lkErlaLrlkfgR;s ;FkkFkZfu:i.

ke~ %
leL;k% lEHkkoukp
g"kZnsoekko%
foe'kZ u kReds cUks fLeu~ lkErla L rlkfgR;s
;FkkFkZfu:i.ka dFkeLrhfr fu:I;rsA v=k i=ketw"kk]
dk{ks.k ohf{kra] e`x;k bR;k|kkqfudjpkukH;% lUnHkkZu~
m`R; ;FkkFkZfu:i.kdkj% foe`';rsA
O;kogkfjdL; fpjifjfprL; nSfudthouL; ukuko`kkUrkuka rkS ljyk;ka]
yksdO;ogkj;qkQk;ka 'kSY;ka fu:i.ka ;FkkFkZoknks okLrooknks ok dF;rs lkfgR;sA
vfLeu~ okns
()

Hkk"k;k lkjY;e~

()

?kVukuka lw{efu:i.ke~

()

ok.kZu"s kq lR;kHkkl% (Veri similitude)

()

furkUreko';dkfu rokfu lfUrA

()

vL; oknL; iqjLdrkZj% dfo&ys[kdk e;efuEuoxZe;L; lektL;

fu:i.ka dqoZfUrA

()

v=k e;efuEuoxZL; fujk'kkuka] oSiQY;L;] mis{kk;kf'p=k.ka HkofrA

vkMXyHkk"kk;ka pkYlZ fMdUlckY>kd&,fey >ksyk rksYLrks;~Hk`rhuka

lkfgR;L; ewY;kue~ vusu oknsuSo drq 'kD;efLrA
lkekftdks okLrookn% (Social Realism)
v;a okn% lkE;oknpkjkFk jf';kns'ks leqRi-k%A vU;lkE;okfnuka ns'ksL;
pkjks tkr%A v;a okn% dykdkja ltZda ok lektokfn&jkT;L; (socialist)

laLr&foe'kZ%

k.kHkwrea eU;rsA lektokn;qkQs lekts ;s ;s 'uk% orZUrs rs"kka fu:i.ke=k

dykdkjL; p ltZdL; kku;s;efLrA
fulxZoknL; frf;k:is.k oknks;a s{;rs leh{kdS%A
okLrooknL; lEcUk% okLrfodr;k HkofrA v=k ;FkkFkZfu:i.ka
LoHkkoksDR;k f;rsA roKkus okLrfodrk;k vFkZ% vU; ,o Hkorhfr fle~A
LoHkkoksfkQekxsZ.k xUrqekSfpR;efi vko';da orZrs] LoHkkoksfkQ% dsoyefHkkk u
HkosfnR;fi dfouk fpfUrrO;e~A
vrks fuEufyf[krk fopkjk voks;k%A
()

dyk;k% dk; fo'ookLroL; fo'oluh;ekys[kua Hkofr] lR;e~ ,oa

fud"k:is.k orZrsA

()

tuyhouL; 'uk% lkfgR;s fuHkZ;r;k LrksrO;k%A

()

lkekftd&vkFkd kked ykSfddfo"kerkuka fp=k.keko';de~A

()

fuEuoxhZ ; lektL; lq [ knq % [kiw . kkZ f Hk% dFkkfHk% la o s n uk;k

n;fonkjdkuqHkwfr% f;rsA

()

lkekftD;k vfHkKrk;k% dVhdj.ke~A

()

tothouL; dqfRlr {kq&rqPNk y

hyk'kkuka Li"V'kCnSo.z kZue~A tkrh;thou
ukuka xYHka fu:i.ka okLrooknL; fo"k;ksfLrA

()

okLrooknk; vusds i;kZ;k% ;qT;UrsA ;Fkk

(1) Naive Realism (2) Naturalist Realism (3) Poetic Realism
(4) Psychological Realism (5) Dynamic Realism (6) New
Realism (7) Subjective Realism (8) Objective Realism
(9) Socialist Realism (10) Conscious Realism.

()

lkfgR;dkjs.k cfgo oL; okLrfodrk;k% iqufuekZ.ka u drZO;e~] fdUrq

rkoso viwokZ;k okLrfodrk;k ltZua drZO;efLrA

()

ifjorrlektL; ifjorr jhfr&laLdkj&fopkjkkjk&Hkkokosxkuka fu:i.ka

;FkfkZoknL; ;s;efLrA

lkErlaLrlkfgR;s ;FkkFkZfu:i.ke~ % leL;k% lEHkkouk p

() lkfgR;dkj% dkseyyfyrinkoyhR;kxiwoZda ddZ'k&frkQ&okLroik

oZorU;k Hkk"k;k oj.ka djksfrA
() ;U=klwrk;k thou'kSY;k ;kfU=kdhdj.ka] lkekU;tunqnZ'kk] uxjlH;rk;k
nw"k.kkfu&bR;kn;ks fo"k;k% lfUrA
() ;U=klwrk;k thou'kSY;k ;kfU=kdhdj.ka] lkekU;tunqnZ'kk] uxjlH;rk;k
nw"k.kkfu&bR;kn;ks fo"k;k% lfUrA
() misf{kr& lekta fr d#.kk'khyr;k ltZdL; ekuork;qDr% Loj% Jksrqa
'kD;ks=kA
laLrs ds'kopUnk'k&cuekyhfc oky&dykukFk'kkfL=k&ukjk;.knk'k&
jktsUfeJ&jkkkoYyHkknhuka x|lkfgR;s] ukxktqZu jkkkoYyHk&g"kZnsoekko&
i'kkfL=k&jkenso&jekdkU'kqDy&ouekyh fo okyknhuka dkO;s"kq okLro;qrk
jpukkerk njhn`';rsA
oLrqr% dkO;Roefi L;kr~A ;Fkk
vkxzkekr~ ljda u ;konklhr~ rkoPp nq%[ka ija ljda rwixra p
rnuqyXuk foif.kLreklkfnrkA o`fkLrRln`'kh p r;ksisrk lo rqykrksyuhAA
vU;r~ LoHkkoksfkQiw.k fp=ka i';rq
Lo[kyn{kjekykfHkyqZyqfyrelhfcUnqfHkO;kZIre~A
fyf[kra Lo;ekuhra yxqMdjs.kkurxk=ks.kAA
o`su O;kdqfyrka n`"V f{kirk osiFkqerkL;ke~A
i=ka ew"kk;ka f{kIra gLrsu dfEirsuAA
orZ e kudkys loZ o Lrw u ka O;kikjhdj.ka HkofrA euq " ;thouefi]
euq";kfLrRoefi foi.kkS srO;a oLrq lkkre~A i';rq dkO;esda xtyfokk;ke~A
fo;kFk lekxrrks foi.kkSA
fu";kFk lekxrks foi.kkSAA
uSo tkus egk?kZrka Lok;ke~A
;ffera pkfjrks foi.kkSAA

laLr&foe'kZ%

dks uq eka s";rhg dSewZY;S%\

osf ukga] n'krks foi.kkSAA
czk.kks ok o`.kksrq pk.Mky%A
L;keqHkkH;ka lekn`rks foi.kkSA
LokfHkekuL; lFkk O;FkkA
uS"k iUFkk% leFkrks foi.kkSAA
Lo.kZ'kkdkoqHkkofr {kf.kdkSA
vk'kq foh;rs ;rks foi.kkSAA
v=k ?kVrsf[kya >fVR;so
kfXopkjks u n`';rs foi.kkSAA
LoSjeqRlk;Zrs=k lRiq#"k%A
yEiVks Hkkfr lRrks foi.kkSAA
Dokij=kkFkZflfjkrkZuke~A
dkM~{;rsFkks xosf"krks foi.kkSAA
(^vfHkjkt* MkW- jktsUfeJL;)
dnkfpn~ oksfkQekxZs.k y{k.kk;k% ;ksxsu ;FkkFkZL; fp=k.ka HkofrA
;Fkk
fo; % - - - Sate . . . fo;%
v=k yH;rs fouk ga
fdyksfersu ;.ksu lg
lkkZfdyksferk opukA
loZdkjfu;qDR;k lg
dk;ZpkS; fouk ewY;e~
vfi p
mRdkspykHkksfi fu% 'kqYd% la;qkQksfLrA
fuokZpus
fot;su lg
Hkz"VkpkjL; orZr migkj;kstukA
ijh{kkek.ki=kS% lg

lkErlaLrlkfgR;s ;FkkFkZfu:i.ke~ % leL;k% lEHkkouk p

lrkfLr
o`fkkIR;RFk fpUrkA
Hkoku~ tkukR;so ;r~
ekuork;k ukfLr ewY;e~
vr%
fo;dkys f{kIrk lk ekxsZA
;fn Hkors #fprk L;kr~ - - - - - -AA
dnkfpn~ O;kuk;k% ;ksxus oSfp=;ekxZ.k ^lfUufk* ;ksx.k ok (Juxta
posision) ;FkkFkZfu:i.ka ekeda HkofrA ;Fkk ^jko.kjkT;e~* ^ekufp=kiwj.k
u%* bR;kfn"kq dkO;s"kqA
leL;k % ;Fkk okLrofu:i.ka 'kUnSjsokfHkk;k f;rs rnk okLroL;
fp=k.ke~ vukd"kZda Hkofr] dnkfpr~ dfo#ins'kdks keZxq#HkZofr] dkO;Roa
'kCnsH;% lzalrsA ;Fkk
i;kZIra ojfir`okfNrkua nkrqa u 'kkQks ;fn
iq=kh rL; fpja fookgfofkrks yksds Hkosn~ ofprkA
ns'ksfLeij=k ;kfi cgq'k% fi=kksO;ZFkk ihfMrk%
dU;k% dkfpnlwu~ Lo;a tfux`gs eqpfUr ik'kko`rk%AA
,oa LorU=ks [kyq Hkkjrs ;k
dqjhfrjs"kk l`rk p.MkA
rL;k% lewyksn~kj.kk; yksdks
yksds oj pkfi ckskuh;kSAA
(fo|k'kj f=kikBh*] LorU=kHkkjrs Hk;kogk ;kSrqdFkk)
dnkfpn~ frHk;k jfgra okLrofu:i.ka ckyys[kuoYy{;rsA r=k u
dkO;xq.kk% r=k u dkO;xq.kk%] u dkfpPpeRfr%] u oksfkQjfi HkofrA ;Fkk
ok;ksodkjkPN~oluL; nks"kk
Lrh{.kofu psn~ cfkjk HkofUrA
vsu n`"Vsu eyL; ihMk
O;kksodklks fg 'kjhjuk'k%AA
(ds'kojke'keZ.k% ^i;kZoj.ke~* rkS)

laLr&foe'kZ%

gfj pU&js.kkiqjdjL; uSdklq jpuklq lkErfo oL; oS[k;k fu:i.ks

u dkO;Roa LiUnrsA ,oa cgc% do;% lkEr?kVuko.kZuus dkO;RoflfefHky"kfUrA
fdUrq R;sda okja rR{k.keso jpukiVqRos dkO;Roa foLe;ZrsA lkErokLroL;]
?kVukuka ok 'kCnsga fokkrqa dfouk rh{kk drZO;SoA vU;Fkk vuqHkwr;% fpjLFkkf;U;ks
u Hkos;q%A ;Fkk
foekukigkjsPN;k#g~; ;kua
u`'klS% les"kka ra fnd~fikkue~A
rFkk=kkl;u~ ;kf=kdku~ LokFkZyhuk%
u 'kD;k n'kk o.kZuh;kfrnhukAA
(^deykik.Ms;k* foekukigj.ke~A)
v=k ;fn x|s i~Dr;% L;qLrnk vfHkkk;k ,o HkqRoL; vuqHko%
L;kr~A v=k ?kVuk;k% lkekU;o.kZuesokfLrA ,oeso lkef;ds"kq vlM~[; jpuk
okLroL; furkUrafu:i.ka Rok rq"V yHkUrsA vfLeu~ pps laLrL; eq[kk%
do;ksfi o'khHkwrk orZUrsA xs;rk ok NUnksuSiq.;su dkO;Roa u tk;rsA
dnkfpnfrljy'kS Y ;ka okLrofu:i.ks dkO;Roa tk;rs A ;Fkk
rsyqxqdkO;esde~
'kS'kos
iqkfydk;k ekrk HkwRok lkHkoe~A
vkquk Roga
ekrk p iqkfydk pkfLeA
(vuk;k% dkO;fene~)
laLrdfofHkokZLroL; fu:i.ka dkS'kY;su lkokkur;k p drZO;fefres
efr%A
lUnHkZ
-

Vksihokyk MkW- pUdkUr%] ijs'kuk;d%] g"kZonu% f=kosnh ^vkkkqfud lkfgR; laKk dks'k*
xqtjkrh lkfgR; ifj"kn] venkokne~ % i`-
vkkqfud lkfgR;laKk dks'k% i`
eksndqekj% iVsy ^lkfgR; eka okLrokn* ys[k% la- ve`ryky ;kfKd vkSj vU; ^lkfgR;
okn* uoHkkjr lkfgR; efUnj] venkokn] i`- &

lkErlaLrlkfgR;s ;FkkFkZfu:i.ke~ % leL;k% lEHkkouk p

-

egkjktnhuik.Ms;% ^dk{ks.k ohf{kre~* leh{kk ifCyds'ku] fnYyh] i`-

f=kikBhjkkkoYyHk% ^i=kew"kk* dkO;e~] laIyo%] frHkkdk'kue~] fnYyh ] i`-
g"kZnsoekko% ^Li'kZyTtkdkseyk Le`fr%* ik oZ ifCyds'ku] ] i`-
g"kZnsoekko% ^e`x;k*] ik oZ ifCyds'ku] i`-
la- fo|k'kj f=kikBh] HkqukFk f}osnh ^laLrokfXoykl% f}rh;ksUes"k%]* ek;k dk'ku]
lUrjfonkluxje~] ] i`- &
vokZphu laLre~ @&] i`-
ks=k fo|k'kjf=kikBh] ks- HkqukFk f}osnh ^laLrokx~foykl%* FkeksUes"k%] ek;kdk'ku]
lUrjfonkluxje~] % i`
la- uwru tkuh ^fo odfork% dfork rqyuk* Jherh ,u-Mh- Bkdjlh fo|kihB] eqEcbZ]
% i`-