Psychology systematic study of behaviour and mental processes Behaviourobservable actions or responses in both humans and animals Mental

processesrefer to a wide range mental activities such as thinking, imagining,studying and dreaming Structuralism(structure of the mind) was the study of the most basic elements, primarily sensations and perceptions that make up our conscious mental experiences. Structuralistfirst to study human behaviour Proponents: Wilhelm Wundtfather of psychology; established the first laboratory in 1879,in Leipzig,Germany Introspectiona method which asks a person to verbalize his thoughts and feelings without any censorship Edward Pichtener Functionalism (functions of the mind) the study of the function rather than the consciousness, was interested in how minds adapt to our changing environment Proponents: John Dewey James Rowland Gestalt Approach(sensations versus perceptions) whole experience is more important than the individual elements whole is greater than the sum of the parts Proponents: Max Wertheimer Wolfgang Kohler Kurt Koffka Behavioralism(Observable behaviours) emphasized the objective, scientific analysis of observable behabiours Proponent: John Watson Contemporary Approaches in Psychology Biological Approachfocuses on how our genes, hormones and nervous system interact with our environments to influence learning personality, motivation, emotions and coping techniques Cognitive Approachfocuses on how we process, store, and use information and how this information influences what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember, believe and feel Behavioural Approachanalyzes how organisms learn new behaviour and modify existing ones, depending on whether events in their environments reward or punish these behaviours Psychoanalytic Approachis based on the belief that childhood experiences greatly influence the development of latter personality traits and psychological problems Humanistic Approachemphasizes that each individual has great freedom in directing his or her future, a large capacity for achieving personal growth Cross-cultural Approachstudies the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on psychological and social functioning

Branches of Psychology 1. Biopsychology-explores the relationship between fundamental biological processes and behaviour 2. Experimental3. Cognitive-mental processes that influence behaviour 4. Developmental-examines how a person changes and grows throughout life 5. Health psychology-explores the relationship between physical and mental health 6. Clinical-involved with the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of abnormal behaviour 7. Educational-examines how educational process occur 8. Social-studies the way peoples thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others 9. Industrial-Organizational-applies psychological principles to the workplace and studies topics like job satisfaction and productivity 10. Consumer 11. Cross-cultural 12. Psychology of women 13. Environmental 14. School-devoted to the assessment and remedy of problems encountered in education, including both learning disabilities and emotional problems 15. Counselling-focuses on the problems of adjustment to challenges that everyone faces in life

Central Nervous System(CNS)comprises two parts: 1. Brain-organ in our bodies that most directly controls our thoughts, emotions and motivation 2. Spinal cord-series of interconnected neurons extending from the brain down through the center of the back The Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)comprises two main parts: 1. The Somatic Nervous System-controls quick and conscious movements of our skeletal muscles, the muscles that are attached directly to our bones that allow us to move 2. The Autonomic Nervous System-controls such movement of our non-skeletal muscles, which comprises the heart muscles and the smooth muscles Sympathetic Nervous system-concerned primarily with catabolism-the process by which your body captures, stores and uses energy Parasympathetic Nervous system-concerned primarily with anabolism-the process that stores energy in the body

Three main regions of the brain 1. Fore brain Cerebral cortex-message center(perception,language,thinking=crucial function of cerebral cortex) Thalamus-process information Hypothalamus-controls our glands(controls:eating,drinking,sextoral arousal) 2. Mid brain-reflex movements of the ff.(sensory message center) Eyes Head 3. Hind brain

Cerebellum-balance,body coordination,muscle tone,sensory input Pons-bridge between cortex and cerebellum Medulla-essential automatic physical activity(digestion,concerned with nausea)

Division of Cerebral Cortex Left hemisphere-speech and language ,writing , logic, mathematical calculation, Right hemisphere-spatial construction, creative thinking, fantasy

The cortex is made of four lobes which are: 1.Frontal lobe-emotion, locomotion, speech, primary motor control 2.Parietal lobe-sense of taste, gate pain, conscious sensation, temperature 3.Temporal lobe-hearing, smell association, speech 4.Occipital lobe-visual processing

Endocrine System contains glands Endocrine glandsglands that produces hormones which carry information throughout the body and help major effects on the internal processes Hormoneschemical secreted by the endocrine glands into blood stream which produces wide ranging of physical and behavioural effects. Various location of the body with regards to endocrine glands 1.Hypothalmuscommand either to release or inhibit hormones 2.Pituitary glands(adrenocorticotropic-hormone produced by pituitary glands) Cortisol and related hormones Thyroid- metabolic rate Function of the pituitary growth hormones-causes the growth of many tissues in bones and muscles follicle stimulating hormones- the formation of eggs and sperm cells luteinizing hormones- maturation of eggs and sperm cells prolactin-maintains maternal behaviour pineal gland-(melatonin- hormone produced by pineal gland )supresses reproductive related behaviours and secondary sexual character thyroid gland-(thyroid hormones)increases metabolic rate pancreas-(insulin)enables the body accept glucose cortisol and related hormones-type of hormones secreted during stress; blood pressure medulla-responsible for hormone adrenalin; produces more fuel to the brain noradrenalin-opposites the effect of adrenalin testes(androgen)-maintain male reproductive organ ovaries(estrogen)-maintains the female reproductive organs