw. @% Non coplanar parallel forces n this case a"" the forces are para""e" to each other but not in the same p"ane, for e7amp"e the force actin! on the tab"e when a boo+ is +ept on it. A A I/ION OF FORCES I/ION OF 0FORCES) B9 HEA /O /AI. R&.E
To add two or more than two %ectors 9forces(, join the head of the first %ector with the tai" of second %ector, and join the head of the second %ector with the tai" of the third %ector and so on. Then the resu"tant %ector is obtained by joinin! the tai" of the first %ector with the head of the "ast %ector. The ma!nitude and the direction of the resu"tant %ector 94orce( are found !raphica""y and ana"ytica""y. RES&./AN/ FORCE A resu"tant force is a sin!"e force, which produce same affect so that of number of forces can produce is ca""ed resu"tant force
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COM(OSI/ION OF FORCES The process of findin! out the resu"tant 4orce of !i%en forces 9components %ector( is ca""ed composition of forces. A resu"tant force may be determined by fo""owin! methods $% Para""e"o!ram "aws of forces or method )% Trian!"e "aw of forces or trian!u"ar method *% po"y!on "aw of forces or po"y!on method A) (ARA..E.O1RAM ME/HO Accordin! to para""e"o!ram method R f two forces 9%ectors( are actin! simu"taneous"y on a partic"e be represented 9in ma!nitude and direction( by two adjacent sides of a para""e"o!ram, their resu"tant may represent 9in ma!nitude and direction( by the dia!ona" of the para""e"o!ram passin! throu!h the point. 2R :hen two forces are actin! at a point such that they can by represented by the adjacent sides of a para""e"o!ram then their resu"tant wi"" be e'ua" to that dia!ona" of the para""e"o!ram which passed throu!h the same point. The ma!nitude and the direction of the resu"tant can be determined either !raphica""y or ana"ytica""y as e7p"ained be"ow. 1raphical "ethod Aet us suppose that two forces 41 and 4& actin! simu"taneous"y on a partic"e as shown in the fi!ure 9a( the force 4& ma+es an an!"e C with force 41 B F) 2 O F$ A 4irst of a"" we wi"" draw a side 2A of the para""e"o!ram in ma!nitude and direction e'ua" to force 41 with some suitab"e sca"e. $imi"ar"y draw the side 2B of para""e"o!ram of same sca"e e'ua" to force 4&, which ma+es an an!"e C with force 41. /ow draw sides BC and AC para""e" to the sides 2A and BC. Connect the point 2 to Point C which is the dia!ona" of the para""e"o!ram passes throu!h the same point 2 and hence it is the resu"tant of the !i%en two forces. By measurement the "en!th of dia!ona" !i%es the ma!nitude of resu"tant and an!"e H !i%es the direction of the resu"tant as shown in fi! 9A(. B F) 2 O FR 4 F$ fi! 9A( A O C F) 2 B FR 4 F$ 2 A 4i! 9B( C
Anal!tical "ethod . 13 . www.jntuworld.com
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n the para""eo!ram 2ABC, from point C drop a perpendicu"ar C# to meet 2A at # as shown in fi! 9B( n para""e"o!ram 2ABC, 2A 0 41 2B 0 4& An!"e A2B 0 C /ow consider the SCA# in which An!"e CA# 0 C AC 0 4& By reso"%in! the %ector 4& we ha%e, C# 0 4& $in C and A# 0 4& Cosine C /ow consider S2C# An!"e #2C 0 H. An!"e 2#C 0 =3P Accordin! to Pytha!oras theorem 9Hyp( T 0 9per( T D 9base( T 2CT 0 #CT D 2#T. 2CT 0 #CT D 92A D A#( T 4R T 0 4T $inTC D 941 D 4& Cosine C( T 4R T 0 4T& $inTC D 4T1 D 4T& CosTC D & 41 4& Cosine C. 4R T 0 4T& $inTC D 4T& CosTC D4T1 D & 41 4& Cosine C. 4R T 0 4T& 9$inTC D CosTC( D 4T1D & 41 4& Cosine C. 4R T 0 4T& 91( D 4T1D & 41 4& Cosine C. 4R T 0 4T& D 4T1D & 41 4& Cosine C. 4R T 0 4T1D4T& D & 41 4& Cosine C. FR F FG$HFG) H ) F$ F) Cosine 2% The abo%e e'uation !i%es the ma!nitude of the resu"tant %ector. /ow the direction of the resu"tant can be ca"cu"ated by $in H 0 C#U 0 4& $in C UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU 1 2R 2C 4R Tan H 0 C# 0 4& $in UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU & 2# 41D 4& Cosine C The abo%e two e'uation !i%es the direction of the resu"tant %ector that is H. B) /RIAN1.E ME/HO OR /RIAN1.E .AI OF FORCES Accordin! to trian!"e "aw or methodF f two forces actin! simu"taneous"y on a partic"e by represented 9in ma!nitude and direction( by the two sides of a trian!"e ta+en in order their resu"tant is represented 9in ma!nitude and direction( by the third side of trian!"e ta+en in opposite order. 2R f two forces are actin! on a body such that they can be represented by the two adjacent sides of a trian!"e ta+en in the same order, then their resu"tant wi"" be e'ua" to the third side 9enc"osin! side( of that trian!"e ta+en in the opposite order. The resu"tant force 9%ector( can be obtained !raphica""y and ana"ytica""y or tri!onometry. 1raphicall! Aet us consider two forces 4 1 and 4& actin! on the partic"e the force 41 is hori-onta" whi"e the force 4& ma+es an an!"e C with force 41 as shown in fi! 9A(. /ow draw "ines 2A and AB to some con%enient sca"e in ma!nitude e'ua" to 4 1 and 4&. Voin point 2 to point B the "ine 2B wi"" be the third side of trian!"e, passes throu!h the same point 2 and hence it is the resu"tant of the !i%en two forces. By measurement the "en!th
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of 2B !i%es the ma!nitude of resu"tant and an!"e H !i%es the direction of the resu"tant as shown in fi! 9B(. F) FR F) 2 F$ Fi, 0A) O 4 5 2 F$ A Fi, 0B) B
ANA.9/ICA. OR /RI1ONOME/RIC ME/HO /ow consider W A2B in which An!"e A2B 0 H which is the direction of resu"tant %ector 2B ma+es with hori-on ana" a7is. An!"e 2AB 0 163P . C. As we +now An!"e A2B D An!"e 2AB D An!"e AB2 0 163P. By puttin! the %a"ues we !et H D 163P .C D an!"e AB2 0 163P An!"e AB2 0 H.C By app"yin! the sine "aw to the trian!"e AB2 2A 0 AB. 0 2B $in B $in 2 $in A F$ F % F) % F FR % Sin 02 ;4) Sin 4 Sin 0$JB K2) Note t is better to ca"cu"ate the resu"tant of 41 and 4& by usin! cosine "aw we !et FR F FG$HFG) H ) F$ F) Cosine 5% :here 5 F $JB K 2 And the direction of resu"tant may be determined by usin! sine "aw F$ Sin 6
F %
F) % Sin 4
FR % Sin 5
C) (O.91ON ME/HO Accordin! to this methodF if more then two forces actin! on a partic"e by reprehend by the sided of po"y!on ta+en in order their resu"tant wi"" be represented by the c"osin! side of the po"y!on in opposite directionE 2R f more than two forces are actin! on a body such that they can by represented by the sides of a po"y!on Ta+en in same order, then their resu"tant wi"" be e'ua" to that side of the po"y!on, which comp"etes the po"y!on 9c"osin! side ta+en in opposite order. The resu"tant of such forces can be determined by !raphica""y and ana"ytica""y. . 1& . www.jntuworld.com
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1raphicall!: Consider the fo""owin! dia!ram in which number of forces actin! on a partic"e. E F+ F* F) 5 F: F+ F: 4 2 6 5 2 F$ Fr F F* 6 C F)
A F$ B $tartin! from A the fi%e %ectors are p"otted in turns as shown in fi! by p"acin! the tai" end of each %ector at the tip end of the precedin! one. The arrow from A to the tip of the "ast %ector represents the resu"tant of the %ectors with suitab"e sca"e. n this po"y!on the side A4 represents the resu"tant of the !i%en components and H shows the direction. By measurement of A4 wi"" !i%e the resu"tant and H !i%e direction of !i%en sca"e Anal!ticall! The resu"tant and direction can be determined by so"%in! it step.by.step ana"ytica""y usin! formu"as of para""e"o!ram, trian!"e "aw or tri!onometry E<AM(.E The screw eye is subjected to two forces 41 and 4& as shown in fi!. #etermine the ma!nitude and direction of the resu"tant force by para""e"o!ram by usin! the !raphica" or ana"ytica" method.
#raw the free body dia!ram of the !i%en fi!. 1i?en 41 0 133 / 4& 0 1I3 / Re-uired Resu"tant 0 4R 0X Solution An!"e A2B 0 =3 .1I G 13 0 ?IP A) 1raphicall! $ca"e &3 / 0 1 cm. C1 0 1IP C& 0 13P
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/ow draw para""e"o!ram 2ABC with ru"e and protractor accordin! to sca"e as shown in dia!ram. C B F) @:D 4 FR @:D F$ A O By measurin! 2C 0 4R 0 13.? cm 0 13.? 7 &3 0 &1& / H 0 I5P with 7 a7is Result Resultant F )$) N irection F :+ 'ith E aEis B Anal!tical "ethod :e +now that 4r 0 4T1D4T& D & 41 4& Cosine C. Putt the %a"ue and C0 ?IP 4r 0 9133(T D 91I3(T D & 9133( 91I3( Cosine?IP 4r 0 &1&.II /. :e a"so +now that $in H 0 4& $in C. R $in H 0 1I3 $in ?IP &1&.II H 0 $in.1 1I3 $in ?IP &1&.I H 0 ;=.??IP with force 41 ;=.??IP D 1IP 0 I5.??IP with 7 a7is. Result Resultant F )$)%:: N irection F :+%@@:D 'ith E aEis . E<AM(.E * The p"ate is subjected to the forces actin! on member A and B as shown. f C 0 ?3P determine the ma!nitude of the resu"tant of these forces and its direction measured from c"oc+wise from positi%e 7.a7is. Adopt trian!"e method !raphica""y and ana"ytica""y.
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1i?en 4A 0 533/ 4B 0 I33/ C1 0 ;3P with O a7is C& 0 ?3P with positi%e 7 a7is Re-uired Resu"tant 4R 0X #irection 0 H 0X $o"ution the an!"e between two forces ?3 D 9=3 G ;3( 0 1&3P A: 1raphicall! $ca"e 133 "b 0 1 cm /ow draw trian!"e 2AB with suitab"e sca"e with the he"p of sca"e and protractor as shown in dia,ra" A $)BD FA FB O 4 FR B By measurement we !et, 2B 0 4R 0 5.? cm 7 133 0 5?3 "b An!"e B2A 0 >3P H 0 13P Result Resultant F +@B l3 irection F $BD B Anal!ticall!: Accordin! to cosine "aw for !i%en trian!"e A2B 4R 0 4TA D 4TB G &94A( 94B( 9cosine C( 4R 0 1&3( 4R 0 5I6.&I> "b Accordin! to sine "aw for !i%en trian!"e A2B FB F FR . Sin 4 Sin 0$JB;2) I33 $in H $in H And Result $B%JLP EEa"ple + 0 0 5I6.&I> . $in 9163.C( 9533( T D 9I33( T .& 9533( 9I33( 9cosine 9163.
I33 $in 9163.C( 5I6.&I> H 0 >3.6=P with force 4A H 0 >3.6=P .?3P 0 13 with 7 a7is Resultant F +:J%):A l3 Y irection F
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Four forces act on a 3od! at point O as sho'n in fi,% Find their resultant% $$B N $BB N *BD )BD $@B N 1i?en 41 0 63 / C3 0 3 at 7 a7is 4& 0 133 / C1 0 5IP with 7 a7is 4; 0 113 / C& 0 ;3P with G%e 7 a7is 45 0 1?3 / C; 0 &3P with G7 a7is Re-uired Resu"tant 0 4R 0X #irection 0H 0X $o") Graphica""y $ca"e &3 / 0 1 cm. $tartin! from 2 the four %ectors are p"otted in turn as shown in fi! by p"acin! the tai" end of each %ector at the tip end of the precedin! one. The arrow from 2 to the tip of the "ast %ector represents the resu"tant of the %ectors. C )BD +:D JB N
*BD B
4 O A
+:D
By measurement The resu"tant 2B 0 4R 0 7 &3 0 1&5 / The direction of the resu"tant 0 0 15;P with D %e 7 a7is. Result: Resultant F $$L N irection F $+*D E<ERCISE )%$ $% 4ind the resu"tant and the direction of the fo""owin! dia!ram. i @l3 JN ii
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+)D @BD :N + l3 Ans: $)%$J N M )@%BAD Ans: J%A$J l3 M *@%:J:D
iii
)+ N N *B N
i?
)B
$B N $+BD *BD Ans )@ N M @A%*JD N M @L%B:LD 'ith E;aEis% ) Ans: )L%J)@
#etermine the ma!nitude and direction of the resu"tant force as shown in fi! Ans: $)%+JL N M +*%LB)D
#etermine the ma!nitude and the direction of the resu"tant of two forces > / and 6 / actin! at a point with an inc"uded an!"e of ?3P with between them. The force of > / bein! hori-onta" +% #etermine the ma!nitude and direction of the resu"tant of two forces &3 / and ;3 / actin! at a point with an inc"uded an!"e of 53P between them. The force ;3 / bein! hori-onta" :% Two forces are app"ied to an eye bo"t fastened to a beam. #etermine the ma!nitude and direction of their resu"tant usin! 9a( the para""e"o!ram "aw, 9b( the trian!"e ru"e.
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@%
Two forces ( and 8 are app"ied as shown at point A of a hoo+ support. *nowin! that P =1I "b and Q = &I "b, determine the ma!nitude and direction of their resu"tant usin! 9a( the para""e"o!ram "aw, 9b( the trian!"e ru"e.
A%
Two contro" rods are attached at A to "e%er AB. +nowin! that the force in the "eft.hand rod is 41 = 1&3 /, determine 9a( the re'uired force 4& in the ri!ht. hand rod if the resu"tant of the forces e7erted by the rods on the "e%er is to be %ertica", 9b( the correspondin! ma!nitude of 4R.
J%
Two structura" members A and B are bo"ted to a brac+et as shown. *nowin! that both members are in compression and that the force is ;3 +/ in member A and &3 +/ in member B, determine, the ma!nitude and direction of the resu"tant of the forces app"ied to the brac+et by members A and B.
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L% The two forces P and Z act on bo"t A as shown in dia!ram. 4ind their resu"tant and direction
$B% The cab"e stays AB and A# he"p support po"e AC. *nowin! that the tension is I33 / in AB and 1?3 / in A#, determine !raphica""y the ma!nitude and direction of the resu"tant of the forces e7erted by the stays at A usin! 9a( the para""e"o!ram "aw, 9b( the trian!"e ru"e
$$% #etermine the ma!nitude and direction of the resu"tant of the two forces%
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$)% Two structura" members B and C are ri%eted to the brac+et A. *nowin! that the tension in member B is ? +/ and the tension in C is 13 +/, determine the ma!nitude and direction of the resu"tant force actin! on the brac+et.
$*%
The two structura" member one in tension and other in compression, e7erts on point 2, determine the resu"tant and an!"e C
$+% The force P and T act on body at point B rep"ace them with a sin!"e force
RESO.&/ION OF 7EC/OR The processes of findin! the components of !i%en %ector 9resu"tant( is ca""ed reso"ution of %ector. 2r The processes of sp"ittin! up of sin!"e %ector into two or more %ector is ca""ed reso"ution of the %ector A %ector can be reso"%ed into two or more %ectors which ha%e the same combined affect as that the effect of ori!ina" %ector RESO.&/ION OF 7EC/OR IN/O REC/AN1&.AR COM(ONEN/S . &3 . www.jntuworld.com
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f %ector is reso"%ed into such components which are at ri!ht an!"es 9perpendicu"ar( to each other then they are ca""ed the rectan!u"ar components of that %ector, now "et us consider a resu"tant %ector 4 to be reso"%ed into two components which ma+es an an!"e C with hori-onta" a7es as shown in fi!. C F
2
O /ow draw a "ine 2C to represent the %ector in ma!nitude, which ma+es an an!"e C with 7.a7is with some con%enient sca"e. #rop a perpendicu"ar C# at point C which meet 7 a7is at point #, now join point 2 to point #, the "ine 2# is ca""ed hori-onta" component of resu"tant %ector and represents by 47 in ma!nitude in same sca"e. $imi"ar"y draw perpendicu"ar CE at point C, which wi"" meet y.a7is at point E now join 2 to E. The "ine 2E is ca""ed %ertica" component of resu"tant %ector and represents by 4y in ma!nitude of same sca"e. E F! 2 O FE Anal!ticall! or tri,ono"etr! n SC2# An!"e C2# 0 C An!"e 2#C 0 =3[ 2C 0 4 2# 0 47 2E 0 C# 0 4y :e +now that Cosine C 0 2#. Cosine C 0 47 2C 4 And FE F F Cosine 2 $imi"ar"y we ha%e $in C 0 #C $in C 0 4y 2C 4 And F! F F Sine 2 F C
RESO.7IN1 OF A FORCE IN/O /IO COM(ONEN/S IHICH ARE NO/ M&/&A..9 A/ RI1H/ AN1.E /O EACH O/HER . &1 . www.jntuworld.com
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f a force or %ector is to be re'uired to reso"%ed into such components which are not at ri!ht an!"e to each other then it can be determined in re%erse manner as we find the resu"tant %ector of !i%en components by Para""e"o!ram method, Trian!"e method or Tri!onometry A) (arallelo,ra" "ethod /ow consider a force 4R, which is reso"%ed into components 41 and 4&. The force 4 ma+es an an!"e H with force 41 and force 4& ma+es an an!"e C with component 41, so we can ma+e a para""e"o!ram with suitab"e sca"e as shown in fi!. B C F) 2 O 4 F$ FR 5 2 A
:e can a"so determine the components of force 4 by ana"ytica""y as we +now that direction of the resu"tant %ector can be determined by $in H 0 4& $in C. 2R UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU1 4R Tan H 0 4& $in C UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU & 41D 4& Cosine C $o we can find 4& from e'uation 1 4& 0 4R $in H $in C $imi"ar"y from e'uation & 41 0 4& $in C . 4& Cosine C Tan H B) /rian,le "ethod: /ow consider a force 4, which is reso"%ed into components 41 and 4&. The force 4 ma+es an an!"e H with force 41 and force 4& ma+es an an!"e C with component 41, so we can ma+e a trian!"e with some suitab"e sca"e as shown in fi!. B 6 FR 4 . && . www.jntuworld.com 5 2 F)
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F$
By measurements we !et the components 41 and 4&. $imi"ar"y we can find the components 41 and 4& by usin! the fo""owin! formu"a F$ Sin 6 4or component 41 F$ F
F
F) Sin 4
FR % Sin 5
FR Sin 6 Sin 5
4or component 4& F) F FR Sin 4 Sin 5 E<AM(.E : Resol?e the force )BB N into co"ponents alon, E and ! direction and deter"ine the "a,nitude of co"ponents% )BB N
*BD 1i?en) 0 ;3P Re-uired 4orce 0 4 0 &33 / #irection 0C
Hori-onta" components 0 47 0X Jertica" components 0 4y 0X
Solution A) 1raphicall! $ca"e 1 cm 0 &3 / /ow draw a "ine 2C to represent t %ector in ma!nitude with !i%en sca"e, which ma+es an an!"e ;3P with 7.a7is. #rop a perpendicu"ar C# at point C which meet 7 a7is at point #, now join point 2 to point #, the "ine 2# is ca""ed hori-onta" component 947( of resu"tant %ector. $imi"ar"y draw perpendicu"ar CE at point C, which wi"" meet y.a7is at point E now join 2 to E. The "ine 2E is ca""ed %ertica" component 94y( of resu"tant %ector. As shown in fi! E C F! O By measurin! we !et 2# 0 47 0 *BD FE /
6.? cm 7 &3 0 1>& . &; .
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2E 0 4y 0 I cm 7 &3 0 133 / Result: FE F $A*%)B N F! F $BB N B) Anal!ticall! :e +now that 47 F 4 cosine C 0 &33 cosine;3 FE F $A*%)B N :e a"so +now that 4y 0 4 $in C 0 &33 $in ;3 F! F $BB N Result: FE F $A*%)B N F! F $BB N E<AM(.E @ A push of 53 / actin! on a point and its "ine of action are inc"ined at an an!"e of ;3P with the hori-onta". Reso"%e it a"on! hori-onta" a7is and another a7is which is inc"ined at an an!"e of ?IP with the hori-onta". C B F) F @:D *BD A 4orce 0 4 0 53 / #irection 0 C 0 ;3P #irection 0 H 0 ?IP Re-uired 4orce component 0 41 0X 4orce component 0 4& 0X Solution 1raphical Method Aet $ca"e 13 / 0 1 cm /ow draw the para""e"o!ram ABC# with !i%en sca"e as shown in fi! By measurement A# 0 41 0 &.I 7 13 0 &I / AC 0 4& 0 &.; 7 13 0 &; / Result F$ F ): N F) F )* N Anal!ticall! :e ha%e 4& 0 4 $in H 0 53 $in ;3 $in C $in ?IP 4& 0 &&.3? / $imi"ar"y from e'uation 4 1 0 4& $in C . 4& Cosine C Tan H 41 0 &&.3? $in ?I . &&.3? Cosine ?I Tan ;3 . &5 . www.jntuworld.com 1i?en
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Result
41 0 &I.;& / F$ F ):%*) N
F) F ))%B@ N
E<ERCISE )%)
1. Reso"%e the !i%en forces as shown in fo""owin! dia!rams into components 41 and 4& i ii $B C( )BB N F)
*BD
):D *BD iii $:@ l3 F) )@D F$ *+D F$ ). A force of 633 / is e7erted on a bo"t A as shown in fi!. #etermine the hori-onta" and %ertica" components of force. JBB N Ans: @::%*) N M +:J%J$@N *:D $BB N F) *BD F$ F$ i?
5.
A man pu"" with force of ;33 / on a rope attached to a bui"din! as shown in fi!, what are the hori-onta" and %ertica" components of the force e7erted by the rope at point A Ans: $JB N M *@%JAP J" 5
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@"
: :hi"e emptyin! a whee" barrow, a !ardener e7erts on each hand"e AB a force ( directed a"on! "ine C#. *nowin! that ( must ha%e a 1;I./ hori-onta" component, determine 9a( the ma!nitude of the force (, 9b( its %ertica" component E\RA$ A P\BA $H /G H2\$E 9PJT.( AT#.
@ Member CB of the %ise shown e7erts on b"oc+ B a force P directed a"on! "ine CB. *nowin! that P must ha%e a &?3."b hori-onta" component, determine 9a( the ma!nitude of the force P, 9b( its %ertica" component.
A. The !uy wire B# e7erts on the te"ephone po"e AC a force P directed a"on! B#. *nowin! that P has a 5I3./ component a"on! "ine AC, determine 9a( the ma!nitude of the force P, 9b( its component in a direction perpendicu"ar to AC.
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J% The I3."b force is to be reso"%ed into components a"on! "ines a.a< and b.b< +nowin! that the component a"on! a.a< is ;I "b. :hat is the correspondin! %a"ue
L% The rin! shown in fi! is subjected to two forces 41 and 4&. if it is re'uired that the resu"tant forces ha%e a ma!nitude of +/ and are directed %ertica""y downward. #etermine the ma!nitude of 41 and 4& pro%ided that C 0 ;3P Ans: @:)%AB+ N M ++@%+A N
$B% A jet aircraft is bein! towed by two truc+s B and C. #etermine the ma!nitude of two forces 4B and 4C. f the force has a ma!nitude of 4R 0 13 */ and it is directed a"on! positi%e 7.a7is. $et C 0 1IP Ans: :%@L* # N M +%:$) #N
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$$% A sta+e is pu""ed out of the !round by means of two ropes as shown. *nowin! that the tension in one rope is 1&3 /, determine by tri!onometry the ma!nitude and direction of the force P so that the resu"tant is a %ertica" force of 1?3 /. $)B N ( Ans: A)%BL@ N M ++%AB*D ):D 4
$)% The boat is to be pu""ed onto the shore usin! two ropes, determine the ma!nitude of two forces T and P actin! in each rope in order to de%e"op a resu"tant force of 63 "b in direction a"on! the +ee" as shown in fi!. ta+e C 0 53P Ans: +)%:@A l3 M :+%A)* l3
$*% A disab"ed automobi"e is pu""ed by means of two ropes as shown. *nowin! that the tension in the rope P is I33 "b, determine the tension in rope T and the %a"ue of so that the resu"tant force e7erted is as 633 "b force directed a"on! the a7is of the automobi"e Ans: ++)%B)B N
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$:% Find the E and ! co"ponents of each force and deter"ine the resultant and direction i) ii)
iii)
i?)
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$@%
4ind the resu"tant and direction of fo""owin! forces as shown in dia!ram by reso"%in! method. i ii + C( + C( $:BN +B l3
@B l3
*BD *BD
* #(
JB l3
iii
$:B l3 $+B N +:D @)D )+BD )*D )BB N
*BD
i?
$BB N *BD
$): l3 $JB l3 $*B l3 $A% *nowin! that = ;I, determine the resu"tant of the three forces shown.
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CHA(/ER * Mo"ent of a force The tendency of a force to mo%e the body in the direction of its app"ication a force can tend to rotate a body about an a7is. This a7is may be any "ine which is neither intersects nor para""e" to the "ine of the action of the force. This rationa" tendency of force is +now as the moment of force. As a fami"iar e7amp"e of the concept of moment, consider the pipe wrench as shown in fi!ure 9a(. 2ne effect of the force app"ied perpendicu"ar to the hand"e of the wrench is the tendency to rotate the pipe about its %ertica" a7is. The ma!nitude of this tendency depends on both the ma!nitude of the force and the effecti%e "en!th d of the wrench hand"e. Common e7perience shown that a pu"" which is not perpendicu"ar to the wrench hand"e is "ess effecti%e than the ri!ht an!"e pu"". Mathematica""y this tendency of force 9moment( is ca"cu"ated by mu"tip"yin! force to the moment arm 9d(
Mo"ent a3out a point Consider fo""owin! body 9two dimensiona"( acted by a force 4 in its p"ane. The ma!nitude of moment or tendency of the force to rotate the body about the a7is 2U2 perpendicu"ar to the p"ane of the body is proportiona" both to the ma!nitude of the force and to the moment arm d, therefore ma!nitude of the moment is defined as the product of force and moment arm. Moment 0 4orce 7 moment arm M F Fd . ;1 . www.jntuworld.com
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:here d 0 moment arm and 4 0 ma!nitude of force Moment arm is defined as the perpendicu"ar distance between a7is of rotation and the "ine of action of force.
irection of "o"ent of a force The direction Mo is specified usin! the Eri!ht.hand ru"eF. To do this the fin!ers of the ri!ht hand are cur"ed such that they fo""ow the sense of rotation, which wou"d occur if the force cou"d rotate about point 2. The thumb then point a"on! the moment a7is so that it !i%es the direction and sense of the moment %ector, which is upward and perpendicu"ar to the shaded p"ane containin! F and d.
C.OC# IISE AN AN/I C.OC# IISE MOMEN/S The moment are c"assified as c"oc+wise and antic"oc+wise moment accordin! to the direction in which the force tends to rotate the body about a fi7ed point
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ClocC'ise Mo"ent :hen the force tends to rotate the body in the same direction in which the hands of c"oc+ mo%e is ca""ed c"oc+wise moment the c"oc+wise moment is ta+en as positi%e or other wise mentioned. AnticlocC'ise Mo"ent :hen the force tends to rotate the body in the opposite direction in which the hands of c"oc+ mo%e is ca""ed anti c"oc+wise moment which is ta+en as ne!ati%e or other wise mentioned &nit of "o"ent $. unit 4.P.$ unit G.G.$ unit is is is /.m. 9/ewton. meter( "b. ft 9Pound. foot( dyne.cm 9dyne. Centimeter( etc
EEa"ple $ eter"ine the "o"ent of the force a3out point OOP for follo'in, dia,ra"% $ 4orce0133 / Moment arm0&m Re-uired Mo0X IorCin, for"ula) . M204orce 7 Moment arm. $o" putt the %a"ues in first w, f Mo0 4 7 r 0 133 7 & Mo0 &33/.m. Resu"t) . Moment 0 &33/.m #irection 0 c"oc+ wise ) Gi%en 4orce 0 53"b Re'uired@ M3 0X :.4, Mo 0 4 7 d. $o" By !eometry of fi! Moment arm 0 5ft D &cos ;3P 0 I.>;ft Put the %a"ue in :.4. Mo 0 4 7 r Mo 0 53 7 I.>; Mo 0 &&=.&6&"b.ft Resu"tant Moment 0 &&=.&6& "b.ft #irection 0 c"oc+ wise EEa"ple) 1i?en
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eter"ine the "o"ent of the force JBB N actin, on the fra"e a3out points AQ BQ C and % 1i?en 4orce 0 4 0 633 / Re-uired MA0X MBX MC0X M#0X IorCin, for"ula Moment 0force 7 moment arm. $o" $o"%e this 'uestion step
by
step
/ow first consider the Point A. MA 0 4 7 r MA 0 633 7 91.ID1( MA F )BBB N%" clocC 'iseUUUUUUU /ow Moment about
MB 0 4 7 r 0 6337 I MB F $)BB N " c"oc+ wiseUUUUUUUU 9&( 4rom 91( and 9&( it is e%idence that when force remain constant then moment %aries with moment arm that is moment depends upon moment arm. $imi"ar"y it can be pro%ed that moment about any point %aries with force when moment arm remain same. /ow consider point C Moment 0 4orce 7 distance Mc 0 633 7 3 Mc 0 3. UUUUUUU 9;( As the "ine of action of force passes throu!h point C that is point of app"ication it shows that the "ine of action shou"d be perpendicu"ar to the point i.e. ECF /ow consider the point #. M# 0 4 7 r. M# 0 633 7 3.I M#0 533 /.m Result MA F)BBB N%" clocC 'ise Or MA F H )BB N%" MB F $)BB N%" clocC 'ise Or MB F H $)BB N%" MC F O% Mc F O M F% +BB N%" anti clocC 'ise M F ; +BBN%"
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Note: ; The positi%e si!n shows that the moment is c"oc+ wise direction and it is a"so pro%ed that moment defends upon fo""owin! two factors. 1. The ma!nitude of the force &. The perpendicu"ar distance from the "ine of action of the force to the fi7ed point or "ine of the body about which it rotates. (RINCI(.E OF MOMEN// 7ARI1NON=S /HEOREM t is stated that the moment of a force about a point is e'ua" to the sum of the moments of the force components about the point. 2r the moment produce by the resu"tant force is e'ua" to the moment produce by the force components. Mathematica""y M4o 0 ] Mo Moment produce by the force 4 about any point 2 0 Moment produce due to force components. Aet us consider a force 4 actin! at a point A and this force create the moment about point 2 which is r distance away from point A as shown in fi! 9a( F F$ A A r r O O fi, 0a) fi, 03) The moment produce due to 4orce 4 is !i%en by M4o 0 4 7 rUUUUUUUUUUUUU 1 /ow reso"%e the force into its components 41 and 4& in such a way that 4 0 41 D 4& as shown in fi! 9b( The moment produce by these components about 2 is !i%en by ] Mo 0 3 ] Mo 0 moment produce due to force 41 D moment produce due to force component 4& ] Mo 0 41 7 r D 4& 7 r 0 941 D 4&( r Put 4 0 41 D 4& in the abo%e formu"a . ;I . www.jntuworld.com F)
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] Mo 0 4 7 r UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU & By comparin! the e'uation 1 and by e'uation & M4o 0] Mo The abo%e e'uation shows that moment produce by the 4orce 9resu"tant( is e'ua" to the moment produce by components 41 and 4&. Note the abo%e e'uation is important app"ication to so"ution of prob"ems and proofs of theorems. $uch it is often easier to determine the moments of a force<s components rather than the moment of the force. E<AM(.E * A &33 / force acts on the brac+et as shown determine the moment of force about EAF
1i?en 40&33/ C 0 5IP Re-uired MA 0X Solution Reso"%e the force into components 41 am 4& 410 4 cos C 410&33 cosine 5IP F$F$+$%+)N% 4&0 4 sin C 4& 0 &33 sin 5IP F)F )%+@JN% :e +now that MA 0 3 MA 0 moment produce due to component 41D moment produce due to component 4&. MA 041 7 r1D 4& 7 r&. Aet us consider that c"oc+ wise moment is D %e. MA 0 41 7 r1D 4& 7 r& MA 0 . 151.5& 7 3.1 D &.5?6 7 93.1 D3.1( MA 0 . 1;.?56 / MA 0 1; .?56 / anti c"oc+ wise. E<AM(.E )%+ #etermine the moment of each of three forces about B on the beam. . ;? . www.jntuworld.com
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F$F +BB l3 F*F :BB l3 *AD% *BD% +ft 1i?en +ft +ft
F)F ):B l3
+ft
41 0 533"b 4& 0 &I3 "b 4; 0 I33"b r1 0 5 4t r& 0 5 4t r; 0 5 4t r5 0 5 4t Re-uired Moment about B 0 MB 0X Solution Moment due to force 41 about B) Consider c"oc+wise moment is positi%e MB 0 533 7 95D5D5( MB F +JQ BB l3 %ft Moment due to %ertica" component of 4& MB 0 4& sin C 7 r MB 0 &I3 $in ;> 7 5 MB F @B$%J$:l3 ft clocC 'ise Moment due to %ertica" component of 4; MB 0 4; sin C 7 R MB 0 I33 7 $in ;37 5 MB F @B$%J$:l3 clocC 'ise Result MB F +JQ BB l3 %ft @B$%J$:l3Q @B$%J$:l3
E<ERCISE
$% 4ind the moment of the force about E2F as shown in dia!ram i ii
Ans : *A%: N " clocC'ise clocC'ise
Ans : +)%+)@
iii
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Ans: )$ CN " )% 4ind the moment of each force about A as shown in the fo""owin! force system. i ii )B l3 $B ton : ton )B ft @B R A B *BR $B l3 :B ft $B J ton Ans: *BB l3 ft anti clocC'ise )*@%@B* ton ft anti clocC 'ise Ans: ft
$Bft
*BR B : l3 :B ft A
*. #etermine the resu"tant moment of four forces actin! on the rod about E2F as shown is dia!ram. Ans: ***%L) N " clocC 'ise
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+% The 4orce 4 acts at the end of an!"e brac+et shown determine the moment of forces about E2F Ans : LJ%:@ clocC'ise
:% A force of 53/ is app"ied to the wrench. #eterment the moment of this force about point E2P Ans: A%$BA clocC'ise
@% The wrench is used to "oosen the bo"t. #etermine the moment of each force about the bo"t<s a7is passin! throu!h point 2. 0Ans: )+%$ N;"Q $+%: N;")
A% #etermine the moment of each of the three forces about point A. $o"%e the prob"em first by usin! each force as a who"e, and then by usin! the princip"e of moments. Ans) 5;; /. m, 1.;3 +/.m, 633 /. m(
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J% #etermine the moment about point A of each of the three forces Ans) ?33 /.m, 1.1& */.m, I16 /.m
=. The tow"ine e7erts a force of P 0 5 +/ at the end of the &3

m "on! crane boom. f C 0 ;3P, determine the disp"acement 7 of the hoo+ at A so that the force creates a ma7imum moment about point 2. :hat is this momentX 0Ans: )+%B "Q JB CN;")
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$B% The too" at A is used to ho"d a power "awnmower b"ade stationary whi"e the nut is bein! "oosened with the wrench. f a force of I3 / is app"ied to the wrench at B in the direction shown, determine the moment it creates about the nut at C. :hat is the ma!nitude of force 4 at A so that it creates the opposite moment about CX 0 A n s: $ *% BQ N ; " Q * :% )Q N ; " )
$$% #etermine the direction C^ 93 _^ C _ ^ ^ 163[( of the force 4 so that it produces 9a( the ma7imum moment about point A and 9b( the minimum moment about point A. Compute the moment in each case. 0Ans: :@%*NQ $+@NQ $++) N;"Q B N;")
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$)% Ca"cu"ate the ma!nitude of moment about base point 2 by fi%e different ways
$*% A force 4 of ma!nitude 533 / is app"ied. #etermine the ma!nitude of moment about point 2 Ans: :%@+ N; "
$+% A pry bar is used to remo%e nai" as shown. #etermine the moment of the force ?3 "b about point 2 of contact between the pry and the sma"" support b"oc+. Ans: AB l3;ft CI
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$:% Ca"cu"ate the moment of force &I3 / on the hand"e of mon+ey wrench about the centre of bo"t
$@% Compute the moment of the force 3.5 "b about the pi%ot 2 of the wa"" switch to!!"e
$A% The ;3 / force P is app"ied perpendicu"ar to the portion BC of the bent bar. #etermine the moment of P about point A and B.
$J% A force of &33 / is app"ied to the end of the wrench to ti!hten a f"an!e bo"d which ho"ds the whee" to the a7"e. #etermine the moment M produced by this force about
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the center 2 of the whee" for the poison of the wrench shown Ans: AJ%* N;" CI
$L% The 1&3 / forces is app"ied as shown to one end of the cur%ed wrench. f H 0 ;3[, ca"cu"ate the moment of 4 about the center 2 of the bo"t. #etermine the %a"ue of H which wou"d ma7imi-e the moment about 2 state the %a"ue of this ma7imum moment Ans: +$%: NF " CI *)%)N +$%@ N;" CI
)B% t is +nown that a %ertica" force of 633 / is re'uired to remo%e the /ai" at C form the board. As the nai" first starts mo%in! determine 9a( the moment about B of the force e7erted on the nai" 9b( the ma!nitude of the force P which creates the same moment about B if H 0 13[ 9c( the sma""est force which creates the same moment about B
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)B% A si!n is suspended from two chains AE and A4. *nowin! that the tension in B4 is 5I "b, determine 9a( the moment about A of the force e7ert by the chain at B 9b( the sma""est d force app"ied AT C which creates the same moment about A
(ARA..E. FORCES :hen the "ines of action of 4orces are para""e" to each other are ca""ed para""e" forces the para""e" forces ne%er meet to each other. There are two types of para""e" forces as discussed as under $% .iCe parallel forces :hen two para""e" forces acin! in such away that their directions remain same are ca""ed "i+e para""e" forces
)% &n liCe parallel forces :hen two para""e" forces acin! in such away that their directions are opposite to each other ca""ed "i+e para""e" forces .
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CO&(.E :hen two para""e" forces that ha%e the same ma!nitude but opposite direction is +nown as coup"e. The coup"e is separated by perpendicu"ar distance. As matter of fact a coup"e is unab"e to produce any strai!ht."ine motion but it produces rotation in the body on which it acts. $o coup"e can be defined as un"i+e para""e" forces of same ma!nitude but opposite direction which produce rotation about a specific direction and whose resu"tant is -ero .
A((.ICA/ION OF CO&(.E 1. To open or c"ose the %a"%es or bott"e head, tap etc &. To wind up a c"oc+. ;. To Mo%e the padd"es of a bicyc"e 5. Turnin! a +ey in "oc+ for open and c"osin!. Couple Ar" The perpendicu"ar distance between the "ines of action of the two and opposite para""e" forces is +nown as arm of the coup"e. Mo"ent of couple or couple "o"ent The moment of the coup"e is the product of the force 9one of the force of the two e'ua" and opposite para""e" forces( and the arm of the coup"e. Mathematica""y Moment of coup"e 0 force 7 arm of coup"e Moment of coup"e 0 4 7 r Aet us find the resu"tant moment of coup"e about a point 2 on the coup"e arm AB as shown in fi! F ;F r r$ A O r) B
Moment about 2 ]M 0 Moment about 2 due to 4 D moment about 2 due to G4 . 5? . www.jntuworld.com
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]M 0 .4 7 r1 D 9. 4 7 r&( ]M 0 .4 7 r1 G 4 7 r& ]M 0 . 4 9r1 D r&( ]M 0 4 9r1 D r&( 1 4rom dia!ram r 0 r1 D r& put in e'uation 1 ]M 0 4 7 r $o the moment produce by the two un"i+e para""e" forces is e'ua" to moment produce by one of the force of the two e'ua" and opposite para""e" forces. Therefore The moment of coup"e 0 force 7 coup"e arm. irection of couple The direction and sense of a coup"e moment is determined usin! the ri!ht hand ru"e, where the thumb indicates the direction when the fin!ers are cur"ed with the sense of rotation caused by the two forces.
C.ASSIFICA/ION OF CO&(.E The coup"et are c"assified as c"oc+wise coup"e and antic"oc+wise coup"e $% ClocC'ise couple A coup"e whose tendency is to rotate the body in a c"oc+wise direction is +nown as c"oc+wise coup"e )% AnticlocC'ise couple A coup"e whose tendency is to rotate the body in antic"oc+wise direction is +nown as antic"oc+wise coup"e E<AM(.E J . 5> . www.jntuworld.com
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eter"ine the "o"ent of couple actin, on the "o"ent sho'n ) BB N +" )"
)BB N 1i?en 410&33 / A105m 4&0&33 / Re-uired Moment of coup"e 0 M 0X IorCin, For"ula M 0 4 7 r. Solution Put the %a"ues in wor+in! formu"a M0 &3395D&( MF$)BB N% " Result MF $)BB N% " A& 0 &m.
E<AM(.E L eter"ine the "o"ent of couple actin, on the "o"ent sho'n%
1i?en 4104& 0=3"b 4; 0 45 0 1&3"b. Re-uired Moment of coup"e 0 M0X Solution The moment of coup"e can be determined at any point for e7amp"e at A, B or #. Aet us ta+e the moment about point B MB 0 ] 4 R. MB 0 .41 7 r1 G 4& 7 r& . MB 0 . =39;( G 1&3 91( MB 0 . ;=3 "b ft Result MB F MAFM F*LB l3 %ft counter clocC 'ise% Mo"ent of couple F *LB l3%ft count cloche 'ise BEAM A beam is a "on! strai!ht bar ha%in! a constant cross. sectiona" area. Beams are c"assified as
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1 Canti"e%er beam & $imp"y supported beam ; 2%er han!in! beam 5 Ri!ht"y fi7ed or bui"t in beam I Continuous beam. $% Cantile?er 3ea" A beam, which is fi7ed at one and free at the other end, is ca""ed canti"e%er beam. As shown in fi!
)% Si"pl! supported 3ea" A beam which is pinned 9pi%oted( at one end and ro""er support at other end is ca""ed simp"y supported beam. As shown in fi! .OA The e7terna" app"ied force is ca""ed "oad. Aoad is in the form of the force or the wei!ht of artic"es on the body is ca""ed "oad. $% Concentrated or (oint load A "oad, which is app"ied throu!h a +nife.ed!e, is ca""ed point or concentrated "oad. ;3 /
)% &nifor"l! distri3uted load A "oad which is e%en"y distributed o%er a part or the entire "en!th of beam is ca""ed uniform"y distributed "oad or \ #.A
*% &nifor"l! ?ar!in, load The "oad whose intensity %aries "inea""y a"on! the "en!th of beam o%er which it is app"ied is ca""ed uniform"y %aryin! "oad.
Note
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Any beam may be point, uniform"y distributed and uniform"y %aryin! "oad E<AM(.E $B 4ind the reaction of the shaft at point shown%
1i?en 0 &m
$pan 0 A 0 6m 4 1 0 & */
7 0 &m,
y 0 &m,
4 & 0 ; */
4;0 & */.
Re-uired $hear force and moment dia!ram Solution Ta+e moment about EAF a"so consider the upward force and c"oc+ wise moment is positi%e ]MA 0 3 RE 9A( G 4; 97 D y D -( G 4& 97 D y( G 41 97( D RA 93( 0 3. RE 96( . & 9?( G ; 95( G & 9&( D 3 0 3 RE 0 ;.I */ /ow for RA we can ca"cu"ate by ]4 0 3 R A . 4 1 . 4 & . 4 ; D RE 0 3 RA . & . ; . & D ;.I 0 3 E<AM(.E )%$$ Find reaction at A and C for shaft sho'n% /he support at A is a thrust 3earin, and support C is a Sournal 3earin,% Also dra' shear force 3endin, "o"ent dia,ra"%
1i?en $pan 0 A 0 5m. Aoad 0 P 0 I +/. Re-uired RA 0X RC 0X
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Solution Ta+e moment about EAF a"so considers upward force and c"oc+wise moment is positi%e. ]MA 0 3 Rc 9A( G P 97( D RA 93( 0 3. Rc 95( G I 9&( 0 3 Rc F )%: C N To ca"cu"ate the reaction at point A ]4 0 3 RA . PD Rc 0 3 RA G I D &.I 0 3 RA F )%: C N E<AM(.E ) Find the reaction of a si"pl! supported 3ea" @" lon, is carr!in, a unifor"l! distri3uted load of :CN/" o?er a len,th of *" fro" the ri,ht hand% 1i?en P 0 I + / 1m A 0 ? m O 0 ;m, K 0 ;m. Re-uired Reaction at A Y B 0 RA Y RB 0X Solution first of a"" we wi"" chan!e the uniform"y distributed "oad into the point "oad 0 I 7 ;0 1I +/ Ta+e moment about A a"so consider that the upward force or "oad and c"oc+wise moment is positi%e. ]MA 0 3 Rc 9A( G P 9y D -1&( D RA 93( 0 3 RB 9?( G 91I( 9; D 1.I( D RA 93( 0 3 RB F $$% ): CN To ca"cu"ate the reaction at point A ]4 0 3 RA . PD RB 0 3 RA .1I . 11.&I RA F *%A:%CN
E7ercise &
@% 4ind the moment of coup"e shown what must the force of a coup"e ba"ancin! this coup"e ha%in! arm of "en!th of ?ft. Ans: *@ l3 ftQ @ l3 A% The tires of a truc+ e7ert the forces shown on the dec+ of the brid!e rep"ace this system of forces by an e'ui%a"ent resu"tant force and specify its measured form point A. Ans: $)%$ CipQ $B%B+ ft
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J% The system of para""e" forces acts on the top of the :arne truss. #etermine the e'ui%a"ent resu"tant force of the system and "ocation measured from point A Ans: +%: CNQ )%)) "
L% A man and a boy carry a mass of &3 +! b1w them by means of a uniform po"e 1.>m "on! and mass of =+!. :here the wei!ht must p"aced so that the man may carry twice as mush of wei!ht as that boy. Ans: $$$%$J NQ %B+@+@ " $B% Two un"i+e para""e" forces of ma!nitude 533 / and 133 / actin! in such a way that their "ines of action are 1I3 mm apart. #etermine the ma!nitude of the resu"tant force and the point at which it acts. Ans: *BB N M :B "" $$% 4ind reaction at point A and B for the beam shown set P0 ?33"b a 0 Ift b 0 >ft.
$)% 4ind the reaction at the points for the beam as shown
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$* 4ind the reaction at the points as shown in dia!ram
$+ 4ind the reaction at the points as shown in dia!ram
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CHA(/ER * AN BO 9
E8&I.IBRI&M
OF
(AR/IC.E
E-uili3riu" of a (article :hen the resu"tant of a"" forces actin! on a partic"e is -ero, the partic"e is said to be in e'ui"ibrium. A partic"e which is acted aupon two forces Ne'ton=s First .a') f the resu"tant force on a partic"e is -ero, the partic"e wi"" remain at rest or wi"" continue at constant speed in a strai!ht "ine.
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EEercise
$% #etermine the ma!nitude of 41 and 4& so that the partia" is in e'ui"ibrium
$)% #etermine the ma!nitude and direction of 41 and 4& so that the partia" is in e'ui"ibrium Ans: +)%:@A l3 M :+%A)* l3
$*% #etermine the ma7imum wei!ht of the en!ine that can be supported without e7ceedin! a tension of 5I3 "b in chain AC and 563 "b in chain AC. Ans: )+B l3s
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E8&I.IBRI&M A partic"e is in e'ui"ibrium if it is at rest if ori!ina""y at rest or has a constant %e"ocity if ori!ina""y in motion. The term e'ui"ibrium or static e'ui"ibrium is used to describe an object at rest. To maintain e'ui"ibrium it is necessary to satisfy /ewton<s first "aw of motion, which re'uires the resu"tant force actin! on partic"e to be e'ua" to -ero. That is TF F B A :here ]4 0 $um of a"" the forces actin! on the partic"e which is necessary condition for e'ui"ibrium. This fo""ows from /ewton<s second "aw of motion, which can be written as ]4 0 ma. Put in e'uation A ma 0 3 Therefore the partic"e acce"eration a 0 3. Conse'uent"y the partic"e indeed mo%es with constant %e"ocity or at rest. ME/HO S FOR /HE E8&I.IBRI&M OF FORCES There are many methods of findin! the e'ui"ibrium but the fo""owin! are important 1. Ana"ytica" Method &. Graphica" Method $% Anal!tical "ethod for the e-uili3riu" of forces The e'ui"ibrium of forces may be studied ana"ytica""y by Aami<s theorem as discussed under .AMI=S /HEOREM t states, E f there are three forces actin! at a point be in e'ui"ibrium then each force is proportiona" to the sine of the an!"e between the other two forcesF. Aet three force 41, 4& and 4; actin! at a point and the opposite an!"es to three forces are M , L, and H as shown in fi!ure F) F$ Mathematica""y 4 41 5 6 $in L F* E<AM(.E A $in M $in H 0 4& 0 4;
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eter"ine the tension in ca3les AB and A e-uili3riu" of the ):B C, en,ine as sho'n%
for
/AB *BD /A I 1i?en Mass of En!ine 0 &I3 *!. An!"e 0 C 0 ;3P Re-uired) Tension in the cab"e 0 TAB 0X TA# 0X IorCin, For"ulas TA# 0 TAB 0 : $in H $in L $in M Solution :e +now that : 0 m!. : 0 &I3 7 =.61 0 &5I&.I / 0 &5I&.I11333 : 0 &.5I; */ 4rom the !eometry of dia!ram we ha%e H 0 =3 D ;3 0 1&3P L 0 =3P M 0 163 G ;3 0 1I3P Put the %a"ues in the wor+in! formu"a TA# 0 TAB 0 : $in 1&3 $in =3 $in 1I3 Therefore TA# 0 5.&5= */ $imi"ar"y TAB 0 5.=3? */ Result: /A F +%)+L #N /AB F +%L$ #N
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Alternate "ethod The same 'uestion may be so"%ed by reso"%in! method IorCin, For"ulas ]403 Solution :e +now that : 0 m!. : 0 &I3 7 =.61 0 &5I&.I / 0 &5I&.I11333 : 0 &.5I; */ /ow reso"%e force TAB, TA# and : as shown in fo""owin! dia!ram /AB *BD /A
Force ` 1 & ;
TAB TA#
:
Ma,nitude An,le HoriUontal 7ertical Co"ponents / 2P Co"ponents F! F F Sine 2 FE F F Cosine 2 . ;3 TAB Cosine ;3 0 .6?? TAB $ine ;3 0 3.I . &5I&.I 3 =3
TAB TA# Cosine 3 TA#

&5I&.I 3 Cosine
TAB 0 TA# $ine 3
3 0
=3 &5I&.I $ine =3 &5I&.I
:e +now that D ] 47 0 3 .6?? TAB G TA# G 3 0 3 D ] 4y 0 3 3.I TAB D 3 G &.5I&I 0 3 4rom E'uation A TAB 0 TA# 3.6?? Put in e'uation B .I 9TA#( D 3 . &.5I&I 0 3 3.6?? /A F +%)+J #N Put in e'uation C TAB 0 5.&56 3.6?? /AB F +%L$ #N . I= . www.jntuworld.com
A B C
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Resu"t)
TA# 0 5.&56 */
TAB 0 5.=1 */
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CHA(/ER * FRIC/ION A force which pre%ents the motion or mo%ement of the body is ca""ed friction or force of friction and its direction is opposite to the app"ied e7terna" force or motion of the body. 4riction is a force of resistance actin! on a body which pre%ents or retards motion of the body. 2r :hen a body s"ides upon another body, the property due to which the motion of one re"ati%e to the other is retarded is ca""ed friction. This force a"ways acts tan!ent to the surface at points of contact with other body and is directed opposite to the motion of the body. EEplanation Consider a b"oc+ restin! on, a hori-onta" p"ane surface. Attach a strin! to one side of the b"oc+ as shown in 4i!.
The other end of the strin! is connected to the sprin! ba"ance. App"y an e7terna" force on the ba"ance. Gradua""y increase the ma!nitude of the e7terna" force. nitia""y the body wi"" not mo%e and the effect of the app"ied force is nu""ified. This is because there acts a force on the b"oc+ which opposes the motion or mo%ement of the b"oc+. The nature of this opposin! force is ca""ed friction. t depends upon many factors. The major cause of friction is the microscopic rou!hness of the contact surfaces. /o surface is perfect"y smooth. E%ery surface is composed of crests and fa""s as shown in fi! b. t is the inter"oc+in! of the crests of one surface into the fa""s of the other surface which produces the resistance a!ainst the mo%ement of one body o%er the other body. :hen the force e7erted is sufficient to o%ercome the friction, the mo%ement ensures and the crests are bein! sheared off. This !i%es rise to heat and raises the "oca" temperature. This is a"so the reason of the wear of the contact surfaces. This phenomenon of friction necessitates the presence o f"uid fi"m between the two surfaces to a%oid wear of surfaces. The process of creatin! the f"uid fi"m is ca""ed "ubrication. /9(ES OF FRIC/ION 4riction is of the fo""owin! two types. . ?1 . www.jntuworld.com
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$% Static Friction t is the friction actin! on the body when the body is at the state of rest or the friction ca""ed into p"ay before the body tends to mo%e on the surface is ca""ed static friction. The ma!nitude of the static friction is e'ua" to the app"ied force. t %aries from -ero to ma7imum unti" the mo%ement ensures.
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)% !na"ic Friction t is the friction actin! on the body when body is in motion is ca""ed dynamic friction. #ynamic friction is a"so +nown as +inetic friction. The ma!nitude of the dynamic friction is constant. The dynamic friction has two types i. $"idin! 4riction ii. Ro""in! 4riction i% Slidin, friction The s"idin! friction acts on those bodies, which s"ide o%er each other for e7amp"e the friction between piston, and cy"inder wi"" s"ide friction because the motion of the motion of the piston in cy"inder is s"idin! and there is surface contact between piston and cy"inder. ii% Rollin, Friction The ro""in! friction acts on those bodies which ha%e point contact with each other for e7amp"e the motion of the whee" on the rai"way trac+ is the e7amp"e of ro""in! motion and the friction between the whee" and rai"way trac+ is ro""in! friction. t is e7perimenta""y found that the ma!nitude of the s"idin! friction is more than the ro""in! friction because in the ro""in! friction there is a point contact rather than surface contact. .IMI/IN1 FRIC/ION The ma7imum friction 9before the mo%ement of body( which can be produced by the surfaces in contact is +nown as "imitin! friction t is e7perimenta""y found that friction direct"y %aries as the app"ied force unti" the mo%ement produces in the body. Aet us try to s"ide a body of wei!ht w o%er another body by a force P as shown in fi! Motion of the body F (
Pan A "itt"e consideration wi"" show that the body wi"" not mo%e because the friction 4 which pre%ents the motion. t shows that the app"ied force P is e7act"y ba"anced by the force of friction actin! in the opposite direction of app"ied force P. if we increase the force P by increasin! the wei!ht in the pan, the friction 4 wi"" adjust itse"f accordin! to app"ied . ?; . www.jntuworld.com
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force P and the body wi"" not mo%e. Thus the force of friction has a property of adjustin! its ma!nitude to become e7act"y e'ua" and opposite to the app"ied force which tends to produce the motion. There is howe%er a "imit beyond which the friction cannot increase. f the app"ied force increases this "imit the force of friction cannot ba"ance app"ied force and body be!ins to mo%e in the direction of app"ied force. This ma7imum %a"ue of friction, which acts on body just be!in to mo%e, is +nown as "imitin! friction. t may be noted that when the app"ied force is "ess than the "imitin! friction the body remains at rest, and the friction is ca""ed static friction, which may ha%e any %a"ues -ero to "imitin! friction.
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NORMA. REAC/ION Aet us consider a body A of wei!ht E:F rest o%er another surface B and a force P actin! on the body to s"ide the body on the surface B as shown in fi! R Bod! A Surface B F I F ", A "itt"e concentration wi"" show that the body A presses the surface B downward e'ua" to wei!ht of the body and in reaction surface B "ift the body in upward direction of the same ma!nitude but in opposite direction therefore the body in e'ui"ibrium this upward reaction is termed as norma" reaction and it is denoted by R or /. Note t is noted the wei!ht : is not a"ways perpendicu"ar to the surface of contact and hence norma" reaction R is not e'ua" to the wei!ht : of body in such a case the norma" reaction is e'ua" to the component of wei!ht perpendicu"ar to surface. CO EFFICIEN/ OF FRIC/ION The ratio of "imitin! friction and norma" reaction is ca""ed coefficient of friction and is denoted by a. Aet R 0 norma" reaction And 4 0 force of friction 9"imitin! friction( a 0 Co efficient of friction 40a R FFVR AN1.E OF FRIC/ION The an!"e of a p"ane at which body just be!ins to s"ide down the p"ane is ca""ed an!"e of frication. Consider a body restin! on an inc"ined p"ane as shown in dia!ram. R F ' 2 (
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The body is in e'ui"ibrium under the Acton of the fo""owin! forces 1. :ei!ht of the body actin! %ertica""y downwards 0 w &. 4riction force actin! a"on! upwards 0 4 ;. /orma" reaction actin! at ri!ht an!"e to the p"ane 0R
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Aet the an!"e of inc"ination be !radua""y increased ti"" the body just starts s"idin! down the p"ane. This an!"e of inc"ined p"ane at which a body just be!ins to s"ide down the p"ane is ca""ed the an!"e of friction. And it is e'ua" to the an!"e between norma" reaction R and the resu"tant between frictiona" force 4 and norma" reaction R '
F 2 R 4rom dia!ram Tan C 0 4 1 R But 41R0a :here a is the co.efficient of friction, Tan H 0 a .AIS OF FRIC/ION These "aws are "isted be"ow) $% .a's of Static Friction $ The force of friction a"ways acts in a direction opposite to that in which the body tends to mo%e. ) The ma!nitude of force of static friction is just sufficient to pre%ent a body from mo%in! and it is e'ua" to the app"ied force. *% The force of static friction does not depend upon, shape, area, %o"ume, si-e etc. as "on! as norma" reaction remains the same. +% The "imitin! force of friction bears a constant ratio to norma" reaction and this constant ratio is ca""ed coefficient of static friction. )% .a's of !na"ic Friction $ :hen a body is mo%in! with certain %e"ocity, it is opposed by a force ca""ed force of dynamic friction. ) The force of dynamic friction comes into p"ay durin! the motion of the body and as soon as the body stops, the force of friction disappears. FR
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* The force of dynamic friction is independent of area, %o"ume, shape, si-e etc. of the body so "on! the norma" reaction remains the same. Howe%er, to some e7tent it %aries with the ma!nitude of %e"ocity of the body. 4orce of dynamic friction is hi!h for "ow speeds and "ow for %ery hi!h speeds. + The ratio of force of dynamic friction and norma" reaction on the body is ca""ed coefficient of dynamic friction.
E8&I.IBRI&M OF A HORI>ON/A. (.ANE
BO 9
ON
RO&1H
:e +now that a body "yin! on a rou!h hori-onta" p"ane wi"" remain in e'ui"ibrium but when e%er a force is app"ied on the body it wi"" tend to mo%e in the direction of force. Consider a body mo%in! on a hori-onta" P"ane under the inf"uence of force P which is inc"ined at an an!"e C to the surface. As shown in fi! R ( 2 F ' :here w 0 wei!ht of the body P 0 app"ied force H 0 An!"e of Repose 4 0 friction C 0 an!"e of inc"ination of the p"ane the hori-onta" Reso"%e the app"ied force P into its component that is Hori-onta" component 0 P Cos C Jertica" component 0 P $in C /ow consider the hori-onta" Y %ertica" e'ui"ibrium condition of the body then 4 0 P Cos C UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU 1 And w 0 R D P $in C UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU & The %a"ue of P can be determined by fo""owin! formu"a (F ' Sin 4% Cos 02 K 4) 4or minimum force P . ?6 . www.jntuworld.com
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(F
I Sin 4
MO/ION OF BO 9 ON INC.INE (.ANE IN &(IAR IREC/ION Aet : 0 wei!ht of the body P 0 app"ied force H 0 An!"e of Repose C 0 an!"e of inc"ination of the p"ane the hori-onta" /ow consider the fo""owin! two cases Case $) Ihen an,le of inclination of the force to plane is 5 R
5
' Sine 2 F 2
2 ' Cos 2 '
Consider the forces actin! on body which are para""e" to the p"ane a"so consider the e'ui"ibrium of body P cosine L 0 w sin C D 4 P cosine L 0 w sin C D aR UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU 1 $imi"ar"y the forces actin! on body norma" to the p"ane and consider the e'ui"ibrium condition R D P sin L 0 w cosine C UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU& The ma!nitude of the force P can be ca"cu"ated by the fo""owin! formu"a
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(F
I Sin 02 H 4) Cosine 05 K 4)
Case )) Ihen the force is parallel to the plane R (
' Sine F 2
2 ' Cos 2 '
By considerin! the e'ui"ibrium of the forces para""e" and norma" to the p"ane we ha%e P 0 w $ine C D 4 P 0 w $ine C D aRUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU 1 And R 0 w Cosine C UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU & The force P can be ca"cu"ated by the fo""owin! formu"a ( F %I Sin 02 H 4) Cos 4 Motion of 3od! on Inclined plane in do'n'ard direction Aet : 0 wei!ht of the body P 0 app"ied force C 0 an!"e of inc"ination of the p"ane the hori-onta" H 0 An!"e of Repose L 0 an!"e of force P /ow consider the fo""owin! two cases Case $ Ihen an,le of inclination of the force to plane is 5 ( R 5 F ' Sine 2 2 ' 2 ' Cos 2
/ow consider the forces actin! para""e" to the p"ane a"so the e'ui"ibrium of forces P cosine L D 4 0 w sin C P cosine L DaR 0 w sin C UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU 1 $imi"ar"y consider the force norma" to the p"ane R D P sin L 0 w cos C UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU & . >3 . www.jntuworld.com
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The ma!nitude of the force P can be ca"cu"ated by the fo""owin! formu"a ( F %I Sin 02 ; 4) Cos 05 K 4) Case ) 'hen the force is parallel to the plane R F 2 ' Cos 2 ' Sine 2 2 ' 4rom dia!ram we ha%e P D 4 0 w $ine C P D aR 0 w $ine C UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU 1 $imi"ar"y R 0 w Cos C UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU & The force P can be ca"cu"ated by fo""owin! formu"a ( F %I Sin 02 ; 4) Cos 4 (
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E8&I.IBRI&M OF .A ER A "adder is a de%ice which is used to c"imb up or down to the roof or wa""s. t consists of two "on! upri!hts and number of run!s which ma+es the steps of the "adder. Consider a "adder which is restin! on !round and "eanin! a!ainst wa""s as shown in the fi!. Aet A 0 Aen!th of "adder w1 0 :ei!ht of "adder acts at midd"e of the "adder w&0 :ei!ht of man c"imbin! up acts at the distance 7 from the "ower end bf 0 co efficient of friction between f"oor and "adder bw 0 co efficient of friction between "adder and wa"" Aet us suppose "adder s"ips down wards 4f 0 friction produce between f"oor and "adder towards wa"" as "adder mo%es away from the wa"". 4w 0 friction produce between wa"" and "adder upwards as "adder mo%es down 'ards F' B R' .) ') A Ff 2 .+ .* '$ C
.$ 4or the sa+e of con%ince we consider that the friction at B is -ero i.e. the wa"" is perfect"y smooth. /ow ta+e the moment about B. Rf 7 A1 0 4f 7 A& D w& 7 A; D w17 A5 :here 4f 0 bf 7 Rf Rf E .$ F 0Wf E Rf E .)) H ') E .* H '$E .+ UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU A $imi"ar"y consider the friction at A is -ero i.e. the f"oor is perfect"y smooth as shown in fi!ure% F' B R' .) ') '$ A 2 .+ C
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.* Therefore :here .$ Rw 7 A& 0 4w 7 A1 D w1 7 A; D w&7 A5 4w 0 bw 7 Rw R' E .) F 0W' E R' E .$) H '$ E .* H ')E .+ UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU A
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E<AM(.E $ A horse e7erts a pu"" of ; */ just to mo%e a carria!e ha%in! a mass of 633 +!. #etermine the co efficient of friction between the whee" and the !round Ta+e ! 0 13 m1secT 1i?en P 0 ; */ Mass 0 m 0 633 *! ! 0 13 m1secT Re-uired co efficient of friction 0 a 0X IorCin, for"ula F F V R Solution we +now that : 0 m! : 0 633 7 13 0 6333 / A "itt"e consideration wi"" show that the wei!ht of the carria!e is e'ua" to the norma" reaction because that the body is hori-onta" to the p"ane as shown in fi! Therefore : 0 R and P 0 4 R Put the %a"ues in wor+in! formu"a we !et ;33 0 a 6333 a 0 3;>I ( Result co efficient of friction F B%*A: F ' F ", E<AM(.E ) A pu"" of 5=3 / inc"ined at ;3P to the hori-onta" is necessary to mo%e a b"oc+ of wood on a hori-onta" tab"e. f the coefficient of friction between to bodies in contact is 3.& what is the mass of the b"oc+ 1i?en P 0 5=3 / C 0 ;3P a 0 3.& Re-uired mass of b"oc+ 0X Solution /ow consider the fo""owin! dia!ram and a"so reso"%e the force P into hori-onta" and %ertica" components. R (F +LB N 2 Sine 2 ( Cosine 2 FF VR ' F ", /ow app"y the condition of e'ui"ibrium the forces actin! in 7 a7is is positi%e D ] 47 0 3 P Cosine C G 4 0 3 . >5 . www.jntuworld.com (
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P Cosine C G a R 0 3 5=3 Cosine ;3G 3.& 7 R 0 3 Therefore R F )$)$%A@) /ow consider the forces actin! in y a7is is positi%e D ] 4y0 3 R D P $ine C G : 0 3 R D P $ine C G m! 0 3 &1&1.>?& D 5=3 $ine ;3G m 7 =.61 0 3 m 0 &51.&?3 *! Result "ass of the 'ooden 3locC F )+$%)@B #,
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E<AM(.E * A body of mass 133 *! rests on hori-onta" p"ane the co efficient of friction between body and the p"ane 3.53. 4ind the wor+ done in mo%in! the body throu!h a distance of &3 m a"on! the p"ane. 1i?en m 0 133 *! a 0 3.53 d 0 &3 m Re-uired wor+ done 0X IorCin, for"ula 1 : 0 4 7 d & 4s 0 a R Solution we +now that R 0 : 0 m! R 0 : 0 13 7 =.61 0 =6.1 / Put the %a"ues in &nd wor+in! formu"a we !et 4s 0 3.53 7 =6.1 4s 0 ;=.&5 / /ow put the %a"ues in 1st wor+in! formu"a : 0 ;=.&5 7 &3 : 0 >56.6 / Resultant 'ei,ht F A+J%J N E<AM(.E + A wei!ht of I3 / is restin! on the hori-onta" tab"e and can be mo%ed by a hori-onta" force of &3 /. 4ind the co efficient of friction, the direction and ma!nitude of the resu"tant between norma" reaction and frictiona" force 1i?en Re-uired : 0 I3 / P 0 &3 / co efficient of friction 0 a 0X #irection 0 C 0X Resu"tant 0 $ 0X IorCin, for"ula 1 40aR ' F :B N & $ 0 RT D 4sT ; Tan C 0 a $o"ution put the %a"ue in 1st wor+in! formu"a P 0 &3 / 4s 0 a R &3 0 a 7 I3 F V F B%+ R put the %a"ue in the &nd wor+in! formu"a S $ 0 I3T D &3T S F :*%J: N Put the %a"ue in the ;rd wor+in! formu"a Tan C 0 a . >? . www.jntuworld.com
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Tan C 0 3.5 C 0&1.631P Result Co efficient of friction F V F B%+ irection F 2 F )$%JB$D Resultant F S F :*%J: N
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E<AM(.E : A "adder I m "on! rests on a hori-onta" !round and "eans a!ainst a smooth %ertica" wa"" at an an!"e >3P with the hori-onta". The wei!ht of the "adder is =33 / and acts at its midd"e. The "adder is at the point of s"idin!, when a man wei!hin! >I3 / stands on a run! 1.I m from the bottom of the "adder. Ca"cu"ate the coefficient of friction between the "adder and the f"oor. )%: " B )BD .+ E $%: " .* .) ') '$ ABD Ff A .$ C Rf 1i?en Aen!th of "eader 0 A 0 I m wei!ht of "eader 0 w1 0 =33 / :ei!ht of man 0 w& 0 >I3 / inc"ination of "eader 0 C 0 >3P #istance co%ered by man from bottom 0 1.I m Re-uired coefficient of frication between "adder and f"oor 0 bf 0X IorCin, for"ula Rf 7 A1 0 9bf 7 Rf 7 A&( D w& 7 A; D w17 A5 Solution we +now that Rf 0 w 1 D w & Rf 0 =33 D >I3 Rf 0 1?I3 / :e can ca"cu"ate A1, A&, by considerin! the !eometry of the fi!ure. /ow consider the trian!"e ABC Cos >3 0 A11A 0 A11I A1 0 1.>131 m And $in >3 0 A&1A 0 A&1I A& 0 5.?=6 m $imi"ar"y we can ca"cu"ate the A; Y A5 by considerin! the !eometry of the fi!ure $in &3 0 A51&.I A5 0 3.6I m And $in &3 0 A;1I.1.I A; 0 1.1=> m Put the %a"ues in the wor+in! formu"a to ca"cu"ate the coefficient of friction between the f"oor and "adder Rf 7 A1 0 9bf 7 Rf 7 A&( D w& 7 A; D w17 A5 1?I3 7 1.>131 0 bf 7 1?I3 7 5.?=6 D >I3 7 1.1=> D =33 7 3.6I
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Resultant
bf 0 3.15= Coefficient of friction F Wf F B%$:
E<ERCISE *
$% A b"oc+ ha%in! a mass of &&3 *! is restin! on a wooden tab"e what is the minimum force necessary to impart motion to the b"oc+ when the coefficient of friction between the b"oc+ and the tab"e is 3.&I. A n s: : * L N )% A 1& / force is just ab"e to s"ide a b"oc+ of wei!ht of 133 / on a hori-onta" p"ane board. :hat is the co efficient of frictionX :hat is the "east %a"ue of the inc"ination of the p"ane so as to a""ow the b"oc+ to s"ide downward by se"fX Ans: B%)$ and @%BD *% A b"oc+ of wood wei!hin! ; "b. rests on a hori-onta" tab"e. A hori-onta" force 1.&I "b. is just sufficient to cause it to s"ide. 4ind the coefficient of friction for the two surfaces and the an!"e of friction Ans: B%+) M ))%@D +% A b"oc+ of wood wei!hin! >.I +! rests on a hori-onta" tab"e and can just be mo%ed a"on! by a force e'ua" to & +! wei!ht. Another ; +! is p"aced on the b"oc+ what is the "east hori-onta" force which wi"" just mo%e the b"oc+ Ans: )%J C, M B%)@@A :% A body of wei!ht ? "b rests on a hori-onta" tab"e and the coefficient of friction between the two surfaces is 3.;&. :hat hori-onta" force wi"" be re'uired to start the body mo%in!X Ans: $%L) l3s @% A b"oc+ of wood of wei!ht &.I +! rests on a rou!h hori-onta" board and the coefficient of friction between the surfaces is 3.5 by means of strin! inc"ined at ;3P to the board. A pu"" is e7erted on the b"oc+ witch is just sufficient to ma+e it mo%e. Ca"cu"ate the amount of the pu"". Ans: B%L*J C,
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A% A body rests on a rou!h hori-onta" board. This is !radua""y ti"ted unti", when it is inc"ined at &&P to the hori-onta", the body be!ins to mo%e down the p"ane. :hat is the coefficient of friction between the body and the p"aneX f the body wei!hs &.I what is the ma!nitude of the force of friction when the body be!ins to s"ip. Ans: B%L*@ N J% A b"oc+ of wood rests on an inc"ined p"ane and the coefficient of friction between it and the p"ane is 3.;1. At what an!"e must the p"ane be inc"ined to the hori-onta" so that the b"oc+ be!ins to mo%e down the p"aneX Ans: $A%))D L% A b"oc+ rests on a hori-onta" board. The board is !radua""y ti"ted upward and the b"oc+ be!ins to s"ide down the board when the an!"e of inc"ination is C1 is &1P. After the b"oc+ starts mo%in!, it is found that it +eep s"idin! at constant speed when the an!"e of ti"t is 1IP. 4ind the coefficient of static friction and the coefficient of dynamic friction between the b"oc+ and the board. Ans: B*J+ M B%)@J $B% A body of wei!ht is &3 "b is p"aced on a rou!h inc"ined p"ane whose s"ope ;>P. if the coefficient of friction between the p"ane and the body is 3.& find the "east force actin! para""e" to the p"ane re'uired To pre%ent the body by s"idin! down Ans: J%J+) l3s To pu"" the body up the p"ane Ans: $:%)* l3s $$% A uniform "adder of "en!th ;.&I m and wei!hin! &I3 / is p"aced a!ainst a smooth %ertica" wa"" with its "ower end 1.&Im from the wa"". The coefficient of friction between the "adder and f"oor is 3.;. :hat is the frictiona" force actin! on the "adder at the point of contact between the "adder and the f"oorX Ans: :)%BJ* N
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CHA(/ER +
CEN/RE OF 1RA7I/9
The center of !ra%ity is a point where who"e the wei!ht of the body act is ca""ed center of !ra%ity. As we +now that e%ery partic"e of a body is attracted by the earth towards its center with a ma!nitude of the wei!ht of the body. As the distance between the different partic"es of a body and the center of the earth is the same, therefore these forces may be ta+en to act a"on! para""e" "ines. A point may be found out in a body, throu!h which the resu"tant of a"" such para""e" forces acts. This point, throu!h which the who"e resu"tant 9wei!ht of the body acts, irrespecti%e of its position, is +nown as center of !ra%ity 9brief"y written as C.G(. t may be noted that e%ery body has one and on"y one center of !ra%ity. CEN/ROI The p"ane fi!ures 9"i+e trian!"e, 'uadri"atera", circ"e etc.( ha%e on"y areas, but no mass. The center of area of such fi!ures is +nown as Centroid. The method of findin! out the Centroid of a fi!ure is the same as that of findin! out the center of !ra%ity of a body. A<IS OF REFERENCE The center of !ra%ity of a body is a"ways ca"cu"ated with referrer to some assumed a7is +nown as a7is of reference. The a7is of reference, of p"ane fi!ures, is !enera""y ta+en as the "owest "ine of the fi!ure for ca"cu"atin! y and the "eft "ine of the fi!ure for ca"cu"atin! 7. ME/HO S FOR CEN/RE OF 1RA7I/9 OF SIM(.E FI1&RES The center of !ra%ity 9or Centroid( may be found out by any one of the fo""owin! methods . By !eometrica" considerations &. By moments method ;. By !raphica" method $ Center of 1ra?it! 3! 1eo"etrical Considerations The center of !ra%ity of simp"e fi!ures may be found out from the !eometry of the fi!ure A) /he center of ,ra?it! of plane fi,ure $% The center of ! of uniform rod is at its midd"e point. A B .
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Center of !ra%ity 0 A 1 & from point A or B )% The center of !ra%ity of a rectan!"e is at a point, where its dia!ona"s meet each other. t is a"so a mid point of the "en!th as we"" as the breadth of the rectan!"e as shown in fi! C G 0 A1& from A# or BC h from AB or #C h A . B G 0 h1& Area 0 A 7
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*% The center of !ra%ity of a s'uare is a point, where its dia!ona"s meet each other. t is a mid point of its side as shown in fi! G 0 a1& from any side a Area 0 &7 a
a +. The center of !ra%ity of a para""e"o!ram is at a point, where its dia!ona"s meet each other. t is a"so a mid point of the "en!th as we"" as the hei!ht of the para""e"o!ram as shown in fi! C G 0 A1& from A# or BC h from AB or #C 7h A B . :. The center of !ra%ity of a trian!"e is at the point, where the three medians 9a median is a "ine connectin! the %erte7 and midd"e point of the opposite side( of the trian!"e meet as shown in 4i!. C G 0 &h1; from point C h 0 h1; from point A,B A rea 0 b 7 h & A 3 B G G 0 h1& Area 0 A
@. The center of !ra%ity of the circ"e is the center of the circ"e
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G 0 r or d1& from any point from the circumference Area 0 7 rT A% The center of !ra%ity of the semi circ"e is at a distance 5 r1; from diameter AB G 0 5 r1; from diameter AB Area 0 7 rT ) 1 A B
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J% The center of !ra%ity of 'uarter circu"ar at a distance 5 r1; from diameter AC C G 0 5 r1; from radius AC Area 0 7 rT 5 A r L% The center of !ra%ity of sector is at a distance &rsinC1;C from center c. r &rsinC1;C Area 0 C 7 rT O R $B. The center of !ra%ity of a trape-ium is at a distance of h1;7 cbD&a1bDad form the side AB as shown in 4i!. a G0h b ; bDa h h Area 0 h 9a D b( & 3 $$% The center of !ra%ity semi circu"ar arc is at distance & r1 from AB AB 1 &7r A B G 0 & r1 from Aen!th of Arc 0 1 b D &a G0 B
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J% The center of !ra%ity of 'uarter arc is at a distance & r1 B G 0 & r1 Aen!th of arc AB 0 r 1& G A r B) /HE CEN/RE OF 1RA7I/9 OF SO.I BO 9 $% The center of !ra%ity of a sphere is at a distance r from any point G 0 r or d1& from any point from the circumference Jo"ume of sphere 0 5 7 7 re ;
)% The center of !ra%ity of a hemisphere is at a distance of ;r16 from its base, as shown in fi!. G0;7r 6 Jo"ume of sphere 0 & 7 7 re ;
*% The !ra%ity of ri!ht circu"ar so"id cone is at a distance h15 from its base, measured a"on! the %ertica" a7is G 0 h15 Jo"ume of cone 0 1 7 7 rT 7 h ;
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+% The center of !ra%ity of a cube is at a distance of h15 from e%ery face 9where h is the "en!th of each side(. G 0 h15 Jo"ume of cube 0 "en!th 7 width 7 hei!ht
:% The center of !ra%ity of a cy"inder is h1& from diameter AB G 0 h1& Jo"ume of cy"inder 0 h
7 rT 7 h
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CEN/RE OF 1RA7I/9 B9 MOMEN/S The center of !ra%ity of a body may a"so be found out by moments as discussed be"ow% Consider a body of mass M whose center of !ra%ity is re'uired to be found out. /ow di%ide the body into sma"" strips of masses whose centers of !ra%ity are +nown as shown in fi! ! E$
E) E* E E Aet m1, m&, m; ff. 0 mass of strips 1, &, ;, 71, 7&, and 7;f 0 the correspondin! perpendicu"ar distance or the center of !ra%ity of strips from O a7is Accordin! to principa" of moment M 7 0 m1 71 D m& 7& D m; 7; M70]m7 EFT"E 1 M :here ] m 0 m1 D m& D m; D ffff.. And ] 7 0 71 D 7& D 7; D fffff.. $imi"ar"y !FT"! & M The p"ane !eometrica" fi!ures 9such as T.section, 1.section, A.section etc.( ha%e on"y areas but no mass the center of !ra%ity of such fi!ures is found out in the same way as that of so"id bodies. Therefore the abo%e two e'uations wi"" become EFTaE A E F a$ E$ H a) E) H a* E* HXXX a$ H a) H a* HXX ! F Ta ! A ! F a$ !$ H a) !) H a* !* HXXX
2r
2r
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a$ H a) H a* HXXX
E<AM(.E + Find the center of ,ra?it! of a $BB "" E $:B "" E *B "" /;section% As sho'n in the fi, $BB "" *B "" $:B ""
1i?en
Hei!ht 0 1I3 mm width 0 133 mm thic+ ness 0 ;3 mm Re-uired center of !ra%ity 0 y 0X IorCin, for"ulae ! F Ta ! or ! F a$ !$ H a) !) H a* !* HXXX A a$ H a) H a* HXXX Solution Y Bod! Area ""G istance 0!) "" $ Rectan!u"ar ABC# a1 0 133 7 ;3 0 ;333 ;31& 0 1I ) Rectan!u"ar E4GH a& 0 91I3 G ;3( 7 ;3 0 ;?33 1I3.;31& 0 1;I ] 0 =?33 Put in the wor+in! formu"a y 0 ]a y 0 I;1333 O 0 =5.3= mm A =?33 Result center of ,ra?it! F L+%BL "" E<AM(.E ) Find the center of ,ra?it! of a channel section $BB "" E :B"" E $: ""% A B C E $BB "" 1
Area E ! ;333 7 1I 0 5I3 ;?33 71;I0 56? T F I;1333
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F I :B ""
H $: "" S
Re-uired center of !ra%ity 0X IorCin, for"ula 7 0 a1 71 D a& 7& D a; 7; Dfff a1 D a& D a; Dff
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Solution Consider the rectan!"e ABC Area 0 a1 0 I3 7 1I 0 >I3 mmT 71 0 I3 1 & 0 &I mm Consider the rectan!"e CE4G Area 0 a& 0 9133 .1I.1I( 7 1I 0 13I3 mmT 7&1 0 1I 1 & 0 >.I mm Consider the rectan!"e 4H V Area 0 a; 0 I3 7 1I 0 >I3 mmT 7; 0 I3 1 & 0 &I mm Put the %a"ues in the wor+in! formu"a 7 0 a1 71 D a&7& D a; 7; 0 >I3 7 &I D 13I3 7 >.I 7 >I3 7 &I a 1 D a& D a; &I D >.I D &I 7 0 1> .6 mm Result Center of ,ra?it! F $A%J "" CEN/RE OF 1RA7I/9 OF &NS9MME/RICA. SEC/IONS $ometimes, the !i%en section, whose center of !ra%ity is re'uired to be found out, is not symmetrica" either about 7. a7is or y.a7is. n such cases, we ha%e to find out both the %a"ues of center of !ra%ity of 7 and y which means with reference to 7 a7is and y a7is E<AM(.E * Find the centroid of an une-ual an,le section $BB "" E JB "" E )B""% C
$BB "" F A 1 )B "" B E JB "" Re-uired center of !ra%ity 0X IorCin, for"ula 7 0 a1 71 D a& 7& a1 D a& y 0 a1 y1 D a& y& a1 D a& Y Bod! Area ""G $ Rectan!u"ar ABC# a1 0 133 7 &3 . =1 . www.jntuworld.com
0 &333
istance 0E) "" 71 0 &3113 013
istance 0!) y1 01331& 0 I3
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) Rectan!u"ar BE4G
a& 0 963 G &3( 7 &3 0 1&33
7& 0 &3 G ?31& 0I3
y& 0 &31& 0 13
Put the %a"ue in the first wor+in! formu"a 7 0 a1 71 D a& 7& 0 9&333 7 13 ( D 91&33 7 I3( 7 0 &I mm a1 D a& 13 D ?3 y 0 a1 y1 D a& y& 0 9 &333 7 I3 ( D 91&33 7 13( y 0 ;I mm a1 D a& 13 D ?3 Result E F ): "" ! F *: "
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CEN/RE OF 1RA7I/9 OF SO.I BO IES The center of !ra%ity of so"id bodies 9such as hemisphere, cy"inder, ri!ht circu"ar so"id cone etc( is found out in the same way as that of the p"ane fi!ures. The on"y difference between the p"ane and so"id bodies is that in the case of so"id bodies we ca"cu"ate %o"umes instead of areas E<AM(.E + A so"id body formed by joinin! the base of a ri!ht circu"ar cone of hei!ht H to the e'ua" base of ri!ht circu"ar cy"inder of hei!ht h. ca"cu"ate the distance of the center of !ra%ity of the so"id from its p"ane face when H 0 1&3 mm and h 0 ;3 mm 1i?en cy"inder hei!ht 0 h 0 ;3 mm Ri!ht circu"ar cone 0 H 0 1&3 mm center of !ra%ity
Re-uired $)B "" IorCin, for"ula
0X
y 0 %1 y1 D %& y& %1 D %& Solution Consider the cy"inder *B "" Jo"ume of cy"inder 0 g 7 rT 7 ;3 0 =5.&6? rT C.G of cy"inder 0 y1 0 ;31& 0 1Imm /ow consider the ri!ht circu"ar cone Jo"ume of cone 0 g1; 7 rT 7 1&3 0 ;>>.15; rT C.G of cone 0 y& 0 ;3 D 1&315 0 ?3 mm Put the %a"ues in the formu"a y 0 %1 y1 D %& y& 0 =5.&6? rT 7 1I D ;>>.15; rT 7 ?3 %1 D %& =5.&6? rT D;>>.15; rT y 0 53.> mm Result center of ,ra?it! F +B%A "" CEN/RE OF 1RA7I/9 OF SEC/IONS II/H C&/ O&/ HO.ES The center of !ra%ity of such a section is found out by considerin! the main section@ first as a comp"ete one and then deductin! the area of the cut out ho"e that is ta+in! the area of the cut out ho"e as ne!ati%e. /ow substitutin! the area of the cut out ho"e as ne!ati%e, in the !enera" e'uation for the center of !ra%ity, so the e'uation wi"" become 7 0 a1 71 . a& 7& a1 . a& . =; . www.jntuworld.com
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2r
y 0 a1 y1 . a& y& a1 . a&
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E<AM(.E : A semicirc"es of =3 mm radius is cut out from a trape-ium as shown in fi! find the position of the center of !ra%ity C a F )BB ""
h F $)B ""
A B 3 F *BB "" LB "" 1i?en /rapeUiu" ABC b 0 ;33 mm a 0 &33 mm h 0 1&3 mm $emicirc"e radius 0 r 0 =3 mm IorCin, For"ula y 0 a1 y1 . a& y& a1 . a& Solution Area of trape-ium 0 a D b 7 h 0 &33 D ;33 7 1&3 0 ;3333 mmT & & centre of !ra%ity of tra-e-ium 0 y1 0 h 0 c b D & ad ; bDa 5 y1 0 1&3 c ;33 D & 7 &33d 0 I? mm ; ;33 D &33 5 Area of semicirc"e 0 area of the circ"e 0 g rT 0 g =3T 0 6=133 mmT & & & Center of !ra%ity of the semicirc"e 0 5 r 0 5 =3 0 ;6.16; ;g ;g Put the %a"ues in wor+in! formu"a y 0 ;3333 7 I? G 6=133 7 ;6.16; ;3333 . 6=133 Result Center of the ,ra?it! F @L%$ ""
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E<ERCISE +
$% An section has the fo""owin! dimensions in mm units. Top f"an!e 0 1I3 7 I3 Bottom f"an!e 0 ;33 7133 :eb 0 ;33 7 I3 4ind the center of !ra%ity 9centroid( Ans: $@B%A "" )% A uniform "amina shown in fi! consists of rectan!"e, a semi circ"e and a trian!"e. 4ind the centre of !ra%ity
Ans: A$%$ "" *% 4ind the centre of !ra%ity of T section with f"an!e 1I3 mm 7 13 mm and web a"so 133 mm 7 13 mm. $:B $B
$:B ""
Ans: $$: "" +% 4ind the center of !ra%ity a T section with top f"an!e 133 mm 7 &3 mm web &33 mm 7 ;3 mm and the bottom f"an!e ;33 mm 7 53 mm $BB "" )B ""
)BB "" *B ""
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+B "" *BB "" Ans: AL""
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:% 4ind the center of !ra%ity of an une'ua" an!"e section 13 cm 7 1? cm 7 & cm
$B c" ) c" $@ c" Ans: :%@A "" and )%@A "" @% A body consists of a ri!ht circu"ar so"id cone of hei!ht 53 mm and radius ;3 mm p"aced on a so"id hemisphere of radius ;3 mm of the same materia" find the position of the center of !ra%ity of the body
+B ""
*B""
Ans: )J%+ "" A% A hemisphere of ?3 mm diameter is p"aced on the top of the cy"inder ha%in! ?3 mm diameter. 4ind the center of !ra%ity of the body from the base of the cy"inder if its hei!ht is 133 mm. Ans: @B%) "" J% A semicircu"ar area is remo%ed from a trape-ium as shown in fi! determine the position of the center of !ra%ity
@B "" . =6 . www.jntuworld.com
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*B "" +B "" Ans +B ""
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L% A circu"ar ho"e of I3 mm diameter is cut out from a circu"ar disc of 133 mm diameter as shown in fi! find the center of !ra%ity of the section
$BB ""
:B ""
Ans: +$%A "" $B% 4ind the center of !ra%ity of a semicircu"ar section ha%in! outer and inner diameters of &33 mm and 1?3 mm respecti%e"y as shown in fi!.
$@B "" )BB "" Ans: :A%: ""
?ideoZcet%iitC,p%ernet%in :ww.ceton"ine.iit+!p.ernet.in

Engineering Mechanics Notes

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Engineering Mechanics Notes

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Introduction /Basic concept

Mechanics of Ri!id bodies

Mechanics of #eformed bodies

Anal!tical "ethod . 13 . www.jntuworld.com

+)D @BD :N + l3 Ans: $)%$J N M )@%BAD Ans: J%A$J l3 M *@%:J:D

$B N $+BD *BD Ans )@ N M @A%*JD N M @L%B:LD 'ith E;aEis% ) Ans: )L%J)@

*BD 1i?en) 0 ;3P Re-uired 4orce 0 4 0 &33 / #irection 0C

Hori-onta" components 0 47 0X Jertica" components 0 4y 0X

6.? cm 7 &3 0 1>& . &; .

Ans : *A%: N " clocC'ise clocC'ise

=. The tow"ine e7erts a force of P 0 5 +/ at the end of the &3

Moment about 2 ]M 0 Moment about 2 due to 4 D moment about 2 due to G4 . 5? . www.jntuworld.com

E<AM(.E L eter"ine the "o"ent of couple actin, on the "o"ent sho'n%

4;0 & */.

1i?en $pan 0 A 0 5m. Aoad 0 P 0 I +/. Re-uired RA 0X RC 0X

$* 4ind the reaction at the points as shown in dia!ram

$+ 4ind the reaction at the points as shown in dia!ram

$% #etermine the ma!nitude of 41 and 4& so that the partia" is in e'ui"ibrium

TAB TA# Cosine 3 TA#

TAB 0 TA# $ine 3

=3 &5I&.I $ine =3 &5I&.I

E8&I.IBRI&M OF A HORI>ON/A. (.ANE

2 ' Cos 2 '

Case )) Ihen the force is parallel to the plane R (

2 ' Cos 2 '

bf 0 3.15= Coefficient of friction F Wf F B%$:

@. The center of !ra%ity of the circ"e is the center of the circ"e

Area E ! ;333 7 1I 0 5I3 ;?33 71;I0 56? T F I;1333

istance 0E) "" 71 0 &3113 013

istance 0!) y1 01331& 0 I3

a& 0 963 G &3( 7 &3 0 1&33

7& 0 &3 G ?31& 0I3

Re-uired $)B "" IorCin, for"ula

y 0 a1 y1 . a& y& a1 . a&

)BB "" *B ""

+B "" *BB "" Ans: AL""

:% 4ind the center of !ra%ity of an une'ua" an!"e section 13 cm 7 1? cm 7 & cm

*B "" +B "" Ans +B ""

$@B "" )BB "" Ans: :A%: ""

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$B N $+BD BD Ans )@ N M @A%JD N M @L%B:LD 'ith E;aEis% ) Ans: )L%J)@