Constitutive Modeling of Clays Using Cam Clay and Modified Cam Clay Models

A PRESENTATION BY AMIT PRASHANT

GRADUATE STUDENT CLARKSON UNIVERSITY

Discussion on 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Important definitions Original Cam-clay model parameters Stable State Boundary Surface Cam:clay Flow Rule Plastic potentials and Normality condition 6. Modified Cam-clay Model 7. Stress:Strain relationship 8. Examples

State of Sample During Triaxial test

Mean effective stress, p= (1+2+3)/3 = (1+2+3)/3 u Shear stress, q= [{(1-2)2+(2-3)2+(3-1)2}/2]1/2 Specific volume, v=1+e Strains Corresponding to p and q:Volumetric strain, v = 1+2+3 Shear strain, = 1/3[2{(1-2)2+(2-3)2+(3-1)2}]1/2
p'

p'

p'

DEFINITIONS
Yield point:This is the state of stress at which the sample starts to deform with plastic deformations. applied shear stress is maximum while shearing the sample.
Yield point Failure point

Failure point:- This is state of stress at which the Critical state:This is the state of stress (for monotonic loading) at which further shear deformation can occur without further change in effective stress and void ratio.

Critical state for both the cases Yield point may be somewhere in this range

Soil Strength Parameters

Soil constants:

Slope of Iso-NCL in v-ln p plane, Slope of URL in v-ln p plane, Specific volume on CSL at unit pressure in v-ln p plane, Slope of CSL in p-q plane, M Shear modulus, G Triaxial Compression test Isotropic Consolidation test

Two tests required to determine parameters:

Soil Strength Parameters

Yield Surface
CSL

v
Iso-NCL

q
CSL

M 1
Original Cam-clay

v
v

URL

Modified Cam-clay

p'

p'=1

p'

Volume and Pressure Relationships

NCL :URL :CSL :v=v-ln(p) v=v-ln(p) v=- ln(p) q=Mp

NOTE:Specific volume and mean effective stress at critical state, found in the triaxial compression test may be used to determine the value as the CSL has the same slope as NCL.

Stable State Boundary Surface

q
CSL CSL

q p'

p'

SSBS

pc'/2.72

pc'

Stable State Boundary Surface

Equation of SSBS :q=Mp(+vln(p))/() OR V=+()(1/M)
Where = Current value of q/p

Equation of Yield Surface in q-p plane:q=M.p.ln(pc/p)

Where pc = Isotropic pre-consolidation pressure

Cam-clay Flow rule

Energy dissipated on yielding:pvp+qp=Mpp

Flow Rule:

(rearranging above equation)

vp/p = M
M > gives positive volumetric strain, i.e. the sample is
compressive in nature. The stress state is called on the dry side of critical state line.

M < gives negative volumetric strain, i.e. the sample is

dilatative in nature. Stress state is called on the wet side of critical state line.

Plastic Potential Surface

Plastic volumetric strain and plastic shear strain take the same direction as p and q respectively. The vector sum of increments of these strains at any stress state is called as plastic strain increment vector.

Plastic Strain Increment Vector:-

Plastic Potentials:Plastic potentials form the family of curves to which the plastic strain increment vectors are orthogonal.

p q

p'
p p

Normality Condition
When the yield loci and plastic potentials coincide each other, normality condition or associative flow rule exists. This means the plastic strain vectors are orthogonal to the yield loci itself. Cam-clay model follows this normality condition, finding it to be reasonably good assumption from the simplification Strain vectors at point of view. q pre-consolidation pressure In original cam-clay model, the yield curve shows a kink at the Isotropic pre-consolidation p c' p' pressure and that shows two plastic strain vectors at one point.

Modified Cam-clay Model

This was proposed with elliptical yield surface, having no contradiction to normality condition for strain vectors at Isotropic pre-consolidation pressure. Equation of SSBS :V=+(){ln(2)ln(1+(/M)2)}
q
Where = Current value of q/p

CSL

Yield Surace

Equation of Yield locus in q-p plane:q2+M2p2=M2.p.pc

Where pc = Isotropic pre-consolidation pressure

M 1

M.p'/2 pc' p'/2

p'

Modified Cam-clay Flow Rule

Energy dissipated on yielding:pvp+qp=p[vp2+(Mp)2]1/2

Flow Rule:-

(rearranging above equation)

vp/p = (M2 2)/2

This again explains deformation the same way as original Cam-clay Model.

M > gives positive volumetric strain, i.e. the sample is

compressive in nature.

M < gives negative volumetric strain, i.e. the sample is

dilatative in nature.

Elastic and Plastic stress-strain response

Elastic stress:strain response:e p e q

/vp'
0

0 1/3G

p' q
2

Plastic stress:strain response:p p p q

= vp'(M2+2)

()

(M2-2)
2

p'
q

42 /(M2-2) q

Pre-yield (elastic) and Post-yield (elastic-plastic) deformations.

p' cA

p' cB

p'

Cam-clay Predictions
Undrained Tests

Normally consolidated sample Lightly over-consolidated sample Highly over-consolidated sample Normally consolidated or Lightly overconsolidated sample Highly over-consolidated sample

Drained Tests

Undrained Test Normally Consolidated Sample ESP q CSL u

B
f

uAG H uAH

TSP

H A p' p' p' p' cA cH cG cB A

p' u
uf G H B

v
CSL

NCL

H A B G

u = p - p'

p'

Undrained Test Lightly Over-consolidated Sample

CSL
C G uf uAG B A p' p' p' cA cC cG uAB B A
ESP

C
TSP

p' u
uf G C

v
CSL

NCL

G BA

u = p - p'

p'

Undrained Test Highly Over-consolidated Sample q q CSL

uBD uAB B
ESP TSP

p'
NCL

v
CSL

u
uAB B A C D

u = p - p'

p'

Drained Test Normally Consolidated or Lightly Overconsolidated Sample

CSL
TSP & ESP

C H G B

C H G B

p' e

v
CSL

NCL

A A B G H C B G H C

p'

Drained Test Highly Over-consolidated Sample q CSL

TSP & ESP

B C A

B C

p'

v
C
t eAC

v
C A B A B

e eAB

NCL CSL

p'

CommentsThis model explains most of the trends observed in stress:strain behavior of clay, Hardening; Softening dilatation etc. This model uses Extended von-misses criteria as its failure envelop and that doesnt include the variation of shear strength due to changing intermediate principal stress. This is probably due to the unavailability of three dimensional test data during the development of these models. Predictions of undrained tests always show no variation in mean effective stress before yielding, which is not always true.

CommentsThe p-q plane superimposed on triaxial plane shows that the strength of highly overq consolidated clay is over predicted as the clay may not bear this much of Tension tension in principal directions before failure.
1' p'

2.3'