This glossary was intiated by Dhakilallah Al Adwani in May 1999 and then updated and extended by Hassan Salem

Hassan in August, 2 !" A A##essory minerals$ minerals that only make up a small proportion of the rock; typically, these do not enter into the rock classification A#i#ular$ needle-like crystal shape Aerobi#$ organisms that require oxygen Aggregate$ a particle composed of multiple crystals Algal stromatolites$ see stromatolites Allo#hems$ term introduced by Folk (196 ! for carbonate particles that ha"e formed by chemical or biochemical precipitation# $he main groupsare fossil fragments, ooids,pellets, intraclasts# Allo#hthonous$ refers to carbonate particles that formed outside the basin of deposition (implies substantial transport!# Amorphous$ a substance that has no crystalline structure Anhedral$ a descripti"e term for crystal that does not sho% %ell-defined crystallographic form# Argilla#eous limestone$ a limestone containing substantial clay component# &ee marl# Aragonite$ 'n orthorhombic polymorph of (a()*# Authigeni#$ describes a mineral that precipitated from aqueous solution into pore space, either primary or secondary, %ithin a rock Auto#hthonous$ refers to carbonate particles formed %ithin the basin of deposition + %a&&lestone$ a limestone rock that composed of sediments trapped by baffling organisms (introduced by ,mbry and -lo"an, 19.1! a

%enthi#$ refers to organisms that li"e on the sediment surface %indstone$ a rock that composed of tabular organisms binding and encrusting %ith micritic matrix (introduced by ,mbry and -lo"an, 19.1! %io#lasti#$ a rock that contains a considerable amount of skeletal particles %io#hemi#al ro#k$ a sedimentary rock made up of deposits resulting from life processes of organisms %iogeni# ro#k$ a sedimentary rock originated by physiological pf organisms, such as coral reef %ioherm$ a mound like body of rock consisting of skeletal grains of corals, algae, sponges and other marine organisms# &ee reef# %iolithite$ refers to a limestone formed by an organic frame%ork that has not been transported# %iomi#rite$ limestone composed of skeletal grains and micritic matrix as groundmass (Folk, 19 9, 196/! %iosparite$ limestone composed of skeletal grains and sparry cement as groundmass (Folk, 19 9, 196/! %iostrome$ a bedded mass of rocks that composed entirely of skeletal remains %ird's(eye stru#ture$ lensoid pores that are larger than the normal intergranular spaces# 0ay be filled %ith sparry cement and are typically obser"ed fine-grainedlimestones and dolomites# &ynonymous %ith fenestral fabric %hich, %hen laminated, is usually formed by intertidal cyanobacterial mats# %ire&ringen#e$ an optical property of crystal in %hich a single ray of light can be split into t%o rays of unequal "elocities and each "ibrating in different directions# %laded$ describes an elongated and flattened sparry calcite cement %ith a length-to-%idth ratiobet%een 1# 11 and 611 %lo#ky #ement$ large crystals of square to rectangular sparry calcite cement

%lue(green algae and)or blue(green cyanobacteria and cyanobacteriall mats

algal

mat$ no%

kno%n

as

%otryoidal &abri#$ an aggregate of crystals, typically fine-grained and fibrous, shaped like a bunch of grapes %oundstone$ a limestone sho%ing e"idence that the grains being deposited %ere bound by organisms or that they are part of a frame%ork constructed by organisms (introduced by 2unham 196/! * *al#arenite$ limestone composed entirely of carbonate grains in si3e range range of sand; kno%n also as calcareous sandstone *al#areous oo+e$ "ery fine (micritic! calcareous skeletal sediments, typically dominated by nannoplankton and deposited in a deep sea en"ironment *al#ilutite$ limestone rock composed microcrystalline calcite (lime mud! predominantly of

*al#irudite$ limestone rock composed predominantly of carbonate grains larger than sand si3e #al#ite$ a hexagonal polymorph of (a()*# *al#iti+ation$ addition of calcite to a rock "olume through either cementation or replacement; most common usage refers to replacement of minerals such as aragonite, dolomite, or anhydrite by calcite# *al#ispheres$ spherical bodies of calcite of silt-or sand si3e, most in the 0eso3oic and (eno3oic calcispheres ha"e been interpreted as dinoflagellate cyst and also algal spores *ali#he ,#al#rete-$ calciti3ed sediment formed in soil#

*athodolumines#en#e$ emission of light from a solid induced by an accelerated electron beam# *ement$ an authigenic phase precipitated into primary pore space *ementation$ the process of precipitation of cement

#halk$ a soft porous limestone, composed of calcareous micro-organisms %ith calcareous shells such as coccoliths and foraminifera; a partially lithified calcareous oo3e# #hert$ rock composed of authigenic microcrystalline quart3; chert can form by the replacement of limestone and by recrystalli3ation of opaline sediments# *oated grains$ a descripti"e term for carbonate grains that possess a cortical layer around a central grain that ser"es as a nucleus, includes ooids, pisoids, oncoids, etc# *ompa#tion$ grain rearrangement that brings grains closer together *onnate water$ %ater trapped in the "oids of a rock during deposition the rock; no% largely regarded as mythical# #o.uina$ limestone composed entirely of skeletal grains; most commonly applied to calcarenites dominated by recogni3able mollusk fragments# *yanoba#teria and *yanoba#terial Mat$ %ere kno%n as 4blue-green algae5 and 4blue-green algal5 mats, but are no% identified as large photosynthetic bacteria# 6ange from blue-green, yello%-green, bro%n, or e"en reddishpurple# 0any are motile# )ften produce slime sheaths# (yanobacteria can produce thick and extensi"e mats# &ome of the most extensi"e of these occur in the intertidal 3one of the coast of the -hor al +a3am lagoon in the 7nited 'rab ,mirates# D Detrital$ describes a mineral or other substance (organic matter for example! that exists (or existed! as a sedimentary particle, sub8ect to transport %ithin and across surficial en"ironments# Diagenesis$ the sum of physical and chemical processes that affect a sediment follo%ing deposition; the "ague and ill-defined boundaries bet%een diagenesis and syn-sedimentary processes, bet%een diagenesis and %eathering, and bet%een diagenesis and metamorphism reflect the gradational character of these processes# Dismi#rite$ microcrystalline limestone (micrite, mudstone! %ith pores that are filled %ith sparry calcite cement (Folk, 19 9, 196/! bird9s-eye

Dissolution$ transfer of materials from crystals into aqueous solution# dolomite$ a carbonate rock composed mostly of the rhombohedral mineral dolomite(a0g(()*!/# dolomite rocks forms mostly as replacement of calcium carbonateminerals# Dolostone$ a rock composed chiefly of dolomite, they also call it dolomite# Drusy #ement$ sparry calcite cement lining the pores %all of a limestone, it has the characteristic of increasing in crystal si3e to%ard the pore center Dunham #lassi&i#ation$ carbonate rock classification put forth by 2unham (196/!; %idely adopted in the international petroleum industry because its simplicity and ease of application %ith handspecimens# / /&&e#ti0e porosity$ the interconnected "oid space in a rock that contributes to fluid flo% or permeability in a reser"oir rock# /pigeneti#$ minerals formed after deposition, at lo% temperature and pressure changes or transformations affecting sedimentary rocks subsequent to compaction /pi&aunal$ refers to benthic organisms that li"e attached to the sediment surface or to other organisms on the sediment surface# /piphyte$ an organism that li"es attached to a biologic substrate; may be either pelagic or benthic /.uant$ describes the shape of sparry calcite cement crystals that ha"e a length-to-%idth ratio of less than 1# 11 /uhedra$ crystals that manifest their characteristic crystal faces /xtra#lasts$ a detrital grains of composed lithified carbonate sediments deri"ed from outside the depositional basin 1 1abri#$ rock fabrics usually describe the relation bet%een grains in terms of si3e, shape, contacts and orientations

1enestral &abri#$ pores that are large compared to the si3e of expected intergranular pores, forming an elongate or domal shape parallel %ith bedding plane; often associatated %ith cyanobacterial mats# $hese fabrics are kno% as laminar birdseyelimestones too# 0ay be cement-filled# 1ibrous$ an elongated crystal %ith length-to-%idth ratio greater than 611 1loatstone$ a mud-supported limestone rich %ith skeletal fragment in %hich 1:; or more of the grains are greater than / mm in diameter (introduced by ,mbry and -lo"an, 19.1! 1olk *lassi&i#ation$ )ne of the most %idely used limestone classifications, it is based on the matrix<cement ratio and the identity of the main allochems# 1ramestone$ organisms building a rigid frame%ork associated %ith cement and pore space# (introduced by ,mbry and -lo"an, 19.1! 2 2eopetal stru#ture$ a rock fabric or structure that indicates the gra"itational direction of the rock at the time of deposition, for example, internal sediment accumulated %ithin the ca"ities of gastropod or brachiopod shells, that %ere then subsequently filled by sparry cement# glau#onite$ a green silicate mineral found in carbonate rock, usually indicate oxidi3ing shelf en"ironment 2rain dissolution$ remo"al of a detrital component by transfer of its material into aqueous solution 2rain(supported texture$ refers to a limestone fabric in %hich the "olume of the grains exceeds the mud# =rains usually in contact %ith each other (introduced by 2unham 196/! 2rainstone$ a limestone %ith sand-si3e grains %ith "ery little or no mud (introduced by 2unham 196/! 2rapestone$ a term used to describe a limestone composed of aggregated ofcarbonate particles#

2ra0itational #ement$ concentration of calcitic cement on the bottom side of grain# >t forms due to the gra"ity and usually indicate a "adose or abo"e the %ater table 3one# &yn#1 pendant or microstalactitic cements gypsum$ a highly insoluble e"aporite mineral composed of hydrous calcium sulfate# >t is the first to precipitate from e"aporating sea%ater# H Hardground$ a region of the seafloor that is cemented in situ High(magnesium #al#ite$ "ariety of ((a()*! that has at least / to percent of the (a in the crystal lattice substituted by 0g# Hea0y minerals$ detrital minerals %ith specific gra"ity greater than /#? 3 i#hno&a#ies$ concept de"eloped by 'dolph &eilacher (196.! at $ubingen 7ni"ersity as a paleontological tool to analy3e assemblages of trace fossils and determine ancient depositional settings and facies of sedimentary rocks# 3#hno&ossil$ an expression of the alteration of the depositional fabric of in sedimentary rocks by li"ing organisms# 3#hno&auna$ li"ing organisms that change the depositional fabric of in sedimentary rocks by burro%ing them or constructing edifices %ithin the sediment# 3mpregnation medium$ a relati"ely lo% "iscosity material, typically a colored plastic, that is in8ected into the pore spaces of a rock before thin sectioning and then hardened by a curing process; such treatment makes the rock more stable during cutting and grinding, renders the porosity more "isible in transmitted light microscopy, and enables the petrographer to reliably distinguish the natural porosity (colored! from artificially-induced porosity created during the thin sectioning process (filled %ith the clear medium used to bond the sample to the glass substrate!# 3n#lusion$ gas- or fluid-filled holes or crystals encased %ithin a larger crystal of different mineralogy mole

3n&aunal$ refers to benthic organisms that li"e %ithin rather than on the sediment surface 3nterparti#le porosity$ refers to "oid space bet%een particles (intercrystal porosity and intergranular porosity can be used as %ell! 3ntraparti#le porosity$ refers to "oid space %ithin a particle (intracrystal porosity and intragranular porosity can be used as %ell! 3ntra#last$ sedimentary particle formed by re%orking of lithified materials formed %ithin the depositional en"ironment 3ntrami#rite$ a limestone rock containing at least / ; of intraclasts and in %hich thecarbonate mud matrix (micrite! is more abundaformnt than sparrycalcite cement (Folk, 19 9! 3ntrasparite$ a limestone rock containing at least / ; of intraclasts and in %hich the sparry-calcite cement is more abundaformnt than the carbonate mud matrix (micrite! (Folk, 19 9! 3sopa#hous #ement$ refers to a cement precipitated %ith uniform thickness around the grains 4 5 5arst$ limestone characteri3ed by the presence of ca"es, sinkholes, and underground streams, formed as a result of limestone dissolution# 6 laminated limestone$ a rock in "ery thin parallel layers, fine lamination usually produced by either change in grain si3e or mineral composition 6ea#hing$ the selecti"e remo"al or dissol"ing out of soluble subtances from the rock by percolating %ater# &ee also dissolution limestone$ the most common carbonate rock, composed of more than :; of calciumcarbonate ((a ()*! in the form of calcite or aragonite# limestone comprise large "ariety of rocks including chalks, ooliths and bioclastic limestone#

6ime mud$ microcrystalline calcite usually less than found as matrix in limestone, see micrite

micron millimeter,

6ithi&i#ation$ the processe that turns soft sediments into hard sedimentary rocks# >mportant influences in lithification are compaction and cementation# 6itho#lasts$ a re%orked carbonate fragment usually deri"ed from pre-existed rocks %ith si3e greater than / mm# 6ithographi#$ refers to extremely fine-grained and texturally uniform micrite ormudstone; historically, limestones of this type %ere used to create lithographic plates for printing# M Matrix$ mechanically deposited fine particles (mud! that occupy space bet%een larger grains Marl$ a soft carbonate rock composed of an grained calcite and clay# &ee argillaceous limestone admixture of fine-

Menis#us #ement$ refers to calcite cement that precipitated at or near the grain contacts in "adose 3one# $he cur"erlinear fabric captured by the crystals reflects the cur"erlinear meniscus formed by %ater trapped in the "adose 3one# Mesogeneti#$ ocuuring during the time inter"al in %hich rocks or sediments are buried at depth belo% the ma8or influence of processes directly operating from or closely related to the surface mi#rite$ a term coined by +ob Folk to describe microcrystalline calcite usually less than micron millimeter, found as matrix in many limestones, see lime mud mi#rite en0elope$ a dark thin layer of micrite found around an allochem, usually associated %ith the micrite filling of borings produced by microendolithic organisms# ' term coined by 6obin +athurst in 1966# Mi#ro#rystalline$ describes a texture of a rock consisting of "ery fine grain si3e, can not bee seen by naked eye# Mi#ropore$ a pore space in carbonate rocks in micron millimeter si3e

Mi#rospar$ it is recrystalli3ed micrite %ith si3e range from millimeter (Folk, 196 ! Mi#rostalat#titi# #ement$ see gra"ity cement

to /: micron

Mold$ a pore formed by selecti"e remo"al of a former indi"idual grain# 0ost molds incarbonate rocks are created by dissolution of calcareous skeletal Moldi# porosity$ a term used to describe a type of porosity %hich resulted due to selecti"e remo"al of a former indi"idual grain Mud$ refers to the particle si3e of sediment belo% ten microns in diameter# mudstone$ a limestone composed mainly of micrite (lime mud! %ith less than 1:; grains (introduced by 2unham 196/! Mud(supported$ refers to the fabric of a limestone (mudstone or %ackestone! in %hich the grains are floating in a micritic matrix# =rains make up a lesser "olume of the rock than does the mud (introduced by 2unham 196/! 7 7ektoni#$ that portion of the biota that are acti"e s%immers, as opposed to merely pelagic 7eomorphism$ a broad term for all diagenetic transformation of a mineral and itself or a polymorph, including changes in si3e and shape %ithout changes in chemical composition# 7eomorphi# spar$ the transformation of micrite into spar in neomorphism processes 8 8n#oid$ a grain coated by cyanobacteria (or blue-green algae!commonly %ith a diameter greater than / mm, they are spherical to sub spherical form of microbial<algal sho%ing irregular laminations# 'lso kno%n as algal pisolites, "ery closely resemble "adose pisolites# 8n#olite$ a rock that composed of oncoids

8oids$ a carbonate grains %hich commonly range in diameter bet%een :#/ to /#:: mm# $hey are spherical to ellipsoidal %ith a nucleus co"ered by one or more concentric coatings that under microscope sho% a series of concentric laminations 8omi#rite$ a limestone composed of ooids floating in a micritic matrix (Folk, 19 9! oosparite$ a limestone composed of ooids in sparry calcite cement (Folk, 19 9! 8o+e$ a fine-grained sediment (sub-sand si3e particles! of either calcareous or siliceous composition; typically dominated by the skeletal remains of nannoplankton# 80ergrowth$ cement that is in optical continuity %ith the detrital grain on %hich it nucleated; the most common morphology for authigenic quart3; also obser"ed for cements nucleated on echinoderm fragments# 9 9a#kstone$ a grain-supported carbonate rock %ith considerable amount of micrite(1:;! (2unham 196/! 9aragenesis$ a sequential order of mineral formation or transformation 9elagi#$ describes the biota that li"es in the %ater column and the sediment generated by these creatures and plants# pellets$ it is a grain (allochem! composed entirely of micrite# $hey are elongated %ith si3e range bet%een :#:* to :#* mm and generally structure less 9elmi#rite$ a limestone composed of micrite (Folk, 19 9! of peloids (allochems! in a matrix or in a

9eloids$ an allochem formed by cryptocrystalline microcrystalline carbonateirrespecti"e of si3e or origin# 9elsparite$ a limestone composed sparry calcite cement (Folk, 19 9! pf peloids (allochmes!

9endent #ement$ see gra"ity cement 9en#ontemporaneous$ generally referring to a any diagenetic feature such as cement or replacement that formed at the time of deposition 9etrography$ the study of microscopic feature of rocks, such as microfossils, diagenesis and porosity 9hreati# +one$ is the layer(s! of rocks belo% the %ater table in %hich the interstitial %ater %ill freely flo% from pores %ithin the rocks# 9isoid$ spherical or elliptical accretionary coated particles, they are similar to ooids, both ha"e a fabric of radial fibrous crystals %ith a concentric pattern but pisoids usually larger in si3e (/#:: to 1:#:: mm! and less regular# $hese grains may be formed by the dirrect chemical precipitation of calcium carbonate, but some might formed by a biochemical algal-encrusting process# 9isolite ,pisolith-$ a rock containg abundaformnt pisoids 9lankton$ organisms that float or drift near or at the ocean surface 9hyllarenite$ a litharenite containing a predominance of pelitic metamorphic rock fragments 9oikilotopi#$ refers to a rock texture in %hich small crystals or grains are in random orientation in a larger crystal of another mineral# 9oly#rystalline$ a particle that consisting of multiple crystals 9ore(spa#e &iling #ement$ the precipitation of minerals in the "oid of rocks bet%een the grains 9orosity$ the percentage of pore "olume %ithin the rock# $hese pores can be relic of deposition (primary porosity! or can de"elop after deposition (secondary porosity! 9orphyriti# texture$ this term is more used %ith igneous rock, it applies %hen large crystals are set in finer groundmass# 9laty$ flattened and thin body (crystal or skeletal grain!, like plates

9rimary porosity$ pore space bet%een detrital grains, existing at the time of deposition 9rismati# #rystal$ it is "ery common crystal habits, an elongated crystal %ith a pencil-like shape 9rotodolomite$ dolomite %ith crystalline calcium and magnesium disorder %ithin its structure 9ro0enan#e$ the ultimate lithologic source of a detrital grain or grain assemblage; seldom ascribed to a particular rock type or formation, pro"enance is usually describedin more general lithologic terms such as 4plutonic@, 4mixed sedimentary@, or 4mafic "olcanic@ or, equally "alid, in terms of tectonic setting such as 4arc@ or ; a commonly conflated %ith the penultimate 4source@ of the sample the 4depositional en"ironment@---a misconception that the student of sandstone petrology must steadfastly a"oid# 9seudospar$ a recrystalli3ed calcite %ith si3e range bet%een 1:#: to :#: micron millimeters# =enerally, micrite is neomorphically replaced by microspar ( #:-1: micron m!, or pseudospar, they both are characteri3ed by patches of irregularly shaped crystals : ; ;adiated$ an aggregate of acicular crystals that radiate from a central point, for example, aragonitic ooids ;adiaxial(&ibrous #ement$ a rodlike crystals usually found as ca"ity filling cement, radiating a%ay from the ca"ity %all# ;e#rystalli+e$ a some%hat outdated term meaning, literally, 4to crystalli3e again@# $ypically refers to a process in %hich an unstable precursor mineral is dissol"ed and the space is filled by a ne%ly formed phase of the same mineralogy; a common example %ould be recrystalli3ation of 0g-calcite to lo%-0g calcite; %hen the ne%ly formed phase is also a different mineral the process is kno%n as Areplacement9# Bistorically, this term came into use to describe the ob"ious textural modifications that occurred in diagenesis, but before much %as understood about the mechanism by %hich this process took place# $he notion that this process in"ol"es some sort of solid state reorgani3ation of the crystal lattice is generally falling into disfa"or, Areplaced9

by the idea that the process is largely accomplished by dissolution and subsequent precipitation# ;epla#ement$ precipitation of an authigenic phase into a space formerly occupied by a detrital grain or an earlier authigenic phase; distinguished from cements that precipitate into primary pore space# ;ee&$ a massi"e moundlike structure, built by calcareous organisms, especially corals, sponges and calcareous algae# >t is a %a"e-resistant body standing abo"e the surrounding sediments ;ee& limestone$ a limestone composed of skeletal remains of reef-building organisms, such as corals, sponges, bryo3oans and calcareous algae# ;eli#t texture$ a ghost of original texture that remains after partial or total replacement or recrystalli3ation ;eser0oir ro#k$ a porous and permeable rock that has the potential to trap oil and gas ;eworked$ describes any components (grains, fossils, lithoclasts ##etc#! that is deri"ed from an older sedimentary formation and incorporated in a younger one# ;hodolith$ an irregular laminated calcareous nodule, usually composed of encrusting coralline red algae arranged in more or less concentric layers about a core# ;udstone$ a limestone %ith a coarse-grain and sparry cement texture, 1:; or more of the grains are greater than / mm (,mbray and -lo"an, 19.1! S Se#ondary porosity$ pore space formed by dissolution of a detrital or authigenic mineral; the least ambiguous secondary pores are those %ithin partially dissol"ed detrital grains; documentation of cement dissolution is, in contrast, highly problematic# Sili#i&i#ation$ replacement of a carbonate component by silica, generally resulting in the formation of microcrystalline quart3, chalcedony or opal, %hich may fill pores or replace existing component#

Skeletal limestone$ a limestone rich bioclastic limestone

in

fossil

fragments#

&ee

also

Sparry #al#ite$ translucent and equant calcite crystals Stromata#ti#s$ a spar body common in Caleo3oic muddy carbonate sediments, it is result of centripetal cementation in a ca"ity system# >ts origin is still debatable Stromatolites$ a laminated, mound biosedimentary structure, precipitation as result of the gro%th of cyanophytes# Stylolite$ a grossly planar sutured structure that cuts through depositional rock components, and also some diagenetic components# &tylolites arise from simultaneous compaction and dissolution and may de"elop substantial accumulations of insoluble materials# Subhedral$ describes a crystal that manifests only partial de"elopment of its characteristic crystal faces Super&i#ial ooid$ an ooid %ith a "ery thin cortical coating Syndeposition$ processes Cenecontemporaneous that occurred during deposition# &ee

Syntaxial #ement$ cement that adopts the crystal orientation of its nucleation substrate; an o"ergro%th# >n limestones such cements are common on echinoderm fragments# T Tabular$ a flat body has large area (crystal or skeletal grain! relati"e to thickness, generally thicker than platy# Texture$ the texture of a rock is the si3e, shape and arrangement of the particles (crystals, allochems, litoclasts##etc#! Tu&a$ a terrestrial carbonate rock %ith spongy texture, formed around springs, lakes, or along streams# &ynonymous %ith tra"ertine#

Test$ an external shell secreted by some proto3oans such as foraminifera# $ests can be calcareous, siliceous, or agglutinated# Twinning$ an intergro%th of t%o or more crystals grains, so a plane through %hich one t%in indi"idual forms a mirror image of the other# $here are se"eral minerals that form prominent t%ins such as calcite and fluorite < 7ndulose extinction1 s%eeping extinction characteristic of deformed crystal lattices# = =a#uoles$ gas-filled holes in crystals; typically, in the range of 1 micron across =adose +one$ in terrestrial en"ironments, the portion of the shallo% subsurface that is abo"e the %ater table# =adose Diagenesis$ any physical or chemical changes in deposited sediments %ithin the "adose 3one# =oid$ a general term for any openings or pore space in the rock# =uggy porosity$ rock that contains small equant unfilled ca"ity, usually firmed by dissolutions > >a#kestone$ a carbonate rock composed of lime mud %ith 1:; or more grains (allochems! scattered throughout (2unham, 196/! ? @ A ;e&eren#es to supplement this glossary Adams, A" /", and Ma#5en+ie, >" S", 199B, ' (olour 'tlas of carbonate &ediments and 6ocks 7nder the 0icroscope1 Dondon, 0anson

Cublishing Dtd#, 1?: p# Adams, A" /", Ma#5en+ie, >" S" and 2uil&ord, *", 19BC, 'tlas of sedimentary rocks under the microscope1 ,ssex, Dongman =roup Dimited, 1:E p# %athurst, ;obin, 2" *", 19!D, carbonate &ediments and their 2iagenesis, second edition, ,lse"ier# 2e"elopments in &edimentology no# 1/ %athurst, ;obin, 2" *", 19BE, Feomorphic spar "ersus cement in some Gurassic grainstones1 significance for e"aluation of porosity e"olution and compaction1 Gour# =eol# &oc#, "# 1E:, p# //9-/*.# %latt, H", 1992, &edimentary Cetrology1 Fe% Hork, I#B# Freeman and (ompany, 1E p# %oggs, S" 4r", 1992, Cetrology of &edimentary 6ocks1 Fe% Hork, 0acmillan Cublishing (ompany, .:. p# %ri#ker, 9" 8wen, 19!1, carbonate (ements# $he Gohn Bopkins 7ni"ersity &tudies in =eology, Fo, 19# $he Gohns Bopkins Cress, $ulsa, )klahoma, 7#&#' %urton, /" A", 199E, (ontrols on marine carbonate cement mineralogy1 re"ie% and reassessment1 (hem =eol#, "# 1: , p# 16*-1.9# *aro++i, A" =", 19B9" carbonate rock depositional models# ' microfacies approach# Crentice Ball, ,ngle%ood (liffs, F#G# 'd"anced 6eference &eries, 6:E p *ar0er, ;" /", ed", 19!1, Crocedures in &edimentary Cetrology1 Fe% Hork, Iiley >nterscience, 6./ p# *ho.uette, 9" >", and 6" *" 9ray, 19! , =eologic nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates1 ''C= +ulletin, "# E, p# /:.-/ :# Demi##o, ;" =", and Hardie, 6" A", 199C, sedimentary structures and early diagenetic features of shallo% marine carbonate deposits1 &,C0 'tlas of sedimentary structuresFo# 1, /6 p# Dunham", ;" 4", 19F2, (lassification of carbonate rocks according to their depositional texture, in I# ,# Bam, ed#, (lassification of carbonate 6ocks1 $ulsa# )-, ''C= 0emoir 1, p# 1:?-1/1# /mbry, A" 1" and 5lo0an, 4" /", 19!1, ' late 2e"onian reef tract on northeastern +anks >sland Forth%est $erritories# +ulletin (anadian Cetroleum =eologists, "# 19, p# .*:-.?1# 1lGgel, /rik, 19B2, 0icrofacies 'nalysis of limestone# &pringer-Jerlag, 6**p# 1lGgel, /rik, 2 C, 0icrofacies of carbonate 6ocks1 &pringer, 9.6 p# 1olk, ;" 6", 19D9, Cractical petrographic classification of limestones1 'merican 'ssociation of Cetroleum =eologists +ulletin, "# E*, p# 1-*?# 1olk, ;" 6", 19F2, &pectral subdi"ision of limestone types1 (lassification of carbonate6ocks# ''C=# 0emoir 1, pp# 6/-?E

1olk, ;" 6", 19FD, &ome aspects of recrystalli3ation in ancient limestones, in D# (# Cray, and 6# &# 0urray, eds#, 2olomoiti3ation and limestone 2iagenesis1 $ulsa, )-, &,C0 &pecial Cublication Fo# 1*, p# 1E-E?# 1olk, ;" 6", 19!C, Cetrology of &edimentary 6ocks1 'ustin, $exas, Bemphill Cublishing (ompany, 1?/ p 1riedman, 2" M", 19FD, $erminology of (rystalli3ation texture and fabrics in sedimentary rocks1 Gournal of &eimentary Cetrology, "# * , p# 6E*-6 # 4ames, 7" 9", and *ho.uette, 9" >", 19BC, limestones-the meteoric diagenetic en"ironment, in 0c>lreath, >#'#, and 0orro%, 2#I#, 2iagenesis1 =eoscience (anada 6eprint &eries E, p# * -.*# 6ippman, 1", 19!E, &edimentary carbonate 0inerals1 Fe% Hork, &pringer Jerlag, //? p# 6ongman, M" >", 19B , carbonate diagenetic textures from nearsurface diagenetic en"ironments1 'm# 'ssoc# Cetrol# =eol# +ull#, "# 6E, p# E61-E?.# Marshall, 4" D", ed", 19B!, 2iagenesis of sedimentary sequences1 =eological &ociety &p# Cub# *61 +lack%ell &ci# Cub#, *6: p# M#3lreath, 3", and Morrow, D", eds", 199 , 2iagenesis1 =eol# &oc# (anada, =eoscience (anada 6eprint &eries E# Milliman, 4" D", 19!C, 0arine carbonates1 Fe% Hork, &pringer-Jerlag, *. p# Moore, *" H", 19B9, carbonate 2iagenesis and Corosity (2e"elopments in &edimentology, E6!1 Fe% Hork, ,lse"ier, **? p# Morse, 4" >", and 1" T" Ma#ken+ie, 199 , =eochemistry of &edimentary carbonates1 2e"elopment in &edimentology, "# E?1 'msterdam, ,lse"ier, .: p# Mumpton, 1"A", ed", 19BF, &tudies in 2iagenesis1 7#&# =eol# &ur"ey +ull 1 .? (Iashington, 7#&# =o"# Crinting )ffice!, *6? p# Murray, ;" *", 19F , )rigin of porosity in carbonate rocks1 Gour# &ed# Cetrology, "# *:, p# 9-?E# 9ettiHohn, 1" 4", 19D!, &edimentary 6ocks (second ,dition!1 Fe% Hork, Barper +rothers, .1? p# ;eeder, ;" 4", ed", 19BE, carbonates1 0ineralogy and (hemistry1 6e"ie%s in 0ineralogy, "# 11, *9E p# 6eid, 6# C#, 0acintyre, ># =#, and Games, F# C#, 199:, >nternal precipitation of microcrystalline carbonate1 a fundaformmental problem for sedimentologists1 &edimentary =eology, "# 6?, p# 16*-1.:# ;e+ak, ;", and 6a0oie, D" 6", eds", 199E, carbonate 0icrofabrics1 Fe% Hork, &pringer-Jerlag, *1* p S#hneidermann, 7", and Harris, 9", eds", 19BD, carbonate (ements1 &oc# ,con# Caleo# and 0ineral# &pec# Cub# *6, *.9 p# S#holle, 9"A", %ebout, D" 2", and Moore, *" H", 19BE, carbonate 2epositional ,n"ironKments1 'mer# 'ssoc# Cetrol# =eol#

0em# **, .:? p# S#holle, 9eter A", 19!B, carbonate 6ock (onstituent, $exture, (ements and Corosities# ''C=, 0emoir /. S#holle, 9eter A" and Dana S" <lmer(S#holle, 2 E, ' (olor =uide to the Cetrography of carbonate 6ocks1 =rains, $exture, Corosity, 2iagenesis# ''C= 0emoir ..# Cublished by ''C= S#o&&in, T" 9", 19B!, carbonate &ediments and 6ocks1 Fe% Hork, (hapman and Ball, /.E p# Strohmenger, *" and >irsing, 2", 1991, ' proposed extension of FolkLs (19 9, 196/! textural classification of carbonate rocks# carbonate and ,"aporites, "# 6, p# /*-/?# Tu#ker, M", 19BB, $echniques in &edimentology, (ambridge, +lack%ell &cience, p# *9E# Tu#ker, M" /", and =" 9" >right, 1991, carbonate &edimentology1 )xford, +lack%ell &cientific Cublications, /./ p# Tu#ker, M" /" 2 1, &edimentary Cetrology1 an introduction to the origin of sedimentary rocks# *rd edition# +lack%ell &cientific Cublications# >alker, 5" ;", 4ernigan, D" 2", and >eber, 6" 4", 199 , Cetrographic criteria for the recognition of marine, syntaxial o"ergro%ths, and their distribution in geologic time1carbonates and ,"aporites, "# , p# 1E1-1 1# >ilson, 4" 6", 19!D, carbonate Facies in =eologic Bistory1 Fe% Hork, &pringer Jerlag, E.1 p#