1

Types of Dimensioning in Engineering drawing

Linear Dimensioning Angular Dimensioning Dimensioning Diameters

Chain Dimensioning

Dimensioning Holes

Parallel Dimensioning

What s !D"T#
GD&T stands for geometric dimensioning and tolerancing. It is a system of symbols, rules and definitions used to define the geometry of mechanical parts. GD&T is one of the most powerful tool available that can improve quality, reduce cost and shorten delivery time. All of this is possible when the concurrent engineering team is involved with the creation of the drawing. The drawing is a common thread that ties these groups together. They all are involved with the engineering drawing. GD&T on the drawing must first and foremost capture design intent. owever, the best design in the world is worthless if it cannot be produced. That is why it is necessary for production!vendors and quality to be involved with the requirements that are placed on the drawing. "hen they are not involved, the drawings often have overly tight tolerances and result in non#producible parts. At least not producible at the quality level, cost and timeliness e$pected by industry. n short !D"T is $$$%%
%&ym'ols %(ules %)o*a'ulary %+athemati*al definition ,A&+E -1.%/%10 %A 1ational &tandard ,A&+E -1.%/+2133.0 %An nternational &tandard , &4 11510

Why Engineering Drawings#

Engineering drawing is a formal and pre*ise way of *ommuni*ating information a'out the shape8 si;e8 features and pre*ision of physi*al o'<e*ts% Drawing is the uni=ersal language of engineering%

Drawing &tandards
6ust li7e written language has standards8 the 9grammar: of te*hni*al drawing is defined 'y%%%the A&+E -1.%/ or the &4 1151 standard The A&+E standards must 'e understood to read a drawing%

>asi* nformation n*luded in a Drawing

? Pro<e*ted )iews@ &how as many sides as needed for *ompleteness% ? Cross &e*tions@ A =iew that is good for showing interior features% ? Ta'le@ Lower right *orner8 with material information8 part name8 designer et*% and finally ? D +E1& 41&AAA@ These are the most important and most *ompli*ated part of the drawing% There is more to it than <ust the numeri*al =aluesA .

!D"T &TA1DA(D&
The A1& standard was re=ised in 13B2% n 133.8 the standard was mo=ed form A1& to the Ameri*an &o*iety of +e*hani*al Engineers ,A&+E0 and the name *hanged to A&+E -1.%/% The standard was also re=ised into its *urrent form of A&+E -1.%/2133.%

!D"T C !eometri* Dimensioning " Toleran*ing

Establishes the standard by which designers can communicate the intended function of the part to the machinist making the part and the inspector checking the part. This standard lets the designer inform the machinist, toolmaker or fabricator what are the important features of the design when they are making the part. The standard also lets the inspector know what are the important features to inspect form. GD&T uses symbols to communicate the information to those involved in making the part to eliminate any misunderstanding. Word e planations can be confusing especially with the global market and the translations of words into different languages. /

A Dimensioning EFample8showing that pla*ement should mat*h intent

These drawings show 'olts holes for mounting a flange onto a plate% When mounting the flange8 the position of the holes with respe*t to ea*h other is =ery important8 or else the flange ,or part0 wonEt fit% t ma7es sense to dimension the distan*e 'etween the holes8 instead of the distan*es to the edge%

Dimension placement matches intent

Dimension placement does &'T match intent

Types of Dimensional Toleran*es

)imit Dimensioning *lus & +inus Tolerancing

(oth methods are acceptable.

!eometri* Toleran*ing
Geometric Tolerancing is used to specify the shape of features. Things )i,e.traightness, /latness, 0ircularity, 0ylindricity, Angularity, *rofiles, *erpendicularity, *arallelism, 0oncentricity and more1.. Geometric Tolerancing are shown on a drawing with a feature control frame.
G

Co2ordinate Toleran*ing &ystem

!eometri* Dimensioning " Toleran*ing

Disad=antage of Co2ordinate Toleran*ing &ystem

ConseHuen*e @ !ood parts *ould 'e re<e*ted% Hole lo*ation is *riti*al when the hole is at +inimum limit ,++C0 Co2ordinate toleran*ing does not allow *ylindri*al toleran*e ;ones and toleran*e hole that in*reases with the hole si;e%

Disad=antage of Co2ordinate Toleran*ing &ystem

,A0

,>0

This method for part +easurement#

4(

This method for part +easurement#

ConseHuen*e @ >ad parts *ould 'e a**epted%

>enefits of !eometri* Dimensioning " Toleran*ing

%Cylindri*al toleran*e ;ones% %+aFimum material *ondition% %Datums spe*ified in order to pre*eden*e% %A=oid toleran*e sta*7ing

15

Ieature " Ieature *ontrol frame

Ieature of si;e

Diameter sym'ol

!eometri* *hara*teristi*s sym'ol Datum Toleran*e +aFimum material *ondition

11

!eometri* Chara*teristi* &ym'ols

These are a set of fourteen sym'ols used in the language of !eometri* toleran*ing%

12

Ieatures
A Ieature is a general term applied to a physi*al portion of part8 su*h as a surfa*e8 hole or slot%

A C Hole surfa*e > C >a*7 fa*e of surfa*e E C C (ight fa*e D C >ottom fa*e E C Left fa*e I C Top fa*e ! C >a*7 fa*e of surfa*e C

The a'o=e part des*ri'ed with A8>8C8D8E8I"! are surfa*es of the part% The part has se=en features% 13

Ieature of si;e
This *ould 'e a *ylindri*al surfa*e or a parallel surfa*e asso*iated with si;e dimension whi*h has an aFis8 *entral line or plane *ontained within it% Ieature of si;e are features whi*h do ha=e diameter or thi*7ness%
2$ternal /'. 2$ternal /'.

2$ternal /'. &on /'.

Internal /'.

&on /'.

Internal /'.

EFternal feature of si;e are *omprised of part surfa*e that are eFternal surfa*e% nternal feature of si;e are *omprised of part surfa*e that are internal surfa*e% 1.

Ieature of si;e
Caliper (ule 22 4pposed Points
This rule is not found in the &tandard 'ut it is pretty helpful% The left end of the *aliper shown is used if the feature 'eing measured has opposed points% &in*e these features ha=e a toleran*ed dimension and *ontain opposed points8 they are features of si;e% Toleran*ed dimensions that are measured using the pro'e on the other end of the *aliper do not ha=e opposed points and are not features of si;e% This rule of thum' is intended to help you identify features of si;e and is not intended to suggest that *alipers are the 'est way to measure si;e dimensions%

1/

+odifiers
+odifiers *on=ey additional information a'out the drawing or toleran*ing of the part% These are *ommon modifiers used in geometri* toleran*ing%
TE(+ +AJ +K+ +ATE( AL C41D T 41 LEA&T +ATE( AL C41D T 41 P(46ECTED T4LE(A1CE L41E TA1!E1T PLA1E D A+ETE( (AD K& C41T(4LLED (AD K& (EIE(E1CE (E!A(DLE&& IEATK(E 4I & LE I(EE &TATE K1 LATE(AL (I& DA ( C( ,0 A>>(E)AT 41 ++C L+C &-+>4L

1D

+aterial *onditions
++0 vs. )+0

Largest shaft

&mallest shaft

&mallest hole

Largest hole

3+a$imum +aterial 0ondition4

3)east +aterial 0ondition4

1G

(egardless feature of si;e 2 (I&

n the 'elow eFample (egardless of Ieature &i;e is implied% This is the most restri*ti=e ,eFpensi=e0 *ontrol% Although the si;e may not 'e less than 3%Bmm or greater than 15%2mm8 the hole may a*t li7e 3%/mm to 15%/mm% Any holes made from 3%/mm to 3%Bmm or from 15%2mm to 15%/mm should 'e re<e*ted for si;e e=en though they may fun*tion%

1B

+aFimum material *ondition 2 ++C

>y using the ++C modifier8 a 'onus is allowed that *ould permit the hole to 'e out of position 'y as mu*h as 5%Gmm% Although the inner 'oundary did not *hange8 the outer 'oundary has grown to 15%3mm sin*e a 15%2mm si;e hole may 'e out of position 'y as mu*h as 5%Gmm due to 'onus toleran*e% This *ould *ause shift pro'lems if this hole is 'eing used to lo*ate parts in an assem'ly%

13

Least material *ondition 2 L+C

>y using the L+C modifier8 a 'onus is allowed that *ould on*e again permit the hole to 'e out of position 'y as mu*h as 5%Gmm% This time the outer 'oundary did not *hange from the first (I& eFample8 'ut8 the inner 'oundary *ould 'e as small as 3%1mm sin*e a 3%Bmm si;e hole may 'e out of position 'y as mu*h as 5%Gmm due to 'onus toleran*e% This *ould *ause fit pro'lems in an assem'ly%

25

Pro<e*ted toleran*e
When a fastener mates with a threaded hole or a pin pressed in to a hole8 or e=en when there is a =ery *lose fit8 it is good idea to spe*ify a pro<e*ted toleran*e ;one% When spe*ifying pro<e*ted toleran*e ;one for a 'lind hole or a through hole8 it should 'e *lear whi*h surfa*e is the interfa*e and should 'e shown in the drawing%

21

Tangent plane
Here the Dis7 *onta*ts the high points of the flat surfa*e on the Dri=e &haft% The tangent plane modifier8 the letter T in a *ir*le8 means that the toleran*e applies to a plane esta'lished 'y the high points of the surfa*e% The flatness de=iation in the surfa*e would 'e ignored when the surfa*e profile toleran*e is inspe*ted% A flat plate pla*ed against the surfa*e would ha=e to 'e in the profile toleran*e *entered at the 1.mm 'asi* dimension relati=e to the datum referen*e frame% This modifier wor7s well where it is eFpe*ted that the pro*ess will *reate a surfa*e that is *on*a=e%

22

Iree state
When a toleran*e is defined under free state8 the measurement is to 'e done after remo=al of all restraining for*es on the part% A Iree state toleran*e is defined for fragile and thin se*tions parts whi*h are sus*epti'le to deformation under stress% +ainly used in plasti* and ru''er *omponents

23

Diameter +odifier 2 M
The diameter sym'ol is used two ways% 4ne inside the feature *ontrol frame to denote the shape of the toleran*e ;one and outside to denote as diameter for the feature of si;e%

nside the feature *ontrol frame 4utside C Ieature of si;e

2.

(adius " Controlled radius C ( " C(

(adius 2 A straight line eFtending from the *enter of an ar* or *ir*le to its surfa*e% Part *ontour must 'e within the toleran*e ;one% Ilats and re=ersals are allowed% +aF radius 1/%. +in radius 1.%D Controlled (adius 2 A radius with no flats or re=ersals allowed% The sym'ol for a *ontrolled radius is NC(%N Part *ontour must 'e within the toleran*e ;one% Ilats and re=ersals are not allowed% +aF radius 1/%. +in radius 1.%D 2/

Hole sym'ols
Counter 'ore or &pot fa*e &ym'ol

Depth sym'ol Counter sin7 sym'ol

2D

Why Datum system #

t allows the designer to spe*ify $$ which part surfaces are to contact the inspection e!uipment for the measurement of dimension $% which se!uence the part is to contact the inspection e!uipment for the measurement of dimension%
12%. 12%5 1D%. 1D%5 12%. 12%5

+ethod 1
1D%. 1D%5

+ethod 2

&urfa*e plate >enefits of datum system@

&urfa*e plate

"t aids in making the dimensional measurement as intended by the designer "t aids in communicating part functional relationship ConseHuen*es@ Good parts are re#ected and $ad parts are accepted. 2G

mportan*e of Datum
Two possible parts according to first drawing.

2B

Datum
A Datum is theoreti*ally eFa*t plane8 point or aFis from whi*h a dimensional measurement is made% t is a true geometri* *ounterpart of a datum feature% A true geometri* *ounterpart is the theoreti*al perfe*t 'oundary or 'est fit tangent plane of a datum feature%

23

Datum representation
ndi*ation of datum feature Iilled or Knfilled is o7

Datum with letter

Datum with toleran*e *ontrol frame

The datum triangle is pla*ed on a feature surfa*e and an eFtension line

Pla*ement of datum feature sym'ols on feature of si;e% 35

Datum representation
Datum referen*e in feature *ontrol frame Primary datum @ A &e*ondary datum @ > Tertiary datum@ C

>asi* dimension sym'ol

Pla*ement of datum feature sym'ol in *on<un*tion with a feature *ontrol frame

31

Datum feature of part O &timulated datum

Datum plane A True geometri* *ounterpart of datum feature A Datum feature C A*tual part surfa*e Part

&urfa*e plate 4r datum feature stimulator &timulated datum is esta'lished 'y inspe*tion eHuipment

&timulated datum plane A Plane deri=ed from the datum feature stimulator

32

Datum referen*e frame

A Datum referen*e frame is a set of three mutually perpendi*ular datum planes% The datum referen*e frame pro=ides dire*tion as well as an origin of dimensional measurement%

Primary datum esta'lishes the orientation of the part to datum referen*e frame% t restri*ts three degree of freedom% &e*ondary datum lo*ates the part within the datum referen*e frame% t restri*ts two additional degrees of freedom% Tertiary datum lo*ates the part within the datum referen*e frame% t restri*ts last degree of freedom% 33

Degrees of freedom

3.

Degrees of freedom

3/

Degrees of freedom

3D

Datum sym'ol pla*ement

The 'elow drawing illustrates esta'lishing datum *enter planes for datum > and datum C% To do this8 the triangles are pla*ed inline with the si;e dimensions% This approa*h would 'e used if the pattern of holes should remain *entered on the plate regardless of the a*tual length and width%P

3G

Datum sym'ol pla*ement

f the *entering of the pattern of holes is not important8 the datum triangles may 'e offset as shown in the 'elow drawing% Datum planes are esta'lished 'y the sides of the part% Although8 this approa*h is usually preferred 'y manufa*turing8 the symmetry of the part is lost and may *ause *onfusion at inspe*tion% Depending on the a*tual si;e of the part8 the pattern will 'e *ontrolled 'etter to one side than the other%P

3B

Datum sym'ol pla*ement

Pla*ement of the new datum feature sym'ol ,triangle0 *an 'e *riti*al% n the first three =iews 'elow the datum feature sym'ol is asso*iated with the si;e dimension of a feature of si;e% They indi*ate that a datum aFis should 'e esta'lished using the feature indi*ated%

33

Datum sym'ol pla*ement

n the =iew 'elow8 the datum may 'e interpreted as a line lying in a plane tangent to the feature indi*ated% f line *onta*t is desired a datum target line should 'e indi*ated%

.5

Datum *enter plane ++C primary

A internal I4& as a datum feature An eFternal I4& as a Datum Ieature

&timulated gauge
Datum feature stimulator !auge element width C G%Gmm%

&timulated gauge
Datum feature stimulator !auge element width C 25%.mm%

Datum *enter plane C Center plane of gauge

Datum *enter plane C Center plane of gauge

.1

Datum aFis ++C se*ondary

Datum aFis >

Datum feature stimulator ,35Q to datum plane A Fixed s ize M17.8 diameter) Datum plane A &urfa*e plate as datum feature stimulator

.2

(ules of !D"T
(ule R 1
This rule is referred to as the 9 ndi=idual feature of si;e rule: n industry rule 1 is phrased as 9Perfe*t form at ++C: or the 9En=elope rule: When no geometri* toleran*e is spe*ified8 the dimensional toleran*e *ontrols the geometri* form as well as the si;e% 1o element of feature shall eFtend 'eyond the ++C 'oundary of perfe*t form% The form toleran*e in*reases as the a*tual si;e of the feature departs from the ++C towards L+C% n this rule8 the word perfe*t form means perfe*t flatness8 straightness8 *ir*ularity and *ylindri*ity% n other words parts produ*ed at ++C ha=e perfe*t form

.3

(ule 1 applied to$$$$

EFternal feature of si;e
++C si;e " form 'oundary &i;e and form must allow the part to pass through the 'oundary

M15%2 'oundary of perfe*t form at ++C

L+C si;e limit

M3%B

Ea*h two2point measurement must 'e within the spe*ified toleran*e ..

(ule 1 applied to$$$$

nternal feature of si;e

++C si;e " form 'oundary M3%B 'oundary of perfe*t form at ++C L+C si;e limit M15%2

Ea*h two2point measurement must 'e within the spe*ified toleran*e ./

(ules of !D"T
(ule R 2 ,1EW0 as per 133. standard
(I& automati*ally applies to indi=idual toleran*es and to datum feature of si;e% ++C " L+C must 'e spe*ified where reHuired%

(I& is the default for toleran*e and datum referen*e ,as appropriate0

(ule R 2a ,4LD0 as per 13B2 standard

t is an alternati=e pra*ti*e of rule R 2 a**ording to whi*h (I& may 'e spe*ified as a sym'ol in feature *ontrol frame if desired and appli*a'le%

Ior a toleran*e of position8 (I& may 'e stated for the toleran*e and datum referen*es ,as appropriate0 .D

(ules of !D"T
(ule R 3 ,13B2 standard0
Ior all other geometri* *ontrols8 (I& automati*ally applies%

(ule R .
All geometri* toleran*e spe*ified for s*rew threads apply to the aFis of the thread deri=ed from the pit*h diameter% EF*eptions must 'e spe*ified 'y a note ,su*h as ma<or dia or minor dia0% All geometri* toleran*e spe*ified for gears and splines must designate the spe*ifi* feature ,su*h as ma<or dia or minor dia0 at whi*h ea*h applies

(ule R /
When a datum feature of si;e is *ontrolled 'y a geometri* toleran*e and is spe*ified as se*ondary or tertiary datum8 the datum applies at =irtual *ondition with respe*t to orientation%

.G

(e=ision of &tandard

.B

)irtual *ondition
The virtual condition of a part is the *ondition that defines the 'oundary of a**epta'ility% This *ondition is the 'oundary esta'lished 'y the *olle*ti=e effe*t of si;e and geometri* toleran*e% )irtual *ondition is not a *ontrol 'ut a *ondition of a feature as a result of si;e8 geometri* toleran*e and the modifiers% )irtual *ondition is the 'oundary ,lo*us0 at whi*h the features are no longer a**epta'le% The 'oundary ,lo*us0 may =iolate rule R18 whi*h in part states that 9the 'oundary of perfe*t for at ++C:% n *ertain appli*ations8 the *om'ined effe*t of a*tual mating si;e8 the geometri* toleran*e and the modifiers will eF*eed the 'oundary of perfe*t form% The letter denoted 'y %&%

.3

)irtual *ondition C nternal feature of si;e S ++C

The =irtual *ondition for a internal feature is the *onstant =alue eHuals to its maFimum material *ondition si;e minus its appli*a'le toleran*e of form or lo*ation &timulated !auge
Plug gauge 2 !4 M2.%B diameter

51
Plug gauge C 14 !4 M2/%21 diameter

52 Iun*tional gauge M2.%G/ diameter )irtual *ondition T ++C C !eometri*al toleran*e )C T 2.%B C 5%5/ )irtual *ondition T 2.%G/ 53

/5

)irtual *ondition C EFternal feature of si;e S ++C

The =irtual *ondition for a eFternal feature is the *onstant =alue eHuals to its maFimum material *ondition si;e plus its appli*a'le toleran*e of form or lo*ation &timulated !auge &nap gauge C !o M./%2 diameter No G o - M..%G3 diameter 51 " 52

Iun*tional gauge M./%.5 diameter )irtual *ondition T ++C U !eometri*al toleran*e )C T ./%2 U 5%25 )irtual *ondition T ./%.5 53

/1

ntrodu*tion to >41K& Toleran*e

When a ++C modifier is used in the feature *ontrol frame8 it means that the stated toleran*e applies when the I4& is at its ++C% When the a*tual mating si;e of I4& departs from ++C towards L+C8 an in*rease in the stated toleran*e 2 eHual to the amount of departure is permitted% This in*rease or eFtra toleran*e is *alled >onus toleran*e% 2%G !auge nterpretation opening

5%2 'ow At ++C

Ieature A+E &traightness toleran*e >onus toleran*e &traightness Toleran*e ;one

2%/ ++C 2%.

5%2 5%2 5%2 5%2 5%2 5%2

5%5 5%1 5%2 5%3 5%. 5%/

5%2 5%3 5%. 5%/ 5%D 5%G /2

+aFimum 'onus o**urs when the a*tual mating en=elope is at L+C

2%3 2%2 2%1 2%5 L+C

EFample C Condition 2 ++COL+CO(I&

A+E 12%33 ++C 2 12%.5 12%./ 12%/5 12%// L+C 2 12%D5 12%D1

!eometri* Tol% 5%5/ 5%5/ 5%5/ 5%5/ 5%5/

V>onusE Tol% out of si;e toleran*e 5%55 5%5/ 5%15 5%1/ 5%25 out of si;e toleran*e

Total Toleran*e 5%5/ 5%15 5%1/ 5%25 5%2/

/3

EFample C Condition 2 ++COL+CO(I&

A+E 12%33 ++C 2 12%.5 12%./ 12%/5 12%// L+C 2 12%D5 12%D1

!eometri* Tol% 5%5/ 5%5/ 5%5/ 5%5/ 5%5/

V>onusE Tol% out of si;e toleran*e 5%25 5%1/ 5%15 5%5/ 5%55 out of si;e toleran*e

Total Toleran*e 5%2/ 5%25 5%1/ 5%15 5%5/

/.

EFample C Condition 2 ++COL+CO(I&

A+E 12%33 ++C 2 12%.5 12%./ 12%/5 12%// L+C 2 12%D5 12%D1

!eometri* Tol% 5%5/ 5%5/ 5%5/ 5%5/ 5%5/

V>onusE Tol% out of si;e toleran*e 5%55 5%55 5%55 5%55 5%55 out of si;e toleran*e

Total Toleran*e 5%5/ 5%5/ 5%5/ 5%5/ 5%5/

//

I4(+ T4LE(A1CE

&traightness Ilatness Cir*ularity Cylindri*ity

/D

&traightness
&traightness is a *ondition where one line element of a surfa*e or aFis is in a straight line% The toleran*e ;one when pro<e*ted in a plane is limited 'y two parallel straight lines8 a distan*e VtE apart% The toleran*e ;one is limited 'y a *ylinder of diameter VtE if the toleran*e =alue is pre*eded 'y the sign M

/G

&traightness
4n Drawing +eans this

Pla*e the part on )2>lo*7s% At ea*h measuring position along longitude8 mo=e dial indi*ator around *ir*umferen*e% Ta7e lowest and highest reading%

/B

&traightness
4n Drawing
a% The maFimum diameter of the pin with perfe*t form is shown in a gauge with a 1D%5. diameter hole%

'% With the pin at maF% dia 1D%58 the gauge will a**ept the pin with up to 5%5. =ariation in straightness%

Part is held 'etween *enters% +easurements are ta7en along longitudinal se*tions% At least four se*tions must 'e measured% At least three points must 'e measured in ea*h se*tion% This holds good for (I& *ondition% Ior V+E modifier use fun*tional gauges%
*% With the pin at min% dia 1/%B38 the gauge will a**ept the pin with up to 5%1/ =ariation in straightness%

/3

EFer*ise
4n Drawing Iun*tional gauge

D5

Ilatness
Ilatness is the *ondition of a surfa*e ha=ing all of its elements in one plane% The toleran*e ;one for a flatness *ontrol is three dimensional% General representation Two parallel planes 5%2 apart

&urfa*e plate nterpretation of Ilatness toleran*e@ "t consist of two parallel planes within which all the surface elements must lie. The distance between the parallel planes is e!ual to the flatness control tolerance value.

D1

Ilatness
n this eFample8 the flatness has 'een applied to datum feature A% Three possi'le inspe*tion methods are illustrated as 'elow%
"n the first case, the part is leveled on the surface plate. "f the surface is conve , the part will rock making it difficult to determine the minimum indicator reading over the entire surface. "n the second illustration, the surface is leveled by placing it on three e!ual height gage blocks. The indicator is then moved across the surface. "deally, the gage blocks should be placed under the high points on the surface. 'therwise, the indicator movement may not be the lowest possible.

51

52

53

"n the third illustration, the &(( will mathematically )level) the points of the surface contacted by the probe. 'f course, a &(( will automatically align the points to evaluate the flatness error. 'ften insufficient points are taken to evaluate the flatness error. *s a result, an out of spec surface may be accepted.

D2

Cir*ularity
Cir*ularity is a *ondition8 where all points on the periphery of a surfa*e of re=olution8 at any *ross se*tion of shaft8 whi*h is perpendi*ular to its aFis are eHuidistant from that aFis% A *ir*ular toleran*e is gi=en to *ontrol a roundness of a feature8 e%g8 the *ir*umferen*e of shaft or hole% Ior eFample a shaft may 'e 'owed or 'ent yet still meets the reHuirement 'e*ause it does not *ontrol relati=e positions of the toleran*e ;one%

General representation

+easuring prin*iple of *ir*ularity +lace the shaft on a %,$lock which is kept on a surface plate. The dial indicator should be stationary. (easurement at one line on surface when part is rotated. The deviation or circular error is the difference between the highest and lowest reading. D3

Cir*ularity 2 nterpretation
The shaft diameter to 'e within M.%G5 C M/%3 with a *ir*ular toleran*e of 5%2mm% Here the inner 'oundary is M.%G and outer 'oundary is M/%3% The si;e toleran*e is 5%D% The *ir*ularity *ontrol toleran*e must 'e less than the si;e toleran*e% The shaft diameter should 'e within si;e toleran*e and form ,out of round0 should 'e within the *ir*ular toleran*e ,.%G0

,/%30

Cir*ular toleran*e C ,5%20

D.

Cylindri*ity
Cylindri*ity *ontrols roundness of a feature o=er its entire surfa*e% Cylindri*ity is a *ondition of a surfa*e of re=olution in whi*h all points of the surfa*e are eHuidistant from a *ommon aFis% Cylindri*ity *ontrols de=iations su*h as *on*a=ity and *on=eFity of a shaft% t *omposite *ontrol that limits the *ir*ularity8 straightness and taper of a diameter simultaneously%

+lace the shaft on a %,$lock which is kept on a surface plate. The dial indicator should be stationary. (easurement at all points on surface when part is rotated and moved length wise. The deviation or cylindrical error is the difference between the highest and lowest reading through out the surface. D/

Cylindri*ity
"n this e ample, the cylindricity has been applied to - features. &ylindricity is an individual control. Therefore, each feature is inspected independent of the others. *n electronic probe gathers many points on the surface. * computer then evaluates the points to fit them between two concentric cylinders that may not have a radial separation greater than .../. The actual si0e, location and orientation of the feature are ignored. &ylindricity is a composite of circularity, surface straightness and taper.

DD

P(4I LE T4LE(A1CE

Profile of any line Profile of any surfa*e

DG

Profile of any line

Profile of any line is a two2dimensional *ross se*tion toleran*e% The line profile toleran*e is used where parts ha=e *hanging *ross se*tion along their length and do not ha=e to 'e along the entire feature% The profile toleran*e is assumed a 'ilateral toleran*e8 whi*h is the toleran*e 'oth a'o=e and 'elow the true profile line%

J-

1ses profile of a line to control all around of a cross section of a wing.

&ross section of a simple contour that is controlled by line profile tolerance.

DB

Profile of any &urfa*e

(ost of us still use 2 linear, general tolerances found in the titleblock of a drawing. We do not know why we use it, we #ust do. )That3s the way we3ve always done it.) This general note causes much confusion because it does not relate tolerances to a datum reference frame, allows tolerance accumulation and wedge shaped tolerance 0ones. To clear up the drawing3s meaning, many practice to change to a general profile of a surface tolerance with datum referencing. This re!uires that the dimensions describing surfaces be basic. 4ince this will usually be most of the dimensions, it is becoming a common practice to add the note )15T'6E7*5&ED D"(E54"'54 *7E $*4"&). This note eliminates a lot of bo es on the drawing. 4ince the general profile tolerance controls location of the entire surface of each feature, the only reason to put any geometric tolerances on the field of the drawing is for refinements of orientation, si0e and form.

D3

Profile of any &urfa*e

++C +ay >e Applied to Datum (eferen*es in a Profile toleran*e *allout8 'ut not to the Profile Toleran*e% We *annot apply the ++C modifier to a profile toleran*e 'e*ause it is a surfa*e *ontrol% We *an8 howe=er8 apply ++C or L+C to the datum referen*es of a profile toleran*e where the datum features are features of si;e% Here the se*ondary and tertiary datum features are features of si;e

G5

Profile =s Dire*t toleran*ing

* better approach is shown on the revised drawing below. $y stating that *66 15T'6E7*5&ED D"(E54"'54 *7E $*4"& and specifying a general profile tolerance relative to a datum reference frame, several improvements have been made to the drawing. Tolerance accumulation is reduced 8 avoided compared to conventional tolerancing. 5o need for all of those bo es around the dimensions. $etter. 6ife made easy

G1

Another ad=antage of profile toleran*ing

"magine trying to inspect the 79 dimension if it had been toleranced without GD&T as is shown here. Try to determine if the center of the :; 792..< are on the =>?2..< and at the implied @.A2.A>.3. $y the way, how centered does the =>? have to be on the =/9. There are many ways to )interpret) this drawing. Bowever, the drawing with GD&T has )one clear meaning.) $ottom line, if you want to do an inade!uate #ob of inspecting a part using calipers,go ahead, regardless of how the part is toleranced. Dimensioning without GD&T Dimensioning with GD&T

$etter. 6ife made easy G2

Profile eHual and unilateral

A**ording to the -1.%.1 standard8 the =alue that follows the K in a *ir*le is the amount of toleran*e ;one that applies outward from the surfa*e% This may also 'e used to indi*ate a unilateral profile toleran*e% 4f *ourse8 if you want to use this new sym'ol8 you should referen*e A&+E -1.%.122553 as well as A&+E -1.%/2 133. so e=eryone reading the drawing 7nows where to find the meaning%

G3

4( E1TAT 41 T4LE(A1CE

Angularity Perpendi*ularity Parallelism

G.

Angularity Control
Angularity is a *ondition of a surfa*e8 *enter plane or aFis 'eing eFa*tly at the spe*ified angle% t limits the amount of surfa*e8 *enter plane or aFis is permitted to =ary from its spe*ified angle% Angularity are applied to surfa*e and *ylindri*al I4&% Toleran*e ;one for surfa*e are two parallel planes and for *ylindri*al I4& will 'e a *ylinder% Angularity toleran*e to a surfa*e gi=en with two datum referen*es% +easurement method C Pla*ing the 'lo*7 on sine 'ar and measuring high and low limits whi*h should fall under 5%2mm%

1se two datum reference for *ngularity. G/

Angularity Control
Angularity are applied to *ylindri*al I4&% Toleran*e ;one for *ylindri*al I4& will 'e a *ylinder or parallel planes 'ased on notation gi=en to toleran*e% Toleran*e ;one is oriented relati=e to the datum plane 'y a 'asi* angle% AFis of hole must lie 'etween the toleran*e ;one%

* is can lie on =..: With ref. to datum *

* is can lie between two planes ../ apart With ref. to datum *

GD

Parallelism Control
Parallelism is a *ondition of a surfa*e8 *enter plane or aFis 'eing eFa*tly parallel to the datum% t limits the amount of a surfa*e8 *enter plane or aFis is permitted to =ary from 'eing parallel to datum% t is applied to a surfa*e and *ylindri*al I4&% 4i0e to be within /@.C to >..> mm. +arallelism applied to a surface 23%G 35%3

Datum *

+arallelism to be within ..< with ref. to datum *

Datum *

GG

Parallelism Control
>onus toleran*e is permissi'le% A fiFed gauge *an 'e used to =erify parallelism% Parallelism toleran*e ;one limits the flatness of the toleran*ed feature% +arallelism applied to a cylindrical D'4 at ((&
*(E B%2 L+C B%5 G%B ++C +arallelism tolerance 5%1 5%1 5%1 $onus tolerance 5%. 5%2 5%5 Total Tolerance 0one 5%/ 5%3 5%1

Datum *

The a is can lie on =..< with ref. to datum *. $onus tolerance allowed up to =..- at 6(& Datum *

The a is can lie between two planes of ..< apart with ref. to datum *. $onus tolerance allowed up to ..at 6(& GB

Perpendi*ularity Control
Perpendi*ularity is a *ondition that results when a surfa*e8 aFis or *enter plane is eFa*tly 35 degree to a datum ref% t limits the amount of surfa*e8 aFis or *enter plane is permitted to =ary from 'eing perpendi*ular to the datum% t is applied to surfa*e8 planar I4& and *ylindri*al I4&%

4urface to lie within parallel planes ../ apart and @.A with ref. to datum *

&enter plane established from ma . separation of parallel planes to lie within parallel planes ../ apart and @.A with ref. to datum *

Datum A Datum A

G3

Perpendi*ularity Control
Perpendi*ularity applied to *ylindri*al I4&% >onus toleran*e is permissi'le% +erpendicularity applied to a cylindrical D'4 at ((&
*(E /5%2 ++C /5%1 /5%5 L+C +erpendicularity tolerance 5%1 5%1 5%1 $onus tolerance 5%5 5%1 5%2 Total Tolerance 0one 5%1 5%2 5%3

* is of =-. can lie between two planes ..< apart with ref. to datum * and ..> at 6(&. Gauge "D =-..>

* is of =-. can lie on =..< with ref. to datum * and =..> at 6(&. Gauge "D =-..> B5

L4CAT 41 T4LE(A1CE

Position Con*entri*ity &ymmetry

B1

Position Control
True position is the theoreti*ally eFa*t lo*ation of a I4& as defined 'y 'asi* dimension% Toleran*e of position ET'+F *an *ontrol is a geometri* toleran*e that defines the lo*ation toleran*e of a I4& from its true position% t *an *ontrol distan*e 'etween I4& E46'T4F8 lo*ation of I4& EB'6E4F8 *oaFiality 'etween I4&% "nterpretation

True position of =<<.9 G =</./

Drom Datum &

=../ &ylindrical tolerance 0one perpendicular to Datum * Drom Datum $ B2

Ad=antage of Position Toleran*ing

Cylindri*al toleran*e ;one are /GW larger than sHuare ;ones% Permits additional toleran*e C >onus and datum shift% Pre=ents toleran*e a**umulation% Permits the use of fun*tional gauges% Prote*ts part fun*tion and lowers manufa*turing *ost%

&o,ordinate Tolerancing

T'+ Tolerancing

&o,ordinate tolerance allows ../ s!uare

&ylindrical tolerance allows -CH more tolerance for the hole

&ylindrical tolerance allows =../9

B3

nspe*tion of T4P applied at ++C

A T4P applied at ++C *an 'e =erified in num'er of ways li7e )aria'le gauges8 C++ and fun*tional gauging% Iun*tional gauge is a gauge that =erifies fun*tional reHuirements of a part feature% Also *alled attri'ute gauge or fiFed gauge% Iun*tional gauge only pro=ides a pass or fail assessment of a part feature% i%e% does not pro=ide numeri*al reading of a part parameter% t represents the =irtual *ondition of the toleran*e I4&% Dunctional Gauge G 1sed to check the function of part feature +lug gauge =</.. Datum *

*(E 12%B5 L+C 12%G5 12%D5 12%/5 ++C

+osition tolerance 5%25 5%25 5%25 5%25

$onus tolerance 5%35 5%25 5%15 5%55

Total Tolerance 0one 5%/5 5%.5 5%35 5%25

Datum &

Datum $

B.

>enefits of Iun*tional gauges

%The gauge represents the worst case mating part. %+arts can be verified !uickly. %* functional gauge is economical to produce. %5o special skills are re!uired to read the gauge or interpret the results. %"n some cases a functional gauge can check several part characteristics simultaneously.

Dunctional Gauge

B/

Co2aFial diameters *ontrolled 'y T4P ,(I&0

nterpretation @ The aFis of =:- *an lie on toleran*e ;one of =..: with referen*e to datum A regardless feature of si;e% )aria'le gauges are used% Iun*tional gauges are not used on (I& *ondition% * is of =/. EDatum *F =..: Tolerance of position

*(E ./%15 ./%55 ..%35

+osition tolerance 5%. 5%. 5%.

$onus tolerance 5%5 5%5 5%5

Total Tolerance 0one 5%. 5%. 5%.

BD

>i C Dire*tional T4P ,Lo*ating a hole in two dire*tions0

n this appli*ation the toleran*e ;one are parallel 'oundaries in the dire*tion of T4P *ontrol% The shape of the toleran*e ;one is re*tangular%

Tolerance 0one

BG

Kse T4P to lo*ate an elongated hole

Ior elongated hole C 'onus toleran*e is are permissi'le% The si;e should meet the fun*tional reHuirements%

'uter boundary

"nner boundary

BB

Kse T4P in fiFed fastener assem'ly

A fiFed fastener assem'ly is where the fastener is fiFed or restrained in to one of the *omponents of the assem'ly% 4ften8 the holes in one of the *omponent in assem'ly are *learan*e hole and other would 'e threaded to held the fastener% This is *alled fiFed fastener assem'ly

&alculating position toleranceI T G +osition tolerance diameter J B G ((& of clearance hole ETop plateF D G ((& of fastener

T K EB,DF8/ KE</.-,</F8/ K../B3

Con*entri*ity Control
A *on*entri*ity or *oaFiality is a *ondition where the median points of all diametri*ally opposed elements of a *ylinder are *ongruent with the aFis of the datum feature% t is used when pre*ise 'alan*e of part is reHuired8 eHual wall thi*7ness are reHuired8 eHual distri'ution of mass% Datum a is *

Tolerance 0one = ..< (edian points of all diametrically opposed to be congruent with datum a is * 35

&ymmetry Control
&ymmetry is a *ondition where the median points of all opposed elements of two or more feature surfa*es are *ongruent with the aFis or *enter plane of a datum feature% t is applied to features that are shown symmetri*al to the datum *enter plane% t is diffi*ult to measure8 sin*e it reHuires deri=ing the features median points to determine if they are *ontained within the spe*ified toleran*e ;one whi*h is *entered on the datum aFis or datum *enter plane

31

&ymmetry Control
&ymmetry toleran*e added to a line or aFis% Here the toleran*e is gi=en to the aFis of a le=er% The aFis of the hole to 'e *ontained 'etween two parallel planes 5%1 apart and symmetri*ally disposed with respe*t to datum A8>"C%

The difference between dimensions * and $ must not e ceed ..<.

1se a mandrel and measure the dimensions of * and $ 32

Cir*ular (unout
Cir*ular runout reHuires inspe*ting *ir*ular elements indi=idually% >e*ause of this8 *ir*ular runout will not dete*t *hanges in si;e% Any 'arreling8 waisting or taper should 'e ignored% These *onditions will 'e *ontrolled 'y the si;e toleran*e% &ircular elements that are contained within a cylindrical feature that is shown centered on the datum a is.

33

Total (unout
Total runout reHuires determining the full indi*ator mo=ement o=er the entire feature% Total runout8 therefore8 dete*ts any *hanges in si;e8 i%e% 'arreling8 waisting or taper% Although *hanges in si;e are *ontrolled8 the a*tual si;e of the feature is determined and *ontrolled 'y the si;e dimension and toleran*e% A feature may 'e manufa*tured to a =ery tight si;e toleran*e 'ut due to e**entri*ity8 the runout *ould 'e large% Total runout *ontrols form8 orientation and lo*ation 'ut not si;e% &ylindrical features shown centered on the datum a is. &ontrols all geometric characteristics e cept si0e.

3.

(unout ,Cir*ular )s Total0

The worst *ir*ular runout error o**urs at the sli*e with the greatest =ariation% n this *ase two sli*es =ary a total of 5%53% Total runout is the differen*e 'etween the highest and lowest readings found o=er the entire feature% The highest reading was U5%52 and the lowest reading was 25%53% Therefore8 the total runout for the feature is 5%118 the differen*e 'etween U5%52 and 25%53%

3/

,(unout )s Con*entri*ity0
A=oid spe*ifying *on*entri*ity% Con*entri*ity reHuires deri=ing the median line of a feature% All of the features shown 'elow are *on*entri*% Ksually8 designs reHuire that a feature 'e round as well as *on*entri* li7e eFample A% A 'etter geometri* *ontrol is usually *ir*ular runout% Cir*ular runout *ontrols *ir*ularity ,roundness0 as well as *on*entri*ity%

LWhen in doubt use 7unoutM

3D

3G